None
See PHANEROGAMIA ii68 INDEX PHI PhilontJms, antennae of, 988 Phloem, 710 — of Exogens, 697 Pholas, shell of, 924 Phoronis, 950 Phosphorescence of sea, AueioNoctiluca, 765 Phosphorus, as a mounting medium, 521 Photographic microscope, Zeiss's, 257, 258 Photometrical equivalent of different apertures, 50 Photo-micrograph through eye of Lam- pyris, 984 >ho Photo-micrography for micrometry, 277 ; projection eye- pieces for, 380 — Campbell's differential screw used in, 165 Phryganea, eye of, 983 Phycocyanin in Chroococcacecs, 547 Phyco-erythrin, 631 Phycomyces nitens, 641 Phycophaein, 626 Phylactolcemata, 909 Phyllite, 1077 note Phyllopoda, 962 Pliyllosomata, skeleton of, 968 Physarum album, development of, 635 Physcia parietina, 650 Physma chalaganum, 650 Phytelephas, endosperm of seed of, 693 Phytophthora infestans, 639, 640 Phytopti, mouth-parts of, 1010 Phytoptidce, 1008 ; characters of, 1014 Phytoptus, larva of, 1009 Picric acid, 485 Picro-carmine, 489 Piedmontite, 1095 Pieridce, scales of, 975 Pigment-cells of cuttles, 942 ; of ver- tebrate skin, 1042 ; of fishes, 1043 ; of Crustacea, 1043 Pigmentum nigrum, of eye, 1043 Pike, scales of, 1028 Pileorhiza, 710 Pileus of Acetabularia, 563 Pilidium gyrans, 950 Pilulina Jeffreysii, 812 Pimpernel, petals of, 719 Pines, pollen-grains, showers of, 722 note Pinna, structure of shell of, 919-922; prisms of shell of, in Globigerina ooze, 1086 ; prisms of, in chalk, 1087 — nigrina, colour of shell of, 921 Pinnularia, 617 — dactylus, 621 — nobilis, 621 Pinus canadensis, 443 Pipette, 351, 476 Pisolithic grains, 1084 Pistil, 722 Pitcher-plant, spiral fibre-cells of, 698 Pith, arrangement of, 700, 762 Pitted ducts of Phanerogams, 699 Placoid scales, 1028 Plagioclase felspar, 1080 Planaria, stomach of, 946 POL Planar ice, 946 ; movement of, 946 ; fis- sion of, 947 ; ocelli of, 947 ; intracellular digestion in, 863 Planarians. Polariscope, condensers for use with, 314 ; for examination of gastropod palates, 933; crystals for use with, 1097 ; list of objects for, 1099 Polarised light, rings and brushes of mine- rals under, 319, 320 ; for insect work, 423 ; use of, in micro-petrology, 1068 Polariser, 318, 319; achromatic conver- gent for, 1070 note Polarising apparatus, 317-319 ; condenser for, 314 ; Swift's illuminating and, 319 Polarising prism, substitution of opales- cent mirror for, 194 ' Polierschiefer,' 617 INDEX 1169 POL PRI Polishing ground sections, 511 — sections of hard substances, 506 — -slate, 617 — -stones, 508, 617 Polistes (wasp^, with attached mould, 642 Pollen- chambers of anthers, 720 — -grain and tube, 684 — -grains, 719 ; form of, 720 ; experi- ments with, 721 — mass, of orchids, 722 — tube, 721 — tubes, traced through the style, 723 Pollinium of orchids and asclepiads, 722 Pollinoids of Floridece, 632 ; of lichens, 650 Polyaxial spicules, 859 Polycelis levigatus, 947 Poiyclinid.ee, 913 Polycystina, 846, 851 Polycystina, as test for low powers, 389 ; mounting, 481 Polydesmiclce, 981 ' Polygastrica,' Ehrenberg's erroneous views on, 753 Polygonum, pollen-grains of, 721 Polymorphina, 820 Polyommatus Argus, scales of, 976 Polyparies of zoophytes, 862 Polypary of hydroids, 867 Polypes, 863. Rhubarb, stellate raphides of, 696 ; spiral ducts of, 699 Rhynchonellida, shell structure of, 927 Ribbons of sections, 464, 469 Ribes, pollen-tubes of, 723 Rice, silicified epiderm of, 715 ' Rice-paper,' 687 Rice- starch, 695 Ridd ell's binocular microscope, 97 Ring-cells, 446-448 Rivalto (Giordano da), on invention of spectacles, 118 RivulariacecB, hormogones of, 548 Roach, scales of, 1028 Rochea falcata, epiderm of, 714 Rock, ground-mass of, 1072 ; fluxion- structure of, 1073 — sections, method of examining, 1081 Rocks, method of making sections of, 1066-1068 ; metamorphism of, 1076 Rodents, hair of, 1030 Root of Phanerogams, structure of, 700 et seq. Root-cap, 710 Rosalina varians, 798 Rose, glandular hairs of, 714 Ross (Andrew), on correction of object- glass, 19-21 ; his early form of achro- matic microscope, 152; mechanical movements of his stage, 153 ; his fine adjustment, 153, 173 ; on illumination of objects, 300 ; his arrangement for locking coarse adjustment, 352 ; his achromatic objectives, 356-358 ; his lever of contact for testing covers, 440 4 r2 1 1?2 INDEX