Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury
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History which may be called just and perfect history is 01 three kinds, according to the object which it propoundeth or pretendeth to represent : for it either representeth a time, or a person, or an action. The first we call Chronicles, the second Lives, and the third Narratives or Relations. Of these, although Chronicles be the most complete and absolute kind of history, and hath most estimation and glory, yet Lives eicelleth in profit and use, and Narrative* or Relations in verity or sincerity. Lord BiCos o3 LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, ^nblisrjtr in (Drbinarg to ilrr Pfcjtstg. 1867. The right of translation is reserved. LONDON : K. CLAY, SON, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. ADVERTISEMENT. With the present volume we conclude the History of the Primates who governed our Church ante- cedently to the period of the Reformation. The History of the Reformation will commence in the Sixth Volume, which is already in the press. W. F. H. February, 1867. CONTENTS THE FIFTH VOLUME. CHAP. XVIII. HENRY CHICHELEY. Tradition at Higham Ferrers. — William of Wykeham. — Henry Chicheley born at Higham Ferrers. — Primary Education at "Win- chester.— Education by Seculars. — Goes to Xew College. — Be- comes a Fellow. — Studies Law. — His Ordinations and early Preferments. — His Brother successful in Trade. — Patronized by the Bishop of Salisbury. — Employed on an Embassy to the Pope. — State of the Papacy. — Chicheley consecrated Bishop of St. David's. — Beturns to England. — Takes the Oath of canonical Obedience to the Primate of England. — Does Homage to the King. — Sent on the Deputation from the Church of England to the Council of Pisa. — Proceedings at Pisa. — Beturns Home. — Involved in a Lawsuit. — Besigns his Preferments. — Employed on an Embassy to " our Adversary of France." — Beturns to his Diocese. — On Death of Henry IV. recalled to Court. — Elected to the See of Canterbury on Arundel's Death. — Chicheley as a Statesman. — Lollardism, a pobtical Schism. — Insurrection of Sir John Oldcastle. — Lord Cobham. — Vigorous Measures of Henry V — Parliament at Leicester. — Political Measures against Lollards. Vlll CONTENTS OF — Chicheley does not urge on the "War with. France from low Party Motives. — Causes of the "War. — Chicheley's Confiscation of the Property of alien Priories. — At the Head of the Govern- ment.— Parting of the Archbishop and King at Southampton. — Anxiety for News from abroad. — Successes. — Epidemic in the Army. — Agincourt. — Form of Thanksgiving by Chicheley. — New Festivals. — Honours to St. George of England. — Visit of Sigis- mund, King of the Romans. — Political Results. — Chicheley joins King Henry on the Continent. — Engaged in the Treaty of Rouen. — Returns to England, but revisits the King after his Marriage. — Officiates at the Queen's Coronation. — Sends Deputies to the Council of Constance. — Opposes the Pope. — Persuades the King not to permit Beaufort to be made a Cardinal. — Discipline of the Church exercised against Lord Strange. — Funeral of Henry V. — Chicheley confines himself as much as possible to his clerical Duties. — Convocation assumed its modern Form. — Good Under- standing between the Houses of Convocation and the Parliament. — Convocation a Court for Trial of Heresy. — Lollard Towers menaced. — Delegates to Council of Basle. — Various ecclesiastical Regulations. — Ultramontanism, or the System of modern Popery, introduced by Martin V. — Martin's Anger against the ancient Statutes which protected the English Clergy from the Pope. — Pope's personal Attack on Chicheley. — Chicheley's Weakness and Inconsistency. — High Testimonials to the Excellence of Chicheley from all Parties. — Beaufort made a Cardinal. — Chicheley at first resists, and then succumbs to the Insult. — Controversy on Precedence with Cardinal Kemp. — Trial of the Duchess of Gloucester. — Witchcraft. — Chicheley as a Prelate. — State of the Universities. — Chicheley Hatch. — Measures adopted preparatory to the Foundation of his College. — All Souls' Col- lege founded. — Property forfeited under Statute of Praemunire. — Restored by Henry VII. — Confiscated by Parliament. — College at Higham Ferrers. — Chicheley an Invalid. — Visits Oxford for the last Time. — Consecrates All Souls' College. — Applies for Permission to retire. — Provides for his Successor. — Dies before hii Resignation could be effected .... Page 1 THE FIFTH VOLUME. ix CHAP. XIX JOHN STAFFORD. Of a noble Family. — Born at Hook, near Beaminster. — Educated at Oxford. — Party Spirit at Oxford. — Philip Repingdon.— Stafford a Lawyer. — The Lawyer's ecclesiastical Preferments.