None
The growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy is largely determined by some form of chemical stimulation, the specific hormone being produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary and possibly also in the growing foetus. It has been suggested by Hildebrandt that this stimulus is inhibitory in character — inhibitory, that is to say, of secretion — and therefore tending to the con- tinuous growth of the gland-cells. With the removal of the foetus at birth the THE SECRETION AND PROPERTIES OF MILK 1245 source of the inhibitory stimulus is removed and the overgrown gland- cells enter into a condition of spontaneous activity. However this may be, there is no doubt that the secretion of the gland, once formed, is continued inde- pendently of the foetus, or indeed of any of the pelvic organs. The onset of a new pregnancy brings the secretion to a close. Removal of the ovaries in a cow is sometimes employed as a means of prolonging the secretion of milk. The only condition which is necessary for secretion to continue during six to nine months after birth is the repeated emptying of the gland, i.e. the removal of the secreted milk. The process of suckling not only removes the milk already secreted but excites the secretion of more milk. The secretion is certainly subject to nervous influences, but physiologists have not succeeded in either producing secretion by stimulation of the nerves going to the glands, or in stopping secretion by section of these nerves. Moreover the food of the animal may be varied within very wide limits without altering the composition or amount of the milk secreted, provided only that the food is sufficient in amount. The only constituent of the milk for which we have direct evidence of alteration by changes in the food-supply of the mother is the fat. It is well known that the composition of butter may be affected according to the food supplied to the cow. A large supply of oilcake, for instance, may result in the production of a butter which is deficient in the higher fatty acids and is therefore oily at ordinary temperatures. Abnormal fats and fatty acids, such as iodised fats or erucic acid, when administered to an animal in lactation may appear among the fats of the milk. Not only can the secretion and composition of the milk be affected reflexly through the nervous system, as, e.g. under the influence of emotions, but the influence may be reciprocal. This is especially marked in the case of the pelvic organs. The act of suckling excites tonic contractions of the uterus. Putting the child to the breast shortly after birth is therefore an important means of causing con- traction of the uterus and stopping any tendency to haemorrhage from the venous sinuses opened by the separation of the placenta and foetal mem- branes. The nursing of the child is therefore an important means of pro- curing a proper involution of the uterus after labour. Many uterine troubles among women may be ascribed to the previous neglect of this elementary duty. INDEX ABSINTHE, action of, 440 Absorption from connective tissues, 1019 in large intestine, 723 of amino-acids, 749 of carbohydrates, 743 of fats, 738 of food-stuffs, 731-753 of lymph, 1019. of proteins, 744 of water and salts, 731 significance of lipoids in, 735 Absorption-coefficient of gases, 1057 Acapnia, 1101 Accelerator nerves of heart, 975 Accessory olive, 367, 382 Accommodation, 539-549 comparative physiology of, 547-549 range of, 546 Acetamide, 49 Acetic acid, 48 Aceto-acetic acid, detection of, 1123 production from fats, 793 from amino-acids, 802 Acetone, 49 bodies in urine, 1123 in diabetes, 804. Achromatic spindle, 1205 Achroodextrin, 68, 662 Acid albumin, 98 amides, 49 hydrolysis of proteins, 76 number of fats, 56 Acidosis, 793 in diabetes, 804 Acromegaly, 1191 Acrose, 62 synthesis of, 153 Action-current, 226 E.M.F. Conservation of energy in body, 3, 621 of mass, 3 Consonance, 509 Consonants, 525 Constant current, 186 flow in capillaries, 879 Constrictor fibres to limbs 995 Contractile stress, 200, 207 tissues, 177-249 vacuole, 15, 33 Contraction, paradoxical. 283 remainder, 208 secondary, 233 voluntary, 239 wave in muscle, 204 Contrast in sensation, 483 Conus arteriosus, 892 Convection, loss of heat by, 1175 Convoluted tubules, 1132 secretion by, 1144 structure of, 1133 Co-ordinated movements, mechanism of, 338-348 Copper, 44 ferrocyanide cell, 125 Cornea, 542 Corpora mammillaria, 374, 375 Corpora quadrigemina, 363, 373 Corpus Arantii, 894 callosum, 426^ dentatum of cerebellum, 373 luteum, formation of, 1222 function of, 1218 Corpus luteum, spurium, 1224 subthalamicum, 377 striatum, 363, 421 trapezoides, 371, 381, 387 Corresponding points, 587 Cortex, histological localisation in, 43d reciprocal innervation from, 437 thickness of, 430 C&rti's organ, 517 Cortical areas, sensory, 444 motor, 436 epilepsy, 438 excitation, latent period of ,"436, 444 inhibition, 438, 441 motor functions, characters of. 449 Crarrvptori's muscle, 547 Cranial autonomic fibres, 472 nerves, functions of, 410—415 nuclei of, 378, 410-415 Crayfish, central nervous system. 293 Creatine, 84, 213, 766 Creatinine, 767 estimation of, 1128 in urine, 1116 tests for, 1117 Crescents of Gianuzzi. 664 Cretinism, 1187 Crico-arytenoid joint, 520 Cricoid cartilage, 520 Crico-thyroid muscle, 521 Crista acustica, 605 Crossed pyramidal tract, 352 reflexes, 304 Crura cerebri, 373 development of. 363 Crusta, 374 Crystallin, 98 Crystalline lens, 543 Crystallisation of egg albumin, 73 of serum albumin, 73 Crystalloids, 139 diffusibility of, 136 Crystals, mixed, 73 Cuorine, 57 Curare, action of, 185, 259 Current, demarcation, 233 minimal gradient of, 272 of action, E.M.F. of, 233 of injury, 170, 225, 233 of rest, 225 Cushny on renal resorption, 1147 Cutaneous end-organs, 497 sensation, 486-^97 sensibility, classification. 