None
See Lampyris Fish, circulation in tail of, 1057 ; on yolk-sac, 1057 ' Fish-louse,' 966 Fish-scales, concretions in, 1101 Fishes, lacunae in bone of, 1022 ; dentine of, 1023 ; cement of teeth in, 1026 ; plates in skin of, 1026; red blood- corpuscles of, 1034, 1035; pigment- cells of, 1043 ; muscle fibre of, 1049 ; gills of, 1063 Fission in LieberkueJinia, 733; of Monas, 756; of Monosiga, 764; of Codosiga, 764 ; of planarians, 947 Fissipennes, wings of, 999 Fixation, 484-487 Fixing agents : alcohol, 484 ; corrosive sublimate, 484 ; osmic acid, 485 ; picric acid, 485 Flabella of Licmophora, 605 Flagella, 532 ; of Bacteria, 652, 658, 659 Flagellata, 755-771 — experiments on, 761 ; nucleus in, 762 ; karyokinesis in, 763 ; colonial forms, 764 — collared, resembling cells of sponges, 855 Flagellate chambers of sponges, 856, 857 Flagellum of Noctiluca, 766 note Flat bottle for collecting, 527 Flatness of field, 425 Flea, presumed auditory organ of, 422 ; hairs on pygidium of, as a test, 421 mounting medium for, 973 ' Flesh,' 1048 Flint, derivation of, 622 — glass, refractive index of, 5 ; disper- sive power of, 10 ; composition of, 32 — implements found with Orbitolince, 824 Flints, preparation of, 1089 Floral envelope, 718 Floridece, 630-632 ; affinities of, 630 Flosculariadcs, 791 Floscules in confinement, 528 ' Flowering fern,' sporanges of, 676 ' Flowering plants,' 684. See PHANERO- GAMIA Flowers, 718-723 ; Inman's method of preparation, 719 ' Flowers of tan,' 634 Fluid inclusions in crystals, 1074 1 Fluke,' 945 Fluorite lenses for apochromatic objec- tive, 85, 366 Flustra, mode of growth in, 904 ; gem- mation in, 906 ; number of polypides, 908 ; polyzoaries of, 909 ; extensions of perivisceral cavity in, 927 'Flustrella concentrica, 847 Fly, various instructive organs to be ob- tained from, 972 ; eye of, facets in, 983; proboscis of, 989; circulation in wing of, 994 ; spiracle of, 996 ; areolse on wings of, 998 ; foot of, 1000 Focal alteration and form of objects, 421 — depth, 38 — distances, by feeling, 177 — length of a plano-convex lens, 15 Focke on Navicula and Surirella, 602 note Focus, virtual conjugate, 14, 25 ; princi- pal, 16 ; mean, 17 ; virtual, 22 ; conju- gate, 24 ; depth of, 83, 89 — of lenses, 13, 21, 22 ; chromatic, 16 Focussing arrangements, 159-175 Fontinalis antipyretica, 671 Food of Hydra, 685 Foraminifera, 733, 795-846 — study of, by means of Beck's disc- holder, 339; examination of, 423; wooden slides for mounting, 450; method for sectionismg, 508 note ; de- calcification of, 513 ; structure of, 795 ; chamberlets in, 798, 803, 804, 806 ; cyclical mode of growth in, 798 ; plans of growth, 798, 804 ; porcellanous shells, 799 ; vitreous shells, 799 ; tubu- lation of shell in, 799, 800; rotaline type, 800 ; nummuline type, 800 ; in- termediate skeleton of, 801 ; canal sys- tem of, 801 ; Porcellanea, 801 ; fos- silised forms of, 801, 804, 812, 824, 837 ; dimorphism in, 802 ; secondary septa in, 803 ; Arenacea, 810 ; sandy iso- morphs, 814 ; nodosarine type, 815 ; Vitrea, 819; internal casts, 82:5, 827 note ; nummuline series, 826 ; alar prolongations, 830, 831 ; interseptal INDEX 1153 FOR GEL canals, 830 ; marginal cord in, 830, 834 ; collecting, 843 ; method of separating from sand .&c., 844 ; mounting, 845 ; tubuli of, compared with those of den- tine, 1020 ; in mud of Levant, 1085 ; in rocks, 1085 ; internal casts of, 1090 Forbes, on reproduction of Sertulariida, 870 Forceps, 351 — slide, 453 — stage, 339 * Forficida, antennae of,. 988 Forficulidce, wings of, 999 Form of objects and focal alteration, 421 Formation of microscopic images, 43 'Formed material,' 1018; of fibrous tissue, 1019 ; of dentine, 1020 Fossil coniferous wood, 705, 1083 — crinoids, 892 ; echinids, 892 — Cypridce, 960 — Foraminifera, 801, 824-826 — Lituolce, 816 — Badiolaria, 846, 854 note — Saccammina, 812 — sponges, 1089 — wood, 705, 706 Fossilised Foraminifera (Eozob'n), 837 — wood, sections of, 712 Fragilaria, 605 Fragilariece, characters of, 605 Fragmentation of nucleus, 538 Fraunhofer's law of diffraction, 57 — • achromatic doublet, 148 - lines, 323-326 Fredericella, collecting, 528 Free-cell formation, 535, 719 in embryo-sac, 534, 536 Freezing apparatus for Thoma's (Jung's) microtome, 467 — microtome, Hayes's, 472 ; Cathcart's, 474 — imbedding by, 505 Fresnel, on Selligue and Adams's micro- scope, 148 ; on range of magnification, 149 Freyana heteropus, legs of. 1010 Fripp's method of testing object-glasses, 386 Frog, blood- corpuscles of, 1034, 1035; muscle fibre of, 1049 ; papillae on tongue of, 1053 ; circulation in mesentery of, 1056 ; circulation in tongue of, 1056 ; lung of, 1063 Frog's bladder, histology of, as seen with apochromatic, 372 — foot, epithelium of web of, 1044 ; cir- culation in web of, 1055 Frond of Phceospcrecz, 626 Fructification, gonidial, 541 ; sexual, 541 — of thallophytes, 540 ; of Ascomycetes, 642 ; of lichens, 649 ; of mosses, 670 ; of ferns, 675 ; of Equisetacece, 680 Frustules of Diatomacece, 588: shapes of, 588, 589; structure of, 589, 590 note ; girdle, 589 ; ostioles in, 590 ; markings on, 591 ; character of, as basis of classification, 602 ; of Coscinodiscusy 609 FucacecB, 627 ; conceptacles of, 627 Fuchsia, pollen-grains of, 722 Fucus, 626 Fucus platycarpus, 627, 628 — vesiculosus, 629 Fulgoridfe, wings of, 999 Funaria hygrometrica, 669 — sporange of, 671 FUNGI, 540, 633-664 — preparation of, 514 ; zymotic action of, 532 ; alternation of generations in classification of, 634; parasitic on in- sects, 642 Fungia, lamellae of, 878 Fungiform papillae, 1053 Fungus-cellulose, 633 Fusion in Dallingeria, 759 Fuss's description of a microscope, 147 Fusulina, 825, 826, 1090 Fusulina -limestone, 825, 1085 Gabbro, 1095 — fluid inclusions in, 1074 Gad-fly, ovipositor of, 1004 — • See Tabanus Gaillonella procera, 621 — granulata, 621 — biseriata, 621 Galileo, inventor of the compound micro- scope, 120-125 ; Viviani's life of, 120 ; his invention of compound microscope, Wodderborn on, 121 ; his occhialino, 121, 124; his occhiale, 122, 124; his microscope, 127 ' Gall-flies,' ovipositor of, 1003 Galley-worms. See Myriopoda Gamasidd, legs of, 1010; integument of, 1010 ; Malpighian vessel of, 1011 ; heart of, 1011 ; tracheae of, 1011 ; cha- racters of, 1012; reproductive organs of, 1012 Gamusus terribilis, mandibles of, 1009 Ganglion-globules (cells), 1051 Ganglionic cells, 1054 Ganoid scales, 1028 Garlic, raphides of, 696 Garnets, 1077 Gas bubbles in glass cavities, 1074 Gaseous inclusions in crystals, 1075 Gastropoda, palates of, mounting, 481 ; palate of, 919 ; development of, 919 ; shell structure of, 928 ; embryonic development of, 934-940; organs of hearing in, 941 Gastrula, 726; -stage in Coelenterata, 726; formation of, 726 note ; of zoo- phytes, 862 ; of Gastropoda, 935 ; of blowfly, 1007 Gauss's optical investigations, 106-110; his dioptric investigations, 106-110 ; his system, practical example of, 111-1 J 6 Gelatinous nerve-fibres, 1052 in sympathetic, 1054 4 E 1 1 54 INDEX GEM Gemellaria, polyzoary of, 909 Gemmae of Marchantia, 666, 667; of Salpingceca, 764 ; of Suctoria, 784 ; in Foraminifera, 798 ; of Polyzoa, 906 Gemmation and shape of shell in Fora- \ mini/era, 796 Gemmules of Noctiluca, 769 ; of sponges, 857 Gentiana, seeds of, 724 Geodia, spicules of, 859, 1086 Gephyrean worm, 950 Geranium, glandular hairs of, 714 ; cells of pollen-chambers, 720 ; pollen-grains, 720 Germ-cells of Volvox, 555 ; of Marchan- tia, 668 ; of mosses, 671 ; of ferns, 679 ; of Phanerogams, 685 ; of sponges, 857 ; of Hydra, 866 'Germinal matter,' 1018; of fibrous tis- sue, 1019 ; of dentine, 1020 Gesneria, seeds of, 724 Ghostly diffraction image, Nelson on, 72 note Gibbes (Heneage , on staining Bacteria, 515 Gifford's screen, 321 Gill (C. Haughton), on the 'dots' of Navicula, 593 Gillett's condenser, 204, 300 Gills of tadpole, 1057, 1059 Giraudia, conjugation of, 627 Girvanella, 1084 ' Gizzard ' of insects, 993 Glanders, 661 Glands, structure of, 1047 — of Drosera, 714 Glass-cavities in crystals, 1074 ; gas bubbles in, 1074 ' Glass-crabs,' 968 Glass inclusions in crystals, 1074 — rings for cells, 446-448 Glaucium luteum, cyclosis in, 691 Glenodinium cinctum, conjugation of, 770 Globigerina, shell of, 798; mud, 811; pseudopodia of, 821 ; mode of life of, 821 ; Wyville Thomson's views on, 821 ; Carpenter's views on, 822 Globigerina bulloides, 820 ; in the ' ooze,' 1086 — conglobata, 821 — ooze, 820, 1085 ; resemblance to chalk, 1087 — rubra, colour of, 799 Globigerine shell, sandy isomorph of, 814 Globigerinida, 820 Globule of Chara, 577, 578 Globulites, 1096 Glochidia of Anodon, 933 Glceocdpsa, 547 ; as gonid of lichen, 651 Glow-worm, 984 ; antennee of. 988 Glue and honey cement, 444 Gluten of grass seeds, 725 •Glycerin, as preservative medium, 518, 520; Hantzsch's method, 520; Beale's method, 520 GEE Glycerin-jelly, Lawrence's mounting in, 480, 519 ; solvent for CaCO5, 520 ; for mounting insects, 973 ; for mounting cartilage, 1047 Glyciphagus Krameri, 1013 — 'valmifer, 1008 — platygaster, 1013 — plumiger, 1008 ; hairs of, 1010 Gnathostomata (Crustacean), 965 note Goadby's solution for mounting cartilage, 1047 Goes (Dr.\ on affinity of Carpenteria, 823 Goette, on development of Antedon, 903 Gold size, 443 Gomphonema, stipe of, 588, 616 ; move- ments of, 602; attacked by Vampyrella, 730 — geminatum, 616 ; stipe of, 616 — gracile, 621 Gomphonemece, characters of, 616 Goniaster equestris, spines of, 891 Gonid ial cells, 541 — fructification, 541 — layer of lichens, 649 Gonidiophores of Peronosphorece, 639 Gonids, or non-sexual spores of Crypto- gams, 541 note ; of Vaucheria, 562 ; of Podosphenia, 597 ; of Floride<e,6Sl ; of Fungi, 633 ; of Peronosporece, 639 Goniocidaris florigera, spine of, 888 Gonium, 545 Gonothecse of Campanulariida, 870 Gonozoid of hydroids, 868 ; of Syncoryne, 869 ; of Tubularia, 869 Gonozoids of Sertulariida, 870 Gordius, 944, 945 Gorgonia, spicules in, 929 — guttata, spicules of, 880 Gorgonics, 877 ; spicules of, in mud of Levant, 1085 Goring (Dr.), on magnification of objects, 43 ' Gory dew,' due to Palmella cruenta, 558 Govi, on invention of microscope by Galileo, 120 Graduated rotary stage, 395 Grammatophora, chains of, 588, 607 — angulosa, 620 — marina, 607 Grammatophora parallela, 620 — serpentina, 607 — subtilissima, 607 Granite, 1095 — fluid inclusions in, 1074 Grantia, 857, 861 ; spicule of, 1086 Grasses, nodes of, 701 ; silex in epiderm of, 715 ; palese of, 715 ; seed of, 725 Grasshopper, gizzard of, 993 ; wings of, 999 Green glass for softening light, 321, 417 Greensands, microscopic constituents of, 1090 Gregarina, characters of, 749 ; move- ment of, 750 — gigantea, in lobster, 749 note — Scenuridis, 751 INDEX H55 GEE Gregarinida, 749 Gregory (J. W.), on Eozoon, 843 note Gregory (W.), on species of diatoms, 600 note Greville, on Spatangidium, 610; on Triceratiioii, 613 note Grey matter, 1052 Griffith's turn-table, 451 Griffitlisia, 630 Grinding sections of hard substances, 506 , Grindl's microscope, 132 Gromia, 734-736, 796 — and Arcella, pseudopodia of, con- trasted, 746 Ground-mass of rocks, 1072 Groundsel, pollen-grains of, 722 Growing slides, Botterill's, 340 ; Mad- dox's, 341 ; Lewis's, 341 Guard-cells, 715 'Gulf-weed,' 630 Gum and glycerin, 520 ; and syrup, as a preservative medium, 519 — imbedding for vegetable substances, 514 — arabic, formula, 445 ; for freezing, 505 — resins, latex of, 695 — styrax, as a mounting medium, 521 ; index of refraction, 521 Gyges, 545 Gymnochroa, 868 Gymnolcemata, 909 Gymnosperms, fossilised, 1084 — generative apparatus in, compared with Cryptogams, 684 Gypsina, 824 H Haddon, on budding in Polyzoa, 907 note Haeckel (E.), on Eadiolaria, 846 ; on Hydrozob'n affinity of Ctenophora, 877 note - and Hertwig, on classification of radiolarians, 849 note HcsmamoebidfB, 752 and notr Hcematococcus, red phase of Proto- coccus, 543 — sanguineus, 558 Haematoxylin, solutions, 491, 492 Hcemionitis, sori of, 675 HamoeporicKa, 749 Haime (Jules), on development of Tri- choda, 780 ' Hair-moss,' 671 : Hair-worm,' 944 Hairs of leaves, 714 ; of insects, 980 ; of Acarina, 1010 ; of mammals, 1029 Halicaridce, 1013 Haliomma Sumboldtii, 851 - hystrix, 848 Haliotis (diatom), 613 - (mollusc), shell structure of, 928; palate of, 931 Haliphysema, 814 ; sponge-spicules in, Haller, on auditory organs of Acarina, 1010 Halteres of Diptera, 1000 Hand-magnifier, Brewster's, 37 Hansgirg, on movement of Oscillato- rlacece, 548 Hantzsch's glycerin method for desmids, 520 Haplophragmium, 814 — globigeriniforme, 813 Hardening agents, 484-487; corrosive sublimate, 484 ; alcohol, 484 ; osmic acid, 485 ; picric acid, 485 Hardy's flat bottle for collecting, 527 Harpalus, antennse of, 988 Harting, on Janssen's microscope, 120 ; his experiments on formation of con- cretions, 1101 Hartnack, on immersion system, 27 Hartnack's model, 256 Hartsoeker's simple microscope, 134; his condenser, 134, 298 ' Hart's-tongue,' 675. See Scolopen- drium ' Harvest-bug,' 1013 ' Haus ' of Appendicularia, 918 Haustellate mouth, 992 Haustellium, 992 Haversian canals in bone, 1021 Haycraft (J. B.), on structure of striated muscle fibre, 1049 Hayes's ether freezing microtome, 472; minimum thickness of sections there- with, 478 Hazel, peculiar stem of, 704 ; pollen- grains of, 722 Hearing, organs of, in Gastropoda, 941 ; in Cephalopoda, 941 Heart of ascidians, 912 ; of Acarina, 1011 Heartsease, pollen-tubes of, 723 ' Heart-wood,' 704 Heating-bath, Mayer's, 453 Heliopelta, 588, 611 Heliozoa, characters of, 734 ; examples of, 737-742 Helix pomatia, teeth of, 930 — hortensis, palate of, 930 Heller's porcelain cement, 521 Helmholtz on aperture, 47 Hemiaster cavernosus, development of, 900 note Hemiptera, eyes of, 987 ; wings of, 999 ; suctorial mouth of, 1000 Hensen's stripe, 1049 Hepaticce, 665; thalloid, 668; foliose, 668 ; elaters of, compared with spiral cells, &c., of pollen-chamber, 720 Herbivora, arrangement of enamel in teeth of, 1025 ; cement in teeth of, 1026 Herring, scales of, 1028 Herschelan doublet, 309 Hertel's compound microscope, 137, 139 Hertwig's research on Microgromia, 735 note', on Actinia, 877 note Heterocentrotus, spine of, 885 — mammillatus, spine