EOS SCH Boss's (Andrew) ' Lister ' microscope, 153 Ross, model, 197 — and Co.'s microscopes, 196, 230-233 ; camera lucida, 285, 286 Ross-Jackson model, 199 Ross-Wenham's radial microscope, 199 Ross-Zentmayer model, 198 Rot alia, 824 ; intermediate skeleton of, 825 — aspera, in chalk, 1087 — - Beccarii, shell of, 797 — Schroeteriana, 825 Rotalian series, 823 Rotaliince, colour of shell, 799 Rotaline shells-of Foraminifera, 797 — shell, sandy isomorph of, 814 Rotating disc of objectives, 290 Rotatoria, 753. See ROTIFEBA Rotifer vulgaris, 787 ROTIFEEA, collecting, 527; keeping alive, 528 ; a food of Actinophrys, 739 ; de- scription of, 786-792 ; habitats of, 786 ; structure of, 787-790 ; mastax of, 787 ; lorica of, 787 ; contractile vesicle of, 789; males of, 790; eggs of, 790; clas- sification of, 790, 791 ; desiccation of, 791 ; bibliography of, 792 ; preparation and preservation of, 793, 794 ; wheel apparatus of, compared with velum of gastropods, 936, 939; winter eggs of, 964 ; non-sexual reproduction of, 1006 Rotten-stone, 617 ' Round worm,' 944 Rousselet's binocular portable micro- scope, 245 ; his tank microscope, 268 ; his compressorium, 346 ; his live-box, 346 ; his method of preparing rotifers, 793 Royston-Piggott constructs first aperture table, 30 Rugosa, 877 Rumia cratcegata, eggs of, 1005 Rush, stellate tissue in, 687 Rutile in clastic rocks, 1075 ; a secondary mineral in slates, 1076 note Ryder's microtome, 401 Sabellaria, tubes of, 948 Sable, hair of, 1030 Saccammina in limestone, 1090 — Carteri, 812 — spherica, 812 Saccharomyces cerevisice, 645 Saccharomycetes, 645; zymotic action of, 645 ; endospores of, 646 Saccolabium guttatum, spiral cells of, 693 Sachs, on Chara, 579 note Sago, starch-grains of, 695 Salivary glands, 1047 Salmon, scales of, 1028 — disease, 640 Salpce, diatoms in stomach of, 614, 623 Salpidce, 911 Salpingceca, calyx of, 764 Salt solution as a preservative medium, 519 Salter (J.), on the 'teeth' of Echinus, 890 Salvia verbenaca, spiral fibres in seeds of, 693 Sand-grains surrounded by silica, 1075 ' Sand-stars.' See Ophiuroidea ' Sand-wasp,' 974 Sandy isomorphs (Foraminifera), 814 — tests of Lituolida, 814 Santonine, crystallisation of, 1096 Sap-wood, 704 Saprolegnia, alliance with Achlya, 564 note — ferax, 640 Saprolegnice, 640 Saprophytic, Bacteria, 658 — fungi, 633, 642, 647 Sarcocystids, 752 Sarcode, 530 note, 531 ; of Bliizopoda, 733 Sarcolemma, 1049 Sarcoptes scabiei, 1018 Sarcoptidce, mandibles of, 1009 ; maxillse of, 1010 ; hairs of, 1010 ; legs of, 1010 ; characters of, 1013 Sarcoptince, 1013 Sarcosporidia, 749 Sargassum bacciferum, 630 Sarsia (Medusa of Syncoryne), 869 ' Saw-flies,' ovipositor of, 1003 Saxifraga, seeds of, 724 — umbrosa, parenchyme of, 688 Saxifrage, cells of pollen-chambers, 720 Scalariform ducts of ferns, 674 ; as modi- fied spiral ducts, 699 ' Scales,' covering epiderm of leaves, 714 ; of Elceagnus, 714 — of Lepidoptera, 975, 976 ; of Coleo- ptera, 975 ; of Curculio imperialis, 975 ; of Lyccenidce, 975, 977 ; of Pieridce, 975 ; as tests for objectives, 976 ; of insects, markings of. 976 ; of Thysanura, 977 ; on wing of Lepido- ptera, 999 ; of fishes, 1026 ; of reptiles, 1026, 1029 Scallops. See Pecten ' Scarabcei, antennae of, 988 ' Scarfskin,' 1041 Scatophaga stercoraria, eggs of, 1005 Scenedesmus, megazoospores of, 566 Schists, 1077 Schizogenous spaces in Phanerogams, 688 Schizomycetes, 651-664 Schizonema, 602, 617 r- Gremllii, 618 — gelatinous sheath of, 588, 617 Schizonemece, character of, 617 Schnetzler, on movement of Oscillatoria, 548 Schott (Dr.) and the improvement of object-glasses, 32 Schroder on binocular vision, 105 ; his camera lucida, 285 INDEX H73 SCH SIL Schultz's method of macerating vege- table tissues, 700 Schultze (Prof. Max), on identity of ' sarcode ' and ' protoplasm,' 530 note ; on cyclosis in Diatomacece, 587 ; on affinity of Carpenteria, 823 Schulze (Prof. P. E.), on soft parts of Euplectella, 860 note Schwendener, on lichens, 648 Scirtopoda, 791, 792 Scissors, spring, 457 Sclerenchyme of fernp, 674 Sclerogen, 693 Sclerotesin Fungi, 633 ; of Myxomycetes, 636 Scolopendrium, indusium of, 675 ; sori of, 675 ; sporanges of, 676 Scorpions, 957, 1008 Screw-collar adjustment, 358 Scrophularia, seeds of, 724 ' Scyphistoma ' of Cyanea, 875 Scytonema, as gonid of lichen, 651 Scytone?nacece, 548 ; hormogones of, 548 Scytosiphon, conjugation of, 627 Sea-anemone. See Actinia Sea-anemones, intracellular digestion in, 863 Sea-fans, 877. See Gorgonice ' Sea-jellies,' 853 Sealing-wax varnish, 444 1 Sea-mats,' 908. See Flustra and Mem- branipora Searcher eye-pieces, 378 ' Sea-slugs.' See Doris, Eolis 1 Sea-urchin,' 884. 