None
§ 240. Abolition of Slavery, 1861-1865 Summary. — Status in 1861 : free states; border slave states; territories; District of Columbia; government posts; fugitive slaves. — Public opinion: 1861, Feb. n, House unanimous reso lution; 1861, Mar. 2, Corwin amendment (§ 233) ; 1861, July 22, House on the purpose of the war. — Question of fugitives and 486 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§240 slaves of combatants : 1861, May, Butler's " contrabands of war " ; Aug. 6, first confiscation act; 1862, Mar. 13, return by officers forbidden; July 2, second confiscation act; 1864, June 28, act of 1850 repealed. — District of Columbia : 1862, Apr. 26, com pensated emancipation act. — Territories : June 19, prohibition act. — Negro troops: 1861, Dec., Cameron's message; 1862, Hunter's regiment; July 17, act authorizing enlistments; 1862- 1864, enlistments; service. — Slave trade: 1862, June 7, treaty with England; 1864, July 7, domestic trade forbidden. — Eman cipation proclamations: 1861-1862, pressure on Lincoln; influ ence of the border states; 1861, Aug. 30, Fremont's order; 1862, May 9, Hunter's order; 1862, Aug. 19, Lincoln's letter on saving the Union; Sept. 22, preliminary proclamation; 1863, Jan. i, final proclamation; legal effect; political effect; effect abroad. -Proposed colonization: Lincoln's plans; Chiriqui; Hayti; failure. — State emancipations : Lincoln's schemes of compensa tion; 1862, Apr. 10, joint resolution; 1862-1863, border states refuse; 1862, Mar. 21, West Virginia abolishes; 1863, June 24, Missouri emancipates; 1864, Oct. 13, Maryland abolishes; 1865, Dec., abolition in Kentucky and Delaware by Thirteenth Amend ment. — Thirteenth Amendment : Lincoln's influence ; 1864, Apr. 8, passes Senate; 1864; June 15, fails in the House; in campaign of 1864; 1865, Jan. 31, passes the House; Dec. 18, declared in force. General. — J. K. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, ch. xiv, and Outcome of the Civil War, ch. viii; J. Schouler, History, VI, 214-232, 276- 279,400-407, 528-531; Cambridge' Modern History, VII, 580-602; E. E. Sparks, United States, II, 267-277; G. S. Merriam, Negro and the Nation, chs. xxvi, xxvii; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and Constitu tion, II, chs. xvi, xviii, xx; H. Greeley, American Conflict, II, chs. xi, xii, xxii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, II, ch. Ixiv; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, chs. xx, xxi; American Annual Cyclopedia, 1862, 786-796; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 109-119; Wm. Whiting, War Powers, chs. iii, viii; A. B. Hart, Chase, ch. x; Moor- field Storey, Sumner, chs. xii, xiv; S. W. McCall, Thaddeus Stevens, ch. xii; G. C. Gorham, Stanton, II, 73-79, 86-90; H. G. Pearson, John A. Andrew, II, ch. x. Special. — Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, chs. xxii, xxiv, V, ch. xii, VI, chs. vi, viii, xvii, xix, xx, VIII, chs. xvi, xx, X, §240] ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 487 ch. iv; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, IV, chs. xlviii-1; Garrisons, Garrison, IV, chs. i-vi; I. N. Arnold, Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery; J. Story, Commentaries (4th ed.), §§ 1923-1927; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 269-271, 466-476, 630-636, IV, 60, 65-76, 157-171, 212-219, 228, 332-336, 421-426, 472-475, 532-536, V, 47- 50, 71, 82, 535-537; A. J. Wilcox, Powers of the Federal Government over Slavery; J. Davis, Confederate Government, II, 158-193, 460- 476; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, ch. iv; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xiv-xviii; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 85-105, App. C; Mary Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia, 92-98; B. T. Washington, Frederick Douglass, ch. xii; C. F. Adams, /. Q. Adams and Emancipation through Martial Law (Mass. Hist. Soc., Proceedings, 2d ser., XV, 436); biographies of Lincoln (see §§ 39, 234), Chase, Sumner, Ben Wade, Thaddeus Stevens, W. L. Garrison, Seward (§39). — MAPS: J. K. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, 214. Sources. — DEBATES: Congressional. Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong., 39 Cong., i sess.; daily newspapers, especially New York Tribune, Times, Herald, Boston Advertiser, Chicago Tribune (see §41). — DOCU MENTS: Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., V, No. 42, VI, No. 68; 39 Cong., i sess., II, No. 55; Senate Reports, 37 Cong., 2 sess., No. 12; 38 Cong., i sess., Nos. 8, 17, 24, 25; 38 Cong., 2 sess., I, No. 137; House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., V, No. 69 (emancipation), X, Nos. 133, 143 (black troops) ; 38 Cong., i sess., IX, No. 42 (District of Colum bia); 38 Cong., 2 sess., VIII, No. 38 (troops); House Reports, 37 Cong., 2 sess., Ill, No. 58, IV, Nos. 120, 148; 38 Cong., i sess., I, No. 2; 38 Cong., 2 sess., No. 9; House Misc. Docs., 38 Cong., 2 sess. (state reso lutions). — American Annual Cyclopedia, 1861, 641-645 (slaves); 1862, 720-726 (Lincoln's plans), 752-759 (slaves), 736 (emancipation proclamation); 1863, 268 (negro troops), 304-321 (emancipation in states), 425-431 (freedmen), 831-835 (Lincoln on emancipation); 1864, 219-353 passim (Congress), 387; 1865, 205-217 (Thirteenth Amendment), 370-378 (freedmen); J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, 53, 54, 68, 73, 84-87, 91-98, 117, 127, 133-142, 157- 159, 167, 177, 188, 232, 252; Wm. MacDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 6, n, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 28, 38, 45, 48; Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxii; J. B. Moore, Digest of International Law, II, 941-948; Ed. McPherson, Rebellion, 