None
span, calling w' the weight on the unit of lergth of the span,- that OIL any portion of it, denoted by I, and which acts perpendicular to it, will be w' I , Adopting the same notation, only changing w into w', as in the preceding case, there obtains, — £ w' p* (sin (p — sin a)*, for the moment of the portion of the weight distributed over that portion of the arc which corresponds to I B ; w' pa sin 0 (siu <p — sin a), for the moment of the vertical reaction at B ; — Q P (cos a — cos $)> f°r ^e moment of the horizontal reaction at the point B. Therefore, to express M, there obtains, M = — £ w' p9 (sin <p — sin. a)J + w' p* sin <p (sin $ — sin a) — Q p (cos a — cos 0) ; in which expression that value of Q (Eq. t') which has been found for the horizontal thrust when the weight is uniformly distributed along the span must be here taken. Substituting in Eq. (X'), and going through a series of opera- tions and reductions in all respects analogous to the preceding case, there obtains, From calculations made of the exact values of A /for — and —, it has been found, that the one given by the preceding expression (yr) will be very nearly exact for | ; but that for ^ the result will be noticeably too great, but still will not increase A f more than 40 per cent, of its true value. Table of the average values of the Moduli E and G. Average values for E, the modulus or coefficient of longitudinal elasticity for some of the more common building materials. Cast-iron ................. E = 17,000,000 Ibs. per square inch, Wrought-iron bars and bolts.. 29,000,000 « « " « Wrought-iron wire .......... 25,300,000 « " " " Steel bars ................. 31,500,000" " " " Pine timber ............... 1,600,000" " " '« Oak timber... ............. 1,700,000" « « APPENDIX. 619 A-verage values of Or, the modulus or coefficient of lateral elasticity, Cast-iron G = 2,850,000 Ibs. per square inch. Wrought-iron 9,000,000 " " "' " Pine timber 89,000" " " " Oaktimber 82,000" « " " For fuller developments of the subject of this Note, see Mo«eley : Mecftsini- col Principles of Engineering and Architecture. Navier : Court de Meca- Appliqvfo. Bresse : Court de Mecanique Apptiqute. INDEX. ABRASION, comparative resistance of stone to, 17 Abutment piers, 295 Abutments, 248 ' how strengthened, 258 of domes, 258 of iron bridges, 325 4 of suspension bridges, 363 ' of wooden bridges, 310 Accessory works of a canal, 488 Action of frost on masonry, 261 Adherence of mortar, 73 Adhesion of iron spikes, 170 Adie, effect of temperature on stone, 115 Agaric mineral, 79 Air, compressed, use of, 229 Air-lime, 18 Air-locks, double, 224 Air-slaking, 38 Albany, the capitol at, 239 Algiers, mole at, 538 Alleghany river bridge, 344 Alloys for preserving iron, 96 American bridges, 307 " iron bridges, 326 " wooden bridges, 324 Analyses of magnesian limestones, 22 ' ' of puzzolana, etc. , 43 Analysis of Chittenango hydraulic limestone, 21 " of Manlius hydraulic lime- stone, 20 " of Ulster County hydraulic limestone, 21 Angle of deflection of rails, 437 " of repose, 407 Annular arch, 250 Appendix, 545 Approaches of a bridge, 305 Aqueduct, 279 " bridge, 279 " bridges, 391 " of Fontainebleau, 187 Potomac, 298, 308, 212 Aqueducts, canal, 489 Arch braces, 320 A/'<a, centring the, 289 Arch, cylindrical, 284 inverted, or counter, 237 lines of the, 283 stones, 248 surfaces of the, 282 triumphal, 362 volumes of the, 283 Arched bridges, 289 truss, 337 Arches, 248 classification, 282 cloistered, 258 iron, 327 masonry of, 253 oblique, 285 relieving, 245 rupture of, 257 settling of, precaution! against, 258 " wooden, 277, 321 Architecture for bridges, 294 " of bridges, 307 Areas, 239 " strain on unit of, 524 Arenes, 48 Argillaceous sands, 48 " stones, 8 Artificial hydraulic limes, 41 puzzolanas, 43 " stone, Ransome's, 63 Asphalte in masonry, 255 Asphaltic roadways, etc. , 427 " pavements, 421 Asphaltum, 75 Attrition, resistance of stone to, 16 BACKING, in masonry, 174 Backs, in masonry, 174 Ballast, advantage of, 445 " for railroad, 434 Baltimore and Ohio B. R. grade, 439 Bands, flexible,for inclined planes, 489 Banks, protecting, of rivers, 49(5 Barlow, experiments on wrought iron, 154 " experiments with bar iron, 148 " on elasticity of iron, 107 622 INDEX. 