None
2JI voids vs. broken stone voids, 174 weight of, 662 Gravel concrete, vs. broken stone con- crete. 385 weight, 3 Gravity mixers, 263 INDEX 797 Greasing forms, 296 Greenhouses, 704 Griffin mill, 716 Grinding cement, 712, 715 See also Fineness Groined arches, 696, 698 Groover for sidewalks, 601 Grout for water-tight surfaces, 342 Grouting;, sand cement for, 42 Growth m strength of cement mortar, 99 Growth in strength of concrete, 374 Gutter, concrete, 603 Gypsum, effect in sea water, 310 effect on time of setting, 90 Gyratory crushers, 244 Habrich and D^ing system, 506 Handling concrete, 276 data, 9 Hand mixing of concrete, 251 vs. machine, 251, 372 Harvard Stadium. Frontispiece mixing machinery, 269 pouring seat slabs, 628 Haunch, design, 429 length, 430, 472 Heat, oee also Temperature effect upon concrete, 335 References, 742 Heater for concrete . materials, 324 Heating concrete materials, 323 Hennebique system, 506 Herringbone frame, 506 High carbon steel, specifications for, 38 vs. mild, 413 Highway bridges, liveloads, 541 Hinges for arches, 539 Historical notes, 705 Holzer system, 506 Hooked bars, value in bond, 466 Hooped columns, 492 Hot tests, 106 See also Soundness Houses, 704 House chimneys, 704 Hyatt system, 506 Hydrated lime, 53 added for water tightness 342 use with Portland cement, 43 Hydraulic lime, 52 chemical analysis. 47 definition, 2c where used, 42 Hydraulic modulus, 57 Impermeable concrete, tight concrete See Water- Impermeability. See Water-tight- ness Impurities of sand, character, 154b effect upon strength of mortar, 154a vegetable or organic, 1 54b washing tests for organic, 159a Inertia, moment of. See Moment of inertia Iilgalls building, 607, 611, 621 Internal friction, angle of, 662. Inverts, durability of concrete, 681 James River cement, definition, 2c Jaw crushers, 242 Jerome park reservoir, 275 Jersey (^ity Water Co. conduit, 683, 689 Johnson ring Idln, 721 Johnson rods, 506 Joints. See also Contraction joints construction of, 284 in reinforced concrete, 284 old and new concrete, 284 specifications, 37 Kahn bars, 506 Kent mill, 717 Kilns, rotaiy. See Rotary kilns Kilns, stationary, 721 Kilograms per .sq. cm., ratio to lb. per sq. in., Q, 93 Kilograms, ratio to pounds, 10 Kimball's tests of concrete, 365 Labor. See Time Laboratory, cement testing appara- tus, 80 Laitance, chemical analysis, 302 definition, 2c effect on strength, 384 Lai tier cement, definition, 2d Lath, metal, plastered walls, 627 Laying concrete, elementary out- line, II methods, 276 .specifications, 36 time, 9 Laying rubble concrete, 300 Laying waterproofing felt, 345 I>eaks, closing, 6qi Length to embed bars, 464 Lime and cement mortar, where used, 42 Lime, added for water-tightness, 342 chemical analysis, 47 effect of. References, 741 effect upon strength of mortar, i54d hydrated. See Hydrated lime 798 INDEX Lime, hydraulic. See Hydraulic lime in cement, limited in sea water, . 3" m Portland cement, 62 manufacture, 52 mortar, where used, 42 of Teil, 52 of Teil, definition, 2d unslaked, 156 weight and volume of, 156 | Limestone, chemical analyses, 710 I for cement manufacture, 709 method of analyzing, 745 specific gravity, 16^ Limestone concrete, weight, 3 Line of pressure in arches, 555 Liter, English equivalents, 10 Literature, references to, 725 Little Falls, N. J., feed tank, 700 Live loads for highway bridges, 541 railroad bridges, 543 Loads, bridges, 541 column, 623 distribution from slab to beams, floor, 610 t foundation, safe, 643 ' roof, 618 1 Ivoam, bearing power, 640 I effect upon mortar, 154a weight of, 662 j Lock- woven steel fabric, 506 Ix)uisville cement, chemical analysis, 47 definition, 2d Lubricating forms, 296 | Lug bars, 506 Lye and alum, waterproof wash, 342 Machine mixing vs. hand, 251, 372 Magnesia in cement for sea water, 3 1 o Magnesia in Portland cement, tests, ,. 5.6. limitm^ percentage, 5, 30 Magnesian lime, 53 chemical analysis, 4 7 Manufacture cement, 705 Manufacture lime, 52 Manufacture Natural cement, 722 Manufacture Portland cement, 707 processes, 710 raw materials, 55, 708 Manufacture Puzzolan cement, 723 Manure, effect upon concrete, 393 Marine construction. See also Sea water References, 734 Marl for cement manufacture, 709 Marl for cement [manufacture, chem- ical analysis, 710 Mass concrete, forms. 