None
Diagnosis erroneous, by misprint "corpus dcprcssum" instead of "corpus com- pressum." Has precedence over Pterophevne Gill and Pterophrynoides Gill. FISCHER, 1813 85 Ogcocephalus Fischer, 70, 78 ; type not named ; evidently by definition, Lol-llIUS VESF'EKTILIO L. Replaces Maltbe Cuvier. Orbis (Lacepcde) Fischer, 70; no type named. Said to be like DiODON but "ad minus 4 denies in maxilla superiore." Evi- dently a misprint for "2 denies." It is probably a synonym of Ovoides Cuvier, the presumable type being Tetraodon lineatus L., the "Orbis" of Salviani and Rondelet. Odontolepis Fischer, 71, 78; no type named. A tlouiulcr with "pinnae pectorales tcnuissimx aut nulla:, rcliquis conjunctis." The type may be assumed as Svmphurus nicrescens. A synonym of Sv.mpiiurus Rafinesquc, 1810. Perhaps species of Monochirus or Microchirus were included. Psilus Fischer, 74. A substitute for Bostrvchus Lacepede, which is preoccupied. Equivalent to BosTRicHTHVs Dumeril. Psiloides Fischer, 74. A needless substitute for Bostrychoides Lacepede. Typhlotes Fischer, 75. A substitute for C.€cilia Lacepede, preoccupied. A synonym of Sphacebran- CHUs Bloch. Mustellus Fischer, 78; type (not named) Squalus mustelus L. A synonym of Mustelus Linck, not of Valmont. LXXIX. FISCHER, Recherches Zoologiques: Memoires de la SocirU' Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, IV, second edition, 1813. Eleginus Fischer, 252; type Gadus navaga Kceireuter. Replaces Tilesia Swainson, 1839 (preoccupied) and Pleurogadus Bean, 1885. Not Elecinus Cuv. & Val., 1830, which becomes Eleginops Gill. LXXX. LEACH, Zoological Miscellany, 1814. William E. Leach. Hippocampus Leach, 103; type Syngnathus hippocampus L. (Hippo- campus antiquorum Leach). Same as Hippocampus Rafinesquc. 1810. 86 THE GENERA OF FISHES LXXXI. MITCHILL, Report in Part on the Fishes of New York, 1814. Samuel Latham Mitchill. Stomodon Mitchill, 7; type Stomodon bilinearis Mitchill. Equivalent to Merluccius Rafinesque. Morone Mitchill, 18; type Morone pallida Mitchill (Perca Americana Gmelin). As restricted by Gill, i860. Tautoga Mitchill, 23; type Tautoga nicer Mitchill (Labrus onitis L.). Roccus Mitchill, 25 ; type Roccus striatus Mitchill (Sclena lineata Bloch). As restricted by Gill. LXXXII. RAFINESQUE, Descri::ione di un Nuovo Genere di Pesce: Specchio delle Scienze, Palermo, 1814. CONSTANTINE SaMUEL RaFINESQUE. Leptopus Rafinesque, I, 16; type Leptopus peregrinus Rafinesque. MoMotypic. Name preoccupied and later changed to Podoleptus Rafinesque, 1815. Apparently a synonym of Lophotes Giorna. LXXXIII. RAFINESQUE, Descrizione di un Nuovo Genere di Pesce Siciliano: Specchio delle Scienze, II, 1815. Nemochirus Rafinesque, II, 100, 105; type Nemochirus erythropterus Rafinesque. Unrecognized. The following is Rafinesque's account of this fish : Nemochirus. Corpo lanceolate compressissimo ensiforme, fronte diagonale, bocca dentata, un' ala dorsale longitudinale scnza raggi sciolti, ala caudale sciolta, nessun' ala anale, le due ale pettorali filiformi avvicinate e situate sotto la gola al posto delle ventrali. Nemochirus erythropterus. Corpo argentato, ale rosse, coda lunulata, con un raggio intermedio mucronato sciolto lunghissimo e filiforme, tre macchie fosche da ogni lato del dorso. Descrizione. Lunghezza totale due palmi, nuiso ottuso, mascclla infcriore piu corta con denti acuti, occhi piccoli neri, iride grande argentina con un cerchio rosso esteriore, opercolo doppio : corpo d'un bel colore argentco, con tre macchie irregolari fosche di ogni lato del dorso, linea laterale dritta, ventre un poco reti- RAFINESQUE, 1814 87 colato. Ale pettorali rosse lineari-filiformi acute e con un solo raggio, ala dorsale rossa principiando sopra gli occhi e giungendo sino alia coda, della quale e per6 staccata e con circa 200 raggi molli : coda rossa un poco trifida o quasi lunulata con pero il raggio intermcdio semplice, sporgente lunghissimo, nicntre i latcrali sono ramosi con i rami opposti. We are indebted to Mr. H. M. Scuddcr for a copy of this rare and forgotten description. If this account is correct it is still unknown to science, though hav- ing much in common with Styi^phorus cordatus Shaw. LXXXIV. RAFINESQUE, Precis des Dicouvertes Somiologiques. 1814. Trisopterus Rafinesque. i6; type Gadus capelanus Lacepede (Gadus MINUTUS L.). According to Risso the name is synonymous with Morua Risso, and must be older. Equivalent to Brachygadus Gill. Monochirus Rafinesque; type Monochirus hispidus Raf. LXXXW RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, ou Tableau de I'Uni- vers et des Corps Ori^aniscs "La Xature est tnon Guide et Linneus mon mditre." Palermo, 1815. In this work the entire animal and plant kingdoms are classified, with definitions of the families and higher groups and lists of the known genera. Three hundred and seventy-seven genera of fishes are enumer- ated. Many of these are bare names, without explanation of any sort. Others represent changes of names of genera for reasons not expressed, but apparently because current names were too long, too short, or in- volved a termination (gides, omorus) expressing resemblance. The fishes are divided into two subclasses, Holorranchia with opercles and gill membranes complete, and Atelosia, lacking either opercles or gill membranes. The Holobranchia are divided into Deripia (Jugulares), Gastripia (Abdominales), Thoraxipia (Thoracices), Apodia (Apodes). The Atei.eosia are divided into Iu-Tropomia (Sturgeons: Sternoptyx, Pegasus) with one operclc and no gill membrane; Ciii.smupne.v, with gill-membranes and one opercle (Qiimara, Balistes, Conger, etc.) ; and Trkm.m'ne.n, with neither opercles nor gill membranes (eels and sharks). This classification is singularly inept. 06 THE GENERA OF FISHES Dactyleptus Rafinesque, 82. Substitute for Muilenoides Lacepede. Pholidus Rafinesque, 82. A synonym of Pholis Scopoli. Substitute for Enchelyopus Gronow. Pteraclidus Rafinesque, 82. Substitute for Oligopodus Lacepede. A synonyin of Pteraclis Gronow. Pacamus, 82 ; nomen nudum. Ictius, 82, "sp. do." That is, based on species of the preceding, i. c, Pacamus. Dropsarus, 82. Evidently an emendation of Gaidropsarus Rafinesque. Trisopterus, 82. Brosme, 82. Batrichtius, 82. A substitute for Batrachoides Lacepede. Ceracantha, 82. Taunis, 82. Plagiusa, 83, "sp. do." That is, species of Pleuronectes,- apparently based on Pleuronectes pla- giusa L., thus equivalent to Symphurus Rafinesque, 1810. Holacantha, 83. Substitute for Hoi.acanthus Lacepede. Pomacantha, 83. Nasonus, 83. Substitute for Nasc Lacepede. Alectis, 84. Substitute for Gallus Lacepede, which is preoccupied, leaving Alectis as valid. Bostrictis, 84. Substitute for Bostrychus Lacepede: a synonym of Bostrichthys Dumeril, 1806. Pterops, 84, 90. Substitute for Bostrychoides Lacepede. Tasica, 84. Nemipus, 84. Cephalepis, 84. Gymnurus, 84. Substitute for T.«nioides Lacepede. RAFINESQUE, 1815 89 Polipturus, 84. Substitute for ScoMBEBOMORUs Lacepcdc. Orcynus, 84. Substitute for Scombesoides Lacepede. Baillonus, 85. Sulistitutc for C^sioiiORUS Lacepede. Lepicantha, 85. Appariiitly shortened from Lepisacanthus Lacepide Gastrogonus, 85. Ccphimmus, 85. Substitute for Gymnocephalus Bloch. Lepipterus, 85. Panotus, 85. Subslitiitc for T/ENionotus Lacepede. Aylopon, 85. Sul>stitutc for Anthias Bloch. Lopharis, 85. Cephacandia, 85. Substitute for Cephalacanthus Lacepede. "Gonurus Lac," 85. L'nf.xplaincd ; no such name appears in Lacepede. Lepomus, 86. Pomagonus, 86. Mesopodus, 86. Acaramus, 86. Clodipterus, 86, also on 88. Sulislitutc for Cheilodiptebus Lacepede. Macrolepis, 86, "sp. do." That is, (if .