None
This is for the purpose of learning the course for the analysis of substances soluble in water which only contain one cation. The task here is only to detect which cation is dissolved in the liquid, no atten- tion being paid to the detection of any other cation or anion present. B. From 21 to 50. Pure salts, oxides, or acids (substances in which not more than one cation and one anion are present) in solid form (powdered), e.g. barium carbonate, sodium borate, calcium phosphate, arsenic trioxide, sodium chloride, citric acid, cupric acetate, barium sulphate, lead chloride. This is in order to learn how a solid substance is submitted to a preliminary test by heating it in a small tube and before the blow- 936 APPENDIX SEC. 235 pipe, and how it is brought into a suitable form for examination (i.e. dissolved or decomposed), how a cation is detected, even when the substance is not soluble in water, and how the presence of an anion is determined. The cation and anion must be found, but no proof need be obtained that no other constituents are present. This series of tests leads to keener observation and promotes careful reflection, because the results obtained in the preliminary test, the behaviour of the substance towards the solvent, and a knowledge of the cations assist in forming a conclusion as to the anions for which tests should be made. C. From 51 to 65. Aqueous or acid solutions of several cations. This is for the purpose of learning how to separate and differentiate between several cations. It must be proved that no other cations than those found are present. Anions are not taken into consideration. D. From 66 to 80. Dry mixtures of various kinds. The salts should be partly inorganic, partly organic, the separate portions of the mixture partly soluble, partly insoluble in water or hydrochloric acid ; for example, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, cupric oxide — ammonium magnesium phosphate, arsenic trioxi.de — calcium tartrate, calcium oxalate, barium sulphate — sodium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium acetate, etc. This is in order to learn the preliminary examination of a varying mixture of substances, their behaviour with solvents, the detection of several anions in the presence of each other, the identification of cations, even in the presence of phosphates, oxalates, etc., of the alkaline earths, and, in short, the preparation for analyses such as are required in scientific or practical problems. All constituents present must be found, and the nature of the substance determined. E. From 81 to 100. Objects which occur in nature, in industry, and in commerce, etc. Spring water, minerals of all kinds, soil, plant ash, potash, soda, metal alloys, mineral pigments, etc. III. Tabulation of the Results obtained with the Substances Analysed Jor Practice. § 235. When studying analysis it is not immaterial how the results obtained are noted, and even though each way of representing what SEC. 235 TABULATION OF RESULTS 937 has been found may eventually lead to the same end, one is generally more suitable than another to obtain rapidly a knowledge of the object under examination, and to lead to a quick and yet thorough grasp of the whole subject. The following examples show the method which in practice we have found to be the most suitable and trustworthy : — Typical Method of Tabulating the Results of Nos. 1 to 20. Colourless Liquid of Neutral Reaction. Hydrochloric Acid.1 Nil.* Absence of silver ion and mercurous ion. Hydrogen sulphide. Nil. Absence of lead, mercuric, copper, bis- muth, and cadmium Arsenite, arsenate, antimony, stannous, stannic gold, and platinum ions. Ferric ion. Ammonium Sul- phide. Nil. Absence of fer- rous, manganous, nickel, cobalt, and zinc ions. • ! Aluminium and chromic ions. Ammonium Car- bonate. White precipitate. Presence of barium,strontium or calcium ion. Addition of cal- cium sulphate solution. No precipitate : Hence calcium ion. Typical Method of Tabulating the Results of Nos. 21 to 50. White powder, melting in its water of crystallisation when heated, then un- changed. Incandescent on charcoal in the blowpipe flame. Alkali phos- phate