of, 887 Heterocysts of Nostoc, 549 4E2 1156 INDEX HET HYP Heteromita uncinata, life-history of, 760 Heterostegina, 834 Heurck (Van\ on markings of diatoms, 593 Hexarthra, 792 Hicks, on amoebiform phase of Volvox, 556 ; on preparation of insect antennae, 989 note ; on structure of halteres and elytra, 1000 Himantidium, 604 Hipparchia janira, eggs of, 1005 Hippopus, 613 Hippothoa, 909 Holland's triplet, 37 Hollis's liquid glue, 444 Hollyhock, pollen-grains of, 721, 722 Holothuria botellus, plates of, 895 — edulis, plates of, 895 — inhabilis, plates of, 895 — vagabunda, plates of, 895 Holothurice, diatoms in stomach of, 614, 623 Holothurioidea, skeleton of, 894 ; pharyn- geal skeleton of, 895 note ; plates in j skin of, 895 ; preparation of calcareous plates, 896 ; abbreviated development in, 900 note Holtenia Carpenteri, 861 Homeocladia, 602 Homogeneous, word first applied to lenses, 30 — immersion, 364 ; Abbe's combination, 365 — immersion lenses of Powell and Lea- land, 30 ; of Zeiss, 29 — objectives, value of, in study of monads, 762 — system, 28 Homoptera, wings of, 998, 999 Hood of mosses, 671 Hoofs, 1029, 1033 — sections of, mounting, 481 ; for polari- scope, 481 Hooke's adoption of field-lens to eye- lens, 128, 376 — compound microscope, 128 Hooked monad, 760 Hooker (J. D.), on diatoms of antarctic circle, 621 Hooklets on wings of Hymenoptera, 999 Hoplothora, 1012 — maxillae of, 1010 Hormogones of Oscillatoriacece, 547; of Bivulariacece, 548 ; of Scytonemacece, 548 ; of Nostoc, 549 Hormosina globulifera, 813. 815 — Carpenteri, 815 Hornblende, 1077 — corroded cr j stals of, 1072 ; pleochroism in, 1078 Hornet, wing of, 999 ; sting of, 1003 Horns, 1029, 1033 Horny substances, chemical treatment of, 517 ' Horse-tails,' 680. See Equisetacece Hosts of parasitic plants, 532 House-fly. Sea Musca Hudson, on the functions of contractile vesicle of rotifers, 789 note Hudson and Gosse, on classification of rotifers, 790 Human blood-corpuscles, 1034 — hair, 1031 Husk of corn-grains, 725 Huxley, on the ectosarc of Amoeba, 743 note ; on coccoliths, 747 ; on Bathybius, 747 ; on Collozoa, 853 note ; on struc- ture of molluscan shells, 922 ; on pul- villus of cockroach, 1000 note ; on agamic reproduction of Aphis, 1006 Huxley's simple dissecting microscope, 251, 252 Huyghenian eye-piece and spherical aberration, 42 Hyacinth, raphides of, 696; cells of pollen-chambers, 720 ; pollen-grains of, 722 Hyaline shells of Foraminifera, 799 Hyalinia cellaria, palate of, 931 Hyalodiscus subtilis, 608 Hyaloplasm, 537 Hydra, collecting, 527 ; intracellular digestion in, 863 ; thread-cells of, 864 ; structure of, 864 ; reproduction of, 866 ; gemmation of, 866 — fusca, 863, 865 — viridis, 863, 867 — vulgaris, 863 ' Hydra tuba ' of Chrysaora, 874, 876 Hydrachnidce, 1008 ;' mandible of, 1009; eyes of, 1011; reproductive organs of, 1012 ; characters of, 1013 Hydrangea, number of stomates in, 716 ; seeds of, 724 Hydrodictyon, 557, 566 — reticulatum, 565 Hydroida, classification of, 868 Hydroids, compound, 867 ; structure of, 867 et seq. Integument of insects, 974 ; of Acarina, 1010 Integuments of ovule, 685 Intensity of light, necessaries for, 417 Intercellular substance, 1019; in carti- lage, 1046 Intercostal points, Stephenson on, 73; not revelation of real structure, 73 Interference, 62 — image, 72 Intermediate skeleton in Foraminifera, 801 ; of Globigerinida, 820 ; of Calca- rina, 825 ; otttotalia, 825 ; of Nummu- lites. 826 ; of Eozoon, 839 Internal casts of Textularia, 823; of Rotalia, 824; of Eozoon, 840 ; of wood, 1083 ; of shells in greensand, 1090 Interpretation, errors of, 427 ' Interseptal canals ' of Calcarina, 830 Intestine, cells of villi in, 1044 Intine of pollen-grains, 720 Intracellular digestion in zoophytes, 863 Intussusception, 533 — mode of growth of starch, 694 Invagination, 726 Invertebrata, blood corpuscles of, 1038 Inverted conjugate image, 24 Iodine, as a test for starch, &c., 516 Ipomcea purpurea, pollen-grains of, 721 Iridescent scales of insects, 975 Iris, epiderm of, 712 ; leaves of, 717 ; cells of pollen-chambers, 720 Iris-diaphragm, 297, 313 ; fitted to Abbe s condenser, 312 Iris germanica, epiderm and stomates ot, 715, 716 INDEX IKR Irrationality of spectrum, 19, 305 Isochelae of sponges, 860 Isoetece, 682 Isotropism, 1079 Isthmia, chains and frustules of, 588, 612 ; structure of frustules, 590 note ; divi- sion of, 596 — nervosa, 613 — areolations in, 592 Italian reed, stem of, 699 'Itch-mites,' 1013 Ivory, 1024 Ixodes, heart of, 1011 Ixodidce, 1008; integument of, 1010; auditory organ, 1011 ; tracheae of, 1011 ; characters of, 1012 Jackson's modification of Ross model, 199 ; his eye-piece micrometer, 276 Janssen (H. and J.), inventors of first microscope, 120 ; their compound microscope, 120 Jars, capped, for Canada balsam, 477 Jelly-fish. See Acalephce and Medusce Jones's compound microscope, 144, 145 Jungermannia, 668 Jung's (Thoma's) microtome, 461-469 K Kaolin, 1076 Karop, his fine adjustment to sub-stage, 187 Karop and Nelson on fine structure of diatoms, 591 note Karyokinesis in monads, 763 Kellner's eye-piece, 42, 376 ; as a con- denser, 196 Kent (Saville), on contractile vacuoles of Volvox, 552 note ; on Flagellata, 764 Keplerian telescope, Drebbel's modifica- tion as a microscope, 121 Keramosphtera Murrayi, 810 note Keratose network of sponges, 855 ; pre- paration of, 857 Kidneys of Vertebrata, 1047 King-crab, 957 Kirchner, on the obspores of Volvox, 556 Klebahn, on formation of auxospores of diatoms, 601 Klebs, on mucilaginous sheath of des- mids, 580 ; on movement of desmids, 580 — and Biitschli, on the ' cilia ' of Dino- flagellata, 770 Klein, on Volvox, 556 note Knife, special, for microtome, 462 Koch's method of sectionising corals, 878 Kowalevsky, on development of ascidians, 917 note Krukenberg,on digestion in sea-anemones, LE& Kiitzing, on Palmodictyon, 559 ; on struc- ture of frustules of diatoms, 590 ; his classification of diatoms, (>(>:'> Labarraque's fluid for bleaching vege- table substance, 514 Labels, permanent, 523 Labyrinthic structure of CyclamtniiHi, 816; olFarkeria, 818 LabyrintJiodon, tooth of, 1091 Lacunae and canaliculi of bone, misinter- pretation of, 428 — of bone, 1019-1022 ; dimensions of, in various animals, 1022 — relation of size to that of blood cor- puscle, 1022 Lagena, 796, 819 Lagenida, 819 Laguncula, 906, 908, 950 — stolon of, 904 ; polypides of, compared with Clavellinidce, 914 — repens, anatomy of, 904, 905 ' Lamella.' of corals, 878 — of Hymenomycetes, 648 Lamellibranchiata, shell of, 919 Lamellicornia, antennae of, 988 Laminaria, 626, 627 Laminariacece, 627 Lamna, tooth of, 1024 Lamp, Nelson's. 404; Beck's 406; Baker's, 407 Lampyris, antennae of, 988 — splendidula, photograph through eye of, 984 Land-crab, young of, 969 Lankester (E. Ray), on Bacteria, 652 ; on movement of gregarines, 750 ; on Hcemamcebidce, 752 note ; on iiitra- cellular digestion in Limnocodium, 868 Lantern-flies, wings of, 999 Lapis lazuli, 1095 Larva of Echinodermata, 896 ; of As- teroidea, 898 ; of Echinoidea, 898 ; of Ophiurvidea, 898 ; of Crinoidea, 