195-261; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, V-XI, and Sup. I passim. — CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: A. Lincoln, Works, especially (Biog. ed.), VI, 350, 353, 357~36i, VII, 21-23, 112-115, 119-128, 132-134, 146, 167, 170-173, 270-277, 280-286, 289, VIII, 1-9, 15, 28-33, 36-44, 155-164, 181-183, 329, 488 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§240 IX, 292-295, X, 30, 65-68, 352, XI, 1-3; C. Sumner, Works, VI- IX passim; John Sherman, Recollections, I, ch. xiv; Diary and Correspondence of Chase, 45-49, 54, 87-93, 311, 3*9, 347, 352, 361, 365, 377-379, 399, 5°2, 511, 5I25 A. G. Riddle, Reminiscences, 129- 163; G. S. Boutwell, Speeches and Papers; Frederick Douglass, Life and Times, chs. xi, xii; S. A. Goddard, Letters on the American Rebellion; Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln's Time, ch. vi; A. K. McClure, Lincoln and Men of War Times, 88-104; F. B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House; Elizabeth H. Botume, First Days among the Contrabands; A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, ch. xxi. Bibliography. — M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, App. E; indexes to public documents (§ 26); J. R. Bartlett, Literature; of the Rebellion; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§ 50 (lect. 76), 159; footnotes to Rhodes. PART VI. RECENT UNITED STATES HISTORY, 1865-1910 CHAPTER XXIX RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 1865-1872 § 241. Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction, 1863-1868 Summary. — Southern economic and social conditions: devas tation of war; large planters; small planters; poor whites; freed negroes. — Ante-bellum political areas (§ 229); "black belt." - Northern interests in reconstruction: tariff; transportation; banking and currency; finance; idealistic attitude toward f reed- men; relation to Southern loyalists. — Theories of status of seceded states: unimpaired rights (Democrats); state suicide (Summer); conquered provinces (Stevens); forfeited rights (Congress).— 1862, Lincoln's appointment of military governors for Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Louisiana. — 1863, Dec. 8, Lin coln's proclamation; 1864, July 8, proclamation on pocket veto of Wade-Davis bill; 1865, March 3, Freedmen's Bureau act; April 9, Lee's capitulation; April 15, Lincoln's assassination (§ 239); May 29, Johnson's proclamation. — New Southern constitutions; Dec. 1 8, ratification of Thirteenth amendment; black codes. — 1865, Dec., Thaddeus Stevens and the Joint Committee of Fifteen; 1866, Feb. 19, veto of bill to strengthen Freedmen's Bureau; Feb. 22, Johnson's speech; April 9, Civil Rights act; June 16, submission of Fourteenth amendment; July 16, supplementary Freedmen's Bureau act. — Struggle between President and Con gress: the general of the army; 1866, March i, admission of Ne braska; March 2, Tenure of Office act; March 2, 23, acts to pro vide military governments for the seceded states; extra sessions; (489) 490 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§241 impeachment of the President; 1868, May 16, acquittal. — • Powerlessness of the Supreme Court: 1866-1867, leading cases; 1868, March 27, action of Congress in the McCardle case; 1869, April 12, Texas v. White. — 1868, June 22, 25, Restoration of Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, and Georgia (temporarily). — Campaign of 1868: Nov. 3, election of Grant. General. — J. F. Rhodes, History, IV, 484-487, V, 47-57, 132-138, 516-626, VI, 1-157, 168-192; W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, chs. i-vii, and Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, 63-225, 253-303; W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, I, introductions to each chapter; P. J. Hamilton, Reconstruction Period; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 425-465, 480-487; W. Wilson, American People, V, 1-55, and Division and Reunion, ch. xi; Garner and Lodge, United Stales, II, 819-825, 830-863; J. W. Burgess, Reconstruction, chs. i-ix; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, chs. xi, xii; T. C. Smith, in Cambridge Modern History, VII, 622-638; E. E. Sparks, United States, II, 278-300; E. B. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 18-40, 68-85; W. G. Brown, Tenth Decade (Atlantic, XCVI, 359, 760); EncyclopcBdia Britannica (nth ed.), XXVII, 711-717; P. L. Haworth, Reconstruction and Union, chs. i, ii. Special. — H. A. Herbert and others, Why the Solid South? chs. i, viii, x, and in Atlantic Monthly, LXXXVII, i, 145, 354, 473, 817, LXXXVIII, 121, 289, 432; McLaughlin and Hart, Cyclopedia, articles Civil War (Influence), Reconstruction; F. N. Thorpe, Con stitutional History of the United States, III, chs. i-iii; P. S. Peirce, Freedmen's Bureau. — CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS (§ 240) : H. V. Ames, Proposed Amendments (Am. Hist. Assoc., Report, 1896, II), 218-235 and index; H. E. Flack, Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment; J. W. Garner, Fourteenth Amendment (South Atlantic Quart., IV, 209); S. B. Weeks, Negro Suffrage (Polit. Sci. Quart., IX, 671); J. W. Burgess, Present Problems of Constitutional Law (ibid., XIX, 545); J. M. Mathews, Fifteenth Amendment; A. H. Stone, Mississippi's Constitution in Reference to Freedman (Miss. Hist. Soc., Publications, IV, 143); G. T. Stephenson, Race Distinc tions in American Law, ch. xi ; J. C. Rose, Negro Suffrage (Am. Polit. Sci. Review, I, 17); J. A. Hamilton, Negro Suffrage and Con gressional Representation. — TREATISES: H. C. Black, Constitutional Law (2d ed.), §§ 202, 224, 232-234; J. W. Burgess, Political Science §241] RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES 491 and Constitutional Law, I, 