— Dean of St. Martin's. — Dean of Wells. — Patronized by Chicheley. — Dean of the Court of Arches. — His Diligence as a Privy Councillor. — Keeper of the Privy Seal. — Attached to Beaufort's Party. — Bishop of Bath and "Wells. — Managed Beaufort's Cause when the latter became a Cardinal. — Attended the King to France. — Made Chancellor, the first called Lord Chancellor. — Cardinal Beaufort misrepresented. — Specimens of Stafford's Eloquence. — Stafford selected by Chicheley to be his Successor in the Primacy. — Translated to Canterbury with general Approbation. — Journal of the French Embassy. — Character of King Henry and Queen Margaret. — Peace Policy. — Papal Aggression. — Stafford not so Gallican as his Party. — He was personally popular. — Social Progress during the Eighteen Years of Stafford's Ministry. — Cry for a Reformation. — He resigns the Chancellorship. — Under the Insurrection of Jack Cade, the Archbishop appears to advantage, — Prohibits Fairs and Markets in Churches. — Regulates certain Festivals. — Disputes between the ecclesiastical and lay Lawyers. — Martin V. establishes Popery in the modern acceptation of the word. — Effect of the ]S"ew System. — Difficulties in which the Clergy Avere involved. — The Alibi. — Bishop Pecock, an extreme Papist, mistaken for a Protestant. — Pecock's Popery excites a Tumult. — Stafford permits him at this time to escape condign Punishment. — The Golden Rose sent to Henry. — Foundation of Eton and King's. — Stafford received the King at Canterbury. — Commencement of the Civil War.— Before a Battle was fought, Stafford died Page 130 X CONTENTS OF CHAP. XX. JOHN KEMP. Kemp, a distinguished Statesman. — Multiplicity of his Preferments. — Born at Olanteigh. — "Went to School at Canterbury.— Became a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. — Graduated in Laws, but confined his Practice to Canon Law. — Employed as Counsel against Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham. — Patronized by Arundel and Chicheley. — Made Dean of Arches and Vicar-General to the Arch- bishop.— Introduced by latter to Henry V. — "Went on Embassy to the King of Arragon. — Held Musters at Caen and inspected the Troops. — Consecrated to the See of Eochester. — Appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal and Chancellor of the Duchy of Nor- mandy.— Translated to Chichester. — Translated to London. — Conge d'Elire a Nullity. — Resigns the Great Seal of Normandy. — Ambassador to Scotland. — Succeeded Beaufort in the Chancellor- ship.— Translated to York. — Difficulties with the Pope. — Kemp's Enthronement. — His Duties as Chancellor in Council and Parlia- ment.— His Ministry not negligent on the point of Social Eeform. — His Adherence to the Beaufort Party. — The good Duke of Gloucester. — Kemp prepared the way for Cardinal Beaufort's Return to England. — Party Tactics. — Clergy discontented with the Policy of Borne. — Kemp's Care of the Chapels Royal. — Resigns the Great Seal. — Chosen to represent the Church of England at the Council of Basle. — His Letter to Council. — Delays his Departure. — His Mission chiefly political. — The Council deposes the Pope ; the Pope excommunicates the Council. — Modern Romanism established. — Embassy at Arras. — Kemp's Wisdom as a Diplomatist. — Perfidy of the Duke of Burgundy. — Kemp at the Head of the Embassy to France. — Convention between Cardinal Beaufort and the Duchess of Burgundy. — Contemporary Account. — St. Bridget. — Kemp adheres to the new Romish System. — Failure of Embassy. — Cardinal's Hat offered to Kemp. — Neglect of his episcopal Duties. — Incidental Evils of Monastic System. — Sale of Livings. — Kemp's Unpopularity in THE FIFTH VOLUME. XI Yorkshire. — His strong Measures and unjustifiable Conduct — The amiable Side of his Character. — Bis Love of Eetirement and his Attachment to Kent — His Munificence at Wye. — Regula- tions of his College. — Purchases the Living. — A Benefactor to Oxford. — Is recalled to Public Life. — Lord Chancellor. — Qaeen Margaret's Minister. — Endeavours to protect the Duke of Suffolk. — Stretches his Authority for that Purpose in vain. — Yorkists in Force. — Kemp's vigorous Administration. — Conduct under Jack Cade's Insurrection. — Hereditary Eight to the Crown first asserted by the Duke of York. — Translation of Kemp to Canter- bury.— Convocation to grant a Subsidy. — The Pope's Agent, Clemens Yincentius, announces to the Synod the Pope's Inten- tion to quit Eome. — Yorkist Libels against Kemp. — The King's Illness. — Kemp as a Judge. — His Alarm at the Eiots. — Sponsor to the Prince of Wales. — Sudden Death. — Inventor}* of Goods. Page 188 CHAP. XXI. THOMAS BOUCHIER. Eoyal Descent— Sent to Xevil's Inn, Oxford. — Benefactions to Oxford and Cambridge. — Preferments. — Dean of St. Martin's. — Dispute of the Dean and Chapter of St Martin with the Mayor and Corporation of London. — Further Preferments. — Bishop of Worcester. — Honourable Mention of Bouchier in the Conge (TElire. — Controversy with the Pope on the right to nomi- nate.