623 Bridge, Post's combination, 342 " " iron, 340 " Schuylkill, 317 " Seekonk River, 201 " Southwark. 326 " Staines, 320 " St. Louis. 231 " St. Louis and Illinois, 344 " Sunderland, 326 *' swing, Providence, 385 " Tewksbury, 326 " Victoria, 354, 212 " Waterloo, 292 Bridges, 279 " American, 307 approaches of, 305 aqueduct, 391 arched, 289 architecture, 307 bays in, 282 boat, 391 canal, 490 cast iron, 325 celebrated wooden, 324 construction of, 294 draw, 381 effect of temperature on, 331 , English, 307 " iron, 326 French, 307 " iron, 326 iron, American, 326 " European, 327 " trussed, 332 location of, 280 movable, 380 of N. Y. State canal, 321 piers for, 295 rolling, 380, 391 stone, 279 '« of Europe, 308 style of architecture, 294 superstructure of, 302 suspension, 357 tubular, 347 turning, 384 water wings of, 308 wing-walls, 299 wooden, 310 " wrought iron, 347 Bridle pieces, 274 Britannia tubular bridge, 350 Broken-stone road covering, 423, 425 Bronze, 98 Brown, tensile strength of cast iron, 131 " Tweed bridge, 368 Brunei, experimental arch, 184 Brunei, Hungerford bridge. 871 Buck's system, 286 Buhr, 7 Building materials, 3 Built beam, 265 Burnetizing, 83 Burning brick, 78 Burr's truss, 318 Buttresses, 205 CABLES of suspension bridges. 860 Caisson dams, 212-217 " (in arches), 255 pneumatic, 229 Calcareous sands, 48 " stones, 9 Calcination of limestone, 25, 36 Calculation of solid contents, 409 Caledonian canal, 491 Canal aqueducts, 489 ' aqueduct bridges, 392 Briare, 475 bridges, 490 bridges of N. Y. State, 321 Caledonian, 491 Chenango, 476 culverts, 489 Erie, 493 feeders, 474 gauging for a, 475 lock, 472 lock-gates, 487 locks, 482 locks, lift of, 479 reservoirs, 474, 476 Rideau, 492 temporary dams, 490 tide-lock, 490 waste weir, 490 Welland, 492 Canals, 467 " accessory works of, 488 «' cross-section of, 470 " embankments of, 469 *' English, 491 " experiments on, 472 " French, 492 " in U. S., 487 " Langnedoc, 475 " leakage of, 472 " levels of, 480 " location of, 469 " locomotion on, 493 '' the St. Lawrence, 492 " water-supply of, 471 Capitol at Albany, 239 " roof of, at Montpelier, 400, 402 624 INDEX. Capping1, 255 Carpentry, 263 Carrollton, viaduct, 308 Cast-iron bars, effect of horizontal " impact on, 144, 145 " beam, form of to resist transverse strain, 141 " bridges, 325 " edge rail, 431 " for building, 89 " lockers for, 101 " strength of, 131 Catch-water drains, 418 Cedar, 88, 89 Cement, hydraulic, 18, 19, 20, 49 " injected into masonry, 261 " limestones, 18 " Portland, 20 " Portland, strength of, 117 " Roman or Parker's, 12 " Roman, strength of, 118 Cements, artificial hydraulic, 41 " hydraulic, tables of, 20 Central Pacific grade, 439 Centre of elasticity, 562 Centres of arches, 289 Chains of suspension bridges, 360 Chaley, Fribourg bridge, 370 Characters of good brick, 78 " of hydraulic limestones, 23 Chenango canal, 476 Cherbourg breakwater, 536 Chestnut, 88 Chittenango hydraulic limestone, 21 Church of beton agglomere, 187 Clarke, frame for concrete, 186 Clark, resistance of iron to shearing strain, 161 Classification of arches, 282 " of masonry, 174 " of soils, 190 Cleaning roads, 429 Cloistered arches, 258 Close joints in masonry, 177 Coalbrookdale bridge, 326 Coal-tar for masonry, 260 Coefficients of linear expansion, 167 Coffer-dams, 208, 212 Coffers, strength of, 166 Coignet-beton, 187 " proportions for, 189 Coignet, church built by, 188 Coignet's mill, 54 Coloring timber, 85 Columns, cylindrical, resistance of, 132 Common limestone, I Common mortar, 46 Compact limestone, 9 Comparative strength of iron, steel, and hemp rope, 156 Component parts of structures, 238 Composite locks, canal, 487 " posts, bridge, 342 Compressed air for tunnelling, 442 use of, 229 Compressible soils, foundations in, 192 Compression, resistance of cast iron to, 131 " resistance of wrought iron to, 154 Compressing roads, 427 Compressive strain, resistance of timber of, 122 Conclusions on strength of wrought iron, 149 Concrete, 46, 59 " Clarke's frame for, 186 " durability of, 71 " walls, 185 " strength of, 118 Conglomerate marble, 10 Conoidal arch, 250 Constable, embankment walls, 242 Construction of bridges, 294 " masonry, 236 Contents, solid, of a rood, 409 Contraction of solids, 