None
m. Specific Gravity Tables. 1. Beaum&s Scale for Liquids Lighter than Water. The following table is calculated for a temperature of 17.5° C. (63.5° F.), and 'is based on the formulas — — = specific gravity and B.°+130 J specific gravity — 130 = B°. Degree Baum6. Specific gravity. Degree Baume. Specific gravity. Degree r.iimnt''. Specific gravity. Degree Baume. Specific gravity. 10 1.0000 33 0.8588 56 0.7526 79 0.6698 11 0.9929 34 0.8536 57 0.7486 80 0.6666 12 0.9859 35 0.8484 58 0.7446 81 0.6635 13 0.9790 36 0.8433 59 0.7407 82 0.6604 14 0.9722 37 0.8383 60 0.7368 83 0.6573 15 0.9655 38 0.8333 61 0.7329 84 0.6542 16 0.9589 39 0.8284 62 0.7290 85 0.6511 17 0.9523 40 0.8235 63 0.7253 86 0.6482 18 0.9459 41 0.8187 64 0.7216 87 0.6452 19 0.9395 42 0.8139 66 0.7179 88 0.6422 20 0.9333 43 0.8092 66 0.7142 89 0.6393 21 0.9271 44 0.8045 67 0.7106 90 0.6363 22 0.9210 45 0.8000 68 0.7070 91 0.6335 . 23 0.9150 46 0.7954 69 0.7035 92 0.6306 24 0.9090 47 0.7909 70 0.7000 93 0.6278 25 0.9032 48 0.7865 71 0.6965 94 0.6250 26 0.8974 49 0.7821 72 0.6931 95 0.6222 27 0.8917 60 0.7777 73 0.6896 96 0.6195 28 0.8860 51 0.7734 74 0.6863 97 0.6167 29 0.8805 52 0.7692 75 0.6829 98 0.6140 30 0.8750 53 0.7650 76 0.6796 99 0.6113 31 0.8695 54 0.7608 77 0.6763 100 0.60«7 32 0.8641 55 0.7567 78 0.6731 The coefficient of expansion of petroleum oils for increase or decrease of 1° C. in temperature has been determined for both Russian and American oils. For the latter the following figures have been given (Iron Age, xxxviii. No. 7) : Specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.). Coefficient of expansion for 1° C. Under 0.700 0.00090 0.700 to 0.750 ... 0.00085 0.750 to 0.800 O.OOOSO 0.800 to 0.815 0.00070 Over 0.815 . 0.00065 As stated in the text (p. 33), it is customary in practice to take as the coefficient of expansion 0.004 for every 10° F. (0.00072 for 1° C.). APPENDIX. 483 2. Baume and Beck's Scales for Liquids Heavier* than Water. u> 1 Baume , 17.5° C. Rational Baume scale, 12.5° C. Beck, 12.5° C. Q Baume, 17.5° C.  1 1.0068 1.0069 1.0059 38 1.3494 1.3574 1.2879 2 1.0138 1.0140 1.0119 39 1.3619 1.3703 1.2977 3 1.0208 1.0212 1.0180 40 1.3746 1.3834 1.3077 4 1.0280 1.0285 1.0241 41 1.3876 1.3968 1.3178 5 1.0353 1.0358 1.0303 42 1.4009 1.4105 1.3281 6 1.0426 1.0434 1.0366 43 1.4143 1.4244 1.3386 7 1.0501 1.0509 1.0429 44 1.4281 1.4386 1.3492 8 1.0576 1.0587 1.0494 45 1.4421 1.4531 1.3600 9 1.0653 1.0665 1.0559 46 1.4564 1.4678 1.3710 10 1.0731 1.0745 1.0625 47 1.4710 1.4828 1.3821 11 1.0810 1.0825 1.0692 48 1.4860 1.4984 1.3934 12 1.0890 1.0907 1.0759 49 1.5012 1.5141 1.4050 13 1.0972 1.0990 1.0828 50 1.5167 1.5301 1.3167 14 1.1054 1.1074 1.0897 51 1.5325 1.5466 1.4286 15 1.1138 1.1160 1.0968 52 1.5487 1.5633 1.4407 16 1.1224 1.1247 1.1031 53 1.5652 1.5804 1.4530 17 1.1310 1.1335 1.1119 54 1.5820 1.5978 1.4655 18 1.1398 1.1425 1.1184 55 1.5993 1.6158 1.4783 19 1.1487 1.1516 1.1258 56 1.6169 1.6342 1.4912 20 1.1578 1.1608 1.1333 57 1.6349 1.6529 1.5044 21 1.1670 1.1702 1.1409 58 1.6533 1.6720 1.5179 22 1.1763 1.1798 1.1486 59 1.6721 1.6916 1.5315 23 1.1858 1.1896 1.1565 60 1.6914 1.7116 1 5434 24 1.1955 1.1994 1.1644 61 1.7111 1.7322 1.5596 25 1.2053 1.2095 1.1724 62 1.7313 1.7532 1.6741 26 1.2153 1.2198 1.1806 63 1.7520 1.7748 1.5888 27 1.2254 1.2301 1.1888 64 1.7731 1.7960 1.6038 28 1.2357 1.2407 1.1972 65 1.7948 1.8195 1.6190 29 1.2462 1.2515 1.2057 66 1.8171 1.8428 1.6346 30 1.2569 1.2624 1.2143 67 1.8398 1.839 1.6505 31 1.2677 1.2736 1.2230 68 1.8632 1.864 1.6667 32 1.2788 1.2849 1.2319 69 1.8871 1.885 1.6832 33 1.2901 1.2965 1.2409 70 1.9117 1.909 1.7000 34 1.3015 1.3082 1.2500 71 1.9370 1.935 1.7272 35 1.3131 1.3202 1.2593 72 1.9629 1.960 1.7347 36 1.3250 1.3324 1.2687 What is known as the " Rational" Baum6 scale is calculated by taking water at the temperature chosen at 0° B. and sulphuric acid of 1.842 specific gravity at 66° B. and using the formula - — 0=d. (See ATI*T«O '" ' 7t Lunge's " Sulphuric Acid and Alkali," vol. i. p. 20.) 484 APPENDIX. 3. Twaddle's Scale for Liquids Heavier than Water. .0 oti Btf « >> ri °.r? ge o >, «« « >. .4 o£ S.2 c >• §1 <c** el '5'? §5 S-p s| §TS £i§ "5"? || 'S g *"O 's'i II o o3 || CO W I| to"&o !