beads not coloured, transparent when cold. Substance soluble in water ; reaction, neutral. Hydrochloric acid. Nil. Hydrogen sulphide. Nil. Ammonium sulphide. Nil. Ammonium carbonate. Nil. Sodium Ammonium phosphate. White crys- talline precipitate : Hence Magnesium. Since the cation is magnesium, and the substance is soluble in water, and organic anions are absent, the anion can only be chromate, sulphate, borate, chlorate, bromine, iodine, cyanogen, ferrocyanogen, ferricyanogen, thiocyanogen, nitrate, or chlorate ion. The absence of organic acids and nitrate ion is proved by the preliminary examina- tion. Barium chloride produces a white precipitate. This is insoluble in hydrochloric acid. Hence Sulphate ion is present. 1 Students are advised to write the formulae instead of the names of compounds. 2 Nil indicates that no reaction takes place. 938 APPENDIX SEC. 235 SEC 236 PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON SOLUBILITY 939 IV. Solubility Tables. Summary of the compounds of elements of frequent occurrence, with special reference to the classes into which they may be grouped in accordance with their solubility in water, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or aqua regia, as also to the solubility in water of a number of compounds of most importance in anaylsis. SEC. 236. Preliminary Remarks. The solubility tables on pp. 940 and 941 are given in the same form as proved so satisfactory in the former editions of this book. The object of these tables is primarily to enable the beginner to decide, according to the conditions of solubility, which anions may be present in combination with the cations found in the course of analysis. Apart from this, it may also serve as an approximate guide to the conditions of solubility of the compounds dissolved. In this connection it must again be pointed out that absolutely insoluble substances do not exist, and that, strictly speaking, the substances which are termed insoluble here are all soluble to a slight extent. The exact degree of solubility in pure water of compounds of most importance in analysis is given in a separate table inserted at the end of this book. The figures given refer in each case to grammes of anhydrous salt in 100 grms. of solution. For example, they show that 17 '4 grms. of CuS04 are contained in 100 grms. of a saturated aqueous cupric sulphate solution at 15°, and that there are 0 '000,086 grm. of PbS in 100 grms. of an aqueous solution saturated with lead sulphide at 18°. The classes into which the compounds are arranged in the first table, corresponding to the divisions made in Sec. 153, are expressed in figures for the sake of brevity. Thus : — I. Indicates a substance soluble in water. II. Indicates a substance practically insoluble in water, but soluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or aqua regia. III. Indicates a substance practically insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. In the case of substances which stand on the borderline, the numbers of the respective classes have been hyphened. Thus I.-II. represents a substance which dissolves with difficulty in water, but 940 APPENDIX SEC. 236 I. Solubility of the Compounds Cations .. K- Naf NH'4 Ba" Sr" Ca" Mg" Al—  II CrO"4 . .. IX I I II I-II I-II I. II I I II S0"4 . .. Il3.15 I Iu-20-30 III III I-III I Il3.14 I&III15 I I I P0'"4 .  I-II II-III ii-in I I I-II  II HTTT II II-III Fe(CN)'"6. I I I! I I i • — ill II III III S" . . .. I. I I I I i-n45 ii II  II II ii J. I-II I I ii JL I-II II CH2 . COO'. C(OH)COO'. I I I II II i-n I I I i-n II I CH2.COO'. CH2.COO'.  i-n I I CH2.COO'. C6H5.COO'. I I I I. i I •. I • C H -OH } I I  Frequent Occurrence. 941 Co" Fe* Fe* — — i Ag — — Pb" — ««— Hg"s • MHiHHM Hg* ••_•— Cu — — Bi" -^— —. Cd — — Au ^— ^— Pt" — — ^— i  II. I II II-II II I-I i II n. II. II I IM I I-I II-II] I-II  II I  HI I-III II-II I»8 I I-H3 i Jss I»7.38 I IiO i-n4, I I i HI I-III II-III I I I-II i I I. i-n I I i HI I-II II II I II i H III I I i-n I-I1I II-III. III II I II H I I. HI III in III II. III. Ill HI. HI III i HI I-II. III. I I i HI II II I II I-II II. I. IIlfl II H H23 II II n2, Ha, II I34 H I I I n • n44-45 I I-II i*, II II I-II II I II I-H I I I II II II I-II I II. • I -H I-H H -II I • i I • I-H I-II II II II H -II I. I •. II. I II -II II  SEC. 236 is dissolved by hydrochloric or nitric acid ; I.