293 McKibben, Arches, 533 T-beam tests, 480 Measurers for materials, automatic, 264 Measuring box, illustration, 18 Measuring materials for concrete, 252 Measuring water for concrete, 266 Mechanical analysis, 193 broken stone, 198 conversion to granulometric com- position, 151 curves, plotting of, 196, 775 proportioning, 206 sieves, 194 ^ typical sands, 194] j , Melan system, 506 Melan system of arches, 537I Metal lath, walls plastered, 627 Meter, English equivalents, 10 Metric system, ratios for converting, 9 Metric units of strength, converting to English units, 93 Mica, effect on strength of mortar, ^54C Microscopical examination of cement, 115 Mild steel vs. high carbo", 413 Mill, ball, 715 Mill construction, cose, 608 Mill, tube. 716 Millimeter, ratio to inch, 10 Minimum depth of T- beams 424, 525 example, 470, 471 Mixers for concrete, 256 batch, 256 continuous, 256 duplex paddle, 258 gravity, 263 revolving pan, 258 rotary, 258 rotary cube, 258 Mixing concrete, 251 belt conveyors, 272 Black well's Is. bridge piers, 274 Cambridge bridge piers, .271 Cambridge Electric Light Sta- tion, 269 cautions, 2a central plant, 268 Chalmette docks at New Orleans, 275 Charlestown bridge pier, 269 Chicopee River dam, 269 detail directions, 20 East Boston tunnel, 271 INDEX 799 Mixing concrete, gang, 254 hand, 251 hand vs. machine, 251, .372 Harvard Stadium, 269 Jerome Park reservoir, 275 machine, 255 Painesville bridge, 275 Parsippany dike, 273 platform over mixer, 266 specifications, 36 stationary plant, 267 time, 9 Williamsburg bridge pier, 273 Mixing machinery, portable, 264 Modulus of elasticity of concrete, 403 beams vs. columns, 406 cinder concrete, 394 determining of, 403 effect of consistency, 407 in compression, 403, 405 in tension, 408 Kimball's tests, 405 ratio of moduli, 403, 408, 529 tests with different proportons, 404 Modulus of elasticity of steel, 402 Moist closet, illustration, 75 Molded blocks, 307 Mold, for adhesion test, 122 for briquettes for tension, 72 for concrete cubes, 397 Molds for concrete. 321 affected by sea water, 309 composition of various, 136 compressive tests of prisms, 406 definition, 2d density, 138 elasticity tests of prisms. 406 effect of regaging. 157 Feret's tests of strength, 136, 146 gaging with sea water, 159b porosity, 127 Mortar, selection of sand, 149 strength and composition of, 132 table of quantities and volumes. 229 tests. See Cement testing tests with coarse vs. fine sand. 149 tests of sand for, 159 weight, 3 yield tests, 129 Mushroom system, 506 Mushy concrete, 280 Mushy concrete, rammers, 282 Mystic River bridge, 590 Natural cement. See also Oment Natural cement, affected by freezing. 320 chemical analyses, 47 classification, 49 definition, 2d, 31 growth in strength, 100 manufacture, 722 specifications, 31 vs. Portland cement mortar, cost, 43 weight, 2d where used, 41 Natural Portland cement, 48 Neutral axis, location of, 416 table, 521 Talbot's formula, 479 Newburv, Spencer B. Chemistry of Cements, 54 New York subway, 347, 693 Notation, standard, 529 Office building construction, cost, 607 Office buildings. See Ingalls build- ing Ogden, Utah, dam, 678 Oil, effect upon concrete, 393 Oil for greasing forms, 296 Organic impurities in sand. 1 59a Ornamental construction, 628 Pacific Coast Borax Co., factory, 621 fire, 331 Paddle mixers, 258 Paint, cement for protecting steel, 330 Painesville bridge, 275 Parabola, construction of, 775 theory of stress, formulas, 762 vs. straight line theory, 407 Parker's cement, definition. 2a Parmley system, 506 Parsippany dike, mixing plant, 273 8oo INDEX Paste. See also Mortar definition, 2d weight and volume, 3 Pavement, street, 606 Peat, effect of. References, 741 Penstock, Grenoble, France, 684 Percentage of cement in concrete, 298 Percolation. See Permeability Permeability. See also Water-tight- ness Permeability. References 734 i cement, effect of percentage of, 351 concrete, 338 coarseness of sand, effect of, 353 laws of, 340 method of testing, 347 mortar, 128. 338 pressure, increase with, 351 results of tests, 351 shape of stone, effect of, 35 1 size of stone, effect of, 352 si>ecimen for testing, 348, 349, 350 tables, 352, 353 tests of cement and mortar, 128 Philadelphia subway, 347, 693 Pick for facing concrete, 289 Picked surface of concrete, 290 Piers, Blackwell's Is. bridge, laying, 274 bridge, 654 Cambridge bridge, 271, 305 Charlestown bridge, 269, 303 design, 655 reservoir, 696 standard, N. Y. C. R. R., 657 Williamsburg bridge, laying. 273 Piles of concrete, 650 Boston Woven Hose and Rubber Co., 654 cast, 651 cores for, 652 reinforced, 651, 654 sheet, 653, 655 with enlarged footing, 653 Piles of timber, 640 concrete capping for, 641 formula, 640 safe loads. 