106 Copal varnish, 101 Copper, 98 " strength of, 166 Corbels, 272 Coriolis, table of wear of stone, 17 Corrugated iron, 97 Counter-arch, 237 " currents, 504 Counterforts, 244 Country roads, 425 Course, in masonry, 174 Courses, t'ounaation, 236 Coursing joints, 286 Covered drains, 417 Covering of road, broken stone, 433, 425 Coverings, road, 419 Cramping metal, a, 99 Crib-work, 310 " coffer-dams, 212 Cross dimensions of roads, 429 " mitre drains, 418 " section of a canal, 470 " strains, frames for, 264 u tie for railroad, 434 Crossing-places, 423 62J Crossing-plate, 437 ( 'rossing-s of railroads, 436 Crushing force, measure of, 108 Cubical stone pavement, 422 Culvert of canal reservoir, 478 Culvert, 417 ; canal, 489 Curb-stones, 423 Currents, 534 Curtois on puzzolanas, 45 Curved beams, 595 Curves of railroads, 436 Cut stone, 174 Cylindrical arch, 284 Cylindrical columns, resistance of, Cypress, 89 DAMS, coffer. 561 " limits of, 106 Elbow-joint, 252 Elbow-joints in masonry, 176 626 Elbows of rivers, 494, 497 Elongation of wrought iron, 155 Embankment of canals, 469 wall for, 240 " of roads, 409, 414 Embankments, settling of, 414 Emy on waves, 535 Enclosure, walls of, 238 Engines, pile, 197 England, pavements of, 421 " piles in, 203 English bond in brick-work, 184 " bridges, 307 canals, 491 " iron bridges, 326 Enlargement of water way, 306 Erie canal, 473, 493 Europe, beton agglomere in, 187 " stone-bridges of, 308 European iron bridges, 327 " wooden bridges, 824 Excavations for a road, 411 Expansion linear 167 of stone, 114, 115 Experiments of Von Weber on rails. 442 44 on bars of hot blast-iron, 139, 140 " on bed-plates, 454 " on canals, 472 44 on cast-iron bar by im- pact, 144, 145 on force of traction, 407 44 on permanent ways, 444 44 on strength of frames. 274 44 on strength of mate- rials, 104 44 on suspension bridges, 367 44 on transverse strength of cold-blast iron, 136 " on tube for bridge, 350 44 on wrought-iron, 154 Extension of solids, 106 44 resistance of oast-iron to, 131 FACE, in masonry, 174 Facing, in masonry, 174 Fairbairn, effects of time on deflec- tions of horizontal bars, 136 " experiments on plate iron, 147 41 on cast-iron, 92 44 ratio of resistances of hot and cold blast iron, 146 41 strength of steel, 164 Fairbairn, tenacity of iron, 138 44 tubular bridges, 348 Fascines, 419 Fat limes, 18 Features of rivers, 494 Feeders, canal, 474 Felling trees, 80 Fender-beams, 311 Fender for bridge piers, 295 Filling, in masonry, 174 Fink truss, 338 Finlay, suspension bridges, 357 Fire-brick, 79 Fire-stone, 7 Fish-bellied rail, 431 Fishing a beam, 268 Fisk, experiments on canals, 472 Flagging, 7, 8 Flash pointing, 260 Flemish bond in brick-work, 184 Flexible bands, for inclined planea 439 Folding wedges, 266 Fontainebleau, aqueduct of, 187 Force, shearing, 560 4 of the wind, 394 4 of traction, 407 4 to draw spikes out of sleepers. 456 Forces and strains, relations be tween, 563 Forest trees, 86 Form, influence of, on cast-iron beams, 138 Form of a lime-kiln, 29 • of a wall, 240 ' of cast-iron beam to resist transverse strain, 141 ' of section of retaining walls, 243 ' sand, for pavements, 421 Formula for breaking- weight of iron tubes, 354 Foundation courses, 236 '4 definition -of, 190 Foundations by pneumatic processes, 220 44 double air-locka for, 224 " in compressible soil. 192 44 in marshy soils, 193 44 lateral yielding of, 204 44 of land structures, 190 44 of structures in water, 208 44 on piles, 196 44 rock, 191 sand, 192 INDEX. 627 Foundations, sand for, 203 " stony ground, 191 Fox, iron trussed bridges, 383 Frame, a, 2fi3 " bridge, ribs in a, 322 Frames for cross-strains, 264 " strength of, 274 Framing, 263 " for intermediate supports, 272 France, pavements of, 422 44 pile-driving in, 200 " tubular ribs in, 329 Freestone, 7 French bridges, 307 " canal feeders, 475 " canals, 493 ; dikes, 543 44 engineers, on roads, 426 " experiments on strength of frames, 274 44 iron bridges, o26 4 ' method for leaks in walls, 260 " mortars and cements, 50 Fribourg bridge, 370 Frost, action on masonry, 261 " action on stone, 14 Frost's table of comparative resist- ance of abrasion, 17 Fucoides demissus, 10 Fuel for lime-burning, 27 Funk's experiments on railway spikes, 451 