— III. represents a sub- stance which dissolves with difficulty in water, and the solubility of which is not materially increased by the addition of acids ; and II -III. represents a substance insoluble in water and dissolving with difficulty in acids. If the behaviour of a compound towards hydro- chloric acid is essentially different from that towards nitric acid, it is mentioned in the Notes on p. 943. As regards the salts, neutral salts are, as a rule, understood, but basic and acid salts, as also the double salts, are mentioned in the Notes when they are of special importance. The smaller figures in the respective places refer to these Notes. NOTES. 1. Potassium diohromate I. 2. Potassium borotartrate I. 3. Potassium hydrogen oxalate I. 4. Potassium hydrogen carbonate I. 5. Potassium hydrogen tartrate I. 6. Potassium ammonium tartrate I. 7. Sodium potassium tartrate I. 8. Ammonium sodium phosphate I. 9. Sodium tetraborate I. 10. Sodium hydrogen carbonate I. 11. Tricalcium phosphate, Ca3(P04)2 II. 12. Ammonium magnesium phosphate II. 13. Potassium aluminium sulphate I. 14. Ammonium aluminium sulphate I. 15. Potassium chromic sulphate I. 16. Zinc sulphide, soluble as blende in nitric acid, with the separation of sulphur, but only soluble in hydrochloric acid when heated. 17. Manganese dioxide, readily soluble in hydrochloric acid, insoluble in nitric acid. 18. Nickel sulphide, decomposed fairly readily by nitric acid, but with great difficulty by hydrochloric acid. 19. Cobalt sulphide the same as nickel sulphide. 20. Ammonium ferrous sulphide I. 21. Ammonium ferric chloride I. 22. Potassium ferrous tartrate I. 23. Silver sulphide, only soluble in nitric acid. 24. Red lead (Pb304) is converted by hydrochloric acid into lead chloride, by nitric acid into lead oxide, which -dissolves in excess of the acid, and into brown lead peroxide insoluble in nitric acid. 26. Basic lead acetate L 26. Mercurous nitrate-ammonia (mercurius solubilis Hahnemanni) II. 27. Basic mercuric sulphate II. 28. Mercuric ammonium chloride (white precipitate) II. 29. Mercuric sulphide, insoluble in hydrochloric or nitric acid, but soluble hot aqua regia. 30. Cupric ammonium sulphate I. 31. Cupric sulphide, decomposed with difficulty by hydrochloric acid, but readily by nitric acid. 32. Basic cupric acetate, partially soluble in water and completely in acids. 33. Bismuthyl chloride II. 34. Bismuthyl nitrate II. 943 944 NOTES 35. Sodium auric chloride I. 36. Auric sulphide, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, but soluble in hot aqua regia. 37. Potassium platinochloride I.-III. 38. Ammonium platinochloride I.-III. 39. Platinic sulphide is not attacked by hydrochloric acid, and only slightly by boiling nitric acid (when it has been precipitated from a hot solution), and is soluble in hot aqua regia. 40. Ammonium chloride -stannic chloride (pink salt) I. 41. Stannous sulphide and stannic sulphide, decomposed and dissolved by hot hydrochloric acid, converted by nitric acid into stannic oxide, insoluble in excess of the acid. Sublimed stannic sulphide is only dissolved by hot aqua regia. 42. Antimony trioxide, soluble in hydrochloric acid, insoluble in nitric acid. 43. Antimonyl chloride II. 44. Antimony trisulphide, dissolved completely by hydrochloric acid, especially when hot, decomposed by nitric acid, but only slightly soluble therein. 45 Antimony calcium sulphide I.