| 16 I| £& CO M *l £& «! £& 0 1.000 29 1.145 58 1.290 87 1.435 116 1.580 145 1.725 173 1.865 1 1.065 30 1.150 59 1.295 88 1.440 117 1.585 146 1.730 174 1.870 2 1.010 31 1.155 60 1.300 89 1.445 118 1.590 147 1.735 175 1.875 3 1.015 32 1.160 61 1.305 90 1.450 119 1.595 148 1.740 176 1.880 4 1.020 33 1.165 62 1.310 91 1.455 120 1.600 149 1.745 177 1.885 5 1.025 34 1.170 63 1.816 92 1.460 121 1.605 150 1.750 178 1.890 6 1.030 35 1.175 64 1.320 93 1.465 122 1.610 151 1.755 179 1.895 7 1.035 36 1.180 65 1.325 94 1.470 123 1.615 152 1.760 180 1.900 8 1.040 37 1.185 66 1.330 95 1.475 124 1.620 153 1.765 181 1.905 9 1.045 38 1.190 67 1.335 96 1.480 125 1 625 154 1.770 182 1.910 10 1.050 39 1.195 68 1.340 97 1.485 1^6 1.630 155 1.775 1 183 1.915 11 1.055 40 1.200 69 1.345 98 1.490 127 1.635 156 1.780 j 184 1.920 12 1.060 41 1.205 70 1.350 99 1.495 128 1.640 157 1.785 185 1.925 13 1.065 42 1.210 71 1.355 100 1.500 129 1.645 158 1.790 186 1.930 14 1.070 43 1.215 72 1.360 101 1.505 130 1.650 159 1.795 187 1.935 15 1.075 44 1.220 73 1.365 102 1.510 131 1.655 160 1.800 188 1.940 16 1.080 45 1.225 74 1.370 103 1.515 132 1.660 161 1.805 189 1.945 17 1.085 46 1.230 75 1.375 104 1.520 133 1.665 162 1.810 190 1.950 18 1.090 47 1.235 76 1.380 105 1.525 134 1.670 163 1.815 191 1.955 19 1.095 48 1.240 77 1.385 106 1.530 135 1.675 164 1.820 192 1.960 20 1.100 49 1.245 78 1.390 107 1.535 136 1.680 165 1.825 193 1.965 21 1.105 50 1.250 79 1.395 108 1.540 137 1.685 166 1.830 194 1.970 22 1.110 51 1.255 80 1.400 109 1.545 138 1.690 167 1.835 195 1.975 23 1.115 52 1.260 81 1.405 110 1.550 139 1.695 168 1.840 196 1.980 24 1.120 53 1.265 82 1.410 111 1.555 140 1.700 169 1.845 197 1.985 25 1.125 54 1.270 83 1.415 112 1.560 141 1.705 170 1.850 198 1.990 26 1.130 55 1.275 84 1.420 113 1.565 142 1.710 171 1.855 199 1.995 27 1.135 56 1.280 85 1.425 114 1.570 143 1.715 172 1.860 200 2.000 28 1.140 57 1.285 86 1.430 115 1.575 144 1.720 The uniform division of the Twaddle scale makes the degrees very easily convertible into specific gravity readings. Again, as the gallon of distilled water at ordinary temperatures weighs ten pounds avoirdupois, it is possible to determine the weight of a gallon of an acid or lye by the aid of the Twaddle scale. Thus, if an acid shows 50° Twaddle, corresponding to the specific gravity 1.250, it weighs twelve and a half pounds per gallons. Or, as a litre of distilled water weighs one thousand grammes, a litre of a liquid showing 20° Twaddle will weigh eleven hundred grammes. APPENDIX. 485 4. Comparison of the Twaddle Scale with the Rational Baume Scale. Twaddle. Baum6. >> <a.tS •c p. '5 g |a M Twaddle. «s> a i «£ £•> SS a. bo OQ Twaddle. •oJ 1 8g £'? O 03 |6 DO Twaddle. Baume. 5. Comparison of Gay-Lussac Scale with Absolute Specific Gravity Figures. Degree. Specific gravity, Gay-Lussac. Degree. Specific gravity, Gay-Lussac. Degree. Specific gravity, Gay-Lussac. Degree. Specific gravity, Gay-Lussac. 50 2.0000 76 1.3158 102 0.9804 127 0.7874 51 1.9608 77 1.2987 103 0.9709 128 0.7813 52 1.9231 78 1.2821 104 0.9615 129 0.7752 53 1.8868 79 1.2658 105 0.9524 130 0.7692 54 1.8519 80 1.2500 106 0.9434 131 0.7634 55 1.8182 81 1.2346 107 0.9346 132 0.7576 66 1.7857 82 1.2195 108 0.9259 133 0.7519 57 1.7544 83 1.2048 109 0.9174 134 0.7463 58 1.7241 84 1.1905 110 0.9091 135 0.7408 59 1.6949 85 1.1765 111 0.9009 136 0.7353 60 1.6667 86 1.1628 112 0.8929 137 0.7299 61 1.6393 87 1.1494 113 0.8850 138 0.7246 62 1.6129 88 1.1364 114 0.8772 139 0.7194 63 1.5873 89 1.1236 115 0.8696 140 0.7143 04 1.6625 90 1.1111 116 0.8621 141 0.7092 65 1.5385 91 1.0989 117 0.8547 142 0.7042 66 1.5152 92 1.0870 118 0.8475 143 0.6993 67 1.4925 93 1.0753 119 0.8403 144 0.6944 68 1.4706 94 1.0638 120 0.8333 145 0.6897 69 1.4493 95 1.0526 121 0.8264 146 0.6850 70 1.4286 96 1.0417 122 0.8197 147 0.6803 71 1.4085 97 1.0309 123 0.8130 148 0.6757 72 1.3889 98 1.0204 124 0.8065 149 0.6711 73 1.3699 99 1.0101 125 0.8000 150 0.6667 74 1.3514 100 1.0000 126 0.7937 75 1.3333 101 0.9901 APPENDIX. 487 6. Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix (as used for su'gar solutions). Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. |I Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. -o 81 Id Q Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. •& |J Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. •d »! V 3 P P Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Degree Baum6. 489 Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. 0,9 Q Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Bulling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. <3 oS 0 3 fcCflQ BW Q Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix Specific gravity. •ol si r Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Degree Baume. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix Specific gravity. 491 Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brlx. Specific gravity. •o • I 2 3 ft Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix Specific gravity. •o .1 l« §?» ft Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix Specific gravity. Comparison between Specific Gh'avity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Degree Baum6. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. .1 o & **W Q Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. 493 Comparison between Specific Gravity Figures, Degree Baume and Degree Brix. — Continued. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. •cJ ll p Q Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Degree Baum<5. Percentage of sugar ac- cording to Balling or degree Brix. Specific gravity. Degree B«um<5. 90.0 1.48486 47.93 94.0 1.51359 49.81 98.0 1.54290 51.65 90.1 1.48558 47.98 94.1 1.51431 49.85 98.1 1.54365 51.70 90.2 1.48629 48.02 94.2 1.51504 49.90 98.2 1.54440 51.74 90.3 1.48700 48.07 94.3 1.51577 49.94 98.3 1.54515 51.79 90.4 1.48771 48.12 94.4 1.51649 49.99 98.4 1.54590 51.83 90.5 1.48842 48.17 94.5 1.51722 50.04 98.5 1.54665 51.88 90.6 1.48913 48.21 94.6 1.51795 50.08 98.6 1.54740 51.92 90.7 1.48985 48.26 94.7 1.51868 50.13 98.7 1.54815 51.97 90.8 1.49056 48.31 94.8 1.51941 50.18 98.8 1.54890 52.01 90.9 1.49127 48.35 94.9 1.52014 50.22 98.9 1.54965 52.06 91.0 1.49199 48.40 95.0 1.52087 50.27 99.0 1.55040 52.11 91.1 1.49270 48.45 95.1 1.52159 50.32 99.1 1.55115 52.15 91.2 1.49342 48.50 95.2 1.52232 50.36 99.2 1.55189 52.20 91.3 1.49413 48.54 95.3 1.52304 50.41 99.3 1.55264 52.24 91.4 1.49485 48.59 95.4 1.52376 50.45 99.4 1.55338 52.29 91.5 1.49556 48.64 95.5 1.52449 50.50 99.5 1.55413 52.33 91.6 1.49628 48.68 95.6 1.52521 50.55 99.6 1.55487 52.38 91.7 1.49700 48.73 95.7 1.52593 50.59 99.7 1.55562 52.42 91.8 1.49771 48.78 95.8 1.52G65 50.64 99.8 1.55636 52.47 91.9 1.49843 48.82 95.9 1.52738 50.69 99.9 1.55711 52.51 92.0 1.49915 48.87 96.0 1.52810 50.73 100.0 1.55785 52.56 92.1 1.49987 48.92 96.1 1.52884 50.78 92.2 1.50058 48.96 ' 96.2 1.52958 50.82 92.3 1.50130 49.01 96.3 1.53032 50.87 92.4 1.50202 49.06 96.4 1.53106 50.92 92.5 1.50274 49.11 96.5 1.53180 50.96 92.6 1.50346 49.15 96.6 1.53254 51.01 92.7 1.50419 49.20 96.7 1.53328 51.05 92.8 1.50491 49.25 96.8 1.53402 61.10 92.9 1.50563 49.29 96.9 1.53476 51.15 93.0 1.50633 49.34 97.0 1.53550 51.19 93.1 1.50707 49.39 97.1 1.53624 51.24 93.2 1.50779 49.43 97.2 1.53698 51.28 93.3 1.50852 49.48 97.3 1.53772 51.33 93.4 1.50924 49.53 97.4 1.53846 51.38 93.5 1.50996 49.57 97.5 1.53920 51.42 93.6 1.51069 49.62 97.6 1.53994 51.47 93.7 1.51141 49.67 97.7 1.54068 51.51 93.8 1.51214 49.71 97.8 1.54142 51.56 93.9 1.51286 49.76 97.9 1.54216 51.60 494 APPENDIX. IV. Alcohol Tables. Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Specific Gravity (at 15.5° G), by Otto Hehner. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. 495 Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Specific Gravity (at 15.5° C), by Otto Helmet: — Continued. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age ol absolute alcohol by volume. Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Sjiecific Gravity (at 15.5° C.\ by Otto Hehner. — Continued. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percen t- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- \ age of absolute alcohol by volume. 