First book in Latin
I HiHllllHllllililll > Mtll nf li I PP P P lfl> h 1 1 11 1 Mu 1 II iiiia .{t^ llLll:aiiiliilJ iiijiil ; H I H ii ^^^l^^i!™^^^^^ PItPllliplilllli 'iiinillliiWiill; wmi I ;1 I GIFT OF Professor F.T. Biolett:i Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstbool<inlatinOOinglrich FIRST BOOK m LATIN ^rt^^^ FIRST BOOK m LATIN BY ALEXANDER JAMES INGLIS, A.B. INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, HORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS COLLEGE AND VIRGIL PRETTYMAN, A.M., Pd.D. PRINCIPAL HORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1906 All rights reserved"^ Copyright, 1906, By the MAOMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrpftyped. Published SJej)tember, 1906. Noriaoalj i^ress J, S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S. A, TABLE OF CONTENTS PA OK Introductory Lesson: Alphabet, Pronunciation, Syllables, Quantity, Accent, Declension, Conjugation . . 13 LESSON I. First Declension : Nominative and Accusative Cases. Number — Subject and Object 18 II. First Declension: Genitive Case. — Genitive of Posses- sion 20 III. First Declension : Dative Case. — Indirect Object . 22 IV. First Declension: Ablative Case. — Ablative of Place ; A blative of Means or Instrument 24 V. First Declension Complete : Declension of Nouns and Adjectives 26 VI. First Conjugation : Present Indicative Active . . 29 VII. Second Declension: Nouns and Adjectives in -us. — Vocative Case 32 VIII. Second Declension : Nouns in -um. Nouns in -ius and -ium, Adjectives in -us, -a, -um 35 IX. Conjugation of sum : Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative; Apposition; Predicate Nouns and Adjec- tives 38 X. Second Declension : Nouns in -er and -ir, Adjectives in -er, -(e)ra, -(e)rum 41 XI. First Conjugation : Imperfect and Future Indicative Active ; Tense Distinctions ; Order of Words. 43 Xn. Voice Distinction. — First Conjugation, Passive: Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Ablative of Agent 46 XIII. Sum, Indicative : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per- fect 50 ^30670 CONTENTS LESSON PAGB XIV. First Conjugation, Active : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Tense Distinc- tions ; Principal Parts 53 XV. First Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive; Review of the First Conjugation Indicative. — Ablative of Manner. 57 XVI. Third Declension: Mute Stems. — Ablative of Time 61 XVII. Third Declension : Mute Stems (continued) ; Liq- uid Stems. — Ablative and Genitive of Description 64 XVIII. Third Declension : Stems in -i. Statement of i-stems 67 XIX. Gender : Review of the First Three Declensions. — Ablative of Specif cation ...... 70 XX. Characteristics of the Four Regular Conju- gations.— Second Conjugation: Present, Im- perfect, and Future Indicative Active and Passive 73 XXI. Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active and Passive. — Ablative of Cause 76 XXII. Third Declension — Adjectives of Three and Two Terminations 79 XXin. Third Declension — Adjectives of One Termi- nation: Review of Adjectives. — Dative Case with Adjectives 82 XXIV. The Demonstrative is, ea, id: Ablative of Accom- paniment 85 XXV. The Interrogative quis: Questions ... 88 XXVI. Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu- ture Perfect Indicative Active and Passive. 91 XXVII. Third Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Fu- ture Indicative Active and Passive. — Place from Which and to Which , 93 XXVIII. The Demonstratives hie and ille ... 95 XXIX. Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences : The Relative qui 98 XXX. Fourth Declension : Dative with Intransitive Verbs 102 XXXI. Third Conjugation: Verbs in -io. — Locative Case; Syntax with Names of Towns. 105 CONTENTS LESSON PAGE XXXII. Personal and Reflexive Pronouns : Possessive Adjectives 108 XXXIII. Fourth Conjugation: Indicative. 112 XXXIV. Irregular Adjectives 114 XXXV. Cardinal Numerals: Accusative of Time and Space 116 XXXVI. Ordinal Numerals. Attention is called to the following features which the authors believe will prove of value : — 1. The gradual development of the principles of in- flection and syntax without assuming much knowledge of English grammar on the part of the student. The gen- eral principles of inflection and syntax are treated in connection with the subjects to which they best apply, and are not relegated to the general introduction, e.g. 122, 226. 2. The introduction of connected reading. This con- nected reading, beginning with Lesson XI, consists of a simplified form of the Belgian War (Caesar II, 1-15) and of the Helvetian War (Caesar I, 1-29). A portion of this, usually about five lines, is included as an inte- gral part of each Latin-English exercise beginning with Lesson XL It is hoped that this will prove of value in 10 PREFACE several ways : first, by affording practice in reading con- nected Latin; second, by relieving in some degree the monotony of purely formal and mechanical work ; third, by arousing the interest of the students; fourth, by affording a preparation for reading Caesar ; fifth, by pro- viding review work in constructions, thus making it pos- sible to devote the detached Latin sentences exclusively to the special topic of the particular lesson. 3. Conversational exercises based on the connected Latin. Although these are not necessary parts of the lessons, it is the belief of the authors that they will prove valuable in adding interest to the work of the classroom and in accustoming the ear as well as the eye to the new language. 4. The introduction of so large an amount of connected Latin in the regular lessons renders unnecessary the selections for reading usually found at the end of a beginners' Latin book, and should prepare the student for immediate work in Caesar or any similar writer. A further advantage will be found in the fact that this connected Latin is thus placed where it belongs by reason of its vocabulary and the peculiar constructions involved. 