540 — generation of Volvox, 555 Shadbolt, on structure of Arachnoidiscus, 612 Shadbolt' s turn-table, 451 Shadow effects, 61 Shark, dentine of, 1023 Sharks, scales of, 1028 Sheep-rot, 945 Shell, bivalve, of Ostracoda, 960 — calcareous, of Eeticularia, 733 ; of Microgromia, 736 — silicious, of Dictyocysta, Codonella, 773 — of Foraminifera, 796-801 ; of Lamel- libranchiata, 919 ; of Brachiopoda, 919 Shellac cement, protection against cedar oil, 444 ' Shell-fish,' 919. See Mollusca Shells of Mollusca, nacreous layer of, 919, 922, 923, 924 ; prismatic layer of, 919, 920, 921 ; colour of, 921 ; an ex- cretory product, 922; sub-nacreous layer of, 923, 924 — of Brachiopoda, 925 ; periostracum of, 926 ; perforations of, 926 — of Gastropoda, structure of, 928 — of Cirripedia, 968 ' Shield ' of Ciliata, 773 Shrimp, concretionary spheroids in skin of, 1100 Shrimps, skeleton of, 969 Side reflector, 333 — lever, short, fine adjustment, 174 Swift's vertical fine adjustment, 173 Siebold, on agamic reproduction in bees, 1006 Sieve-plates, 710 Sieve-tubes, 710 ; in Exogens, 697 Sigillarice, 682, 1084 Silene, seeds of, 724 ii74 INDEX SIL Silex in Equisetacece, 680 ; in epiderm of grasses, 715 Silk glands of spiders, 1015 * Silk-weeds,' 569 « Silkworm,' eggs of, 1005 , Silkworm diseases, 645, 661 Silpha, antennae of, 988 Simple magnifier, 37 — microscope, 248 Sines, law of, 3 Siphonacece, 562-564 ; Munier-Charles on fossil forms of, 564 Siphonostomata, 965 note Siricidce, ovipositor of, 1003 Sirodot, on alternation of generations in Batracliospermum, 575 Skate, muscle fibre, 1049 Skeleton, dermal, of Vertebrata, 1026 ; fossilised, 1090 — fibrous, of sponges, 857 — silicious, of Heliozoa, 734 ; of Eadio- laria, 846 — of sponges, 855; of zoophytes, 862; of Echnoidea, 884; of Asteroidea, 891 ; of Ophiuroidea, 891 ; of Crinoidea, 892 ; of Holothurioidea, 894 ; of Ante- don, 901 ; of Vertebrata, structure of, 1020 Skin, 1041 ; pigment-cells in, 1042 ; capil- laries in, 1062 Skip-jack, antennae of, 987 Slack, on the costse of Pinnularia, 617 Slack's optical illusion, 428 Slide-forceps, 453 Slides, glass for, 438 Slides for cultures, 340, 841 — Seiler's solution for cleansing, 439 Sliding-plate of objectives, 290 Sloths, fossil, teeth of, 1024 Slug. See Limax Slug's eye, 941 Slugs, Motif era in, 787 Smell, organ of, in insects, 1000 Smith's Cassegrainian microscope, 145, 146 Smith (H. L.), on Tolles' binocular eye- piece, 101 ; his vertical illuminator, 886 ; on classification of diatoms, 599 Smith (James), his microscope, 155 ; on use of bull's-eye with high powers, 881; his achromatic lenses, 356 ; his separating lenses, 860 ; his mounting instrument, 454 Smith (T. F.), on markings of diatoms, 593 Smith (W.), 011 cyclosis in Diatomacece, 587 ; on species of diatoms, 600 note ; on habits of diatoms, 619 Smith (W. H.), on structure of frustules, 590 note ; on movements of diatoms, 602 Snail, 930 ; eye of, 941. See Helix — muscle of odontophore, 1050 Snake, lung of, 1063 Snapdragon, seed of, 723 Snell's ' Law of Sines,' 49 Snow, crystals of, 1095 SPH Suowberry, parenchyme of fruit of, 688 Snowdrop, pollen-grains of, 722 Soda, caustic, action on horny substances, 517 Soemmering's simple camera, 278 Sole, scales of, 1026, 1027, 1028 Solen, prismatic layer in, 924 Solid cones of light for minute observa- tion, 419 — eye-pieces, 378 — image, 95 - objects, delineation of, 88; correct appreciation of, 88 — vision and oblique illumination, 61 Sollas, on sponges, 855 note ; on the ex- tensions of the perivisceral cavity in Polyzoa, 927 Sorby (H. C.), on microscopic structure of crystals, 1066 Sorby' s parabolic reflector, 334 Sorby-Browning's micro-spectroscope, 323 Soredes of lichens, 649 Sori of ferns, 675 Sound-producing apparatus of crickets, 999 Spatangidium, 610 Spatangus, spines of, 889 ' Spawn ' of mushroom, 647 Spectacles, invention of, 118 Spectra, diffraction, 