None
on, 147 Digestion, defined, 90-1 Dirt, in London air, 106 Divers, pearl. 111 Diving birds. 111 Dogfish, 67 ova of, 176, 177, 183 Dolphins, 76 in Cameroon River, 77 habitat of, 179 Dragon-flies, 61 Drone larva, 62 Duck, flight of, 130 Duck-billed platypus, Ornithorhyn- chus, 72, 74 low temperature of, 109 Dugong, 76, 77 Dust, in water injures fish, 105 JliARTHWORMS, work of, in raising soil, 47, 59 respiratory organs in, 103, 114 plasma in, 107 movement of, 126 INDEX i«j; Earthworms {continued) reproduction of, 104 monoecious, 185 Echinodermata, 178 Edentata, 14: Eel, migrations of, 129 influence of moon on, 14G Egg, cells forming, 20 fertilization of, 116 rhythmic development of, 135 contents of, 161 Eggs, as food, 58 of fish, number of, 176 shape and size, 182-3 winter or resting, 187 Elater lineatus, 46 n., 47, 140 Elephants, 77, 78 corpuscles of, 108 Elodea, 162 Embryo sac, 172, 174, 187 Emulsification, 91 Endospores, 162 Enzymes, 94 Epidermis, 49, 53 Esquimaux, 86, 96 Euglenia viridis, 15 (fig. 4) Excretion, 5 Faculties, decay of, 192 Fats, insoluble, 90 animal, 94 vegetable, 94 Fern, vegetative reproduction of, 164 cilia of, 183 see also under Bracken-fern Fibro- vascular bundles, 51, 55 (fig. 17) Fishes, food of, 66 deep sea, 67 mode of swimming, 126-7 Fission, 163, 189 Flaccidity of cells, 117 Flagella, vibratory process, 15, 116 Flame-cells, 100 Flat- worms, 182 Flea, jump of, 128 Fledglings, voracity of, 72 Flight, 128-31 Flounder, food of, 67 Flowering plants, parthenogenesis of, 187 Fluke, liver-, 109 monoecious, 1S5 alternation of genorations, 181) Food, defined, 58 necessary constituents of, 22 Food reserve, 33 Food-vacuole, 10 Foraminifera, 35, 178 Formaldehyde, 29, 31 Fox, food of, 82-3 "flying," see Bats Frog, food of, 68 shortening of intestine, 09 temperature of, liO temporarily anaerobic, 112 heart, rhythmic action of, 137 male, 178 eggs of, 190 Frutti di mare, 141 Fungi, 22, 94 reproduced by spores, 162, 164 Gall-flies, 188 Game-birds, speed of flight, 130-1 Gametes, 162, 100, 174 movement of, 183 Gametophytc, 171, 172 Gas, natural, 34 gangrene, 113 Gastric juice, 91, 97 Gastropoda, 107 Gel state in colloids, 122 Gemmation, 165 Gephyrea, 178 Geranium, dispersal of sei'd Kv, 121 Germ, 94 Gibbon, 83 Gills, of Hshcs, 103, 105 of marine worms, 103 of Crustacea, 1U3, 105 Gill-slits, 103 Giraffe, food of, 80 Gland, salivar\-, \)\ of swift, 12l"> Globigcrina, 14 Gloxinia, buds of, 163 Glucose, 29 Glycogen, 114, 131, 1:52 Goat, food of, 80 Gorilla, 84 198 INDEX Grampus, or killer-whale, food of, 76-7 Gregarines, parasites, 15 Grouse disease, 46 food of, 71 speed of, 130 Growing point, spiral movement of, 117, 136 Growth, a characteristic of living matter, 5 influence of hormones on, 92 influence of vitamins on, 95 limit to, 160 Growth rings, absent in tropical Guard-cells, 53, 54 (fig. 16) Guinea-pig, capillaries in muscles of, 110 Gulf Stream, effect of on salinity of sea, 150 Gymnosperms, 164 HAEMOCYANIN,m Crustacea, 108 Haemoglobin, 9, 36 defined, 107 distribution of, 107 absent in Crustacea, 108 Halobates, 179 Hare, 8, 107 Heart, muscles of, 108 pulsations of. 111 rhythmic action of, 138-40 diminution of beats as age ad- vances, 140 Hedgehog, food of, 83 Hellebore, 55 (fig. Lavoisier, 112 Layering, reproduction by, 164 Leaf mould, 37, 44 Leaves, number of, 34, 54-5 Leech, Hirudo medicinalis, 60, 61 H. aulostoma, 61 respiratory organs of, 103 plasma in, 107 temperature of, 110 anaerobic, 114 looping motion of, 126 fertilization of, 182 hermaphrodite, 185 Leguminosae, 38 Lemon juice, cure for scurvy, 95 Lemur, 86 Lepisma, 61 Life, definitions of, 1, 2 Linnaeus' s definition, 2 originated in sea, 179 Lignin, 56 Limestones, sedimentary, 44 Liver, 91 rhythmic action of, 137 Lizards, Lacertae, food of, 71 L. vivipara, 71 L. agilis, 71 Llamas, 79 Lobes, see Pseudopodia London Pride, 32 Lump-sucker, male, 178 Lung-fish, Dipnoi, 179, 180 Lungs of vertebrates, 102 function of, 103 how protected, 103 area of human. 