900 ; of ascidians, 916 ; of fly, 1007 ; of Acarina, 1009 Latex of Phanerogams, 695 Lathrcea squamaria, embryo of, 728 Laticiferous tubes, free-cell formation in, 534 — tissue of Phanerogams, 695 Laurentian rocks, 837, 842 ' Laver,' or green seaweed, 559 Lawrence's glycerin jelly, 519 Leaves, epiderm of, 712 ; internal struc- ture of, 716 ; mode of preparation for examination of, 718 Leech, 956 Leeuwenhoek's simple microscope, 132 Legg's method of selecting Foraminifera, 844 Legs of insects, 1000, 1002 ; of Acarina, 1008, 1010 INDEX LEG Leguminosce, seeds of, 685 Leiosoma palmacinctum, 1008 ; hairs of, 1010 Leitz's microscopes, 206, 227 — bull's eye, 330 — objectives, 374 Lens, spherical, 12 ; biconvex, 12, 13 ; plano-concave, 13; diverging meniscus, 13 ; plano-convex, 13, 15, 22, 37 ; con- verging meniscus, 13 ; biconcave, 13 ; plano-convex, focal length of, 15 ; crossed biconcave, 16; crossed bicon- vex, 16 ; equiconvex, 16, 22 ; Stanhope, 37 ; Coddington, 37 ; Briicke, 38 — from Sargon's palace, 119 — invention of, 119, 120 — achromatic, Charles's, 148 ; Barlow's, 149 Lenses, refraction by, 10, 25 — homogeneous immersion, of Powell and Lealand, 30 ; of Zeiss, 29 — fluorite ; for apochromatic objectives, 35 — combination of, 37 — resolving power of, 64, 382 ; amplify- ing power of, 25, 26 — testing by Diatoms, 389 Lepadidce, 967 Lepidium, seeds of, 724 Lepidocyrtus curvicollis, scales of, 979 Lepidodendra, 682, 1084 Lepidoptera, scales of, 975, 976 ; wings of, 981, 999 ; scales of, mounting, 981, 982 ; eyes of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 ; mouth-parts, 992; eggs of, 1005 Lepidosteus, bony scale of, 1022, 1028 Lepidostrobi, 682 Lepisma saccharina, scales of, 976, 977 Lepismidce, 979 Lepralia, 909 ; mode of growth in, 904 ; extension of perivisceral cavity of, 927 Leptodiscus (ally of Noctiluca), 769 note Leptogonium scotinum, 649 Leptothrix, form of, 653 Leptus autumnalis, 1013 Lerncea, 965 note, 966 Lessonia, 627 Lettuce, laticiferous tissue, 695 Leucite, mineral inclusions in, 1075 ; anomalies in, 1078 Lever of contact, Ross's, for testing covers, 440 Libelhda, eye of, 983, 987; respiratory apparatus of larva, 997 ; wings of, 998 Liber, or inner bark, 708 LICHENS, 648-651; fungus-constituents of, 651 Licmopkora, stipe of, 588, 604 ; flabella of, 605 — flabellata, 588, 604 Licmophorece, 616 — characters of, 604 ; vittae of, 604 Lieberkuehnia, movement of, 732 — paludosa, 733 — Wagneri, 731 LOM Lieberkiihn's microscope, 139 ; his specu- lum, 334-336 ' Ligamentum nuchae,' structure of, 1040 Light; refraction of, 2; recomposition of, by prisms, 18 ; convergence of, 18 ; path of, through compound microscope, 40; quantity of, 50, 51, 54; emission of, 51, 54 ; quantity of, and aperture, 54 note ; cone of, 190 ; monochromatic, 321, 417, 418 ; intensity of, necessaries for, 416 — convergent, in petrology, 1070, 1078 Lignified tissue, test for, 517 Lignites, 1083 Lignum vitce, wood of, 704 Lilac, pith of, 687 Lilium, experiments with pollen-grains of, 721 ' Lily-stars,' 900. See Crinoidea Limax maximus, palate of, 930 — shell of, imitated, 1102 — rufus, shell structure of, 928 Lime, raphides of, 696 — secreting Algae, 1084 Limestone, metamorphism of, 1077 — rocks, 1084, 1085 Limnceus stagnalis1 nidamentum of, 934 ; velum of, 936 LimnocaridcB, characters of, 1013 Limnocharis, seeds of, 724 Limnocodium, intracellular digestion in, 863 Limpet. See Patella Limulus, 957 Linaria, seeds of, 724 Lister's struts for support of body, 149 ; his influence on improvement of Eng- lish achromatic object-glasses, 150 ; his zoophyte trough, 348 ; his discovery of two aplanatic foci, 355 ; his note on Chevalier's objectives, 355 ; his influ- ence on microscopical optics, 356 ; his triple-front combination, 360 Listrophorus, 1008 Lithasteriscus radiatus, 620 Lithistid sponges, spicules of, 859' Lithocyclia ocellus, 847 Lithothamnion, 1084 Lituola, 814 Lituolce, large fossil forms of, 816 Lituolida, 814 Live-box, 346 Liver, 1047 Liver-cells, 1048 ' Liverworts,' 665. See Hepaticce Lobosa, characters of, 734 ; examples of, 742-747 Lobster, 957; metamorphosis of, 969 ' Lob-worm,' 948 Loculi, of anthers, 720 Locust, gizzard of, 993; ovipositors of, 1004 Locusta, eye of, 987 Loftusia,S18 Loligo, pigment-cells of, 942 Lomas (J.), on calcareous spicules in Alcyoniditim, 908 note ii6o INDEX LON ' London Pride,' parenchyme of, 688 Longicornia, antennae of, 988 Longulites, 1096 Lopkophore of Polyzoa, 905, 950 ; of fresh-water Polyzoa, 909 Lophopus, collecting, 528 Lophospermum erubescens, winged seed of, 724 Lophyropoda, 959 Lorica of Ciliata, 773 ; of Acineta, 783 ; of Rotifera, 787 Loup-holders, 248 — for tank work, Steinheil's, 268 Loups, Reichert's, 38 ; Steinheil's, 38, 378 ; Steinheil's aplanatic, 248 ; Zeiss's, 268 Louse, mounting media for, 973 Loven, on classificatory value of palates in Gastropoda, 932 Loxosoma, lophophore of, 909 Lubbock, on Thysanura, 977 ; on Podura scale, 979 Lucanus, eye of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 Luminosity of Noctiluca, 765 ; of Cteno- phora, 883 ; of annelids, 955 Lungs, circulation in, 1056, 1062-1065 Lychnis, seeds of, 724 Lychnocanium falciferum, 847 — lucerna, 847 Lycoperdon, 647 ; hymenium of, 647 Lycopodiacece, 681 ; in coal, 1084 Lycopodiece, 681 Lyminas, collecting, 527 Lymph, corpuscles, 1037 Lysigenous spaces in Phanerogams, 688 i Maceration of vegetable tissues, 700 ; Schultz's method, 700 Machilis polypoda, scale of, 978 Machines for cutting hard sections, 511, 512 Macrocystis, 627 Macrospores of Polytoma, 760; of sponges, 857 Macrurous Decapoda, young of, 969, 970 Madder, cells of pollen- chambers, 720 ' Madre,' Acanthometra, occurring in, 852 Madrepores, 878 Magma, 1073 Magnetite, 1072 Magnification, range of, of Selligue's microscope, 149 Magnifying power, testing of objectives, 425 ; determination of, 288 Mahogany, size of ducts of, 699 ; stem of, 706 Malacostraca, 968 ' Male ' plants of Polytrichum, 671 Mallei of Rotifera, 788 Mallow, pollen -grains of, 721, 722 Malpighian vessel of Gamasidce, 1011 — layer of skin in mammals, 1042 — bodies in vertebrate kidney, 1047 Maltwood's finder, 296 Malva sylvestris, pollen-grains of, 721 MEC Malvacece, pollen-grains of, 721 MAMMALIA : lacunae in bones of, 1022 ; plates in skin of, 1026 ; epidermic ap- pendages of, 1029 ; red blood-corpuscles of, 1034, 1035; epidermis of, 1042; muscle fibre of, 1049 ; lungs of, 1065 Mammary glands, 1047 Man, arrangement of enamel in teeth of, 1025 ; cement in teeth of, 1026 ; hair of, 1031 ; muscle fibre of, 1049 ; lung of, 1065 Mandibulate mouth, 989 Manganese concretions, 1090 ' Mantle ' and growth of shell in Mollusca, 925 Marchantia, 665-668 ; archegones of, 665, 668 ; stomates of, 666 ; elaters of, 668 — androgyna, 665 note — polymorpha, 665-668 Margaritacece, 919 ; nacreous layer of, 922 ; prismatic layer of, 923 Margarites, 1096 ' Marginal cord ' of Operculina, 830 — of Nummulites, 834 Marine forms, collecting, 528 — glue for forming ' cells,' 445 — mites, 1018 — work, tow-net for, 528 ; dredge for, 528 ; stick-net for, 529 Marshall's