5. The Vocabulary. The word-list which forms the basis of the lessons and exercises comprises about six hundred and fifty words and is based on the latest and most systematic analysis of the vocabulary of Caesar. Few words have been admitted which do not occur at least five times in Caesar. PREFACE 11 6. Supplementary Matter, Appendices, etc. Numerous reviews and review questions have been inserted through- out the lessons. The paradigms presenting the inflections of the various parts of speech are found in orderly form for reference in Appendix I. A summary of rules is given in Appendix II. The general vocabularies, Latin- English and English-Latin, have been made as accurate as possible. Special attention has been given to the index, which will be found unusually full and helpful. Acknowledgments are due to many teachers of Latin who, by their suggestions and criticism, have been of great assistance to the authors. ALEXANDER J. INGLIS. VIRGIL PRETTYMAN. New York, September 1, 1906. FIRST BOOK IN LATIN INTRODUCTORY LESSON ' Note. — It is recommended that at least one recitation be spent on this introductory lesson, with particular attention to sections 1-4, 6, 10, 11, 18. After that, careful pronunciation on the part of the teacher, together with reference to the following sections as occasion requires, should be sufficient. PRONUNCIATION 1. The English and Latin alphabets are the same, ex- cept that in Latin J and W do not appear and I is sometimes used as a consonant. 2. The vowels are, as in English, a^ g, ^, o, u. Vowels are either long or short and are pronounced as follows : — Short Vowels Long Vowels 5 as in above a as in far 6 as in men e as in obey i as in it i as in routine 8 as in for 6 as in vote u as in pull u as in rule 3. All other letters are consonants. They are pro- nounced as in English except as follows : — c is always like the English k bs and bt like ps and pt g is always hard, as in gate ph like /in English i-consonant like i in union oh as in chord s as in sir^ never as in please qu as in quieli Y always like the English w 13 14 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN 4. Diphthongs (=two vowels pronounced in one syl- lable) are pronounced as follows : — ae like i in mine au like ou in round oe like oi in oil ui like we eu about like eau in beautiful 5. Pronounce the following words : — ta laudes poenae pulchgr di neuter urbs cui Ttai porta servias civis ^k iam2 quS,m g6ro SYLLABLES 6. A syli.abl« is a vowel or diphthong with or with- out one Oi-jniOra consonants, and in Latin a word has as many syllables * as it contains separate vowels or diph- thongs. a-gri'-c6-lae, of the farmer. 7. A single consonant between two vowels goes with the vowel following, le-ga^-tus, lieutenant. 8. Any combination of consonants that can be pro- nounced together is taken with the following vowel. con-scri'-bo, / enroll. 9. Compound words are divided according to their composition, in'-it, he goes in (in, in + it, he goes). 10. The following terms are applied to the last three syllables of a word : — Ultima = the last syllable. Penult = next to the last syllable. Antepenult = third syllable from the end. 1 Two-syllable words are accented on the first syllable. 2 At the beginning of a word before a vowel i is a consonant. INTRODUCTORY LESSON 15 QUANTITY 11. According to their pronunciation vowels are either long (~) or short (^). Though the Romans themselves never used these marks, long vowels in this book are marked to aid in pronunciation. Short vowels are not marked except to indicate some peculiarity. 12. A vowel is short before another vowel, a diphthong, or A. Thus: pe-cu'-ni-a, mone?/; pe-cu'-ni-ae, of money ; nr-hil, nothing. 13. A vowel is short before nd or nt. Thus: con- ten '-do, / strive. 14. A vowel is long before nf, ns, or gn. Thus : in'- fans, infant ; ma'-gnus, large. 15. Diphthongs, vowels representing diphthongs, and vowels which result from contraction are long. Thus: cau'-sa, cause; in-ci'-do (in -f cae'do), I cut into; c6'-g6 (c6 -f ago), / collect. Diphthongs are not marked in this book. 16. a. A syllable containing along vowel or a diphthong is long. Thus: du' -co, Head ; -pge'-nsie, punishments. h. A syllable is long when its vowel (long or short) is followed by two or more consonants or by x or z. But a short vowel is still pronounced short. Thus: pu- eV -la., girl ; dux, leader. 17. Separate into syllables and mark the quantity of each vowel and syllable : — dignae audiens quaerunt trahant infensae intendent praesens igneae monstrant 16 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN ACCENT 18. A Latin word is accented as follows : — a. In words of two syllables the first is accented. h. In words of more than two syllables the accent falls on the next to the last (penult) if that syllable con- tains, a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two consonants (cf. 16). Otherwise the accent falls on the third syllable from the end {the antepenult). Thus: prae-di'-co, I foretell ; pu-Bl'-la, girl; a-gri' -co-la, farmer. 19. Some words, called " enclitics," such as -que, and^ and -ne, the sign of a question, are added to other words and these words then change the accent to the syllable preceding the enclitic. Thus : re-ges'-que, and the kings ; lau-dat'-ne, ^s he praising f 20. Separate the words in the following exercise into syllables, accent each word, and pronounce. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ; quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lin- gua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. DECLENSION 21. The declension of a noun, pronoun, or adjective is a summary of the different forms which the noun, pro- noun, or adjective may assume to indicate changes in meaning or use. The different forms are called cases, and when the different cases are given, the noun, pronoun, or adjective is said to be declined. INTRODUCTORY LESSON 17 Thus the pronoun he has three cases as follows : — Case Singular Plural Subjective (Nominative) he they Possessive (Genitive) his their Objective (Accusative) him them In Latin each noun, pronoun, and adjective has five separate cases : Nominative^ Genitive^ Dative^ Accusative^ and Ablative. Some have also a Vocative case or a Locative case. All these cases will be explained later. There are five different declensions of nouns in Latin : Firsts Second^ Thirds Fourth^ and Fifth. CONJUGATION 22. The conjugation of a verb is a summary of the dif- ferent forms it may assume to indicate changes in person, number, voice, tense, mood, etc. Thus the conjugation of the verb see would comprise all forms in which see^ sees, saw, seeing, and seen occur. Active Passive I see, you see, he sees, etc. lam seen, etc. I saw, you saw, he saw, etc. I was seen, etc. and so through all the forms of the verb see. a. Person, number, and voice are terms used in Latin in the same way as in English. h. The various tenses, moods, etc., will be explained later. c. There are four regular conjugations in Latin : First, Second, Third, and Fourth. 18 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN FIRST DECLENSION LESSON I -NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE CASES NUMBER. SUBJECT AND OBJECT 23. In English when we speak of more than one per- son or thing, that is, when we use the plural number, we make a change in the word, usually by adding -s or -es to the singular. In Latin number is shown by the ending added to the base of the word, the base being that part of the word which does not change. Thus : puella, girl ; base, puell-. Endings Singular puella, girl regina, queen -a Plural puellae, girls reginae, queens -ae 24. The ending in Latin also indicates whether the noun is the subject or the object of the verb. The forms obtained by adding the different endings are called cases. The subject is in the nominative case ; the object, in the accusative case. Case Singular Plural Endings Nominative (Subject) puella, girl puellae, girls Accusative (Object) puellam, girl puellas, girls -a -ae -am -as Subject Verb Object Subject Object Verb The girl praises the queen. Puella reginam The girls praise the queens. Puellae reginas laudat. laudant. a. In Latin there are no words for a, an., or the ; thus, puella may mean girl^ a girl., or the girl., and puellae, girl%^ or the girU., according to the rest of the sentence. FIRST DECLENSION— NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE 19 h. Form the nominative and accusative, singular and plural, of the nouns in the vocabulary below. c. In a Latin sentence the verb comes last. 25. Rule. The subject of a verb is in the nominative case. 26. Rule. . The direct object of a verb is in the accu- sative case. 27. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs dea, goddess laudat, praises laudant, praise femina, woman vocat, calls vocant, call filia, daughter Conjunction Interrogative Pronoun puella, girl et, and quis, who? (Nominative case.) EXERCISES 28. 1. Dea vocat. 2. Deae vocant. 3. Regina puel- 1am laudat. 4. Reginae puellas laudant. 5. Femina filiam ^ vocat. 6. Femina filias ^ vocat. 7. Quis reginam vocat ? 8. Filia reglnam vocat. 9. Quis deas laudat? 10. Femina deas laudat. 11. Regina feminas vocat. 12. Puellae et feminae deam laudant. 29. 1. The girl calls. 2. The girls call. 3. The girls call the woman. 4. A girl calls the woman. 5. Women praise the goddess. 6. The women and girls praise the queen. 7. Who calls the queen? 8. The goddess calls the queen. 9. Who praises the girls ? 10. The queen praises the girls and women. 30. CONVERSATION Quis vocat ? Puella vocat. Quis feminam vocat ? Filia feminam vocat. Quis deas laudat ? Regina deas laudat. 1 Supply "her" in the English translation. 20 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON II FIRST DECLENSION — GENITIVE CASE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION 31. The genitive case expresses the relation which, in English, is shown by the preposition of^ or by the posses- sive case in -»s, or -s*. In Latin this relation is shown by the ending of the genitive case. Genitive Endings Singular puellae, girVs^ of the girl, of a girl -ae Plural ^uellanum, gii'ls', of the girls, of girls -arum a. Similarly form the genitive case of each noun in 27 and 34. 32. The genitive case is commonly used to express possession in Latin. Dea filias reginae vocat, the goddess calls the daughters of the queen (the queen'' s daughters). Dea filias reginarum vocat, the goddess calls the daughters of the queens {the queens^ daughters). 33. Rule. Possession is expressed hy the genitive case. 34. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs copia, supply, plenty liberal, frees, is-freeing cdpiae, plur., troops, forces liberant, free, are-freeing peciinia, money pugnat, fights, is-fighting terra, land, country piignant, fight, are-fighting vita, life servat, saves, is-saving Interrogative Pronoun servant, save, are-saving Cliius, ichose ? (Genitive case.) superat, conquers, is-conquering Adverb superant, conquer^ are conquering non, not FIRST DECLENSION — GENITIVE CASE 21 EXERCISES 35. 1. Vita feminae ; vitae feminarum. 2. Copia pecuniae ; deae f ilia. 3. Regina f iliam feminae liberat. 4. Copiae reginae ^ piignant. 5. Copiae vitam puellae servant. 6. Ciiius terrain regina superat ? 7. Quis filias feminarum laudat? 8. Copiae terram reginae liberant. 9. Regina copiam peciiniae servat. 10. Regina filiam deae non laudat. 11. Femina filiam reginae vocat. 36. 1. The girl's life; the girls' lives. 2. The queen's troops are-fighting. 3. The woman is not praising the daughter of the goddess. 4. Whose life is the goddess saving ? 5. The queen saves the life of the woman. 6. The goddess is-freeing the girl. 7. The queen's troops are-conquering the land. 8. The troops are not freeing the women of the land. 9. The girl is-saving a supply of money. 10. The women praise the lands of the queens. 11. The queen is call- ing the daughter of the goddess. 37. CONVERSATION Quis puellam laudat ? Dea puellam laudat. Cuius terram copiae supe- C5piae terram reginae supe- rant ? rant. Quis peciiniam servat ? Puella peciiniam servat. Quis terram liberat ? Regina terram liberat. Ciiius copiae piignant ? Reginae copiae piignant. Quis copias reginae superat? Dea copias reginae superat. Cuius filiam regina vocat ? Regina filiam deae vocat. 