495 Cutis vera, 1161 Cyanuric acid, 1115 Cysteine, 86 Cystine, 86, 91, 1124 Cytase, 70, 646 Cytolysins, 1036 Cytoplasm, 1.4, 17 Cytosine, 104, 776 D : N RATIO in diabetes, 795, 803. 805, 809 Daniell cell, 171, 186 Dark-adapted eye, 482, 572 D'Arsonval galvanometer, 228 Dead space (in lungs), 1047 Deamination. 76, 154, 762 energy changes in, 763 reversibility of, 762 INDEX Decapitate animal, 329 Decarboxylation, 155 Decerebrate dog, 396 frog, 395 pigeon, 396 rigidity, 394, 398, 449 Decidua, formation of, 1231 *» Decussation of fillet, 368 of pyramids, 352, 366 Deep sensibility, 345, 495 Defects of eye, 535 Defaacation, 731 Defence, chemical, against infection, 1030- 1038 Deglutition, 676-682 movements of larynx, 678 muscles of, 678 nervous mechanism of, 681 effect of, on respiration, 677, 682 sounds, 677 study of, by Rontgen rays, 676, 677 stages of, 677 time-relations, 679 Deiters' cells, 516 nucleus, 381, 383, 402 connections, 404 Delirium cordis, 968 Demarcation current, 170, 225, 233 compensation of, 226 E.M.F. of, 226, 233 Demilune cells, 664 Dendrites, 301 Dental consonants, 527 Depressor reflexes, 997, 1001 Descemet's membrane, 543 Descending tracts, 389 Detrusor urinae, 1152 Deutero-albumose, 686 Development, 1212-1216 Dextrins, 68 Dextrose, 63 Diabetes, 800-809 in fasting animals, 802 in man, 807 pancreatic, 804 sugar consumption in, 805 Diabetic puncture, 800 Dialysis, 136 Diamino-acids, 83, 91, 97 precipitation of, 93 Diamino-caproic acid, 155 Diamino-nitrogen of proteins, 93 Diamino-trioxydodecoic acid, 83, 84, 88 ft-5-diamino-valerianic acid, 79 Diaphragm, movements of, 1041 muscles of, 1041 Diastase, 68 Diastolic arterial pressure, 874 Dichromatic vision, 578 Diencephalon, 363, 392 Diet, normal, of man, 649-657 Dietaries, 649 Difference tones, 511 Differential blood-gas apparatus, 1056 Diffusion, 124, 131 coefficient, 131 of solutes, 131 Digestion, 658-755 course of, 751-753 in duodenum, 752 in intestine, 702-724 1253 Digestion, iiMtomach, 683-696 gastric, 685 ^—c^~ pancreatic, 702 salivary, 661-675 Dihydroxy benzenes, 50 Dilatator pupillee, 550 Dilemma, 459 Dimethylamine, 49 Dioptre, definition of, 530 Dipeptides, 89 Diphasic variation, 228 Direct cerebellar tract, 354 vision, 563 Disaccharides, 61, 67 Discus proligerus, 1223 Dissimilation, 4, 25, 26 Dissociated colloids, 138 Dissonance, 508 Distearyl-lecithin, 57 Diuretics, action of, 1140 Divers' palsy, 1103 Dominant characters, 1215 Dorsal cerebellar tract, 354 Dromotropic effect of vagus excitation, 973 Dry cell, 187 Du Bois Reymond's key, 187 Ductless glands, 1178-1196 Ductus arteriosus, 1233 Dudgeon's sphygmograph, 922 Dulcite, 62 Dyne, definition, 262 Dysoxidisable substances, 1105 EAR, analysis of sounds by, 511 external, 512 internal, 515 physiology of, 511-519 Eclc's fistula, 760 Edestin, 98 composition of, 91, 92 Edkins on gastric secretion, 694 Edridge-Green, classification of colour- vision 580 Efferent nerves, 255 path, 327 projection fibres, 423 tracts, cerebellum, 402 Efficiency of machines, 234 Egg albumin, 97 composition of, 91 crystallisation of, 73 Ehrlidi's side-chain theory, 1034 methylene blue experiment, 1063 Eighth nerve, nucleus of, 380, 412 Eintlioven galvanometer, 227 Elasticity of muscle, 203 Elastin, 108 action of gastric juice on, 688 Elastose, 100 Electrical capillarity, 174 changes in living tissues, 170-174 Electrical changes in muscle, 224 properties of colloids, 145-149 stimulation, nature of, 270 variations, effect of temperature on, 230 variation, time -relations of, 228 Electrocardiograms, 232, 953 Electrodes, non-polarisable, 224 Electrolytes, conductivity of, 129 Electrolytic dissociation, 170 40* 1254 INDEX Electrolytic solution tension, 171 Electrotonic current, 280 Electrotonus, 264 influence of intrapolar length, 268 Electro-vagogram, 1093 Eleidin, 1161 Embryo, nutrition of, 1231 Emmetropic eye. 535 Emulsion, 56 theory of protoplasm, 18 Endocardiac pressure, 896-902 negative phase, 902 Endolymph, 515 End-plate delay, 276 End-plates, 183, 275 effect of nicotine on, 277 fatigue of, 260 End-products, effect of, on ferments, 166, 167 Enemata, nutrient, value of, 723 Energy balance-sheet of body, 620 exchange, 3, 26 exchanges of, in body, 620-623 sources of, 25 total daily output of, 650 transformations of, 123 Engelmanri's contractile strings, 234 Enterokinase, 703, 705 Enteroceptive nervous system, 479 Enterograph, 817 Entoptic phenomena, 536 Enzymes, see Ferments Eosinophile leucocytes, 813 Ependyma, 362, 375 Epiblast, 33 Epicritic sensibility, 495 Epididymis, function of, 1220 structure of, 1220 Epilepsy, 438, 446 Epithelium, ciliated, 277-249 Equilibration, 399 dynamic, 606 functions of labyrinth in, 605 -r static, 608 Erectile tissue, 1221 Erection, 1221 Erepsin, 720 Erg, definition, 262 Ergastoplasm, 672 Ergotoxin, action of, 1184 Erlanger's sphygmomanometer, 876 Erythroblasts, 832 Erythrodextrin, 68, 662 Esbach's reaction, 95 Ester method for separation of amino-acids, 80 Esters, 46, 47, 53 mixed, 54 glyceryl, 54 Ethereal sulphates, excretion of, 769 Ethylamine, 49 Euglobulin, 866 Eustachian tube, 513 valve, 1233 Excitability? 