compound microscope, 135, 136, 138, 139 Marsipella elongata, 818 Martin's ' pocket ' reflecting microscope, 140; his large microscope, 140; his improvements in optical and mechani- cal arrangements, 142 ; his achromatic microscope, 147 ; his reflecting micro- scope, 147; his achromatic objective, 147 Marzoli's achromatic lenses, 353 Masonella, 811 Mastax of Eotifera, 787 Mastigophora Hyndmanni, 906 Mastogloia, stipe of, 588, 619 ; gelatinous sheath of, 588, 619 ; development of, 597 ; range of variation in, 618 — lanceolata, 619 — Smithii, 619 Matthews's method of sectionising hard substances, 507 May all, on history of microscope, 117 ; on Divini's microscope, 130 Mayall's removable mechanical stage, 183 Mayer's heating bath, 453 ' Meadow-brown,' eggs of, 1005 ' Measly pork,' due to Cysticerciis, 944 ' Mechanical finger' for selecting di- atoms, 625 — movements of the stage in Lister's (Tully's) microscope, 149 — stage, 175 - Turrell's, 176 ; Watson's, 177 ; Nelson's, 179, 181; Zeiss's, 179, 183; Swift's, 180 ; Allen's, 180 ; Mayall's re- movable, 183 ; Reichert's, 183 ; Bausch and Lomb's, 183, 184 ; Beck's, 184 Continental, 179 — tube-length of microscope, 158 INDEX MED Medullary rays, 705 — in dicotyledons, 702 ' Medullary sheath ' of Exogens, 698 ; of dicotyledons, 703 Medusa of fresh-water, 863 Medusa t mounting, 448 ; of Hydroids, 868 ; naked-eyed, 868 ; development of, 874 ; alternation of generations in, 877 ; nerves of, 1052 Medusoids, collecting, 529 Megalopa, 970 Megaloscleres, 859 f Megasphere of certain Foraminiferat 802 Megaspores of Rhizocarpece, 681 ; of carboniferous trees, 682; of Isoetece, 682 ; of Selaginellece, 682 Megatherium, teeth of, 1026 Megatricha of Ehrenberg, a phase in development of Suctoria, 785 ; Badcock on, 785 Megazoospores of Ulothrix, 557; of Ulva, 561 ; of Scenedesmus, 566 Megerlia lima, shell of, 927 Melanosporece, 625 Meleagrina, 919, 922 — margaritifera, 923 Melicerta, collecting, 527 ; in confine- ment, 528 Melicertidce, 791 Melolontha, eye of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 ; spiracle of larva, 996 — vulgaris, eye of, 983 Melosira, frustules of, 588, 594 ; auxo- spores of, 595, 600 ; sporules of, 597 ; zygospore of, 600 — ochracea, 608 — subflexilis, 594, 595 — varians, 594, 595 ; endochrome of, 598 Melosirece, characters of, 608; resem- blance to Confervacece, 608 Membrana putaminis, 1032 Membranipora, 908, 909 Membraniporidte, 908 Mercury nitrate as a test for albuminous substances, 517 Meridiece, 604, 616 — characters of, 604 Meridian circular e, 588, 604 Merismopedia, 547 ' Mermaid's fingers,' 879. See Alcyo- nium Mesembryanthemujn, seeds of, 724 — crystallinum, epiderm of, 714 Mesocarpus, conjugation of, 549; zygo- spore of, 550 Mesogloea of Hydra, &c., 864 note Mesophlceum, 708 Metal case for imbedding, 498 Metamorphism, dynamic, 1077 Metamorphism of rock-masses, 1076, 1077 ; of limestones, 1090 Metamorphosis of Lerncea, 966 ; of Cirripedia, 967 ; of Malacostraca, 969 Metazoa, 727, 855 MIC Meteorites in oceanic sediments, 1093 Metschnikoff, on acinetan character of Erythropsis, 775 ; on intracellular di- gestion, 863 ; on phagocytes, 1037 note Mica, 1077 Michael's (A.) opalescent mirror, 194 Micrasterias denticulata, binary divi- sion of, 583 ; form of cell of, 585 Micro-chemical analysis, 1102 - method of, 1102 Micro-chemistry in petrology, 1082, 1083 ; of poisons, 1103 Micrococci, form of, 653 Microcysts of Myxomycetes, 636 Microgromia socialis, 735 Microlites, 1072 ; in glass-cavities, 1074 Micrometer, Cuff's, 142 — use of, 274 — eye-piece, 271 — Nelson's new, 271, 272, 273 ; Zeiss's, 272; Jackson's, 276 Micrometers, 270-277 Micrometry by photo-micrography, 277 Micron, a, 82 note, 460 Micro-petrology, 1066 ' Microplasts ' of Bacterium rubescens, 660 note Micropyle in ovule, 685 ; of Euphrasia, 723 ; in orchids, &c., 723 Microscleres, 859, 860 Microscope, Mayall on the, 117 ; history and evolution of the, 117-269 ;" inven- tion of, 120 ; inventor of the name, 124 ; essentials in, 157-194 ; adjustments in, 159-175 ; stage of, 175-184 ; sub-stage of, 184-191 ; mirror of, 191-194 ; desi- derata in, 261-263 ; preservation of, 436 — Galileo's, 127 ; Campani's, 128 ; Prit- chard's, with Continental fine adjust- ment, 153; Boss's 'Lister' model, 153 ; Powell's (H.), 155 ; James Smith's, 155 — achromatic, Euler on, 147 ; Martin's, 147; Chevalier's, 148, 150; Selligue's, 148; Tally's, 149; Ross's early form of, 152 — aquarium, 266-269 - binocular, Eiddell's, 97; Nachet's, 98; Wenham's stereoscopic, 98; Ste- phenson's, 100, 248, 455 ; Greenough's, 102,250; Powell and Lealand's, 105; Cherubin d' Orleans', 130 ; Ross's, 196 ; Ross-Zentmayer's, 199; Rousselet's, 245 ; Sorby's spectrum, 327 — chemical, Bausch and Lomb's, 263, 264 — compound, 36, 39-42, 120, 125 ; con- struction of, 39 ; path of light through, 40; Rezzi on invention of, 125 ; Jans- sen's, 120 ; Hooke's, 128 ; de Mon- cony's, 128 ; Divini's, 129 ; Marshall's, 135; Hertel's, 139; Joblot's, 139; Cul- peper and Scarlet's, 140; Martin's, 140; Adams's variable, 142, 148; Jones's, 144, 148 - comparison of English and Conti- nental models, 254-261 LI 62 INDEX MIC Microscope, concentric, 191, 199 — dissecting, Greenough's, 102, 250; Stephenson's binocular, 248; Baker's (Huxley's), 251; Bausch and Lomb's (Barnes), 252 ; Zeiss's, 253 — horizontal, Bonannus's, 134; Amici's, 148 — petrological, 1068 — photographic, 257, 258 — radial, 191, 199 ; Ross-Weiiham's, 199 -^- reflecting, Newton's, 132 ; Martin's, 140, 147 ; Smith's, 145 ^ — simple, 36, 126, 248 ; path of light through, 25; inventor of , 126 ; Bacon's, 126; Descartes', 126 ; Bonannus's, 132 ; Muschenbroek' s,132 ; Leeuwenhoek's, 132 ; Hartsoeker's, 134 ; Wilson's, 140 — spectrum binocular, 327 — three great types of, 174, 199 Microscopes, for chemical purposes, 263, 264 — for examination of metals, 264-266 — modern, 194-269 ; Powell and Lea- land'-s, 194, 218, 237 ; Ross's, 196, 230 ; Watson's, 199, 218, 224, 234, 237; Baker's, 202, 218, 230; Swift's, 203, 224,228,233, 1068; Leitz's, 206, 237; Reichert's, 206, 224, 241, 242, 264; Zeiss's, 206, 237, 250; Bausch and Lomb's, 212, 222, 239, 252, 263 ; Spen- cer Lens Company's, 214 ; Beck's, 228, 233 — portable, 245-247; Powell and Lea- land's, 245; Swift's, 245; Rousselet's, 245; Baker's, 246; Bausch and Lomb's, 247 Microscopic and macroscopic vision, 62 — determination of geological formations, 1090 — dissection, single lenses for, 38 — investigation of rocks, &c., 1066 — vision, principles of, 43 Microscopical optics, principles of, 1 Microscopist's work-table, 398-403 Microscopy, definition of, 397 Microsomes, 531, 537 Micro - spectroscope, Sorby - Browning, 823-327; Swift's, 325 note ; Hilger's, 325 note — method of using, 328 ; in petrology, 1083 Microsphere of certain Foraminifera, 802 Microspores of Sphagnacece, 674; of Mhizocarpece, 681 ; in carboniferous trees, 682 ; of Isoetece, 682 ; of Selagi- nellece, 682; of Polytoma, 760; of sponges, 857 Microtome, 458-475 ; Ryder's, 401 ; sim- ple, 458-460; Thoma's (Jung's), 461- 469 ; freezing apparatus for, 467 ; Mi- not's, 472; Strasser's, 472; Gudden's, 472 — Cambridge rocking, 469-472 ; advan- tages of, 472 — freezing, Hayes's, 472 ; minimum thickness of sections with, 473 ; Cath- cart's, 474 MON Microzob'spores of UlotJirix, 557 ; of Ulva, 561 ; of Hydrodictyon, 565 ' Mildew,' 637. See Uredinece Miliola, shell of, 799; encrusted with sand, 810 Miliolee, 802 Miliolida, 801 ; in limestone, 1090 Miliolina, 802 Milioline Foraminifera, fossils of, 801 Miliolite limestone, 1090 Millepore, resemblance of Polytrema to, 824 Millon's test for albuminous substances> 517 Mineral nature of Eozoon, 843 — sections, where to get made, 1067 Minerals and rocks, bibliography of, 1071 note — optic axes of, 1079 — refractive index of, 1080 — chemical, spectroscopic and micro- scopic testing of, 1078-1083 Minnow, circulation in tail of, 1057 Mirror, 191-194 — opalescent, as a substitute for polaris- ing prism, 194 — replaced by rectangular prism, 192 Mites, 1008. See Acarina Mobius, on mineral nature of Eozoon, 843 Mohl (Von), on protoplasm, 530 note Moist-stage, Dallinger and Drysdale's, 341-344 Molecular coalescence, 1099-1102 Molgula, development of, 917 MOLLUSCA, larvae of, collecting, 529 — shells of, 919 ; shell-structure of, 919- 925 ; colour of shell, 921 ; mantle and shell-growth, 925 ; palate of, 930 ; de- velopment of, 983 ; ciliation of gills, 940 ; organs of sense in, 940 ; biblio- graphy, 942 ; resemblance of barnacles to, 967 ; ' liver ' of, 1047 ; muscle fibre of, 1050 ; internal casts of, 1090 ; concre- tionary spheroids in shells of, 1100 Molluscan shells in mud of Levant, 1085 Monad-form of Microgromia, 737 Monadince, life-histories of, 755-763 ; saprophytic, affinities of, 756 ; effect of temperature on, 761 ; nucleus in, 762 Monads, 755. See Monadince Monas, 575 — Dallingeri, life-history of, 756 — lens, 755 Monaxonida, spicules of, 859 Monazite, 1081 Monconys (De) devises microscope with field-lens, 128 Monerozoa, 727-733 Monocaulus, 871 Monochromatic light, 321, 417, 431 — illumination, means of obtaining, 417, 418 ! MONOCOTYLEDONS, 700 ; stem of, 700 ; nodes of, 701 ; epiderm of, 712 Monocotyledonous stem, fossilised, 1083 Monocular, Powell and Lealand's, 194, 195 INDEX I 163 MON MYX Monocystis agilis, cyst of, 750 Monophyes, digestion in, 863 note Monosiga, fission of, 764 Monothalamous Foraminifera, 796 Monotropa, seeds of, 724 Moracece, laticiferous tissue of, 695 Mordella beetle, eye of, facets in, 983 Mormo, scales of, 980 Morpho Menelaus, scales of, 976 Morula of higher animals compared with ' multicellular ' Protozoa, 726 Morula of Gastropoda, 935 % Moseley (H. N.^, on skeleton of pharynx of holothurian, 895 note ; on Chiton's eyes, 941 Mosses, 669-674 — capsules of, wooden slides for mount- ing, 450 ' Mother-of-pearl,' 922 Moths. See Lepidoptera Motion, spiral, 433, 434 Motor nerves, 1053 Motorial end-plates, 1053 ' Moulds,' 640, 643 Moults of Entomostraca, 964, 965 'Mountain-flour,' 622 Mounted objects, keeping, 523 ; labelling, 523 ; arrangement of, 524 Mounting plate, 452 — instrument, James Smith's, 454 — thin sections, 477 — in natural balsam, 480 ; in aqueous liquids, 481 ; in deep cells, 482 — diatoms, 481, 624; Ophiurida, 481; Polycystince, 481 ; sponge- spicules, 481 ; chitinous substances, 481 ; palates of gastropods, 481 ; sections of horns, &c., 481; Lepidoptera scales, 982; hairs of insects, 982 ; eyes of insects, 986 ; blood, 1038 — media, 517-522 ; camphor water, 518 ; salt solution, 519 ; white of egg, 519 ; syrup, 519; Ripart andPetit's fluid, 519 ; glucose media, 519 ; chloral hydrate, 519 ; gum and syrup, 519 ; glycerin jelly, 519 ; F arrant 's medium, 520 ; glycerin and mixtures of, 520 ; Canada balsam, 521 ; Dammar, 521 ; Styrax, 521 ; monobromide of naphthalin, 521 ; phosphorus, 521 Mouse, hair of, 1030-1031; cartilage in ear of, 1046 Mouse's intestine, villi of, 1062 Mouth, suctorial, of Hemiptera, 999 — of Acarina, 1009 Mouth-parts of insects, 989 Movement, interpretation of, 431-434 — of Lieberkuehnia, 732 ; of Amoeba, 744; of Dallingeria, 758; of plana- rians, 946 ; of Artemia, 960 ; of JBran- chipus, 960 ; of fly on smooth surface, 1001 ; of white corpuscles, 1037 ; of con- nective tissue corpuscles, 1041 ; of OscillatoriacecE, 547 ; of desmids, 580 ; of diatoms, 601 ; of Bacteria, 652 ; of Ciliata, 774 Mucilaginous sheath of desmids, 580 Mttcor, fermentation by, 647 — mucedo, 641 Mucorini, 640 ; spores of, 640 ; epispores of, 642 Mucous membrane, 1041 ; capillaries in, 1062 Mud of Levant, microscopic constituents of, 1085 Mulberry, laticiferous tissue of, 695 Mulberry-mass, 726 Miiller (J.), on the Badiolaria, 846 ; pn larva of Nemertines, 951 Miiller's (Fr.) 'Common Nervous Sys- tem ' in Polyzoa, 907 and note Multicellular organisms, 726 Multiplication of Palmoglcea, 541; of Protococcus, 543 ; of Volvox, 555 ; of Palmella, 558 ; of Bacteria, 652 ; of Microgromia, 736 ; of Amoeba, 744 ; of Dallingeria, 758 ; of Heteromita, 760; of Tetramitus, 760; of Noctiluca, 769 ; of Peridinium, 770 ; of Suctoria, 784 ; of Ciliata, 777 Multiplying power of eye -piece, 290 Munier Chalmas and Schlumberger, on dimorphism of Foraminifera, 802 Munier- Charles, on certain fossil Fora- minifera, 564 Muricea elongata, spicules of, 880 Musca, eye of, 987 ; antennas of, 988 — vomitoria, eggs of, 1006 ' Muscardine,' 645 Musci, 670-674 Muscinece, 673 Muscle-cells, 1051 Muscular fibre, 1048 ; structure of, 1049 ; capillary network in, 1062 Muscular tissue, preparation of, 1050 Mushroom, 647 — spawn of, 647 Musk-deer, hair of, 1030 Musschenbroek's simple microscope, 132 Mussels. See Unionidce and Mytilacece Mya arenaria, hinge tooth of, 924 Mycele of Fungi, 633 ; of U stilaginece , 636 Mycetozoa, 634 MyUobates, tooth of, 1025 Myobia, 1008 ; legs of, 1010 ; maxillae of, 1010 Myobiidce, 1013 Myocoptes, legs of, 1010 Myophan-layer ' of Vorticella, 773 Myopy, 118 Mrio yriophyllum a good weed to collect, 527 MYBIOPODA, hairs of, 980 Myriothela, intracellular digestion in, 863 Mytilacece, sub-nacreous layer in, 924 Mytilus, for observation of ciliary motion, 940 Myxamcebce, 634 Myxogastres, 634 Myxomycetes, 579 note, 634; develop- ment of, 634, 636 ; spores of, 634, 636 ; swarm-spores of, 634; affinity with Monerozoa, 727 Myxosporidia, 749, 752 1164 INDEX NAC N Nachet, on ' immersion system,' 27 ; his binocular, 97, 98, 99 ; his changing nose-piece, 293 Nacreous layer in molluscan shells, 919, 922, 924 Naegeli and Schwendener, on microscopi- cal optics, 67 Nageli's theory of formation of starch, 695 Nails, 1029, 1033 Nais, 955 Naphthalin, monobromide of, as a mount- ing medium, 521 ; refractive index of, 521 Narcissus, spiral cells of pollen-chambers in, 720 Nassula, mouth of, 774 Nauplius, compared with Pedalionidce, 792 Nautiloid shell of Foraminifera, 797 Nautilus, 929 Navicula, 590, 597, 617; markings on, 593 ; cysts of, 597 ; zygospores of, 597 ; zobzygospores of, 597 — bifrons, presumed relation to Suri- rella microcora, 602 note — in chalk, 1087 — lyra, as test for definition, 426 — rhomboides, markings on, 592 ; as test for definition, 426 Naviculece, frustule of, 589 ; ostioles