-III. 46. Potassium antimonyl tartrate (tartar emetic) I. 47. Calcium hydrogen malate I. INDEX ABSORPTION, 17 spectrum, 100 Acetate ion. See Acetic acid Acetic acid as reagent, 110 behaviour towards reagents, 532 detection in mixed compounds, 667, 670 detection in simple compounds, 587, 595 Acid anhydride, 9 radicles, 7 Acids, 7, 25 free, 26 Affinity, 22 Alkaline solutions, examination of, 606 Alkaloids, behaviour towards reagents, 852 detection of, 912 in foods, etc., 920 Alloys, examination of, 558 i , I Aluminium and aluminium ion, • " • detection in mixed compounds, 634, 637, 644, 676 detection in simple compounds, 577, 590, 599 in analysis of soil, 716, 717 in mineral waters, 704 in silicates, 687 in spring deposits, 711 Ammonium and ammonium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 126 detection in mixed compounds, 653 detection in simple compounds, 579 in analysis of soil, 717 in mineral waters, 696, 702 Ammonium carbonate as reagent, 111 chloride as reagent, 111 molybdate as reagent, 111 oxalate as reagent, 111 sulphide as reagent, 74 thioacetate as reagent, 837 Analytical operations, 15 Anions (see also under Groups), 20 Anodes, 21 Antimony and antimony ions, behaviour towards reagents, 357 detection in mixed compounds, 619, 622 detection in simple compounds, 572 in alloys, 567 in foods, etc., 749, 750 in spring deposits, 709 Apparatus, analytical, 103 Appliances, analytical, 103 Aqua regia as reagent, 19 Arsenic, behaviour of, 338 detection in pigments, carpets, textile fabrics, etc., 723 detection in foods, cadaveric re- mains, etc., 728 preparation of, from arsenic trioxide, 339 from arsenious sulphide, 350 Arsenic, pentavalent, behaviour towards re- agents, 353 trivalent, behaviour towards re- agents, 339 trivalent and pentavalent, detection in mixed compounds, 617, 622, 655, 675 detection in simple compounds, 572, 580 distinction between, 375 in analysis of soil, 717 in mineral waters, 708 in silicates, 686, 690 in spring deposits, 709, 713 Ash of plants, animals, manures, etc., examination of, 782 Atomic weights, 3 Atomiser, Beckmann's, 98 Atoms, 2 Atropine, behaviour towards reagents, 899 detection in mixed compounds, 917, 918 detection in simple compounds, 913 in foods, etc., 928, 932 945 60 946 INDEX Auric hydrochloric acid as reagent, 113 Azide ion. See Hydronitric acid B Barium and barium ion, detection in mixed compounds, 643, 648, 671 detection in simple compounds, 578, 601 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 748, 752 in mineral waters, 704, 705 in silicates, 687 in spring deposits, 710, 712 Barium chloride, 112 nitrate, 112 Bases, 25 Beakers, 103 Benzoate ion. See Benzoic acid Benzoic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 522 detection in mixed compounds, 667, 670 detection in simple compounds, 587, 595 Beryllium and beryllium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 173 detection of, 822, 824, 836 Bismuth and bismuth ions, behaviour towards reagents, 296 detection in mixed compounds, 625 detection in simple compounds, 573 in foods, etc., 748, 749 " Bloom," 89 Blowpipe, 83 flame, 85 teats, 82 Boiling flasks, 103 Boiling point, 19 Borate ion. See Boric acid Borax beads, 90 Boric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 418 detection in mixed compounds, 646, 658 detection in simple compounds, 581, 582, 683, 691, 593 in mineral waters, 705 in plant ash, 783 in silicates, 687, 690 Bromine and bromine ion, behaviour towards reagents, 448 detection in mixed compounds, 656, 677 detection in simple compounds, 682, 593, 596 in mineral waters, 705 Brucine, behaviour towards reagents, 892 detection in mixed compounds, 919 detection in simple compounds, 914 in foods, etc., 928 Burners, 75 Butyrate ion. See Butyric acid Butyric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 539 Cadmium and cadmium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 300 detection in mixed compounds, 622, 624 detection in simple compounds, 571 in foods, etc., 751 Caesium and csesium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 132 detection of, 829 in mineral waters, 708 Calcium and calcium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 146 detection in mixed compounds, 642, 645, 649, 671 detection in simple compounds, 578, 598 in analysis of soil, 716, 717 in mineral waters, 701 in ordinary waters, 694 in spring deposits, 711 Calcium chloride as reagent, 112 sulphate as reagent, 112 Carbon, behaviour of, 434 detection alone or in mixtures, 697, 673 detection in metal alloys, 668 detection in silicates, 687 Carbon dioxide, evolution of, 69 Carbonate ion. See Carbonic acid Carbonic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 434 detection in mixed compounds, 655, 669 detection in simple