None
XantTtoproteid reaction, iot protoplasm. With raocemiye use of nitric acid and ammonia, protoplasm colours yellow. Xylol. APPENDIX IV. General Notes on Methods and Selected Beaoents. The following notes include the most usefol of the reagents given in Appendix III., and those therefore which it is desirahle should be included in a limited selection. They are classified according to their purpose or nature. For alcohol and methylated spirit, see a note at the beginning of Appendix III. MicBo-cHEMicAL Beagents. — Thesc are used on account of certain effects (reactions) which they produce upon some constituent or other of the plant, and by which therefore the presence and nature of that constituent can be recognised. Naturally in micro-chemistry we are restricted to optical reactions, and hence these reagents always produce distinctive effects, either swelling, dissolving, colouring, evolution of gas, etc. (1) Iodine in alcohol, (2) lodiTie in glycerine. Can be made from (3) when required. (2*) Iodine in chloral hydrate, (8) Potassium-iodide iodine^ (4) Chlorzinc iodine, (4*) Chlorzinc iodine and iodine. Acids. (5) 'Sulphuric acid (concentrated), (6) Sulphuric acid {dilute^ 2 acid : 1). Can be prepared from (5). (7) Hydrochloric acid (concentrated), (7*) Hydrochloric acid (^ per cent* in 70 per cent alcohol). (7t) Hydrochloric a>cid (^ per cent, in 70 per cent, alcohol). 7* can be prepared when wanted by putting 1 drop strong acid in a watch-glass of 70 per cent, alcohol. 7t requires great care in use. See p. 365. (8) Nitric acid (strong). (9) Acetic acid (glacial). (9*) Acetic acid (1 per cent.). (10) Chromic acid (concentrated). (10*) Chromic acid (25 per cent.). Other percentages can be made from this as required. Alkal'es. (11) Ammonia (strong). (12) Potash (concentrated). (13*) Potash (5 or 6 per cent.). (12t) Potash in alcohol. 400 GENERAL NOTES ON METHODS AND SELECTED BEAGENTS. 401 Inorganic Salts. (13) Acetate of copper (crystals). Used in Barfoed's sugar reaction. (13*) Sulpliate of copper (crystals). Used in Fehling*s sugar reaction. (14) Perchloride of iron, (15) Ferrous sulphate (crystals). (16) Bichromaifi of potash (10 per cent, watery solution). (17) Chlorate of potash (crystals). (18) PotassiO'Sodic tartrate, (18*) Caustic soda. Organic bodies. (19) Alcohol (absolute, or 90 per cent). . (20) Methylated alcohol, (21) Ether. (22) Alcanna (Alkanet) root, or tincture. (23) Aniline chloride (in alcohol). (24) Camphor, (25) Carbolic acid (phenol). (26) Diphenylamin, (27) Gelatine, (28) Phloroglucin, or Chernf-wood extract, (29) Cane sugar, (30) Turpentine, Preserving Fluids. — The best is methylated alcohol, of which a good supply should be kept. The material to be preserved for future work should be completely covered. For work in nucleus or protoplasm, absolute alcohol must be used. Softening. — ^Alcohol material, especially if old, is often brittle, and stems, etc., are hard. Soften for 24 hours in — (31) Half-and-half glycerine and meth. alcohol. Hardening. — Soft tissues can be hardened for cutting by 8 days in methylated spirit. Fixing the Cell-contents. — For studies in nuclei or protoplasm it is necessary to fix the cell-contents of the material, while quite fresh, without allowing them to contract. The material must be in very small pieces, so as to be rapidly permeable, and the fluid, except in the case of osmic acid, must be 100 times the bulk of the material. The best fixing fluids are : — (19) Absolute (or at least 90 per cent.) alcohol. (82) Chromic acid, 0*5 per cent. (32*) Chromic acid, 10 per cent., or chrom-acetic acid, 1*0 per cent. (33) Osmic acid, 1*0 per cent. (34) Picric acid (saturated watery). In chromic acid, chrom-acetic acid, or picric acid of the above strengths the material can lie for 24 hours ; then be laid in distilled water for any time up to 24 hours. If not required for use at once, instead of this, first wash in 50 per cent, alcohol, then transfer to 70 per cent., and finally to absolute alcohol, or strong methylated spirit, changing this after 24 hours if it is then discoloured. In this they can be kept for use. Most algfls are best fixed in picric acid, etc., mixed with an equal volume D D 402 APPENDIX IT, of alcohol, for the same reason that alcohol potash is often preferable to wateiy potash solution, viz., to avoid undue swelling of the walls. Section-cutting. — ^Various hints on this subject will b^ found scattered in the text ; especially see pp. 16 and 52. For other references see ** Sections '* in the General Index. Where the material to be cut is alcohol- material, keep the razor and surface wet with alcohol ; otherwise use water or glycerine. The razors are best hollow-ground ; but for cutting wood use a razor only slightly hollowed. Keep the razors sharp. Thin objects which have to be cut can be placed in glycerine-gum, be- tween pieces of elder-pith or smooth cork ; or even, if moderately hard, between pieces of soft wood, such as poplar or lime-wood. Very small objects may be embedded, either in celloidin or glycerine- gum (see these headings in Index). For very minute objects, such as pollen-grains, gum alone, or with a very small proportion of glycerine, can be used. A layer of strong gum is placed on the end of a piece of elder- pith, and when set nearly firm the pollen-grains dropped on it, and then another drop of gum placed on the top. For cutting with a microtome, see p. 63. Sections when cut may be lifted from the razor with a camel-hair brush. If laid on flatly, they will not curl. With such a brush a section can like- wise be turned over. See p. 17. Cleabino. — The cell-contents are often opaque; and when it is desired especially to see the cell-walls, as, e.g. in growing-points, the preparation must be cleared. Clearing reagents act by dissolving, or at least swelHng, the cell- contents. The best of these are — (25) Carbolic acid. (12) Potash (5 or 6 p.c. watery). (12t) Potash, Alcoholic. (11) Ammonia. (35) Chloral hydrate. (36) Eau de Javelle. After treatment with chloral hydrate, watery potash, or ammonia, wash in water ; after alcohol potash, in alcohol, and then mount in glycerine. Eau de Javelle is specially used for alcohol material. For method, see p. 172. After treatment, place in dilute alcoholic glycerine, and allow this slowly to concentrate. Sections of alcohol-material which have been stained and are to be mounted in Canada balsam or dammar, must be cleared in another way. First place them for a minute or two in alcohol of the strength of that used for staining, and then into absolute alcohol for another like period. Thence transfer to — (37) Oil of cloves, (38) Oil of marjoram, or (39) Turpentine and creosote (4 : 1). Sections stained with aniline dyes should be treated as above, but cleared in — (40) Oil of cedar, STiiNiNQ.