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BIBLIOGRAPHY BOWER, F. O. — The Origin of a Land Flora, a Theory based upon the Facts of Alternation: The Macmillan Co., 1908, 727 pp. 8vo. A clear and well-illustrated account of the Higher Crypto- gams; valuable for facts, apart from the author's theory. CAMPBELL, D. H. — The Structure and Development of Mossea and Ferns: The Macmillan Co., 2nd edition, 1905, 657 pp. 8vo. Another very useful illustrated book on the Higher Crypto- gams, going fully into then* reproduction and embryology. COULTER, J. M., and CHAMBERLAIN, C. J. — Morphology of Gymnosperms: University of Chicago Press, 1910, 458 pp. 8vo. By far the best "up-to-date" treatise on Gymnosperma, recent and fossil, remarkable for its excellent illustrations. DARWIN, CHARLES. — The Origin of Species: D. Appleton & Co. 2 vols. in one, 1910, 703 pp. 8vo. THE DARWIN-WALLACE CELEBRATION held on 1st July, 1908, by the Linnean Society of London: Linnean Society, 1908. 139 pp., 8 portraits, 8vo. Contains, besides various addresses by Wallace, Hooker and others, reprints of the original papers by Darwin and Wallace, which preceded the publication of the Origin of Species. DARWIN AND MODERN SCIENCE. — Edited by A. C. Seward: Cambridge University Press, 1909, 595 pp. 8vo. The Darwin Memorial volume, consisting of a collection of 29 essays by various authors, dealing with Darwinism and Evolu- tion from every point of view. HOFMEISTER, W. — On the Germination, Development and Fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the Coniferse. Translated by F. Currey: Ray Society, 1862, 506 pp., 65 plates, 8vo. A classical work, laying the foundations of our scientific knowledge of these classes of Plants. All the essentials still hold good. 245 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY JUDD, J. W. — The Coming of Evolution: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 1910, 171 pp., 4 portraits, 12mo. A popular and interesting sketch of the rise of the doctrine of Evolution, especially in relation to Geology. KEENER, A., and OLIVER, F. W. — The Natural History of Plants: Henry Holt & Co., 1895, 2 vols., 1760 pp., 2000 figures, large 8vo. A storehouse of all kinds of fascinating knowledge relating to every form of plant-life. LAURENT, L. — Les Progres de la Paleobotanique Angiosper- mique: Progressus Rei Botanicse. Vol. I, 1907, 49 pp. 8vo. An article giving the recent advances in our knowledge of fossil Angiospenns. SCOTT, D. H.— An Introduction to Structural Botany: Part I, Flowering Plants: 7th edition, 1909, 290 pp. small 8vo. An elementary, illustrated account of the structure of Seed- plants, on the type system. Do. Part II; Flowerless Plants: 5th edition, 1907, 316 pp. small 8vo, Adam and Charles Black. A similar account of the various groups of Cryptogams. SCOTT, D. H.— Studies in Fossil Botany: 2nd edition, 1908-9, Adam and Charles Black, 676 pp. 8vo. An illustrated account of the most important types of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic plants, from an evolutionary point of view. SCOTT, D. H.