1 Genitive case. 22 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON III FIRST DECLENSION— DATIVE CASE INDIRECT OBJECT 38. The dative case expresses the relation which, in English, is shown by the prepositions to ov for. Dative Endings Singular puellae, to ov for the girl -ae Plural puellis, to or for the girls -is a. Form the dative case of each noun in 27, 34, and 41. 39. -According to rule given in 26 the direct object of a verb, that is, the object directly affected by the action of the verb, is put in' the accusative case. The person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb is called the " indirect object," and in Latin is put in the dative case. Femina puellis pecuniam dat, Tlie woman gives money to the girls. a. Note the difference between the direct object, pecuniam, money., and the indirect object, puellis, girls. h. The preposition to is not always expressed in Eng- lish. Thus : " The woman gives the girls money. ^"^ 40. Rule. The indirect object of a verb is put in the dative case. 41. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs causa, cause., reason dat, gives, is-giving fabula, story dant, give, are-giving fortuna, /oriM/ie, good fortune narrat, tells, is-telling victoria, victory narrant, tell, are-telling Interrogative Pronoun est, is^ cui, to or for whom ? (Dative case.) sunt, are^ 1 Distinguish carefully between is and are as complete verbs, and is and are as parts of some other verb, as is-giving and are-giving. FIRST DECLENSION — DATIVE CASE 23 EXERCISES 42. 1. Feminae ; feminis ; copils. 2. Femina puellis causam victoriae narrat. 3. Dea reginae vict5riam dat. 4. Copiae reginae ^ pugnant. 5. Regina c5piis pecuiiiam dat. 6. Copiae superant et vitas feminarum servant. 7. Cui copiae fabulam narrant? 8. Copiae reginae ^ fabulam narrant. 9. Feminae fortunam reginae laudaut. 10. Puellae sunt filiae reginae. 43. 1. To the goddess ; to the troops. 2. Of the queen ; to the queen ; of the queens ; to the queens. 3. The women give money to the troops. 4. The girl tells the cause of the victory to the queen. 5. The troops tell the story to the woman. 6. The women tell the reason to the goddess. T. To whom is ^ the girl giving mone}^ ? 8. The girl is- giving 3 money to the queen of the country. 9. The girls are ^ daughters of the queen. 10. The girls tell the story of the victory to the women. 44. CONVERSATION Quis puellae peciiniam Femina puellae peciiniam dat? dat. Cuius copiae piignant? Copiae reginae ^ pugnant. Cui regina fabulam narrat ? Regina filiae fabulam narrat. Cui dea victoriam dat ? Dea reginae victoriam dat. Ciiius terram copiae su- Copiae terram reginae su- perant ? perant. 1 Genitive case. ^ Dative case. ^ See foot-note, p. 22. 24 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON IV FIRST DECLENSION — ABLATIVE CASE ABLATIVE OF PLACE. ABLATIVE OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENT 45. The ablative case expresses the relation which, in English, is shown by such prepositions as %, with^ from^ etc. There are various uses of the ablative case, some requiring a preposition and some being used without a preposition. Ablative Endings Singular a puella, from the girl sagitta, with an arrow -a Plural a puellis, from the girls sagittis, with arrows -is a. The first example, a puella, from the girl^ illustrates the use of the ablative case with a preposition. The second example, sagitta, with an arrow^ illustrates the use of the ablative without a preposition. The different uses of the ablative case must be carefully noted as they are given in the rules. 46. Rule. The ablative of means or instrument is used without a preposition to denote the thing with which or by which anything is done. Sagittis pGgnant, they fight with arrows. Opera reginae terram liberant, by the aid of the queen they free the land. Pecunia feminam servant, with money they save the woman. 47. Rule. Place where is expressed by the ablative case with the preposition in. In terra reginae, in the land of the queen. In insula, on the island. ' In America, in America. FIRST DECLENSION — ABLATIVE CASE 25 48. VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs insula, island armat, arms, is-arming ; armant, arm, are-arming opera, aid, help habitat, lives, is-living ; habitant, live, are-living pugna, flght, battle postulat, asks-for, is-asking-for sagitta, arrow postulant, ask-for, are-asking-for Adverbs Prepositions ubi, where in, in, on (with ablative case) itaque, therefore ~ a or ab i, from (with ablative case) EXERCISES 49. 1. In insulTs; in pugna. 2. A femina ; ab insulis. 3. Ubi feminae habitant ? 4. Feminae in terra reginae habitant. 5. Deae copias sagittis armant. 6. Regina sagittis copias armat. 7. Copiae a regina pecuniam postulant. 8. Regina copiis peciiniam non dat. 9. Itaque regina a dea operam postulat. 10. Regina opera deae copias superat. 50. 1. The women live in the land of the queen. 2. The queen lives on an island. 3. The girls ask-for aid from the queen. 4. The queen arms the troops with arrows. 5. The queen praises the troops in battle, 6. The troops ask-for money from the queen. 7. With arrows the troops free the island. 51. CONVERSATION Quis in insula habitat ? Puella in insula habitat. Ciiius vitam dea servat? Dea vitam feminae servat. Cui regina peciiniam dat ? Regina puellae peciiniam dat. Ubi feminae sunt ? Feminae sunt in terra reginae. 