111 air in. 111 rhythmic action of, 140 Magnesium, in protein, 9 Malaria, 63 Malarial organism, 135 Mafic acid, 119 Mammalia, fertilization of, 181 Mammals, milk of, 73 in the sea, 76 Man, food of. 86, 90 cooks food, 86 Manatee, 76, 77 Manure, effect of, 47 Margarine, 94 Marine worms, 59 gills of, 103 respiratory pigment of, 108 reproduction of, 165 Marmot, 47 Marsupialia, food of, 74 Marsupium, 74 May-fly, Ephemeridae, <)5, 167 Mealy-bugs, Coccidae, 188 M egasporangium, 174 Megaspores, 172 Mendelceff, 35 MesophyU, 53 Metabolism, 58. 92 Metaphyta, 13 Meiazoa, 13, 87 Methyl orange, 30 Micropyle, 183 Microspores, 172 Mildews, 22 Milk, as food, 58 of mammals, 73 Millipede, lulus terrestris, 40, 47, 01 movement of, 140 Mimosa pudica, 120 Mining and Factory Acts, 105 Mites, 17, 47 Mohl, Hugo von, 2, 7 Mole, 47, 88 Molluscs, 16, 18, 169 feeding habits of, 58 mode of movement of. 1l'4. 125 concentric lines of growth, 138 habitat of, 178 monoecious, 185 Mongoose, food of, 82 Monkey's, food of, 85 Monoecious plants, 185 Monotremata, young of, 73 food of, 74 Moon, influence on marine invertebrates, 141-2, 145, 146 molluscs, 144, 146 birds, 145 fish, 146 plants, 147 200 INDEX Mosquito, female, 19, 64 buzzing of, 127 flight of, 129 periodic activity of, 144 Moss, 172 club-moss, 164 Moth, clothes, 64 flour, 64 Moulds, 22 Mouse, food of, 81 Movement, of plants, 114-22 of plants, how caused, 117 sleep, 119 amoeboid, 121 of animals, 122 Mulberry, 164 Muscles, contraction of, 131 relaxation of, 131 Mushrooms, 22 Musk-ox, Ovibos moschatus, 78, 80 Musquash, 81 Mussel, 16, 58 lines of concentric growth, 139 (fig. JSl EMATODA, see Roundworms Nemertine worm, 108 Nephelis, 114 Nettle, stinging, 187 Newts, food of, 68 Nitrates, 33, 40, 89-90 Nitrites, 39 Nitrobacter, 39 Nitrogen, in protein, 7 in protoplasm, 41 Nitrogen compounds, sources of, 37 Nitrogen cycle, 37, 42 Nitrosomonas, 39 Nitrous acid, 39 Noctiluca, rhythmic brightness of, 135 Nodules, 38 NuceUus, 172, 174 Nucleus, 10 of blood corpuscles, 108 Odontisyllis ENOPLA, 146 Off -spring, number of, 175 Oikomonas, rhythmic action of, 143 Oikopleura, see Ascidians Oil, mineral, organic origin of, 34-5 Old age, 191 Operculum (gill-cover), 104 Opossum, food of, 74 Orange-juice, 95 Orange tree, independent of seasons, 148 Orang-utan, Simia satyrus, food of, 85, 86 Orchids, number of seeds, 175 Orthonectid, 167 Osmosis, 48-9, 54, 55 Ostracoda, scavengers of sea, 66 spermatozoa of, 184 parthenogenesis of, 187 Ostrich, egg of, 183, 184 OtoHth, concentric rings in, 138 Oxygen, 7, 12, 28, 29, 99, 101, 110 tension, 102, 114 absorbed by muscles, 131 Oysters, Cicero on, 141 change of sex of, 185 J: ALOLO WORM, Eunice, spawn- ing habits of, 145 reproduction of, 164 Pancreas, 91, 92 rhythmic action of, 137 Pancreatic juice, 91 Pap (bee), 62, 87 Paramoecium, 10, 123 rhythmic motion of cells in, 133 ciliary action of, 134 conjugation of, 165, 189 fission of, 190 Parasites, 18, 23, 24 Parthenogenesis, 186-91 artificial, 190-1 Pasteur, 112 Pearl, rhythmic growth of, 138, 139 Pecten, mode of swimming, 124 Pellagra, 94, 95 Perennial plants, 147 Peripatus, 182 Perissodactyla, 77 food of, 78 Peristalsis, meaning of, 137 Periwinkles, influenced by tide, 144 Petrels, 72 INDEX 201 Phagocytes, 109, 1G7 Phalanger, 74 Phosphorescence of sea, 135, 14G greatest in July, 151 Phosphorus, in protein, 9 in protoplasm, 41 Photo-synthesis, 31, 50, 