None
Dissecting. Microscope, xxvii, 205, (figs. 79-81); spectacles for, 208; needles used in, 209. Division. See cell-division. Dorsal, 234. Dorsi-ventrality of leaf, 191; of Mar- chantia, 233 et seq.; of Lichens, 239; of Selagin lla, 365. Double staining, 110. Double-fertilisation, 408 (note). Dracena rubra, structure of stem, 117 (fig. 44). Drawing, importance of, 15; methods, 40-5; preservation of, 45. — desk, 42. — prism, xxviii, use of 40; Abbé’s, 40 (fig.15); with two prisms, 42 (fig.16). Draw tube, use of the, 4. Drupe, structure of in Prunus, 424. Drying frame, xxxi (fig. 1); touseasa moist chamber, xxxi, footnote. Duckweed. See Lemna. Duramen, 77. Dust, removal from preparations, 31. Hav de Javelle, solvent of lignin, 79 ; clearing reagent, 210. — — action on cutin, 210; transfer- ring from to glycerine, 216. — — use of, 216, 220. See also Ap- pendix ITI. Echeveria, chlorophyll in, 53; wax upon, 99. Ectoplasm, 50, 253. Egg-apparatus. See embryo-sac. — white of, use of, 374. Ehrlich’s aniline-water fuchsin, 273. Hleagnus angustifolia, scales upon leaf, 94. Elaters, of Marchantia, 344; of Equise- tum, 364. Elder. See Sambucus nigra. — pith, xxxi; use of, 82, 231. — — to obtain, 82. Elodea, protoplasmic movements in, 49; growing apex, 212. 511 Embedding for section-cutting, 400, 446. Embryo, structure and development in Alisma Plantago, 413 (fig. 150) ; Capsella Bursa-Pastoris, 410 (fig. 149) ; Monotropa, 404; Picea vul- garis, 376 (fig. 138) ; Prunus, 424 ; Triticum, 417 (fig. 151), 419. — cell, 413. — nucleus, 305, 375, 403. — of moss, 349; fern, 362. Embryo sac, structure and develop- ment, in Aconitum, 399 (fig. 145) ; Capsella Bursa - Pastoris, 412; Gloxinia, 405; Monotropa Hypo- pitys, 400 (fig. 146); Orchidee, 404 (fig. 147); Picea vulgaris, 373 (fig. 136); Pinus, 371; Pyrola, 401; Torenia asiatica, 405 (fig. 148). — antipodal-cells, 399, 405; egg-ap- paratus, 402; filiform apparatus, 406; oosphere (germinal vesicle, embryonic vesicle), 399; syner- gide, 403. Embryonal tubes, in Picea, 376. Embryonic vesicle. See embryo-sac, oosphere. Enclosing fluid. See Appendix III. and mounting fluid. Endocarp, 414, 424. Endochrome plates, viridis, 257. Endodermis, structure in root of Acorus Calamus, 166 (fig. 66) ; Allium Cepa, 163 (fig. 65) ; of Equi- setum, 180; Iris florentina, 167 (fig. 67); Pteris, 175 (fig. 69); Taxus, 170 (fig. 68). See also pp. 318 et seq., and bundle sheath, starch sheath. j — See Stelar theory. — Outer. ‚See suberose layer. Endoplasm, 54. Endosperm, 379, 403, 410,419; develop- ment in Monotropa Hypopitys, 403 (fig. 146) ; in Capsella, 412. — homology with prothallus, in Picea, 373. Endosporous (bacteria), 269. Endothecium (of anther), 384 (fig. 140). Ends of the vascular bundles, 198. Engelmann’s bacteria method, 282. Eosin, use of, 35, 46, 253. Eosin-logwood. See Appendix III. Epiblast, 420, 421. Epicarp, 414, 424. Epidermis, 80-100; structure in Aloé nigricans, 86 (fig. 31); Iris floren- tina, 80 (fig. 28); Ruta graveolens, 190 (fig. 75); Tradescantia, 85 (fig. ° of Pinnularia 30) ; striae on, 55 ; buttress-ridges in, 56. Epidermis, function of, 83, 198. Epidermoid layer, 241. Epilobium, pollen-tubes of, 