GALVANIZING iron, 95 Gas-houses, roofs of, 397 Gates, canal lock, 487 Gauge of a railroad, 435 Gauging for a canal, 475 Gillmore, on Hoffman lime-kiln, 34 Girard dam, 530 Girdling trees, 80 Gneiss, 6 Grade of railroads, 439 Gradients, 405 41 railroads, 438, 439 Grand Trunk road, 432 Granite, 6 Grant, on Telford, eta, roads, 425 " strength of Portland cement, 117 Granular limestone, 9 *. Gravel roads, 425 Graywacke slate, 8 Great Western Railway, 432 Greenstone, 5 Grillage, a, 193 Groins, seacoast, 543 Groevenor bridge, 290 Grout, 46 Guard for bridge piers, 295 " lock of a canal, 490 Gun-metal, 98 Gunpowder pile-driver, 198 Gypsum, 13 HALL'S method for arches. 288 Harbors, 538 Harlem bridge, 226 Headers in masonry, 177 Heading in a tunnel, 440 Heat, effects on stone, 15 Hodgkinson, on blast for cast-Iron. 91 " on cylindrical columns, 132 " on elasticity of east iron, 106 on pillars, 135 ratio of resistances of hot and cold blast iron, 146 resistance of iron wire to impact, 161 " resistance of square pillars, 123 Hodgkinson's experiments on plat* iron, 147 " form of iron beams 138 formulae for strength of cast-iron beams, 143 " measure of crushing force, 108 strain of timber, 122 " strength of cast-iron, 131 Hoffman lime-kiln, 34 Hoosao tunnel, 442 Horizontal bars, deflections of, 136 Horizontal thrust, 600 Hornblende slate, 8 Horn-stone, 7 Hot-blast, economy of, 91 Howe's truss, 317 Hudson, wing-walls on, 499 Hungerford bridge, 371 Hydraulic cement, 18, 19, 20, 49 44 cements, table of, 20 " lime, 18, 19, 20 44 limes, artificial, 41 " limes, most suitablo, 65 44 limestone, 11, 12, 18 44 limestones, characters and tests of, 23 44 mortar, 46, 48 628 INDEX. ICE-BREARKKS, 313 Ice, to guard bridges against, 298 Improved traction in steel rails, 465 Improvements of rivers, 495 " of steel rails, 465 " seacoast, 534 Inclined planes, 439 streets, 272 Increasing strength of retaining-walls, 244 Influence of form on cast-iron beams, 138 Injecting cement into masonry, 261 Injury of mortar, 51 Intermittent lime-kilns, 28 Inundations, measures against, 498 Inverted arch, 237 Iron arches, 327 " bridge at Staines, 331, 332 " bridge, Post's, 340 44 bridges, European, 327 " cast, bridges, 325 " cast, strength of, 131 " cold blast, strength of, 136 " corrugated, 97 " durability of, 94 " effects of temperature on, 137 " for building, 89 44 neutral axis of, 107 " piles, 203 " pillars, .134 " protection of, 94, 95 " rails, 431 44 resistance to shearing strain, 161 " roof trusses, 396 " spikes, adhesion to timber, 170 " steely, 98 44 trussed bridges, 332 " tubes, breaking- weight of, 354 " wire, resistance to impact, 161 " wrought, 92 44 wrought, effects of temperature on, 158 " wrought, elongation of, 155 " wrought, Kirkaldy's conclusions on strength of, 149 " wrought, resistance to compres- sion, 154 " wrought, resistance tc trans- verse strain, 154 •' wrought strength of, 147 " wrought, thermo-tension of, 161 JAPAN varnish, 101 Jervis, experiments on canals, 472 " on canal reservoirs, 476 Jetties, 538 Johnson, adhesion of iron epikes, 170 44 effects of thermo-tension, 161 Joint, dove-tail, 271 " elbow, 252 " scarf, 268 Joints, 264, 267 coursing, 286 in masonry, 175 mortise and tenon, 270 of beams end to end, 268 rail, 464 tie, 271 Joists, 264 Juniper, 89 KEYS, 266 Kilns, lime, 27 King-bolt, 266 " post, 273 Kirkaldy, effect of heat on wrc ught iron, 161 44 experiments on wrought iron, 149 " strength of steel, 164 Kuilenberg bridge, 347 Kyanizing, 83 LACKERS for cast iron, 101 Land-locked roadstead, 536 Land structures, foundations of, 190 Languedoc canal, 475 Larch, 88 Larmier of a bridge, 302 Lary, bridge over the, 309 Lateral forces, resistance of rail to. 442 " yielding of foundations, 204 Latrobe, bridge built by, 307 Lattice truss, 31^8 Lead, 99 44 strength of, 167 Leakage of a canal, 472 Leaks in walls, 260 Leaning retaining-wall, 243 Leavemvorth bridge, 229 Levels of canals, 480 Lewis, a, in masonry, 182 Lift of canal locks, 479 " prism of, 474 Lighthouse of Port Said, 187 Lime, 18. «4 burning in U. 8., 81. 44 kilns, 27. 44 stone, 9. Limes, hydraulic, most suitable, 65 Limestone, calcination of, 25. Limits of elasticity, 106. INDEX. 