— This may be done in a watch-glass, or, better still, in small white GENERAL NOTES ON METHODS AND SELECTED REAGENTS* 403 e&rthenware sancers, such fts are sold with cheap paint-boxes, could these be obtained of larger size, say 1} or 3 in. in diameter.. As a rule, the best staining is obtained by dilute solutions, and long treatment. The section to be stained must be immersed in the staining fluid, and examined from time to time to judge progress. The object of staining is to show up (differentiate) diversities of struc- ture, either of the plant skeleton or of the cell-contents, each stain particularizing some special feature. For a limited list, selected from those in Appendix III., the best are :-^ (41) HqffmanfCa Hue, (42) Acetic aniline-green. (43) CoraUin. (44) Fuchsin (Mi^genta) in 50 per cent, alcohol. (45) Acetic gentiana-violet. (46) Methyl-violet in alcohoL (46'') Methyl'VioUt in sulphuric acid* (47) Safranin in aZeohol, (These are all aniline dyes, stain rapidly, and the preparations lade if kept in the light.) (48) Thiersch's borax-carmine^ (48*) Beale's carmine* (49) Bdhm^r'*s or Grenacher's logwood (best old). In many cases two stains can be used concurrently ; suoh are :^ (50) Fuchsin iodine-green. (51) Picnc aniline-blue. (52) Picric nigrosine. (53) liosaniline violet. MoU-nTINg. — Preparations can be mounted in Glycerine. Glycerine-jelly. Hoyer's mounting fluid (for aniline preparations). Mounting fluid (for logwood and carmine preparations). Acetate of potash. Canada balsam in turpentine. Dammar. No preparations containing water or glycerine can be mounted in Canada balsam or dammar. Watery preparations must be first dehydrated in alcohol ; glycerine preparations first soaked for some time in water, and then in alcohol. For mounting in glycerine-jelly or Hoyer*s fluid, water or alcohol must previously be removed by laying for some time in glycerine. See also p. 206. Preparations in acetate of potash retain their chlorophyll. Closing. — Preparations mounted in glycerine-jelly, Hoyer^s fluid, Canada balsam, or dammar do not need further closing. In all these cases it is however, desirable to put one or two thin layers of — Gold-site with a fine brush, over the junction of cover-glass and object* 404 APPENDIX IV. glass. This most not be done till the mounting fluid has set firm ; and one layer of gold-size should be dry before another is added. Preparations in glycerine should be hermetioally sealed with Canada balsam in turpentine, laid round the cover-glass thinly with a thin glass, rod, and) when dry, topped with gold-size. See p. 92. Preparations in aoetate of potash should be closed with gold-size. Labelling.— Paper labels may be stuck on the object-slides with pure gum ; Card labels, on the other hand, with gUui cement^ such as Crystal Palace cement, coaguline, etc. The following is a still more restricted list, answering nearly all practical purposes : — MicBO-CHEMiCAL Bkaoents. — lodiuo in chloral hydrate, Potassium-iodide iodine, Chlorzinc iodine. Sulphuric acid (cone), Hydrochloric acid (cone). Nitric acid (strong). Acetic acid (1 p.c), Chromic acid (25 p.c). Ammonia (strong). Potash in alcohol, Potash (conc.)» Sulphate of copper (crystals), Perchloride of iron. Bichromate of potash (10 p.c). Chlorate of potash (crystals), Potassio-sodic tartrate, Caustio soda. Ether, Alcanna tincture. Carbolic acid. Fbxsebyino Fluid. — Methylated alcohol. FiziNO AND Habdenino Fluids. — Absolute alcohol. Picric acid (in 50 p.c, meth. spirit). Clisabino Fluids. — (Carbolic acid. Potash in alcohol. Ammonia,) Eau de Javelle, OU of Cloves. Stains. — Hoffmann's blue, Corallin, Acetic gentiana-violet, Thiersch's borax- carmine. Logwood, Picric aniline-blue. Mounting Media. — Glycerine, Glycerine-jelly, Acetate of potash, Canada balsam, Gold-size, Gum. INDEX. Abbe*8 illnminating apparatus, see niuminating apparatus. Absciss layer, 77, 157. Acacia, Pollen of, 320. Accessory cells (to stomata), 66. Acer, Autumnal coloration of, 43. Acetic acid. Use of, 26, 27, 46, 77, 172, 176. „ 1 per cent., 360. „ 2 per cent., 333. „ 38 per cent., 49. „ and Gentiana violet, see Gentiana violet. „ and Methyl-green, see Methyl- green. Achene, 343. Aconitum Napellus, Structure of ovule, 327 (Fig. 107). Acorus Calamus, Structure of root, 138 (Fig. 64). Adonis flammeus. Colour bodies of flower, 42. Mcidium Berheridis^ Structure of hymeniam, 263 ; spermogones, 262 (Fig. 90'). ^cidium-cups, 263 (Fig. 90*). iEsculin, 168. ^scvlus Hippocastanum, Fall of leaves, 167 ; glandular hairs of, 81 (Fig. 38). Agapanthus umbellattts, Development of pollen in, 316. Agar- Agar, Use of, 241. Agaricus campestris, Structure of, 200 (Fig. 74); pits, 201; basidio- spores, 268 (Fig. 91*). Agave^ Epidermis and stomata, 67. Ailanthus glandulosa, Leaf-fall in, 169. Air, Removal from tissues, 41, 46, 70, 333, 343. Air-bubbles, To recognise under the microscope, 8 ; to remove, 20. Air-chambers, of leaf, 163; of Mar- chantia^ 196. Air-passages, of stem, 171. Air-pores of Marchantia, 196 (Fig. 72). Air-pump, Use of, 41, 46, 70, 333,343. Albumen, see Endosperm. Albumen crystals, of Bertholletia, 26 ; of Cladophora, 204 ; of Ricintis, 25 (Fig. 14). Albuminous bodies, Beaotions for, 19, 46. Alcanna tincture. Use of, 26, 119. Alcohol, Absolute, Use of. 26, 36, 166, 234, 236, 236, 302, 307, 318, 329, 366. „ 60 per cent., 119,370. „ 60 per cent., 234. „ 70 per cent., 365. „ 82 per cent., Use of, 329. „ (Methylated), 39, 46, 66, 78, 82, 83, 93, 105, 114, 118, 309, 340, 343. „ Picric, Use of, 204, 208. Alcoholic fermentation, 215. Alder, see Alnus glutinosa, Aleurone, Beactions of, 18. Aleurone grains of BerthoUetia excelsa, 26 ; Capsella Bursa-pastorU, 339 (Fig. Ill) ; Lupinus alius, 24 ; Pisum sativum, 18 (Fig. 10) ; Ilicinus communis, 26 (Fig. 14). Alg£e, as constituents of Lichens, 202. „ Colonial, 219. „ Fresh- water. Cultivation of, 208. „ Beprod]}ction of, 246. 