None
Plate II. represents the six varieties of cloud described on pages 101 and 102, each variety being indicated by a symbol shown at the bottom of the page. Plate III. exhibits two outline maps of the United States, de- signed; to illustrate the phenomena of a storm described on pages 142 and 143. . , WORKS ON METEOROLOGY. ' The student who desires a more thorougH. knowledge of me- teorology than can: be obtained from: this treatise, is referred to the following works and .memoirs : Annales de I'Observatoire Physique Central de Eussie. One large quarto volume of observations annually. Annuairc Magnetique et Meteorologique du Corps des Inge- nieurs des Mines deEussie. Ahnuaire de la Societe' Meteorologique de France. One large octavo volume annually since 1849. Apjohh.. Theory of the Moist-bulb Hygrometer, Edinb. Philos. Transact, xvii." ■. Arago. CEuvres Completes, 12 volumes, 8vo. Etat.thermomc, trique du Globe terrestre.— Influence de.la Lune.— La pluie. — Le tonnere. — Puits Artesiens, etc. Bdddeley. Oh Diist "Whirlwinds and Cyclones in India. • Biot. On Mirage and unusual Eefraction, Mem. de 1' Academic. 1809. Birt. Eeports to the British Assoc, on Atmospheric Waves; 1844-8. ■ ■■'■-■■ ■■■■■: Blodget. Climatology of the United States. Philadelphia, 1857 Boue. KatalogderNordlichter bis 1856. Wien Acad., 74 pages. Bravais and Martin. Comparaisons Barom. faites dans le Nord de I'Europe, Mem. Acad. Brux., xiv. Brewster. On the Mean Temperature of the Globe, Edinb. Phil. Transact., ix. Eesults of Thermometrical Observations at Leith Fort, do., X. Buchan. Handy Book of Meteorology. London, 1867. Buchner. Meteoriten. Leipsig, 1863. Bulletin de I'Observatoire de Paris. One sheet daily, contain- ing Meteorological Eeports from every part of Europe. Buist. Catalogue of Indian Hailstones and Meteors. WOEKS ON METEOROLOGY. 297 Buys Ballot. Sur la marche annuelle du thermometre et du ba- rometre en divers lieux de I'Europe, 1849-59, Amsterd. Acad., 1861, 116 pages. Cordier. Oa Temperature of Interior of the Earth, Mem. Acad Sci., 1827. Correspondence, Met. de I'Obs. Central Physique de Eussie. A thin quarto volume annually. Goto. Meteorologie, Paris, 1774. Daguin. Traits de Physique, avec les applications a la Meteo- rologie, 4 vols., Paris, 1861. Dalton. On Eain and Dew, Manchester Mem., v. On the Constitution of Mixed Gases, do. Met. Obs. and Essays, London. On Constitution of the Atmosphere, Phil.' Trans., 1826. On Height of Aurora Borealis, Phil. Trans., 1828. Baniell. Meteorological Essays, 2 vols.' 8vo, London. On the Constitution of the Atmosphere. De Luc. On Hygrometry, Ph. Trans., 1791. On Evaporation, do., 1792. Dove. Tables of Mean Temperature, Eep. of Br. Assoc, 1847. Yerbreitung der Warme auf der Obe'rflache der Brde, 4to. Kli- matologische JBeitrage, 1861. Das Gesetz der Stiirme, 2d edit. Ermann. Ueber Boden nnd Quellen Tetnperatur. Ueber einige Barom. Beob., Poggendorff, Ixxxviii. Espy. Philosophy of Storms, Boston, 1841. Eeports on Me- teorology of U. S. ■ Fiizroy. "Weatherbook, a Manual of Practical Meteorology. London, 1863. Forbes. Eeport to Brit. Assoc, on Meteorology, 1832. Supple- mentary Eeport, 1840. On the Climate of Edinburg for 56 years. Trans. E. S. Edinb., xxii., part 2. Friisch. Periodische Erscheinungen in Wolkenhimmel, E. Bo- hem. Acad., V. Folge, Bd. iv. Gallon. Meteorographica, or Maps of the Weather, 4to. Lon- don, 1863. ' Gehler. Wdrterbuch, Arts. Meteorologie, Eegen, etc. Glaisher. On Nocturnal Eadiation, Phil. Trans.,1847. On Cor- rection of Monthly Means of Met. Obs., Phil. Trans., 1848. Greg. On Aerolites, L., E., and Dub. Phil. Mag., 1854, p. 329. Catalogue of Meteorites, Eep. Br. Assoc, 1860, p. 48. Guyot. Meteorological Tables, 8vo, 1859. 