640 spacing, 641 Pipes, circular, 694 Placing concrete. See Depositing Plane section before and after bend- ing, 402 Plants for making concrete, 266 Plastering, 292 Plastering, for water-tight work, 341 Plaster of Paris. See also Gypsum. effect of. References, 742 effect on time of setting, 90 Plasters and coatings, 318 Plastic concrete, 308 Poles, telegraph, 702 Poling boards of concrete, 653 Porosity. References, 734 concrete, 339 different mortars, 127 tests of mortar, 125 Portable mixing machinery, 264 Portland cement. See also Cement affected by freezing, 319 brief specifications, 29 chemical analyses, 47, 710 color, 11^ composition, 58 definition, 2d, 29, 48 full specifications, 29 growth in strength, 99 manufacture, 707 materials for manufacture. 55. 708 method of analyzing, 745 structures requiring, 4 1 vs. Natural cement mortar, cost. 43 weight packed and loose, 2d Pounds per sq. in , ratio to kg. per sq. cm., 9. 93 ratio to tons per square foot. 10 Probst's tests on corrosion ot steel Pressure, earth See Earth pres<;ure Pressure, line of. in arches. 555 Prisms, strength of, 369 Production of cement, 706 Proportioning concrete, 183 arbitrary selection, 187 j cautions, 2a ■ determination of cement, 186 elementary directions, 13 French method, 192 Fuller's method, 202 importance of proper, 183 inaccurate methods, 190 in practice, 213 laws of, 204 materials by weight, 265 mechanical analysis, 193 mechanical analysis diagrams. 206 methods of, 184 practical, during progress of work, 211 principles, 185 INDEX 8oi Proportioning concrete, Rafter's | method, 193 | sea- water construction, 316 trial mixtures, 210 typical structures, 212 units for, 217 void determination, 189 volumetric synthesis, 210 Proportioning concrete, volumes, 218 water-tight work, 339 Proportions, expressing, 217 for concrete floors, 615 for concrete sidewalks, 594 for various structures, 14 raw material for Portland cement, 55' 7<>8 sand and stone affecting strength, 174 specifications for concrete, 35 Protection of metal, 327 References, 735 Puddling concrete, 281 Pue mill, 720 Pulverized rock, effect upon water- tightness, 343 Purity test for cement, 4 Puzzolan cement, 50 added for water- tightness, 342 chemical analysis, 47, 724 definition, 2d effect of addition. References, 742 manufacture, 723 mixed with Portland, in sea water, 313, 317 water- tightness, effect up>on, 342 where used, 42 8uakin^ concrete, 280 uantities materials. References, . 743 • for concrete, 14, 231 for concrete sidewalks, 596 for mortar, 229 for rubble concrete, 298 formulas, 16, 221 8uartering, method, 398 uicklime. See Lime. Rabitz system, 506 Rafter's method of proportioning, 192 Railroad bridges, live loads, 543 Rammers, for dry concrete, 281 for mushy concrete, 282 Ramming concrete, 281 labor, 9, 283 Ransome system, 506 Reaction at supports, formulas, 433 Rectangular beams. See Beams, reinforced References to concrete literature, .725 Regaging mortar and concrete, 157 effect upon adhesion, 159 effect upon settin£[, 1 59 retarded set. References, 742 Reinforced beams. See Beams, rein- forced Reinforced columns, 489. See also Columns Reinforced concrete, 399 brief laws, 7 stren^h. References, 740 working stresses, 527 Reinforced concrete footings. See Footings Reinforced floors, 609 Reinforced slabs. See Slabs Reinforcement. See also Steel arch, 535 beam, types, 453 caution, 2 a diagonal tension, example, 472. 473.474 placing, specifications, 37 stirrups, types, 455 typical floor, beams, and col- umns, 613 vertical and inclined, 448 Removing forms, 296 Repetitive loadings, tests of beams, 481 Reservoirs, 695 References, 735 Albany Filtration Plant, 696 Astoria Water Works, 346 circular, design, 701 covered, 695 floors, 696 open, 695 piers, 696 roofs, 698 storage, 701 walls, 696 Waltham, 701 waterproofing, 346 Reset concrete, 308 Residences, 704 Retarded set. See Regaging Retaining walls, 659 angle of internal friction, 662 backing, 662 copings, 674 earth pressure, 663 foundations, 660 gravity section, 661 802 INDEX Retaining walls, reinforced concrete, 667 table for gravity sections, 66 r T-type, design of, 668 witn counterforts, design of, 67 1 Revolving pan mixer, 258 Revolving screens, 240 Rib shortening, effect in arches, 558 Roadbeds, 703 Rock, bearing power, 639 Rockingham Power Company, washing plant, 250 Rods. See Bars Roebline system, 506 Roller, dot, for sidewalks, 602 Rollers for conveyor belt, 272 Roman cement, chemical analysis, 47 definition, 2d Roofs, construction, 618 loads, 618 reservoirs, 698 Rosendale cement, chemical analysis, 47 definition, 2d Ross Drive bridge, 590 Rotary kilns, for dry materials, 7 1 1 for wet materials, 719 vs. stationary, 722 Rotary mixers, 258 cube mixer, 258 Roundhouse, 703 Rubble concrete, 296 Boon ton dam, 300 core walls, 678 costs, 675 definition, 2d labor, 300 laying, ^00 proportion of rubble, 299 quantities of materials, 298 table of materials, 236 table of volumes, 237 Rusting of steel in concrete beams, tests. 