201-232, II, 41-48; T. M. Cooley, Con stitutional Law (3d ed.), 219-223, 233-252, 268, 272-280, 290-294; R. Foster, Commentaries, §§ 38, 52-56, 90 (pp. 546-564); W. D. Guthrie, Lectures on the Fourteenth Article of Amendment; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, 131, 508-543, 746-886; W. W. Willoughby, Constitutional Law, §§ 80, 85-90, 227, 238-242, 456-459, 480-487; G. W. McCrary, Law of Elections, §§ 2, 3, 12-16. UNDER LINCOLN: Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, VI, ch. xvi, VIII, chs. xvi-xx, IX, chs. v, xix; J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, ch. viii; C. H. McCarthy, Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction; E. G. Scott, Reconstruction during the Civil War; C. E. Chadsey, Recon struction prior to Close of Civil War; F. W. Moore, Representation from the Seceding States (Am. Hist. Review, II, 279, 461); A. H. Carpenter, Military Government of Southern Territory, 1861-1865 (Am. Hist. Assoc., Report, 1900, I, 467); W. E. Birkhimer, Military Government and Martial Law. — UNDER JOHNSON: W. A. Dunning, More Light on Andrew Johnson (Am. Hist. Review, XI, 574, 951; authorship of messages); D. M. DeWitt, Impeachment of Johnson; C. E. Chadsey, Struggle between President Johnson and Congress; E. G. Ross, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson; F. T. Wilson, Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances (Senate Docs., 57 Cong. 2 sess., XV, No. 209), chs. v-viii. — IN STATES: W. L. Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, and Reorganization of the Industrial System in Alabama (Am. Jour, of Sociology, X, 473); J. M. Harrell, Brooks and Baxter War (Ark.); John Wallace, Carpetbag Rule in Florida; E. C. Wooley, Reconstruction of Georgia; J. R. Ficklen, Reconstruction in Louisiana; Albert Phelps, Louisiana, chs. xiv, xv; F. W. Moore, Louisiana Politics, 1862-1866 (South Atlantic Quart., I, 128); W. S. Myers, Self- Reconstruction of Maryland; J. W. Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi; J. G. de R. Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina; J. P. Hollis, Reconstruction in South Carolina; J. S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina; J. W. Fertig, Secession and Reconstruction in Tennessee; R. L. McDonnold, Recon struction Period in Tennessee (Am. Hist. Mag., I, 307) ; C. W. Rams- dell, Reconstruction in Texas; J. A. C. Chandler, Suffrage in Virginia, ch. vi; H. J. Eckenrode, Virginia during Reconstruction; C. H. Ambler, Disfranchisement in West Virginia ( Yale Review, XIV, 38, 155). NORTHERN BIOGRAPHIES: H. G. Pearson, John A. Andrew, II, 260-287; E. Stanwood, /. G. Elaine, ch. iv; G. S. Merriam, Sam uel Bowles, II, chs. xxxii, xxxiii; [Detroit Post and Tribune], Zach- ariah Chandler, ch. xvi; A. B. Hart, Chase, chs. xiii, xiv; J. W. 492 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§241 Schuckers, Chase, chs. xlviii-li; R. B. Warden, Chase, chs. xliv- xlviii; O. J. Hollister, Schuyler Colfa-x, chs. ix, x; Ed. Gary, G. W. Curtis, chs. xiv, xv; J. H. Wilson, C. A. Dana, chs, xxii, xxiii ; B. R. Curtis, Memoir of B. R. Curtis, ch. xiii; Hamlin Garland, Grant, chs. xxxviii-xlii; Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace, chs. ii-xvii ; J. R. Young, Around the World with Grant, II, 358-365, 454-463; W. A. Linn, Horace Greeley, ch. ix; C. E. Hamlin, Hannibal Ham lin, chs. xxxvi-xxxviii; F. A. Walker, General Hancock, 295-304; W. S. Jones, Andrew Johnson; John Savage, Johnson, chs. xx-xxii, App. 88-130; W. D. Foulke, Morion, I, chs. xxxii-xxxv, II, chs. i, ii, v, vi; F. Bancroft, Seward, II, chs. xxxvi, xli; T. K. Lothrop, Seward, ch. xxi; F. Bancroft and W. A. Dunning, Carl Schurz' s Political Career (C. Schurz, Reminiscences, III), ch. i; T. E. Burton, John Sherman, ch. vii; W. S. Kerr, John Sherman, I, chs. xxii, xxvi-xxviii, xxx; G. C. Gorham, Sianton, II, chs. xc-cxviii; S. W. McCall, Thaddeus Stevens, chs. xiii-xix; J. A. Woodburn, Stevens (Am. Hist. Assoc., Report, 1906, I), 221-231; M. Storey, Sumner, chs. xvi, xviii-xxx; A. G. Riddle, B. F. Wade, chs. ix, x. — SOUTHERN BIOGRAPHIES Herbert Fielder, Joseph E. Brown; W. E. Dodd, Jefferson Davis, ch. xxii; Mrs. Davis, Jefferson Davis, IT, chs. Ivi, Ivii; B. H. Hill, Jr., B. H. Hill, 46-67, 273T35o; Ed. Mayes, L. Q. C. Lamar, ch. xii; Johnston and Browne, A. H. Stephens, chs. xxxix-xli; Louis Pendleton, A. H. Stephens, ch. xvii; P. A, Stovall, Robert Toombs, chs. xxiv-xxviii; J. C. Reed, Brothers' War, ch. xi. Sources. — OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: Congressional Globe and Con gressional Documents, 39, 40 Congs. ; Senate Exec. Docs., 39 Cong, i sess., I, No. 2, II, No. 43 (reports of Grant, Schurz, and Truman), and House Reports, 39 Cong, i sess., II, No. 30 (report of Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, which is also printed, without testimony, in Ed. McPherson, Reconstruction, 84; these four reports are of special significance); House Reports, 40 Cong, i sess., No. 7; House Misc. Docs., 40 Cong. 2 sess., II, Nos. 85, 89, 91, 92, 101, 107, 134, and Senate Misc. Docs., 40 Cong. 2 sess., Nos. 42, 43 (trial of Johnson on im peachment); J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, yi, 189-191, 213-215, 222-226, 251, 252, 305-757; Statutes at Large, XIII, 507, 737, 744, 758, 760, XTV, especially 27, 173, 364, 428, 430, 432, 486, 571, 811, XV, 2, 14, 41, 72, 73, 85, 193, 257, 344, 711 (most of these laws and proclamations are in substance in Wm. MacDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 35, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50-52, 56-59, 61, 62, 64, 66-69, 71, 72, 74-76). — CASES: Ex parte Miliigan (1867): 4 Wallace, 2; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2381. — Cummings v. Missouri (1867): 4 §241] RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES 493 Wallace, 277; Thayer, Cases, 1447; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 381. — Ex parte Garland (1867): 4 Wallace, 333, Emlin McCIain, Cases, 576. — Mississippi v. Johnson (1867): 4 Wallace, 475; Thayer, Cases, 196; McCJain, Cases, 102; Boyd, Cases, 652. — Georgian. Stanton (1867): 6 Wallace, 50; Thayer, Cases, 201; McCIain, Cases, 606 n. — White v. Cannon (1868): 6 Wallace, 443. — Ex parte McCardle (1869): 7 Wallace, 506. — Texas v. White (1869): 7 Wallace, 700; Thayer, Cases, 302; McCIain, Cases, 838; Boyd, Cases, 552. — White v. Hart (1872): 13 Wallace, 646; Thayer, Cases, 259. — Gunn v. Barry (1873): 15 Wallace, 610; McCIain, Cases, 1029 n. — Slaughter House cases (1873, 1884): 16 Wallace, 36 and in U.S., 746; Thayer, Cases, 516, 537; McCIain, Cases, 19.