— The Present Position of Palaeozoic Botany: Progressus Rei Botanicae. Vol. I, 1907, 79 pp. 8vo. An article giving the main results of the investigation of Palaeozoic plants. SEWARD, A. C. — Fossil Plants, for Students of Botany and Geology: Cambridge University Press. Vol. I, 1898, 452 pp.; Vol. II, 1910, 624 pp. 8vo. A full and comprehensive work on Fossil Botany, written from a geological as well as a botanical point of view, and abundantly illustrated. In course of publication; the two volumes already published deal with all classes of Cryptogams. STOPES, MARIE C. — Ancient Plants, being a simple account of the past Vegetation of the Earth: Blackie, 1910, 198 pp. 8vo. A popular illustrated sketch of all branches of Fossil Botany. BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 WALLACE, A. R.— The World of Life: Chapman and Hall, 1910, 408 pp. 110 figures, 8vo. Interesting, as giving the latest views of one of the founders of the theory of Natural Selection. WIELAND, G. R. — American Fossil Cycads: Carnegie Insti- tution, 1906, 296 pp., 50 plates and many figures, 4to. A magnificent work, giving the full results of the author's classical researches, with comparative observations on modern Cycads, etc. ZEILLEH, R.— Les Progres de la Paleobotanique a 1'fire dea Gymnospermes: Progressus Rei Botanicae. Vol. II, 1907, 56 pp. 8vo. An article giving ah1 the recent results of the investigation of the Mesozoid floras. INDEX [The * refers to inscription below the illustration.] ADAPTATION, 12 in Palaeozoic plants, 233- 237 Adaptations, 232 Albuminous seeds, 49 Alga? fossil, 27 Alternation of generations, 136, 222, 225, 226 Aneimites seeds, 114 Angiopteris, 148, 149 evecta, *148 Angiosperms, 29-56 and Bennettitese compared, 85-95 geological history of, 37—40 marine, 35 origin of, 55 Antheridium, 122 Ferns, 121 Isoetes, 167 Selaginella, 164 Araucarian conifers, 133 Arber, E. A. N., 144 Archceocalamites, 208, 210 Archegonium Ferns, 122 Isoetes, *185 Lepidodendron Veltheimi&- num, *185 Arum family, 45 Azolla, 123, 126, 139 Bacteria, 18 Balsam, 47 Bast, function of, 52 Bee orchis, 42 Bennettitese, 79, 100, 118, 153 and Angiosperms com- pared, 85-95 Bennettitese and Dicotyledons compared, 93 fertilisation, 93 Bennettites bracts, 82 dacotensis, 82 embryo, 87 flower of, 80, *83, 82-85, 96 fruit, 85 Gibsonianus, 79, 85, *86 gynaecium, 85, 92 marylandicus, *81 ovules, 92 pollen-sacs, 84 seeds, 87 stamens, 83, 90 stem, 80 Bothrodendron, 184 Bowenia, 59 Bracken-fern, 231 Broom-rape, 32 Bryophytes, 18, 223 evolution of, 228 Buttercups, 44 Calamite, 199-211 cone, 205-209, *206 heterosporous, 207 leaves, 204 roots, 205 secondary growth, 203 sporangia, 207 spores, 206 stem, 202 Calamites, 124, 199-209 relation to Horsetails, 210 Sphenophylls, 216-219 Calyx, 43 Cambium, 51 Cambian formation, 27 248 INDEX 249 Campanula, 45 Carboniferous flora, 101 formation, 25, 26 Carnivorous plants, 31 Carpels, 44 Carruthers, W., 80 Casts of plants, 20 Catkin-bearing trees, 45 Census of vegetable kingdom, 28,29 Ceratophyllum, 34 Ceratozamia, 59 stem, 62 Cheirostrobus cone, 214 sporangia, 215 sporophyll, 215 Cherry, 47 Cilia, 73 Circinate, 61 Classification, natural system of, 15 Club-mosses, 137, 155 Coal-balls, 25 measures, 20, 25 period, 133 Cones Calamite, *206, 205-209 Cheirostrobus, 214 Cycads, 63-67 Encephalartos, 66 Equisetum, 193, 196 Lepidodendrese, 182 Lycopodium, 156 Selaginella, 162 Sphenophyllum, 215, *216 Coniferae