336 Rust prevention, 32^ Rusty steel, protection, 328 Salt in mortar, 324 References, 742 percentage to use, 325 Sampling cement, standard method, 64 Sampling iron, illustration, 64 Sand, absolute volumes, 145 American vs. European stand- ards, 90 bearing power, 640 cautions, i Sand,, characteristics. References, chemical composition of, 159b coarseness, effect on permeabil- 353 compacting, 181 comparative tests, 151 cost, 25 cost of screening, 239 defining coarseness, 181 effective size, 182 effect of shape of grain, 174 effect of size, 147 essentials, i Feret's 3-screen analysis, 142 for sea- water construction. 316 ^anulometric composition, 142 impurities, 154a microscopical examination, r59b moisture in, 176 mortar tests with various, 136 photographs, 175 properties, 5 selection, 12, 149 shaken vs. loose, 145 sharpness, i^4a specific gravity, 163 specifications, 33 standard, 71 table of quantities for mortar, 229 tables of quantities for concrete, 231 tests for mortar and concrete, typical mechanical analyses, 200 uniformity coefficient, 181 vs. 31 specifications, Portland cement, 30 standard tests, 70 Setting of cement, typical cements, 90 Sewers. See also Conduits References, 7,^ Chicago Clearing Yard, 683 N. Y. Transit Commission, 686 Williamsport, Pa., 683 Sharpness of sand, 154a Shear, chimney, 772 computation in beams, 446 crown, arches, 551 diagonal tension, 443 honzontal, in a reinforced beam, 443 strength of concrete, 382 vertical, in a reinforced beam, 442 vertical, in flange of a T-beam, 442 working stress, 528 Shears and bending moments, 433 diagrams, 435 Shearing forces in beams and slabs. 441 Shearing tests of concrete, 382 Schuylerville, N. Y., dam, 677 Sheet piling, concrete, 653, 655 Shrinkage. See Contraction reinforcement, 499 Sidewalks, 593 affected by frost, 602 Sidewalks, color, 595 cost and time of construction, 604 foundation, 598 materials, 593 method of laying, 598 proportions of concrete for, 594 thickness, 598 tools, 597 vault light construction, 603 wearing surface, 600 Sieves, American vs. European, 84 for mechanical analysis, 194 for sand tests, 159a for standard cement tests, 67 Silica cement. See Sand cement Silos, 704 Slabs, reinforced, 421 cross reinforcement, 422 design, 421 example of design, 469 flat, 483. ratio of steel, computing of, 422 shearing forces, 44 1 span of continuous, 431 square and oblong, 422 tables for cinder concrete slabs, 515 tables for flat slabs, 5 1 8 tables of safe loads, 5 1 2-5 1 5 weight of, 61 2 Slab load, distribution to the sup- porting beams, 431 Slag cement. See Puzzolan definition, 2d mixture with cements, 317 Slag, chemical analyses, 724 for Portland cement manufac- ture, 709 for Puzzolan cement, 723 Slate, specific gravity, 163 Soap and alum Waterproof mixture, 344 Soap for greasing forms, 296 Soda, effect of. References, 742 Soil, bearing power, 639 Soundness of cement, loi apparatus for steaming, 78 appearance of pats, 104. 108 bnef tests, 3 elementary directions for test- ing' 79 si>ecifications. Natural cement, 32 specifications, Portland cement. 30 standard test, 77 Spacing of stirrups. See Stirrups 8o4 INDEX Spacing of tension bars in a beam, 459 Spandrels for arches, 538 filled, 538 open, 539 Specific gravity, cements, 81 cinders, 163 device for dropping material, 81 Kavel, 16^ J Chateher's apparatus, 66 sand, 163 specifications, Natural cement, 31 specifications, Portland cement, 30 standard cement test, 65 stone, 162, 163 test for sand and stone. 164 Specifications. References, 737 first-class or high-carbon steel, 38 mild steel, 34 Natural cement, 31 Portland cement, 29 Portland cement concrete, 32 proportioning concrete, 217 reinforced concrete, 32 waterproofng, 344 Specimens for testing concrete, 395 Specimens for testing permeabihty. 348 Stadium, Harvard. See Harvard Stadium Standard notation, 529 Stairs, design, 617 Stand-pipe, Milford, Ohio, 700 Stationary kilns, 721 vs. rotary, 722 Steaming. See Soundness Steaming apparatus, illustration, 78 Steel, adhesion to concrete, 456 adhesion. References, 728 areas and weights of roas, 507 area in T-beams, 426 area in T-beams, diagrani, 525 area in T-beams, example, 470, 471 bars. See Bars bending tests, 415 bond to concrete, 456 chemical union with cement, 330 high carbon vs. mild, 413 modulus of elasticity, 402 protection by concrete, 327, 337 protection. References, 735 quality for reinforcement, 413 reinforcement of arches, 535 rods. See Bars spacing of bars'in beams, 459 Steel, specifications for first-class, 38 specifications for mild, 34 types of bars, 505 working stress, 529 yield point, 413 Stirrups, 445 beams, rectangular not requir- ing, 455 diameter, 453, 472 illustration of action of, 445 in continuous beam, 450 points, where not needed, 45 1 spacing, 450, 4^ spacing, graphical method of, 452. 