^pocoN Lacepede. Gucbucus, 86. Micropodus, 86. Substitute for Cheilio Laccpide. Megaphalus, 86. Substitiitr for GoBiESOX Lacepede. Pomacanthis, 86. Oxima. 86. Equetus, 86. Substitute for Eques Bloch. 90 THE GENERA OF FISHES Branchiostegus, 86. Substitute for Coryph^enoides Lacepede, not of Gunner. Replaces Latilus Cuv. & Val., 1830. "Eleotris Gr., Gobiomoeus Lacepede," 86. Epiphthalmus, 86. Sulistitute for Gobiomoroides Lacepede. Lepimphis, 86. Plecopodus, 87. Sulistitute for Gobioides Lacepede. Piescephalus, 87. Lumpus, 87, "sp. do." That is, of Cyclopterus. Liparius, 87, "sp. do." That is, of Cyclopterus. Percis Scopoli, 87. Said to be same as A spidoph oroides LacepWe. Aygula, 87. Substitute for Coris Lacepede. Octonus, 88. Gasterodon, 88. Xysterus, 88. For Xyster Lacepede. Meneus, 88. For Mene Lacepede. Buronus, 88. For BuRO Lacepede. Thrissa, 88. Substitute for Clupanodon Lacepede. Megalops, 88. Prinodon, 88. Substitute for Cyprinodon Lacepede. Maturacus, 88. Edomus, 88. Gonipus, 88. Myxonum, 88. Substitute for Mugiloides Lacepede. Trichonotus, 88. Substitute for Mucilomorur Lacepede. RAFINESQUE, 1815 91 Soranus, 88. Cordorinus, 89. Substitute for Corydoras Lacepede. Amiatus, 89. Substitute for Amia L. Amiatus becomes eligible if Amia Gronow be ac- cepted instead of Apogon. Sayris, 89. Sutistitutc for ScoMBRESOX Lacepede. Ramphistoma, 89; "Raf. Belone Gronow." The word Belone was not used in a generic sense by Gronow, but first by Cuvicr in 1817. Rafinesque apparently refers to synonymy of the species as quoted from Gronow by Lacepede.* This reference does not seem to justify the substitu- tion of Ramphistoma for Belone, Odumphus, 89. Onopionus, 89. Guaris, 90. Typhlinus, 90, "sp. do." That is, of Syncnathus, earlier called Typhle by Rafinesque, which name is used by Lacepede for a "blind" genus of mammals, but without mention of type. Phyllophorus, 90. Homolenus, 90. This and the two preceding are placed in the same family as Syncnathus. Goniodermus, 90, "sp. do." Of OSTRACION. Cephalopsis, 90, "sp. do." Of IJIODON. Orbidus, 90. For "Spheroide" of Lacepede. Oonidus, 90. For "OvoiLF." of Lacepede. Tangus, 91. S.iid In be the same as "Heptaca" Rafinesque. .- Piratia, 91. Opictus, 91. *In the synonymy of Esox belone Lacepede has this quotation: "Hflnne et raf'his, id est acus Petri Artedi Synonymia Piscium etc., auctore J. G. Schneider, etc. "Gronov. Mus. i, n. 39. Zooph., p. 117, n. 362." In a hasty reading, Rafinesque must have ascribed both sentences to Gronow, who apparently did not use the name Belone. 92 THE GENERA OF FISHES Ictiopogon, 91. Substitute for Bostrychus Lacepede, which is preoccupied. Dameus, 91. Neleus, 91. Nemochirus, 91. Dipinotus, 91. Symphocles, 91. This and the preceding are placed near Trichiurus. Melanictis, 92. Epimonus, 92, "sp. do." That is, of Balistes, doubtless intended for Monacanthus. Lophidius, 92. Variant of Lophius. Chironectes, "R", 92, "sp. do." Of Lophius. Conomus, 92, "sp. do." Of Lophius. Branderius, 93. Substitute for Cecilia Lacepede, a synonym of Sphagebranchus Bloch. Anopsus, 93. Substitute for Mursnoblenna Lacepede. Gymnopsis, 93. Substitute for Gymnomur>«na Lacepede. Helmictis, 93. Rincoxis, 93. Zebricium, 93. Pterurus, 93. Sphyrnias, 93. V.iriant of Sphyrna Rafinesque. Platopterus, 93. , Substitute for Raja L. Epinotus, 93. Lymnea, 93. Podoleptus, 93. Substitute for Leptopus Rafinesque, 1814. A synonym of Lophotes Giorna. Megaderus, 93. Substitute for Echidna Forster. cuviER, 1815 93 Ictaetus, 93. Scphenia, 93. Megabatus, 93. Apturus, 93. Lampreda, 94, "sp. do." Of Petromyzon. Pricus, 94, "sp. do." Of Petromyzon. This and the preceding doubtless equivalent to Am.mo- ccETEs Dumeril and Lampetra Gray, the former based on the larval state of lam- preys. LXXXVI. CUVIER, Obsenations et Recherches Critiques sur differens Poissons de la Mcditcrrannee, ct a leur Occasion sur dcs Poissons d'autres mers plus ou mains Lies avec Eux: Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, I, 1815. Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert Cuvier. Glossodus Cuvier, I, 1815: type .Argentina glossodonta Forskal. Same as Albula Gronow, Butvrinus Lacepede. Fierasfer Cuvier, I, 119, 312, 359, 1815; type Ophidion imberbe L. Same as Carapus Rafincsque. (Name in French only; dates from Oken, 1817.) Xyrichthys Cuvier, I, 317, 329, 355, 1815; type Xyrichthys cultratus Cuvier (Corvph.ena novacula L.). Epibulus Cuvier, I, in ; type Sparus insidiator Pallas. Smaris Cuvier, I, 11 1 ; type Sparus smaris L. Myletes Cuvier, I. 115; type Myletes rhomboidalis Cuv. Saurus Cuvier, I, 115: type Salmo saurus L. Chromis Cuvier, 393; type Sparus ciiromis L. Miiintypic. Same as Heliases Cuvier, 1817. Crenilabrus Cuvier, 357; type Labrus lapina Forskal (Les Crcni- labres). Bonaparte, in 1839, named as type C. pavo, which is the same as C. lapina. Name in French only, dates from Oken, 1817. Corycus Cuvier, 359; type (not otherwise named) Lutianus rostratus Bloch. Rased on "les deux demiers Lutjans de M. Risso." Called Coricuk by Cuvier in 1817. A synonym of Symphodus Rafmesquc. Tetragonopterus Cuvier. I, it4; type T. argenteus Cuvier. 94 THE GENERA OF FISHES Les Serrans Cuvier. This is not a scientific name. Reference is made to Anthias sackr niocli. Diacope Cuvier, 360; type Holocentrus bengalensis Bloch. Name preoccupied, replaced by Genyoroge Cantor, 1850. Diagramma Cuvier, 360; type Anthias diagramma Bloch. A synonym of Plectorhinchus Lacepede. Scolopsis Cuvier, 361; type the Curite of Russell (Scoi-opsis curite Cuvier). Les Priacanthes Cuvier, 361 ; type Anthias macrophthalmus Bloch. First called Priacanthus by Cuvier in 1817. Les Pristipomes Cuvier, 361 ; type Lutianus hasta Bloch. Called Pristipomus by Oken in 181 7. A synonym of Pomadasys Lacepede. Julis Cuvier, 362; type Labrus julis L. By tautonomy and by first restriction. Boops Cuvier, 453 ; type Sparus boops L. By tautonomy. Later called Box Cuvier. The genus Sparus L. is divided into Sargues, Sparus sarcus L. ; Dauradcs, Sparus aurata L. ; and Pagres, Sparus pagrus L. No Latin names are indicated and no type assigned to Sparus L. "Les Cantheres" is a name assigned (p. 485) to Sparus cantharus L. Dentex Cuvier, 486; type Sparus dentex L. By tautonomy, Les Melettes, 457 ; type Clupea brunnichi Gmelin. This group is equivalent to Engraulis Cuvier, 1817. No Latin name is as- signed. On page 14 of this volume the name ScI/ENA umbra L., originally based (in two species (the "Maigre" and the "Corb," confounded by Linnaeus), is definitely restricted to the first of these, the Cheilodipterus aquila of Lacepede. This spe- cies then becomes the type of Sci,bna, replacing Argyrosomus de la Pyi.aie and Pseudosci-ena Bleeker. The "Corb" remains as Corvina nigra (Bloch). LXXXVII. BLAINVILLE, Prodrome d'Une Nouvelle Distribution Sys- tcmatique du Rcgne Animal: Bulletin de la Societe Philomaticiue, 1816. Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainvili.e. Descriptions of the genera indicated appeared al.so in the Fauna Framboise, 1820- 1 830. The [lagination as here given is taken from Carman, Plagiostomia, 1913- Trygonobatus Blainville, 112; type Raia pastinaca L. Etiuivalcnt to Dasvatis Rafinesque. BLAINVILLE, 1816 95 Aetobatus Blainville, 112; type Raja narinari Euphrasen. As restricted by Mullcr & Hcnle, 1838; not as restricted by Cantor, 1850. The latter arrangement would accord better with Blainvillc's obvious purpose of making Raja aql'ila his "Aetobatis vulgaris," the best known of these "raies aigles," his type. The first restriction, however, has the sanction of Agassiz, Giin- ther, and Gill. Dicerobatus Blainville, 116: type Raja modular Lacepede. .