298 ■WOEKS OS METEOEOLOGY. Harvey. Art. Meteorology,' Encyc. Metropolitana. Heis. Ueber Sternschnuppen. Kdln>, 1849. Herschel, J. F. W. Admiralty Manual of Scientific Inquiry.. Lon- don, 1851. Meteorology, 1862. Hoplcins. On Winds and Storms. London, 1860. Hough. New York Meteorological Observations, 1826^50. Al- bany, 1855. Howard. Climate of London, 3 vols., 8vo. On a Met. Cycle. of 18 years, Phil. Trans., 1841. Barometrographia. Hudson. Hourly Obs. of tbe Barometer, Phil.Trans.,.1832. Humboldt: On Isotherms,. Mem. d'Arceueil, iii. On. Inferior Limit of Perpetual Snow, Ann. de Chim., xiv. Kosmos. Jelineh. Tagliche Gang der Meteorolog. Elemente. Wien. Johnson. Met. Obs. at Eadcliffe Observatory, Oxford. Johnston, Keith. Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena. Kamlz. Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. Leipsig, 3 vols. On Iso- barometric Lines. Meteorology translated .C. V. Walker. Kirhwood. Meteoric Astronomy. Philadelphia, 1867. ' Koller. Gang der Warme in Oesterreich (Kremsmunster; 1841). Kupffer. On Springs and Earth Temp., Poggendorfl^; xx. Larrwnt. Beobachtungen auf d, Hohenpeissenberg, 1792-1850. Munchen,-1851. Annalen fur Meteorologie. Lawson. Army Meteor. Register for 12 years, 1843-54. Wash> mgton, 1855. Loomis. On two Storms which occurred in February, 1842, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, vol. ix. On the Storm of December, 1836, Smith. Contrib., 1860. On the Aurora Borealis, Smith. Report, 1865, p. 208. Mean Temperature of New Haven, Conn., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i. Mahlmann. Temperature auf der Oberflache der Erde (Dove's Eepertorium, Bd. iv.). Mairan. Traits de I'Aurore Boreale, 2d ed., Paris. Maury. Storm and Rain Charts of.the North and South. At- lantic. Meech. Relative Intensity of the Heat and Light . of the Sun upon different Latitudes, Smith. Contr., 1855. Meteorological Society (of London). Transactions and Council Reports. Muhry. Klimatologische Untersuchungen, 1858. Mutter. Lehrbuch der Kosmischen Physik. WORKS ON METEOEOLOGT. 299 Newton. On Shooting Stars, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sciences, vol. i. Original Accounts of November Star Showers, Am. Jour. Science, N. S., vol. xxxvii., p. 377. Contributions to Astro-Meteorology, Journ. Sc, vol. xliii., p. 285, etc. Olmsted. Secular Period of the Aurora Borealis, Smith. Contr., 1855. PartecA. Die Meteoriten. Wien, 1843. Peltier. Sur les Trombes. Paris. Phipson. Meteors, Aerolites, and Falling Stars. London, 1867. Piddington. Nineteen Memoirs on Cyclones in the Indian r.nd China Seas. — Sailor's Horn-Book. Plantamour. Des Anomalies de la Temperature a Geneve, 1867. Eesum^ des Obs. Therm, et Bar. a Geneve. Pouillet. Mem. sur la Chaleur Solaire, Comptes Eendus, 1838, Quetelet. Sur le Climat de la Belgique. Catalogue des Appari- tions des Etoiles Pilantes, Acad. Brux., 1839. Variations Pe- riodiques de la Tem., Acad. Brux., xxviii. Meteorologie de Belg Reid. Law of Storms. On Storms and Variable Winds. Redfield. On the Courses of Whirlwinds. Am. Journ. Sc, XXXV., etc. Bohinson. Improved Anemometer, Eoyal Irish Academy, xxii. Sabine. Eeport on Meteorology of Toronto, Br. Assoc, 1844. Lunar Tide at St. Helena, Phil. Trans., 184Y. Meteorology of Bombay, Phil. Trans., 1853. Variations of Temperature at To- ronto, Phil. Trans., 1853. Saussure. Essais de I'Hygrometrie. 