629 Limits of res-stance on the unit of area to a strain, 562 Linear contraction, etc., of metals, etc., from temperature, 167 " expansion, coefficients of, 167 Lines of the arch, 283 Lintel, 247 Linville bridge, 334 Liverpool and Manchester road, rail of, 431 Load, effect on roads, 445 Location of a bridge, 230 " of canals, 469 ' ' of common roads, 405 Locality, effect on stone, 15 Lock and dam navigation, 531 *' gates, canal, 487 '' of a canal, 472 ' tide or guard, of a canal, 490 Locks, canal, 482 " for basins, 511 " left of canal, 479 Locomotion on canals, 493 Locust, 88 London bridge, new, 301 Longitudinal dikes on rivers, 499 Long's truss, 315 Losses of water in a canal, 472 Louisville bridge, 339 Lowlands, dikes to protect, 542 Luniachella marble, 10 McADAM, pavement of, 424 McCallum's truss, 320 McDonald, swing bridge by, 385 Macadamized roads, 424 Machines for mortar, 51 Machines, power-drilling, 442 Macneill, force of traction, 407 Magnesian limestone, 10 Main chains of suspension bridges, 363 Malaxator, the. 54 Mallet, caoutchouc varnish, 102 '' on preserving iron, 94, 95 " report on iron, 90, 91 " varnish for zincked iron, IC2 Mallet's processes for preserving iron, 97 Manipulations of mortar, 51 Manlius hydraulic limestone, 20 Manner of reducing hydraulic cement, 40 Map and memoir for a road, 405 Marble, 9 Marbles, 10 Marshy soils, 4 9 " soils, foundations in 195 Masonry, 172 " component parts of struc- tures, 238 " construction of, 236 " dams, 478 " effect of temperature on, 261 " of arches, 253 " of tunnels, 441 " repairs of, 260 Mastic for roads, 428 Mastics, 74 Materials, building, 3 " for frames, 263 " for roads, 428 " strength of, 104 Meaner limes, 18 Means for centring the arch, 290 Measure of crushing force, 108 Measures against inundations, 498 " for increasing strength ot retaining-walls, 244 Menai suspension bridge, 368 Metal fastenings in masonry, 180 Metals, 89 " strength of, 167 Methods of powdering calcined lime stone, 37 •' of preserving surface ot stone, 103 " of seasoning timber, 81 " of strengthening masonry, 179 Mica slate, 6 Mill, Ft. Mortar, adherence of, 73 " bed in brickwork, 184 " how injured, 51 " hydraulic, 46, 48 " manipulations of, 51 " mill, 52 Mortars exposed to weather, 50 " setting and durability of, 57 " strength of, 115 " theory of, 58 Mortise joints, 270 Movable bridges, 380 NANTES, bridge at, 531 Narrow gauge for railroad, 435 Natural features of rivers, 494 " puzzolanas in U. t3l Poncelet, embankment walls, 240 " movable bridge, 382 Pont d'Austerlitz, 326 44 des Arts, 326 " du Carrousel, 320 Porphyry, 5 Portland cement, 20 " cement, strength, etc., of, 117 Port Said lighthouse, 187 Post's combination bridge, 342 " iron bridge, 340 " truss, 339 Potomac aqueduct, 298, 308, 212 Power-drilling machines, 442 Pratt's truss, 320 Precautions against arches settling, 258 water, 192 ' ' yielding of foun- dations, 204 Preservation of suspension bridges,. " timber, 83, 84 Preservatives of iron, 95 Preserving iron, 94 " surface of stone, 103 Prism of draught, 474 " of lift, 474 " what is a, 545 Prize for canal locomotion, 493 Problems for strains on bars, 546 " on beams, 564 44 on curved beams, 595 on lattice girder, 589 " on roof trusses, 583 Processes for making steel, 98 " for preserving iron, 97 Proofs of suspension bridges, 366 Proportions for Coignet betons, 189 44 for concrete, 68 Props, 272 Protecting banks of rivers, 496 " sides of a road, 411 Protection of masonry, 260 Providence swing bridge 385 Pudding stone, 10 Puddling, 208 Purlins, 393 Puzzolana, 43 QUALITY of brick, 77 Quarries of marble, 11 Quarry-bed, 183 Quay walls, 542 Quays of wet-docks, 541 Queen-posts, 274 Quicklime, 9 RAFTERS, 264, 393 Rafts in rivers, 531 Rail, fish -bellied, 431 " in U. S., 432 44 joints, 464 4k of Great Western road, eto., 433 '4 parallel, 432 " resistance to lateral forces, 442 Railroad ballast, 434 crossings, 464 44 curves, 436 gradients, 438, 439 sidings, 436 street crossings, 438 switches, 437 tunnels, 439 turn-plates, 438 velocity on, 438 Railroads, effect of speed on, 443 gauge of, 435 grade of, 439 Rail, straight, 432 Rails, 430 angle of deflection, 437 durability of, 433 rolled, 433 steel, 433 steel, breakage of, 464 steel-headed, 466 steel, results, 464 steel, wear of, 464 supports of, 433 wear of, 433 wrought iron, 433 Railways, 430 4t temporary, 434 Railway sleepers, 462 44 spikes, Funk's experiments, 44 spikes, Von Weber's experi- ments, 453 i Raising large stones, 182 Range, 248 Ransome's artificial stone, 63 Ratio of tensile to compressive force* in cast iron, 132 Raucourt de Charleville, protection of masonry, 260 Reconnaissance for a road, 403 Red sandstone, 8 Reducing hydraulic cement. 