•\ synonym of Mobula Rafinesquc. Monotypic. Leiobatus Blainville, 121, "Raies lisses"; type Leiobatus sloani Blain- ville. A species of UROTnycoN. Not Leiobatus Rafinesquc, which is Rhinobatus; nor Leiobatus Klein, a synonym of Raja. Narcobatus Blainville, 121 ; type Raja torpedo L. Scylliorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales roussettes" ; type Squaf.us CA.MCULA Lacepede. As restricted. Prior to Scyixium Cuvier. Cestrorhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus zyg/ENa L. .■\ synnnym of Cestracion Klein and Sphyrna Rafinesquc. Monopterhinus Blainville, 121, "squales a une seule pinnule dorsale"; type Squalus griseus Gmelin. A synnnym of Hexanchus Rafinesquc. Monotypic. Acanthorhinus Blainville, 121, "squales epineux" ; type Squalus acan- thi as Lacepede. Equivalent to Squalus L. as restricted by Rafinesquc and by Gill. Hetcrodontus Blainville, 121; type Squalus imiilippi Lacepede. The name seems sufficiently different from Heterodon, a genus of snakes of prior date, although from identical Greek roots. Otherwise would stand as Cen- TRACiON Gray. Monotypic. Cetorhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus maximus Gunner. Monfitypic. Galeorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales demi-Requins" ; type Squalus canis L. As restricted by Gill, 1864; Squalus mustelus as restricted by Garman, 1913. The former arrangement must hold, replacing Eucaleus Gill. Carcharhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus commersonianus Blain- vi'le. As restricted by authors. Echinorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales boucles"; type Squalus spin- osus Gmelin. Monotypic. 96 THE GENERA OF FISHES LXXXVIII. CUVIER, Siir le genre Chironectes Cuv. (Antennarius Commerson) : Mem. du Mus., Ill, 1817. Georges Cuvier. Chironectes Cuvier, 418; type Lopnius commersonianus Lacepede. LXXXIX. CUVIER, Hydrocyon, Chalceus etc.: Memoires du Mu- seum, IV, 1817; V, 1819. Hydrocyon Cuvier, V, 353, 1819; type Hydrocyon forskali Cuvier ("Les Hydrocyns," I, 115). Myletes Cuvier, IV, 449, 1817; type Myletes rhomboidalis Cuvier. Tetragonopterus (Artedi) Cuvier, IV, 455, 1817; type Tetragon- oPTERus argenteus Cuvier. Chalceus Cuvier, IV, pi. XXI, 1817, V, 351 ; type Chalceus macrolep- IDOTUS Cuvier. XC. LE SUEUR, A new genus of Fishes proposed binder the name of Catostomus: Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1817. Charles A. Le Sueur. Catostomus Le Sueur, 88; type Cyprinus catostomus Forster (Cato- stomus HUDSONius Le Sueur). XCI. CUVIER, Rcgne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817. Le Rcgne Animal Dis- tribue d'Apres son Organisation. Tome II, 1817 (Reptiles, Fishes, etc.). Georges Cuvier. This epoch-making work marks the advent of the modern epoch in zoological taxonomy. The entire animal kingdom is considered, its fam- ilies and genera are all defined, and the entire system is placed on the sound basis of comparative anatomy. In a number of cases the genera in this work receive French names only. But to all these, Latin forms were immediately supplied in the same year, 1817, by Oken, in the Isis. cuviER, 1817 97 Ammocoetes (Diimeril) Cuvier, 119; type Petromyzon branchialis L. 1 he larval form of Petromyzon and Lampetra. Scyllium Cuvier, 124; type Squalus canicula L. As restricted. A synonym of Scylliorhinus Blainville, 1816. Carcharias Cuvier, 125; type Squalus carcharias. As bhown in the figure of Bclon, 60. "Cette figure de Belon est la seule bonne. La phipart des autres sent fausses." Equivalent to Carcharhinus Blain- ville. Not Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810. Lamna Cuvier, 126; type Squalus cornubicus Bloch & Schneider (Squalus nasus Bonnaterre). Zygaena Cuvier, 127; type Squalus zyg.ena L. Equivalent to Cestr^\cion Klein, Sphyrna Rafmesque. Galeus Cuvier, 127; type Squalus galeus L. Not Galeus Valmont, nor of Klein, nor of Rafinesque. Equivalent to Gale- ORHiNUs Blainville. Monotypic. Mustelus Cuvier, 128; type Squalus mustelus L. Equivalent to Mustelus Linck. Notidanus Cuvier, 128; type Squalus grisf.us L. Monotypic. Equivalent to Hexanchus Rafinesque, 1810. Selache Cuvier, 129; type Squalus maximus L. l>liiivalcnt to Cetorhinus Blainville, 1816. Monotypic. Cestracion Cuvier in Oken, 129, ("Les Cestracions" Cuvier) ; Oken,* Isis, 1 183; type Squalus philipi'i Bloch & Schneider. Equivalent to Heterodontus Blainville, 1816. Not Cestracion Klein. Spinax Cuvier, 129; type Squalus spin ax L. Equivalent to Etmopterus Rafinesque, 1810. Centrina Cuvier, 130; type Squalus centrina L. Fuiiiivalcnt to O.wnotus Ratinesque, 1810. Scymnus Cuvier, 130; type Squalus americanus Gmelin. Monotypic. Preocaipied by Scymnus Kugelmann, 1814, a genus of Beetles; replaced by Scvmnorhinus Bonaparte, 1846. Dalatias Rafinesque may be tlic same. *Okcn. Isis, 1817. In Isis. 1817. immediately following the publication of the Rignt Animal. Professor L. Oken recapitulated the genera of Cuvier. giving Latin forms to those left by the author with French names only. These occur on pages 1181. 1182, and 1183 (misprinted in tlie text as 1781, 1782, and 1783). Several of these were also Latinized by Cloquet, Diclionnaire d'Hisloirc Nalurrllr, in 1817, but the date of Oken is earlier. Still others were Latinized by John Stark, /;/••- mrnls of Satvral History, Edinburgh, 1828, vol. I. As the question of priority is not affected, we leave the names of Cuvier latin- ized by Oken in their proper sequence. 98 THE GENERA OF FISHES Trygon Adanson in Cuvier, 136; type Raja pastinaca L. This name, quoted from Adanson's Manuscript Cours d'Histoire Naturelle, in 1772, has been adopted by several authors. Trygon appears also as a new genus (equivalent to T^niura) of Geoffroy St. Hilaire in the Histoire d'Egypte, with the date of 1825. The name is certainly later than Dasybatus of Klein, with the same type, and also later than Dasyatis Rafinesque. Callorhynchus (Gronow) Cuvier, 140; type Chim.5:ra callorhynchus L. Monacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 152, ("Les Monacanthes" Cuvier) ; type Balistes chinensis Bloch. Alutera (Cuvier) Oken, 153, ("Les Aluteres" Cuvier) ; type Balistes MONOCEROS L. Triacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 153, ("Les Triacanthes" Cuvier); type Balistes biaculeatus Bloch. Monotypic. Hippocampus Cuvier, 157: type Syngnathus hippocampus L. Equivalent to Hippocampus Rafinesque. Characinus Cuvier, 164; no type named. Equivalent to Characini L., Charax Gronow. Curimatus (Cuvier) Oken, 165, ("Les Curimates" Cuvier) ; type Salmo edentulus Bloch (Salmo cyprinoides L.). Name latinized as Curimatus Oken, 1182, as Curimata by Cloquet. Equiva- lent to Curimata Walbaum, 1792. Anostomus (Gronow) Cuvier, 165; type Salmo anostomus L. Called Leporinus by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Piabucus (Cuvier) Oken, 166, ("Les Piabuques" Cuvier); type Salmo argentinus Bloch. Latinized as Piabucus by Oken, as Piabuca by Miiller & Troschel. Citharinus Cuvier, 168; type "le Serrasalme citharine" Geoffroy. Cytharinus Oken, 1182, ("Les Citharines" Cuvier, 1815, L iis). Saurus Cuvier, 169; type Salmo saurus L. Scopelus Cuvier, iCx); type Gasteropelecus humboldti Risso. Equivalent to Myctophum Rafinesque, 1810. Aulopus Cuvier, 170; type Salmo filamentosus Bloch. Engraulis Cuvier, 174; type Clupea encrasicholus L. Thrissa Cuvier, 176; type Clupea setirostris Broussonet. Equivalent to Mystus Lacepede, preoccupied. Not Thrissa Rafinesque. Later spelled Thryssa by Cuvier. This genus or subgenus may receive a now name, Thrissocles Jonl.m & Evcr- mann, type Clupea setirostris Broussonet. It is distinftuishcd from Mknidia Browne or Anchoviella Fowler, by the greatly prolonged maxillary. cuviER, 1817 99 Pristigaster Cuvier, 176; type not named. Later fixed as Pristigaster cavanl's Cuvier. Chirocentrus Cuvier, 178; type Esox chirocentrus L. (Clupea dorab Gmelin). Sudis Cuvier, 180; type (not named) Sudis gigas Cuvier. Equivalent to Arapaima Miiller and Troschcl, 1846 (Vastres Valenciennes, 1846). Not Sudis Rafinesquc, 1810. Galaxias Cuvier, 183; type Esox truttaceus Cuvier. .Moiiotypic. Microstoma Cuvier, 184; type Gasteropelecus microstomus Risso. Monotypic. Stomias Cuvier, 184; type Esox noA Risso. .Moiicitypic. Salanx e'uvicr, 185: type (not named) Salanx reevesi Cuv. & Val. (Albula chinensis Osbeck). Monotypic. Synonym of Albula Osbeck, if the latter name is regarded as eligible. Belone Cuvier, 185 ; type Esox belone L. Hemi-Ramphus Cuvier, 186; type Esox brasiliensis L. Barbus Cuvier, 192; type Cvprinus barbus L. Gobio Cuvier, 193; type Cvprinus gobio L. Not Gobio of Klein, which is identical with Gobius L. If Klein's names are accepted, Gobio Cuvier, based on the common gudgeon of Europe, Cvprinus go- bio L., must receive a new name. Tinea Cuvier, 193; type Cvprinus tinca L. Cirrhinus (Cuvier) Oken, 193, ("Les Cirrhines" Cuvier); type Cvpri- nus ciRRHosus Rloch. The n.Tmc is spelled Cihrhina by Valenciennes. Abramis ( "uvier, 194; type Cvprinus rrama L. I'.quivaleiit to Brama Klein, not of Cuvier. Labeo Cuvier, 194; type Cvprinus niihth is (Fnrskal) Geoffrey. Not Labeo Bowdich, 1825. Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, 194; type Cvprinus leuciscus (L.) Bloch. Mrntical with Leuciscus Klein. Lebia (Cuvier) Oken, 199, ("Les Lebias" Cuvier), Oken. Isis. 1183; type Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepcde. Monotypic. Identical with Cvprinowin Laccpcde, 180J. Written Lebias by Cuvier. 100 THE GENERA OF FISHES Schilbe ( Ciivier) Oken, 202, ("Les Schilbe" Cuvier), Oken, Isis, 1182; type SiLURUS mystus Hasselquist. Synodontis Cuvier, 203; type Pimelodus synodontis Geoffroy. Bagre (Cuvier) Oken, 204^, ("Les Bagres" Cuvier), Oken, Isis, 1182; type SiLURUs bagre L. By tautonomy. Latinized as Bagrus by Valenciennes. This generic name must replace Felichthvs Swainson and Ailurichthys Baird, for the GafF-top- sail Cat-fish Felichthys marinus (L), of American waters, unless the earlier name Bagre of Catesby, applied to another genus, be deemed eligible. The name Bagrus, transferred by Cuvier & Valenciennes to another part of the same group of "Bagres," may be replaced by Porcus Geoffroy, 1817, as Bagrus is only a vari- ant spelling of Bagre. Morrhua (Cuvier) Oken, ("Les Morues"), 212, 1182; type Gadus MORRHUA L. Same as Gadus L. Merlangus (Cuvier) Oken, ("Les Merlans"), 213, 1182; type Gadus MERLANGUS L. Not Merlangus Rafinesque, 1810. Lota (Cuvier), ("Les Lottes") Oken, 215, 1182: type Gadus lota Bloch. By tautonomy. Mustela (Cuvier), ("Les Musteles") Oken, 215, 11 82; type Gadus mustela L. Preoccupied in Mammals: replaced by Motella Cuvier, 1829. Synonym of Gaidropsarus Raf. Brosme (Cuvier), ("Les ISrosmes") Oken, 216, 1182; type Gadus BROSME Gmelin. Called Rrosmius by Cuvier, 1829. Raniceps (Cuvier) Oken, 217, ("Les Raniceps" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Gadus raninus Miiller. Platessa Cuvier, 220; type Pleuronectes platessa L. h^quivalcnt to Pleuronectes as restricted by Fleming. Hippoglossus Cuvier, 221 ; type Pleuronectes hippoglossus L. Rhombus Cuvier, 222: type 1'leuronectes rhomp.us Cuvier. F.(|uivalcnt to Rhomiuis Klein, not of Lacepede. Name used in Mollusks, Rhomiius Da Costa, 1776. Same as Bothus Rafinesque. Solea Cuvier, 223 ; tyjie Pleuronectes solea L. Equivalent to Solea Qucnscl and Solea Rafinesque. Monochirus (Cuvier) Oken, 223, ("Les Monochires" Cuvier), Mono- chirus Oken, 1182; type Pleuronectes microcuirus De la Roche. Monotypic. Equivalent to Rafinesque. CUVIER, 1817 101 Plagusia (Browne) Cuvier, 224; type Pleuronectes plagusia L. Equivalent to Plagusia Browne, not of Latreille, 1806, a genus of Crusta- ceans. Lumpus (Cuvier) Oken, 226, ("Les Lumps" Cuvier) Oken, 1182; type Cyclopterus lumpus L. Equivalent to Cvcxopterus L. Conger (Cuvier) Oken, 231, ("Les Congres" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type MUR^NA CONGER L. Equivalent to Conger Houttuyn. Alabes (Cuvier) Oken, 235, ("Les Alabes" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type (not named) Cheilobranxhus dorsalis Richardson. Said to be identical with Cheiix)branchus Richardson, 1848, which it re- places. Carapus Cuvier, 237; type Gymnotus macrourus Bloch. Xot Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. The name is written Carahj by Oken. Re- placed by GiTON Kaup. Fierasfer (Cuvier) Oken, 239, ("Les Fierasfers" Cuvier) Oken, 1182; type Ophidium imberbe L. Equivalent to Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Monotypic. Lophotes (Giorna) Cuvier, 243, ("Les Lophotes" Cuvier), the name written Lophotus by Oken, 1182; type "le Lophote Lacepede" Giorna (Lophotes cepedianus). Monotypic. Clinus Cuvier, 251 ; type Blennius superciliosus L. Pholis (Artedi) Cuvier, 251 ; type Blennius pholis Bloch. N'ot Pholis Gronow. Salarias Cuvier, 251 ; type Salarias quadripennis Cuvier. Opistognathus (Cuvier) Oken, 252, ("Les Opisthognathes" Cuvier), Oken, 1 182; type Opisthognathus sonnerati Cuvier. Monotypic. Sillago Cuvier, 258; type Sillago acuta Cuvier. Jiilis Cuvier, 261 ; type Labrus jui.is L. This name has been unfortunately tr;iiisferred by later writers to a great group of the tropical seas, Thalassoma Swainson. Crcnilabrus Cuvier, 262, ("Les Crenilabres" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Lahrus lapina Forskal. Valenciennes makes the type Labrus pavo Risso; but that species is not men tioncd by Cuvier, although identical with L. lapina. Bonaparte, in l8j9, named as type C. pavo, which is the same as C. i.apina. In i8j9, just previous, Swainson observes : "M. Cuvier having expressly staled 102 THE GENERA OF FISHES that the type of his genus Crenilabrus is the Lutjanus verres of Bloch, I have so retained it, placing all the others under the subgenus Cyn^dus." L. VERRES is identical with the type of Bodianus Bloch. We find no such state- ment in Cuvier's writings, and L. verres is ninth of his original species. Cyn^dus Swainson, as restricted by Bonaparte, is identical with Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val. In the Fauna Italica, 156, 1839, Bonaparte assigned types to certain genera of Labroid fishes. Labrus guttatus Bloch was indicated as type of Hemiulis Swainson ; Labrus vetulus Bloch is considered as type of Labrus L. This name, VETULUS, was not used by Linnaeus, but it is a synonym of Labrus bimaculatus L. and Labrus mixtus L. Labrus bimaculatus may thus be regarded as the type of Labrus. Labrus rupestris Bloch is indicated as type of Cyn-edus Swainson. This becomes a synonym of Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val., of a little earlier date in 1839. Labrus pavo of authors, not of Linnaeus, is recognized by Bonaparte as type of Crenilabrus. This species is not named by Cuvier, but it is identical with Labrus lapina Forskal, a species included by Cuvier. In Swain's excellent review of Swainson (1882) the type of each genus is indicated. The type of Hemiulis (auratus) assigned by Swain is a species of Cheilio Lacepede. The type of Cyn-edus is C. tinca = C. doderleini Jordan, not Labrus tinca L., a species of Crenilabrus. Bonaparte's selection of types has, however, priority over Swain's. Bonaparte and Swainson recognize Labrus julis L. as type of Julis. The same type, as Labrus pavo Hasselquist, is assigned to Chlorichthys Swainson by Bona- parte. Swain makes the latter a synonym of Thalassom.