— United States v. Reese (1876): 92 U.S., 214. — United States v. Cruikshank (1876): 92 U.S., 542; McCIain, Cases, 31. — Williams v. Bruffy (1878): 96 U.S., 176. — Strauder v. West Virginia (1880): 100 Z7.S., 303; Boyd, Cases, 5 1 1 . — Ex parte Siebold (1880): iooUS., 371; Thayer, Cases, 326; McCIain, Cases, 56. — United States v. Harris (1883): 106 U.S., 629. — Civil Rights cases (1883): 109 U.S., 3; Thayer, Cases, 554; McCIain, Cases, 37 n. — STATE ACTION : action by the states on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution is in Documentary History of the Constitution, II, 520-897, V, 495-567. The new constitutions of the Southern states are printed in F. N. Thorpe, Charters and Constitutions. For reference to state documents, consult histories of reconstruction in states (ante). — UNOFFICIAL COLLEC TIONS: W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, I; Ed. McPherson, Reconstruction, and Handbook of Politics (1872- 1878, biennial); A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, §§ 141-154; Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxiii; American Annual Cyclopedia (1864-1877; volume for 1864, p. 307, prints the Wade-Davis pro test of Aug. 5, 1864); Tribune Almanac (annual). The files of the Nation, Harper's Weekly, Galaxy, Independent, Christian Examiner, Christian Union, New York Times, Tribune, Sun, and Chicago Trib une illustrate the currents of sentiment in the period. CONTEMPORARY WRITINGS: Mrs. M. L. Avary, Dixie after the War; G. S. Bout well, Reminiscences, II, chs. xxx-xxxii; Carl Schurz, Reminiscences, III, chs. vi, vii, ix, x; J. B. Bradley, Miscellaneous Writings, 151-163; B. F. Butler, Butler's Book, ch. xx; Diary and Correspondence of Chase, 334~337, 382> 417-423, 43°~434, 443~ 456 (see also the index) ; J. G. Elaine, Twenty Years, II, chs. i, iii- xii, xiv ; Mrs. C. Clny, A Belle of the Fifties, chs. xviii-xxix; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, chs. xvi-xxxiv; S. M. Cullom, Fifty Years, 494 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§24l chs. viii, ix; G. W. Curtis, Orations and Addresses, I, 123-214; Fred. Douglass, Life and Times, chs. xii-xiv ; Francis Fessenden, W. P. Fes- senden, II, chs. vii-x ; Rollo Ogden, E. L. Godkin,!, chs. vii, viii; Wm. Salter, /. W. Grimes, 276-367; O. O. Howard, Autobiography, II, pt. iii; Andrew Johnson, Speeches; G. W. Julian, Recol lections, chs. xii-xiv; Jos. Le Conte, Autobiography, chs. ix, x; A. Lincoln, Works (Biog. ed.), index, and VIII, 61, 64, 79-81, 326- 328, IX, 218-223, 289-291, 296, 299-301, X, n, 37-39, 85, 139, 152-154, 185, 266-269, 312-314, 333, XI, 84-92, (Federal ed.), VI, 158, 172, 331-334, VII, 28-32, 50-56, 74-77, 84, 102, 105, 129, 150, 159, 168, 170, 233, 268, 362 ; Hugh McCulloch, M en and Measures, chs. xxv, xxvi; B. F. Perry, Reminiscences, 242-314, and Sketches, 191-216; B. P. Poor e, Perley's Reminiscences, II, chs. xvi-xxi ; J. H. Reagan, Memoirs, Apps. B-E; J. M. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, chs. xix, xxi, xxii; P. H. Sheridan, Memoirs, II, chs. x, xi; J. Sherman, Recollections, I, chs. xvi, xix; Sherman Letters, 245- 325; S. D. Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, chs. xviii-xxi; E. L. Pierce, Sumner, IV, chs. 1-liii; Chas. Sumner, Works, VI- XV (see contents); S. J. Tilden, Writings and Speeches, I, 395-420, and Letters passim; W. M. Stewart, Reminiscences, chs. xx, xxii, xxiv; Rich. Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, ch. xv; W. H. Trescot, Reconstruction in South Carolina (Am. Hist. Review, XV, 574); T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, chs. xxiv, xxv; R. H. Wilmer, Recent Past, 139-165; O. M. Roberts, Experience of an Unrecognized Senator (Texas Hist. Assoc., Quarterly, XII, 87); G. Welles, Diary, II, III (see index under "Reconstruction"); Jon. Worth, Correspondence (see index); E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, ch. xliv; J. A. Garfield, Works, I, i, 73, 95, 243; A. H. Stephens, War between the States, II, colloquies xxiii, xxiv, and Reviewers Reviewed, 226-270; Gustave Koerner, Memoirs, II, chs. xliv-xlvi; Cornelius Cole, Memoirs, chs. xxx, xxxii. -- DESCRIPTIONS: Sidney Andrews, South since the War; Victoria V. Clayton, White and Black; Elizabeth W. Pearson, Letters from Port Royal; E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause Regained; White- law Reid, After the War; Robt. Somers, Southern States since the War; J. T. Trowbridge, The South; J. H. Kennaway, On Sherman's Track. Bibliography. — W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, ch. xxii; W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, references passim; J. F. Rhodes, History, V-Vll, footnotes passim; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§ 51, 52 (lects. 