26 Excitation, duration of current, 271 effect of intrapolar length, 268 minimal gradient, 272 Nernsfs theory, 286 rate of change, 270 strength of current, 271 Excitation, time, 272 without contraction, 231 Excitatory process, nature of, 284 response, nature of, 271 Exophthalmic goitre, 1189 Extensibility of muscle, 203 Extensor reflex, 332 External auditory meatus, 512 Exteroceptive nervous system, 479 Eye, angle between axes in, 537 centring of, 537 constants of, in man, 533 dark-adapted, 482 filtration angle of, 597 movements, centres for, 407, 438 optical defects in, 535 Eyeball, dioptric mechanism of, 528 530 electrical changes in, 566 nutrition of, 594-597 rotation of, 586 Eyeballs, movements of, 585-588 Eye-muscles, extrinsic, 585 intrinsic, 552 innervation of, 552 FACIAL nerve, nucleus of, 379, 381, 413 Facilitation of reflexes, 305 Faeces, composition of, 755 examination of, in metabolism experi- ments, 648 Faraday-Tyndall phenomenon, 144 Far point of vision, 546 Fasciculus retroflexus, 421 solitarius, 368, 378 Fasting, metabolism in, 618, 624-630 Fatigue, muscular, 208 Fat, 45, 53, 55, 784 absorption of, 738 acid number of, 56 composition of, 784 depots, 783 estimation in faeces, 649 in food, 614 formation from food, 785 from carbohydrates, 785 from proteins, 788 functions of, 784 history of, in body, 783-795 in intestinal epithelium, 740 iodine number of, 56, 784 metabolism in starvation, 630 oxidation of, 792 saponification number of, 56 solubility of, 742 stains for, 739 synthesis of, 119, 169 utilisation of, in body, 790 Fats, action of gastric juice on, 689 action of pancreatic juice on, 707 chemistry of, 53-58 influence of, on metabolism, 636 Fatty acids, 54 heat equivalents, 763 volatile, 56 Fatty degeneration, nature of, 739 Fechner's law, 485 Fehling's test, 64, 1123 Fenestra ovalis, 515 Fenton's reaction, 1 109 Ferment action, adsorption in, 168 reversibility of, 167, 169 INDEX 1255 Ferment action, velocity of, 163, 164 Fermentation in stomach, 684 Fermentation test, 1123 Ferments, 157-169 action on optical isomers, 167 adenase, 778 amylase, 158 arginase, 158, 767 as catalysers, 159 catalase, 1108 characters, 157 classification, 158 deaminising, 154, 158 definition, 157 effect of end-products on, 166 enterokinase, 158 erepsin, 158 inverting, 158 isolation of, 158 laccase, 1109 lactase, 158 lactic, 158 lipase, 158, 169 maltase, 158, 168 nuclease, 776 optimum temperature for, 160 oxidases, 1108 pepsin, 158, 169, 685 peroxidase, 1108 properties of, 159 rennin, 688 specificity of, 160, 167 as synthetic agents, 168 sucrase, 158 trypsin, 158 urease, 158 uricolytic, 779 zymase, 158 Fertilisation, 1209-1211, 1227 artificial, 1211 Fibre layers in cortex, 430 Fibrillse of muscle, 179 Fibrin, 865 composition of, 92 ferment, 842 fate of, 847 Fibrinogen, 98, 841, 864 Fibroin, 107 Pick and Wislicenus's experiment, 638 Field of vision, 563 Fifth nerve, nucleus of, 380 Fillet, 368, 387, 423 decussation of, 368 lateral, 372, 389 Final common path, 343 First focal plane, 531 point, 531 Fischer's method for separating amino-acids, 80 Flechsig's myelination method, 319 Flexion reflex, 332, 340 Flicker phenomena, 571 Fluoride plasma, clotting of, 848 Fluorine, 44 Foci in eye, 533 of lenses, 529 Foetal circulation, 1233 n's method for ammonia estimation, 1127 for urea estimation, 1127 for uric acid estimation, 1128 Fontana, spaces of, 543 Food, amount necessary, 649 analysis of, in metabolism experiments, 614 materials, utilisation of, 6 Food-stuffs, digestibility of, 649 changes in alimentary canal, 658-660 heat-values of, 620 history of, 756-809 proportions necessary, 652 significance of, 642-647 Foramen of Monro, 376 Foramen ovale, 514, 1233 rotundum, 515 Fore-brain, 362, 375 Formic acid, 48, 54 Fornix, 420 pillars of, 376 Fourth nerve, nucleus of, 379, 382, 41 1 Fovea centralis, 561 Frank's manometer, 897 Frank on pulse, 926 Fraunhofer's lines, 569 v. Frey, testing hairs, 490 Frontal lobe, 417 Frog, muscles of, 184 Frog's heart, anatomy of, 939 Fronto-pontine fibres, 424 Fructose, 61, 64 Fundamental tone, 507 Fungiform papilla, 499 GALACTOLIPENES, 57 Galactosamine, 105 Galactose, 64, 67 Gall-bladder, 713 innervation of, 715 Galvanic cells, bichromate, 187 concentration, 171, 172 Daniell, 171, 186 dry, 187 E.M.F. Knee-clonus, 335 Knee-jerk, 333 abolition of, 334 INDEX 1259 Knee-jerk, exaggerated, 451 latent period, 334 Knoop on deamination, 762 Ktame's membrane, 179 Krogh's microtonometer, 1070 Kuhne's gracilis experiment, 254 Kymograph, 872 LABIAL consonants, 527 Labour, 1235 Labyrinth, evolution of, 603 functions of, 398 Labyrinthine sensation, 603 Laccase, 1109 Lacrymal gland, 594 Lactalbumen, 1240 Lactase, action of, 158, 165 in intestinal juice, 721 Lactation, 1237-1245 Lacteals, 734, 1013 Lactic acid, 49 Hopkins' test, 215 in blood, 1085 in gastric juice, 684 in muscle, 215 in urine, 216, 1085 Lactoglobulin, 1240 Lactosazone crystals, 1122 Lactose, 67 1240 Lsevorotation, 52 Laevulinic acid, 104 Lagena, 603 Lamina cinerea, 375 Langerhans' islets in pancreas, 807 Lanoline, 56 Lardacein, 106 Large intestine, absorption in, 723 excretion in, 724 functions of, 722 movements of, 725-732 Laryngoscope, 523 Larynx, anatomy of, 521 movements of, in deglutition, 678 Latent period, 198, 207 Lateral columns of cord, 354 crico-arytenoid muscle, 522 fillet, 372, 387 nucleus in medulla, 366 in pons, 370 sympathetic ganglia, 468 Lateritious deposit, 1118 Laurie acid, 54 Law of forward direction, 310 of the intestines, 727 Law of specific irritability, 480 Lecithin, 57 Leclanche cell, 187 Lemniscus, 368, 387 Lens, 543 elasticity of, 546 variation with age, 546 Lenses, formation of images by, 528 Lenticular ganglion, 552 Legumin, 98 Leguminous nodules, 41 Leucine, 82, 91 cones, 82 Leucines, oxidisability .of, 1106 Leucocytes, chemiotaxis in, 1026 classification of, 813 origin of, 815 Leucoplasts, 17 Leucosin, 98 Lever, momentum of, 197 Levulose, 64 Liebermann's reaction, 94 Life, evolution of, 5, 6, 33 laws of, 7 without