compounds, 680, 593 in analysis of soil, 715, 717 in ash, 783 in mineral waters, 700, 702 in ordinary waters, 696, 698 in spring deposits, 708 Cathodes, 20 Nations (see also under Groups), 20 Ceria earths, 187 Cerium and cerium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 190 ^ detection of, 822, 824, 826, 836 INDEX 947 Charcoal for blowpipe tests, 86, 87 Chlorate ion. See Chlorio aoid Chloric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 491 detection in mixed compounds, 658 detection in simple compounds, 583, 592 Chlorine and chlorine water as reagent, 74 behaviour of, 444 Chlorine ion. See Hydrochloric acid Chromate ion. See Chromic acid Chrome iron ore, 676 Chromic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 396 detection in mixed compounds, 655, 676 detection in simple compounds, 580, 593 in foods, etc., 751, 752 Chromic ion. See Chromium Chromium, behaviour towards reagents, 167 detection in mixed compounds, 634, 638, 644, 677 detection in simple compounds, 575, 577, 589, 596 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 750, 752 Cinchonine, behaviour towards reagents, 883 detection in mixed compounds, 919 detection in simple compounds, 914 in foods, etc., 932 Cinnamic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 514 detection in mixed compounds, 661, 663, 670 detection in simple compounds, 562, 569, 585, 605 Cinnamylate ion. See Cinnamic acid Citrate ion. See Citric acid Citric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 504 detection in mixed compounds, 667, 829 detection in simple compounds, 586, 590 Cobalt and cobalt ions, behaviour towards reagents, 237 detection in mixed compounds, 640, 642, 645 detection in simple compounds, 575, 589 in foods, etc., 751 in spring deposits, 711 Cocaine, behaviour towards reagents, 872 detection in mixed compounds, 917 Cocaine, detection in simple compounds, 913 in foods, etc., 928 Colloids, 45 Compounds, chemical, 2 complex, 10 Concentration, 17, 109 osmotic, 20 Coniine, behaviour towards reagents, 862 detection in foods, etc., 928 Copper, behaviour towards reagents, 289 detection in mixed compounds, 626 detection in simple compounds, 673 in analysis of soil, 717 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 750 in spring deposits, 710 in waters, 697 Crucibles, 55, 58, 103 Crystallisation, 29 water of, 11 Crystalloids, 45 Cupric ion. See Copper Cuprous ion. See Copper Cyanogen compounds insoluble in water, analysis of, 678 ion. See Hydrocyanic acid Decantation, 40 Decomposition, 56 Deposit, 89 Dialysis, 43, 730 Dichromate ion. See Chromic acid Dichromic acid. See Chromic acid Didymium, behaviour towards reagents, 195 detection of, 822, 824 Diffusion, 44 Digitaline, behaviour towards reagents, 904 detection in mixed compounds, 917 detection in simple compounds, 915 in foods, etc., 928 Dissociation, 22 capacity, 25 constants, 23 degree of, 22 Distillation, 62 apparatus, 53 Double salts, 11 E Electro affinity, 22 Electrodes, 20 948 INDEX Electrolysis, 19 Electrolytes, 19 Electron, 21 Element, 4 Equilibrium, chemical, 12 constants, 13 Equivalent, 22 Erdmann's reagent, 878 Evaporation, 49 Exercises for practice, choice of, 934 Explosive fusion, 56 Extraction by shaking, 46 continuous, 46 F Ferric chloride as reagent, 112 Ferric ion, behaviour towards reagents, 249 detection in mixed compounds, 637, 643 detection in simple compounds, 571 in analysis of soil, 716 in mineral waters, 701, 704 in ordinary waters, 694 in silicates, 686 in spring deposits, 710, 711 Ferricyanogen ion. See Hydroferri- cyanic acid Ferrocyanogen ion. See Hydroferro- cyanic acid Ferrous ion, behaviour towards reagents, 244 detection in mixed compounds, 637, 643 detection in simple compounds, 575, 589 in analysis of soil, 716 in mineral waters, 701 in ordinary waters, 694 in silicates, 686 Filter papers, 38 tests for purity of, 39, 739 stands, 37 Filtration, 36 Flame colorations, 91, 554 Flames, 79, 84 bead reactions in, 90, 557 Fluorescein paper as reagent, 460 Fluorine ion. See Hydrofluoric acid Formate ion. detection in simple compounds, 581, 582 Hydroferrocyanic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 462 detection in mixed