79, 80), 160; bibliographies appended to state his tories of reconstruction cited above; A. P. C. Griffin, References on Impeachment, and References on Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments; §242] CARPETBAG AND NEGRO RULE 495 The South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 625, 626, 645; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 478, 506. § 242. Carpetbag and Negro Rule, 1868-1877 Summary. — Union, or Loyal, Leagues; "carpetbaggers"; " scalawags." — Ku Klux Klan; Knights of the White Camelia. — 1869, Feb. 27, submission of Fifteenth amendment; 1870, March 30, ratified. — 1870, Restoration of Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas; 1871, Georgia. — 1870, May 31, Enforcement act; 1871, Feb. 15, substitute for iron-clad oath; Feb. 28, act for federal supervision of elections; April 20, Ku Klux act; — 1872, May 22, Amnesty act; June 10, supplementary federal election law. — Misrule of negro and carpetbag governments: conservatives; 1872, federal troops occupy the capitals of Louisiana, Alabama, and Arkansas. — White ascendancy: 1870, Democratic control of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Virginia; 1872, removal of political disabilities; improvement of white leadership: 1872- 1876, split in Republican party in Southern states; 1872, Feb. 19, report of the " Ku Klux committee "; 1874, white ascendancy in Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas; Louisiana uprising; " Mississippi plan "; 1874, April 27, Lamar's oration on Sumner; Dec. 7, Grant's message; 1875, Jan. 13, Grant on the federal purge of Louisiana legislature; Feb., Force bill fails in Senate; March i, Civil Rights act; Sept., refusal of troops to Mississippi; election of 1876 (§ 251); 1877, withdrawal of troops by Hayes (§ 251); 1880, May 4, act forbidding use of army at the polls. — Federal decisions (§ 241): 1873, Slaughter House cases; 1876, United States v. Reese; 1876, United States v. Cruikshank; 1883, United States v. Harris; 1883, Civil Rights cases. — Later Southern history (§ 261). General. — J. F. Rhodes, History, VI, 200-204, 244-246, 284- 334, 390-391, VII. 74-174; W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, chs. xi, xiii, xv-xvii, xix, and Essays, 225-252, and Undoing of Reconstruction (Atlantic, LXXXVIII, 437); W. Wilson, American People, V, 55-64, 72-78, 97-102, 104-108,136-140, and Division and Reunion, ch. xii; E. B. Andrews, Our Own Time, chs. v, vi: J. W. Burgess, Reconstruction, chs. x-xiii; T. C. Smith, in Cambridge Modern His tory, VII, 638-654; Garner and Lodge, United States, II, 863- 875, 889-893, 906-918; F. N. Thorpe, Constitutional History, III, chs. iv, v; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 496 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§242 465-478, 487-492; South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 601- 625, 632-645; Encyclopedia Britannica (nth ed.), XXVII, 715- 722 ; P. L. Haworth, Reconstruction and Union, ch. iii. Special. — CARPETBAG AND NEGRO RULE (see § 241 for state reconstruction, biographies, etc.): H. A. Herbert, Why the Solid South? chs. ii-vi, viii, xii-xiv; W. E. B. Du Bois, Reconstruction (Am. Hist. Review, XV, 781); F. Bancroft, Negro in Politics; G. S. Mer- riam, Negro and the Nation, chs. xxviii-xxxvi; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xxi ; xxiii; A. H. Stone, Race Problems, chs. vi, viii; G. W. Cable, Silent South, and Negro Question; W. K. Boyd, W. W. H olden, ch. iii-v, App.; J. W. Moore, North Carolina, II, chs. ix-xii ; W. L. Royall, Virginia Debt Controversy. The period icals cited in § 241, reached through Poolers Index, contain a mass of material; for material in historical society publications, etc., see American Historical Association, Report, 1905, IT: especially useful are Alabama Historical Society, Transactions, and Mississippi His torical Society, Publications. — Ku KLUX KLAN AND ELECTION FRAUDS: J. C. Lester and D. L. Wilson, Ku Klux Klan (Fleming ed.), and in Century, VI, 398; W. G. Brown, Lower South, ch. iv, and Ku Klux Movement (Atlantic, LXXXVII, 634); J. E. Cutler, Lynch Law, ch. v; W. A. Sinclair, Aftermath of Slavery, chs. ii-vi. — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES: B. T. Washington, Up from Slavery, and Future of the American Negro, ch. i, and Story of the Negro, ch. xiii, and (with others) Negro Problem, ch. i; Mrs. E. A. Talbot, E. C. Armstrong, chs. v-viii; John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen; P S. Peirce, Freedmen's Bureau, ch. v; J. W. Alvord, Letters from the South; A. T. Porter, Led on Step by Step, chs. xxi- xlii; Maria Waterbury, Seven Years among the Freedmen; E. G. Murphy, Present South, chs. ii, iii; J. C. Reed, Brothers' War, ch. xvi; Atlanta University, Publications, V, VI; W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Church; National Teachers' Associations, Proceedings, 1865, 1870; H. K. Carroll, Religious Forces, 27, 255, 263, 294; J. M. Buckley, Methodism, 517-526; G. G. Smith, G. F. Pierce, chs. xvi, xvii: R. R. Wright, Negro Education in Georgia; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xxiv-xxvii; J. L. M. Curry, The Negro since 1860, and Education of Negro (Commissioner of Education, Report, 1895, II, 1374); A. D. Mayo, Schools in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia (ibid., 1904, I, 999); John F. Slater Fund, Proceedings, 1884. — SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: P. A. Bruce, Plantation Negro; G. T. Stephenson, Race Distinctions; Washington and Du Bois, Negro in the South; J. A. Tillinghast, Negro in Africa and America, 171-228. §242] CARPETBAG AND NEGRO RULE 497 Sources. — (See § 241 for sources not here repeated.) — OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS: CONGRESSIONAL GLOBE, 40 Cong. 3 sess. to 42 Cong. 3 sess.; Congressional Record, 43, 44 Congs.; Congressional Docu ments of the