1783. Schlagintioeit. Eesults of a Scientific Mission to India, 1854-8, 4 vols. 4to, Leipsig. Schouw. Beitrage zu Vergleichenden Klimatologie, Bibl, U., xxxiv. SchuUer. Atmospheric Electricity. Jahrbuch der Chem. und Phys., 1829. Secchi. Eesults of Met. Obs. at Eome, Bibl. U., 1857. Sykes. On Atmospheric Tides, Phil. Trans., 1835 Observations in India, Phil. Trans., 1850. Thomson. Introduction to Meteorology. London 1849. Welsh. Account of four Balloon Ascents, Phil. Trans., 1856. Wells. On Dew. London 1818. Whewell. On a new Anemometer, Trans. Cam. Phil. Soc, vi. Wollaston. On the finite Extent of the Atmosphere, Phil. Trans 300 WOEKS ON METEOEOLOGY. .; Coffin. Winds of the Northern Hemisphere; Smithsonian Con- tributiohs, vol. vi. • ... Fen-el Motions of Fluids and Solids relative to the Earth's Surface, Math. Monthly, vols. i. and ii. HerricK Eegister of the Aurora Borealis, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, vol. i. Queteht. Meteorologie. Smithsonian. Meteorological Eesults, 1854-9. INDEX. Page Aerolite at Braanau, Bohemia 242 " at Guernsey, Ohio 242 " at Orgaeil, France 243 " at Weston, Conn 241 Aerolites, composition of. 244 " conclusions 249 " described 241 " formed in our atmosphere 247 " from lunar volcanoes 247 " " terrestrial volcanoes. 247 " in the United States 284 " number of. 243 " peculiarities of 244 " periodicity of. 246 Air exerting one tenth inch pressure. 259 Anemometer, Osier's ;... " . Robinson's 67 " Whewell's., 66 " Woltmann's 66 Anemoscope described.:....' ?... 65 ." self-registering 66 Anomalous months, conclusions from 158 Arcs intersecting opposite the sun.... 224 " touching halo of 46° 223 Atlantic Ocean, two sides of '37 Atmosphere, actual height of 11 " composition of. 9 " heated, how 27 " height deduced from twi- light 210 " limit of, estimated 11 " regulates temperature.. 43 " upper half of. 76 " ". regions of. 10 Atmospheric circulation, system of... 78 August meteors described 235 " meteors, elements of 2.86 " stream, dimensions of. 236 Aurora caused by nebiJous matter... 191 " colors of, described 177 " " explained 193 " conflicting estimates 185 " height of 184 " noise of. 186 " polaris 173 " varieties of 173 Auroral arch«p, anomalous forms of., 180 Auroral arches, anomalous position of 198 Auroral ai'ches, breadth of. 179 " " described : 174 " " form of 179 " " movements of. ; 180 ". " position described 179 ** *' *' explained... 196 " " structure of...: 181 " beams, cause of. 196 " " described 175 " " explained 194 " " motion of. 182 " clouds ....' 183 " corona described 175 " " . explained.. 193 " " position of. 182 " exhibitions, -ten'estrial 191 " flashes, cause of. 197 ' ' light, is. electric light 192 " vapor ......; 183 *' waves or flashes 176 Auroras, annual inequaUty of .' 198 " .. " , periodicity of. 189 dark segment of. 178 distribution described 186 " . explained 199 diurnal inequality of. 198 " periodicity of. 188 duration of. 177 geographical extent of. 177 in both hemispheres de- scribed 188 in both hemispheres • ex- plained 200 in Southern hemisphere 188 recurring fits of. 177 secular inequality of. 198 " periodicity of. 189 solar spots, etc., on '282 within the tropics 200 Ball lightning 167 Banks, temperature of 51 Barometer, accidental variations of... " 21 ' affected by, the moon 20 ' air excluded, how 12 302 INDEX. Barometer, Aneroid " capillarity, correction