40 Regimen of a river, 494 Relation between strains and force*, 563 Relieving-arches, 245 Rendel, bridge built by, 309 Rennie. effect of temperature on bridges, 831 R32 Rennie, experiments on iron, 163 '• strength of copper, 166 " strength of tin and lead, 167 " table of strength of stone, 110 " tensile strength of cast iron, 131 Renwick's process for protecting tim- ber, 86 Repairs of masonry, 260 " of roads, 428 Repose, angle of, 407 Requisites of strength in masonry, 175 Researches on strength of materials, 1C4 Resistance of cast iron to compres- sion, 131 " of cast iron to extension, 131 " of copper to strain, 166 of cylindrical columns, 132 of iron to torsion, 162 of iron-wire to impact, 161 solids of equal, 555 of square wood pillars, 123 of timber to detrusion, 130 " of timber to strain, 122, 125 '* of timber to transverse strain, 125 " of wrought iron to com- pressive strain, 154 " of wrought iron to tensile strain, 147 Reservoirs, canal, 474, 476 Results of steel rails, 464 Retaining- walls, 239 Revetements, 245 Rhine, wing-dams on, 498 Ribs for light arches, 290 " in a bridge-frame, 322 " of iron bridges. 325 " tubular, 328. 329 Rideau canal, 492 Riebell, strength of frames, 274 River bars, 502 " improvements, 495 Rivers, 494 " protecting banks of, 496 Road covering, broken stone, 423, 425 " coverings, 419 " drainage, 413, 416 " eifect of speed on, 443 Roadsteads, 536 Roads, 403 u benches of, 412 Roads, cleaning of, 429 country, 425 cross dimensions of, 429 earthwork of, 411 embankments of, 409, 41-1 excavations for. 41! French views on, 426 gravel, 425 location of common, 405 macadamized, 424 map and memoir of a, 405 mastic for, 428 materials for, 428 park, 426 plank, 430 repairs of, 428 Roman, 421 setting lines of, 410 side channels of, 417 side slope of, 411 slips on, 412 stone for, 15 summer, 429 surface water of, 413 Telford's plan, 424 Roadway of suspension bridges, 364 " of wooden bridge, 323 Roadways, asphaltic, 427 Rock, 4 Rock foundations, 191 Roebling, East River bridge, S80 " experiments on wire, 158 " Monongahela bridge, 373 Rogers, analyses of magnesian lime stones, 22 Rolled rails, 433 Roller for compressing roads, 427 Rolling bridges, 380, 391 " mills, roof of, 400 Roman cement, 12 " " strength of, 118 " roads, 421 Rome (N. Y.) bridge, 344 Rondelet, on adherence of mortars, 73 on walls, 238 ' ' specific gravity and strength of stone, 113 Roofing slate, 8 Roof of capitol at Montpelier, 400, of University of Mich., 40 1 , 401 truss, depot, 399 " problems on, 553 trusses, 393 " iron, 396 Roofs, 393 " and domes, 400 " snow and wind on, 394 633 Ropes for inclined planes, 439 " iron, steel, and hemp, com- j p-vrative strength of, 156 Rot. wet and dry. So Rubble pavement, 421 " stone masonry, 183 Rules to determine strength of cast- iron beams, 143 Rupture by compression, 107 " by tejisil£ force, 107 " moment of, 554 " of arches, 257 SALT in mortar, 47 Sand, 47 " Fontainebleau, 187 " for centring arches, 290 '' for foundations, 203 " for pavements, 420 " foundations, 192 Sandstone, 7 Savannah, bridge over the, 228 Sawyers in rivers, 530 Scarf -joint' 268 Schcnectady bridge, 344 Schuylkill bridge, 317 Scorff, bridge over the, 230 Screw piles. 196 Seacoast improvements, 534 " walls, 543 " water for mortar, 189 Seasoning timber, 81 Section, dangerous, 555 " of retaining- walls, 243 Seekonk River bridge, 201 Septaria, 20 Setting lines of a road, 410 " of mortars. 