oxygen, 25 Ligamentum pectinatum iridis, 543 Light, nature of, 568 reflex, 550 Lignin, 106 Lignoceric acid, 54 Limbic lobe, 417 Liminal intensity of stimulus, 482 Limulus heart, 946 Line of Gennari, 430 Lines of direction, 531 Linin, 17 Linoleic acid, 54 Linolinic acid, 54 series, 54 Lipase of pancreatic juice, 707 in gastric juice, 689 reversibility of action of, 169 Lipines, 57 Lipoids, 23, 57 Liquor foUiculi, 1223 Lissauer's tract, 324, 353, 357 Liver, bile formation in, 713 formation of urea, in, 759 of uric acid in, 778 glycogen of, 797 haemolysis in, 835 lymph production in, 1015 Living matter, chemical changes in, 153-169 Load, effect of a contraction, 203 Local reflexes, 474 sign of tactile sensation, 493 Locke's fluid, 963 Localisation of function in brain, 435 Locomotion, co-ordination of, 346 ^ Locomotor ataxia, 346 Locus perforatus posticus, 375 Long ciliary nerves, 552 sight, 536 Longitudinal inferior fasciculus, 426 superior fasciculus, 426 Loudness of sound, 506 Ludwig's Stromuhr, 888 manometer, 872 Luminosity of spectral colours, 569, 575 Lungs, circulation in, 935 distensibility of, 1044 exchange of gases in, 1068-1075 Lungs, vaso-motor fibres of, 935 Lutein, 1224 Luy's nucleus, 377 Lymph, absorption of, 1019 movements of, 1017 production, 1013 effect of capillary pressure on, 1015 in small intestine, 735 osmotic phenomena in, 1015 properties of, 1013 role of, in nutrition, 1020 and tissue fluids, 1012-1020 Lymphagogues, 1016 Lymphatic glands, 1013 tissue, structure of. heat-production in, 219-223 independent excitability, 185 injury- current, 170, 225, 233 involuntary, 180, 243 of invertebrates, 248 isotropous substance, 182 Muscle, longitudinal striation, 180 make contraction, 192 mechanical response of, 205-211 metabolism of, 216 production of carbon-dioxide, 217 products of activity, 216-218 reciprocal innervation of, 355 red, 180 reflex tone, 398 respiratory quotient, 217 stimulation by constant current, 186, 192 thickening of, 199 utilisation of energy, 221 voluntary, 177 structure of, 179 white, 181 Muscle-current, 170, 225, 228, 229 Muscle-curve, correction of, 197, 208 Muscle fibre, 179 reversal of stripes, 182 Muscle-fibrillse, 179 Muscle-plasma, 212 Muscle-sound, 240 Muscle-spindle, 601 Muscle-twitch, 192, 194, 198 Muscle-wave, 204 Musical notes, vibration frequencies, 510 Muscular afferents, 600 contraction, ' all or none ' phenomenon. Engelmavttfs^iheoTy, 234 effect of drugs, 211 of fatigue, 208 of load, 203 of salts, 210 of temperature, 207 of tension, 222 latent period of, 198 MacdougalVs theory, 235 mechanical changes in, 194-204 -V- nature of, 234-238 > optical method, 198 osmotic theory, 235 point of stimulation, 194 Schdfer's theory, 182 strength of stimulus, 205 time-relations of, 198 voluntary, 239 electrical changes in, 242 record of, 241 contractions, summation of, 206 energy, source of, 637 exercise, effect on circulation, 1006-1008 movements, co-ordination of, 345 relaxation, 198 sense, 600 psychology of, 601 sensibility, paths, 446 tone, 333, 449 relation to labyrinthine sensations, 606 work, energy exchanges in, 639 effect on metabolism, 637 Muscularis mucosae of small intestine, 735 Musculi papillares, 894 Musculus vocalis, 522 Myelencephalon, 362, 392 Myelin sheath, 251-252 Myelination, 252 method, 319 1262 INDEX Myelocytes, 816 Mylohyoid of frog, 184 Myogen, 213 fibrin, 213 Myogenic movements of intestine, 726 Myohsematin, 213 Myopia, 535 Myosin, 98, 213 Myosin fibrin, 213 Myosinogen, 212 Myristic acid, 54 Myxcedema, 1187 NASAL consonants, 527 Near point, 539, 546 Nectocysts, 33 Negative after-image, 572 polarisation of nerve, 280 variation, 233 ventilation, 1091 Negativity, 229 Neopallium, 417 evolution of, 419 Nerve, core model, 281 double conduction, 250 electrotonic current, 280 electrotonus, 265 endoneurium, 252 excitability, 'characteristic' of, 263, 271 effect 'of temperature on, 273 fatigue in, 259, 285 galvanic excitation, 262 human, stimulation, 268 law of forward direction in, 310 negative polarisation, 282 neurilemma, 252 nodes of Ranvier, 252 non-medullated, 252 polarisation in, 280 positive polarisation, 282 primitive sheath, 251 unipolar excitation, 268 Nerve-axon, 251 Nerve-block, 266 Nerve-cell, automaticity of, 314 functions- of, 312 Golgi net, 301, 309 Nissl's granules, 300 pericellular network, 308 structure of', 300 Nerve-centres in medulla, 393 Nerve-current, Macdonald's theory, 173 Nerve fibres, 250-287 excitation of, 262 size of, '252 Nerve fibres, structure, 250 Nerve-impulse, 253 conditions affecting, 258 effect of temperature on, 258 electrical changes accompanying, 256 influence of drugs on, 260 velocity of, 253 Nerve-injury, effect of, 274 Nerve-trunk, composition of, 327 Nerves, cranial, 410 nuclei of, 378, 410-415 grafting of, 255 Nervi erigentes, functions of, 473, 996, 1154, 1158, 1228 Nervous system, evolution of, 288-296 ganglia, 293 of medusa, 290 of vertebrates, 297 Neural canal, 297 Neurilemma, 251 Neurine, 57 Neuroblasts, 298 Neuro-fibrillar network, 428 Neuro-fibrils, 296 continuity of, 307 Neuroglia, 297 Neurokeratins, 107, 251 Neuro-muscular junction, 183, 275 spindles, 601 Neuron, definition of, 295, 301 Neurons, continuity of, 296 structure, 296 » Neuropilem, 296 Neutrophile leucocytes, 813 Nicol's prism, 51 Nicotine, effect on end-plates, 277 on heart, 974 method, 472 Ninth nerve, nucleus of, 379, 414 Nissl's granules, 301 Nitrates, 40 Nitrification of sewage, 40 Nitrifying organisms, 40 Nitrogen, 39 endogenous, in urine, 758 estimation of by KjeldahVs method, 1126 excretion in starvation, 629, 633 exogenous, in urine, 758 in food, 614 output, 756 requirements of body, 633 source