473 types, 452 Stone, broken. See Broken stone Stone, compressive strength, 392 specific gravity, 162, 163 washing of, 250 Stone crushers, 242 Stone crushing, 241 cost, 246 Storage of cement, 239 Storage reservoir, 701 Straight line theory of reinforced beams, 415 Street pavements, 606 Strength, compressive. See Compres- sive strength transverse. See Transverse strength shearing. See Shearing strength Strength o' cement, 99 affected by fineness, 83 Strength of cinder concrete, 394 Strength of columns, 371 Strength of concrete, 354 References, 738 consistency, effect of, 383 cubes vs. cylinders vs. columns, density, relation to, 204 eccentric loading, effect of, ^72 effect of fine material in filhng voids, 154c growth, 374 heat, effect of, 335 laitance, effect of, 384 laws, 6, 390 machine vs. hand mixed, 372 percentage of cement, effect of, 392 quality of stone, effect of, 390 relative proportions of sand and stone, affect of, 173 safe, 29, 373 INDEX 805 Strength of concrete, size of stone or gravel, effect of, 389 tables, 360, 376 Strength of mortar, ^9, 132 affected by freezing, 323 '^ affected by impure sand, 154a affected by lime, i54d affected by mica, 154c aflfected by quantity of water, 152 affected by size of sand, 147 Feret's formulas, 140 Feret's tests, 136, 146 gaging with sea water, effect of, 159b laws, 6, 133 relation to density, 1 34 Strength of reinforced beams, tables, 509. areas, weights and circumfer- ences of bars, 507 beams with steel in top and bottom, 516 chimney design, 635, 636 constant C, for design of rein- forced beams, 519. 520 depth of neutral axis, 521 ^^ earth pressure, 665 flat slabs, 518 Tables, retaining walls, 661, 663 safe loadings for rectangular beams, 509, 510, 511 safe loadings for slabs (for design- ing), 512, 513 safe loadings for slabs (cinder concrete), 514 safe loadings for slabs (for review), 514 Talbot's reinforced beam tests, 410, .477 Tallow, effect of. References, 742 Tanks, 698 References, 735 construction, 699 lUinos Steel Co., 700 for immersing briquettes, 76 Little Falls, N. J., 700 Tar for waterproofing, 344 T-beams reinforced, breadth of flange, 424, 470 desi^. 423 details of design, 426 diagram for design, 525 economical depth, 425 economical depth, example, 470 example of design, 469, 471 McKibben's tests, 479 minimum depth, 424 minimum depth, example, 470 shear, vertical, in flange, 442 steel, area of, 426 steel area, example, 470, 471 web determined by shear, 424 web determined by shear, exam- ple, 470, 471 Teil, lime of, definition, 2d Telegraph poles, 702 Temperature, Boonton dam, 285 effect on strength, 322 rise in concrete while setting, 131 rise in mortar while setting, 130 Tempera,ture stresses, 499 arches, 555 reinforcement, 499 table of percentage of reinforce- ment, 502 Tensile resistance in concrete, 412 Tensile strength. References, 739 cement and mortar, 99 machines for testing, 9-3 specifications, Natural cement, 31 specifications, Portland cement, 4, 30 standard cement test, 75 various mortars, 1 36 vs. compressive, 119 vs. fiber stress, 121, 134 8o6 INDEX Tension, diagonal. 443 chimney, 772 computation, 446 illustration, 445 reinforcement for, example, 472, 473. 474 working stress. 528 Terracotta, substitute for sand, 156 vs. concrete, 333 Testing cement. See Cement testing Testing concrete, form for records. 396 specimens, 395 Testing machines, compressive, 116 tensile, 93 Testing permeability, 347 Testing sand for concrete, 159 sieves for, 159a washing tests for organic im- purities, 159a Testing steel, specifications, 39 Tests. See material in question See also Cement testing Thacher rods, 506 Theory, of a concrete mixture, 186, 220 reinforced beams, 751 Thermal conductivity of concrete, 335 Three-hinged arch, 546 Thrust arches, effect of, 555 Thrust at crown, arches, 551 Ties, railroad, 703 Tile, concrete, 629 Time, building forms, 9 facing concrete, 289 filling barrows, 9 mixing and laying concrete, 9 rammmg concrete, 283 screening sand, 239 sidewalk construction. 