406 INDEX. Aliama Plantago^ Stmetare of frnit, 843 ; of embyro, 346 (Fig. 112) ; of seed, 343. Alkanna tincture, Use of, 26, 119. Allium Cepa, Structure of root, 136 (Fig. 63). Alnu8j Twigs of. Tannin in, 63. Alo9 nigricans, epidermis and stomata, 68 (Fig. 29) ; structure of leayes, 67. AUtrcsmeria, cell and nuclear division, 360. Alternation of generations, 264. Althcea rosea, pollen grains, 319. Alum, Watery solution, Use of, 205. Alum-carmine, Use of, 92. Amanita, 266. Ammonia, Use of, 206, 365. Ampelopsis hederacea. Autumn colora- tion of, 43. Amylum bodies, see Pyrenoids. Anabana Azollce, 216 (Fig. 80). Anagallii, Pistil of, 326. Anaphases of nuclear division, 363. Anaptychia ciliaris, apothecia, 270; spermogones, 271 (Fig. 93); thallus, 202. Anatropous ovule, 328 (Figs. 106-111). Andrcecium of Angiosperms, 311; of Gymnosperms, 298. Aneimia fraxinifolia, structure of epidermis, 69 (Fig. 30). Angiosperms, definition of, 298; an- drcecium, 311 ; fruit, 347 ; gynsB- eium, 322 ; seed, 338. Aniline blue, Use of, 120, 130, 133, 161, 370. See also Methyl-blue. „ with picric acid, see Picric aniline blue. Aniline green, 0*001 per cent.. Use of, 19, 235. See also Methyl- green. Aniline oil, see Phenylamine. Aniline sulphate. Use of, 59. Annular vessels, 86. Annulus, 283, 289. Anther, 311 ; structure and develop- ment in Hemerocallis fulva, 313 (Fig. 103); Lilium, 316; Tradescantia virginica^ 316. Antheridium of Funaria hygrometriea, 279 (Fig. 96a); Marcliantia polymorpha, 274 (Fig. 94); Mjiium hornum, 277; Perono- sporeffi, 269; Polypodium vul- gare, 291 (Fig. 97) ; Polytriehum Juniperinum, 279 ; Vaucheria sessilU, 262 (Fig. 88). Antherozoids, see Spermatozoids. Anticlinal cell-walls, 173. Antipodal cells, see Embryo-sao. Antirrhinum vtajus, coloured cell-sap of x>etals, 41. Apex, see Growing apex. Apical cell of Equisetum arvense, 176 (Fig. 66 and 66*); Metzgeria, 198 (Fig. 73); Pteris cretiea, 188 (Fig. 71). Apical meristem, 171 et seq, (Fig. 64, 66). Apical sinus in Marchantia, 194; Metzgeria, 198. Apocarpous, 323, 843. Apophysis, 282. Apothecia, 270. Apple, see Pyrus Malus, Archegonium of Fmiaria kygrometriea, 280 (Fig. 96 B, c) ; MarehanVa polyn^pha, 276 (Fig. 95); Mnium' homum, 280; Picea vulgaris, 308 (Fig. 102) ; Poly- podium vulgare, 293 (Fig. 98). Aril, 304, 346. Aristoloehia Sipho, structure of stem, 104 (Fig. 46). Arrowroot, East Indian, 11 (Fig. 5); West Indian, 11. Asci, 261, 269 (Fig. 92), 270. Ascomycetes, 261, 269 (Fig. 92). Ascospores, see Spores. Ash, see Fraxinus excelsior, Aspidium Filix-mas, sporangia, 289. Assimilating cells, 167. Auricula, see Primula. Autcecious parasites, 264. Autumn tints, 43. Avejia sativa, Puccinia on, 266; starch grains, 12 (Fig. 7); vascular bundles, 93. Azalea, Pollen of, 320. Azolla, 216. IND£X. 407 Baeillariace®, 210. Bacilhu subtilis, 236 (Fig. 85). Bacillus tuberculosUy 234 ; pennanent preparations, 234; staining, 234. Bacteria, (Figs. 84,85)221; oell-contents, 231 ; cilia, 223; coccoB-f orm, 222 ; culture, 236 (tee alao Culture- methods); developmental forms, 233; division of, 238; germi- nation, 239 ; m7Coprotein,222 ; nomenclature, 233 ; power of resisting high temperatures, 237; spore formation, 223, 239 ; surface film (pellicle), 221, 238, 240; swarming, 223,240; zoogloea stage, 222. , , Investigation in interior of tissues, 235; material, to obtain, 221, 231. „ of hay, see Baeillus sttbtilis ; of small-pox (Vaccine) lymph, see Micrococcus vticcina ; of teeth, see Leptothrix buccalis ; of tuberculosis, see Bacillus tuberculosis, „ Permanent preparations, 230. „ Staining, 222, 229, 234, 235; double-staining, 235. Baker's microscopes, zv. Barberry, see Berheris vtdgaris. Barfoed's sugar-reaction, 49. Bark, Structure of, 156. Barley, see Hordeum vtUgare, Basidia, JEcidium, 263 (Fig. 90*); Penicillium, 260 (Fig. 90); Bussula, 267 (Fig. 91). Basidiospores, see Spores. Bast, structure in Zea Mais^ 86. See also Vascular bundles. „ Secondary, in Anstalochia^ 109. Bast-sheath, of Pteris, 147 (Fig. 67). Beale*8 Carmine, see Carmine. Bean flour. Starch of, 10 (Fig. 4). Beck's microscopes, ziv. Beech, see Fagus sylvatiea. Beet-root, see Beta vulgaris, Beggiatoa alba, 232. Begonia, CoUenchyma in petiole, 104 (Fig. 45»'). Bell- jars (Receivers), zziii. Berberis vulgaris, Puocinia on, 262 (Fig. 89*). Bertholletia excelsa, albumen crystals (crystalloids), 26. Beta vulgaris, structure of root, 45 ; sugar in the root, 49. Bezu, Hausser Se Co.'b microscopes, zvi. Bilateral, see Dorsi-ventral. Bismarck brown, Use of^ 229. Blood-serum, Use of, 241. Bog-mosses, see Sphagnum* Boraz-carmine, Use of, 18, 93. „ Grenacher's, 205. „ Thiersch's, 205. Bordered pits, 55 (Fig. 26), dl, 110. See aUoPiis, Closing Membrane, Torus. „ Development, 117 (Fig. 47). Botrychium, Cork in, 192. Bracken fern, see Pteris aquilina, Brazil nut, see Bertholletia excelsa. Brownian movement, 13, 42, 44. Buckthorn, see Rhamnus Frangula. Bulbils, see Qemmaa. Bundle-sheath in AUium, 136 (Fig. 53) ; Acorus, 139 (Fig. 54); Ins, 139 (Fig. 56) ; Taxus, 141 (Fig. 56). See also Endodermis. Butomu^ umbellatus^ ovary, 324. Cabinets for microscope slides, zziii. Calcium carbonate, see Lime, Car- bonate of. „ ozalate, see Lime, Ozalate of. „ phosphate, see Lime, Phosphate of. „ sulphate, see Lime, Sulphate of. Calluna vulgaris, pollen, 320. Callus, see Sieve-tubes. Calyptra, 282 (Fig. 95 c, n). Calyptrogen, 185 et seq. (Fig. 69). Cambium, 97 (Fig. 44), 101; interfasci- cular, 106. See also Thickness, Licrease of ; Vascular bundles, etc. (Figs. 44, 45, 46, 47, 50 *♦). Camera lucida of Abbe, 80 (Fig. 16) ; Zeiss, 31 (Fig. 2); Wollaston, 83 ; Beale, 33. See also Drawing. Camphor, Use of, 308. Campylotropous ovule, 842. INDEX. Canada Balsam, Use of, 92, 230, 866. „ in benzole, Use of, 92. „ in chlorofonn, Use of, 92, 230, 366. „ in turpentine, Use of, 92, 230, 234, 365. „ in xylol. Use of, 236. Canal, carinal, 180 ; vallecular, 180. Canal-cell, of Marchantia, 275 (Fig. 95) ; of Polypodium, 294 (Fig. „ Ventral, of Marehantia, 276. Capillary apparatus of Sphagnum, 193. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Structure and development of eml|jvo and seed, 338 (Fig. Ill) ; J|^ture of testa, 339 (Fig. Ill)/ Capsule of Moss, 280 (Fig. 96 c, d, e). Carbolic acid, Use of, 809, 819, 820, 343. Carbon bisulphide. Use of, 232. Carmine, Alum, Use of, 92. „ Ammonio-acetic, Use of, 92, 103. „ Beale's, Use of, 205. „ Borax, see Borax-carmine. „ Picric, see Picric-carmine. Carpellary leaf, 306, 323. Carrot, $ee Daucm Carota. Caulicle, 310. Cauline bundles, 171. Cedar, Oil of. Use of, 230. Celandine, see Chelidonium nCajus. Cell- division, 856; in Cladophora glomerata, 368; anthers of Fritillaria persica, 860; of HelUhorus fatidus, 867; of Tradescantia virginiea, 356. Cell-division, anticliniJ walls,. 