of, 39 Nitrogenous constituents of urine, 757 equilibrium, 616, 631, 653 Nociceptive stimuli, 341 Nodal point, 531, 533 Nceud vital, 1077 Non-polarisable electrodes, 224 Normoblasts, 834 Nuclear sap, 17 Nucleic acid, 101 Nuclein, 97, 101 hydrolysis of, 774 metabolism of, 774-782 Nucleins, fate of, 777 formation in body, 777 Nucleolus, 16 Nucleoplasm, 17 Nucleoprotein, decomposition of, 102 Nucleoprotein, digestion of, 104 Nucleus, 14, 27, 31 ambiguus, 379 of Bechterew, 381, 402 branched, 31 caudatus, 363 cuneatus, 367 emboliformis, 373 effect of removal, 28 fastigii, 373 function of, 27 globosus, 373 gracilis, 367 lenticularis, 363 necessity for growth, 30 INDEX 1263 Nucleus of Luys, 377 of Rolando, 367 relation to cytoplasm, 27 Nutrition, mechanisms of, 613, 809 OCCIPITAL lobe, 417 Occipito-frontal fasciculus, 426 > Oculo-motor nucleus, 379, 407, 410 Oecoid, 818 (Esophagus, inhibition of, in swallowing, 680 (Estrus, 1226 Ohm's law of auditory analysis, 511 Oleic acid, 55, 56 Oleyl-lecithin, 57 Olfactie, 504 Olfactometer, 503 Olfactory apparatus, 421 area, 448 bulb, 421 glomeruli, 421 lobe, 417, 448 mucous membrane, 502 sensations, 498, 502 tract, 421 tubercle, 421 Olivary body, 367, 382 Olive, 368, 382 Olivo-cerebellar fibres, 389 Olivo-spinal tract, 353, 391 Oncometer, 992 Optic axis, 531 chiasma, 388, 406 disc, 561 nerve, decussation, 387, 406 efferent fibres in, 560 radiation, 423 thalamus, 363, 375, 383, 395, 420 nuclei of, 377 tracts, 387, 406, 447 Optical activity, 51 axis of lens, 528 centre of lens, 529 defects in eye, 535 isomers, action of ferments on, 167 Optimum temperature for ferments, 160 Opsonic index, 1038 Opsonins, 1037 Ophthalmometer, 541 Ophthalmoscope, 554-557 Optograms, 565 Ora serrata, 561 Orcin reaction for pentoses, 61, 94 Organ of Corti, 517 Organic compounds in body, 45 Organic sensations, 598-609 Organic synthesis, mechanism of, 109 Organisation, 6 Ornithine, 79, 83 decarboxylation of, 156 Ortho position, 50 Osamines, 63 Osazones, 47, 62, 1123 Osmometer, 143 Osmotic pressure, 123, 133 Bargees method, 129 Beckmann's method, 129, 130 and boiling-point, 129 of colloids, 143 of electrolytes, 128 freezing-point method, 129 by haemolysis, 127 Osmotic pressure, Hamburger's method, 127 measurement of, 125-130 by plasmolysis, 127 of proteins, 75, 142 of serum proteins, 142 and transport of water, 133 and vapour tension, 129 Osseous labyrinth, 515, 604 Osteoporosis, 626 Otic ganglion, 473 Otolith organ, 399, 605, 608 Otoliths, function of, 608 Outer cell lamina of cortex, 427 Outer fibre-lamina of cortex, 427 Outer line of Baillarger, 430 Overtones, 507 Overton's theory, 23 Ovulation, 1222 Ovum, 1205 maturation of, 1209 Oxalate crystals, 1125 Oxidases in tissues, 1 108 Oxidation, 157, 1063, 1105-1109 by indigo, 161 mechanisms of, 1105-1109 seat of, in body, 1063 Oxyacids, 49 origin of, 761 Oxygen, 39 absorption of, in lungs, 1062 ' active,' 1107 avidity of tissues for, 1063 capacity of blood, 1056 effect of changes in tension of, 1099 lack, in asphyxia, 985 production of lactic acid' in, 1085 tension in alveoli, 1062, 1070 in blood, 1071 in blood by CO method, 1074 Oxyhaemoglobin, 821 absorption spectrum of, 823 crystals, 821 dissociation of, 1060 influence of acids on reduction of, 1064 p-oxyphenyl alanine, 84 Oxyproline, 85 PACINIAN corpuscles, 497 Pain impulses, path of in cord, 359 sense, 494 Palmitic acid, 54 Pancreas, extirpation of, 804 internal secretion of, 806 structural changes accompanying secre- tion, 711 Pancreatic diabetes, 804 fistula, 707 juice, 702 action on carbohydrates, 706 fats, 707 milk, 706 proteins, 703 activation of, 705 by calcium salts, 706 composition, 702 secretion of, 707 variations in, 710 secretion, effect of acids in duodenum, 708 regulation of, 710 secretin, 709 Pangene, 20 1264 INDEX Para position, 50 Paracasein, 1240 Paracentral lobe, 417 Paradox cold, 488 Paradoxical contraction, 283 Paraffins, 45 Paraglobulin, 98 Paramoecium, conjugation of, 1201 Paraniucin, 105 Paramyosinogen, 98, 213 Paranuclein, 100, 688 Paraplasm, 16 Parathyroids, functions of, 1189 Parietal lobe, 417 Parotid gland, 663 innervation of, 666 Parthenogenesis, 1211 Partition coefficient, 24 Parturition, 1233-1236 nervous mechanism of, 1236 Passive movement, 600 Paw/low's gastric fistula, 690 Pelvic visceral nerve, 473 action on bladder, 1157 Pendular movements of intestine, 725 Pendulum myograph, 195, 196 Pentachromic vision, 580 Pentamethylene diamine, 155 Pentosanes, 61, 106 Pentoses, 61, 105 Pentosuria, 61 Pepsin, action of, 685 Peptone, food value of, 645 Peptones, 100 fractionation of, 685 Peptonised blood, 840, 849 Pericardium, use of, 894, 910 Perilymph, 515 Perimeter, 563 Peripheral ganglia, inhibition in, 475 nerve nets, 469 reflexes, 474 \ Peripolar zone, 268r*, Peristalsis, 727 Permeability of membranes, 22, 125, 131 Peroxidases, 1108 Pes, 374 Pettenkofer 's respiration apparatus, 618 Pfeffer's cell, 125 Pfiiiger's law, 267 Phagocytes, 1022 Phagocytosis, 816, 1022 Phakoscope, 540 Phenylalanine, 85, 91 Phenylethylamine, 156 Phenylglucosazone, 63 Phenylhydrazine test, 123, 162 Phenyllactosazone, 68 Phenylmaltosazone, 67 Phloridzin diabetes, 801 Phloroglucin reaction for pentoses, 61 Phonation, pressure, 523 Phosphates, estimation of, 1129 excretion in large intestine, 724 by kidney, 1147 in urine, 1113 Phosphatides, 57 Phospholipines, 57 Phosphoprotein, 100 Phosphoproteins, a.ction of gastric juice on, 68 Phosphorus, 43, 57 Photochemical substances in retina, ."