of.. " column measured, how. ... " construction of. " corresponding to boiling water " dependent upon height. ... " diurnal variation ex- plained " extreme fluctuations of... " fall in hurricanes " falls undbr a cloud " Hardy's self-registering.. " height at all hours " "in different months " ■ ■ heights measured by. " " " —tables " high near lat. 32° " Hough's printing " , hourly vaiiations of " influenced by the wind " influence of latitude on.... " low near lat. 64° " " " the equator " mean height of. " monthly means " observations, how repre- sented " reduced to freezing point. " self-registering " temperature, correction of " two daily maxima. Barometric depression, amount of.... Biela's comet, division of. Breezes, land and sea Cirro-cumulus clouds Cirrus clouds Climates, marine, or continental Climatology. Cloud formed by condensed vapor.... Cloudiness, average amount of.. Clouds classified " defined " formation of. " height of. " how electrified " " sustained " indicate currents in the air " mode of observing. " negatively electrified " peculiar arrangement of. " shadows after sunset " shadows of. " vertical thickness of. Cold which causes bail Comet of 1866 Contact arches described. " " variable Corona, cause of. "' colors of, Page Tmgt 15Coron£e described 214 14 " produced artificially 215 13 Cumulus clouds 101 12 Current ascending near lat. 64° 84 Cyanometer 207 265 Cyclone, premonitions of. 150 22 Cyclones defined 147 " diameter of. 150 62 " duration of. 151 21 " gyratory movement of. 149 281 " originate where 148 138 " paths of. 148 16 " rate of motion of. 149 263 " season of. 148 262 22 Dalton's theory of the atmosphere. ... 10 260 Dark, segment, cause of. 194 84 Desert of Africa 120 17 ". .Gobi 120 19 Deserts, enumerated. 119 21 Detonating meteors, examples of..... 238 18 " " multiple nuclei.. 240 147 " " number 239 147 " " periodicity of.... 240 18 Dew, amount ofjdetermjned...., 93 19 " circumstances favorable to 91 " during the day 92 138 " origin of. 91 2,58 " point deduced from wet bnlb.... 5d 15 " " defined 57 14 " where unknown 93 63 Displacements by refraction 205 139 235 Earth, fluctuations of temperature,,,. 44 86 " frozen stratum 46 " increase of temperature 46 102 " maximum and minimum tem- 101 perature 45 89 " temperatm-e at different depths 44 23 " " great depths. ... ■ 45 137 Electric circulation, system of. 200 103 Electricity at considerable elevations 161 101 " atmospheric, how observed 160 101 " circulating about the earth 195 104 " discharged to the eai-th... 166 103 " diurnal change of. 164 165 " " variation of. 161 105 " due to evaporation 164 106 " in cloudy weather 162 102 " in dry houses 165 166 " montiily change described 161 106 " " " explained 165 107 " result of combustion 163 106 " " condensed vapor 164 104 " " friction 163 133 " " unequal temper- 234 ature 1G3 222 " " vegetation 163 223 " variation.with altitude 162 215 Electrometers 160 214iElevation, influence upon humidity... 62 INDEX. 303 V»se Evaporation, amount measured 55 ' ' at all temperatures 56 " rate variable 55 Evening sky, redness of. 206 Factors for wet-bulb thermometer.... 273 Fogbow described 98 " " explained 214 Fog, diameter of particles of. 99 " how sustained in air 99 Fogs constituted like clouds 99 " in spring and winter 96 " of polar regions 97 " over rivers 95 " where most prevalent 96 " where unknown 97 Force of wind, how measured 69' " " represented by a scale 70 French feet converted into English... 