173; periolinal, 173; oblique, 191; rectangular, 173. Celloidin (Collodion), Use of, 329. Cell-plate, 369 (Fig. 114^). Cells, Multinuclear, see Nucleus. Cell-sap, 29; blue, 42; purple, 41; red, 40, 41, 42, 43, 65 ; violet, 74 ; yeUow, 41. Cellulose, Beactions of, 47.. „ Fungal-cellulose, Beactions of, 202, 263. „ Starch-cellulose, Beactions of, 270. Cell-wall, Structure of in endosperm of Date, 64 ; seed of OmithO' galum unibellatum, 6S; in Pin- ntUaria viridis, 213; Pinus sylvestriSj 57. „ Middle-lamella, 64,58, 140, 156; lamination, 68; striation, 50, 53. „ Thickening, 47 ; pits, 64. , , Cuticularized and suberized, struc- ture, 153 ; reactions, 58, 65, 68. „ Lignified, reactions of, 69, 119. Cement (Glass), 24. Central cell, of MarcHantia, 275; Mnium, 280 ; Polypodium, 294. Ceratopteris thalictroides, germination of spores, 290. Ceric acid, Beactions for, 166. Chalaza, 328 (Fig. 107). Chamber, Moist, see Moist chamber. Cliara, Protoplasmic movement in, 37. Cheiranthus Cheiri, hairs, 72 (Fig. 32). Chelidonium majusj Vascular bundle of, 101 ; latex vessels of, 102. Cherry, Structure of fruit, 348. Cherry-wood, Extract of, Use of, 59. Chloral hydrate. Use of, 39, 319, 320. Chlorococcus humicolum = Cystococcus humicola. Chloroform, Use of, 26. Chlorophyllan reaction, 204. Chlorophyll-bands, 208. Chlorophyll-bodies, 35 ; in Funaria hygrometricaj 38 (Fig. 17); division of, 38; function of, 167 ; starch in, 89 (Fig. 17). Chlorophyll-corpuscles, see Chloro- phyll-bodies. Chlorophyll-grains, see Chlorophyll- bodies. Chlorophyll-vesicles (Amylum bodies), see Pyrenoids. Chloroplasts, see Chlorophyll-bodies. Cblorzinc Iodine, Use of, 46, 48, 60, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 68, 84. 87, 110, 119, 122, 124, 156, 202, 237. Chrom- acetic acid, 1 per cent., Use of, 205. Chromatophores, see Colour-bodies, Chlorophyll-bodies» INDEX. Chromic acid, Use of, 70, 213. „ 0*6 per cent., Use of, 235. „ 1-0 per cent., Use of, 37, 204. „ 20 per cent., Use of, 218. ,, 26 per cent., Use of, 318. „ Concentrated, Use of, 69, 155, 213. Chromoplasts « Chromatophores. ChrodcoccacesB, 218. CiUa, 218, 223, 240, 250, 251, 254, 293 (Figs. 86, 87, 89, 94, 95 a, 97). / „ of Lichens, 202. „ of Mosses, 283 (Fig. 95 b). Citrus vtUgaria {C. Aurantium), ad- ventitious embryos, 364; de- velopment of frnit, 852 ; struc- ture of fruit, 350. Cladophora glomerata, 203 (Fig. 76) ; cell-division in, 368 ; chromato- phores, 203; nucleus, 204; pyrenoids, 203; swarm-spores, 248 (Fig. 86). Gladophorese, 203. Clearing sections, 172. Cleistocarpous, 261. Clips on microscope stage, 3. Closing membrane, see Pits. Clostridium hutyricum, 223. Cloves, Oil of, Use of, 235, 865. Club- mosses, see Lycopodium. Cluster-cup, see Mcidium, Collateral vascular bundles, 86, 180. Collecting cells, 167. Collemacese, 271. CoUenchyma, 104 (Fig, 45'*), 152, 164, 165. CoUeters (glandular hairs), 78. Collins* microscopes, xv. Colonial algaB, 219. Colour-bodies, in flower of Adonis flammeust 42; of Delphinium, 42 ; of Pansy, 74 ; of Tropceolum majus, 40 (Fig. 18). „ in root of Daucus Carota, 43 (Fig. 20). Columella, of Mueor, 265 ; Mnium, 283 (Fig. 96 d) ; in the cells of the testa of seeds, 340 (Fig. 111). Companion-cells, 146. See also Sieve- tubes. Condenser, <e« Illuminating apparatus. Conducting tissue, 167, 168, 190. Cone of Gymnosperms, 304; mor- phology of, in Ptnv«, 305. Conidia, 216. See also Gonidia. Conidiophore of Mucor, 255. Conifers, 298, 306. Conjugate, 247. Conjugation in Spirogyra, 246; in Cladophora^ 250. Connective, 311. Copper, acetate. Use of, 49. „ ammon-oxide. Use of, 53. „ sulphate, Use of, 48. Gorallin (in 30 per cent, carbonate of [a solution). Use of, 89, 95, >99, 100, 105, 119, 124, 151. Gordyline rubra, see Draaena rubra, Cork (bottle) for cutting sections, 62, 243, 246. Cork-cambium, 153. Cork, Structure and development of, in Cytisus Laburnum^ 166 ; in Dracana, 98 (Fig. 44) ; Quercus Suher, 156 ; Ribes rubrum, 166 ; Bosa, 76 ; Sambucus nigra, 162 (Fig. 69). „ in Cryptogamia, 192. „ Beactions of, 166 ; staining of, 163; structure of cell- walls, 153. Corpuscnla, Homology with Arche- gonia, 308. Cortex, 104, 174 ; Secondary, 109. Cotyledons, 309, 310 (Fig. 103), 338 (Fig. Ill), 342 (Fig. 112). Cover-glasses, xxii. Cowslip, see Primula, Crouch's microscopes, xv. Crown Imperial, see Fritillaria tm- perialis. Cryptogams, Vascular, Reproduction of, 287. Crystalloids, see Albumen ci*ystals. Crystal Palace cement, Use of, 24. Crystals, 46, 61, 77, 96 (Fig. 43), 98, 117, 166, 201. Cueurbita Pepo, Vascular bundles of, 130 (Fig. 52); movement of protoplasm in hairs of young shoots, 35; pollen grains of, 320. 410 INDEX. \ Culture methods for Bacteria, 236, 240 ; in Agar- Agar, 241 ; blood- serum, 242 ; gelatine, 241. Culture methods for Bacteria, Appar- atus for, 243, 244; culture chamber, 243; dilution, 241; fractional, 241 ; from hay, 236 ; from lettuce, 221; moist- chamber, ^38; on object-slide, 243; sterilization of culture fluids, 240. Culture methods for Fern spores, 290, 296. „ for fresh- water algsB, 208. „ for J^cor in plum juice, 256. ><, jjf ovfofen jrainst 320. Cuprdzicre amawia, sse Copper, Am- mon-oxide. Cupules of Marchantia, 272 (Fig. 93*b). Curcuma leucorrhiza, Starch grains of, 11 (Fig. 6). Cushion of Fern prothallus, 291. Cuticle, Beactions, 65, 68. See also Cutin. Cutin, Beactions, 58. See also Cuticle. Cystidia of Russula, 268 (Fig. 91). dystococcus humicola, 202. Cytlsus Laburnum, structure and development of Cork, 155. Dahlia variabilis, structure of tuber, 60 (Fig. 23); InuUne in, 51 (Fig, 24). Dammar (Gum), Use of, 365. Darton & Co.'s microscopes, zv. Date, see Phoenix dactylifera. Daucus Carota, Colour-bodies in root, 43 (Fig. 20). Decussate (leaves), 174. Dehiscence of pistil, 323, 327. Delphinium Ajaeis, ovary, 322 (Fig. 106). Delphinium consolida, Pistil of, 322 ; coloured cell- sap, and colour- crystals in flower, 42, 44. Dermatogen, 173 (Fig. 64), 183 et seq. (Fig. 69). Diamond-fuchsin iodine-green, see Fuchsin iodine-green. Diaphragm, 1 ; Use of, 2 ; Iris, 227. „ in stem of Hippuris vulgaris, 171. Diarch (vascular bundles of roots), 141, 188. DiatomaceaB, 210 (Fig. 77). Diatoms, To prepare skeletons of, 213. Dicotyledons, Vascular bundles of, 100 et teq, „ Boot of, 140. Dictamnus Fraxinella, Development of oil-glands in, 163 (Fig. 62 •). Digestive glands of Drosera, Id (Figs. 37, 37*). Dimorphism, 325. Diphenylamlne, Use of, 49. Dissecting microscope, xx., 24 (Figs. 12, 13). I^issection under microscope, 23. Dittany, see Dictamnus Fraxinella, Dotsi-ve^trality of ^archantia, 194 ; of Lichens, 202 ; of Selagindla, 296. Dracana rubra, Structure of stem, 96 (Fig. 44). Drawing desk, 31. , Drawing prism. Use of, 80; Abbe's, xxi., 30 (Fig. 16); with two prisms, xxi., 31 (Fig. 2). Drosera rotundifolia, digestive glands of, 79 (Figs. 37, 37 '). Drupe, Structure of in Prunus, 348. Drying frame, xxiii. (Fig. 1). Dust, Bemoval from preparations, 20. Eau de Javelle, Use of, 172, 177, 184. Echeveria, Wax upon, 81. Ectoplasm, 37. Egg-apparatus, see Embryo-sac. Egg, White of, Use of, 308.. Elaters, 277. Elder, see Sambucus nigra. Elder-pith, xxiii.; Use of, 63, 170, 202, 250, 257, 262, 287. „ To obtain, 63. Eleagnus angustifolia. Scales upon leaf, 76. Electric light, Use of, 229. Embedding for section cutting, see Sections. Embryo, Structure and development in Alisma Plantago, 342 ; CapseUa Bursa-pastoris, 338 (Fig. Ill); Picea vulgaris, 309 (Fig. 103). INDEX. 