1 Ab mu«t be used before vowels or h. 26 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON V FIRST DECLENSION COMPLETE DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 52, The change in form which a noun undergoes to indicate number and case is called the declension of that noun. The complete declension of puella, girl^ with the endings of the First or A Declension is as follows : — Singular Endings NOM. puella, girl (Subject) -a Gen. puellae, of the girl, girVs -ae Dat. puellae, to or for the girl -ae Ace. puellam, girl (Object) -am Abl. puella, (from) the girl Plural -a NoM. puellae, girls (Subject) -ae Gen. puellarum, of the girls, girls'^ -arum DAT. puellis, to or for the girls -is Ace. puellas, gi7'ls (Object) -as Abl. puellis, (from) the girls -is a. Note the difference in ending between the nomina- tive and the ablative singular. b. Note that the dative and the ablative plural are alike in form. This is true in all declensions. The dative and the ablative plural of dea is deabus, and of filia is filiabus. e. Write out the declension of femina, woman; terra, land, 53. Gender. The gender of nouns in Latin is not de- termined entirely by meaning, as in English, and many nouns which in English are neuter, are masculine or femi- nine in Latin. The gender of most nouns in Latin is determined by the endings. FIRST DECLENSION COMPLETE 27 54. Rule. All nouns of the first declension are femi- nine except those denoting males. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 55. Adjectives as well as nouns are declined in Latin. In the first declension they are declined just as the nouns. Puella bona, good girl ; base, puell- bon-. Singular NoM. puella bona, the good girl Gen. puellae bonae, of the good girl, the good girVs Dat. puellae bonae, to ot for the good girl Ace. puellam bonam, the good girl Abl. puella bona, (from) the good girl a. Write out the plural of puella bona with meanings. h. It happens here that the adjective has the same end- ing as the noun which it modifies ; but this is not always the case, as will be seen later. c. The adjective must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. d. Decline together : insula magna, the large island ; terra lata, a broad country, 56. VOCABULARY Nouns Adjectives bona, good porta, gate, door lata, hroad, wide silva, forest, wood longa, long via, way, road, street magna, great, large mala, had, evil Verbs parva, small, little occupat, seizes, is-seizing Interrogative Pronoun occupant, seize, are-seizing quern, whom ? (Accusative case.) 28 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN EXERCISES 57. 1. In magna insula ; a parva porta ; a filiabus. 2. Viae sunt longae ^ et latae. 3. Dea bona puellas malas non laudat. 4. In magna silva sunt c5piae. 5. Cuius copiae sunt in silva ? 6. Copiae reginae sunt in silva. 7. Feminae a regina operam postulant. 8. Regina copias longis sagittis armat. 9. Copiae parvam insulam superant et bonas feminas servant. 10. Feminae victoriam reginae laudant. 58. 1. Of fortune ; from the goddess. 2. To the daughters of the queen ; with the aid of the goddess. 3. In the land ; the large gate. 4. The roads are longhand bad. 5. The island is not large. ^ 6. The troops seize the land of the queen. 7. The woman gives money to the girls. 8. The goddess tells the story to (her) ^ daughters. 9. The queen seizes the small island. 10. Therefore the evil troops fight. 59. CONVERSATION Quis bonas puellas vocat ? Dea bonas puellas vocat. Ciiius filia est mala ? Filia reginae est mala. Cui bona femina peciiniam Parvae puellae bona femina dat ? peciiniam dat. Quem bonae copiae servant ? Bonae copiae feminam ser- vant. Ubi sunt viae longae et latae ? In insula sunt viae longae et latae. 1 Since is (est) and are (sunt) are not transitive verbs, that is, cannot take an object, a noun or adjective following either form and referring to the subject will be in the nominative case. 2 Omit. FIRST CONJUGATION 29 LESSON VI FIRST CONJUGATION PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE 60. In Lessons I-V, when the subject was singular, the verb ended in -t ; puella laudat, the girl praises. When the subject was plural, the verb ended in -nt ; puellae lau- dant, the girls praise. Thus a change in number was indicated by the ending. Person also is indicated by the ending of the verb in Latin » 61. Laudo, praise PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE Singular Personal Endings 1st person laudo, I praise^ am praising^ do praise -6 (or -m) , 1 2d person laudas, you praise^ are praising^ do praise -s, you 3d person laudat, he praises, is praising^ does praise -t, he, she, it PLURAIi 1st person laudamus, we praise, are praising, do praise -mus, we 2d person laudatis, you praise, are praising, do praise -tis, you 3d person laudant, they praise, are praising, do praise -nt, they a. The stem, that is, the main part of the verb, is lauda- and the -a- of the stem is the distinguishing mark of verbs of the first conjugation. This -a- unites with the -6 of the personal ending in the first person singular. Any vowel is short before -t at the end of a word or before -nt. Hence, laudat and laudant. h. Since the person is shown by the ending, the per- sonal pronouns, Z, you^ he^ etc., are not expressed in Latin unless emphatic. c. Only the third person can take a noun as the subject, and when a noun subject is expressed, he^ she^ it, or they 30 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN is not to be translated. Thus : puella laudat, the girl praises^ not, the girl she praises. d. The regular position of the verb is at the end of the sentence. e. Conjugate the verbs in the vocabulary as laudo is conjugated above. 62. Rule. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number (cf. 60). 63. When asking a question, unless quis or some other interrogative word is used, add -ne to the end of the first word. Commonly -ne is added to the end of the verb, which is then placed first. The accent of the word to which -ne is added is changed to the syllable before -ne (cf. 19). laudone, am I praising, do I praise 9 laudamusne, are we praising^ etc. ? laudasne, are you praising, do you laudatisne, are youpraisii^g^ etc. ? praise ? laudatne, is he praising^ does he laudantne, are they praising, etc. ? praise f 64. VOCABULARY arm5, arm pugno, fight habit5, live, dwell postulo, ask-for, ask, demand laudo, praise servo, save, keep, preserve libero, free super5, overcome, conquer, surpass narro, tell, relate voco, call occupo, seize -ne, sign of a question (cf . 63) EXERCISES 65. 