604 Tonne, English equivalents, 10 Tons, per sq. ft., ratio to \\^. per sq. in, 10 Tools for concrete work, 17 for sidewalk construction, 597 Transporting concrete, 276 Transverse strength, concrete, 378 concrete, table, 376 various mortars, 1 36 vs. compressive, 134, 381 Transverse stress, formula, 379 Transverse tests of cement, 1 20 Trap concrete, weight, 3 Trap, specific gravity, 163 Triangle mesh, 506 Triangles, Feret's, 144 Trowel, edging. 602 Trowel, plasterer's, 601 Troweling surface for water-tightness. Trussit system, 506 T-shaped beams. See T- beams Tube mill, 716 Tubes for depositing under water, 303 Tunnels, 689 References, 743 closing leaks, 69 1 conduits, 688 construction, 690 design, 689 East Boston, 689 Harlem River, 689 Pennsylvania R. R., 680 Pittsburgh, Carnegie & Western R. R., 689 Tumeaure's reinforced beam tests, 408 Two-hinged arch, 547 Uniformity coefficient of sand, 181 Unsoundness. See Soundness Vassy cement, 49 chemical analysis, 47 definition, 2d Vault light construction, 603 Vegetable impurities, 154b Vicat needle, illustration of, 69 vs. Gillmore needle, 89 Vissintini system, 506 Voids, definition, 2d ii^ aggregates, laws, 160 in concrete, 339 in gravel vs. broken stone. 174 in mixed aggregates, 168 in mortar, 127 in pile of spheres, 168 in sand ana stone, determining, i6s in sand and stone, tables, 166 in sand, effect of moisture, 176 proportioning concrete by, 1 89 Volume of concrete, formulas, 221 tables, 234 Volume of loose concrete, 277 Volume of mortar, tables, 229 Volumetric composition of mortar, 135 Volumetric synthesis, 210 Volumetric tests, concrete, 140 mortar, 138b Walls, 619, 621 cellar, 619 cutter for facing, 289 INDEX 807 Walls, facing, 288 forms, 621 hollow, 623 illustration of reinforcement, 613 mortar, plastered upon metal lath, 627 photographs of surfaces, 290 placing concrete, 623 reservoir, 696 retaining. See Retaining walls Walnut Lane bridge, 532, 592 Waltham reservoir, 701 Washed surface of concrete, 290 Washing plant. Bellows Falls Canal Company, 250 Rockingham Power Company, 250 Washing sand and stone, 250 Washing test for organic impurities, 159a Water, approximate percentages for testing cement, 87 depositing concrete under, 301 effect of excess in concrete, 302 effect upon strength of mortar, for chemical combination, 85 for mortar of normal consist- ency, 88 for paste and mortar, 85 in concrete. See Consistency in concrete. References, 743 measuring for concrete, 266 required K)r gaging sand, 179 Waterproofing, alum and lye, 342 asphalt, 344. 346 materials and methods, 344 felt, 344 specifications, N. Y. Subway, 344 Waterproofing, treatment of surface, granolithic finish, 341 grout, 342 plastering, 341 troweling surface, 341 Water-tight concrete, construction without waterproofing, 347 laying, 338 proportions for, 339 thickness for, 340 treatment of surface, 34 1 Water-tight joints, 286 Water- tightness, 338 alum and soap, effect of, 344 brief laws, 8 I Water-tightness,conduits, 681 I effect of consistency, 338 I effect of lime and Puzzolan cement, 342 experiments, 347 pulverized rock, effect of, 343 Wear, ability to withstand, 654, Wearing surface, concrete sidewalks, 600 Wearing tests of mortar, 125 Weighing machine, automatic, 713 Weight, bag of Natural cement, 31 bag of Portland cement, 29 barrel of Natural cement, 31 barrel of Portland cement, 29 broken stone, 249 cement, affected by age, 1 1 5 cement, affected by fineness, 114 cement, loose and packed, 219 cement, test, 114 concrete, 3 concrete of different propor- tions, 362 concrete, loose, 277 concrete in slabs and beams, 61 1 concrete, table of tests, 376 earth, 662 gravel, 662 hardpan, 662 lime, 156 loam, 662 mortar, 3 muck, 662 proportioning concrete by, 265 sand, 223, 662 Welded wire fabric, 506 Weston aqueduct, 682 Wet concrete, 280 depositing through trough, 278 for protection of steel, 328 Wheelbarrow, illustration, 18 loads, 9 time filling, 9 Williamsburg bridge mixing plant, 273 Williamsport, Pa., sewer, 683 Woolson tests, fire resistance, 335 conductivity of concrete, 335 Wiinsch system of arches, 538 Yale University dome, 626 Yield tests of cement and mortar, 1 29 Yield point, effect on reinforced beams, 413 required in first-class steel, 39 CARDS AND ADVERTISEMENTS Cement page Alsen Portland Cement Works xxxv Atlas Portland Cement Co xxxix Chicago Portland Cement Co xxxvii Dexter Portland Cement (Samuel H. French & Co.) ^^^Y.