\ Swainson. Bonaparte, 1846, selected L. julis L. as type of Ichthycallus Swainson, reducing both Chlorichthys and Ichthycallus to the synonymy of Julis. Coricus Cuvier, 263; type Lutianus virescens Risso (L. ro-stratus Bloch). Equivalent to Symphodits Rafinesque. Epibulus Cuvier, 264; type Sparus insidiator Pallas. Monotypic. Novacula Cuvier, 265 ; type Coryph^na novacui.a L. By tautonomy. Afterwards restricted by Cuvier & Valenciennes to Cory- PHiENA pentadactyla Lacepede, the genus Hemipteronotus Lacepede. A synonym of Xyrichthys Cuvier, 1815. Chromis (Cuvier) Oken, 266, ("Les Chromis" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Sparus chromis Lacepede. Not Cromis Browne, 1770, nor Chromis Cuvier, 1S15. Called IIixiases by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Plesiops (Cuvier) Oken, 266; type not named. Afterwards described as Plesiops nigricans Riippcll. Equivalent to Piiarop- TERYX Riippcll, 1828. Smarts Cuvier, 269; type Sparus smarts L. A synonym of Spicara Rafinesque, Boops Cuvier, 270; type Sp.arus boops L. Later called Box Cuv. & Val. Sargus Cuvier, 272: type Si'.nki'S sargus L. Equivalent to Sargus Klein and Diplodus Rafinesque. cuviER, 1817 103 Aurata (Cuvier) Oken, 272, ("Les Daurades" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Sl'ARUS AURATA L. Equivalent to Sparus L., as restricted by Fleming. Later called Ciiryso- PHRYS by Cuvier. Pagrus Cuvier, 272; type Sparus argenteus Bloch & Schneider ( Sparus p.uirus L.). Not Pagrus Plumier. Dentex Cuvier, 273 ; type Sparus dentex L. Diacope Cuvier, 275 ; type Diacope seb^ Cuvier. NiiMic preoccupied in buttcrllies (Diacope Hiibner, 1816) ; replaced by Gen- YOROGE Cantor, 1850. Equivalent to Naqua Forskal, 1775, a name doubtfully eligible. Serranus Cuvier, 276, ("Perclie de mer ou serran") ; type Perca CABRiLLA L. ("le Serran proprcment dit"). Serranus cabrilla is usually assumed as the type of the genus Serranus, and therefore of the family SFJ<RANiDiE. But no species of the genus as thus re- stricted is mentioned by Cuvier by scientific name. Cuvier, however, remarks: "La Mcflitcrranee en pri/duit beaucoup dont les plus conununs s'y confondent sous les nonis vulgaircs de Perche de mer, de Serran, etc." This refers to Ser- ranus CABRILLA and Skrr.\nus SCRIBA. The first of these may be retained as type, following general custom, although its scientific name is not mentioned. Other- wise lloLOCENTRUs GiGAS Bloch & Schneider, which is explicitly mentioned, must be taken, in which case Serranus disappears, as a synonym of Epinephelus Bloch, and the name Serranfxlus Jordan & Eigcnmann, a sub-generic term for Serranus scriba, would stand for the genus, as in Fowler's arrangement ( Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, 266). Plectropomus (Cuvier) Oken, 277, ("Les Flectroiiomes" Cuvier), I'l.iiCTROPOMUs Oken, 1182, Plectr(jpoma of Cuv. & V^al. ; type as restricted Bodianus maculatus Bloch. Cantharus Cuvier, 278; type Sparus cantharus L. ("Les Canthares," 1815.) Name preoccupied; replaced by Spondvliosoma Cantor, 1850. Pristipomus (Cuvier) Oken, 279, ("Les Pristipomes" Cuvier), Oken, 1 1.S2, ( Pristipoma of Cuvier &• X'alenciennes) ; type Lutjanus iiASTA Bloch. Equivalent to Pomadasys Lacepedc. Scolopsis Cuvier, 280; type "le Kurite, Russell" (Scoi.opsinics kukita Cuv. & \al.). Called Scoix)PSiDES by Cuvier. Diagramma (Cuvier) Oken. 280, ("Les Diaprammes" Cuvier), Oken, 1183: type Antiiias dia(;ramma Bloch. Equivalent to Plectoriiynciius Lacepedc. 104 THE GENERA OF FISHES Priacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 281, ("Les Priacanthes" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Anthias macrophthalmus Bloch. Equivalent to Abuhamrur Forskal, a name doubtfully eligible. Polyprion (Cuvier) Oken, 282, ("Les Polyprions" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Amphiprion americanus Bloch & Schneider. Acerina Cuvier, 283; type Perca acerina Cuvier (Perca cernua L.). Called Cernua by Schaefer and by Fleming, Acerina by Giildenstadt, Percis by Klein, and Gymnocephalus by Bloch. Stellifer (Cuvier) Oken, 283, ("Les Stelliferes" Cuvier), Stellifer Oken, 1 182; type Bodianus stellifer Bloch. Monotypic. Pterois (Cuvier) Oken, 286, ("Les Pterois" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type SCORP^NA VOLITANS Bloch. Equivalent to Pseudopterus Klein, which may not be eligible. Paralepis Cuvier, 289; type Coregonus paralepis Risso Ms., Para- lepis coregonoides Risso. Monotypic. Prochilus Cuvier, 294 ; type Sci.^?na macrolepidota Bloch. Name preoccupied in mammals by Prochilus Illiger, 181 1. Replaced by DoR- MITATOR Gill. Sander (Cuvier) Oken, 294, ("Les Sandres" Cuvier), Sander Oken, 1 182; type Perca lucioperca L. Terapon Cuvier, 295 ; type Holocentrus servus Bloch. Error for Therapon. Equivalent to Djabub Forskal, which is doubtfully eligible. Zingel (Cuvier) Oken, 296, ("Les Cingles" Cuvier), Zingel Oken, II 82; type Perca zingel L., Asperulus Schsefer. Umbrina Cuvier, 297; type Sci^na cirrhosa L. Otolithes (Cuvier) Oken, 299, ("Les Otolithes" Cuvier), Otolitiies Oken, 1 182; called Otolithus by Cuvier & Valenciennes; type Johnius ruber Bloch & Schneider. Anclyodon (Cuvier) Oken, 299, ("Les .Ancylodons" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type LoNCHURUS ancvlouon Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Preoccupied; replaced by Macrodon Schinz; Sagenichthvs Berg, 1895. Antennarius (Commerson) Cuvier, 310, "Les Chironectes (Anten- narius Commerson)" Cuvier; type Lophius commersonianus Lacepede, Antf.nnarius antenna tricorne Commerson, in Lacepede. Afterwards called Chironectes by Cuvier, the name preoccupied. cuviER, 1817 105 Malthe Cuvier, 311 ; type Lophius vespertilio L. l-quivalcnt to Occocephalus Fischer, 1813. Thynnus Cuvier, 313; type Scomber tiiynnus L. Not Thynnus Browne. The name Thynnus Cuvier is preoccupied, and has boon replaced by Thunnus South and later by Albacora Jordan. Orcynus Cuvier, 314; type Scomber germon Lacepede (Scomber ALALONGA Gmelin). N'ame preoccupied by Orcynus Rafinesque, 1810, and replaced by Gfrmo Jordan. Citula Cuvier, 315; type ("I'espece est nouvelle") Sci.ena armata Forskal. Seriola Cuvier, 315; type Caranx dijmerili Risso. Nomeus Cuvier, 315; type Gobius gronovii Gmelin. Monotypic. Vomer Cuvier, 316; type Vomer browni Cuvier. I'-fjiiivalent to Rhomboida Browne, 1789, which is probably not eligible. Spinachia Cuvier, 320; type Gasterosteus si'inaciiia L. Monotypic. Lichia Cuvier, 321 ; type Scomber amia L. Blepharis Cuvier, 322 ; type Zeus ciliaris Bioch. Monotypic; name preoccupied, replaced by Blepharichthys Gill. .X syno- nym of Alectis Rafinesque. Equula Cuvier, 323: type Centrogaster equula Gmelin. A synonym of Leiocnathus Lacepede. Atropus (Cuvier) Oken, 324, ("Les Atropus" Cuvier), Oken, 1182: type Brama atropis Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Not separable from Citula. Oligopodes 1 Risso) Cuvier, 328, ("Les Leptopodes Cuvier, Oligopodes Kisso" ) ; type "rOligopode noir. Risso." Described by Risso, 1826, as Oi-iGOPUS nk^kr, apparently a species of Ptf.rac- Lis. Cuvier distinguishes Pteraclis as "Les Oligopodes" and Oligopodes as "Les Leptopodes." Chelmon Cuvier. 334; type CiiiCTODCN rostratus Blocli. Platax Cuvier, 334; type Ch.«todon teira Bioch. Heniochus Cuvier, 335; type Ch,etodon macrolepidotus Bloch. Ephippus Cuvier, 335; type Ch>etoix3N orbis Bloch, as restricted by Cnv. & Val.. 1831. Toxotes Cuvier, 338; type Labrls jacui.ator Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. 