93 Phyllopoda, 187 Phylloxera, 188 Phytoplankton, 26 Picrines, 36 Pig, food of, 79 Pigment cells, rhythm in, 135 Pigments, animal, 36 Pilchard, young of, 67 Pituitary body, 190 Plaice, food of, 67 Plankton, 151, 153 Planorbis, 107 Plant-cells, 17 Plant lice, 63 reproduction of, 188 Plantain, seeds of, 175 Plantain-eaters, 36 Plasma, 107, 110 Platanus orie.ntalis, 51 (fig. JSacculina, 18G Saliva, 91 Salmon, 179 Salpa, 169 Salts, in soil, 49 in food, 57 Sand, in water, 105 Sands, 43 Sap, ascent of, 49 vessels, 49, 50 rate of ascent, 52 Saprophytes, 23, 27 Sarcina, 27 Sardines, food of, 87 Sargasso Sea, 179 Saw-flies, Tenthredinidae, 188 Scalariform vessels, 50 Scales (fish), concentric rings in, 138, Scarabeus sacer, 64 Scarlet runner, movement of, 118 Scorpions, food of, 65 Scurvy, causes of, 93, 94 Scurvy -grass, Cochlearia, 95 Sea-anemones, 58 movement of, 123 reproduction of, 164 Sea-cow, Sirenia, 77 Sea-horse, Hippocampus, 108, 178 Sea-lilies, Antedon, 59, 105, 178 Sea-snakes, 179 Sea-urchin, movement of, 125, 141 ovaries of, 141 Diadema setosa, rhythmic growth of generative organs of, 141 habitat of, 178 eggs of, 190 Sea-water, 95 Seals, Carnivora, 76, 77, 83 Seaweed, brown, 169 Secretin, 92 Secretion by living plants and ani- mals, 4-5 Sedge, rhizome of, 116-7 Seed-bearing plants, 175 Sepia, 182 Sessile organism, 16, 22, 115, 122, 169 Sharks, 67 basking shark, Cetorhinus, 67 Sheep, food of, 80 Shepherd's purse, seeds of, 175 Shrew, 83 water-, 83 Sieve-plates, 51 -tubes, 51, 55 Silica, 43 Silk-worm moth, eggs of, 190 Silts, 43 Skate, number of eggs, 177 Skeletal elements of cells, 56 Skeletons, flinty, of diatoms, 25 Skunk, 82 Sloths, food of, 75-6 Slow worm, Anguis fragilis, 71 Slugs, rate of movement, 125 Smelt ("Grunion"j, spawning habits of, 142 Snail, mode of movement of, 124 rate of movement of, 125 mode of reproduction, 182 Snakes, method of feeding, 70 poison of, 71 Sodium, in protein, 9 in protoplasm, 41 Soil, composition of, 43 insects in, 46 Sol state in colloids, 122 Solen, 107 Soma, 166 Spallanzani, 112 Species, number of, 104 Specific gravity, of animals, 173 of plants, 173 Spergula arvensis, size of stomata, 54 Spermaceti, oil from, 76 Spermatophores, 182 Spermatozoa, of fish, 176, 182 of mammals, 181 larger and smaller, 184 Spermatozoon, 15, 16, 20, 116, 166 size and shape, 184 Spice trade, importance of, 97 Spiders, food of, 65 respiratory system of, 104 generation of, 169 Spirogyra, 29 growth of, 137 Sponge, gemmules of, 165 horny, 178 Sponges, 87, 185 INDEX 203 Sporangia, 171 Spores in yeast, 161 in unicellular plants, 1G5 Sporophyte, 171, 172 Springtails, 127 Squirrel, 81 flying, 81 Squirting cucumber, dispersal of seeds bj^ 121 Starch, 31 insoluble in water, 90 Starch-grains, concentric rings in, 138 Starfish, 67 movement of, 125, 126 habitat of, 178 Statoblasts of Polyzoa, 165 Stickleback's nest, 177 Stigma, 174 Stigmata (or Spiracles) in insects, 104, 105 Slomata, 32, 53, 55 number of, 54 Strawberry, runners of, 163 Sugar, 12,^29, 31, 33, 38 cane, 33, 164 grape, 33 SuljDhur, in protein, 7 Sundew, movement of, 119 Sunflower, section of stem, 50 Sunlight, effect of on hfe in sea, 145-53 Swallows, migration of, 129 Swan, speed of flight of, 130 Swift, flight of, 129, 131 Syllis ramosa, 165 XADrOLE, food of, 69 development of, 180 Tapeworms, 24, 46, 77, 113, 169, 185 Tapir, food of, 77, 79 Telegraph plant, 117 rotatory leaves of, 136 Temperature, of plants, 101 normal of human body, 109 of birds, 109 of cold-blooded animals, 110 of sea, 150-3 of soil, 153-4 Tendrils, 118 Tenehrio, 64 Termites f white ants), 62-3 specialized functions of, 154 Ternary compounds, 21 Tetanus (lock-jaw), 113 Thorny-headed roundworms.