497 Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Specific Gravity (at 15.5° C.), by Otto Hehner. — Continued. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by Tolume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Specific Gravity (at 15.5° C.\ by Otto Hehner. — Continued. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. 499 Percentage of Alcohol by Weight and by Volume from the Specific Gravity (at 15.5° C.), by Otto Ifehner. — Continued. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at . 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. Specific gravity at 15.5° C. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by weight. Percent- age of absolute alcohol by volume. 0.8890 62.82 70.35 40 77.71 83.60 0.8190 91.36 94.26 80 63.26 70.77 30 78.12 83.94 80 91.71 94.51 70 63.70 71.17 20 78.52 84.27 70 92.07 94.76 60 64.13 71.58 10 78.92 84.60 60 92.44 95.03 50 64.57 71.98 00 79.32 84.93 50 92.81 95.29 40 65.00 72.38 40 93.18 95.55 30 65.42 72.77 0.8490 79.72 85.26 30 93.55 95.82 20 65.83 73.15 80 80.13 85.59 20 93.92 96.08 10 66.26 73.54 70 80.54 85.94 10 94.28 96.32 00 66.70 73.93 60 80.96 86.28 00 94.62 96.55 50 81.36 86.61 0.8790 67.13 74.33 40 81.76 86.93 0.8090 94.97 96.78 80 67.54 74.70 30 82.15 87.24 80 95.32 97.02 70 67.96 75.08 20 82.54 87.55 70 95.68 97.27 60 68.38 75.45 10 82.92 87.85 60 96.03 97.51 60 68.79 75.83 00 83.31 88.16 50 96.37 97.73 40 69.21 • 76.20 40 96.70 97.94 30 69.63 76.57 0.8390 83.69 88.46 30 97.03 98.16 20 70.04 76.94 80 84.08 88.76 20 97.37 98.37 10 70.44 77.29 70 84.48 89.08 10 97.70 98.59 00 70.84 77.64 60 84.88 89.39 00 98.03 98.80 50 85.27 89.70 0.8690 71.25 78.00 40 85.65 89.99 0.7990 98.34 98.98 80 71.67 78.36 30 86.04 90.29 80 98.66 99.16 70 72.09 78.73 20 86.42 90.58 70 98.97 99.35 60 72.52 79.12 10 86.81 90.88 60 99.29 99.55 50 72.96 79.50 00 87.19 91.17 60 99.61 99.75 40 73.38 79.86 40 99.94 99.96 30 73.79 80.22 0.8290 87.58 91.46 20 74.23 80.60 80 87.96 91.75 0.7939 99.97 99.98 10 74.68 81.00 70 88.36 92.05 Absolute Alcohol. 00 75.14 81.40 60 88.76 92.36 0.7938 100.00 100.00 50 89.16 92.66 0.8590 75.59 81.80 40 89.54 92.94 80 76.04 82.19 30 89.92 93.23 70 76.46 82.54 20 90.29 93.49 60 76.88 82.90 10 90.64 93.75 60 77.29 83.25 00 91.00 94.00 INDEX. A. a-Brom-naphthalene, 376. Acetate of iron, 456. of lead, 337. of lime, brown, 335. gray, 335. Acetates, crude, analysis of, 338. Acetic acid, 330. glacial, 335, 337. in vinegar, determination of, 236. process for, 335. Acetone, 330, 337. determination of, in wood-spirit, 339. use in varnish, 98. Acetophenone, 385. Acid, acetic, 330. glacial, 335, 337. process for, 335. benzoic, 384. carbolic, 359. gallic, 384. hydrochloric, 454. nitric, 454. palmitic, 64. phthalic, 384. picric, 393. pyroligneous, 330. analysis of, 338. products of, 337. sludge, 23. stearic, 62. sulphuric, 454. Acidity of tan-liquors, 321. Acids, action of, upon starch, 163. amidoazo-sulphonic, 395. aromatic, and aldehydes, 384. manufacture of, 388. free, estimation of, in wines, 205. naphthalene sul phonic, 381. non-volatile, estimation of, in wines, 205. oxyazosulphonic, 396. rosolic, 394. sulpho-, 381. volatile, estimation of, in wines, 205. Acridine, 383. dyes, 398. manufacture of, 390. a-Dinitronaphthalene, 379. Adulterations of caoutchouc, 110. Aerated bread, 223. Agalite, 278. Agar-agar, 322. Albertite, 26. Albert mineral, 16. Albumen, blood, 469. Albuminoids, estimation of, in milk, 255. Alcohol, 217. in beer, determination of, 191. in essential oils, detection of, 106. in wines, determination of, 203. methyl, 330, 337. determination of, in wood-spirit, 339. use in varnish, 98. tables. See Appendix. Alcoholic beverages, 217. fermentation, conditions of, 179. See Fermentation. liquid, distillation of, 211. liquids, 207. liquors, composition of, 220. strength of liquors, determination of, 221. Aldehydes, aromatic, 90. aromatic acids and, 384. benzoic, 384. Ale, 187. Aleurometer, Boland, 229. Aleuroscope, 230. Alizarin, 363, 399. blue, 399, 465. colors of, in printing, 470. dyeing, 462. manufacture of, 389. orange, 399. Alkali blue, 392. Almond oil, 47. Alpaca fibre, 294. microscopic appearance of, 294. Alumina, acetate of, 469. mordants, 456. sulpho-acetate of, 456. Aluminum acetate, 337, 456. sulphate of, 456. Amber, 91, 97. American and Russian oils, viscosity table, 30. Amidoazo dyes, 395. sulphonic acids, 395. Amido-benzene, 379. toluene, 379. xylene, 380. Amine derivatives, 379. dye-colors, 392. Ammonia, 353. alum, 456. liquor, valuation of, 368. salts of, 355. still, 355. 