387 ; ovary, 397. Epiplasm, of Morchella, 326; of Asco- bolus, 329. Epistrophe, position of, 53. Epithelial-cells, 143 (fig. 53), 420. Equisetum arvense, apical cell, 215 (figs. 84 and 85) ; structure ofstem, 179 (figs. 71, 72). — limosum, reproduction of, 363. Erecting eye-piece, xxvii, 209. Erica, compound pollen of, 391. Eschscholtzia, morphological value of flower, 398. Eterio, 413. Ether, use of, 34, 186, 239, 242, 270, 312, 400. Etherial oil. See oil. Eucalyptus globulus, wax layer, 99; structure of leaf, 195. Euonymus japonicus, development of apex, 212 (fig. 83). Euphorbia helioscopia, starch grains, 19 (fig. 9); latex, 19; calcium phosphate in, 70. — splendens and E. Jacquinefiora, starch grains, 19 (fig. 10); latex, 19; latex-cells, 126. — Caput-Meduse, calcium phosphate in, 70. Everlasting pea. See Lathyrus. Exalbuminous, 424. Exine, 370, 381 = exospore. Exodermis (suberose layer), 165. Exothecium (= epidermis of anther), 383. Eye-piece, erecting, xxvii, 209. — spot, in Cladophora, 294; in Fucus, 302. Fagus sylvatica, structure of leaves, 195 (fig. 77). Fairchild’s perforated pail, 447 (fig. 156). Fall of leaves, 201. False indusium. See indusium. Fehling’s solution, preparation and use of, 66, 67. Felt, on Verbascum, 93. Fermentation, alcoholic, 288; cellu- lose, 322; diastatic, 422. Fermentative changes, 288. Fern, Hart’s tongue. See Scolopen- drium vulgare. — Male. See Aspidium Filix-mas. — Polypody. See Polypodiwm vulgare. Ferns, reproduction, 354; structure, 172. INDEX. Ferrous sulphate, use of, 36. Fertilisation, 305; Conifers, 372; Ferns, 800; Chara, 309; Fucus, 302 (fig. 111), 305; Marchantia, 348; Mosses, 348; Monotropa, 400; Orchids, 404; Pythium, 323; Torenia, 405 (fig. 148); Vaucheria, 298. — chemotactic stimulant in, 361. — double, 408 (note). — terminology of, 253. Fibres, 160 (fig. 63); sclerenchyma, 72, 109 Fibrous layer (of anther), 383 (fig. 140) = mesothecium. Fibro-vascular (fibro-vasal) bundles, or strings. See vascular bundles. Ficus elastica, cystoliths of, 64 (foot- note). Filament, 380. Filiform apparatus, 406 (fig. 148). Finding an object, 32, 279. Fir, Scotch. See Pinus sylvestris. Fission, 287. Fission-fungi. See Schizomycetes. Fixing chromatophores, 60; cell-con- tents, 248; with absolute alcohol, 364; boiling water, 302; bromine vapour, 302; chrom-acetic acid, 205; chromic acid, 248; osmic acid, 248 ; glacial-acetic acid, 248; heat, 271; picric acid, 248; picro-sulphuric acid, 302; Flem- ming’s fluid (chromosmium acetic acid), 248, 312, 445. See also nucleus, nuclear division. — protein grains and crystalloids, 35. — stains. See mordants. Flag, sweet. See Acorus Calamus. Flemming’s solution, for fixing, 248, 312, 445. — orange G. method of staining, 457. Fleshy, as character of fruits, 425. Flower, development of, 429. Focussing, 4-7, 9. Foliar bundles, 194, 210, 230. Fontinalis antipyretica, peristome, 353 (fig. 129). Foot, of Marchantia, 342. Fraxinus excelsior, leaf-fall, 203; growing apex, 215. Free-cell formation, in endosperm of Monotropa, 404. Free (of ovary), 395. Fritillaria imperialis, pollen of, 386. — persica, cell and nuclear division, 489 (fig. 154). Frog-bit. See Hydrocharis. Fruit, structure