relation to Cordai- tese, 132 Conifers, 57 Mesozoic, 57 Cordaiteaj, 114, 127-133 ,220 compared with Pterido- sperms, 130 Cordaites, 127, *128 fructification, 130 leaves, 128 ovules, 130 Cordaites, pollen-chamber, 130 seeds, 131 stamens, 130 stem, 129 Corolla, 44 Cotyledons, 54 Cretaceous, 56 formation, 23, 38 Cross-fertilisation, 41 Cryptogams, 134 age of, 101, 133 higher, 18 origin of, 222 higher relation to Bryo- phytes, 223-225 Cultivated plants, 7, 19 Cycadacese, see Cycads Cycadella, 82 Cycadeoidea equals Bennetti- tes Cycadophyta, 78, 97 and Angiosperms, 98 origin of, 99, 116 Cycads, 57, 154 carpels, 66 cones, 63-67 cotyledons, 77 distribution, 60 embryo, 76 female fructification, 68-70 fertilisation, 70-76 fructification, 63-76 leaf, 60-62 Mesozoic, 57, 77, 95 ovules, 66 recent, 58-77 spermatozoids, 71-76 stamens, 65 stem, 62 Cycas, 59, 61, 99, 117, 118 250 INDEX Cycas, carpels, 68, 69 Encephalartos, cones, 66 circinalis, 69 stem, 62 Cycas leaf, 61, 62 Endosperm, 48, 49, 73 Normaribyana, 69 Epiphytes, 30 ovules, 69, *72 Equisitales, 200, 211 revoluta, *68, 69, 70 Equisetites, 197 seeds, 69 arenaceus, 198 stamens, 65 Burchardti, 198 Cycas stem, 62, 63 scanicus, 198 Cystopterisfragilis, 231 Equisetum, 193-197 anense, 193 Dandelion, 47 cones, 194, 195 Dancea, 150 Equisetum leaves, 194 Darwin, Charles, 9, 37, 220, limosum, 194 231 maximum, 193 Francis, 14 prothallus, 197 Darwinism, 10 roots, 194, 195 DavaUia aculeata, 104 spermatozoids, 197 Descent, problem of, 237- sporangia, 196 239 spores, 196 Devonian flora, 220, 229 stem, 193, 194 Devonian formation, 26 tubers, 195 Dicotyledons, 38, 39, 44 Eucalyptus, 36 and Bennettiteae compared, Exalbuminous seeds, 49 93 Eyebright, 32 and Gymnosperms com- pared, 49, 55 Ferns, 135, 137, 138, 155 Dictyota, 225 Bracken, 231 Dioon, 60 life-history, 121 edule, 62 Ostrich, 218 stem, 62 Prothallus, 122 Dischidia Rafflesiana, 31 Tree Palaeozoic, 152 Dodder, 32 Ferns, 220 Dolerophyllum, 119 carboniferous, 101 leaves, 119 Palaeozoic, 152, 154 stamens, 119 seed-bearing, 103, 127 Dragon-flies, carboniferous, Water, 122, 136, 139, 207 42, *105 Fertilisation, 236 Drimys, 94 Bennettitese, 93 Duckweeds, 17, 34 Cycads, 73 insect, 43 Embryo, Bennettites, 87 Neuropteridese, 113 sac, 48, 73 Floras Encephalartos, 60 fossil, 230 INDEX 251 Floras, of the Past, 27 Horsetail, relation to Cala- Flower, 29, 42 mites, 210 Bennettites, 80, *83; 82-85 Humming-birds, 41 Bennettitese, 93 Flowering plants, 29 Ikeno, S., 70 sudden appearance of, 40 Impressions, 20 Flowers, 53 Indusium, 126 unisexual, 45 Insect fertilisation, 43, 97 Fossil plants, 20 Insects, 41, 42, 230 record, 19 fossil, 42 Fruit, 47 Isoetes, 122, 136, 137-138, Bennettites, 85 166-168, 189, 190, 191 Fujii K, 39 antheridium, 168 archegonium, *185 Geranium, 44 leaves, 166 Ginkgo biloba, 57 ligule, 167 Ginkgoales, 57 prothallus, 168 Mesozoic, 57 roots, 167 Gooseberry, 47 secondary growth, 167, 180 Gordon, W. T., 185 Isoetes sporangia, 167 Grand, Eury, C., 128 stem, 166 Gymnosperms, 29, 52 age of, 56 Jurassic, 56 and Dicotyledons com- formation, 24 pared, 49, 55 Gynseceum Bennettites, 85, 92 Kaulfussia Halle, 198 Hemlock family, 45 Heterospory, 123, 165, 173 Hirase, S., 70 Hofmeister, W., 16, 75, 123 Homospory, 123 Horse-tail, 136, 138 cone, 196 