— Disappointed at first of the See of Ely, to which he was afterwards elected. — Xeglect of episcopal Duty. — Popularity. — King's Bin ess. — The Commons' Petition that Bouchier might be appointed to the Primacy. — His Translation to Canterbury. — Did Homage. — His splendid Enthronization. — His Conduct as an Ecclesiastic— Appoints a Day of Humiliation. — Subscriptions raised against the Turks. — Primary Visitation. — Misconduct of Xll CONTENTS OF , the Clergy. — Clerical Fops. — Pastoral Letter. — Corruption of the Clergy. — '.Complaints of the Universities. — Convocation. — Sub- sidy granted to Edward IV. by Convocation conceded under "Writ of Henry VI. — Convocation of York accepts Constitutions of the Church of Canterbury. — Bishop Pecock a zealous Papist. — His Principles. — Grounds of Hostility towards him. — Attacked by the Lords Temporal. — The Archbishop's Proceedings against Pecock. — His Judgment. — His harsh Treatment of Pecock. — His political Career. — State of Parties. — Bouchier Chancellor. — Proceedings after the Battle of St. Alban's. — The Archbishop effects a temporary Eeconciliation between the Yorkists and Lancastrians. — Conduct of the Queen. — Yorkists negotiate with the Primate. — Bishop of Terni. — Alarm of the Country. — Arch- bishop's Eeception of the Yorkist Fleet. — Friendly Belations with Eome. — Convocation. — Reception by the Archbishop, Clergy, and City of the insurrectionary Nobles. — Bouchier attends the Yorkist Army to Northampton. — Conference with the King. — -Battle of Northampton. — The Duke of York claims the Crown. — Bouchier's patriotic Conduct. — Betirement from public Life. — Won to the Papal side. — Receives the Bed Hat. — Crowns Edward IV. — Antecedents to the Battle of Bamet. — Bouchier Ambassador to France at the Peace of Picquigny. — His Hospitality at the Jubilee of Canterbury. — Entertains the Patriarch of Antioch. — His Life at Knowle. — Literary Society. — Brief Account of the Members. — Social Progress. — Introduction of Printing attributed to Bouchier. — Westkarre appointed Suffragan of Canterbury. — Death of Edward IV. — Conferences with the Duke of Gloucester. — Privileges of Sanctuary debated. — Bouchier's Mission to the Queen. — His Interview with the Queen. — Delivers the Duke of York to the Council. — Crowns Richard III. — Crowns Henry VII. — Officiates at the King's Marriage with Elizabeth of York. — His Death. — His Will. Page 268 THE FIFTH VOLUME. Xlll CHAP. XXII. JOHN MORTON. Born at Milborne St. Andrew, Dorsetshire. — Educated at Cerne Abbey, afterwards at Oxford. — A Benefactor to the University. — Appointed Principal of Peckwater's Inn. — Sub-Dean of Lin- coln.— His Preferments. — Parson of Blokesworth. — Present at Battle of Towton. — His Flight. — Is attainted. — In Flanders with Queen Margaret. — Distress of the Lancastrians. — Fortescue. — Counter-revolution. — Attached to the suite of Warwick. — Beturn to England. — King Edward flies.— Morton prepares to meet the Queen. — Edward's Return. — Battle of Barnet. — Morton's care of the Queen. — Battle of Tewkesbury. — Death of King and Prince of Wales. — Morton's Adhesion to Edward. — Morton received into the King's favour. — His Preferments. — Master of the Eolls. — His Diligence. — Sent on Embassy to Germany. — Be- nevolences.— War with France. — Treaty managed by Morton. — He negotiates the Ransom of Queen Margaret. — Personal Friend of Edward IV. and his Queen. — Resigns the Mastership of the Rolls. — Elected Bishop of Ely. — His Installation. — Morton in private Life. — Tutor to the Prince. — Garden of Holborn. — Residence in London. — Present at Death of Edward IV. — Officiates at Funeral. — State of Parties. — Duke of Gloucester.— His Politics. — His Manners. — Strawberry Scene. — Morton at- tainted and imprisoned. — Petition from Oxford in his favour. — Consigned to the custody of the Duke of Buckingham. — Morton at Brecknock. — Intrigues against Richard III. — Communications opened with the Countess of Richmond. — Morton's Flight. — Received in Flanders. — Returns to England after the Victory of Bosworth. — The Sweating Sickness. — Morton's Attainder re- versed.— Lord Chancellor. — Archbishop of Canterbury. — Morton as an Ecclesiastic. — Modern Romanism introduced. — Proceedings in Convocation. — Pastoral Letter. — Visitation of Monasteries. — Proposed Canonization of Henry VI. — Canonization of Anselm. XIV CONTENTS OF THE FIFTH VOLUME. — Morton's Speeches in Parliament. — Creation of the Duke of York. — Henry the Seventh's Government. — Morton responsible as his Adviser. — Character of the Archbishop from Sir Thomas More. — Chancellor of Oxford. — His Munificence. — Died at Knowle •. . Page 387 CHAP. XXIII. HENRY DEAN. Early History unknown. — Educated at Oxford. — Not a Wyke- hamist.— Went also to Cambridge. — Becomes a Canon Regular. — Llanthony. — His Munificence. — His Connexion with the Mor- tons.— Lord Chancellor of Ireland. — Justiciary. — Consecrated Bishop of Bangor. — Recovers the Property of the See. — Trans- lated to Salisbury. — Chancellor of the Order of the Garter. — Translated to Canterbury. — Legate a Latere. — Officiates at the Marriage of Prince Arthur and the Princess Katherine. — Nego- tiates the Marriage between the King of Scots and the Princess Margaret. — His Death. — His Will. — Hi3 Funeral . Page 500 SUCCESSION ARCHBISHOPS AND CONTEMPORARY KINGS. Archbishops. Henry Ckicheley. John Stafford .. John Kemp .. Thomas Bonchier. John Morton .. Henry Dean .. Conse- cration. 