67 — artificial, 324 Spectral, ocular, Zeiss's, 827 Spectro-micrometer, bright-line, 325 Spectroscope in micro-chemical opera- tions, 1103 Spectroscopic test, 324 Spectrum, 19 ; irrationality of, 19 — binocular, microscope, 327 — map, 325 — natural, 824 — of dark lines, 323 ; of bright lines, 323 Speculum, parabolic, 333; Lieberkuhn's, 334-336; in Smith's illuminator, 336 Spencer Lens Company's Microscopes, 214, 215 - Spermathecse of Gamasidce, 1012 ; of TyroglypMdce, 1012 Spermatia oiPuccinia, 638 ; of lichens,650 Sperm-cells of Thallophytes, 536; of Volvox, 555 ; of ferns, 678 ; of sponges, 857 ; of Hydra, 866 ; of Polyzoa, 907 Spermogones of Puccinia, 638 ; of lichens, 651 Sphacelaria, 626 Sphacele, 626 Sphceria in caterpillars, 645 Sphceroplea annulina, 570-572 Sphcerozosma, rows of cells in, 583 Sphcerozoum ovodimare, 853 Sphagnacece, 673 Sphagnum, leaf of, 673 Sphenogyne speciosa, winged seed of, 724 Spherical aberration, 14, 15, 31, 299, 301, 306, 387 diminished by Huyghens' objective, 42 INDEX 1175 SPH STA Spheroidal concretions of carbonate of lime, 1100 Sphingidce, antennae of, 988 Sphinx, eye of, 987 ; antennsie of, 988 — ligustri, eggs of, 1005 Spicules of alcyonarians, 880 — of sponges, 857 ; their names, 859-860 — silicious, of sponges, 857 — calcareous, of sponges, 857 Spiders, 1008, 1014-1016 ; microscopic objects furnished by, 1014 ; spinning apparatus, 1015 f Spindle fibres, 538 Spinnerets of spiders, 1015 Spiny lobster, metamorphosis, 969 Spiracles of insects, 995, 996 Spiral cells in Phanerogams, 693 ; mode of preparation of, 694 — crystallisation, 1096 — focussing arrangement for projection- lens, 380 — vessels of Phanerogams, 698 ; obser- vation of, in situ, 719 ; of plants com- pared with tracheae of insects, 995 Spiriferidcs, perforation in shells of, 927 Spiriferina rostrata, shell of, 927 Spirillina, 819 — sandy isomorph of, 814 Spirillum, movement of, 433 ; granular spheres of, 660 note — undula, 659 — volutans, movement of, 652, 653, 659 Spirit, dilute, as a preservative medium, 518 Spirochcste, 653 Spirogyra, 549, 550 ; attacked by Vampy- rella, 730 Spirolina, a varietal form of Peneroplis, 803 Spiroloculina, 802 Spirula, 929 — shells of, bearing Protomyxa, 727 Spirulina, movement of, 548 Splachnum, sporange of, 669 Splenic fever due to Bacillus anthracis, 656, 661 Sponae-spicules, 857-860 — mounting, 481 — in Carpentaria, 822 ; in mud of Le- vant, 1085 Sponges, 855-862 ; skeleton of, structure of, 855, 856; reproduction of, 857; habitat of, 861 ; preparation of, 861 ; bibliography of, 862 note — fossil, 1089 Spongilla, 861 Spongolithis acicularis, 620 Spongy parenchyma of leaves, 716 Spontaneous generation, 761 Sporange of Fungi, 633; of Myxomy- cetes, 636 ; of Marchantia, 665, 668 ; of mosses, 671 ; of Sphagnacece, 673 ; of ferns, 675 ; of Equisetacece, 680 Sporangia of Lycopodiacece in coal, 1084 Sporangiophores of Mucorini, 640 Spore, use of the term, 537 note Spores of Nostoc, 549 ; of Myxomycetes, 634, 636; of Peronosporece, 639; of Bacteria, 655, 657, 660; of Mar- chantia, 668 ; of mosses, 670 ; of ferns, 676 ; of ferns, method for studying development of, 679 note ; of Equise- tacece, 680 ; of Lycopodiece, 682 ; of gregarines, 751 ; of Monas Dallingeri, 757 ; of Lycopodiacece in coal, 1084 — different kinds of, 541 note — resting, of Chcetophoracece, 574 Sporids of Ustilaginece, 636 ; of Puccinia, 638 Sporocarp of Ascomycetes, 644 Sporogone of mosses, 672 Sporophores of Myxomycetes, 636 ; of Peronosporece, 639; of Ascomycetes, 643 Sporophyte in ferns, 680 Sporozoa, 749-752 Sporules of Melosira, 597 ; of Pleuro- sigma, 597 ; of Podosphenia, 597 Spot-lens, 316 Spring-clip, 453 — press, 453 — scissors, 457 ' Spring-tails,' 979. See Poduridcs Squid, 942 Squirrel, hair of, 1030 Stag-beetle, antennas of, 988 Stage, horse-shoe, Nelson's, 179, 228 ; of the microscope, 175-184; qualities needful in a, 177 ; concentric, rotatory motion of, 179 ; in the ' Continental ' model, 259 ; graduated rotary for use with apertometer, 395 — attachable, simple form, 180 ; Swift's, 180 ; Allen's (Baker's), 181 ; Keichert's, 183; Bausch and Lomb's, 183, 184; Mayall's, 183 ; Zeiss's, 183 ; Beck's, 184 forceps, 338 — -micrometer, 270, 274, 288, 290 — moist, 341 plate, glass, 340 — thermostatic, 