period, especially the Ku Klux report and testimony in 42 Cong. 2 sess., Senate Reports, II, No. 41 (13 pts.); also 40 Cong. 3 sess., Senate Exec. Docs., No. 15; 41 Cong, i sess., House Misc. Docs., No. 12; 2 sess., Senate Reports, No. 58; House Reports, I, No. 16; House Misc. Docs., V, No. 154; 42 Cong, i sess., Senate Reports, No. i (outrages in Southern states); House Misc. Docs., Nos. 3, 21, 35; 2 sess., House Exec. Docs., X, No. 209; House Re ports, I, Nos. 15, 22, IV, No. 92; House Misc. Docs., IV, No. 211 ; 3 sess., Senate Reports, I, No. 357, II, No. 457; 43 Cong, i sess., Senate Exec. Docs., II, No. 51; House Exec. Docs., XVI, No. 229; House Reports, IV, No. 732; 2 sess., Senate Exec. Docs., Nos. 13, 17; House Reports, I, No. 2, II, Nos. 101, 127, V, No. 261, VI, No. 262, IV, No. 265; 44 Cong, i sess., Senate Reports, III, No. 527; 2 sess., Senate Exec. Docs., I, No. 2; Senate Reports, II,,No. 611; Senate Misc. Docs., II, No. 14, VI, No. 48: House Exec. Docs., IX, No. 30; House Reports, I, No. 156; House Misc. Docs., Ill, No. 31, VII, No. 35 ; 45 Cong. 2 sess., House Misc. Docs., V, No. 52 (digest of election cases, 1871-1876); Statutes at Large, XVI, 3, 6, 7, 40, 59, 62, 140-146, 363, 433-440, XVII, 13, 142, 348, XVIII, 335, XXI, 113; Revised Statutes (1878 ed.), 32 (the above are in sub stance with references in Wm. McDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 79- 85, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 99, 104); J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VII. — CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS (§ 241). — DESCRIP TIONS AND REMINISCENCES: Francis B. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation; W. A. Allen, Governor Chamberlain's Administra tion (S. C.); W. L. Clowes, Black America; R. H. Gillet, Democracy in the United Stales, 297-376; H. R. Helper, The Negroes; Ed. King, Great South, or Southern Slates; J. A. Leland, Voice from South Caro lina; R. G. McClellan, Republicanism in America; Chas. Nordhoff, Cotton Stales in 1875; J. S. Pike, The Prostrate State (S. C.); J. S. Reed, Old South and the New; A. W. Tourgee, Fool's Errand, and Bricks without Straw, and Appeal to Ccesar (fiction by a carpet bagger); A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, §§ 155-157; J- G. Elaine, Twenty Years, II, chs. xvi-xix, xxi, xxiii, xxv, xxvi; G. F. Hoar, Autobiography, I, chs. xv-xviii. — EDUCATION, CHURCHES, AND NEGRO RELIEF: W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruc tion, II, chs. ix, x; reports of Freedmen's Aid Societies; reports of state superintendents of education. Bibliography. — (See also § 241.) — W. E. Du Bois, Select Bibli- 498 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§243 ography of the American Negro, and Select Bibliography of the Negro American; P. S. Peirce, Freedmen's Bureau, 175-191; Southern Society for the Study of Race Conditions, Race Problems, 224-240; A. P. C. Griffin, Select List of References on the Negro Question; J. A. Tillinghast, Negro in Africa and America, 229-231 ; Wellford Addis, Bib liography of Negro Education (Commissioner of Education, Report, 1893-1894, I, 1038). § 243. Financial Reconstruction, 1865-1872 Summary. — 1865, Civil War debt (§ 237); forms of taxation; banking systems. — 1865, Revenue Commission. — 1865, March 3, Act levying tax on state bank circulation; 1865, Dec., Secretary McCulloch's report; Dec. 18, House resolution to retire green backs; inflated prices; theories of resumption of specie payment. — 1866-1870, Reductions of internal revenue taxes. — 1866, April 12, Funding and contraction act; 1868, Feb. 4, repeal of contraction; " Ohio idea," payment of bonds in currency. — 1868, Presidential campaign: financial issues; Republican victory. — 1869, March 18, Public-credit act; 1870, July 14, 1871, Jan. 20, refunding acts. — Question of constitutionality of greenbacks: 1870, Feb. 7, Chief Justice Chase's adverse decision (Hepburn v. Griswold); enlarge ment of court; 1871, May i, Knox v. Lee (constitutional); 1884, March 3, Juilliard v. Greenman. — Gold purchases; 1869, Sept. 24, Black Friday. — Tariff: 1866-1870, Wells's revenue commis sion reports; 1865-1867, tariff debates; 1867, March 2, wool and woolens tariff act; western opposition; 1870, July 14, general tariff act; 1872, June 6, tariff act, slight reductions; later tariffs (§ 249). — 1870, July 14, Reduction of income tax. — 1872, Presi dential campaign (§ 249): division of Liberal Republicans and Democrats on the tariff; Republican financial platform; labor reform convention. — Later problems (§ 252). General. — J. F. Rhodes, History, VI, 158-167, 215-233, 236- 280; W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, 27, 129, I3i-i33> ^36-141, 177, T93> I9S> T965 !99) 220-225; E. B. Andrews, Our Own Time, 16, 30- 32, 40-45, 64-67; Garner and Lodge, United States, II, 819-825, 857-860, 897-899; E. L. Bogart, Economic History, 338-343; K. Coman, Industrial History (rev. ed.), 285-288; McLaughlin and Hart, Cyclopedia, article Legal Tender Controversy. §243] FINANCIAL RECONSTRUCTION 499 Special. — D. R. Dewey, Financial History, §§ 142-157, 163-168; A. D. Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance, 1-18; T. E. Burton, John Sherman, chs. viii-x; Francis Fessenden, W. P. Fessenden, II, 103-108, 289-325; W. D. Foulke, Morton, IT, 13, 65-102; Wm. Salter, /. W., Grimes, 304-318, 325-327, 333~335, 363, 364; A. B. Hart, Chase, chs. xi, xv. — FUNDING: R. A. Bayley, National Loans, 91-94, 152-171; W. F. DeKnight, Currency and Loans, 26, 27, 98-109, 120-208 passim; J. S. Gibbons, National Loans; W. A. Richardson, Practical Information concerning the Public Debt. — MONEY: J. J, Knox, United States Notes, ch. xi; Horace White, Money and Banking (3d ed.), 121-139, 150-153; J. L. Laughlin, Bimetallism, ch. vi; Report of the Monetary Commission of the Indian apolis Convention, 202-204, 4I4~422J W. C. Mitchell, Gold Prices and Wages under the Greenback Standard; J. K. Upton, Money in Politics, ch. xiv, xv; C. J. Bullock, Monetary History, pt. i, ch. vii; M. S. Wlldman, Money Inflation, ch. v. — CONSTITUTIONALITY OF GREENBACKS: J. B. Thayer, Legal Tender (Harvard Law Review, I, 73) ; E. J. James, Legal Tender Decisions; D. H. Chamberlain and T. H. Talbot, Legal Tender Decision of 1884 (Am. Law Review, XVIII, 410, 618); W. C. Ford, Legal Tender Decision (Princeton Review, Sept., 1884, 123); J. B. Harrison, The Nationals (Atlantic, XLII, 521); H. H. Neill, Legal Tender Question (Polit. Sci. Quart., I, 250) ; B. T. De Witt, Legal Tender Laws (ibid., XV, 96). — BANKING AND INDEPENDENT TREASURY: J. J. Knox, Banking in the United States, 101-113, 137-141, 270-273, 295-297. — TAXATION AND TARIFF: F. C. Howe, Internal Revenue System, chs. iii-vii; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History, 171-229; E. Stan wood, American Tariff Controversies, II, chs. xiv, xv; Ida M. Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, chs. ii, iii; C. W. Wright, Wool-Growing and the Tariff, ch. vii; J. D. Goss, Tariff Administration, ch. iv. Sources. — Congressional Globe and Congressional Documents, 40-42 Congs.; J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, VII; Report on the Finances (annual, 1865-1872); A. P. Andrew, Financial Diagrams, and Statistics for the United States, 1867-1909; National Monetary Commission, Laws concerning Money, 191-209, 365-376, 525-530, 648-657; C. F. Dunbar, Laws relating to Finance, 199- 210; American Annual Cyclopedia (1865-1872). — CASES: Lane County v. Oregon (1869): 7 Wallace, 71; Emlin McClain, Cases, 40. — Pacific Insurance Co. v. Soule (1869): 7 Wallace, 433.— Veazie Bank v. Fenno (1870): 8 Wallace, 533; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1334; McClain, Cases, 222; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 56. — Hepburn v. Griswold (1870): 8 Wallace, 603; Thayer, Cases, 2222; Boyd, Cases, 500 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§244 118. — Legal Tender cases (1871): 12 Wallace, ^^ ; Thayer, Cases, 2237; McClain, Cases, 442; Boyd, Cases, 136. — Scholey v. Rew (1875): 23 Wallace, 331. — Springer v. United States (1881): 102 U.S., 586; Thayer, Cases, 1321; Boyd, Cases, 85. — Juilliard v. Greenman (1884): no U.S., 421; Thayer, Cases, 2255; McCJain, Cases, 442; Boyd, Cases, 157. — TARIFF: R. G. Proctor, Tariff Ads, 1789-1897 (House Docs., 55 Cong. 2 sess., LXXII, No. 562); J. S. Morrill, Tariff on Imports (Senate Reports, 48 Cong, i sess., I, No. 12); Ed. Young, Customs-Tariff Legislation, pp. cxxxviii- cxcviii; D. A. Wells, Reports of the Revenue Commission (1867-1870), and Recent Financial Experiences of the United States (Cobden Club Essays, 2d ser., 457). See also periodicals as listed in " Bibliography " below. — REMINISCENCES: H. McCulloch, Men and Measures, 170- 180, 193-221, 234-257; G. S. Boutwell, Reminiscences, II, chs. xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi; J. Sherman, Recollections, I, chs. xvii, xx, xxi. Bibliography. — D. R. Dewey, Financial History, pp. ix-xxvii, §§ 141, 153, 162. § 244. Foreign Relations, 1865-1885 Summary. — Earlier foreign relations (§ 238). — The French in Mexico (§ 238): 1866, intervention of United States; 1867, with drawal of French troops. — 1867, March 30, Purchase of Alaska. — Isthmian negotiations (§ 257). — England: Alabama claims (§ 238); 1866, Fenian movement; 1869, April 13, Senate's rejec tion of the Johnson treaty, Sumner's speech; 1871, May 8, Treaty of Washington; 1872, Sept. 14, Geneva award; Oct. 21, San Juan arbitration decision; 1877, Halifax Commission. — Right of ex patriation; 1868, Feb. 22, German (typical) naturalization con vention. — West Indies: 1867, Danish West Indies question; 1869-1870, Santo Domingo question. — 1868-1878, Cuban insur rection: 1873, Virginius incident. — Orient and Chinese exclusion question (§ 268). — Elaine's South American policy: 1881, Chili- Peru wars. — 1875, Jan. 30, Hawaiian reciprocity treaty (§ 253). — Later foreign relations (§ 263). General. — W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, ch. x; E. E. Sparks, National Development, 147-150, 202-250; J. F. Rhodes, History, VI, chs. xxxv, xxxviii, VII, 29-36; W. Wilson, American People, V, 40-44, 67-72; E. B. Andrews, Our Own Time, 46-56, 87-95, 409-411; T. C. Smith, Expansion after the War, 1865-1871 (Polit. Sci. Quart., §244] FOREIGN RELATIONS 501 XVI, 412); Garner and Lodge, United Stales, II, 875-888; J. W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, ch. xi; J. B. Henderson, American Diplomatic Questions, 389-406; W. F. Johnson, Century of Expansion, ch. vii; W. E. Curtis, United States and Foreign Powers, chs. ix, xv. Special. — MEXICO: F. Bancroft, Seward, II, ch. xl; C. A. Duni- way, Reasons for the Withdrawal from Mexico (Am. Hist. Assoc., Report, 1902, I, 312); J. H. Latane, United States and Spanish America, ch. vi; H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, VI, chs. i-xii; Paul Gaulot, La Verite sur I* Expedition du Mexique; T. B. Edgington, Monroe Doctrine, ch. xv. — ALASKA (§ 198): F. Bancroft, Seward, II, ch. xlii; H. H. Bancroft, Alaska, ch. xxviii. — CUBA AND WEST INDIES: F. E. Chad wick, United States and Spain, I, chs. xiv-xix; J. M. Cal- lahan, Cuba and International Relations, 350-452; E. L. Pierce, Sumner, IV, 328, 329, 425-487; J. Parton, Danish Islands. — GREAT BRITAIN: J. B. Moore, Arbitrations, I, 495-702, 712-723, V, 4639- 4685; C. F. Adams, Lee at Appomattox, No. 2, and C. F. Adams, chs. xvii-xix; E. L. Pierce, Sumner, IV, 160-168, 383-401, 488- 