in, 590 — characters of, 616 Nebalia, carapace of, 962 Needles for dissection, their mode of use, 457 Negative aberration, 27, 360 note — crystals, 1074 — eye-pieces, 376, 377, 878 Nelson, on the sub-stage condenser, 72 note ; on ghostly diffraction images, 72 note', his model, with Swift's fine- adjustment screw, 172 ; his horse-shoe stage, 179, 228 ; his fine adjustment to the sub-stage, 185 ; his screw micro- meter eye-piece, 271 ; his new micro- meter eye-piece, 272 ; his ' black dot,' 277 ; his plan for estimating edges of minute objects, 277 ; his changing nose- piece, 294 ; his revolving nose-piece, 295 ; on 'rings and brushes, 319, 320 ; his means of obtaining monochromatic illumination, 323 ; his lamp, 404 Nelson and Karop, on fine structure of diatoms, 591 note Nemalion multifidum, 631 Nematodes, desiccation of, 945 Nematoid worms, 944 Nemertine larva, 951 Nepa, tracheal system, 995 ; wings of, 1000 — ranatra, eggs of, 1005 Nepenthes, spiral fibre-cells of, 698 Nereides, 948 Nereocystis, 627 NUC Nerve-cells, 1051 Nerve-fibres, 1052 Nerve-substance, 1051 ; mode of prepara- tion, 1054 Nerve-tubes, 1051 Nervures of wing of Agrion, 994 Nettle, hairs of, 714 Neuroptera, 973 ; eyes of, 987 ; circula- tion in wings of pupa, 994 ; wings of, 998 Newt, red blood-corpuscles of, 1034 ; cir- culation in gills of larva, 1057 Newton's reflecting microscope, 132 - suggestion of reflecting microscope, 145 — rings, 1097 Nicol prisms, 318 Nicol's analysing prism, 294 ; for resolv- ing striae, 381 Nicotiana, seeds of, 724 ' Nidamentum ' of Gastropoda, 934 Nitella, 576 Nitric acid as a test for albuminous sub- stances, 517 Nitrogenous substances, test for, 517 Nitzschia, 602 — scalaris, cyclosis in, 587 — sigmoidea, 606 Nitzschiece, 606 Noctiluca, collecting, 529 ; tentacle (flagellum) of, 766, 768 ; cilium of, 766 note ; protoplasmic network of, 767 ; reproduction of, 769 — miliaris, 765-769 Noctuina, antennae of, 988 Nodes of monocotyledons, 701 Nodosaria, 819 Nodosarince, shell of, 797 Nodosarine shell, sandy isomorphs of, 815 Nonionina, 829 — shell of, 797, 798 Nonionine shell, sandy isomorph of, 814 Non-stereoscopic binoculars, 105 Non-striated muscle, 1048, 1050 Nose-pieces, 291-295 ; centring, used as sub-stage, 228; Brooke's, 291; Beck's rotating, 291 ; Powell and Lealand's, 291 ; Watson's dustproof, 292 ; Zeiss's calotte, 292; centring, 293; Nachet's changing, 293 ; analysing, 294 ; Vogan's, 294 ; Nelson's revolving, 295 Nosema bombycis, cause of pebrine, 661 Nostoc, 548, 549; as gonid of lichen, 651 ; resemblance of Ophrydium to, 778 Nostocacece, 548 ; affinities with Bacteria and Myxomycetes, 652 • Notochord in Tunicata, 911 ; of Appen- dicularia, 918 Notonecta, 987 ; wings of, 1000 Nucellus, 685 Nuclear stains, 491-494 — spindle, 538 ; plate, 538 Nuclein, 537 Nucleoli, 534 Nucleoplasm, 537 INDEX 1165 xuc oos Nucleus, 534 — action of acetic acid on, 517 ; its im- portance to cell, 535 ; division of, 538 ; fragmentation of, 538 ; presumed ab- sence of, in some forms, 727 ; initiative action in monads, 762 — and cell division, 1019 note Nucule of Chara, 577, 579 Nudibranchs, nidameiitum of, 934 ; em- bryos of, 936 Numerical aperture, 29, 53, 60, 390, 425 ; formula for, 390 ; problems on/1 391 of dry objective, 391 ; of water- immersion, 391 ; of oil-immersion, 391 and resolving power of objective, 393 — apertures, table of, 84-87 Nummuline layer of Eozoon, 840 — plan of growth, Parker and Rupert Jones on, 827 note Nummulinidce, 826 Nummulites, 826, 827, 831 — distans, 832 — garansensis, 832 — Icevigata, 832 — striata, internal cast of, 834 — tubuli in shell of, 800 Nummulitic limestone, 831, 835, 1085, 1090 Nuphar lutea, parenchyme, 687 ; stellate cells of, 687 Nymph of Acarina, 1009 ; of Oribatidte, 1009 O Oak, size of ducts in, 699 - galls, 1003 Oberhiiuser's spiral fine adjustment, 153 Object-glass of compound microscope, 36, 39 ; of long focus, 40 ; of short focus, 40 ; capacity of, 382 Object-glasses, power of, 44 - testing, 381; Abbe's method of testing, 384-387 : diaphragms for use in testing, 385 ; Fripp's method of testing, 386 Object-holder for Thoma's (Jung's) mi- crotome, 464, 465, 466 — changer, Zeiss's, 293 Objectives, achromatic, 19, 32; aplanatic, 19 ; apochromatic, 19, 30, 34, 80 ; cor- rected, 20, 21 ; immersion, 28, 34, 58 ; aperture of, 43, 65, 390; maximum aperture of, 44 ; comparison of, 46 ; illuminating power of, 54 note ; im- mersion v. dry, 54, 79 ; dry, with balsam mounted objects, 55 ; dry, 58; dry, for study of life-histories, 81 ; penetrating power of, 83, 393 ; sliding plate with, 290 ; rotating disc with, 290 ; of wide aperture, 369 ; of small aperture, ex- amination of, 388 ; tests for, 388, 394 ; resolving power of, and numerical aper- ture, 393 Objectives, triple-back, 361; Wenham's single front, 361 ; duplex front, 362 ; Leitz's, 374; Reichert's, 374; adjust- ing, 357, 360 — achromatic, Martin's, 147 ; Marzoli's, 353; Tully's, 354; Selligue's, 354; Amici's, 355 ; Ross's, 356, 360 ; Powell's, 356, 361 ; Smith's, 356, 360 ; Wenham's, 361 ; covers for use with, 439 — apochromatic, 366, 370, 371-375 — homogeneous immersion, introduction of, 364 — ' semi-apochromatic,' 35, 374, 375 — oil-immersion, Powell and Lealand's, 30 ; Amici's, 364 ; Tolles', 364 ; Zeiss's, 370; Leitz's, 374; Reichert's, 374; Swift's, 375; Beck's, 375; Bausch and Lomb's, 375; Watson's, 375 — water-immersion, Powell and Lea- land's, 362, 365 ; Prazmowski and Hart- nack's, 362 ; Zeiss's, 370 Oblique illumination, 190, 191, 387 — illuminator, 190 Obliteration of structure by diaphragms, 68 Occhiale, Galileo's, 122, 123 Occhialino, Galileo's, 121, 124 Oceanic sediinents, microscopic examina- tion of, 1092 Ocelli of planarians, 947 ; of insects, 982, 986 Ocellites of compound eye, 982 Ocular, 40, 375 ; spectral, 327 (Edogoniaoece, 572 (Edogonium ciliatum, 573 (Enothera, pollen-grain, 721; emission of pollen-tubes of, 722 ; embryo of, 723 j Oil for immersion lenses, suggested by Amici, 29 — of cedar-wood, for immersion objec- tives, 29 Oil-globules, 429-431 Oil-immersion, 29 - objectives. See Objectives, oil- immersion j Oils, solvents for, 517 Okeden, on isolation of diatoms, 624 note Oleander, epiderm of, 714 ; stomates of, 716 Olivine, corroded crystals of, 10,72 Onchidium, eyes of, 941 ' Oncidium, spiral cells of, 693 j Onion, raphides of, 696 Oogones of Vaucheria, 563 ; of Sphere- plea, 572 ; of (Edogonium, 572 ; of Chara, 577 ; of Fucacece, 627, 628 ; of Peronosporece, 638 | Oolitic grains, 1084 Oophyte in ferns, 680 | Obspheres, use of the term, 537 note ; of Volvox, 556; of Vaucheria, 563; of Sphceroplea, 570 ; of (Edogonium, 572 ; of Chara, 577 ; of Phceosporece, 627 ; of Fucacece, 628 ; of Marchantia, 668 ; of ferns, 679 1 1 66 INDEX oos Ob'spores, 540 ; of Volvox, 556 ; of Vau- cheria, 563; of Achlya, 565; of Sphceroplea, 572 ; of (Edogonium, 573 ; of Chara, 579 ; of Fucacece, 628 Ooze, Globigerina, organisms in, 811, 813, 820 ; compared with chalk, 1085 Opalescent mirror as a substitute for polarising prism, 194 Opalina, 774 Opaque illumination by side reflector, 333 — mounts, 336 ' Open ' bundles, 710 Operculina, 830 ; and Nummulites com- pared, 834 Opercule of mosses, 671 Ophiacantha vivipara, development of, 900 note Ophioglossacece, development of pro- thallium of, 679 Ophioglossum, sporanges of, 676 Ophiothrix pentaphyllum, spines of, 891 ; teeth of, 892 Ophiurida, mounting, 481 Ophiuroidea, skeleton of, 891 ; spines of, 891; teeth of, 892; larva of, 898; direct development in, 900 note Ophrydia, quantities of, 777 Ophrydium, cellulose in zoocytium of, 778 — versatile, effect of light on, 775 Ophryodendron, 784 Opium poppy, latex of, 695 Optic axis of Powell and Lealand's No. 1, 194 Optical anomalies in petrology, 1078 — centre, 24 — tube-length of microscope, 158, 159 Orals of Ahtedon, 901 Orbiculina, 803, 804, 808 — compared with Heterostegina, 834 Orbitoides, 835 — and Cycloclypeus compared, 835 — Fortisii, 836 Orbitolina, 824 Orbitolincs, occurring with flint instru- ments, 824 Orbitolites, 804-810 — shell of, 798 ; range of variation in, 810 ; structure of Parkeria resembling, 817 ; deposits of, 1085 — and Cycloclypeus compared, 801 — complanata, animal of, 807-809 — italiacv, 806 note, 808 — tenuissima, 808 Orbulina, 820 Orbuline shell, sandy isomorph of, 815 Orchidece, pollinium of, 722 Orchids, mycropyle of, 723 Orchis, pollen- tubes of, 723; seeds of, 724 Organised structure and living action, 530 Organs, 533 ' Organs of sense ' in Ciliata, 775 note Oribatidce, nymph of, 1009 ; mouth-parts of, 1009 ; legs of, 1010 ; integument of, 1010 ; auditory organ, 1011 ; reproduc- tive organs, 1011 ; supercoxal glands of, 1011 ; tracheae of, 1011 ; characters of, 1012 Orienting small objects for sectionising, 499 Origanum onites, seeds of, 724 Ornithorhynchus, hair of, 1081 Orobanche, seeds of, 724 Orthoptera, eyes of, 987 ; antennae of, 988; wings of, 999 ; nymph of, 1009 Orthoscopic effect, 95 ; with Ramsden's circles, 106 — eye-piece, 376 Orthosira Dickiei, sporangial frustule of, 595 Oscillatoria, movement of, 547 Oscillatoriacece, 547 — movements of, 433 Oscula of sponges, 856 Osmic acid and fatty structures, 517 Osmunda, sporanges of, 676 — regalis, prothallium of, 679 note Ossein, of bone, 1023 Ostiole of conceptacle of corallines, 632 Ostioles of Naviculacece, 590 ; of Cijni- bellete, 590 Ostracoda, 960 Ostreacece, shell of, 923 Ostrich, egg-shell of, 1101 Otoliths compared with artificial concre- tions, 1100 — of Mollusca, 941 Ovarium of Polyzoa, 907 Over-amplification, 88 Over-corrected objective, 20 Over-correction, 358-360 Overton, on Volvox, 556 note Ovipositor of Oribatidce, 1012 Ovipositors of insects, 1002-1004 Ovule of Phanerogams, 684 — suspensor of, 534 — structure of, 684-685 ; development of , 722 Ovum of Hydra, 866 Oxytricha, a phase in development of Trichoda, 780 Oxyuris vermicularis, 944 Oysters, shell of, 923 Pacinian corpuscles, 1053 Palaeontology, use of microscope in, 1083 ' Palate ' of Gastropoda, 919, 930 ; classi- ficatory value of, 932 ; preparation of, 932 ; viewed with polariscope, 933 ; bibliography, 933 Paleee of grasses, silex in, 715 Palisade-parenchyma of leaves, 716 Palm, stem of, 701 Palmella, as gonid of lichen, 651 — cruenta, 558 Palmellacece, 557 ; frond of, 558 Palmodictyon, 559 ; zoospores of, 559 Palmogloea macrococca, life-history of, 541, 542 Palpicornia, antennae of, 988 INDEX 1167 PAL PHA Paludina, infested by Distoma, 946 Pancreas, 1047 Pandorina, 545 — morum, generative process of, 557; swarm-spores of, 557 Papaveracece, laticiferous tissue of, 695 Paper-cells, 446 Parabolic illuminator, 316; speculum, 333; reflector (Sorby's), 334 Paraboloid illuminator, 316 Paraffin, solvents for, 496 — imbedding method, 496-503 — for imbedding, melting point of, 500 — mounting, sections, 501 — cells, 446 Paramecium, Conn's experiments on, 743 ; contractile vesicles of, 776 Paraphyses of Puccinia, 688 ; of lichens, 650 ; of mosses, 671 Parasites, nourishment of, 532 Parasitic Crustacea, 965 — Fungi, 633 Parietal utricle, 533 Parker (T. J.), on Hydra, 863 Parkeria, 817; a possible Stromato- poroid, 817 note Parnassia, seeds of, 724 Parthenogenesis, 1007 note — in SaprolegnicB, 640 Passiflora coerulea, pollen-grains of, 721 Passiflorece, pollen-grains of, 721 Paste-worm, 945 Pasteur's solution for growing yeast, 646 note ; his experiments with Bacteria, 660, 661 Patella, shell structure, 928 ; palate of, 931 Path of ray of light through a compound microscope, 40 Pathogenic bacteria, 658 Pavement epithelium, 1044 Pear, constitution of fruit, 693 ' Pearl oyster.' See Meleagrina Pearls, 923 ' P^brine ' in silkworms, 661 Peccary, hair of, 1030 Pecten, prismatic layer in, 924 ; pallial eyes of, 940 ; fibres of adductor muscle, 1050 Pectinibranchiata, 937 Pectinidce, sub-nacreous layer in, 924 Pedalion, 792 Pedalionidce, 792 Pedesis, 431 ; experiments in, 432 Pediastrece, 566 ; affinities of, 566 Pediastrum, zob'spores, 567 ; micro- zoospores, 567 — Ehrenbergii, 568 — granulatum, 566-568 — pertusum, 568 — tetras, 568 Pedicellariae of echinids and asterids, 889 Pedicellina, lophophore of, 909 Pedicularis palustris, 723 — sylvatica, embryo of, 723 Pedunculated cirripeds, 967 Pelargonium, petal of, 7i9 ; pollen-grain, 721 Pelomyxa palustris, 744 Peneroplis, 801 — variation in shape of shell in, 797; shell of, 799 ; varietal forms of, 803 Penetrating power, 425 in objectives 83 ; of objective, com- pared with illuminating power, 393 Penetration, 38, 82, 83 Penicillium, fermentation by, 647 — glaucum, 643 Pentacrinus asterius, skeleton of, 892 I Pentatoma, wings of, 1000 i Peony, starch in cells of, 694 i ' Pepperworts,' 681 Perception of depth, 94 1 Perch, scales of, 1028 Perforated shells of Bracliiopoda, 926 Perforation of shell in Foraminifera, 799, 800 Perianth, 718 ; Perichlamydium prcetextum, 851 Peridinia, 770. 771 Peridinium uberrimum, 770 Perigoiie of mosses, 670 Periodic structures, 74 Periostracum of molluscan shells, 922 ; of brachiopod shells, 926 Peripatus, tracheae of, 1011 Peritheces of lichens, 650 PeronosporecB, 638-640 Perophora, respiratory sac of, 915 ; cir- culation of, 915 ' Perspicillum,' Wodderborn's, 125 Petals, 718 Petrobia lapidum, eggs of, 1009 Petrological microscope, Swift's, 1068 Petrology : micro-spectroscope in, 1081 ; micro-chemistry in, 1082 Pettenkofer's test, 517 I Petunia, seeds of, 724 Peziza, botrytis-iorm of, 645 i Pfitzer, on reproduction of diatoms, 594 I Phceodaria, 852 j Phceosporece, 625-627 i Phagocytes, 1037 note j Phakellia ventilabrum, 858 I Phallus, 647 j PHANEROGAMIA, woody structures, pre- paration of, 514 — embryo-sac of, free-cell formation in, 534-536 — relation of, to Cryptogams, 682, 684 and note ; structure of stems, &c., 685, 700 ; structure of cells, 686-688 ; inter- mediate lamella, 688 ; intercellular spaces, 688 ; cell-wall of, 692 ; sclerogen, 693 ; spiral cells in, 693 ; laticiferous tissue of, 695 ; mineral deposits in cells of, 696 ; woody fibre in, 696 et seq.; fibro- vascular bundles, 697 ; root, structure of, 700 ; epiderm of leaves, 712-718 ; flowers of, 718 ; pollen-grains of, 719 ; fertilisation of, 722; ovules of, 722; seeds of, 723 Phanerogams. 