344-346 — Turrell's, 176 ; Watson's, 177 ; Zeiss's, 179 ; Tolles', 204 vice, 339 ' Staggers ' of sheep, due to Ccenurus, 944 Stahl, on movement of desmids, 581 Staining, 488 — regressive, 491 — Bacteria, 514-516 — flagella, 516 Stains, intra-vitam, 488, 489 — for unfixed tissues, 489 — for fixed tissues, 490, 491 — nuclear, 491-494 — plasma, 494, 495 Stains, solutions of, methylen blue, 488 ; Bismarck brown, 489 ; Congo red, 489 ; methyl-green, 489 ; neutral-red, 489 ; alcoholic borax-carmine, 490 ; alum- cochineal, 490 ; carmalum, 490 ; heema- lum, 490 ; alcoholic cochineal, 491 ; iron-huematoxylin, 492 ; ' Kernschwarz,' 1176 INDEX STA SUP 492 ; safranin, 493 ; acid-fuchsin, 494 ; basic-fuchsin, 494 ; Lyons blue, 494 ; picric acid, 494 ; water-blue, 494 ; thionin, 494 Stanhope lens, 37 Stanhoscope, 38 Staphylimis, antennae of, 988 Star-anise, tissue of testa of, 692 ; testa of seeds of, 725 niNI Starch, tests for, 517 ; formation of, 694^ — grains, 534, 535 ; mode of growth, 694; hilum of, 695; in Canna, 695; in potato, 695 ; in wheat, 695 ; in rice, 695 ' Star-fish,' 891. See Asteroidea Statospore of Prptomyxa, 728 Staurastrum, binary division of, 582; form of cell, 585 — dejectum, 568 Stauroneis, 617 ' Stauros ' of Achnanthes, 616 Steenstrup on alternation of generations, 877 Stein, on affinities of Volvox, 551 note ', on contractile vacuoles of Volvox, 552 note ; on Flagellata, 764 ; on Nocti- luca, 769 note ; on Acinetina, 785 note Steinheil's loups, 38 ; his combination of lenses, 38 ; his aplanatic loup, 249 ; his loup for tank work, 268 ; his formula for combination of lenses, 316 ; his triple loups, 378 Stellaria, seeds of, 724 — media, petals of, 719 Stem of mosses, 669 ; of Sryacece, 673 ; of Sphagnacece, 673 ; structure of, in Phanerogams, 700; of Phanerogams, development of, 709 ; treatment of, for examination of their structure, 711 Stemmata of insects, 986 ; of spiders, 1014 Stentor, collecting, 527 ; contractile vesicle of, 774 ; impressionable organs of, 775 ; conjugation of, 7S2 Stephanoceros, collecting, 527; in con- finement, 528 Stephanolithis spinescens, 847 — nodosa, 847 Stephanosphcera pluvialis, amoeboid phase of, 557 note Stephenson, on Pleurosigma angulatum, 70 ; on ' intercostal points,' 73 — his suggestion on homogeneous im- mersion, 28 — on Coscinodiscus, 609 Stephenson' s stereoscopic binocular, 100; its erecting arrangement, 101, 102 ; as a dissecting microscope, 248, 456 ; his tank microscope, 267 Stereocaulon ramulosus, 650 Stereoscope, 91 ; Brewster's modification of, 91 Stereoscopic binocular, Wenham's, 98 ; for study of opaque objects, 103-105 — eye-piece, Tolles's, 101 ; Abbe's, 102 — vision, 90-97 Sterigmata of Puccinia, 637 Sterile cells of Volvox, 555 Stichopus Kefersteinii, 895 Stick-net for marine work, 529 Stickleback, parasite of, 966 ; circulation in tail of, 1057 Stigmata of insects, 995, 996 ' Stinging hairs ' of nettle, 714 Stings of insects, 1002, 1003 Stipe of diatoms, 588 ; of Lidnophontf 604 ; of Gomphonema, 616 Stolon of Foraminifera, 796 ; of Eozo&n, 839 ; of Laguncula, 904 ; of ascidians, 914 Stomach, follicles of, 1047 Stomates, 715 — of Marchantia, 666 Stomopneustes variolaris, spines of, 888 Stone-cavities in crystals, 1073 Stone-mite, eggs of, 1009 Stones of fruit, preparing sections of, 699 — of stone fruit, constitution of, 693 Stone-wort, 576 Stony corals, resembled by polyzoaries, 904 Stop, introduction of, 37; in the eye- piece, 42 ; use of, 812, 316 ' Straight extinction,' 1079 Strawberry, parenchyme of fruit, 688 Streptocaulus pulcherrimus, 871 Striated muscle, 1048 ; size of fibres in different groups, 1049 Striatella unipunctata, 598 Striatellece, characters of, 607 ' Strobila' of Cyanea, 875 Stromatopora, doubtful character of, 842 Stromatoporoids, 817 note Strophomenidce , perforations in shells of, 927 Stylodyctya gracilis, 851 Suberous layer of bark, 708 Sub-nacreous layer in molluscan shells, 923, 924 Sub-stage, 184-191, 262; Nelson's fine adjustment to, 185; Powell and Lea- land's, 186; Karop's fine adjustment to, 187; Watson's, 187; Baker's, 188; centring nose-piece used as, 230 ' Sub-stage condenser,' Nelson on, 72 note] compound, 134 — illumination, 298-316 — simplest form of, 313 Succulent plants, stomates in, 716 Sucker on legs