1. Habito; habitamus; vocas; vocatis. 2. Pug- namus; superatis; occupas. 3. Servasne? liberatisne? habitantne? 4. In magna insula habito. Ubi habitas? FIRST CONJUGATION 81 5. Suntne copiae in terra reginae? 6. Copias longis sagittis armamus. 7. Pecuniam a regliia postulas. 8. Vitam bonae feminae servo. 9. Filiabus deae fabulara narras. 10. Copias in silva superas et terrain liberas. 11. Copias reginae in magna Insula superamus. 12. Copiae magnam insulam reginae occupant. 13. Filiam bonam feminae vocamus. 66. 1. I am fighting ; you (singular) are calling. 2. We are arming the troops. 3. You (plural) live on a broad street. 4. Are you (plural) conquering the queen? 5. We are conquering the queen's troops. 6. Are they seizing the island? 7. They are seizing the forest on the island. 8. You (singular) are freeing the good girl. 9. I am asking-for money ^ from the woman. 10. We are saving the life of the queen's I am telling a long story to the good 11. CONVERSATION daughter, girls. 67. Ubi habitas ? Pugnasne? Quem laudatis? Cui fabulam narras? Ciiius filiam liberatis? Quis copias armat ? Occupatisne magnam insulam? Superatisne ? Habito in terra reginae. N5n piigno. Puellam laudamus. Feminae fabulam narro. Filiam reginae liberamus. Regina copias armat. Magnam insulam non occupamus. Non superamus. 1 Accusative case. 32 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON VII SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -US. VOCATIVE CASE 68. Nouns in -us of the second declension are masculine. servus, slave Base, serv- Singular Endings Plural Endings NOM. servus -us servi -i Gen. servi -i servorum -orum DAT. servo -0 servis -is Ace. servum -um servos -5s Abl. servo -5 servis -is Decline each noun in -us in the vocabulary as servus is declined. 69. Adjectives in -us. — Adjectives in -us are declined like servus. servus bonus, good slave Base, serv- bon- Singular Plural NoM. servus bonus servi boni Gen. servi boni serv5rum bonorum Dat. servo bond servis bonis Ace. servum bonum. servos bonds Abl. servo bono servis bonis a. Bonus is the masculine form of the adjective bona C^B}. Give the masculine forms of the adjectives mala, longa, magna, lata, and decline the masculine of mala. 70. There are a few masculine nouns in the first declen- sion in -a. The most common of these are given in the vocabulary of this lesson. Adjectives modifying these masculine nouns have masculine endings. Thus ; — NoM. agricola bonus, the good farmer Gen. agricolae boni, etc. Complete this declension. SECOND DECLENSION 33 71. Note the gender, number, and case of the adjectives in relation to the nouns which they modify in the follow- ►ing examples : — Bona regina, parvae puellae longam fabulam narrat, The good queen is telling a long story to the little girl. Ferl incolae maids servos longls sagittis armant, The savage inhabitants are arming the bad slaves with long arrows. a. Note that the adjectives in italics are governed in gender, number, and case by the gender, number, and case of the nouns which they modify. This does not mean that the adjective will have the same ending as the noun which it modifies, as. is seen in feri incolae. 72. Rule. An adjective must agree with the noun which it modifies in gender^ number^ and case. 73. Vocative Case. — The vocative case is used when calling some one by name or title. Thus: Charles^ come here. Nouns and adjectives of the second declension in -us have a separate form for the vocative case with the ending -e; serve bone, (0) good slave. In the plural of these nouns and adjectives and in the singular and plural of all others the vocative has the same form as the nominative. a. Form and translate the vocative of all the nouns in the vocabulary. 74. VOCABULARY (Note. — m. = masculine ; i. = feminine ; n. = neuter.) agricola, m., farmer Gallus, m., a Gaul (inhabitant of Gaul) incola, m., inhabitant servus, m., slave^ servant nauta, m., sailor populus, m., people poeta, m., poet Gallia, f., Gaul^ France amicus, m..., friend ferus, m., fera, 1, adj., ^erce, savage barbanis, m., barbarian Romanus, m., Romana f., adj., Boman de, prep, with the abl. case, con- Romanus, m., as a noun, a Boman cerning, about D 34 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN EXERCISES 75. 1. Nauta Romanus de Gallis feris narrat. 2. Boni servi de pugna narrant. 3. Galli non'* sunt agricolae. 4. Galli sunt feri barbari. 5. Galli non sunt amici Romanorum. 6. Romani in terra Gallorum piignant. 7. Populus Romanus ^ feros incolas Galliae superat. 8. Romani feros Gailos superant. 9. Quis Romanes non laudat ? 10. Poetae et nautae Romanos laudant. 76. 1. In Gaul (there) ^ are savage barbarians. 2. (They) 2 are not friends of the Roman people. ^ 3. The Romans figlit and overcome the Gauls. 4. Who tells about the Romans and the fierce Gauls ? 5. The good sailor tells the story. 6. To whom does he tell the story about the fight? 7. (He)^ tells the story to the good queen. 8. The queen praises the poet's story. 9. The inhabitants of the island are bad and savage. 10. The poet is an inhabitant of France. 77. CONVERSATION Where do the Gauls live ? They live in Gaul. Quis de Gallis et Romanis Poeta bonus fabulam narrat. narrat ? Cuius vitam nauta servat? Vitam reginae servat. To whom does the farmer (He) ^ tells the story to the girl. tell the story ? Whomdo the Romans free? (They)^ free the inhabitants. 1 The adjective in Latin may, and sometimes must, follow its noun. Thus always populus Romanus and never Romanus populus. 2 Omit. SECOND DECLENSION 35 LESSON VIII SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -UM. NOUNS IN -lUS AND -lUM. ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM 78. All nouns which end in -um in the nominative case are neuter. bellum magnum, great war Base, bell- magn- SiNGULAR Endings Plural Endings NoM. bellum magnum -um bella magna -a Gen. belli magni -i bellorum magnorum -orum Dat. bello magno -6 bellis magnis -is Ace. bellum magnum -um bella magna -a Abl. bello magno -5 bellis magnis -is a. Note that the adjective is declined like the noun. h. All neuters in Latin have the same forms in the nominative, accusative, and vocative, and in the plural they always end in -a in those cases. c. In what cases do the endings of nouns in -um differ from the endings of nouns in -us in the second declension ? 