411 Embryo, Adventitious, in Citrus, 854. „ Cotyledons, 338 ; hypoootyl, 339 ; plumule, 339 ; radicle, 339. Embiyonie vesicle, see Embryo-sac, Oosphere. Embryo-nucleus, 332. Embryo-sac, Structure and develop- ment in Capsella Bursa-pastoriSf 341; Gloxinia, 334; Monotropa Hypopitys, 830 (Fig. 108); . Orchideae, 338 (Fig. 109); Picca vulgaris, 308 (Fig. 102) ; Pyrola, 330, Taxus baccata, 304; Torenia Asiatica, 334 (Fig. 110). „ Antipodal cells, 328, 332; Egg- apparatus, 331 ; filiform appara- tus, 336; oosphere (germiual vesicle, embryonic vesicle), 828 ; synergidse, 304. „ Homology with macrospore, 804. Enclosing (or mounting) fluid, Hoyer*s, 206. See Glycerine, Glycerine- jelly, Canada balsam, Dammar, Acetate of potash. Endocarp, 344. Endochrome plates, of Pinnularia viri' dis, 212. Endodermis, Structure in root of Acorw Calamus, 139 (Fig. 54) ; Allium Cepa, 136 (Fig. 53); Iris Jlorentina, 139 (Fig.' 55); Pteris, 147 (Fig. 57); Taxus, . 141 (Fig. 52). See also pp 818. et seq,, and Bundle Sheath. „ Outer, 138. Endoplasm, 54. Endosperm, 306, 308, 309. Develop, meht in Monotropa Hypopitys, 332 (Fig. 108). „ Homology with Prothallus, 306. Epicarp, 344. Epidermis, Structure in Alo^ nigricans, 67 (Fig. 29) ; Iris Jlorentina, 61 (Fig. 27) ; Ruta graveolens, 160 (Fig. 61) ; Tradescantia, 65 (Fig. 28). „ Function of, 64, 168. Epidermoid layer, 138. Epilohium, Pollen grains of, 319.. Epipactis palustHs, Pistil of, 826. Epiplasm, of Morchella, 209. Equisetum arvense, apical cell, 176 (Fig. 66 and 66*); structure of stem, 180; vascular bundles, 180 (Fig. 68). Erecting eyepiece, zx., 23. Erica, Pollen of, 820. Eschscholtzia, morphological value of flowers, 327. Etserio, 343. Ether, Use of, 155, 829. Eucalyptus globulus. Wax layer, 81. Ewmymus japonicus, development of apex, 174 (Fig. 65). Euphorbia helioscopia, starch grains, 12 (Fig. 8) ; latex, 12. Euphorbia splendens, starch grains, 18 (Fig. 9) ; latex, 18. Everlasting pea, see Lathyrus, Extine, 304, 312. Eyepiece, Erecting, xx., 23. Fagus sylvatica, structure of leaveB, 164 (Fig. 68). Fall of leaves, 157. Fehling's solution, Preparation of, 48 ; Use of, 48. Fermentation, Alcoholic, 215. Fern, Hart's tongue, see Scolopendrium vulgar e. „ Male, see Aspidium Filix-mas. „ Polypody, see Polypodium vulgare, „ See also Aneimia fraxinifolia, Fems,Reproduction,287; structure, 145, Fertilization, Conifers, 806; Ferns, 295; Marchantia, 276; Mosses* 280 ; Monotropa, 332 ; Torenia, 834 (Fig. 110). „ Terminology of, 253. Fibres, 129 (Fig. 51). Fibrous layer (of anther), 314 (Fig. 104). See Mesothecium. Fibro-vascular (fibro-vasal) bundles, or strings, see Vascular bundles. FUament, 311, 815. Filiform apparatus, 836 (Fig. 110). Fir, Scotch, see Pinus sylvestris. Fixing cell-contents, 204 ; with abso- lute alcohol, 864 ; chrom -acetic acid, 205 ; chromic acid, 204 ; picric acid, 205. See also Nu^ cleus. Nuclear division. 412 INDEX. Flag, Sweet, tee Aconu Calamus. Float, Undulating, 293. Flower of Pinue sylvestrU, 298 (Figs 99, 101); Taxut baccata, 301 (Fig. 100). Fontinalis antipyreticat Peristome, 285 . (Fig. 96 E). Formio gentiana-violet, see Gentiana- violet. Formio methyl-green, w« Methyl-green. Fraxinus excelsior^ Leaf-fall, 159. Fritillaria imperialism Pollen of, 318. Fntillaria persica. Cell and nuclear diyision, 360 (Fig. 114). Frog-bit, see Hydrocharis, Fruit, Development in Citrus vulgaris^ (C, Aurantium)t 352. , , Structure in Alisma Plantago^ 343 ; Citrus vulgaris, 362 ; Prunus do- m£stica, 347 ; Pyrus Malus, 348. FruBtule, 210 (Fig. 77). Fuchsia, Pollen grains of, 319. Fuohsin (Magenta), Use of, 229 ; pre- paration, 235. Fuchsin iodine-green, 366. Funaria hygrometrica, Antheridia, 279 (Fig. 95 ▲); Archegonia, 280 (Fig. 95 B, c) ; Chlorophyll-bodies of, 38 (Fig. 17); protonema, 191 (Fig. 71*); sporogone, 285 (Fig. 94 D). Fundamental tissue (Ground tissue), 83. Fungi, Vegetative structure of, 200 et seq. (Fig. 74) ; reproduction of, 255 et seq,, 262 et seq. Funiculus, 328 (Fig. 107). Funkia ovata. Pollen development in, 316. Gall-apple, Structure of, 51; Tannin in, 52. Gametes, of Cladophora^ 250. Gas-chamber, 244. Gelatine, Use of, 321. „ and glycerine, see Glycerine-jelly. Gemm9, of Marchantia, 194, 272 (Fig. 93*b). Generation, Alternation of, 264. Gentiana-violet, Use of, 39, 41, 222, 229, 361, 365. Gentiana-violet, acetic, 361. „ in aniline water, 235. „ formic, 361. Germinal apparatus, see Embryo- sac, Egg- apparatus. Germinal vesicle, see Embryo-sac, Oosphere. Ginkgo biloba, see Salisburia adianti- folia. Glands (oil) of Rtita graveolens, 160 (Figs. 61, 62) ; development of in Dictamnus Fraxinella, 163 (Fig. 62*). Glandular hairs of ^sculus Hippocas- tanum, 81 (Fig. 38) ; Aspidium Filix-mas, 289 ; Matthiola, 75 ; Primula, 78 ; Rumex patientia, 79 (Fig. 86). Glass bell- jars, zxiii. Glass disks.to cover watch glasses, xziii. Glass rods, zxiii. Gleoeapsa ealdariorum, 218. „ polydermatica, 218 (Fig. 82). Globoids in Bertholletia excelsa, 27; Bicinus, 25 (Fig. 14). Gloxinia hybrida. Embryo-sac of, 334. Glucose, Reactions of, 48. Glycerine, Use of, 16, 17, 34, 55, 92, 115, 119, 133, 172, 177, 206, 232, 289, 338, 366, 370. „ and alcohol, 55, 115, 302. „ Clearing tissue by heating in, 232, 342. „ Dehydrating by, 289. Glycerine gum. Use of, 192, 338. Glycerine jelly. Use of, 20, 92, 206, 329. Glycogen, Beactions of, 269. Gold-size, Use of, 92, 366. Gonidia, of Anaptychia eiliaris, 202, 270 ; of Lichens, 302 ; of Phy- tophthora, 257 (Fig. 89). Gonidiophores, of Mucor, 265 ; Peni- cillium, 260 (Fig. 90); Phy- tophthora, 256 (Fig. 89). Growing apex, in stems of Angio- sperms, 173; of Equisetum arvense, 176 (Figs. 66, 66*, 67) ; Euonymus japonicus, 174 (Fig. 65) ; Gymnosperms, 173 ; Hippuns vulgaris, 170 (Fig. 64). fNDEX. 413 Growing apex, in roots of Hordeum vulgare, 183 (Fig. 69); Pteris cretica, 188 (Fig. 71); Thuja occidentalism 185 (Fig. 70). „ in thalluB of Metzgeria furcata, 198. „ Cell' division in, Anticlinal, 173 ; periclinal, 173 ; rectangular segmentation, 173. „ To out sections, 170, 171; to make transparent, 172, 177. „ Methods of investigation, 170, 177. „ Segmentation of, Calyptrogen, 185 ; cortex, 174 ; dermatogen, 173; histogens, 173; initials, 173; periblem, 173; peri- blemic column, 187 ; pith, 174 ; plerome, 173 ; procambium, 174. Growing point, see Growing apex. Ground tissue (Fundamental tissue), 83. Guard- cells, 61. See also Stomata. Gum, 81 ; reactions for, 99 ; reser- voirs in Tilia, 125. „ Use of, 293. Gymnocladus canadensis , Leaf -fall, 169. Gymnosperms, Definition of, 298 ; re- production, 298 ; root-cap, 186. Gynoecium, of Angiosperms, 322; Gymnosperms, 302. Hadrome, 86. fisematin -Ammonia, Use of, 205 ; preparation of, 205. HsBmatoxylin, Use of, 26, 222, 260, 318, 329, 366. „ Bohmer's, Use of, 205, 365. „ Grenacher*s, Use of, 205, 365. Hairs, Structure of, in Cheiranthvs Cheiri, 72 (Fig. 32) ; Matthiola annua, 73 (Fig. 32) ; Verbascum nigrum, 74 ; V, thapsiforme, 75 ; Viola tricolor, 74 (Fig. 33). „ Bristles, of Urtica dioica, 77. „ Glands, of Drosera rotundifolia, 79 ; Primula sinensis, 78. See also Glandular hairs. „ Horsehair, Use of, 366. „ Human, Use of, 366, Haurs, Movement of protoplasm, in Hy- drocharis, 35 ; in Tradescantia, 28. „ Prickles, of Rosa 76. „ Scales of Eleagnus angustifolia, 76 ; Shepherdia canadensis, 75 (Fig. 34). „ Stinging, of Urtica dioica, 77 (Fig. 35). Hand- vice, xxiii. ; use of, 17, 53. Hart's tongue fern, see Scolopendrium. Haustoria, of Phytophthora, 267. Hedera helix, Besin canals in, 123 (Fig. 60*). Hellebore, see Helleborus. HelUhorus foetidus, pollen-cell and nuclear division, 367 (Fig. 116) ; pistil, 324. Helleborus niger^ pistil, 324. Hemerocallis fulva. Structure and development of anther, 311 (Fig. 104); pistil, 324; poUeu, 812 (Fig. 104). Hen's Egg Albumen, Use of, 308. Hekerocyst, 216. Heteroecious (parasites), 264. Heteromerous (thallus of Lichens), 202. Hippuris vulgaris, Growing apex of, 170 (Fig. 64). Histogen, Histogenic layer, 173. Hollyhock, see Althaa rosea, Homoiomerous (thallus of Lichens), 203. Hordeum vulgare. Growing apex of root, 183 (Fig. 69). Horse-chestnut, see uEsculvs Hip- pocaatanum. Horsehair, Use of, 260. Horse-tail, see Equisetum. Host, 256. Hoyer's Ammonia-carmine, see Car- mine. „ Enclosing fluid, see Enclosing fluid. Hyacinth, Development of pollen in, 316; pistn, 324. Hyaloplasm, 29. Hydrocharis Morsus-rana, movement of protoplasm in root-hairs, 85. 414 INDEX. Hydrochloric acid, Use of, 69, 77, 205, 213. „ Half per cent, in 70 per cent alcohol, Use of, 206. „ Quarter per cent, in 70 per cent. alcohol, Use of, 365. Hydroids (=Tracheides), 58, 105, 114. Hymenium of JScidium, 263 (Fig. 81*); Agaricus, 268 (Fig. 91*) ; Anaptychia, 270 (Fig. 93); Morclmlla, 269 (Fig. 92) ; i2i»> wala, 267 (Fig. 91). Hymenomycetes, 266. Hypanthium, see Beoeptacalar tahe. HyphBB, 200, 266. Hypochlorin reaction, 204. Hypocotyl, 310 (Fig. 103), 339 (Fig. 111). Hypoderma, 88. Illuminating apparatus, 227; Abhe*s, 226. Immersion fluids, for objectives, 224. „ Objectives, xviii., 223. Incandescent lamps (electric), Use of, 229. Indian corn, tee Zea Mais, Indian ink. Use of, 222. Indusium, 288 (Fig. 96). Inflorescence, 306. Initial cells. Initial layers, 173. Intercellular protoplasmic threads, 870. „ spaces, Lysigenous, 85, 164; Schizogenous, 17, 86, 118, 123, 124 ; canals, 180. Intemode, 171. Intine, 304, 312. Inuline, Beactions for, 60; sphsei-o- crystals, 60 (Fig. 24). Iodine, action on starch, 13 ; on aleu- rone grains, 18. „ in alcohol. Use of, 13, 89. „ in glycerine, Use of, 24. „ in potassium-iodide. Use of, 13, 18, 47, 204, 208, 259, 269, 274, 293, 317. „ in water, Use of, 17, 41. Iodine-green, Use of, 92, 93. „ Acetic, Use of, 218, 317, 318, 861, „ Formic, 361. Iris florentina^ Stroetare of leaf, 61 et seq. (Fig. 27) ; endodermis of root, 139 (Fig. 55) ; vascular bundles of leaf, 93 (Fig. 96); wax on leaf, 81. Iris germanicay Leucoplasts (starch- builders) and starch in rhizome, 44 (Fig. 21). Iron alum, Use of, 366. „ chloride. Use of, 62. „ sulphate, Use of, 63« Ivy, see Sedera helix. Juglans regia^ Leaf-fall of, 159. Labelling preparations, 24. Laburnum, see Cytisus Laburnum. Lamp, 229 ; Electric, 229. Larkspur, see Delphinium. Latex system, in EupTwrbia, 12, 13; Chelidonium majtiSf 102 ; Scor- tonera, 103 (Fig. 45*). Lathyrus, formation of pollen-tube*'. 321. Lavender, Oil of. Use of, 366. Leaf, Structure of in AloS^ 67 (Fig. 29) ; Fagus sylvatica, 164 (Fig. 63); Iris, 61, 93 (Fig. 42); Mnium undulatunit 192; Ruta graveolens, 160 (Figs. 61, 62) ; Scolopendrittm vulgare, 287 ; Sphagnum acutifoHum, 193 ; Tradescantia, 66 (Fig. 28). „ Influence of position on structure, 166. „ Aerating tissue, 167 ; assimilatory tissue, 167 ; mechanical con- struction, 165 ; transpiratory tissue, 167; vein-parenchyma, 168. „ Origin of, 171, 174 ; fall of, 157. Leaf traces, 175. Leitz's microscopes, xvi. Lemon, see Citrus, „ Oil of. Use of, 319, 320. Lens, magnifying, xxi. Lenticels, of Sambucus nigra, 153 (Fig. 60). Leptome, 86. Leptothrix bucealis^ 232. Leueojum, Pollen grains of, 318. DTDEX. 416 LeucoplasiB, of Iris germaniea, 44 (Fig. 21); Btaminal hairs of Tradescantia, 29 ; Verbatcum nigrum f 41. Lichens, Stracture of, 202 ; reprodac- tion, 270 (Fig. 98). „ Gelatinous, 271. Light, Artificial, for microscopes, 229. Lignin, Beactions for, 69, 119. LigulatsB, see Selaginelleie. Lignle, 296, 297. Liliumt Development of anthers and pollen, 315 ; stracture of pistil, 324. „ Cell and nuclear division in, 360. lime, see Tilia europaa. Lime, Oxalate, as crystals, 96 (Fig. 43) ; in cell-contents of Beta vulgaris, ^Q; Iris florentiTut, 95; Rosa, 77. „ Beactions, 46. „ phosphate, Use of, 208. „ sulphate, Use of, 208. Limiting cell, see Heterocyst. „ membrane (of cell-wall), 54, 58. Ling, see Calluna vulgaris. Linseed oil. Use of, 366. Liverwort, see Marchantia. Logwood, see HsBmatoxylin. Lupinus albus, Aleurone grains in seed, 24. Lyeopodium complanatum, stmcture of stem, 149 (Fig. 58). „ Selago, structure of stem, 150. Lysigenous, see Intercellular spaces. Lysimaehia, Pistil of, 326. Macerating mixture, Schultze's, 112, 129, 155. Maorosporangia, 297. Macrospore, see Spore. Magenta, see Fuchsin. Magnesia sulphate, Use of, 208. Maize, see Zea Mais. Malic acid, as stimulant for spermato- zoids of Ferns, 294. Malva crispay Pollen grains, 319. Maple, Autumnal coloration of, 43. Maranta arundinacea, Starch of, 11. MarohantiaeesB, 277. Marekantia polymorphay air-pores, 196 (Fig. 71); thallus, 194; oil- bodies, 195; rhizoids, 196; gemmiB, 194, 273 ; sexual or- gans, 272 (Figs. 93*. 94, 95) ; fertilisation, 276; sporogonium, 277. Mare*s tail, see Hippuris vulgaris. Marjoram, Oil of. Use of, 365. Matthiola annual Hairs on leaf, 73 (Fig. 32). Mechanical system, 48, 88, 147, 166. Medulla, 270. Medullary rays, structure in Aristolo- ehia, 107 (Fig. 46) ; Finns syU vestHs, 56, 120 (Fig. 47). „ Secondary, 270. Medullary sheath, 109. Mericarp, 840. Meristem, 172. Mesocarp, 344. Mesophyll, 161 (Fig. 62). Mesothecium, 314. Mestome, 86. Metaphases, of nuclear division, 863. Methyl-blue, Use of, 229, 234. See also Aniline blue. Methyl-green, Use of, 19, 46. See also Aniline green. „ Formic, 361. „ Acetic, 19, 46, 158, 218, 317, 818, 860, 361, 369. Methyl-violet, Use of, 89, 41, 229, 234. Metzgeria fureata, Stracture of thal- lus, 197 ; apical cell, 198 (Fig. 73). Mica plates. Use of, 213. Micrococcus VaccincBj 231. Micrometer-screw, see Microscope. Micrometer, Stage, xxii. Micropyle, 302, 304 (Fig. 101), 828 (Figs. 107-110). Microscope , Essentials for a good, xvii. ; stands and objectives, xiii. „ Compound, 1 (Fig. 2), 224 (Figs. 83, 88*) ; to clean after use, 15. „ Simple (or Dissecting), xx., 21 (Figs. 12, 13). Microsomata (microsomes), 29, 207. Microsporan^a, 297. 