compounds, 657, 679 et seq. detection in simple compounds, 582 Hydrofluoric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 426 detection in mixed compounds, 639, 646, 658, 670, 675, 676, 830 detection in simple compounds, 582, 592, 593, 598 in analysis of soil, 717 in mineral waters, 703 in silicates, 688, 689 in spring deposits, 713 Hydrogen as reagent, 66, 757 Hydrogen sulphide as reagent, 70, 736 detection in mineral waters, 700 Hydrogen sulphide water as reagent, 73 Hydrolysis, 28 Hydronitric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 485 Hydrosulphuric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 466 detection in mixed compounds, 665, 656 detection in simple compounds, 580, 593 Hydrosulphurous acid (H2Sa04), 401 Hydroxides, 7 Hydroxyl, 7 Hypochlorite ion. See Hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous acid, behaviour towards reagents, 482 Hypophosphite ion. See Hypophos- phorous acid Hypophosphorous acid, behaviour towards reagents, 484 Hyposulphuroua acid. See Thiosul- phuric acid Ignition, 54 Incrustations, analysis of, 708 Indicators, 65 Indium and indium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 267 detection of, 822, 823, 825 Inorganic substances in presence of organic, 719 lodate ion. See lodic acid lodic acid, behaviour towards re- agents, 405 Iodine, behaviour of, 452 ion. See Hydriodic acid Iodine-potassium iodide as reagent, 854 lonisation process, 22 Ions, 20 Iridium and indium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 376 detection of, 805, 806, 835 Iron, behaviour of (see also Ferrous and Ferric ions), 244 Isomerism, 5 Kipp's apparatus, 68 Lactate ion. See Lactic acid Lactic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 541 detection of, 543 Lanthanum and lanthanum ion, behaviour towards reagents, 194 detection of, 822, 824, 825 Law of dilution, 23 mass action, 13 Lead and lead ion, behaviour towards reagents, 281 detection in mixed compounds, 605, 625, 673 detection in simple compounds, 570, 573, 588, 596 in foods, etc., 748, 749, 750 in mineral waters, 697 in plant ash, 785 in spring deposits, 710 Lead acetate as reagent, 112 Light filters, 92 Lithium and lithium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 134 detection of, 136, 829 in mineral waters, 707 Litmus paper, 65 950 INDEX M Magnesia mixture as reagent, 342 Magnesium and magnesium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 149 detection in mixed compounds, 645, 648 detection in simple compounds, 679, 592 in analysis of soil, 716, 717 in mineral waters, 703 in ordinary waters, 695 in spring deposits, 711 Magnesium sulphate as reagent, 112 Malate ion. See Malic acid Malic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 508 detection in mixed compounds, 666, 829 detection in simple compounds, 586 Manganese and manganese ions, behaviour towards reagents, 223 detection in mixed compounds, 638, 645 detection in simple compounds, 575, in analysis of soil, 716, 717 in mineral waters, 711 in plant ash, 784 Marsh's apparatus, 344, 764 Mayer's reagent, 855 Mecke's reagent, 868 Melting, 56 point, determination of, 66 Mercuric chloride as reagent, 855 Mercuric ion, behaviour towards reagents, 285 detection in mixed compounds, 626 detection in simple compounds, 573 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 741, 743, 748, 749 Mercurous ion, behaviour towards reagents, 277 detection in mixed compounds, 604, 605 detection in simple compounds, 570, 588 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 741, 749 Mercury. See Mercuric and Mercurous ions Metal alloys, examination of, 585 poisons, detection in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 728 Metals, 7 Metaphosphate ion. See Meta- phosphoric acid Metaphosphoric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 418 Methyl orange as indicator, 66, 66 Microchemical methods, 101 Microscope, use of in qualitative analysis, 101 Mineral waters, analysis of, 699 Mixture, 15, 17 Mixtures, heterogeneous, 16 Molecules, 2 Molybdenum and molybdenum ions, behaviour towards reagents, 386 detection of, 805 Morphine, behaviour towards reagents, 866 detection in mixed compounds, 918 