79. Nouns in -ius and -ium. — Learn the declension of filius, son (529). Nouns in -ius and -ium usually have a single -i in the genitive : filius, so/i, genitive, fill ; con- silium, plan^ genitive, consili. The accent remains the same as in the nominative case. In all other cases where -ii- occurs no contraction takes place ; thus nominative plural, filii, sons. Proper nouns in -ius and filius take the vocative case in -i instead of -ie: fili, (0) son. Write out the declen- sion of bonum consilium, good plan ; Vergilius, Vergil. 36 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN 80. Complete Declension of Adjectives in -us, -a, -um bonus, bona, bonum, good Singular Plural MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. NOM. bonus bona bonum boni bonae bona Gen. boni bonae boni bonorum bonarum bonSrum DAT. bono bonae bono bonis bonis bonis Ace. bonum bonam bonum bonos bonas bona Abl. bond bona bono bonis bonis bonis a. Review 71-72. b. Decline together: regina clara, famous queen, nauta malus, bad sailor ; barbarus f erus, savage barbarian ; oppi- dum parvum, small town. 81. VOCABULARY (Note. — The genitive ending and the gender of each noun will hereafter be given after each noun.) latus, lata, latum, hroad^ wide longus, longa, longum, long magnus, magna, magnum, large^ great malus, mala, malum, bad, evil multus, multa, multum, much; plur., many parvus, parva, parvum, small, little bellum, -i, n., loar consilium, consili, n., pla7i, advice filius, fili, m., son oppidum, -i, n., town proelium, proeli, n., battle vicus, -i, ra., village bonus, bona, bonum, good clarus, clara, clarum, famous ferus, fera, ferum, fierce, savage EXERCISES 82. 1. Nauta clarus de bell5 narrat. 2. Amicus poetae, fili, est in oppido magno. 3. Multi RomanI in oppido pugnant. 4. Cdnsiliura agricolae est bonum. 5. Feros incolas vicorum superant. 6. Proelia R5- manorura sunt clara. 7. Itaque populum Romanum SECOND DECLENSION 37 laudamus. 8. Filii et flliae reginae fabulam nautae boni non laudant. 9. In Gallia sunt multi vici et multa oppida. 10. Oppida sunt parva et incolae sunt feri. 83. 1. In the land of the Gauls (there)^ are many- small 2 villages. 2. The Romans are fighting in the small towns. 3. Do you praise the Romans, (my)i son ? 4. The Romans praise the advice of the sailors. 6. They request money from the inhabitants. 6. The victories of the Romans are many and famous. 7. The good poet tells (his)^ friends ^ about the battles. 8. The barbarians of Gaul are savage. 9. The queen is giving good advice to (her)^ sons and daughters. 10. Who does not praise the famous victories of the Roman people ? 84. CONVERSATION Quis oppidum occupat ? Regina oppidum copiis oc- cupat. Ciiius oppidum copiae occu- Oppidum Gall5rum copiae pant ? occupant. Cui de proelio narrat ? Filiis et filiabus de proelio narrat. Ubi sunt magni vici Gallo- In Gallia sunt. rum ? Laudasne, fill, Romanes ? Roman5s claros laudo. Laudatisne f ilium boni agri- Filium bonum agricolae colae ? laudamus. 1 Omit. « In Latin " to (his) friends." 2 In Latin, ** many and small." 38 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN LESSON IX CONJUGATION OF SUM PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE. APPOSITION. PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 85. Singular Sum, am, etc. 1. sum, I am 2. es, you are 3. est, he {she, it) is 1. eram, I was 2. eras, you were 3. erat, he {she, it) was 1. ero, I shall be 2. eris, you will be 3. erit, he (she, it) will be IMPERFECT Plural sumus, we are estis, you are sunt, they are eramus, we were eratis, you were erant, they were erimus, we shall be eritis, you wlU be erunt, they will be a. Note that a single word is used for the future in Latin. In English the auxiliary shall or will is used. h. Note that the personal endings -m, -s, -t, etc., are those given in 61. e. He^ she, it, they, are not translated into Latin when the subject of the verb is expressed. 86. Apposition. — Note the use and case of the nouns in italics in the following: — Marcus, legatus, pugnat, Marcus, the lieutenant, is fighting. Marc5, legato, gladium dat, He gives a sword to Marcus, the lieutenant. Notice that the nouns legdtus and legato indicate the same person as Marcus and Marco, and that they are put in the same case. A noun which limits or defines another noun and indicates the same person or thing is called an CONJUGATION OF SUM 39 " appositive," and is said to be in apposition with the noun which it limits or defines. 87. Rule. A noun used to limit or define another noun^ and meaning the same person or thing, is put in the same case as the noun which it limits. 88. Predicate Nouns and Adjectives. — Note the use and case of Romanus and parvi in the following : — 1. Nuntius est Romanus, The messenger is a Boman. 2. Equi sunt parvi, The horses are small. a. Notice that in the first sentence Romanus is a noun in the predicate, that is, in the verb part of the sentence, but indicates the same person as Nuntius and is in the same case. Such a noun is called a ''predicate noun" and takes the same case as the subject. h. Notice that in the second sentence parvi is an adjec- tive in the predicate modifying the subject Equi and agreeing with Equi in gender, number, and case. Such an adjective is called a " predicate adjective " and agrees witli its noun like any other adjective. 89. Rule. A predicate noun is put in the nominative case ; a predicate adjective agrees with the subject. 90. VOCABULARY pr5vincia, -ae, f., province do, give ^ equus, equi, m., horse socius, -i, m., ally gladius, -i, m., sword frumentum, -i, n., grain Marcus, -i, m., Marcus pilum, i, n.^ javelin novus, -a, -um, new signum, -i, n., signal, standard legatus, -i, in., ambassador, lieutenant niintius, -i, m., messenger, message 1 Unlrke other verbs of the first conjugation, do has a in all forms except das and da. 40 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN EXERCISES 91. 