501 502 INDEX. Ammoniacal liquor, treatment of, 353. Ammonium sulphate, 355, 356. Analysis of artificial dyes, 405, 406. of beer, 190. of bone-black, 156. of butter, 256. of cheese, 259. of commercial glucose, 173. of crude acetates, 338. of dextrine, 173. of dynamite, 82. of glucose, 173. of glycerine, 81. of malt, 188. of maltose, 173. of molasses and syrups, 154. of natural gas. See Rluminating Gas. gases, table of, 14. of nitro-cellulose, 288. of nitro-glycerine, 81. of oils and fats, methods for, 72. of oleomargarine butter, 252. of petroleum, 32. of pyroligneous acid, 338. of raw sugar, 153. of soaps, 78. table of, 70. of starch, 171. of sugar-beets and juices, 165. of sugar-canes, 113. and juices, 155. of sugar-scums, press-cakes, etc., 157. of tanning materials, 319. Analytical tests and methods, sugar, 149. of essential oils, 106. a-N"aphthol orange, 396. Anatomical structure of hides, 305. Aniline, 379. black, 393,461. printing of, 472. blue, 392. dye-colors, 392. manufacture of, 385. oil, 357, 386. salt, 379. yellow, 395. Animal hair, varieties of, 294. oils, fats, and waxes, 48. Anime, 91, 97. Anisol red, 396. Ahnatto, 423. adulterants of, 440. Anthracene, 353, 362, 374. brown, 399. derivatives, 377. dyes, 399. in tar and pitch, 367. oil, 353, 361. series, 374. sulphonic-acids, 381. tests of, 367. Anthracite coal, 340. Anthragallol, 399. Anthrapurpurin, 399. Anthraquinone, 363, 385. monosulphonic acid, manufacture of, 389. sulphonic acid, 382. Anthraquinones, manufacture of, 389. Antichlor, 277. Antimony mordants, 457. oxymuriate of, 457. Apparatus for determining flashing point of petroleum, 34. Appert's process for preserved milk, 244. Appolt's oven, 348. Arabic, gum, 91. Archil. See Orseille. Ardent spirits, 206. Argol, 194, 202. Armour, P. D., testimony of. See Artificial Butter. Armstrong, test of temperature, 108. Aromatic acids and aldehydes, 384. manufacture of, 388. aldehydes, 90. Arrack, 218. Arrow-root, varieties of, 161. Artificial butter, 246. manufacture, 66. coloring matters, 372. bibliography of, 417. statistics of, 417,418. dyes, tests of, 400. indigo, 398. vaseline, 32. Ash, of flour, determination of, 230. of wines, determination of, 204. Asphalt, 16, 97, 363. Cuban, 16. pavements, 26. Trinidad, 26. Asphalts, treatment of, 26. Assouplissage. See Silk-bleaching. Astatki, 22. Atlas powder, composition of, 72. Auramine, 393. Aurantia, 394. Azarin, 396. Azines, 393. Azo blue, 398. dye-colors, 395. dyes, supplementary, 398. Azococcin 2K, 396. Azorubin S, 396. B. Bagasse, 118. Bag-filters, 128, 130. Baking, 226. Baking-powders, 225. Balance, Westphal, 74. Balata, 94. Balsams, 91. Barkometer, use of, 319. Barlow's kiers, 450. Barwood, 419. Bases, pyridine and quinoline, 382. Bastards. See Raw Sugars. Bast fibres, 262. Bastose, 262. Bate liquor, 314. Battery, diffusion, 133. Baume and Beck's scales, comparison of, 483. INDEX. 503 Baume and Brix, and specific gravity de- grees, comparison of, 487, 493. Rational, and Twaddle scales, compari- son of, 485. Baume's scale, liquid lighter than water, 482. Beating. See Paper-making. Becchi's test for cotton-seed oil, 78. Beck's scale, Baume and, comparison of, 483. Bee-hive ovens, 347. Beer, acidity of, 192. adulterations of, 192. analysis of, 190. ferment, 177. preservation of, 187. worts, specific gravity of, 190. Beers, composition of, 188. Beeswax, 49. Beet-root molasses, 139. Beet-sugar, diagram of working, 136. production of, 130. statistics of, 160. Ben oil, 47. Benzal-chloride, 376. Benzaldehyde. 