1408 1425 1419 1435 1479 1496 Consecrators. Gregory XII. (Hen. Winchester | John London. J PhiL "Worcester ] Will. Lichfield j John Rochester LBen. S. David's Will. Ebroneusis. Mart. Arras. Hen. Winchester John York .. ■ John Bath .. Robert Sarnm ..John S. Asaph Thomas . .. John .... Acces- sion. 1414 1443 1452 1454 1486 1501 Death. 1443 1452 1454 1486 1500 1503 Contemporary Kings. I Henry V. \ Henry VI. Henry VI. Henry VI. f Henry VI. | Edward IV. i Edward V. Richard III. I Henry VI I. Henry VII. Henry VII. TABLE OF CONTEMPOEAEY SOVEREIGNS. A.T>. ENGLAND. SCOTLAND. GERMANY. FRANCE* POPE. SPAIN. 1414 i Henry V. James I. Sigismond. Charles VI. John XXII. John II. (Castile.) Ferdinand I. (Arragon.) Charles III. (Navarre.) 1416 Alphonso V. (Arragon.) 1417 Martin V. 1422 Henry VI. Charles VII. 1425 Blanche (Navarre) and John I. (Arragon.) 1431 Eugene IV. 1437 James II. Albert II. 1440 Frederic III. 1447 Nicholas V. 1454 Henry IV. (Castile.) 1455 Calixtus III. ! 1458 ^Pius II. 1460 James IH. 1461 Edward IV. Louis XI. 1464 Paul II. 1471 Sixtus IV. 1474 Ferdinand II. and Isabella (Castile). 1479 Ferdinand II, the Catholic (Arragon). Eleanor (Navarre). Francis Phoebus (Navarre). 1488 Edward V. Richard III. Charles VIII. Catherine (Navarre.) 1484 Innocent VIII. 1485 Henry VII. 1488 James IV. 1492 Alexandor VI. 1493 Maximilian I. 1498 Louis XII. Tius III. LIVES ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY, BOOK III. MEDIEVAL PERIOD. Continued. CHAPTER XVIII. HENRY CHICHELEY. Tradition at Higham Ferrers. — William of Wykeham. — Henry Chicheley born at Higham Ferrers. — Primary Education at "Winchester. — Education by Seculars. — Goes to New College. — Becomes a Fellow. — Studies Law. — His Ordinations and early Preferments. — His Brother successful in Trade. — Patronized by the Bishop of Salisbury. — Employed on an Embassy to the Pope. — State of the Papacy. — Chicheley consecrated Bishop of St. David's. — Returns to England. — Takes the Oath of canonical Obedience to the Primate of England. — Does Homage to the King. — Sent on the Deputation from the Church of England to the Council of Pisa. — Pro- ceedings at Pisa. — Returns Home. — Involved in a Lawsuit. — Resigns his Preferments. — Employed on an Embassy to " our Adversary of Erance." — Returns to his Diocese. — On Death of Henry TV. recalled to Court. — Elected to the See of Canterbury on Arundel's Death. — Chicheley as a Statesman. — Lollardism, a political Schism. — Insurrection of Sir John Oldcastle. — LordCobham. — Vigorous Measures of Henry V. — Parliament at Leicester. — Political Measures against Lollards. — Chicheley does not urge on the "War with France from low Party Motives. — Causes of the War. — Chicheley's Confiscation of the Property of alien Priories. — At VOL. V. B LIVES OF THE CHAP. XVIII. the Head of the Government. — Parting of the Archhishop and King at Southampton. — Anxiety for News from abroad. — Successes. — Epidemic in the Army.— Agincourt. — Form of Thanksgiviug by Chicheley. — New Festivals. — Honours to St. George of England. — Visit of Sigismund, King of the Romans. — Political Results. — Chicheley joins King Henry on the Continent. — Engaged in the Treaty of Rouen. — Returns to England, but revisits the King after his Marriage. — Officiates at the Queen's Corona- tion.— Sends Deputies to the Council of Constance. — Opposes the Pope. — Persuades the King not to permit Beaufort to be made a Cardinal. — Discipline of the Church exercised against Lord Strange. — Funeral of Henry V. — Chicheley confines himself as much as possible to his clerical Duties. — Convocation assumed its modern Form. — Good Understanding between the Houses of Convocation and the Parliament. — Convocation a Court for Trial of Heresy. — Lollard Towers menaced. — Delegates to Council of Basle. — Various ecclesiastical Regulations. — Ultramontanism, or the System of modern Popery, introduced by Martin V. — Martin's Anger against the ancient Statutes which protected the English Clergy from the Pope. — Pope's personal Attack on Chicheley. — Chicheley's Weak- ness and Inconsistency.' — High Testimonials to the Excellence of Chicheley from all Parties. — Beaufort made a^ardinal. — Chicheley at first resists, and then succumbs to the Insult. — Controversy on Precedence with Cardinal Kemp. — Trial of the Duchess of Gloucester. — Witchcraft. — Chicheley as a Prelate. — State of the Universities. — Chicheley Hatch. — Measures adopted preparatory to the Foundation of his College. — All Souls College founded. — Property forfeited under Statute of Praemunire. — Restored by Henry VII. — Confiscated by Parliament. — College at Higham Ferrers. — Chicheley an Invalid. — Visits Oxford for the last Time. — Consecrates All