106 THE GENERA OF FISHES Anabas Cuvier, 339; type Perca scandens Daldorf. Monotypic. Fiatola Cuvier, 342 ; type Stromateus fiatola L. Equivalent to Stromateus L. Seserinus (Cuvier) Oken, 342, ("Les Seserinus" Cuvier) ; type "Ses- ERiNus Rondelet" (Seserinus rondeleti Cuvier). This is apparently a young Stromateus, microchirus (Bonelli). Premnas Cuvier, 345 ; type Ch^todon biaculeatus Bloch. Monotypic. Temnodon Cuvier, 346; type Cheilodipterus heptacanthus Lace- pede. Monotypic. Equivalent to Pomatomus Lacepede, The name Pom.^tomus ■was arbitrarily transferred to a different genus (Epigonus Raf.) by Cuvier. Amphisile (Klein) Cuvier, 350; type Centriscus scut.\tus L. Equivalent to Centriscus L. and Amphisilen Klein. XCII. OKEN, Isis, 1817. L. Oken. On pages 1182-83 (misprinted 1782-83), Professor Oken gives Latin equivalents to all the French names in the first edition of the Rcgne Animal of Cuvier, as indicated above. XCIII. CLOQUET, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles de Levrault (Articles on Fishes), 1816 to 1830. HiPPOLYTE ClOQUET. (Latinizes several of Cuvier's names, as previously done by Oken.) Zingel Cloquet, 1817; "les cingles" Cuvier, called Zingei, by Oken; tyjje Perc.\ zingel L. Eptatretus (Dumeril) Cloquet, XV, 134, 1819; type Gastrobrancuus DOM BEY Lacepede. Replaces Heptatrema Dumeril and Bdellostoma Miiller. ST. HILAIRE, 1818 107 XCIV. GEOFFROY ST. HIL.MRE. Suite de IHistoire des Poissons du Xil, Plates dated 1817, 1818. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Porcus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 303, 1818; type Silurus bajad Forskal. Equivalent to Bacrus Cuv. & Val. but not to "les Bagres" Cuvier, 1817, Ba- CRE Okcn. PoRCL's should probably replace Bacrus, which is a latinization of Bacre, the vernacular Spanish name for the larger cat-fishes. Heterobranchus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 305, 1818; type Heterobranchus bidorsalis Geoffroy St. Hilaire. XCV. LE SUEUR, Description of Several New Species of North American Fishes: Jour. .Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818. Charles A. Le Sueur. Somniosus Le Sueur, 222: type Somxiosus brevipinna Le Sueur, SguALUs MicROCEPiiALUs Bloch & Schneider. Platirostra Le Sueur, 223 ; type Platirostra edentula Le Sueur. Same as Polyoiwn. Hiodon Le Sueur, 366; type Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. Often spelled Hyodon. XCVL RANZANL Descrizione di un Pesce, un Nuovo Genere dei Tccnioidei: Opusculo Sci. Bologna, H, 1818. Camillo Ranzani. Epidesmus Ranzani, 133; type Epidesmus maculatus Ranzani. Synonym of Recalecus. XCVH. HLAINVILLE, Poissons Fossiles: Nouveau Dictionnaire, X.W'H. 1818. Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville. Not seen by us. Anenchelum Blainville; type Anenchelum glarisianum Blainville (fossil: Lepiix)PID^). 108 THE GENERA OF FISHES Chirurgus Blainville; type (perhaps Ch^todon chirurgus Bloch). Not seen by us : probably a synonym of Hepatus and Teuthis. Palaeoniscum Blainville, 320 ; type Pal^oniscum frieslebenense Blainville (fossil). Written Pal^oniscus by Agassiz. Palaeothrissum Blainville, 320; type Pal^othrissum macrocephalum Blainville (fossil). Synonym of Pal^oniscum. Palaecrhynchum Blainville, XXVII, 314, 1818; type Pal^orhynchum glarisianum Blainville. Palaeobalistum Blainville, 338; type Diodon orbicularis Volta (fossil). XCVIII. RAFINESQUE, Description of two new Genera of North American Fishes, Opsanus and Notropis : American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, January 1818. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Opsanus Rafinesque, 203; type Opsanus cerapalus Raf. (Gadus TAU L.). This genus has been usually and wrongly called Batrachus. Notropis Rafinesque, 204; type Notropis atherinoides Raf. (Al- BURNUS rubellus Agassiz). XCIX. RAFINESQUE, Discoveries in Natural History: American Monthly Magazine, September 1818. Glossodon Rafinesque, 354; type Glossodon harengoides Raf. (Hiodon TERGisus Le Sueur). A synonym of Hiodon, regarded by Rafinesque as too "similar to Uiodun in sound." C. RAFINESQUE, Further Discoveries in Natural History: Amer. Monthly Magazine, October 1818. Pogostoma Rafinesque, 445 ; type Pogostoma leucops Rafinesque. A myth drawn by Audulion. Dinectus Rafinesque, 445; type niNKcrus trunc.xtus Raf. A mythical sturgeon, drawn by Audubon. RAFINESQUE, 1818 109 Litholepis Rafinesque, 445 ; type Litholepis adamantinus Raf. The "Devil-jack Diamond Fish," drawn by Audubon, a my-thical gar-pike of which the scales will "turn a rifle ball." This remarkable paper is based on paintings of fishes "seen down the river" by Audubon. Rafinesque was, in 1818, a guest at Audubon's house at Hendersonville, Kentucky. One night, bats entered the win- dow. Rafinesque was convinced that they were of a new species, and used Audubon's costly violin to beat thein down. Aiulubon in return showed him paintings of remarkable fishes. Rough cojiies of these are found in Rafinesque's note-books, preserved in the Smithsonian Institu- tion. Their introduction into Science was a practical joke on the part of the great ornithologist. Rafinesfjue also mentions as new genera, by name only, without ex- planation: CiiEiLOBUS, MiNicuLus, Oplictis, Leptosoma and Glanis. These can have no place in the system. CI. R.AFINESQUE, Description of Three New Genera of Fluviatile Fish, PoMoxis, Sarciiirus and Exoglossum : Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., November 1818. Pomoxis Rafinesque, 417; type Pomoxis annularis Raf. Sarchirus Rafinesque, 419; type Sarchirus vittatus Raf. YouHK of Lepisosteus osseus. Exoglossum Rafinesque, 421 ; type Exoglossum annulatu.m Raf. (CvPRiNus maxillingua Le Sueur). Maxillingua Rafinesque, 421 ; type Cyprinus maxillingua Le Sueur. .S.inic as Exoglossum. Hypentelium Rafinesque, 421 ; type Exoglossum macropterum Raf. (Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur). Replaces Hvlomyzon Agassiz. CII. RAFINESQUE, Further account of Discoveries etc.: Amer. Monthly Magazine, November 1818. Noturus Rafinesque. 41 : type Noturus flavus Raf. 110 THE GENERA OF FISHES cm. RAFINESQUE, Prodrome de yo Nouveaux Genres et d'Animaux Dccouverts dans I'interieur des Stais Unis d'Atnerique diirant I'Annce 1818: Journal de Physique, de Chymie et d'Histoire Nat- urelle, Paris, June 1819. Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 419; type Aplodinotus grunniens Raf. Spelling corrected by Gill to Haploidonotus. Etheostoma Rafinesque, 419; type Etheostoma blennioides Raf. As determined by Agassiz. Later fixed on Etheostoma flabellaris Ra- finesque by Jordan & Evermann. Replaces Diplesion Rafinesque and Hyostoma. Agassiz. Leucops Rafinesque, 419; type Pogostoma leucops Raf. A myth of Audubon. Aplocentrus Rafinesque, 420; type Aplocentrus calliops Raf. Mythical ; after Audubon. Calliurus Rafinesque, 420; type Calliurus functulatus Raf. A synonym of Micropterus Lacepede. Lepomis Rafinesque, 420 ; type, as stated by the author, Labrus aur-- ITUS L. Pomotis Rafinesque, 420 ; type also stated to be Labrus auritus L. Apomotis Rafinesque, 420; type Lepomis cyanellus Raf. Notemigonus Rafinesque, 421 ; type Notemigonus auratus Raf. (Cyprinus crysoleucas Mitchill). Amphiodon Rafinesque, 421 ; Amphiodon alveoides Raf. (Misprint for Alosoides.) Replaces Elattonistius Gill & Jordan. Amblodon Rafinesque, 421 ; type Amblodon bubalus Raf. The "Buffalo-fish," to which the large blunt pharyngeal teeth of Aplodinotus were wrongly ascribed. A complex ; the name Amblodon later restricted by