of Sarcoptidce, 1010 Suckers on foot of Dytiscus, 1001 ; of Curculionidte, 1002 Suctoria (Protozoa), 783-785 — (Crustacea), 965, 966 ' Sugar-louse,' 977. See Lepisma Sulphuric acid, as a test, 517 ' Sun-animalcule,' 737 ' Sundew,' glands of, 714 Sunk-cells, 449 Super-amplification, 33 Super- stage, see attachable mechanical stage, 180 INDEX 1177 SUP THA Supplemental yolk in Purpura, 938, 939, 1007 Surirella, 588, 606 ; conjugation of, 599 ; zygospores of, 599 ; movements of, 602 ; frustule of, 606 — biseriata, cyclosis in, 587 — caledonica, 621 — constricta, 606 — craticula, 621 — plicata, 621 Surirettece, 606 Suspensor of ovule of Phanerogams, 534 Sutural line of desmids, 580 f Swarm-spores, 536 ; meaning of term, 537 note ; of Pandorina, 557 ; of Cut- leria, 627; of Clathrulina, 742; pre- sumed, of Pelomyxa, 745 Sweat-glands, 1042 ' Sweetbread,' 1047 Swift's side-lever, 162; vertical side- lever fine adjustment, 173, 174; attach- able stage, 180 ; microscopes, 203, 224, 228, 233; portable microscope, 245; condenser, 302, 305 ; condenser for polariscope, 314 ; microspectroscope, 325 note ; objectives, 375 ; petrological microscope, 1068 Symbiosis in lichens, 650 Symbiotes tripilis, hairs of, 1010 Symbiotic algae in radiolarians, 848 Sympathetic nerves, 1054 Symphytum asperrimum, seeds of, 724 Synalissa symphorea, 650 Synapta digitata, ' anchors ' of, 895 — inhcerens, ' anchors ' of, 895 Synaptce, rotifers in, 787 Syncoryne Sarsii, gonozooids of, 868 Syncrypta, 545 Synedra, 606 Syringammina, 811 Syringe for catching minute aquatic objects, 351 Syrup, as a preservative medium, 519 — and gum, as a preservative medium, 519 Tabanus. eyes of. 987; ovipositor of, 1004 Tabellaria vulgaris, 621 Table of numerical apertures, 84-87 — for microscopists, 398-402 ; for dis- secting and mounting, 399 Tactile papillse of skin, 1042; nerve to, 1053 Tadpole, pigment-cells of, 1043; circu- lation in tail of, 1056 ; general circula- tion in, 1057; blood-vessels of, 1059, 1060 — of ascidians, 917 Tadpole's tail, epithelium of, 1044 Tasnia, 943 Tank microscopes, 266-269 Tannin, test for, 517 Tapetal cells in fern antherid, 678 ' Tape-worm,' 943 Tardigrada, desiccation of, 945 Tarsonemidce, 1013 Taste, organs of, in insects, 993, 1000 Teeth, decalcification of, 512 — fossilised, 1090 — in palate of Helix, 930 ; of Limax, 930 ; of Buccinum. 930 ; of Mollusca, 930 — preparation of, 1023 and note — of Echinus, 890 ; of Ophiothrix, 892 ; of Vertebrata, 1023 — of elephant, Eolleston on enamel in, 928 ; of Bhodentia, Tomes on enamel in, 928 Tegeocranus cepheiformis, 1008 — dentatus, 1008 Tegumentary appendages of insects, 974 Telescope, Barker's Gregorian, 145 Teleutospore generation of Puccinia, 637 Temperature, effect of, on various monads, 761 Tendon, 1019 Tentacle of Noctiluca, 766, 768 ' Tentacles ' of Drosera, 714 ; of Suctoria, 785 ; of Hydra, 864 ; of annelids, 949 Tenthredinid(B, ovipositor of, 1003 Terebella, tubes of, 948 ; gills of, 949 — conchilega, 948 Terebratula bullata, shell of, 927 Terebratulcz, shells of, 925, 926 Terpsinoe musica, 608 Terpsinoece, character of, 607 Tertiary tints in crystalline bodies, 1097 Tessellated epithelium, 1044 Test of Gromia, 735; of Arcella, 746; of Difflugia, 746 Testa of seeds, 725 Testaceous amcebans, 746, 747 Testing object-glasses, 381 ; diaphragm for use in, 385 ; Fripp's method, 386 ; Abbe's method, 384-387 Test-plate, Abbe's, 387 Tests, sandy, of Lituolida, 814 Tethya, spicules of, 1086 Tetramitus rostratus, life-history of 760 ; nucleus of, 763 Tetranychi, 1013 Tetranychus, mandibles of, 1009 Tetraspores of Floridece, 631 ; of Vam- pyrella, 730 Textularia, 823 — aculeata, in chalk, 1087 — ylobulosa, in chalk, 1087 Textularian form of shell, 798 — series, 823 Textulariidce, 811 Textularinice, arenaceous character of, 828 Thalassicolla, 846, 853 Thallophytes, 530-632 Thallophytic type, passage to cormo- phytic, 668 Thallus of Ulva, 560; of Phceosporea, 626 ; of lichens, 649 Thaumantias Eschscholtzii, 873 - pilosella, 873 INDEX THE < Theca ' of mosses, 671 Thecaphora, 868 Thecata, 868, 870 — zob'phytic stage of, 877 Thermo-regulator, Reichert's, 458 Thermostatic stage, Dallinger's, 344- 346 Thoma's (Jung) microtome, 461-469 Thompson (J. Vaughan), on pentacrinoid larva of Antedon, 901 ; on Cirripedia, 967 Thomson (Wyville), on development of Antedon, 903 Thread-cells of Ciliata, 773 ; of Hydra, 864 ; of Zoantharia, 878, 879 ; of pla- narians, 947 ' Thread-worm,' 944 Threads of spiders' webs, 1015 Thurammina papillata, 815 Thwaites, on conjugation of Epithemia, 599 ; of Melosira, 560 Thysanura, scales of, 977 Ticks, 1008. See Acarina Tineidce, wings of, 999 Tinoporus baculatus, 824 Tipula, spiracle of, 976 ; eye of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 Tolles' binocular eye-piece, 101 ; his me- chanical stage, 204; his immersion objectives, 362, 364 ; his apertometer, 390 Tomes (Charles), on teeth, 1025 Tomopteris onisciformis, 952, 953 ; de- velopment of, 954 — quadricornis, 954 ' Tongue' of Gastropoda. See Palate ' Tortoiseshell butterfly,' eggs of, 1005 Torula cerevisics, 645 Total reflexion, 6, 7 Tourmaline, pleochroism in, 1078 Tow-net, 528 Tow-nets of Challenger Expedition, 529 note Tracheae of insects, 994; of Acarina, 1011 Trachei'des of ferns, 674 ; of conifers, 698, 703 Trachelomonas, 545 Tradescantia virginica, cyclosis in hairs of, 691 Tragulusjavanicus, red blood-corpuscle of, 1035 Trematodes, 945 Triceratium, 588, 613 — as test for illumination, 415, 416 — favus, 593, 613 — fimbriatum, as test for medium powers, 389 Trichocysts of Ciliata, 773 Trichoda lynceus, crawling of, 774 ; re- production of, 780, 781 Trichodina grandinella, a phase in de- velopment of Vorticella, 780 Trichogyne of Coleochcete, 575 — of Floridece, 632 ; in lichens, 650 Trichonymplia, 774 Trichophore of Floridea;, 632 TING Trichophrya, a phase in development of Suctoria, 785 Trigonia, prismatic layer in, 924 Triloculina, 802 Triple-backed objectives, 361 Triplet, Holland's, 37 Triplex front to objectives, 370 Tripoli stone, 617 Trochus zizyphinus, palate of, 931 Trombidiidce, 1008, 1009 ; legs of, 1010 ; hairs of, 1010 ; eyes of, 1011 ; tracheae of, 1011 ; characters of, 1012 Trombidium, maxillae of, 1010 ; larvae of, 1013 — holosericum, 1013 Trophi of Botifera, 788 Truncatulina rosea, colour of, 799 ' Tube-cells,' cements for, 442 Tube-length, English and Continental, 158, 159 Tuberculosis, bacillus of, 661 ; methods of staining, 515, 516 Tubifex rivulorum, gregarine of, 751 Tubipora, 877 Tubularia, gonozooids of, 869 — indivisa, 869 Tubuli in Nummulites, 827 ; of dentine, 1024 Tubulipora, 909 Tulip, raphides of, 696 Tully's (Lister's) achromatic microscope, 149 ; his live-box, 345 ; his triplet, 354 ; his achromatic objective, 354 ' Tunic ' of Tunicata, 911 TUNIC ATA, 904, 911-918 ; zoological posi- tion of, 911; bibliography of, 918; 'liver 'of, 1047 Turbellaria, 946, 947 — larvae of, collecting, 529 Turbinoid shell of Foraminifera, 797 Turbo, shell structure of, 928 Turkey-stone, use of, 508 ; constituents of, 617 Turn-table, Shadbolt's, 451; Griffith's, 451 Turpentine, uses of, 444, 518 Turrell's mechanical stage, 176 Twin lamellae in leucite, 1078 Tylenchus tritici, 945 Tympanum of cricket, 999 Tyroglyphi, nymph of, 1009; legs of, 1010 Tyroglyphidce, reproductive organs of, 1012 ; characters of, 1013 U Ulothrix, conjugation of, 557 Ulva, 560, 561 Ulvacece, 559-561 Umbelliferous plants, seeds of, 724 Umbonula verrucosa, 906 Under-corrected objective, 20, 21 Under-correction, 355-360 Unger, on the zob'spores of Vaucheria, 563 INDEX 1179 UNI WAR Unicellular plants, 538 Unio, pearls in, 923 ; glochidia of, 933 — occidens, formation of shell in, 925 Unionidce, nacreous layer of, 923 Unit (standard) for microscopy, 460 Uredinece, 636-638 ; alternation of gene- rations in, 636 Uredo-form of Puccinia, 638 Uredospores of Puccinia, 638 Urinary calculi and molecular coales- cence, 1102 Urine, micro-chemical examination, 110$ Urochordata, 911 Uropoda, tracheae of, 1011 ' Urticating organs.' See Thread-cells Ustilaginece, 636 Uvella, 545 Vacuoles in vegetable cell, 534 — contractile, in protophytes, 535; of Volvox, 552 — of Actinophrys, 737 Vagine of mosses, 671 Vallisneria, habitat, 689; mode of de- monstration of cyclosis, 689, 690 Valvulina, shell of, 798 Vampyrella, 729, 730 — gomphonematis, 729 — spirogyrce, 729 Vanessa,' eye of, 987 ; haustellium of, 992 — urticce, eggs of, 1005 Variation, range of, in Astromma, 849 Varley's live-box, 346 Varnish, test for, 443 ; asphalte, 443 Varnishes, 