><>7 Photo-hsematachometer, 889 Phototaxis, 27 Phrenic nerve, electrical variations in, 242 Phrenology, 434 Physiology, definition of, 1, 7 general, 13 Physiological heat- values, 621 Pick on fractionation of protcoscs, 685 Picric acid, 51 Pilomotor nerves, 469 Pineal gland, 1193 Pinna, function of, 511 Piqure diabetes, 800 Pituitary body, extirpation of, 1191 structure of, 1190 extract, effect of, 1192 Placenta, functions of, 1232 Plain muscle, 180, 243 chemical stimulation of, 246 contraction, time-relations of, 243 double innervation of, 247 influence of temperature on, 247 mechanical stimulation of, 246 stimulation of, 244 Plasma, muscle-, 212 blood, 811, 857 Plasmahaut, 21 Plasmolysis, 22, 23, 127 Plasmosome, 16 Plasome, 20 Plasteins, 169 Plastids, 17, 33 Plethora, 1009 Plethysmograph for kidney, 993 Pleura, 1040 permeability of, 136 Pleural cavity, negative pressure in, 1045 Pneumogastric nerve, see Vagus Pohls reverser, 188 Poikilothermic animals, 1169 Polar bodies, 1209 Polar zone, 268 Polar imeter, 51 Polarisation, 51, 173, 224 by colloids, 145 in nerve, 280 Polarised light, 51 Polarising current, 265 Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 813 Polymorphous layer of cortex, 428 Polypeptides, 89, 90, 99, 704 action of trypsin on, 89 reactions of, 89 synthesis of, 88 Polysaccharides, 62, 68 Pons Varolii, 371 antero-lateral tract, 372 functions of, 394 pedal portion, 372 structure, 370 tegmentum, 372 Portal system in birds, 761 ^ Position, sensations of, 603-609 Positive after-images, 571 polarisation of nerve, 282 ventilation, 1091 Posterior columns of cord, 354 crico-arytenoid muscle, 521 longitudinal bundle, 369, 370, 372, 381, 389, 408 INDEX 1265 Posterior root-ganglion, development, 298 Postganglionic fibres, 472 Postural reflexes, 449 tonus, 449 Potassium, 43 Potential energy of compounds, 156 Precipitins, 1036 Precuneus, 417 Preganglionic fibre, 471 Pregnancy, 1230-1236 Pre-pyramidal tract, 353 Presbyopia, 546 Pressor reflexes, 1001 Pressure impulses in cord, 359 sense, 489 slope in vascular system, 877 Primary coil, 189 Primitive sheath of nerve, 251 Primordial follicles, 1222 utricle, 14, 127 Principal focus of lens, 531 plane, 531 point, 531, 533 Projection fibres of cerebrum, 422 Projicient sense organs, 293, 384 Proline, 85, 91 fate of, 772 Pro-nuclei, 1209 Procestrurn, 1226 Prophase of mitosis, 1205 Propionic acid, 48, 54 Proprioceptive system, 397, 479, 598 Propriospinal fibres, 351 Pro-secretin, 709 Prostate, 1221 Prosthetic group, 101 Protamines, 92, 97, 101 Proteins, 45, 71 absorption of, 744 amide nitrogen in, 93 ammonia nitrogen in, 93 amount of nitrogen in, 616 biuret reaction, 93 carbohydrate radicle in, 94 classification of, 97-108 colour reactions of, 93 composition of, 71, 90 conjugated, 101 constitution of, 90 copper compounds, 75 crystallisation of, 72 derivatives of, 98 diamino-nitrogen, 93 disintegration products of, 81 distribution of nitrogen in molecule, 91 effect of, on metabolism, 631, 653 halogen derivatives, 98 heat coagulation of, 72, 95 hydrated, 98 hydrolysis, 76, 99 hydrolysis by enzymes, 76 in urine, 1121 metabolism of, 756-773 effects of variation in diet, 633 endogenous, 767 Folin's theory, 644 in starvation, 630, 633 P finger's theory, 642 Voifa theory, 642 minimum requirement, 654 molecule, structure of. 76, 88 Proteins, synthesis of, 88 molecular weight of, 74 osmotic pressure of, 75 oxidation of, 764 physical characters, 72 precipitation by metallic salts, 94 putrefaction of, 76 salting out, 96 salts of, 72 separation of, 95 specific dynamic effect of, 636 sulphur in, 74 synthesis of in body, 113-119 tests for, 93 Proteose, food value of, 645 Proteoses, 100 fractionation of, 687 hydrolytic products, 687 Prothrombin, 843 Protocerebrom, 294 Protopathic sensibility, 495 Protoplasm, 15 constituents of, 36 physical condition of, 20 salts of, 43 surface tension in, 21, 24 theories of structure, 17 ultra-microscopic structure, 20 Proximate constituents of the body, 45 Psalterium, 427 Pseudo-globulin, 866 Pseudo-ions, 149 Pseudomucin, 105 Pseudo-nuclein, 100, 688 Pseudopodia, 14 Pseudo-reflexes, 474 Psychical secretion of gastric juice, 691 Ptyalin, 661 Puberty, changes at, 1217 Pulmonary circulation, 935-938 ' ventilation, 1046 Pulse, 918-928 anacrotic wave, 926 catacrotic, 926 clinical features of, 928 dicrotic wave, 921, 923, 925 in veins, 933 percussion wave, 923 pre-dicrotic wave, 923 primary wave, 923 Pulse-pressure, 875 Pulse-rate, in man, 981 Pulse-wave, velocity of, 923 nature of, 918 Pulvinar, 376 Pupil, 543 contraction of, 550 dilatation of, 551 Purine bases, 102 in faeces, 754 in urine, 780 metabolism, 774-782 ring, 102, 775 Purkinje cells of cerebellum, 400 fibres of heart, 952 figures, 562 Putrescine, 156 Pyloric canal, 698 sphincter, 699 vestibule, 698 Pylorus, nervous mechanism for opening, 1266 INDEX Pylorus, opening of, 697 Pyramidal cells of cortex, 427 decussation, 352, 366 tracts, 352, 366, 423 Pyrimidine, 103 bases, 775 Pyrogallol, 50 Pyrrol ring, 85 synthesis of, 118 a-pyrrolidin carboxylic acid, 85 Pyruvic acid, 49, 762 origin of, 762 QUADBI-URATES, 1118 Quellung, 151 RACEMIC compounds, 52 Kami communicantes, 468 Reaction, velocity of, 162, 163 of blood, 987, 1087 of degeneration, 269 time, 457 Reactions, balanced, 166 reversible, 166, 169 Recapitulation, Law of, 13 ' Receptor ' substance, 276 action of adrenaline on, 278, 1184 Recessive characters, 1215 Reciprocal innervation from cortex, 437 of antagonistic muscle s, 335 Recti muscles, 585 Red-blindness, 578 corpuscles, see Blood marrow, 834 nucleus, 377, 383 ' Red reflex,' 555 Reduced eye, 533 Referred pain, 476 Reflex action, Bahnung, 305 block in, 305 delay in, 303 facilitation of, 305 fatigue of, 304, 343 general characters of, 303 inhibition of, 306, 339 in spinal animal, 329, 332 localisation, 303 reinforcement, 341 