Ra- finesque to Aplodinotus grunniens, while the Buffalo-fish became type of Ictio- Bus Rafinesque. Cycleptus Rafinesque, 421 ; type Cyci.eptus niorescens (Catostomus ELONGATUS Le Sueur). Pilodictis Rafinesque, 422 ; type Pilodictis limosus Raf. A myth. CIV. RAFINESQUE, Annals of Nature, I, 1820. Hemiplus Rafinesque, 6; type Hemipi.us lacustris Raf. (Cyprinus. crysoleucas Mitchill). Same as Notemigonus Rafinesque, 1819. RAFINESQUE, 182O 111 C\'. RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820. It was the fortune of Professor Kafinesque to be one of the first to explore two of the richest fish faunas of the world, that of Sicily and that of the Ohio River. His various papers show his peculiar traits, in- tense activity, keen philosophical insight, and hopeless slovenliness in method. Stizostedion Rafinesque, 23; type Perca salmonea Raf. (Perca vitrea Mitchill). Lepibema Rafinesque, 2^ ; type Perca chrysops Raf. Pomacampsis kafinesque, 23; type Perca nigropunctata Raf. Mythical, l)cinK one of Audubon's practical jokes. Ichthclis Kafinesque, 27; type Labrus auritus L. A needless substitute for Lepomis, which is transferred (p. 30) to specie! of MiciiopTEBi."s Lacepede. Telipomis Rafinesque, 2j; type Lepomis cvanellus Raf. A needless substitute for Apomotis. Aplites Rafinesque, 30: type Lei'omi-S pai-i.ida Raf. .•\ species of Micbopterus. Nemocampsis Rafinesque, 30: type Lepomis flexuolaris Raf. A species of Micropterus. Dioplitet Rafinesque, 32; type Lepomis notata Raf. Also a synonym of Micropterus. Amblopliteg Rafinesque, 2?i- type Lepomis ichtheloides Raf. (Bodi- A.M.S RUPESTRIS Raf., 1817). Aplesion Rafinesque, 36; type Etheostoma cai.i.iura Raf. The young of Micropterus. Diplesion Rafinesque, 7,/ : type Etheostoma bi.enmoides Raf. .\ s>-nonym of Etheostoma Raf. Sec opinion 14, Comm. Zool. \oinenc. Pomolobus Rafinesque, 38: type Pomolobus curysochi.oris Raf. Dorosoma Rafinesque, 39; type Doro.soma heterura Raf. (Megai.ops ( r.i'KDiANA Le Sueur). Clodalui Rafinesque, 43: type IIioimin ( i.dDM.i-s Lc Sueur. Same as Hiodon. Minnilui Rafincsf|tic. 45: type Minnii.is dinemus Raf. This is apparently the same as Notropis Raf., 1818. 112 THE GENERA OF FISHES Dobula Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus dobula L.). Kqnivalcnt to Leuciscus Cuvier. Phoxinus Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus phoxinus L.). Alburnus Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus alburnus L.). Luxilus Rafinesque, 47 ; type Luxilus chrysocephalus Raf. (Cyprinus CORNUTUS Mitchill). Chrosomus Rafinesque, 47; type Chrosomus erythrogaster Raf. Semotilus Rafinesque, 49; type Semotilus dorsalis Raf. (Cyprinus atromaculatus Mitchill). Rutilus Rafinesque, 50; type Leuciscus rutilus L. Plargyrus Rafine.s(|ue, 50; type Rutilus plargyrus Raf. (Cyprinus CORNUTUS Mitchill). Pimephales Rafinesque, 52 ; type Pimephales promelas Raf. Moxostoma Rafinesque, 54; type Catostomus anisurus Raf. Ictiobus Rafinesque, 55 ; type Catostomus bubalus Raf. Spelled IcHTHYOBUs by Agassiz. The name Amblodon was based, in part, on the same species, and may be held as tenable for this genus. Leptops Rafinesque, 64; type Pimelodus viscosus Raf. (Silurus oli- vARis Raf.). Opladelus Rafinesque, 64; type Pimelodus nebulosus Raf. (Silurus OLIVARIS Raf.). Written Hopladelus by Gill. A synonym of Leptops. Ameiurus Rafinesque, 65; type Pimelodus cupreus Raf. (Pimelodus natalis Le Sueur). Ilictis Rafinesque, 66; type Pimelodus limosus Raf. (Sillirus olivaris Raf.). A synonym of Lkptops. Picorel'' <; Rafincstiue, 70; type Esox vittatus Raf. A drawing in Rafinesque's note-book shows this to be a mythical species of "pickerel. " Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, 72; type Lepisosteus platostomus Raf. Atractosteus Rafinesque, 75 ; type Lepisosteus ferox Raf. Sturio Rafinesque, 79; type Acipenser maculosus Le Sueur. Carpiodes Rafinesque, 56; type Catostomus cyprinus Le Sueur. As fixed by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. TILESIUS. 1820 113 Tcretulus Rafinesque, 57 ; type Catostomus aureolus Le Sueur. As fixed by Jordan, 1877. Decactylus Rafinesque, 60; type Catostomus bostoniensis Le Sueur (Cyprinus teres Mitchill) as restricted by Jordan. Catostomus tf.res is probably the tenable name, as the earlier name com- MEKSONi Lacepi-de is very doubtful. Ictalurus Rafinesque, 6i ; type Silurus punctatus Raf. Elliops Rafinesque, 62 ; type Pimelodus maculatus Raf. .•\ synonym of IcTALURUS. Eurystomus Rafinesque, 65 ; type Catostomus megastomus Raf. An Audubonian myth. Sterletus Rafinesque, 80: type Acipenser serotinus Raf. (.\cipenser RUBicu.NDUs Le Sueur). Dinectus Rafinesque, 80 ; type Dinectus truncatus Raf. Another of Audubon's mylliical paintinps, representing, as suggested by Rafin esque, "only a sturgeon incorrectly drawn." Pegedictis Rafinesque, 85 ; type Pegedictis ictalops Raf. Apparently a confusion of notes on Catonotus ixabeli.aris and Cottus rich ARDSONI. The species is therefore unidentifiable. Hi'st ni-arded as a synonym of Cottus. Proceros Rafinesque, 87; type Procekos maculatus Raf. A myth, not of Audubon but of "Mr. M. of St. Genevieve." CVL TILESIUS, De Piscium Australium Novo Gencrc: Memoires Academie Sciences, Petersburg, 1820. W. G. von Tilesius. Balistapus Tilesius, 310; type (Balistes aculeatus L.). CV'II. RISSO, Ale pace phalus, nouvcau Genre de Poissons: Memoires de i'Academie Royale de Turin, XX\', 1820. Anastase Risso. Alepocephalus Risso, 262 ; type Alepocephai.us rostratus Risso. 114 THE GENERA OF FISHES CVIII. GOLDFUSS, Handbuch Zoologie, II, 1820.* Georg August Goldfuss. Batrachops Goldfuss; type Lophius commersonianus Lacepede. Substitute for Chironectes, preoccupied. Equivalent to Antennarius. CIX. LE SUEUR, Description of a new Genus and Several New Species of Fresh-Water Fish Indigenous to the United States: Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821. Charles A. Le Sueur. Mollinesia Le Sueur, 2 ; type Mollinesia latipinna Le Sueur. ex. HAMILTON, An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches: Edinburgh, 1822. f Francis Hamilton [formerly Buchanan]. (Often quoted as Francis Hamilton-Buchanan.) Callichrous Hamilton, 149 ; type Silurus bimaculatus Bloch. Synonym of Ompok Lacepede. Cynoglossus Hamilton, 365 ; type Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton. Monotypic. Bola Hamilton, 368; type Bola coitor Hamilton. As restricted by Jurdan. Coius Hamilton, 369; type Coius cobojus Hamilton (Perca scandens Daldorf). As here restricted by us. The first species named, Coius vacti Hamilton, is Lates colonorum. The genus Coius is grossly unnatural and is best served by relegation to synonymy. Hamilton observes: "The Cobojus by the natives is considered as the prototype of their genus 'Coi' from which the name Coius is derived." Equivalent to Anabas Cuvier. Chanda Hamilton, 370; type Chanda ruconius Hamilton. The first unquestioned species named. It is a species of Leiognathus Lace- pede. The others named belong to Ambassis Cuvier. ♦ "AcANTHiOTUS Goldfuss" quoted by .