\ Giant Portland Cement (American Cement Co.) xxxviii Lehigh Portland Cement Co xxxvii Peerless Portland Cement Co xxxvi Penn-AUen Portland Cement Co xxxvi Pennsylvania Cement Co xxxviii Sandusky Portland Cement Co xl Vulcanite Portland Cement Co xxxvi Cement Machinery Automatic Weighing Machine Company xxxiv Lehigh Car, Wheel & Axle Works xxxiii Chimneys Alphons Custodis Chimney Construction Co xxv Concrete Mixing Machines Chicago Cube Mixer (Municipal Engineering & Contracting Co.) xxxi* Construction Companies Alphons Custodis Chimney Construction Co. Consulting Engineer NEWTON HIGHLANDS, MASS. CONCRETE Review of de^iiEns, Advice in Design and Construction, Kxam- inafionj*. T©Bt«, Investination!*. Heport.s ESTIMATES Detail cueta nf all classe.'* of const ruclion. Origanisation of conntrivction work. GEORGE F. SWAIX M. Am. Soc. C. E. Professor of Civil EnKineerinfc. Graduate Sch(M>l of Applied Science, Harvard T'ni- vemity; Consulting Enuineer, Ma.«H. Rail- road Commission. CONSULTING ENGINEER HARVARD UNIVERSITk', CAMBRIDGE FRANK P. McKIBBEN M. Am. .Sot-. C. E- Professor of Civil Eogineering' I^ehigh University South Bethlehem, Pa. EDGAR B. KAY Consulting Engineer TUSCALOOSA. ALA. In charge State Testing laboratory Hydraulic and Concrete Constnictioos Railroads, Water Supply. Sewerage Physical Teats of all kinds C. S. GO WEN M. Am. Soc. C. E. Civil and Hydraulic Engineer Water Works, Water Power and Sewerage OSSINING. N Y. New York City 170 Broadway RUDOLPH BERING [Hydraulic Engineers AND ^d GEORGE W. FULLER. Sanitary Experts Specialties: Water SuM)ly, Water Purifiration, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal. W. W. FOLLETT M. Am. Soc. C. E. CONSULTING ENGINEER Trust Building IKKIOAtfON AND El PaSO. TeXAS WMXBB SUPPLY ELLIS B. NOYES M. Am. Soc. C. E. CONSULTING ENGINEER Norfolk, Va. S. BENT RUSSELL M. Am. Soc. C. E. Consulting Civil ENGiNEEai 417 Pine Siveet. St. Louis Estimates. Plans and Specifications and Super- intendence oi Engineering Construction Formerly of Corps of Engre. U. S. Army PETER C. IIAINS. M. Am. Soc. C. E. Consulting Engineer Concrete Work, Bridges, Harbor and River Works, Foundations, Docks, Wharves. VSIOS TRirST miLDINCi. Washington, D. C. ROBERT SPtRR WESTON, .\88oc. M. Am. Soc. C. E. 14 Beacon St., Bobton. Water Purification, Sewage Disposal, Analyses of all Kinds. D. M. ANDREWS M. Am. Soc. C. E. Consulting Ctvil Engineer Specialttes: Water Power Development in the South; Examinations. Surveys. Estimates: Reports for Investors or others: Power Plants designed and Construction Superintended. Montgomery, Alabama Rl( HARD L. HUMPHREY. M. Am. Soc. C.E. CONSULTING ENGINEER Harrison Bt'iLDiNO. - - Philadelphia. Specialist in the manulacture. use and tests of Cement and Concrete. Inspection and tests of other materials. Reports made on conent and cement -making materials, flstimates. plans and specifications prepared, and constmctian superintended. WILLIAM B. FULLER M. Am. Soc. C. E. Cotifiultins CitJil engineer 150 Nassau St., New York City Concrete Expert. Calculationsj Design, and Supervision of Construction of Structures of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete. Mechanical analyses of materials. Sieves rated. Economical Proportioning of Concrete. Design of Contractor's Plant for economical mixing and hand- ling of concrete. CONCRETE SKYSCRAPER, SIXTEEN STORY INGALLS BUILDING, TALLEST STRUCTURE ENTIRELY CONCRETE, EVER ERECTED DESIGNED AND ERECTED BY- ^^^ Ct)e iFertO'Concrete Con0ttuction Companp Ctntlnnatt - <(^i^to WRITE FOR CIRCULARS, ESTIMAIKS OR BIDS ON ANY KIND OF COXSTRUCTIOW ffORK The Emil Greiner Co. NEW YORK CITY Manufacturers oC SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS and I>ealer« in LABORATORY SUPPLIES 8p*elaltl*B for WATER. GAS, CEMENT. MILK AND SUGAR TESTING Apparatus according t o Jaokiion for Sj >pcific Gravity of Omen t. HYDREX THE WATERPROOFING FELT Expoiience has shown that the prime factor in all waterproofing work is rot **How cheap", but 'How good" is the material and method. "Hydrex" Waterproof Felt was se- lected and specified for waterproofing the 50-foot high concrete retainmgwalk enclosing the vast excavation for the Pennsylvania R. R. Terminal, New York, and the tunnels in connection therewith, after excelling in official competitive tests every other water- proofing material on the market, in strength, elasticity and intrinsic qual- i ty . Is not this fact of record of value to you in selecting a waterproofing material? HYDREX PELT (l ENQINEERINQ CO. • CHEMISTS AND MANUFACTURERS OF WATEHPROOriNO MATERIAIJ» 120 Liberty Street. New York VA81UN<JTO» TESTING MACHINES FOR Cement, Concrete, Stone, Road Materials, Brick, Macadam, Iron, Steel, etc. Complete Laboraton' Apparatus TINIUS OLSEN & OOMPANY 500 North litb Street, Philadelphia, Pa. EXPANDED METAL An approved form of steel reinforcement for all kinds of concrete construc- tion, such as