385. green, 392. Benzene, 23, 330, 372. amido, 379. deodorization of, 23. deodorized, 29. distillate, 22. disulphonic acid, 381. halogen derivatives of, 375. series, 372. shale oil, 31. still, 358. sulphonic acid, 381. Benzidene dichloride, 376. dyes, 397. Benzoic acid, 384. aldehyde, 384. Benzol, 364, 372. crude, 353. fifty percent., 357, 373. ninety per cent., 357, 372. thirty per cent., 373. Benzols, property of, 373. Benzophenone, 385. Benzopurpurin, 398. Benzo-trichloride, 376. Benzyl-chloride, 376. /3-Naphthol-disulphonic acids, 382. orange. 396. /3-Naphthyl-bromide, 377. chloride, 376. Berries, Persian, 423. Beverages, alcoholic, manufacture of, 217. Bibliography, animal fibres, 302, 303. artificial coloring matter, 417. bleaching, dyeing, and textile printing, 475. destructive distillation, 369, 370. essential oils and resins, 110. fat* and fa^ty oils, 82. fermentation industries, 237. gelatine, 827. glue, 327. Bibliography, leather. 327. malting and brewing, 237. milk industries, 259. natural coloring matters, 445. petroleum and mineral oil, 42. starch, etc., 175. sugar, 159. vegetable fibres, 289. wines, 237. Biebrich scarlet, 397. Biscuit, hard, 228. Bismarck brown, 395. Bistre style. See Textile Printing. Bitumen, 16. Bitumens, asphalts, and bituminous shales, products of, 31. Bituminous shales and shale oil statistics, 45. treatment of, 26. coals, 340. Black, aniline, 393, 461. bread, 224. iron liquor, 456. japan, 103. lamp-, 29. naphthol, 397. seed cotton, 264. wool, 397. Blanket-scum, 122. Blasting gelatine, 72. See Gun-cotton. Bleach, madder, 448. Bleached lac. See Lac. Bleaching agents, 453. jute, 452. linen, 451. Lunge's process, 451. Mather-Thompson's process, 450. See Paper-making, 275. silk, 300, 453. sugar, 122. textile, 447. wool, 298, 452. Block parafBne, 25. Bloom, 30. Blotting-paper, 281. Blue, aniline, 392. alizarin, 399. alkali, 392. azo, 398. Boiley's. See Saxony Blue. diphenylamine, 392. dyes, natural, 424. dyestuffs, products of, 436. ethylene, 395. methylene, 395. Nicholson's, 392. oil, 25. resorcin, 394. water, 393. Blum, Griineberg and, ammonia still, 355. Bock-beer, 188. Boghead coal, 26. Boiled-off silk, 296, 299. Boiled oil, 69. Boiley's blue. See Saxony Blue. Boiling of sugar juice, 120. point of petroleum. See Fire-test. See Paper-making. 504 INDEX. Bone-black, analysis of, 156. exhausted, 148. filters, 122, 130. revivification of, 143. washer, Klusemann, 143. Bone fat, 49. glue, 325. Bones, 322. Brandies, factitious, 207. Brandy, 207, 218. pale, 218. white, 218. Brazil-wood, 419. Bread, adulterations of, 230. aerated. 223. black, 224. making, 222. process of manufacture, 226. table of composition of, 227, 228. tests of, 230. varieties of, 223. yield of, to flour, 226. Brilliant crocein, 397. Ponceau 4R, 396. Briquettes, 363. British gum, 170. Brix, Baume, and specific gravity degrees, comparison of, 487, 493. Bromine, absorption of, by resin, 109. by turpentine, 108. and iodine, absorption of, by fats and oils, 75, 76, 77. Brown, alizarin, 471. anthracene, 399. coal, 341. dyes, natural, 427. products of, 439. fast, 397. G, acid, 397. phenyl, 394. phenylene, 395. resorcin, 397. Soudan, 396. Bucking. See Bleaching. Bullock's blood, defecating raw sugar with, 128. Burmese lacquer, 94. Burning naphtha, 357. oil, 29. grades of, 29, 30. springs, 13. Butter, 244, 251. analyses of, 251. analysis of, 256. artificial, 246. manufacture of, 66 cacao. 47. coloring matter of, 259. fat, 48. substitutes, 251. Butterine, 246. Button-lac. See Lac. C. Cacao butter, 47. Cachou de laval, 400. Calorisator. See Beet-sugar Production. Camel's hair, 294. Camphor, 91. statistics of, 111. Cam- wood, 419. Canadian oil, treatment of, 24. Canadol, 29. Canarin, 400. Candle manufacture, 62. Candles, 71, 88. Cane-shredder, 118. Cane-sugar, determination of, 151. diagram of production, 121. industry, 113. production of, 117. statistics of, 159. , syrups, molasses and, 146. Canna arrow-root, 161. Can n el coal, 341. Caoutchouc, 93. and gutta-percha, processes of treat- ment, 99. tests of, 110. Caramel, detection of, 222. in vinegar, 236. See Sugar-coloring. Carbohydrates, un fermentable, 171. Carbolic acid, 359. varieties of, 359. oil, 353. Carbon, fixed, 340. Carbonate of lime, use of, in sugar diffu- sion, 120. Carbonates, estimation of, in dyes, 405. Cardboard, 