1. Sum et er5 Romanus; es et eris Gallus. 2. Sumus et erimus amici ; estis et eritis socii. 3. In Gallia eras; in Gallia non eram. 4. Gallia erat provincia populi Roraani. 5. Eramus socii Gallorum et eratis amici Romanorum. 6. Galli Romanis equos et friimentum dant. 7. Legati Gallorum erant amici Romanorum. 8. Novi legati erunt niintii a Gallis. 9. Romani gladiis pugnant ; Galli pilis piignant. 10. Legatus copiis signum dat. 92. 1. I am ; I was ; I shall be. 2. We shall be ; we were; we are. 3. You (sing.) are; you (plur.) will be; you (sing.) were. 4. We live in the Roman province. 5. The queen calls the ambassa- dors (her)i friends. 6. The allies are arming the new troops with swords. 7. The lieutenant is giv- ing grain to the horses. 8. They were bad friends. 9. The lieutenant gives the standard and a sword to the messenger. 10. He will be a friend of the Romans. 93. CONVERSATION Quis es ? Ndntius Romanus sum. Ubi eritis ? Erimus in silva. Ciiius amicus eras ? Eram amicus reginae. Cui gladium das ? Legato gladium do. Quem liberatis ? Niintium liberamus. Quis est legatus ? Legatus Romanus est. 1 Unless the possessive adjectives my, your, his, her, its, their, are emphatic, they may be omitted in Latin. SECOND DECLENSION 41 LESSON X SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -ER AND -IR. ADJECTIVES IN -ER, -(E)RA, -(E) RUM 94. Nouns of the second declension in -er and -ir are masculine. ixxctovy \JLi.XlJ.KJm puer, hoy Base, puer- ager, field Base, agr- vir, man Base, vir- Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. SlNG. Plur. NOM. puer pueri ager agri vir viri Gen. pueri puer5rum agri agrorum viri virorum Dat. puero pueris agro agris viro viris Ace. puerum puerds agrum agros virum viros Abl. puero pueris agro agris viro viris a. Most nouns in -er are declined like ager. The only common nouns declined like puer are : gener, son-in-law; socer, father-in-law ; the plural noun, liberi, children. Vir is the only noun in -ir. 95. Adjectives in -er, -(e)ra, -(e)rum. — Some adjectives of the first and second declensions end in -er, -era, -erum, or drop the -e- in all forms except the nominative mascu- line singular and end in -er, -ra, -rum. These are declined in the masculine like ager or puer, in the feminine and neuter like any adjective in -a, -um. Learn the declension of miser, poor, wretched; pulcher, beautiful, pretty, in 538. Like miser are declined : tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young; liber, libera, liberum,/reg. Most other adjectives in -er of the first and second declensions are declined like pulcher. 42 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN 96. VOCABULARY ager, agrl, m.^ field liber, libera, liberum, /ree liber, libri, m., book miser, misera, miserum, poor, wretched gener, generi, m., son-in-law tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young liberi, liberorum, m., children pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful, (used only in the plural) pretty puer, pueri, m,, boy socer, soceri, m., father-in-law Distinguish vir, viri, m., man ' liberi, children liber, book liber, libera, liberum,/ree EXERCISES 97. 1. Pueri et viri sunt in agris. 2. Socer genero librum dat. 3. Feri barbari teneros liberds servant. 4. Agri Gallorum sunt pulchri. 5. Femina misera peciiniam postulat. 6. Rdmani viros liberos laudant. 7. Miseri incolae terram liberant. 8. Roman! oppida et agros Gallorum occupant. 9. Laudasne libros puerorum ? 10. Liberi libros a liberis vir is postulant. 98. 1. ©f the fields ; from the beautiful towns. 2. To the father-in-law of the man. 3. The queen praises the young girls*. 4. The children's books are beautiful. 5. The Romans are seizing the fields of the Gauls. 6. The man is giving money to (his) son-in-law. 7. The Gauls are arming the boys and men with long swords. 8. The free inhabitants are saving (their) fields. 9. The men are fighting in the fields. 10, Do they praise the beautiful fields ? 99. CONVERSATION Quis est socer viri? Socer viri est liber Romanus. Ciiius liberos vocas? Liberos reginae voco. Cui librum datis ? Misero puero librum damns. Quem servatis ? Miserum incolam servamus. I FIRST CONJUGATION 43 LESSON XI FIRST CONJUGATION IMPERFECT AND FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE. TENSE DISTINCTIONS. ORDER OF WORDS IN LATIN ICX). In English we make use of many auxiliary verbs to show the tense and other relations of the verb. These are lacking in Latin and everything is shown by the end- ings of the verb. Thus : — I am praising. I do praise, laudo You are praising. You do praise, laudas, etc. 101. Laudo, praise INDICATIVE ACTIVE IMPERFECT Singular Endings 1. laudabam, I praised, was praising^ did praise -bam 2. laudabas, you praised, vjere praising, did praise -bas 3. laudabat, he {she, it) praised, was praising, did praise -bat Plural 1. lauddihamvLs, we praised, tcere praising, did praise -bamus 2. laudabatis, you praised, were praising, did praise -batis 3. laudabant, they praised, were praising, did praise -bant FUTURE Singular Endings Plural Endings 1. la.uda.hb, I shall praise -bo laudabimus, we shall praise -hiirms 2. laudahis, you loill praise -his landahitis, you will praise -bitis 3. laudabit, he will praise -bit laudabunt, they will praise -bunt a. Note how the tenses are formed : imperfect, stem lauda- + -bam, etc. ; future, stem lauda- -h -bo, etc. The personal endings are the same as in 61, but remember that the first personal ending is -a or -m. b. Note that the Latin does not express was^ were, shall, or will by a separate word. 44 FIRST BOOK IN LATIN 102. Tense Distinction. — The present tense denotes that something is going on in present time ; the imperfect denotes that some continuous, repeated, or habitual action was going on in past time ; the future denotes that some- thing will occur in the future. / am fighting to-day^ Hodie pugno. I was fighting yesterday^ Heri pugnabam. 