detection in simple compounds, 913 in foods, etc., 928 N a-Naphthylamine as reagent, 482 Narcotine, behaviour towards reagents, 876 detection in mixed compounds, 917 detection in simple compounds, 914 in foods, etc., 928 Neodymium, 195 Neutralisation, 27 Nickel and nickel ions, behaviour towards reagents, 229 detection in mixed compounds, 640, 642, 646 detection in simple compounds, 674, 576, 589 in foods, etc., 751 in spring deposits, 711 Nicotine, behaviour towards reagents, 858 detection in foods, etc., 928 Niobium and niobium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 208 detection of, 799, 822, 823 Nitrate ion. See Nitric acid Nitric acid as reagent, 110, 737 behaviour towards reagents, 486 detection in mixed compounds, 658 detection in simple compounds, 683 in analysis of soil, 717 in mineral waters, 706 in ordinary waters, 695 Nitrite ion. See Nitrous acid Nitrous acid, behaviour towards reagents, 479 detection* in analysis of soil, 717 detection in ordinary waters, 695,701 Nomenclature, 7 older, 9 Non-metals, 7 INDEX 951 Order of tension, 31 Organic acids, 395, 497 Organic substances in analysis of soil, 718 in mineral waters, 701, 702 in ordinary waters, 697, 698 in silicates, 687 removal of, 627, 811 Orthophosphoric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 412, 418 detection in ash, 784 Osmium and osmium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 312 detection of, 327, 806, 810 Osmotic pressure, 19, 44 Oxalate ion. See Oxalic acid Oxalic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 423 detection in mixed compounds, 645, 658, 670, 830 detection in simple compounds, 582, 585, 590, 593 Oxidation, 60 Oxides, 7 Oxidising flame, 84, 86 Palladium and palladium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 306 detection of, 327, 806, 810 Perborates, 423 Percarbonates, behaviour towards re- agents, 438 Perchlorate ion. See Perchloric acid Perchloric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 496 Periodic system, 114 Persulphates, behaviour towards re- agents, 409 Phases, 15 Phenolphthalein as indicator, 65 Phosphate ion. See Phosphoric acid Phosphates of alkaline earths, detection in mixed compounds, 640 detection in simple compounds, 591 Phosphite ion. detection in mixed compounds, 210 et seq., 821 et seq. Reaction, velocity of, 12 Reactions, 7, 64, 113 of individual anions, 393 of individual cations, 117 reversible, 11 Reagents, 7, 105 tests for purity of, 106 summary of, 110 Reducing flame, 86 Reduction, 60 Rhodium and rhodium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 308 detection of, 327, 805, 806, 810 Roussin's crystals, 861 Rubidium and rubidium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 132 detection of, 829 in mineral waters, 708 Ruthenium and ruthenium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 310 detection of, 327, 806, 810 S Safety tubes, 69 Salicine, behaviour towards reagents, 903 detection in mixed compounds, 920 detection in simple compounds, 915 Salioylate ion. See Salicylic acid Salicylic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 526 detection in mixed compounds, 667, 670 detection in simple compounds, 587, 595 Salts, acid, basic, neutral, 7, 8 Samarium, behaviour of, 197 Selenium and selenium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 381 detection of, 806 Separation of anions, other methods of, 849 cations, other methods of, 837 Silicate ion. See Silicic acid Silicates, analysis of, 684 Silicic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 438 detection by beads, 658 detection in mixed compounds, 642, 645, 655, 658, 670, 676 detection in simple compounds, 576, 677, 590, 593, 699 in analysis of soil, 715, 717 in metal alloys, 568 in mineral waters, 703 in ordinary water, 694, 699 in spring deposits, 710, 712 Silicofluoride ion. See Silicohydro- fluoric acid Silicohydrofluoric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 410 detection of, 830 Silver and silver ion, behaviour towards reagents, 274 detection in mixed compounds, 605, 673, 674 detection in simple compounds, 570, 588, 596 in cadaveric remains, foods, etc., 748 Sodium and sodium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 