491; D. H. Chamberlain, Charles Sumner and the Treaty of Washington ; Andrew Lang, Sir Stafford Northcote, I, ch. xii; Edmond Fitzmaurice, Earl Granville, II, ch. iii; John Morley, Gladstone, II, ch. ix; Caleb Gushing, Treaty of Washington; J. C. B. Davis, Mr. Fish and the Alabama Claims; T. W. Balch, Alabama Arbitration. Sources. — Congressional Globe and Congressional Record, 39- 49 Congs.; J. B. Moore, Digest of International Law, §§ 40, 67 (pp. 193-197), 104 (PP- 464-467), 390-4oo, 475, 907, 957-959; Diplo matic Correspondence and Foreign Relations (1865-1885); W. M. Malloy, Treaties, Conventions, and Agreements; Gideon Welles, Diary, II, III (see index by name of countries); A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, §§ 174-177. — MEXICO: Senate Exec. Docs., 40 Cong, i sess., No. 20; House Exec. Docs., 40 Cong. 2 sess., VII, No. 25. — SANTO DOMINGO: A. D. White, Autobiography, I, chs. ix, xi, xxviii; S. G. Howe, Letters and Journals, II, ch. xviii. Bibliography. — General Index to Foreign Relations, 1861-1899; A. B. Hart, Foundations, 241-293, and Manual, §§ 54 (tect- 86), 83, 84; W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, 355, 356; J. B. Moore, Arbitrations, I, 682; H. H. Bancroft, Alaska, pp. xxiii-xxxviii; A. P. C. Griffin, List of Books relating to Cuba, and List of Books on Danish West Indies, and List of References on International Arbi tration, 101; J. N. Lamed, Literature of American History, 260-* 273; E. E. Sparks, National Development, 356. 502 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§245 § 245. Development of the Mining Frontier, 1859-1876 Summary. — Early conditions in California (§ 216); 1855, hy draulic mining in California; 1859, mining rushes to Pike's Peak, Colorado; Corns tock Lode (Virginia City, Nevada); Arizona mines; 1860-1861, Idaho (Lewiston); 1862-1864, western Mon tana (Virginia City, Helena); 1867, Wyoming mines; 1875, Black Hills. — Emigration from Pacific coast (eastward frontier exten sion) and across the plains. — Mining territories (§ 203): 1859, " State of Jefferson " (Colorado); 1861, Feb. 28, Colorado Terri tory; March 2, Nevada Territory; March 2, Dakota Territory; 1863, Feb. 24, Arizona Territory; March 3, Idaho Territory; 1864, Oct. 31, admission of Nevada (§ 239); 1864, May 26, Mon tana Territory; 1868, July 25, Wyoming Territory; 1876, Aug. i, adrnission of Colorado (38th). — Mining camp traits. — Influences of new gold in Civil War. — Rise of the silver question (§252). General. — F. L. Paxson, Last American Frohlier, chs. ix, x; E. D. Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions, ch. ii ; C. M. Harvey, Trail of the Argonauts (Atlantic, CVIII, 115); T. C. Smith, Expan sion after the Civil War (Polit. Sci. Quart., XVI, 412); N. S. Shaler, United States, I, chs. vi, viii; Jos. Schafer, Pacific Northwest, 260- 270: C. H. Shinn, Story of the Mine; E. S. Meade, Story of Gold. Special. — T. H. Hittell, California, II, bk. vii, ch. vii, III, bk. viii; Eliot Lord, Comstock Mining and Miners (U. S. Geol. Survey, Monographs, IV); Williams and Wheeler, Mining in Montana; T. J. Dimsdale, Vigilantes of Montana; N. P. Langford, Vigilante Days and Ways; K. B. Judson, Montana; C. P. Connolly, Story of Montana (McClure's M ag., XXVII, 346); H. A. V. Ferguson, Fort Benton Memories; H. M. Chittenden, Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri, II; A. M. Hough, Establishment of our Mission in Montana; L. E. Munson, Pioneer Life (Jour, of Am. Hist., I, 97, Montana), and Montana as it Was and as it Is (New Englander, LI, 96); J. Mullan, Miners' and Travelers' Guide; John Hailey, Idaho; H. H. Bancroft, California, VII. ch. xxi, and Washington, Idaho, and Montana, and Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, and Arizona and New Mexico; F. L. Paxson. Boundaries of Colorado (Univ. of Col., Studies, II, 87), and Territory of Jefferson (ibid., Ill, 15), and Territory of Colorado (Am. Hist. Review, XII, 53): J. C. Smiley, Denver; David Boyd, Greeley and Union Colony of Colorado ; Doane §245] MINING FRONTIER 503 Robinson, South Dakota, chs. xxiv, xxv; Annie D. Tallent, Black Hills. Sources. — Congressional Globe and Congressional Record and Con gressional Documents, 37-44 Congs.; H. Gannett, Boundaries (3d ed.); Organic Acts for the Territories; population statistics in Census Reports, 1860-1870, also Ninth Census, Statistical Abstract, and Twelfth Census, Statistical Atlas, plates 10, n; publications of state historical societies (§ 45), reached by Am. Hist. Assoc., Report, 1905, II; state documents (§ 43), reached by R. R. Bowker, State Publications, and by A. R. Hasse, Index (§ 24); American Annual Cyclopedia (1861-1876); Census Bureau, Special Report on Mines and Quarries (1902); U. S. Mint, Reports (1859-1876), and Report on the Production of Precious Metals (1880); Home Missionary (1860-1876) ; R. W. Raymond, Mining Industry of the Rocky Moun tains, and Statistics of Mines and Mining; J. R. Browne, Mineral Resources west of the Rocky Mountains (1868), and Resources of the Pacific Slope (1869); W. A. Jones, Report upon the Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming; J. C. Ives, Report upon the Colorado River. — FAR WESTERN DESCRIPTIONS: Clarence King, Moun taineering in the Sierra Nevada, especially ch. xiv; Alex Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier; W. M. Stewart, Reminiscences, chs. xiv-xvii; W. A. Bell, New Tracts in North America; J. H. Beadle, Undeveloped West, and Western Wilds; H. Greeley, Overland Jour ney; Samuel Bowles, Across the Continent, and Our New West; A. D. Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, and Our New States and Territories; H. H. Hall, Great West; W. A. Goulder, Reminiscences (Oregon and Idaho); F. C. Young, Across the Plains in '65; R. F. 