254 Frost in valleys 94 Gaseons atmosphere, annual vaiiation of. 63 Gaseous atmosphere, diurnal varia^ tion of. 62 Gases, law of mixture 10 ," proportions of, in atmosphere 11 Glaciers described.... „ 126 " geographical distribution of 127 Glow surrounding shadow 215 Gulf Stream, influence; of 146 Hail attended by two currents 133 " circumstances of. 129 " formation of. 134 " formed at what height 132 " geographical distribution of. 131 " how sustained in the air 134 " parallel bands of. 135 " preceded by a noise 133 " quantity of. 130 " rods 135 Hailstones, form of. 130 " how long sustained 134 " size of 129 " structure of. 131 Hail-storms, track of ,, 132 Halo, how a circle is formed 217 " of22°radius 216 " of 46° radius 218 " of 90° radius 219 " theory of 216 Halos described 216 " produced artificially 218 Heat lightning.. 167 Heat, radiation of.. 89 Hemispheres, northern and southern 37 Hoar-frost, crystalline structure of.... 91 " how formed 93 Hot-springs, observations of 47 Houi-ly variations of barometer.. 19 Page Humidity, extremes of. 60 of air, relative 274 of the air denoted 60 Hygrometer defined .56 " Bache's 57 " Daniell's 58 " Saussure's 5C Ice, anchor described 53 Ice-houses, natural 49 Ice, polar 62 Indian summer described 100 Interval between flash and report 169 Iron meteors, catalogue of.., 283 Isothermal lines 34 Kilometres converted into mUes 253 Lakes.and rivers, temperature of. 53 Latent heat liberated 137 Light, absorption of. 206 Lightning caused by volcanoes 172 color of... 168 difierent forms of. 167 duration of. 168 origin of. 166 tubes 172 Magnetic disturbances, cause of. 197 " progress of... 190 needle, disturbance of 190 Mercury, depression in glass tubes.... 263 Meteoric orbits 230 streams, origin of..... " amount measured 108 " annual fall of. 117 " diameter of drops of 108 ' ■ distribution over the earth '. Ill " for each month 278 " from clouds not in zenith 121 " " translucent clouds 121 " gauge, exposure of 109 " great annual fall of. 280 " greatest fall of. 118 " how caused 110 " Button's theory of Ill " in the different months 117 " maximum fall of. 115 " origin of. 108 " or snow in a storm.... 140 " size of drops of. 213 " small annual fall of. 280 " without clouds ....„.; 121 Rainbow, conditions of visibility 211 " described 210 " result of interferences 218 Rainbows, supernumerary 211 " theory of. 212 Rain-gauge, proper height of. .' 110 Rainy days, number of. 118 Rainy season and dry season 118 Redfield and Espy's theories 146 Page Sea-breeze in temperate zones 87 Sea, currents of the 51 surface, temperature of the 50 temperature at great depths of the 50 temperature of the 49 Sheet lightning 167 Shooting-stars, altitude of. 226 " described 225 " direction of motion of 227 " length ofpath 227 " light of. 228 " magnitude of. 227 " number at different hours 225 " number for the globe 229 " "in different months 226 " periods of. 237 " soundof. 228 " telescopic 229 " visible train 228 Showers of toads, fishes,' etc.... 156 remarkable examples of. 119 Sky, blue color of......... 207 " reflected light of 207 Sleet defined 129 origin of 135 Snow, annual amount of 123 avalanches of. 128 Snow-balls, natural 125 Snow-flakes, form of 124 " how formed 122 " size of 125 Snow from cloudless sky 122 Snow-line, height of. 273 Snow, perpetual Umit of. 42 " -phosphorescent 125 "• -red, in polar regions 126 " •■ where unknown 123 Spaces; interplanetary, temperature of 43 Springs, ordinary temperature of. 47 Storm,- American example of. 142 ■ defined.. 