Souls College. — Applies for Permission to retire. — Provides for his Successor. — Dies before Ids Resignation could be effected. Henry There is a tradition at Higham Ferrers which it is pleasant to accept and not necessary to doubt. It is Chichefey. said, that William of Wykeham, who at one period of 1414-43. his life was connected with Northamptonshire, and who, at the time referred to in the story, may have Authorities. — There is a short and superficial life of Chicheley by Hoveden, in MS. among the muniments of All Souls' College, Oxford. It states some facts relating to his life, with little or no comment upon them ; it is written in Latin, and bears date 29th December, 1574 ; it has Hoveden's initials at the end of the heading, but is not written in his hand. It occupies rather more than three folio pages. In the copy of the Statutes, in the posses- sion of the present learned Warden of All Souls', there is " A short Discourse touching Henry Chicheley." It is transcribed from a ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 3 been on a visit at the castle,4 went forth one evening, chap. 1 XVIII. like Isaac, to meditate in the fields. Wandering along s. - H the pastures watered by the Xene, he saw and con- chiciSev. d with a shepherd's boy, and was so pleased with 1414-43. his answers and remarks, that he caused inquiry to be made as to his birth, parentage, and education. The bishop's servant, who was directed to obtain the in- formation which William of Wykeham required, found the boy seated on his mother's lap and eating his dinner. That boy was Henry Chicheley, and, like many other eminent men, Henry Chicheley was indebted for icceaa in this life, and his hopes of a better, to the similar entry in the Archbishop of Canterbury's copy of the Statutes, at Lambeth. It is supposed to have been drawn up by "Warden Warner, shortly before Hoveden's, but it relates exclusively to Chicheley's connexion with the foundation of the college. It certainly does not justify Spencer's description of it, as abounding with " gross errors." The life of Chicheley, in Latin, by Arthur Duck, was published in 1617 in Latin, and again by Bates in There is an English translation, to which I have chiefly referred, as being fuller than the Latin. Duck was followed by Spencer, in 1783. Spencer adds little to the information contained in the work of his predecessor. The object of these writers was to throw light upon the foundation of the college, rather than upon the general history of the Church. The other authorities used in the present Life are : — The Stemmata Chicheleana; the Regist Chichel. MBS.; Tanner ; An English Chronicle, written before 1471, published by the Camden Society ; Robert Redmayne's Vita Henrici Quinti; Elmhami Liber Metricus de Henrico Quinto; Versus Ehyth- niici in laudem Henrici Quinti ; the last three edited by C. A. Cole. To my kind friends, the Rev. Dr. Leighton, the Warden of All Souls' College, the Rev. Dr. Sewell, Warden of Xew College, and the Rev. Dr. Moberly, Head Master of Winchester, I am indebted for their diligent kindness, in searching for information among the documents of their respective houses. To the Rev. George Malins I have to express my thanks, for information afforded me about Higham Ferrers, of which place there is an interesting History, by Mr. Cole. * He was Archdeacon of Northampton for a short time. E 2 4 LIVES OF THE xvm care °^ a mo^ier wno trained his intellect and educated — — his affections. This boy William of Wykeham deter- cinchefey. mined to educate at the college, the foundations of 1414-43. which he was now laying at Winchester.*" It has been affirmed, that the father of Henry Chiche- ley was by trade a tailor. That such a report was cir- culated, when Henry had become the primate of all England, is countenanced by the fact of the practical joke which was played upon him by the courtiers of Henry VI. to whom he had on some occasion given offence, t They caused him to be served with a pie full of rags ; the rag-pie being intended to remind the first peer of the realm of his humble origin. That his father was engaged in trade is as certain as that, through success in trade, he was able to become a landed pro- prietor ; but it is probable that he had passed from the shop to the farm before the birth of Henry, and that it * Iligham Ferrers was a place of some importance in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries. Henry V. in his will, mentions the castle as belonging to the house of Lancaster. t The story is of doubtful authority. In a MS. in the hand- writing of Bichard Symonds, now in the Harleian Collection (No. 991, 27), it is thus given, and reflects credit upon Chicheley's good humour and power of repartee. One of the courtiers, it is said, of Henry VI. 