416 INDEX. Miorospore, see Spore. Microtome, C3. Middle lamella (of cell-wall), 54, 58 (Fig. 26), UO, 166. Milk, see Latex. Millon's reagent, Use of, 18, 19. Mnium kornum^ antherozoids, 277 ; archegonia, 280 ; ** flowers," 277 ; sporogone, 280. Mnium undulatum, Strncture of leaf, 192 ; of stem, 190 ; absorption of water by leaves, 193 ; move- ment of water in central bundle of stem, 190. Moist chamber, 10, 265; hollowed from glass slide, 244 ; of glass ring, 243, 256 ; pasteboard frame, 238, 247, 321 ; bell-jar, 10, 244 ; plaster of Paris case, 244, 266. Molecular movement, see Brownian movement. Molybdate of ammonia, in concen- trated solution of ammonium chloride. Use of, 53. Monkshood, see Aconitum Napellus, Monocarpellary, 323. Monocotyledons, Vascular bundles of, QSetseq. Monopodial (branching), 257. Monotropa Hypopitysy Structure of Embryo-sac, 330 (Fig. 108). Morchella esculenta; epiplasm, 269; glycogen in, 269; hymenium, 269 (Fig. 92). Morell, see Morchella esculenta. Mosses, Beproduotion of, 277 et seq, (Figs. 95 a to e); vegetative structure, 38, 190 et seq. Mounting fluid, see Enclosing fluid. Mounting preparations, 20. Mucilage, see Mucus. Mucilage-cells of Marchantia^ 197. Mucorinese, 255, 259. Mucor Mucedo, 255 ; sporangia, 255 ; zygote (zygospore), 256. Mucus, from cellulose, 99, 340 ; from starch, 99. „ Staining reactions of, 99. Mullein, see Verhoieum nigrum, Multinudear ceUB,M« Nuolear division. Multiplication, sexual and asexual, 219. Mushroom, see Agaricus campestris. Mycelium, 265. Mycoprotein, 222. Navicular see Pinnularia. Neck, of archegonium, 275 {Figs. 95, 95 b), 293 (Figs. 98, 102). Needle-holder, xxiii. Needles, xxiii. Nerium Oleander, Structure of epider- mis, 69 ; stomata, 70. Nerve, Use of term, 1G3. Nigrosine, Use of, 79, 99. „ Picric, Use of, 92, 238. Nitella, Protoplasmic movement in, 37. Nitrates, Beaotions of, 49. Nitric acid. Use of, 51, 213, 234. Nitrites, Beactions of, 49. Node, 171. NostocacesB, 215. Nostoo ciniflonum, 217. Nucellus, 304, 307 (Fig. 102), 328 (Fig. 107). Nuclear division, 356; in Fritellaria persica, 360 (Fig. 114) ; HeUe- borus fcetidus, 367 (Fig. 116) ; Tradescantia virginica, 356 (Fig. 113), 369 (Fig. 116). Nuclear division, direct, 369 (Fig. 116); indirect, 369 (Figfi. 113, 114); prophases, metaphases, anaphases, 363. „ Fixing and staining nuclear figures, 260, 263, 360, 361, 864, et seq. ; with acetic methyl- green, 360, 361 ; with absolute alcohol and safranin, 365 ; alcohol and gentiana-violet, 365, alcohol and logwood, 865 ; alcohol and diamond-fuohsine iodine-green, 366 ; restoring overstaining with logwood, 365. „ Multinuclear cells, 201, 204 (Fig. 75), 256, 260. „ Permanent preparations, 364 etseq. Nuclear plate, 363 (Fig. 114), 364. Nuolear spindle, 363. NuoleoH, 30, 204, 208. Nucleolus, Lateral, see ParanucleoluS' INDEX. 417 Nudens of Cladophara glcmerata, 204 (Fig. 75) ; PeniciUium cmsta- ceum, 260; Pinnulariat 211 (Fig. 77) ; Protococcus, 214 (Fig. 78) ; Saccharomyce$ (yeast), 215 ; Spirogyra, 208 (Fig. 76) ; staminal hairs of Tradeteantia, 2^ (Fig. 15), 857 (Fig. 113); pollen grains of Tradescantia, 817 (Fig. 105); old nodes of Tradescantia, 369 (Fig. 116). I, Belations to fertilization, oo-nu- cleus, spermo-nuclens, 332. „ Staining, 19, 25, 54. See also Nuclear division. „ Structure in resting state, 357. Nutation of OsciUaria, 218. Oak-apple, Oak-gall, 51. Oat, see Avena sativa. Object-glass, Objective, xviii. ; for homogeneous immersion, xviii., 223; Use of, 224; for water immersion, xviii., 223 ; Use of, 224 ; to clean, 7, 13. Object-slides, xxii. ; hollowed, 244. OchreaB, 78. Ocular, see Eye-piece. (Enothera biennis, Pollen grains of ,318. Oil, Ethereal, 26, 160; reactions of, 26; Fat, 26 ; reactions of, 26 ; Olive, Use of, 26 ; Origanum, Use of, 365. See also Cloves, Cedar. Oil-bodies of Liverworts, 195. Oil-drops, Optical appearance of, 25. Oil-glands of Ruta, 160 (Fig. 62); Dictamniu Fraxinella, 164 (Fig. 62') ; Citrus, 351. Onion, see Allium Cepa. Oogonium of Peronospora, 259 ; Vau- cheria, 252 (Fig. 88). Oo-nucleus, 382. Oosphere, of Aconitum, 328 (Fig. 107) ; Marchantia, 275 (Fig. 95); Pintw, 808 (Fig. 102); Poly- podium, 294 (Fig. 98) ; Vauch- eria, 253. Oospore, see Fertilization, Zygote. Operculum, 282 (Fig. 95 n). Orange, see Citrus vulgaris ((7. Auran^ tium). OrchidesB, Embryo-sac and fertiliza- tion, 833 ; Pistil of, 326. Orchis paUens, 333 (Fig. 109). Omithogalum umbellatum, Structure ^ of cell-walls of seed, 53 (Fig. 25). Oscillaria (Fig. 81), Cell-structure of« 217; habitat, 217; movement, 218. Osmic acid, 1 p.o., Use of, 26, 27, 274. „ vapour, 235. Ovary, adnate (inferior), 326 ; free (superior), 323; monocarpellary, 323 ; polycarpellary, 324. „ Dehiscence of, 323, 827. „ Structure in Butomus umbellatus, 324; Delphinium Ajacis, 822 (Fig. 106) ; Epipactis palustris, 326; Helleborus, 824; Bemero- callis, 324 ; Hyacinthus, 324 ; Lilium, 324; Primula, 325; Tulipa,d2^', Yucca, 325. Overstaining, Use of, 206 ; correction of, 365. Ovular integument, 303, 328. See also Ovule. Ovule, 303, 323; anatropous, 328 (Figs. 106, 107); campylotro- pous, 342 ; ohalaza, 828 ; em- bryo-sac, 328; funiculus, 828; micropyle, 304, 328; nucellus, 804, 328 ; primine, 828 ; raphe, 828 ; secundine, 328. See also Embryo-sac. „ Development and structure in Aconitum Napellus, 327 (Fig. 107); Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 840; Citrus, 854; Mcmotropa Hypopitys, 380 (Fig. 108); Orchis, 833 (Fig. 109) ; Picea vulgaris, 807 (Fig. 102) ; Pinus sylvestrU, 305 (Fig. 101); Taxus baecata, 803 (Fig. 100). „ Homology with maorosporan- gium, 304, 328. „ Sections of , 329. Oxalate of lime, see Lime. Oxide of copper (ammoniaoal), see Copper ammon-oxide. Packing-cells, 151, 153. X E 418 INDEX. Paonia^ Formation ol pollen-tubes, 321. PflBony, see Paonia, Palissade cells, 161 (Fig. 62). Palmellacefe, 219. Pansy, see Viola trieolor. Papaver Rhaas, Structure of petals, 169. Papillfie, 40, 72, 272. Paranucleolus, 361 (Fig/114). Paraphyses, of Furtaria, 281 (Fig. 96b); Mnium, 278, 280; Morchella, 269 (Fig. 92); RttsstUa, 267 (Fig. 91). Parasite, 264. Parkes & Son's mioroscopes, zv. Parmelia ciliarU^ see Anaptyehia ciliarU, Passage cells (in bundle-sheath), 139 (Fig. 66). Pea, see Pisum sativum. Pear, Sclerenchyma in, 47 (Fig. 22). Penicillium erustaceum, 269 ; asci, 261 ; basidia, 260 ; gonidio- phores, 260 (Fig. 90) ; habitat, 269; mycelium, 269; nudei, 260. Peptone, 241. Perchloride of iron, see Iron. Perianthium (of Marchantia], 277 (Fig. 96). Periblem, 173 (Figs. 64, 66), 810 (Fig. 103). Periblemic column, 186 (Fig. 70). Pericambium, 137 (Figs. 63 to 66). Pericarp, 344. Perichaetium, 278. Periclinal cell-walls, 173. Periderm, 109, 163 (Figs. 69, 60), 