successive spinal induction, 344 summation, 304 arc, 178,, 295 movements, 177 scratch-, 332, 343 time, 304 tone, 398 Refractive indices in eye, 533 Refractory period, 273 Hegnault and Reisefs respiration apparatus, 617 Reissner's membrane, 516 Remaps ganglion, 940, 942 Renal excretion, 1110-1160 mechanism, 1149-1151 Rennin, 688 Reproduction, 1199-1245 in man, 1217-1245 in metazoa, 1202 in protozoa, 1200 Reproductive organs, development of, 1217 female, 1221 Reproductive organs, male, 1219 Residual air, 1047 Resonants, 527 Resonators, 507 Respiration, 1039-1109 apparatus, Benedict's, 617 Haldane's, 616 Pettenkofer's, 618 Regnault and Reiset, 617 Zunlz and Geppert, 618 chemistry of, 1051-1075 effects of changes in air on, 1098-1 104 effect on circulation, 937 of deglutition on, 681 of division of vagi, 1089 v movements, co-ordination of, 1070 rate of, 1041 reflex regulation of, 1089-1097 ' Respiration of swallowing,' 677 Respiratory centre, 1077 aulomaticity of, 1078 chemical excitants of, 1079-1081, 1087 inhibitory action of vagus on, 1092 spinal, 1078 stimulation of, by acids, 1087 by oxygen lack, * exchange, total, 616 movements, chemical regulation of, 1079-1089 Head's method, 1089 mechanics of, 1039-1050 regulation of, 1076-1097 muscles, 1043 quotient, 640, 1051 effect of foods on, 641 in diabetes, 809 in hibernation, 794 in muscular work, 217 sounds, 1045 Restiform body, 368, 402 Rete mucosum, 1161 Reticulin, 107 Retina, chemical changes in, 564 development of, 558 physical changes in, 564 structure of, 559 Retinal changes in vision, 558-567 > image, path of rays, 534 induction, 582 Retractor lentis, 548 penis muscle, 247, 1229 Retrograde degeneration, 320 Reverser, PohVs, 188 Reversibility of ferment action, 166, 168 Revertose, 167, 168 Rheocord, 192 Rheonome, 270 Rheoscopic frog, 233 Rheotaxis, 1228 Rhinecephalon, 421 Rhodopsin, 559, 565 Rhombencephalon, 362 Ribs, movements of, 1042 Ricin, 1031 Rigor mortis, 208, 214 Rima glottidis, 521 Ringer's fluid, 96JJ INDEX 1267 Ritter- Valli law, 274 Rods of Corti, 516 Rolandic fissure, 419 Roof nuclei of cerebellum, 383, 402 Rubro-spinal tract, 353, 389 Ruffini's organs, 497 > SACCHARIC acid, 62 Saccharose, 67 Saccule, 515 Saccus endolymphaticus, 604 Sacral autonomic fibres, 473 Salicylic acid, 50 Saliva, composition of, 661 energy involved in secretion, 674 secretion of, 663 effect of nerves on, 666 Salivary secretion, energy changes in, 674 effect of metabolites, 675 histological changes in, 670 pressure, 668 theories of, 668 Salivary digestion, 662 in stomach, 663 glands, innervation of, 665 changes accompanying secre- tion, 668-673 double nerve-supply, 673 electrical changes in, during secretion, 672 Salmin, composition of, 91 Salt hunger, 647 solutions, absorbability of, 738 Salts, absorption of, 753 Saponification, 46, 56 number, 56 Sarcolactic acid, 215 Sarcolemma, 179 Sarcomere, 179 Sarcoplasm, 179 Sarcosine, 84 Sarcostyles, 179, 181 Sarcous elements, 181 Sartorius of frog, 183 Scala media, 515 Scatol, fate of, 770 Schd-fer's theory of contraction, 182, 236 Scheinefs experiment, 589 Schematic eye, 532 Schlemm, canal of, 543 functions, 596 Schwanri's sheath, 251 Scleropro terns, 106 Sclerotic coat of eye, 542 Scratch reflex, 332, 343 Sebaceous glands, 1162 Sebum, 1162 Second wind, 1008 Secondary contraction, 233 Secretin, 709, 1179 action on intestinal secretion, 720 liver, 716 Secretion, energy changes in, 674 Semicircular canals, 399, 515 destruction of, 606 functions, 605 Semilunar ganglion, 466 valves, structure of, 893 Semi-permeable cell, 125 membranes, 125, 132 Sensation, extent of stimulus, 482 localisation of, 481 modality of, 479 physiology of, 478-609 projection of, 481 quantitative study of, 482-^485 relation to stimulus, 478-^85 Sensations, organic, 598-609 Sensori-motor areas, 444 Sensory adaptation, 482 aphasia, 454 areas of cortex, 444 association, 451 paralysis, 346 path, 357 Septo-marginal bundle, 354 Serine, 81, 91 Serous salivary glands, 663 Sertoli, cells of, 1221 Serum-albumin, 98, 865 composition of, 91 crystallisation of, 73 Serum-globulin, 98, 866 Serum-proteins, osmotic pressure of, 143 Seventh nerve, nucleus of, 379, 381, 413 visceral fibres, 472 Se xual organs, relation to ductless glands, 1219 process, essential features of, 1199-1211 Sham feeding, 690 Shock, 306 spinal, 330 Short ciliary nerves, 552 sight, 535 Sibilant consonants, 527 Side-chain theory, 1034 Side wire, Helmholtz, 189 Simultaneous contrast, 583 Sino-auricular node, 951 Sixth nerve, nucleus of, 379, 411 Size, illusions of, 591 judgment of, 590 Skin, absorption by, 1165 functions of, 1161-1166 gaseous exchanges in, 1165 structure of, 1161 Small intestine, absorption from, 733 innervation of, 728 lymph production in, 735 movements in, 725-729 Smell, sense of, 501 sensations, 498, 502 Smooth muscle, see Plain muscle Soaps, 46, 55 in digestion, 742 Sodium, 43 Solar plexus, 468 Solidity, judgment of, 593 Sols, 139 Solubility of gas, effect of pressure on, 1057 Solute, 131 Somatic nervous system, 466 Sorbite, 62 Sound, nature of, 505 pitch of, 506 timbre, 506 Spaces of Fontana, 543 Spastic gait, 335, 450 paraplegia, 335, 450 Specific dynamic action of proteins, 63C, 764, 803 irritability, law of, 255 1268 Speech, 453, 520-527 intellectual basis of, 455 mechanism of, 525 Spermaceti, 56 Spermatids, 1208 Spermatocytes, 1208 Spermatozoa, development of, 1208 Spherical aberration, 537 Sphincter pupillse, 550 trigoni, 1153 urogenitalis, 1153 Sphingomyeline, 57 Sphygmographs, 922 Spinal animal, 329, 393 Spinal cord, afferent path, 328 anterior cerebellar tract, 354 columns, 356 ascending tracts, 352, 354 Burdach's column, 324 cells in, 