57 Settling of arches, precautions against 253 " of embankments, 414 Severn, bridge over, 320 Sewers of be ton agglomere, 188 Seyssel bituminous sandstone, 74 Shafts for road drainage, 413 " working, 440 Shearing strain, 500 " " resistance of iron to, 161 Sheeting piles, 208 Ship-worms, 86 Shoe-plates, 290 Shores, 272 Side channels of roads, 417 " cuttings, 416 " drains, 417 " elope of a road, 411 Sidewalks, 423 " asphaltic, 427 Sidings of railroads, 436 Sienite, 5 Silex, 4 Silicious sands, 47 " stones, 4 Single lattice girder, 589 Slack-water navigation, 531 Slaked lime, 9 Slaking lime, 37 Slate, graywacke, 8 " hornblende, 8 " mica, 6 " roofing, K '• talcose, 7 Sleeper for railroad, 434 Sleepers, force to draw spikes out. 4M " how affected, 448 " railway, 462 Slips on a road, 412 Smith (W. S. ) on pneumatic caissons, 229 Snags, 530 Snow, weight of, 394 Soapstone, 7 Soffit, 248 Soils, compressible, foundations in, 192 " for foundations, 190 " -.vet and marshy, 419 Solders, 99 Solid-built beams, 265 '* contents of a road, 409 Solids, extension and contraction of, 106 " of equal resistance, 525 Souillac, bridge of, 308 Southwark bridge, 326 Specific gravity of cast iron, 92 Speed of trains, effect of, 443 Spikes, force to draw out of sleepe n, 456 u iron, adhesion to timber, 17(1 ' ' railway, experiments on, 461 , 453 Spoil-bank, 416 Springs, causing road slips, 413 Spruce, 89 Stability of a permanent way, 443 Staines bridge, 326 " iron bridge at, 331, 338 Statuary marble, 10 Steatite, 7 Steam for canals, 493 '' pile-driver, 198 Steel, 98 Steel-headed rails, 466 634 Bteel rails, 433 " breakage of, 404 " results, 464 " traction on, 465 " wear of, 464 Steel, strength of, 163 Steep gradients, railroad, 439 Stephenson, tubular bridges, 348 Stirrups, 266 Stone, 4 Stone bridges, 279 of Europe. 308 jetty, 539 preserving surface of, 103 tramways, 420 Stones, arch, 248 broken, road covering, 423, 425 cut, 174 durability of, 13 expansion of, 114, 115 paving, 420 strength of, 109 Stoney, tables of strength of rope, 156 Stony ground foundations, 191 Straight rail, 432 Strain, breaking, of wrought iron, 152 Strain on pillars, 135 " on unit of area, 554 " permanent, on stone, 113 " resistance of timber to, 122, 125 " resistance of wrought iron to, 147 ' shearing, 560 " shearing, resistance of iron to, 161 " workings of wrought iron, 152 Strains and forces, relations between, 563 1 classification of, 545 " cross, frames for, 264 Straining beam, 272 Street crossings of railroads, 438 Strength, etc., of Portland cement, *' comparative, of iron, steel, and hemp rope, 15? " in masonry, requisites of, 175 " of beton, 118 " of boiler iron, 148 of cast iron, 91, 131 " of cast iron beams, rules to determine, 143 *' of concrete, 118 " of copper, 166 " of frames, 274 of materials, 104 of mortars, 115 of other metals, 167 of Roman cement, 118 of steel, 163 of stone, 109 of timber, 119 of wrought iron, 93, 147 of wrought iron, effect ol temperature on, 158 Strength ening brick-work, 184 Stretchers, in masonry, 177 Striking-plates, 290 St. Lawrence canals, 492 St. 630 Sweden, experiments on steel, 163 Swing-bridge, Providence, 385 Swinging-bridges, 380 Switches, railroad, 437 System of Buck, 286 Szegedin, bridge at, 227 TABLE of average values of moduli, 618 " of coefficients of linear expan- sion, 168 ' ' of experiments on cast-iron bar impinged upon, 144, 145 of hydraulic cements, 20 " of ratio of tensile to compres- sive forces in cast iron, 132 " of results of experiments on bars of hot-blast iron, 139, 140 ; of strength of boiler-iron, 148 " of strength of square and round bars of wrought iron, 148 " of strength of stone, 110, 111, 112 of wear of stone, 16, 17 " comparative strength of iron, steel, and hemp-rope, 186 Talcose slate, 7 Tail's bracket scaffolding, 185 Tar, mineral, 74 Tedford, Menai bridge, 368 Telford pavement, 424 Temperature, effect on bridges, 331 effect on copper, 167 " effect on masonry, 261 " effect on stone, 114 effect on strength of wrought iron, 158 " effect to expand me- tals, etc., 167 *' effects on iron, 137 Temporary dams, canal, 490 " railways, 434 Tensile strain, resistance of timber to, 122 ' ' resistan oe of wrought- iron to, 147 Tenon joints, 270 Terms in bridge nomenclature, 314 Testing cast iron, 91 Tests of hydraulic limestones, 23 " of steel-rails, 465 Tewksbury bridge, 326 Thames tunnel, 184 Theiss, bridge over the, 227 Theory of mortars, 58 »* of tides, 534 " of waves, 535 Thermo-tension, effects on wronght- iron, 161 Thickness of walls, 238 Thomas viaduct, the, 307 Through, a, in masonry, 178 Tidal water, coffer-dams in, 210 Tide-lock of a canal, 4<JO Tides, theory of, 