281. Carmine. See Cochineal Preparations. naphte, 396. preparation of. 432. Carnauba wax, 48, 87. Cashmere, 294. Cassonade. See Raw Sugars. Castor oil, 46. "Catch-alls." See Yarynn Evaporator. Catechu, 307, 427, 439, 457. extract, valuation of, 442. Cedrenes, 90. Celluloid, 270, 284, 287. manufacture of, 286. Cellulose in flour, determination of, 228. stages of nitration, 284, 285. Centrifugals for sugar, 125. Ceresine, 25, 31. uses of, 31. white, 26. yellow, 26. Chamois leather, 316, 318. Champagne wines, 200. Champagnes. See Effervescing Wines, Chapapote, 16. Charcoal, 331, 338. Cheese, 252. analyses of, 253. analysis of, 259. classes of, 249. making, 248. ripening of, 249. varieties of, 252. Cheese-box stills, 20. Chomic blue. See Saxony Blue. INDEX. 505 Chemical characters of oils and fats, 49. determination of cane-sugar, 151. retting. See Flax. wood-pulp, microscopic feature of, 282. Chestnut-wood, 307. Chewing-gums, 31. China-grass, 268. microscopical appearance of, 268. Chinese green. See Lokao. wax, 49, 87. Chinoline. See Quinoline. Chloride of lime. 453. Chlorophyll, 426'. Chrome-alum, 457. Chromium mordants, 457. Chromogens, 391. Chromophor groups, 391. Chrysamin, 397. Chrysene, 375. Chrysoidine, 395. Cider, 232. vinegar, 235, manufacture of, 234. Cingalese and Indian lacquer, 94. Clayed sugars. See Raw Sugars. Cloth red G, 397. woollen, scouring of, 297. Coal, anthracite, 340. bituminous, 340. Boghead, 26. brown, 341. cannel, 341. coke-oven distillation of, 347. gas-retort distillation of, 344. Coals, coking, 341. effects of temperature upon, 342. non-coking, 341. Coal-tar colors, solution of, 459. diagram of treatment, 354. dyes, identification of, 402, 404. production, statistics of, 370. products of, 356. statistics of, 370. separation of crude, 350. Cochineal, 422. ammoniacal, preparation of, 432. carmine, 435. preparations, 435. scarlet 2R, 396. valuation of, 442. Cocoa-nut fibre, 269. oil. 47, 83. Cod-liver oil, 49, 86. Ccerulein, 395. Cognac, 218. imitations of, 218. Coir fibre, 269. Coke-oven distillation of coal, 347. ovens, varieties of, 348, 350. Coke, petroleum, 25. Coking-coal, statistics of, 370. Coking-coals. 341. table of, '342. Cold test, determining of, in lubricating oils, 37. Cold-water retting. See Flax. Collodion, 270, 284, 287. Collodion, manufacture of, 285. Cologne- water, 95. Colophony resin, 92. Colorimetric tests of petroleum, 41. Colorimetry, 401. Coloring matters, artificial, 372. in wines, 206. of butter, 259. natural, application of, 459. bibliography of, 445. nature of, for paper, 284. paper, 278. sugar, manufacture of, 168 Color-mixing, thickenings used in, 469. Color-pans, 467. Colors, mineral, application of, in textile printing, 471. miscellaneous, 399. used in varnishes, 98. Colza oil, 47. Compressed yeast, characteristics of, 225. Compression test of paraffins, 40. Concentration of raw sugars, 127. Concrete. See Raw Sugar. Concretor, Fryer, 127. Condensation, fractional, 211. Condensed milk, 250. analyses of, 250. manufacture of, 243. Conditioning silk, 298. Congealing point of paraffine. See Melting Point. Congo group dyes, 397. red, 397. Continuous distillation of petroleum, 22. Copal, 91, 97. Coppee's oven, 348. Copper acetate, 337. mordants, 457. nitrate of, 457. sulphate of, 457. wall (sugar-boiling), 122. Copperas, 456. Corallin, red, 394. yellow, 394. Cordials, 219. Corn spirit, 206. starch, manufacture of, 163. Cotton, application of artificial colors to, 460, 461. black seed, 264. bleaching, 448. dyeing, 459. fibre, 263. ginning, 263. green seed, 264. microscopic appearance of, 263. features of, 282. sea-island, 263. statistics of, 289, 290. Cottonized ramie, 268. Cotton-seed, diagram of utilization of, 69. oil, 46, 84. Beech i's test for, 78. Cow's milk, 242. Crackers. 228. Cracking. See Crude Petroleum. Cream, 242. 