's time, sent by one of the king's servants, as from the king, a pie full of rags, a present to Cardinal Chicheley. It is here to be observed, as throwing suspicion on the story, that upon Chicheley a cardinal's hat had never been conferred. The point of the joke was to depreciate Chicheley, as the son of a tailor or draper. The cardinal, as he is called, received the messenger very civilly, and desired him to present his duty to his majesty, and to thank the king for thus reminding him of a very worthy and affectionate parent. He added, sarcastically, that he would make it his prayer that the king might as much surpass his royal father in all arts of prowess and virtue, as Chicheley had surpassed his in honour and preferments. Thomas Chicheley, the father, died on the 25th of February, 1400. His tomb was in the Lady-chapel of Higham Ferrers. — Stemmata Chichelcana, vii. viii. ARCHBISHOPS OF CAHTERBUBY. 0 was, as one of the landed gentry, he sought the hand and £ hap. won the heart of Agnes Pyncheon. That the father of — ~ Agnes Pyncheon was more than a yeoman, is proved by chicSy. the fact of his exhibiting a coat of arms at a time when l-iii-w. to do so was penal, unless the right was beyond dis- pute.'" At all events, the family of Chicheley, which had been settled at Higham Ferrers for two genera- tions, was of high respectability ; and Henry himself was, as a child, designed by his father, not for the shop, but for agricultural pursuits. Henry Chicheley was born about the year 1362-3,t and it is affirmed, that he was admitted a scholar of Winchester College in 1373. This statement, though virtually, is not literally correct. The celebrated college of St. Mary Winton, near Winchester, was not founded, strictly speaking, before the 20th of October, 1382, which is the date of its charter. The first stone of the material edifice was laid on the 26th of March, 1387. The chapel, the cloisters, and the cemetery were not consecrated till 1394. But before the buildings were completed, or even commenced, William of Wykeham had appointed a master and under-master to educate seventy boys, for whose board and lodging he paid, at the college of St. John Baptist on the Hill. These boys were to be educated, for the St. Mary Winton College, at Oxford, which William of Wykeham had already established, and which is now known as New College.^ * The Pyncheons bore arms — Or, a bend, three plates with a border counterehanged, azure and sable. — Pref. to Stemmata Chichel. viii. ■j" In a letter to Pope Eugenius, in 1442, he represents himself as an octogenarian. X This munificent prelate and distinguished statesman has come before us on other occasions. I shall here add the leading facts of that life which, when the facts are detailed, may be truly called eventful. The reader is referred for these details to Bishop Lowth and the Kev. Precentor Waleott, who have thoroughly investigated 6 LIVES OF THE chap. we may pause to observe, that this was an era in the history of our country. William of Wykeham was chicheiey. among the first to set the example, which was followed 1414-43. almost immediately by Chicheiey, and subsequently by all the private documents relating to his life and institutions. He was born at Wykeham, in Hampshire, in the year 1324, the son of John and Sybil Longe. He was educated at the Minster School at Winchester, but it is, I think, more than doubtful whether he went to Oxford. He found friends and patrons, made by his genius and virtues, in Sir Nicolas Uvedale, Bishop Edingdon, and Edward III. His learning, however, in conjunction with his natural genius, won for him the title of "another Euclid in Geometry," and like Sir Christopher Wren he applied his information to practical purposes, being pre-eminent as an engineer and an architect. By Edward III. he was appointed, in 1356, Clerk of the King's works, and Surveyor of Windsor Castle and all the other castles and parks. He was justiciary of all the royal forests. By his advice the king pulled down the greater part of Windsor Castle, and by his skill it was rebuilt nearly as we find it now. Another great work of his was Queenborough Castle. The nave of Winchester Cathedral and his two St. Mary Winton colleges still live to attest his munificence as well as his genius. He was equally eminent as a lawyer, a divine, and a statesman. Like other ecclesiastics of the day, he accumulated a vast number of small benefices, which are not here enumerated, as they may be found in works of easy access. He was Archdeacon of Northampton for a short time, and was in 1360 Dean of St. Martin's, in London, of which important office we have had occasion more than once to speak. He was consecrated to the see of Winchester on the 10th of October, 1367. In the same year he was President of the Council and Chancellor of England. Four times he was appointed Chancellor. He was the constant friend of Edward III., and of Edward the Black Prince, but found in John of Gaunt an enemy, whose enmity, however, he lived down. Towards the close of his life, he occupied a situation similar to that occupied in our time by the aged Duke of Wellington. The Government always consulted him in emergencies, and his counsels always tended to peace. He died on the 27th of September, 1404, at Bishop's Waltham, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. — Lowth, Life of Wykeham. Walcott, William of Wykeham and his Colleges. AECHBISHOFS OF CANTERBURY. 