318 of columns, 318 central canal, 300 Clarke's column, 318 collaterals in, 324, 351, 357 comma tract, 353 commissural cells, 318 conduction in, 351-360 crossed pyramidal tract, 353 descending tracts, 352 development, 299 direct cerebellar tract, 354 pyramidal tract, 352 dorsal cerebellar tract, 354 effect of poisons, 347 efferent path, 327 endogenous fibres, 352 Golgi cells, 318 tolls' column, 324 Gower's tract, 356 Helweg's bundle, 353 hemisection, 359 lateral basis bundle, 371 lateral columns, 354 Lissauefs tract, 324, 352, 357 Marie's tract, 354 Monakow's bundle, 353 motor-cells, 318 olivo-spinal tract, 353 pain impulses, 359 path of impulses, 357 posterior columns, 354 postero-external column, 324 pre-pyramidal tract, 353 pyramidal tracts, 352 as reflex centre, 322 tfibro-spinal tract, 353 sensori-motor path, 357 septo-marginal bundle, 354 structure, 315 thalamico-spinal tract, 353 tracts, methods of tracing, 319 trophic functions, 349 ventral cerebellar tract, 354 vestibulo-spinal tract, 353 Wallerian degeneration' 352 white matter, arrangement, 351 Spinal dog, 331 shock, 330 Spino-tectal tract, 356 Spino-thalamic tract, 356 Spiral ganglion, 517 INDEX Spiral lamina, 517 Splanchnic nerve, 996 Spleen, function of, 1195 rhythmic contractions of, 1195 structure of, 1194 Spongin, 108 Spongioblasts, 252, 298 Spongioplasm, 18 Staircase phenomenon, 245 in heart muscle, 956 Stanni^ ligature, 940 Stapedius muscle, 514 Stapes, 513 Starches, 68 Starch, digestion by saliva, 662 hydrolysis of, 68, 99 molecular weight, 68 soluble, 68 structure of, 69 Starvation, carbohydrate metabolism in, 628 fat metabolism in, 630 loss in various organs, 625 metabolism in, 624-630 protein metabolism in, 630, 633 Static ataxy, 346 Stearic acid, 54 Stearyl-lecithin, 57 Stellate ganglion, 466 Stepping reflex, 332 Stercobilin, origin of, 715 Stereoisomerism, 52, 60, 78 Stereosomers, action of ferments on, 167 Stereoscope, 593 Stereoscopic vision, 593 Sternzellen, 816 Stimulation, electrical, nature of, 270 of human nerve, 268 Stimuli, summation of, 245 Stimulus, intensity of, 482 liminal, 482 locus of, 339 maximal, 193, 205 minimal, 193, 205 threshold, 483 Stokes-Adams disease, 955 Stomach, digestion in, 683-696 innervation, 700 movements of, 697 secretory nerves of, 691 sphincters, 701 Stratum granulosum, 1161 Stratum lucidum, 1161 Stria terminalis, 377 Strise acousticse, 379, 380 Striated muscle, structure of, 179 of invertebrates, 248 String galvanometer, 228 Stromuhr, Ludwig's, 888 Starling's, 888 Structural basis of body, 13 Strychnine, effect on cord, 347 spasm, electrical variation, 242 Sturin, composition of, 91 Sublingual gland, 663 Submaxillary ganglion, 473, 666 gland, 663 Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, 316 nigra, 374, 377, 383 Substrate, 164 effect of ferments on, 167 INDEX 1269 Subthalamic region, 377 Successive contrast, 583 spinal induction, 344 Succus entericus, see Intestinal j Sugar in urine, 1122 formation of, from fat, 794 from protein, in plants, 111 utilisation of, in body, 799 Sugars, chemistry of, 60-68 oxidisability of, in body, 1 1 06 Sulphocyanate in saliva, 661 Sulphur, 42 excretion of, 769 test for proteins, 86, 94 Summation, 245 of muscular contractions, 206 of sensation, 482 of stimuli, 245, 272 in heart muscle, 956 tones, 510 Supplemental air, 1046 Suprarenal bodies, 1181-1186 Surface tension, 21, 24 in colloids, 141 Suspensory ligament, 543 Swallowing — see Deglutition Sweat, amount and properties, 1163 glands, 1163 loss of heat by, 1 1 76 secretion, 1164 Swim-bladder of fish, 1074 tension of oxygen in, 135 Sylvian aqueduct, 363, 373 fissure, 419 Symbiosis, 1021 Sympathetic ganglia, 466 functions, 474 system, 969, 975 TACHYPNGEA, 1080 Tactile localisation, 489 sensations, 489 sense area, 444 paths, 444 Talbofs law, 572 Tartaric acid, 52 Taste, 498 area, 448 buds, 499 nerves of, 500 sensation, classification, 499 Tears, composition of, 594 Tecto-spinal tract, 391 Tenon, capsule of, 585 Tension, effect of on bladder, 1156 on heart, 958 on muscle, 201 Tensions of gases in liquids, 1059 Tensor tympani muscle, 514 Tenth nerve, nucleus of, 414 Testis, structure of, 1219 Tetanus, 207 toxin, action on cord, 348 Tetrachromic vision, 580 Tetrapeptides, 89 Tegmentum of pons, 372 of mid-brain, 3.74 Teichmann's crystals, 825 Telencephalon, 363 Telophase of mitosis, 1206 Temperature, action of, on heart, 962 on muscle, 207 effect of, on metabolism, 1168, 1172 on electrical variations in muscle, 230 limits of, for life, 6 sense, 486 adaptation of, 488 Temporal lobe, 417 Temporo-pontine fibres, 424 Tendon phenomena, 333 use of, 336 reflexes, 333 Thalamencophalon, 392, 395 Thalamico-spinal tract, 353 Thalamo-cortical tract, 422 Thalamo-frontal fibres, 423 Thalamo-spinal tract, 391 Theobromine, 103, 775 Thermo-electric couple, 220 Thermogenic centres, 1177 Thermopile, 219 Thermotaxic system, 1177 Thigmotaxis, 27 Thiophene test, 215 Third nerve, functions of, 552 nucleus of, 379, 382, 408, 410 visceral fibres in, 472 Tkiry- Vella fistula, 718 Threshold stimulus, 483 Thrombin, 842 Thrombogen, 844 Thrombokinasc, 844 Thymine, 104, 776 Thymus, structure and functions of, 1193 Thyroid gland, 1186 extirpation of, 1 1 87 extract, effects of , 1188 structure of. 1186 Tidal air, 1046 Tissue-fibrinogen, 102, 846 Tissue-proteins, 642 Tone in muscle, 333 in heart, 958 Tonus, postural, 449 Tortoise heart. 910 Touch discrmination, 491 impulses in cord, 359 projection of, 493 sense, 489 spots, 489 Toxins, adsorption of, 1034 bacterial, 1030 mode of action. LONDON AND EDINBURGH I r -*2fe» m •& ^ BO^'TST>- - •W Y/) BJQLOGj UMABY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 