442-445 ; sealing-wax in alco- hol, 444 ; red, 445 ; white, 445 ; various colours, 445 ' Vascular Cryptogams,' links with Pha- nerogams, 682 Vascular papillae of skin, 1042 Vaucheria, 562, 563 — Botifera in, 787 ' Vegetable ivory,' endosperm of, 693 Vegetable substance, preparation of, 514 ; gum-imbedding for, 514; bleaching of, 514 Veins of vertebrates, 1056 Velum, in gastropod larva, 936 Venice turpentine cement, for glycerin mounts, 444 Vent r indites, 861, 1088 Venus' flower basket, 859, 860 ; spicules of, 860 Verbena, seeds of, 724 Vertebrata, 1017-1065; bone of, 1020; teeth of, 1023; dermal skeleton of, 1026; blood of, 1034; red blood-cor- puscles, 1034; white blood-corpuscles, 1036 ; fibrous tissues, 1038 ; skin, mu- cous and serous membrane, 1041 ; dis- tribution of ciliated epithelium, 1044 ; fat, 1045; cartilage, 1046; glands of, 1047; muscle, 1048; nervous tissue, 1051 ; circulation, 1054 ; respiration, 1063 Vertebrated animals, 1017. See Verte- brata Vertical illuminator, 336-338; how to use, 337 ; for examination of metals, 337 ; for ascertaining ' aperture,' 338 Vespidce, eye of, 987 Vibracula of Polyzoa, 910, 911 Vibrio, movement of, 433 — rugula, 659 ' Vibriones,' as applied to certain nema- todes, 945 Vibriones, form of, 653, 659 Vigelius, on tentacular cavity of Polyzoa, 905 note Vine, size of ducts of, 699 Viola tricolor, pollen-tubes of, 723 Violet, cells of pollen-chamber, 720 Virginian spider-wort, cyclosis in, 691 Virtual image, 14 note, 24, 25, 376 Vision, depth of, 88, 89, 90 ; stereoscopic, 89 Visual angle, 27 Vitrea (Foraminifera), 819 Vitreous cells (arthropod eye), 983 — optical compounds, 31 — shells of Foraminifera, 799 ' Vittae ' of Licmophorece, 604 ; of seeds of umbellifers, 724 Vocal cords, structure of, 1040 Vogan's changing nose-piece, 294 Volcanic ashes and dust, microscopical examination of, 1076 Volvocinece, 550-557 Volvox associated with Astasia, 765 — vegetable nature of, 556 note', amce- biform phase of, 556 ; Botifera in, 787 — aureus, cellulose in, 552 ; starch in, 552 — globator, 550-557 ; flagellate affinities of, 551 note ; contractile vacuoles in, 552; endochrome of, 552 ; development and reproductive cells of, 554-556 ! Vorticella, foot-stalk of, 773; contrac- tion of foot-stalk, 774, 775 ; fission of, 777 ; encystment of, 778 ; classification of, 782 ; gemmiparous reproduction of, 782 ; conjugation of, 782 — microstoma, 779 W Waldheimia australis, shell of, 926 Wale's model, 224; his limb, 224; his coarse adjustment, 226; his fine ad- justment, 226 I Wallflower, pollen-grains of, 722 | Wall-lichens, 649 I Wallich, on structure of diatom frustule, 590 note', on Triceratium, 613 note; on Chcetocerece, 614 note; on cocco- spheres, 747 ; on Polycystina, 852 note — his plan for sectioning a number of hard objects, 508 note j ' Wanghie cane,' stem of, 701 ' Warm-stage ' for observing blood-cor- puscles, 1034 ii8o INDEX WAK Warmth, mode of applying, for cyclosis, 692 Wasps, wings of, 998, 999 ; sting of, 1003 Water, refractive index of, 8, 7 — distilled, for mounting Protophytes, 518 — milfoil, collecting, 527 Water-angle, 50 Water-bath, 452 Water-boatman, wings of, 1000 ' Water-fleas,' 959, 962 Water-globules in oil, 429, 430 Water-immersion objectives, 362 ; Zeiss's, 370 Water-lily, leaf-structure of, 717 ; cells of pollen-chambers, 720 ' Water-mites,' 1013 ' Water-net,' or Hydrodictyon, 565 Water-of-Ayr stone, 508 Water-scorpion, 995. 1007 Wenham, on binocular vision, 105; on cyclosis of Vallisneria, 690 Wenham's suggestion of homogeneous immersion, 29 ; his stereoscopic bino- cular, 98, 99 ; his prism, 98 ; his para- boloid, 316-317 ; his achromatic objec- tive with single front, 361 ; his duplex front objective, 362 West, on Chcetocerece, 614 note 'Whalebone,' 1033 Wheat, starch-grains of, 695 Wheatstone's stereoscope, 91 ; his pseudo- scope, 92 'Wheel-animalcules,' 753, 786. See KOTIFERA Wheel-like plates of Chirodota, 896 ' Wheels ' of Rotifera, 787 Whelk. See Buccinum ' White ant,' ciliate parasite of, 774 White blood-corpuscles of Vertebrata, 1036 ; flow of, 1056 — fibrous tissue, 1038-1041 — of egg, as a preservative medium, 519 Whitney's directions for examination of frog's circulation, 1060 Wild clary, spiral fibres of, 693 Williamson (W. C29 Thb microscope. 