Field, 193 Great, 193 Smooth, 194 sporangia, 196 Horsetails, 34, 156, 221 evolution of, 192-211 fossil, 197-211 Mesozoic, 198-199 Palaeozoic, 199-211 synangia, *150, 152 Kauri Pine, 129 Kew, 59 Kidston, R., 110, 112 and Gwynne-Vaughan, 141 Knot-grass, 45 Laminaria, 180 Leaves: Calamite, 204 Cordaites, *128 Cycads, 60-62 Cycas, 61, 62 DolerophyUum, 119 Equisetum, 194 Isoetes, 167 Lepidodendrese, 177, 178, 180 252 INDEX Leaves, Lyginodendron, 104 Neuropterideae 113 Primofilices, 147 Selaginella, 161, 162 Sphenophyllum, 213 Lepidocarpon, 186-188 micropyle, 187 prothallus, 188 seeds, 186 Lepidodendrese, 174-189, 191 and Isoetes compared, 189 cones, 182 fructifications, 178 heterospory, 182 leaves, 178, 180, 181 ligule, 178 megaspores, 185 microspores, 184 roots, 179, 181 secondary growth, 180 sporangia, 183 stem, 177, 179 Lepidodendron, 177, 178, 179, 183, 234, 235 dimensions, 176 elegans, *176 VeUheimianum prothallus, *185 Ligule, 162 Isoetes, 166 Lepidodendrese, 177 Miadesmia, 170 Selaginella, 163 Lily, 47 family, 39, 43 Liverworts, 222, 226, 227 Lomaria, 60 Lycopodiaceae, 156-160 Lycopodium, 135, 137, 157 davatum, 157, 158 cones, 157 germination, 158 inundatum, 157, 159 prothallus, 158-174 Lycopodium, root, 157 stem, 157 Selago, 157, 158 sporangia, 158 sporophylls, 157 Lycopods, 127, 156, 221 evolution of, 156, 191, 192 heterosporous, 160-174 homosporous, 156-160 Lyginodendrese, 111 Lyginodendron, 153, 233 fertilisation, 109 glands, 107 leaves, 104 oldhamium, 103-111, *105 pollen-sacs, 110 roots, *105 seed, *105, 107, *108, 126 stem, 103 Macrozamia, 59 Moorei, *61 spiralis, *64 stem, 62, 63 Magnolia, 43 Magnoliacese, 94 Maidenhair-tree, 57, 131 spermatozoids, 71 Mallow, 44 MaraUia, 100 synangium, 150, *150 Marattiaceae, 84, 140, 148- 155 leaf, 149 Mesozoic, 151 Palaeozoic, 151-154 roots, 149 sporangia, 150 stem, 149 synangia, 150, *150, 152 Marattiales, 154 Mechanical tissue, 234 Medullary rays, 50 Megasporangium, 124 INDEX 253 Megaspores, 73, 122 Neuropteris heterophytta seeds, Calamites, 207 112 Isoetes, 167 Nilssonia, 99 Miadesmia, 170 retention of, 125 Oliver, F. Selaginella, 163 *202 Mistletoe, 32 Palaeozoic flora, 100 Monocotyledons, 38, 39, 40,44 period, 24 compared with Dicotyle- Paley, 13 dons, 50-54 Palms, 39, 96 origin of, 95 Parasites, 32 Mosses, 18, 222, 228 Pecopteris seeds, 114 Movement in plants, 74 Perianth, 43 Permian formation, 24, 25 Naiadita, 160 Permo-carboniferous flora, 25 Nathorst, A. G., 99 Petrified specimens, 20 Natural selection, 10, 14 Phylloglossum, 137, 159 Nematophycus, 180 PHularia, 122 Neocalamites, 199 Pistil, 44 Neottia nidus-avis, 33 Pitcher-plants, 31 Nettle, 45 Pleuromeia, 190 Neuropterideae affinities of, 191 fertilisation, 113 Podostemacese, 35 leaves, 112 Pollen, 46 pollen-grains, 113 Angiosperms, 46 seeds, 112 Bennettites, 85 stem, 112 Cordaites, 130 254 INDEX Pollen, Lyginodendron, 110 Root, Selaginetta, 161 Neuropteridese, 113 Sigillaria, 184 chamber, 71, *108, 126 Sphenophyllum, 215, 216 sacs, 65, 66 system, 53 tube, 47, 73 Rose family, 44 Pollination, 73 Polypodiacese, 140 Sachs, J., 154 Primofilices, 143-148 St. John's Wort, 45 leaves, 145 Saporta, Marquis de, 97, 132 sporangia, 145 Scale-leaves, 62 stem, 144 Schizoneura, 199 Primrose, 44 Seaweeds, 226 Pro-Angiosperms, 97 