136 European example of 141 lull at the centre.. 144 wind on the borders of „. 144 Storm's progi-ess and direction 143 Storms, cause of.... 136 - parabolic course of 151 rate of progress of. 140 rise and decline of 140 - ■ their course modified 145 Stratus clouds-.-. 102 Surface wind in middle latitudes 83 "■ inpolar regions 83 winds defined 76 " in equatorial regions.. 82 Telegraph wires affected by storms.'.. 30: Pag* Telegraph-wires, auroral influence ex- plained 197 Temperature, change from latitude... 32 " " with elevation.. 40 " daily, defined 29 " decrease explained 41 " different latitudes .S4 " for each month 268 " great absolute range of. 272 " " monthly range of. 271 " highest observed 39 ** hourly variations 29 " increase of, with height 90 " interplanetary, its amount 43 " invariable stratum of... 45 " law of decrease with height 41 " lowest obser\'ed 39 " maximum and mini- mum 29 " mean, above 80° 270 " " below 18° 270 " " from three hours 31 " " " two hours. 30 " " of a place 33 " monthly changes ex- plained 32 " monthly, determined.... 31 " near the centre of a storm 145 " observations at single horn- 30 " range of. 40 " smdl absolute range of 272 " " monthly range of 271 " succeeding a storm 145 " variation at Greenwich. 267 " " New Haven 266 " variations non-periodic. 33 " " cause of 27 Thermometer deseribed 23 " exposure of. 27 " graduated, how 23 " hourly observations of. 28 " maximum 25 " Phillips's maximum... 26 " photographic register.. " requisites of 24 " self-registering 25 " wet-bulb 59 Thermometers, Centesimal and Fah- renheit " Eeaumur and Fah- renheit 256 Thunder, cause of. 168 " clouds, height of. 171 " duration of. 169 " rolling of. 170 Thunder-storms, distribution of. 172 Thunder, succession of phenomena... 170 Tornadoes, appearance of explosion.. 153 eftects of 152 examples of 152 in the tropics 1.52 Trade winds described 74 Twilight curve 209 duration of. 203 Upper current in equatorial regions.. 82 " middle latitudes.... 78 " polar regions 78 Vapor, annual variation of. 61 diurnal variation of. Gl elastic force of 276 how foimed 54 how sustained in air 54 of atmosphere condensed 95 weight of, determined 60 Vapors distinguished from gases 10 Velocity of wind deduced from press- ure 69 Vertical columns through the sun 224 Vesicular theory of fog 98 Volcanic ashes, prevalence of 100 Volcanoes, information derived from. 47 ' show direction of wind. ... 70 Waterspouts J 54 Waves, atmospheric 139 Weight of air, dry and saturated 264 Wells, temperature of. 48 Whirlwinds caused by fires 154 Widmannstaten figures 245 Wind, average velocity of. 70 du'ection, how determined 65 " " indicated 64 effect upon the barometer 21 mean direction of 71 on different sides of a storm... 140 pressure and velocity of 277 temperature of. 87 Wind's direction observed 73 progress, how represented 72 Winds affected by rotation of the earth 81 caused by unequal specific gravity 80 causes of. 79 cold, from mountains 88 hot, from deserts 88 how propagated 81 influenced by the seasons 86 in the middle latitudes 74 on summits of mountains 77 propagated by aspiration 144 three systems of. 74 transport fine dust 77 PLATE I. 'van RENSSELAER UXRBOR. LATJe'SJ' isr GODTHAAB, GREEN 'D. LAT.6^ 10' NORWAY HOUSE.H.B.TER. i/irjr^'o' "W- ST.JOHNSjNEWFOUD. LAT47 SS' NEW YORK CITY. LAT.4^'4-Z' SAVANNAH, aA. LAT.3Z S' If ■w- MATANZAS, CUBA.i/7:23°a' 39" GEORGETOWN, B. G'A. i/(r.e°49'/V. IT ■v\r- PLATE II. STORM OF FEB. 5 1870. PLATE III. asgy?*. 