534 Tie-joints, 271 Ties, 264 " for detached frames, 395 Tiles, 79 Timber, adhesion of iron-spikes to, 176 defects of, 82 destroyers, 86 durability of, 86 most durable, 82 neutral axis of, 107 preservation of, 83, 84 resistance to dctrusion, 130 resistance to strain, 122, 125 seasoning, 81 strength of, 119 Time, effects of, in elongation ot wrought iron, 155 " effects of, on deflections, 136 Tin, 99 " strength of, 167 Torsion, resistance of iron to, 163 Totten, on brick masonry, 184 u on river wing-dams, 499 " strength of mortars, 116 Town's truss, 316 Tow-path, 468 Traction, force of, 407 " on steel rails, 465 Tramways, iron, 430 stone, 420 Transverse strain on wrought iron, 154 strain, resistance of tim- ber to, 125 strength of cold-blast iron, 186 Trapezoidal truss, Whipple's 332 Trass, 43 Tredgold, resistance of timber to de- trusion, 130 Tree, trunk of, 80 Trees, felling, 80 4 of United States, Treussart, beton foundations if oof fer-dams, 215 " on hydraulic mortal, 49 " on puzzolanas, 44 Trial-lines, 405 636 Triumphal arcl , 362 Trunk of a tree, 80 Truss, arched, 337 4 Bollman's, 337 4 bridges, vertical shearing, 595 ' Burr's, 318 4 depot roof, 399 1 Fink, 338 1 Howe's, 317 ' lattice, 316 ' Linville, 334 ' Long's, 315 4 McCallum's, 320 4 Post's, 339 4 Pratt's, 320 4 Town's, 316 ' weights borne by, 275 4 Whipple's trapezoidal, 332 Trusses for wooden bridges, 315 4 ' iron roof, 396 44 roof, 393 Tube, model, for bridge, 349 Tubes, iron, breaking weight of, 354 Tubular bridge, Britannia, 350 44 bridges, 347 44 iron-ribs, 328, 329 Tunnel, Hoosac, 442 44 Mont Cenis, 442 Tunnelling, operations in, 440 Tunnels, 439 44 drainage of, 442 44 masonry of, 441 41 water in, 442 Turnbull, bridge built by, 308 Turning-bridges, 380, 384 Turn-plates, 438 Tweed, suspension bridge over, 368 ULSTER Co. 22 4' on dolomites, 11 44 on elongation of wrought iron 155 on hydraulic mortar, 49 44 strength of mortar, 50 41 strength of mortars. 116 ' ' strength of stone, 113 Victoria bridge, 212, 354 Volumes of the arch, 283 Von Weber, experiments on rails, 442 Von Weber on stability of permanent ways, 443, 446 Von Weber's experiments, deductions from, 461 Von Weber's experiments on railway spikes, 453 Voussoirs, 248, 283 WADE, crushing-weights of cast iron. 166 44 * tenacity of iron, 138 Walker, table of wear of store, 16 Wall for an embankment, 240 Walls, concrete, 185 44 of enclosure, 238 44 quay, 542 ' ' retaining or sustaining, 239 44 sea, 543 44 sustaining, 415 Waste-weir, 479 44 of a canal, 490 Water decreases linear expansion, 169 ' effect on stone. 15 4 flame lime kilns, 34 in tunnels, 442 ' precautions against, 192 Waterloo bridge, 292 Water, structures in, 208 supply of a canal, 477 44 wings of a bridge, 306 Water-way, 467 637 Water-way, enlargement of, 306 " in bridge-building, 280 Waves, 535 Wear of rails, 433 " of steel rails, 464 " of stone, 14 Coriolis' table, 17 Walker's table, 16 Weather, mortars exposed to, 50 Wedges, folding, 266 Weight of snow, 394 (Velland canal, 492 SVernwag's Schuylkill bridge, 317 Wet-docks, 541 (Chippie's trapezoidal truss, 332 " truss, modifications of, 334 Whirlpools, 534 Fhoeler, experiments relative to suspension bridges, 367 tfidth of roads, 429 (Villiamsport canal bridge, 490 Wind, force of the, 394 Wing-dams, 497 Wing-walls of bridges, 299 Wire, iron, resistance to impact, 161 Wood, 79 Wooden arches, 277, 321 " beams, deflection of, 128 " bridges, 310 Wooden bridges, celebrated. 324 " jetties, 539 " pavements, 421 Wood pillars, resistance of, 123 Working strain of stone, 111-114 " strain of wrought iron, 159 Works, accessory, of a canal, 488 Wright, W. H., on mortar mill, 53 Wrought iron, 92 bridges, 347 " conclusions of Kirkal dy on strength of. 149 " elongation of, 155 " rail, 431 rails, 433 * ' resistance to compres- sion, 154 " resistance to trans verse strain, 154 strength of, 147 " temperature, effecti on, 158 ' ' therm o-tension of, 101 YIELDING of arches, 257 ZINC, 99 Zincked iron, varnish for, 102 Zincking iron, 95 Zoofagoua paint, 102, 103 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below Form L-9-15m-7,'32 •I 3 1158 00454 0927 t PLE££E DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARD 5 University Research Library 1 273 476 o. 