sewers, culverts, bridges, dams, retaining walls, foundatiofit. water tanks and reservoirs, penstocks, fireproof floors, walls, etc. Msnufactured and sold by the EASTERN EXPANDED METAL C O. Sixth Floor, Paddock Bldg., Boston, Mass. Designs and information furnished upon request. See Fig. i5S, p. SoS. The Roebling System of Fireproof Construction The Boebling Standard Wire Lath The Roebling Expanded Metal Lath Catalogues and Quotations fomishcKl upon request The Roebling Construction Company Fuller Building, New York Boston, Philadelphia, BRANCHES Buffhlo. Chicago, San Franciifco ALPHONS CUSTODK CHIMNEY CONS. CO. BENNETT BLD'G, NEW YORK EXPERT BUIUDERS AND DESIGNERS OF Brick Lined Reinforced Tapered Concrete Chimneys PATENTED METAU fORMS Writs for Book mnd Prisss Chlssgo — Msrqustts Bidg. Phila. -Arssds BMg. Atlsnis— Emplrs BWo. Clovslsnd— Cnixsns BMg. Boston— 141 Milk St. Dstrsit— Mofffst Bidg. MontrosI— 22 St. Johns St. indlsnsoolls— Ststs Ufa BMg. HERRINGBONE FRAME The General Fireproofing Co. YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO SQUARE UUQ BAR COUD TWISTED UUG BAR XXV SYSTEM IN CONTRACTING We offer to put our organization at the disposal of owners con- templating any building operations. The owner availing himself of our services becomes for the time possessed of a highly trained and systematized organization, a construction department just as compact and smooth running as is any other department of his business. The expense of this department is incurred only when its services are required. Under this plan the owner and contractor stand in the position of employer and trusted department head. Moreover, every detail of the work, its cost, its quality, the manner in which speed is being made, are constantly under the owner's supervision. He knows at all times how much of and for what his money has been spent. He knows how much remains to be spent. Every fortunate circumstance which may tend to reduce costs — and there are such chances on every job — benefits the owner and not the contractor. These are a few of the many benefits of the cost-plus-a- fixed-sum contract. We accept contracts only on the basis of COST-PLUS-A-FIXED-SUM, because we believe it to be the only form of contract equitable and advantageous to both owner and contractor. FRANK B. GILBRETH M. AM. SOC. M. E. General Contractor BOSTON NEW YORK REINFORCED CONCRETE A record of successful use in over 2500 important structures KAHN SYSTEM PRODUCTS Kahn Trussed Bars Cup Bars Rib Metal Hy-Rib Sheathing Column Hooping Rib Lath and Rib Studs TRUS-CON Finishing and Waterproofing Products Catalogue, estimates and suggestions sent on request Trussed Concrete Steel Company Offlces in Principal Cities DETROIT, MICH. GABRIEL CONCRETE REINFORCEHENT CO., 1206 Penobscot Building, DETROIT. MICHIOAN. THE PAULY TILE It is hollow concrete, and for dwellings makes WARM, DURABLE, WATERPROOF, VERMIN-PROOF TET INEXPENSIVE EXTERIOR WALLS The tiles are made so true and even that they can be plastered both sides, and the method of making insures a surface to which plaster will adhere. For imrtitions in houses and factories and office building the tiles are made 4 inches thick by 12 inches square, and the uniformity in size and thickness saves one coat of plaster. The concrete is poured wet, and the excess moisture driven out by the heated molds, so that it is as dense and waterproof as monolithic concrete. • Tiles of standard shapes and sizes constantly in stock. MacKinerx for MaRintf Tile I^eased w^ltK Pates^t RItfKts for Territory- The Concrete Stone and Sand Company YOUNGSTOI^N, OHIO. See iMse 620 of thli book. xxvui J^p^ a^t^^- ^^ firv^r^ A \\\r\^^v^ n M 1 F ,11 r' I lif i7^ - tfi^'i i^ni Corrugated Bars are roltcd from billet stocky medium or high carbon steel. Every shipment will be accom- panied by lest report when so requested. Corrbar Units the perfect reinforcement for beams and girders. More economical than any loose bar method. Our bulletins ori "Designing Methods" 'Fabri- cated Reinforcement" will be furnished on request. CORRUGATED BAR CO 1406 BANK OF COMMERCE BLDC. ST. LOUIS. MO. MEDUSA BRAND SANDUSKY PORTLAND CEMENT Unexcelled in Strenffth* Fineness and Uniformity 5$ Guaranteed Equal to the Best Imported Brands Over 100,000 Barrels Medusa Portland Cement used on U. S. Government Breakwaters at Cleveland, Ohio, and Mar- quette, Michigan. Offices: SANDUSKY, OHIO Works Bay Bridffe, Ohio Syracuse, Indiana Send for Circulars and Production 3000 Barrels Quotations per Day ^ Write ut for pamphlet on MEDUSA WATERPROOF COMPOUKD. Cement work made impervious to water. Xl. 