124 detection in mixed compounds, 653, 827 detection in simple compounds, 579 in analysis of soil, 716, 719 in mineral waters, 701 INDEX 953 Sodium and sodium ion, in ordinary waters, 694 in silicates, 689 Sodium acetate as reagent, 112 carbonate as reagent, 111, 738 chloride as reagent, 739 hydrogen phosphate as reagent, 111 hydroxide as reagent, 110 nitrate as reagent, 738 sulphide as reagent, 74 sulphide methods of Vortmann, 837 Soil, analysis of, 713 Solubility product, 33 tables, 940 Solution, 16, 561, 790 saturated, 17 tension, 31 Solvents, 18 Spectroscope, 94 Spectrum analysis, 91 Spirit lamp, 76 Spring deposits, analysis of, 708 water, analysis of, 692 Stannic ion, behaviour towards reagents, 332 detection in mixed compounds, 619, 622, 676, 677 detection in simple compounds, 572, 598 in foods, etc., 749, 750 in spring deposits, 709 Stannic oxide. See Stannic ion Stannous ion, behaviour towards reagents, 328 detection in mixed compounds, 619, 622 detection in simple compounds, 572 in foods, eto., 749, 750 Starch paste as reagent, 452 Strontium and strontium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 143 detection in mixed compounds, 643, 648, 671 detection in simple compounds, 578, 601 in mineral waters, 704, 705 in spring deposits, 710, 712 Strychnine, behaviour towards reagents, 887 detection in mixed compounds, 920 detection in simple compounds, 915 in foods, etc., 928 Sublimation, 56 Succinate ion. See Succinic acid Succinic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 522 detection in mixed compounds, 666, 829 detection in simple compounds, 586 Sugar of load, 112 Sulphate ion. See Sulphuric acid Sulphide ion. See Hydrosulphuric acid Sulphides (see also Hydrosulphuric acid), 9 Sulphite ion. See Sulphurous acid Sulpho acids, 9 salts, 9 Sulphur, behaviour of, 466 detection in insoluble compounds, 596, 672 detection in spring deposits, 712 Sulphuric acid as reagent, 110, 737 behaviour towards reagents, 406 detection in mixed compounds, 655, 674 detection in simple compounds, 681, 593, 596, 599 in analysis of soil, 715 in mineral waters, 701 in ordinary waters, 694 in silicates, 687, 690 in spring deposits, 708 Sulphurous acid, behaviour towards reagents, 401 System of analytical grouping, 113 periodic, 115 Systematic course of qualitative analysis, 544 Tabulation of results, 936 Tannic acid as reagent, 77, 858 Tantalum and tantalum ions, behaviour towards reagents, 205 detection of, 799, 822, 823 Tartaric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 497 detection in mixed compounds, 664 detection in simple compounds, 585, 592 Tellurium and tellurium ions, behaviour towards reagents, 383 detection of, 806 Test-papers, 65 tubes, 103 Testing of reagents, 107 Thallium and thallium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 264 detection of, 799, 800, 805, 810 in foods, etc., 746, 750, 751 in mineral waters, 708 Thioacetate method of Schiff and Tarugi, 837 954 INDEX Thiocyanic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 465 detection in mixed compounds, 657 detection in simple compounds, 583 Thiocyanogen ion. See Thiocyanic acid Thiosulphate ion. See Thiosulphuric acid method of Vortmann, 841 Thiosulphuric acid, behaviour towards reagents, 403 Thorium and thorium ion, behaviour towards reagents, 176 detection of, 822, 823, 824 Tin. See also Stannic and Stannous ions behaviour of, 326 detection in alloys, 567 Titanic acid, behaviour towards reagents, 197 detection of, 822, 823 in mineral waters, 703 in silicates, 686 in spring deposits, 710 Titanium ions. See Titanic acid Tungsten ion. Wiley Special Subject Catalogues For convenience a list of the Wiley Special Subject Catalogues, envelope size, has been printed. These are arranged in groups — each catalogue having a key symbol. (See special Subject List Below). To obtain any of these catalogues, send a postal using the key symbols of the Catalogues desired. 1 — Agriculture. Animal Husbandry. Dairying. Industrial Canning and Preserving. 2 — Architecture. Building. Concrete and Masonry. 3 — Business Administration and Management. Law. 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