^gassiz (Nomenclator) is merely a mis- print for ACANTHONOTUS. t We are indebted to Mr. John Smallwood for the record of the genera of Hamilton. LEACH & DE LA BiCHE, l822 115 Sisor Hamilton, 379; type SisoR rabdophorus Hamilton. Monotypic. Corica Hamilton, 383; type Corica coborna Hamilton. .Moiiolypic. Apparently an ally of Clupeoides Bleeker, Not Cowcus Cuvier. Chela Hamilton, 383; type Cyprinus cachius Hamilton. The first species named; as restricted by Bleeker, 1862. Gunthcr later re- stricts it to C. coBA Hamilton. Replaces Cachia Gunthcr. Barilius Hamilton, 384; type by tautonomy Cyprinus barila Hamilton. The first species named. Bangana Hamilton, 385; type Cyprinus dero Hamilton. The first species named: probably replaces Tyi-Ocnathus Heckcl and Lobo- CHKILUS van Hasselt. Puntius Hamilton, 388; type Cyprinus puntio Hamilton. My tautonomy. Restricted to Cyprinus sophore Hamilton by Bleeker. Danio Hamilton, 390; type Cyprinus dangila Hamilton. The first species named; as restricted by Bleeker. MoruHus Hamilton, 391 ; type Cyprinus morala Hamilton. The first species named ; restriction by Bleeker. Cabdio Hamilton, yjz; type Cyprinus jaya Hamilton. The first species named. Garra Hamilton, 393 ; type Cyprinus lamta Hamilton. The first species named; as restricted by Bleeker. Replaces Discocnathus Heckel. CXI (A). LEACH & DE LA BECHE, Trans. Zool. Soc. London. (2) 1822. William E. Leach. Dapedium Leach & De La Beche, 45 ; type Dapedium politum Leach (fossil). Written Dapedius by Agassiz. CXI (B). SCHINZ, Das Thierreich, II, 1822. H. R. Schinz. Macrodon Schinz, 482; type Lonchurus ancylodon Bloch & Schneider. Krplaccs ANCYi.ot>oN Cuvier, 1817, preoccupied by Ancylodon IlliRcr, 1811, a genus of mammals. MACRontJN is prior to Sagenichthys Berg, i8q5, also a sub stitute for .^NCYLOI>oN. Not Macrodon Muller & Troschel, which is replaced by HopLiAS Gill, 1903. 116 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXII. VAN HASSELT, (Poissons dc Java) : Allgemeine Konst. en Letterbok, II, 1823. Jan Coenrad van Hasselt. Homaloptera Van Hasselt, 130; type Homaloptera fasciata Van J-Iasselt. Crossocheilus Van Hasselt, 132 ; type Crossocheilus oblongus Van Hasselt. Kampala Van Hasselt, 132; type Kampala macrolepidota Van Has- selt. Lobocheilus Van Hasselt, 133; type Lobocheilus falcifer Van Has- selt. A synimjin of Bangana. Nemacheilus Van Hasselt, 133; type Cobitis fasciatus Valenciennes. Acanthopsis Van Hasselt, 133; type Acanthopsis dialyzona Van Has- selt. Acanthophthalmus Van Hasselt, 133; type Acanthophthalmus fas- ciatus Van Hasselt. Homaloptera \'an Hasselt, 133; type Homaloptera fasciata Van Has- selt. Oxygaster \ an Hasselt, 133; type Oxygaster ano.malurus Van Has- selt. CXIII. DESMAREST, Premiere Decade Ichthyologique, 1823. Anselme Gaetan Desmarest. Diabasis De.smarest, 34; type Diabasis parra Desmarest. Not Diabasis Hoffmansegg, a gemis of beetles, 1819. Replaced by H.e.mulon Cuvier. CXIV. NARDO, Osservasione Aggiunte all' Adriatica Ittiologia, 1824. GiAN Domenico Nardo. Squatinoraja Nardo; type Squatinoraja colonna (Rhinobatus coi.umn.ij MuUer & Henle). A synonym of Rhinobatus. MITCH ILL, 1824 1 17 CXV. MITCHILL, Description of an Extraordinary I'ish: Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.. I, 1824. Samuel Latham Mitchill. Saccopharynx Mitchill, 82; type Saccopharynx flageulum Mitchill. CXVI. VALENCIENNES, Z)fj<:rt>/»o»t c/m C^rnji: Mem. du Museum, Paris, Xr, 1824. Aciiii.i.E Valenciennes. Polyprion X'alenciennes, 265; type Polyprion cernium Valenciennes. CXVn. OTTO, Propierygia Ityposticta, Nova Acta Acad., 1824. B. C. Otto. Propterygia Otto, in ; type 1'ropterygia uyposticta Otto. A deformed Raj.v, with the pectoral fins free from the head, similar to Cfph- ALEUTUERt's Rafinesque. CXVIII. QUOY & GAIMARD. Voyage Autour du Monde . .. Execute sur les Corvettes I'Uranie et la Physicienne I'mloi Captain Louis de Freycinet, 1824. Jean Rene Constantine Quov ; Joseph Paul Gaimard. This important work, which closely [ireceded the second edition of the Regne Animal, adopted a few iinptil.jished names from Ciivier's manuscripts. Anampses (Cuvier) Quoy & Gaimard. 2j6: type .Xnami-ses cuvikr Q. &G. Monolypir Gerrcs (Cuvier) Quoy 8c Gaimard, 20.^: type Gerrks vakiiknsis Q. & G., which is Sci^na argyrea ForskSl. 118 THE GENERA OF FISHES In this paper the genus Gerres is mentioned for the first time. But two species are named, G. vaigiensis and G. gula. The former belongs to the modern genus Xyst.ima Jordan & Evermann, the latter to Eucinostomus Baird. When Gerres was later defined by Cuvier in the Rcgnc Animal, Sci.ena argyrea, which is identical with G. vaigiensis, is included, and G. gula is not mentioned. It would appear that G. vaigiensis must be taken as type, thus replacing Xyst.«ma. Jordan & Evermann have taken an American species, Gerres lineatus (Hum- boldt) as type. This species is named by Cuvier, but not by Quoy & Gaimard. It cannot therefore serve as the type of Gerres. The genus called Gerres by Jordan & Evermann must apparently stand as Diapterus Ranzani. If Gerres is regarded as preoccupied by Gerris Fabricius, a genus of insects of earlier date, the sub- stitute name of Catoch.enum Cantor, 1850, should be used. Percophis Quoy & Gaimard, 351 ; type Percophis br.asilianus O. & G. Monotypic. Priodon (Cuvier) Quoy & Gaimard, 377; type Priodon annulatus Q. • & G. ~ A species of Naso Lacepede. CXVIII (A). HARLAN, Saurocephalus: Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill (fossil fish), 1S24. Richard Harlan. Saurocephalus Harlan, 339; type Saurocephalus lanciformis Harlan. CXIX. K(J)NIG, Iconcs t'ossiles Sectione, 1825. C. KoNIG. Bucklandium Konig, 4; type Buckl.xndium Dir.uvn Konig. Monotypic. Ampheristus Konig, pi. XV', fig. 190; type Ampheristus toliacus Konig. Monotypic. CXX. BOWDICH, Pishes of Madeira, 1825. T. Edward P.owdich. Labeo Bowdich, 122; type Labeo .sp.aroides Bowdich. A sparoid fish; not Laueo Cuvier, 1817. BOWDICH, 1825 119 Anomalodon Bowdich, 237; type Anomalodon incisus Bowdich. Apparciuly a synonym of Fomauasys Laccpede. Diastodon Bowdich, 238; type Diastodon speciosus Bowdich (Labrus SCROFA Cuv. & \'al.). This genus appears valid. It is near Lepioaplois Gill, but with much smaller scales. Seleima Bowdich, 238; type Seleima aurata Bowdich. .\ synonym of Kyphosus Laccpede ( K. incisor). Amorphocephalus liowdich, 238; type Amorphocephalus granulatus Bowdich. A synonym of Xyrichthys Cuvier. CXXI. Kl.'^iSO, Histoire Naturellc des Principales Productions de I'Europe Mcridionale, vol. Ill, Paris, 1826. Anastase Risso. Lamia Risso, 123; type Squalus cornubicus L. .\lonotypic, A synonym of Lamna Cuvier, 1817. Acanthias Risso, 131 ; type Squalus acanthias L. I-.quivaknt to Squalus L. as restricted. Scyphius Risso, 185; type Scypiiius fasci.vtus Risso. A synonym of Nerophis Rafinesquc, 1810. Onos Risso, 214; type Gadus mustei.a Bloch. .■\ synonym of Gaiuropsarus Rafinesquc. Lotta Risso, 217; type Gadus elongatus Otto. A variant of Lota Cuvier, 1817 ("Les Lottcs") ; apparently not eligible as a substitute for Molva Fleming. Mora Risso, 224; type Mora .viediterranea Risso. Morua Risso, 225: type Gadus capelan Lacepede. .Xccording to Risso. a synonym of TmsiiiTiRus Rafinesquc, 1814; prior to BRACiiYGAiifs Gill (Gadls Mi.NUTUS L.). iMonotypic. Triptcrygion Risso, 241 ; type Tripterygion nasus Risso. Monotypic. Diana Risso, 267; ty])e Diana se.mii.unata Risso. Monolypic. Aphia Kisso, 287; type Aphia .meridionalis Risso. .\p|i.ircnlly a young Atiikrina. Monotypic. Fiatola Risso, 289; type I-iatola fasciata Risso. Monotypic. Apparently a young Stromateus. 120 THE GENERA OF FISHES Ausonia Risso, 341 ; type Ausonia cuvieri Risso. A synonym of Luvarus Rafinesque. Aurata Risso, 355 ; type Aurata semilunata Risso. A synonym of Sparus L. as restricted by Fleming. Macrostoma Risso, 447; type Macrostoma angustidens Risso. Not Macrostomus Wied, a genus of insects; replaced by Notoscopelus Gunther. Alpismaris Risso, 458; type Alpismaris risso Risso. The young of Synodus. Paralepis Risso, 472; type Paralepis coregonoides Risso (Coregonus macRvENUla Risso, 1810). CXXI (A). GERMAR, Keferstein's Deutschland's Geognosie Darge- stellt, 1826. E. F. Germar. 