secondary growth, 180 Prothallus, 136 Secondary growth, 235 Equisetum, 196 Calamites, 203 Fern, 121 Cycads, 63 Isoetes, 167 Dicotyledons, 51 Lepidocarpon, 187 Isoetes, 166 Lepidodendron, 173 Lepidodendreae, 180 Lycopodium, 158, 170 Lyginodendron, 107 Selaginetta Neuropteridese, 113 Veltheimianum, *185 Selaginetta spinosa, 167 Proto-calamites, 209, 217 Seeds Pseudobornia, 210, 218, 227 Cordaites, 130 Psilotacete, 212 Cycads, 70, 76 Pteridosperms, 111, 114, 115, Cycas, 69 117, 126, 220 dispersal of, 47 and Cycadophytes, 117 exalbuminous, 49 compared with Cordaitesej Lepidocarpon, 186 130 Lyginodendron, *105, 107, relation to Ferns, 121 *108, 126 Miadesima, *170, 171 Rafflesia arnoldi, 32, 41 Neuropterideae, 112 Ranunculus glacialis, 30 Neuropteris heterophylla,\Y2 Renault, B., 114, 128 Palaeozoic, 125, 236 Rhinanthus cristagalli, 32 Pecopteris, 114 Root Selaginetta, 122, 125, 136, 138, Calamite, 205 160-165, 191 Equisetum, 196, 197 Selaginella antheridium, 165 Isoetes, 167 cones, 162 Lepidodendrese, 181-184 grandis, 161 Lycopodium, 157 heterospory, 165 Lyginodendron, 104 leaves, 161, 162 Marattiaceas, 149 ligule, 162 INDEX 255 Selaginella, megasporangium, *164 megaspores, 163 microspores, 163 prothallus, 165 roots, 162 spinosa, 161, 162, 167 sporangia, 163 stem, 162 Wildenovii, 161 Selaginellacea;, 156, 160 fossil, 169-175 Selaginellites, 168 primcevus, 169 sporangia, 169 Suissei, 169 Sigillaria, 177, 178, 179, 180, 184, 234 Silurian formation, 27 Solms-Laubach, Count, 80 Spermatozoids, 71, 122, 165, 236 Cycads, 70, 76 Equisetum, 197 Maidenhair-tree, 71 Microcycas, 75 Zamia, *72 Sperms, 73 Sphenophylls, 212-219, 221 relation to Calamites, 216- 219 Sphenophyllum, 210, 212-215, *212 cones, 214, *216 Dawsoni, 215, *216 fertile, 215 fructification, 213, 214 leaves, 213 Rdmeri, 215 roots, 214 sporangia, 215 sporangiophores, 215 Sphenophyllum sporophylls, 215 Sphenophyllum, spores, 216 stem, 212, 214 Sporangia Calamite, 206 Cheirostrobus, 215 Equisetum or Horsetail, 196 Isoetes, 167 Lepidodendreffi, 183 Lycopodium, 158 Marattiacese, 149 Osumudaceae, 140 Primofilices, 144 Selaginella, 162 Sphenophyllum, 215 Stauropteris, *146 Sporangiophore, 215, 217 Spore-plants, 101, 134 higher, 135 primitive, 219, 221 Spores Calamite, 206 Equisetum, 195 fossil germinating, *146 Lepidodendrese, 183 Lycopodium, 158 Primofilices, 144 Sphenophyllum, 216 Sporogonium, 223 theory, 223-225 Sporophylls, 68, 157 Spurge, 45 Stability periods, 231, 232 Stamens, 44 Bennettites, 83, 90 Cordaites, 129 Cycads, 63 Cycas, 67 Dolerophyllum, 119 Zamia, 65 Stangeria, 60 leaf, 62 schizodon, *59 Stapf, Dr., 8 256 INDEX Stauropteris sporangium, *146 Tillandsia usneoides, 31 Todea, 140 Tracheides, 49 and thallus, 226 Tree-ferns, Palaeozoic, 152 Bennettitese, 80 Trias, 24 Calamite, 202 Triassic, 56 Ceratozamia, 59 Cordaites, 128 Uniformity of flora, 230 Cycads, 62 Variation, 12 Cycas, 61, 63 Vascular strands, 51 Dioon, 62 Venation, 50 Encephalartos, 60 Equisetum, 193, 194 Venus's Fly-trap, 31 Vessels, 49 Isoetes, 166 Vines, S. OCT 1 4 1951 PAH 22 ^61 OCT 22 1955 WAR 2 0 1956 NOViO 1958 OCT 19 1959 aafw.tf Form L9-10wi-l,'52 (9291 ) 444 firntt. - 980 The evolution of ant QK 980 SU2ev UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACIL A 000333925 6 I it I ;1. 