166, 166. Peridium, 263 (Fig. 90*). Perigamium, 280. Perigonium, 278.. Perigynium, 280. Periptloem, 147, 148. Peristome, 282 (Fig. 95 e). PeronosporeaB, 267 ; antheridia, 269 ; fertilization, 269 ; gonidia, 259 ; oogonia, 259. Petals, Structure in Papaver Rhaas, 169: Verbascumniprum, 168. Petiole,Structure of ,in Rata graveolerut, 164. Phanerogamia, Primary classification of, 298. / Phaseolus vulgaris^ Starch of, 10 (Fig. 4). PheUem, 163, 166. Pbelloderm in Ribes rubrum, 166. Phellogen, 163 (Figs. 69, 60). See also Cork. Phloem, see Bast, vascular bundles. Phloroglucin, Use of, 69. Phcsnix dactylifera. Structure of en- dosperm cell-walls, 64. Phosphate of lime, see Lime. Phosphate of soda, see Soda. Phycomycetes, 266. Phytophthora infestans, 266 ; conidia, 267 (Fig. 89) ; haustoria, 257. Picea vulgaris, archegonia (corpus- cula), 308 ; embryo-sac, 308 ; endosperm, 306, 308 ; fertiliza- tion, 308 ; female flowers, 306 ; ovule, 307 (Fig. 102); seeds, 309 (Fig. 103). Picric acid, Use of, 204, 216. alcohol, see Alcohol, aniline blue, Use of, 92, 370. carmine, 236. nigrosine, Use of, 92, 361. Pileus, 267. Pillischer's microscopes, xvi. Pinnularia viridis (Fig. 77), Structure, 210 ; cell-wall, 213 ; cytoplasm, 211; division, 212; endochrome plates, 212; frustules (valves), 210 ; girdles, 211 ; movements, 212; nodule, 210; oil-drops, 211 ; raphe, 211 ; skeletoniza- tion, 213. Pimis sylvestriSf bordered pits, 55 (Fig. 26); 116 (Fig. 47); cell- walls, 57; female flower, 804; male flower, 298 (Fig. 99); ovule, 805 (Fig. 101); pollen- grains, 300 (Fig. 99); pollin- ation, 806; resin -canals, 118 (Fig. 48) ; stamens, 299 ; sieve- tubes, 121 (Figs. 49, 50)-; stme- ture of stem, 114 (Fig. 46*). Pistil, see Ovary. INDBX. 419 Pisum aativum, Aleurone-grains, 18 (Fig. 10) ; structure of seed, 16 (Fig. 10). Pith, 108, 174, 310. Pits, bordered, of Pinw sylvestris, 55 <Fig. 26) ; unilaterally bordered, 110, 116 (Fig. 47) ; closing membrane, 54 (Figs. 25, 26), 119 (Fig. 47), 147. „ Sieve, see Sieve - tubes, Sieve plates, etc. „ simple, in Agarictts campestrii, 201 (Fig. 74); Beta vulgaris, 46; Ornithogalum, 54 (Fig. 25). „ branched in Pear, 47 (Fig. 22). n reactions, 47 ; torus, 57 (Fig. 26), 110. 116 (Fig. 47), 147. Pitted duets, 85 (Fig. 40), 91. See also Pits. Placenta, 289 (Fig. 96), 306, 323 (Fig. 106) ; axile, 324 ; free central, 326 ; marginal, 325 ; superficial, 324. Plasmolysis, 208; in staminal hairs of Tradeseantia, 34. Plerome,173(Figs.64,66),310(Fjg.l03). Pleurosigma anguUituni, 214. Plum, see Prunus domestica. Plum-juice, Use of, 256. Plumule, 310 (Fig. 103). Pollen-canal, in style of Hernerocallis, 325. Pollen-grains, Structure in Acacia, 320 ; Althaa rosea, 319 ; Azalea, 320 ; Calluna vulgaris, 320 ; Cucurbita, 320; Erica, 320; Fritillaria imperialis, 318 ; HemerocaXlis fuLva, 312 (Fig. 104) ; Leucojunii 318; Lilium, 315 ; Malva crispa, 319 ; Mi- moseaB, 320 ; (Enothera biennis, 818; Pinus sylvestris, 300 (Fig. 99) ; Rhododendron, 320; Taxus baccatas 301 ; Tradescantia vir- ginica, 316 (Fig. 105). „ Culture of, 320 ; formation of, 315 ; how to make transparent, 319, 340; germination, 320; com- pound grains, 320; nucleus, 800, 317; homology with micro- spores, 300. Pollen mother-cells, Division of, in Fritillaria persica, 360 (Fig. 114); Hemerocallis, 315 (Fig. 104); HelUborus foitidus, 867 (Fig. 115). Pollen-sacs of Pinus sylvestris, 299 (Fig. 99); Taxus baccata, 301. See also Pollen-grains. „ homology with microsporangia, 800, 311. Pollen-tubes, Development of, 804, 307, 319, 320, 335 (Fig. llOj. Cultural development, 320. Pollination, 304, 806. Polycarpous, see Apocarpous. Polyembryony, in Citrus, 366. PolypodiacesB, 290. Poly podium vtdgare, Antheridium, 291 (Fig. 97); antherozoids (sper- matozoids), 293 (Fig. 97); archegonia, 293 (Fig. 98); fertilization, 294 ; petiole (struc- ture), 148 ; prothftllus, 291 ; sori and sporangia, 290. Polypody fern, see Polypodium, Polytrichum juniperinum, Antheridia, 279. „ Foliar bundles in, 192. Poplar-wood, Use of, in cutting sec- tions, 338. Poppy, see Papaver Rhaas, Populus diUUata, Leaf-fall in, 159. Porous cells of Sphagnum, 19B. Potash, acetate, Use of, action on starch, 14 ; on cork, 155 ; as a clearing agent, ''172, 177, 180, 297, 299, 341 ; how to restore tissues after, 177. „ Use of, 172, 177. „ bichromate. Use of, 52. „ chlorate, 112, 129, 165. „ nitrate, 208. Potato, see Solanum tuberosum. Preparations, Permanent preservation of, 20, 24, 92,230, 236 ; closing, 92, 366. „ Preservation of, when stained, 206. „ To find again a particular spot in, 239. „ Removal of air and dust under microscope, 20. 420 iin)Ex. Preparations, To prepare under micro* scope, 23 et seq. Prickles of Bose, Stmcture of, 76. Primine, 328. See also Ovnle. Primrose, see Primula, Primula, Oyary of, 825. P. sinensiSt Glandular hairs, 78. Procambium, 174 (Fig. 65), 310 (Fig. 103). Proembryo of Mosses, 191 (Fig. 71*) ; of CapseHa, 842. Proliferation, 279. Promycelium of Puecinia, 266. Prophases of nuclear division, 868. Protein-grains, see Alenrone-grains. Protein-crystals (crystallized), see Albumen-crystals. Prothallus of Polypodium vtUgare, 290. „ Homology with endosperm, 806. Protococctu viridis, 214 (Fig. 78). Protonema of Mosses, 191 (Fig. 71*). Protophloem, 87, 93. Protoplasm, circulation, 29 (Fig. 15), 84; contraction, see Plasmoly- sis ; neutral lines, 86 ; rotation, 36, 37 ; union of, between neigh- bouring cells, 370. „ Be^^tions of, 19, 813. Protoplasmic movements, in leal of Vallisneria spiralis, 36 ; in the hairs of young shoots of Cueurhita, 85 ; in the staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 28 (Fig. 15); in the roots of Hydro- charis Morsus-ranaf 36 ; in the intemodal cells of Nitella, 87 ; in the stinging hairs of Urtica, 77 (Fig. 85). Protoxylem, 86. Prunus domestica, structure of firult, 847; of seed, 348. Pseudo-parenchyma of Fungi, 200 (Fig. 74). Pseudopodia, 818. Pteris aquilina, structure of rhizome and leaf stalk, 145 (Fig. 57). „ cretica, development of root, 188 (Fig. 71). Puecinia graminis, 262, 264 (Fig. 90*). Ptmctum vegetationis, see Growing apex. Pyrenoids of Cladophora, 208 (Fig. 76) ; Spirogyra, 208 (Fig. 76). Pyrola, Embryo-sac, 330. Pyrus communis, stone cells in the fruit, 47 (Fig. 22) ; glucose in, 48. Pyrus Malus, structure of fruit, 848 ; of seed, 350. (iuercus. Gall of, 61. Q. suher, structure of cork, 156. Badicle, 309, 310 (Fig. 103), 889 (Fig. 111). See also Embryo. Ranunculus Ficaria^ Embryo, 846; seed, 346. „ repens, structure of the adven- titious roots, 140 ; of the vas- cular bundle, 100 (Fig. 46). Raphe, 328. Baphides, 98. Bazor, zxiii., 16, 56. Beoeiving cells, 167. Beceptacular tube, 849. Beceptive spot, 253 (Fig. 88), 276 (Fig. 95), 296 (Fig. 98). Beproduotion, asexual and sexual, 219, 246. 