7 Wblsey and the Lady Margaret of Richmond, of divert- £yf,?' ing a portion of the conventual revenues to the estab- lishment of schools and colleges, to be conducted by the chicSy. secular clergy. The education of the people had been 1414-43. previously conducted almost entirely by the regulars, and schools were attached to the monasteries. For reasons which will come hereafter, under more special considera- tion, the monasteries had already declined in popularity and in their powers of usefulness. The greater monas- teries had absorbed the smaller, by purchasing their property ; and, following in their steps, William of Wykekani, and afterwards Chicheley, were enabled to endow their scholastic establishments with monastic lands, which, being in the market, were purchased by these prelates. The principles, the plans, and the whole system of education devised or adopted by the genius of William of Wykekam, one of the master spirits of the age, were closely followed by Henry VL when he founded Eton and King's ; and Wykehamists may claim for their founder the honour of having established that public school system, to which we mainly trace the character of the English gentleman. Although there is no entry in the rolls of Win- chester to show in what year Henry Chicheley became a Wykehamist, yet the year 1373 is the date generally a - gned for his admission ; and if this be the case, then was Chicheley not only among the most eminent, but also the first of Wykeham's sons : — " Nations, and thrones, and reverend laws have melted like a dream, Yet "Wykeharn's works are green and fresh beside the crystal stream : Four hundred years and fifty their rolling course have sped, Since the first serge-clad scholar to "Wykehani's feet was led ; And still his seventy faithful hoys, in these presumptuous days, Learn the old truth, speak the old words, tread in the ancient ways ; LIVES OF THE CHAP. XVIII. Henry Chicheley. 1414-43. Still for their daily orisons resounds the matin chime ; Still linked in hands of brotherhood, St. Catherine's steep they climb; Still to their Sabbath worship they troop by Wykeham's tomb, Still in the summer twilight siug their sweet song of home." * From Winchester Chicheley proceeded to New Col- lege, Oxford. In the University there had been also what Bishop Lowth calls a preparatory establishment, synchronizing with that of Winchester, and com- mencing in the year 1373. Until the year 1386, when the college buildings were completed, the fellows were provided with lodgings at a cost of £10 13s. Ad. a year. Chicheley must have been among the first who occupied college rooms ; for he took his degree of bachelor of laws in the third week of 1389-90.t He was at that time a fellow, having been, no doubt, admitted at the expiration of his two years of pro- bation. His name occurs as residing in the college for the first time in the Steward of hall's book, in the thirty-seventh week of 1386-7. This is supposed to be the date of bis admission as a scholar. His name appears on the rolls (running from MicHaelmas to Michaelmas) as a bachelor of laws in 138.9. How he came to take that degree so early does not appear. In 1390-1 he had a severe illness, and allowance was made him for commons, during his illness, at the rate of sixteen pence a week for six weeks. For five weeks from the 11th of August, the rate of payment was reduced to fourteen pence. He resided, more or less, till the twenty-seventh week of the year 1392. After which there is no further mention of his name. J * These beautiful verses were written by Sir Roundell Palmer, Attorney-General to Queen Victoria, himself among the sons of Wykeham pre-eminent. f Spicer makes him B.C.L. in 1388, but I give the dates from the college books. X Bursar's Accounts, New College. ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 9 Although Chicheley had determined to devote his vy'm' talents to the law, it was from the Church, as was the custom of the age, that he hoped to derive his ChicKy. emoluments. In 1392 he was ordained to the office 14U-43. of sub-deacon, if ordination it may be called, by the Bishop of Deny acting for the Bishop of London. Even before this, he held a living in the diocese of St. Asaph * for which he seems to have vacated his fellowship at New College. In March, 1396, he became Bector of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, on the presentation of the prior and convent of Colchester. t On the 26th of May following he was ordained deacon by Edmund, bishop of Exeter, under letters dimissoiy from the Bishop of London. | On the 23d of September in the * Tanner, 176. "A. 1391 pastor fuit eccles. de Llanvarchall." Godwin, i. 126. The three holy orders were at this time — Priest, Deacon, and Sub-deacon. The inferior orders were