506 INDEX. Cream, analysis of, 245. of tartar, 202. separator, 245. Creamometer, use of, 255. Creosote, 338. oil, 336, 360. oils, tests of, 366. wood, 330. wood-tar, tests of, 3-JO. Cresol, 330. Crocein, brilliant, 397. orange, 396. scarlet 3B, 397. Crofting. See Bleaching. Crown leather, 318. Crude benzol, 353. paraffine, 16. petroleum, 14. process, 18. table of distillation of, 18. Cuban asphalt, 16. Cudbear, 435. See Orseille. Cuisinier, Dubrunfaut and, process for mal- tose, 167. Curcuma arrow-root, 161. Curd, 242. Cutch, 457. Cyanine, 398. Cylinder oil, 30. filtered, 25. Cymogene, 23, 29. D. Dammar, 92, 97. varnish, 98. Danforth's oil, 29. Dead oil, 353. Defecation of sugar juice, 120. Defibrator, 118. Degraissage. See Silk-scouring. See Wool-scouring. Degras, 318. Dehairing of hides. See Leather. Demerara crystals. See Raw Sugars. Dental rubber. See Vulcanite. Deodorization of benzene, 23. Deodorized benzene, 29. Destructive distillation, 329. bibliography of, 369, 370. Desuintage. See Wool-scouring. Determination of invert sugar and glucose, 152. of sucrose, 149. Dew retting (see Flax), 265. Dextrine, 162, 163, 170. analysis of, 173. estimation of, in dyes, 406. manufacture of, 168. Dextrose, 163. Diagram of composition of sugar-beet, 115. of petroleum distillation, 19. of production of cane-sugar, 121. of tanning process, 313. of treatment of coal-tar, 354. of utilization of a fat, 58. of cotton-seed, 69. Diagram of wood-tar treatment, 334. of working beet-sugar, 136. Diastase, 176. Diazo-amido benzene, 384. compounds, 384. benzene chloride, 383. sulphonic acids, 384. compounds, 383. Diazotizing, process of, 391. Dibrom-anthracene, 377. Dichlor-arithracene, 377. Diffusion battery, 133. working of, 134. of sugar-beets, Robert's method, 131. process for sugar-beet, 119. Dimethyl-aniline orange, 395. benzene (see Xylene). naphthalene, 374. Dinitrobenzene, 377. Dinitrotoluenes, 378. Dioxy-benzene, 380. Diphenylamine blue, 392. orange, 395. Diphenylen-methane, 375. Direct printing, 467. Disazo dyes, 397. Discharges, 467, 468. Diseases of wines, treatment of, 195. Distillation, destructive, 329. of coal, gas-retort, 344. of essential oils, 89. of petroleum, continuous, 22. of resins for varnish, 97. of wood, 331. Distilled liquors, classes of, 207. manufacture of, 206, 208. spirit, rectification of, 214. spirits, fermentation of wort, 209. preparation of wort, 208. Distiller's side-products, 221. Divi-divi, 308. Dog's dung, use of, in tanning, 314. Double-effects. See Vacuum-pan. Drum-washers, 274. Drying oils, 60. Dry wine, 199. Dualine, 72. Dubrunfaut and Cuisinier, process for mal- tose, 167. Duchassing's maceration process. See Sugar. Durgen system. See Starch. Dye-colors, arnine and aniline, 392. azo, 395. natural, 419. phenol, 393. Dyed alizarin, 473. colors, 467, 470. fibres, examination of, 406, 416. Dyeing, 458. adjective, 455. alizarin, 462. apparatus used in, 458. jute, 463. linen, 463. silk, 466. substantive, 4'"5. textile, 447. wool, 464. INDEX. Dyes, nmidoazo, 395. analysis of, 405, 406. artificial, tests of, 400. disazo, 397. mixtures of, 402. monoazo, 395. oxyazo, 395. Dye-trials, comparative, 400, 401. Dye-wood extracts, manufacture of, 429. test of, 439. Dye-woods, curing of, 427. cutting of, 427. red, dyeing with, 460. statistics of, 446. tests of, 439. use of, in textile printing, 471. Dynamite, 72. analysis of, 82. gelatine, 72. nitro-glycerine and, 67. E. Earth-wax, 16. Ecru silk, 299. Eels, vinegar, 234. Effervescing wines, 197. Electric-light carbons from natural gas car- bon, 29. from petroleum coke, 25. Electrolytic bleaching, 451. Elution process for molasses of Scheibler- Seyferth, 140. Emulsine, 176. • Enamelled leather, 317. Enfleurage, 31, 95. Engine-sizing, 278. Eosins, 394. Erdoel, 14. Erythrosin. See Eosins. Esparto, 269. microscopic features of, 282. use in paper-making, 271. Essential oils, distillation of, 89. and resins, products of, 102. detection of alcohol in, 106. of fixed oils in, 106. iodine absorption of, 108. statistics of, 111. turpentine in, 107. Ether, petroleum-, 29. Ethereal salts, 90. Ethylene blue, 395. Ethyl green, 392. Ethyl-naphthalene, 374. Eurhodines and safranines, 393. Exhausted bone black, 148. Extract, safflower, 434. in vinegar, determination of, 236. in wines, determination of, 204. Extraction of oils and fats, 51. Extractor, dye-wood, 430. Soxhlet, 73. Thorn, 73. • Extracts, Brazil-wood, 434. 