those of — Acolyte, Exorcist, Evader, and Porter. j- Newcourt, L 538. J Bishop Stafford's Register, vol. i. The Register of Ordina- tions is not paged ; it follows fol. ccxlviii., and commences with an ordination in the church of St. Mary Major, Exeter, on the 18th September, 1395. Three ordinations follow in " Anno Domini supradict. ;" but as they are in months anterior to September, viz. in March, April, and May, " supradict. " is evidently an error ; and in the third the error is corrected by writing in the character of the period, thus, " m° cccmo nonagesimo sexto." The entry of the ordination so corrected is as follows : — " Ordines celebrati p. dnm in Capella Hospicii sui London die Sabbti quatuor tempor in Yigilia See. Trinitatis, videlicet xxvi. die mensis Maii anno domini supradict. et cons, domini anno pmo. de li- centia & comissione speciali Revendi in Xpo patris & domini domini Roberti pmissione divina London Epi : comissionis tenor sequitur 4 talis." " Revendo," &c. " Diaconi "— " Mag1 Henricus Chicheley, R^ ecclie Sti StephT in "Wallebroke, civitatis Xondon p Iras di." 10 LIVES OF THE chap, same year he was admitted to priest's orders by the xviii • • ^^J Bishop of Basel, suffragan to the Bishop of London.""" chHief Chicheley was, during this period, practising as a 1414-43. lawyer, and having taken his degree as doctor of laws, was successful as an advocate in the Court of Arches. In the parish of St. Stephen, Walbrook, he settled, and made a settlement for his family. He came of a commercial family, and the commercial men in London formed an aristocracy, with the honours of which the brothers of Henry were contented, even when Henry himself had become the first peer of the realm. To be the head of the commercial world they thought preferable to the position of new men struggling for a recognition among the landed gentry. They settled in London as grocers ; and as a grocer was then not so much a retail dealer as a merchant carrying on trade with various parts of the world, from which spiceries of all kinds were imported, their business was one which implied considerable capital on their part to start with. Both brothers became aldermen of the city of London. William served the office of sheriff ; and Sir Robert was twice Lord Mayor. The latter bequeathed a large fortune to pious uses.t Although Henry Chicheley found his home in St. Stephen's, Walbrook, he was not constantly resident. His legal abilities recommended him to the notice of Richard Mitford, bishop of Salisbury. Richard of Mitford had been confessor to Richard II. As one of the royal favourites he was imprisoned in Bristol Castle by the confederate lords, when they triumphed over the king in 1388. But he survived the malignity of party rage, and was consecrated to * Tanner. William " Basiliensis " occurs as suffragan to the Bishop of London, 1394 to 1399. Stubbs, 144. t Newcourt, i. 582. Stow, ii. 197. ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 11 the see of Chichester in 1390 ; having been formerly a ^y*J£ canon of Windsor, and Archdeacon of Norfolk In 1394 he accompanied Richard II. to Ireland, and there chichefey. Mitford was made Treasurer. He was translated to l 414-43. Salisbury in 139.3." Here he required a legal adv: and Dr. Chieheley was commended to his notice. The remuneration of a lawyer was not a salary, but some ecclesiastical preferment, which was either a sinecure, or a place the duties of which could be performed by a deputy. If we regard the preferments which were now heaped upon Chieheley in the light of fees paid him for work done, or as retaining fees from his patron, we have a proof that, as an advocate, he was successful. On the 3d of September, 1397, he was collated to the arch- deaconry of Dorset, with a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Salisbury. The Bishop of St. David's, Guy de Mona, or Guy Jlohunt conferred upon him a canonry in the church of Abergwilly in the year 1400 : and in the same year he had a stall at Lichfield. In 1402 he became Archdeacon of Salisbury. In the same year he was retained as a lawyer by the pope, ami. in direct contravention of the law, was nominated to a prebend in Salisbury and to a canonry in the col- * He died in 1407. "When he was at Chichester he gave us a new "body of statutes, which are still in force. Hardy's Le Xeve ; Stubbs, 60. See also Pat. 18 Ric. IL p. 2, m. 3. t Guy de Mohun, or Mona, of Anglesey, had been Eector of Bradwell, Yicar of Harrow, Canon of Salisbury, and of Lincoln, and Treasurer of St. Paul's, London. He was consecrated Bishop of St David's on the 11th of November, 1397. He was appointed Lord High Treasurer on the 25th of October, 1402. He died on the 31st of August, 1407, at Charlton, in Kent, and was buried at Leedes, in that county. — Hardy's Le Xeve : Stubbs, He is not men- tioned as Lord High Treasurer by Foss ; but see Richardson's Godwin, ii. 1G2, who gives us for authority I. Pat 4 Hen. IV. m. 24. 12 LIVES OF THE Henry Chicheley. 1414-43. 