in Alisma Plantago, 413; Citrus vulgaris, 427; Prunus, 423; Pyrus Malus, 425; Triticum, 417. — scales (of Pinus), 370. INDEX. Frustule (Diatoms), 255 (fig. 97). Fucaceae, 241. Fuchsia, pollen-tubes of, 387; water- pores of, 89. Fuchsin (magenta), 112, 186. Appendix III. Acid, use of, 60; to prepare, 60. aniline-water (Ehrlich’s), 273. carbolic (Ziehl’s), 273. — (watery) and picric acid, 112. Fucus platycarpus, reproduction, 298 (fig. 111). — vesiculosus, vegetative structure, 240; chemical reactions, 242; in- crease of thickness, 243; sterile conceptacles, 244; reproduction, 303. Funaria hygrometrica, antheridia, 347 (fig. 125); archegonia, 348 (fig. 126); chlorophyll bodies of, 52 (fig. 17); protonema, 230 (fig. 91) ; sporogone, 353 (fig. 128). Function and structure, correlation of, 198. Fundamental tissue (ground tissue), 101. Fungal cellulose, 240, 331. Fungi, vegetative structure of, 237 et seq. (fig. 94); reproduction of, in Mucor, 311; Phytophthora, 318; Pythium, 321; Penicillium, 323 ; Morchella, 326; Ascobolus, 327; Puccinia, 330; Russula, 333 ; Agaricus, 336; Anaptychia, 336. Funicle, 399 (fig. 145), 424. Funkia ovata, pollen development in, 385. See also Galeobdolon, culture of pollen-tubes, 392. Gametes, 294. Gamostele, 173, 176. Gas-chamber, 279. Gelatine and glycerine. jelly. — nutrient, 283. — use of, for bacterial-cultures, 284; for pollen-cultures, 391. Gelatinous lichens, 240. — membranes. See Fucus, Gloecapsa, Bacteria, etc. Gemme, of Marchantia, 233, 339 (fig. 122, 122°). Generation, alternation of, 332. Gentian-violet, acetic. See Appendix III. — use of, 53, 55, 270, 273, 302, 312. See also Appendix III. — — (Gram’s). See Appendix III. Germinal apparatus. See embryo-sac, egg-apparatus. See glycerine 33 öl3 Germinal vesicle. oosphere. Germination of Mucor gonidia, 313. — (of wheat), 421; fermentative changes in, 422. Germ-tube, 313. Gills. See Lamelle. Ginkgo biloba, autumn tints of, 58; spermatozoids in, 376. Glands (oil) of Citrus, 427; Ruta graveolens, 189 et seq. (figs. 75, 76); in Hucalyptus, 195. — (trichomes) of Verbascum, 93; nettle, 95; Primula, 97; Pelar- gonium, 97; pansy, 98; horse- chestnut, 98. Glass bell-jars, xxxi. — disks, to cover watch glasses, xxxi. — rods, xxxi. Globoids in Ricinus, 33 (fig. 13). Gleocapsa, 263 (fig. 101). Gloxinia hybrida, pollen-tubes, 392; embryo-sac of, 405. See embryo-sac, | Glucose, reactions of, 66. Glycerine and alcohol, 75, 114. also Appendix III. a reagent for cork, 186. as a mountant, 113. clearing tissue by heating in, 413. dehydrating by, 289. for embedding, 400. gum, use of, 231, 389, 409. jelly, use of, 30, 111, 113, 120 (note). See also Appendix III. warming in, to enhance trans- parency, 199. Glycogen, reactions of, 327. Gold-size, use of, as a closing fluid, 31, 113, 442. Gonidangia, of Mucor, 311; Phytoph- thora, 318 (fig. 115). Gonidia, of Anaptychia ciliaris, 239, 270; of Mucor, 312; of Phytoph- thora, 318. Gonidial layer (of lichens), 336. Gonidiophores, of Penicilliwm, 324. See also gonidangia. Grain (of wheat), 417. Gram-Günther method, 275. Gramines (grasses), root structure of, 220. Gram’s method of staining bacteria, 274. Grape-sugar. See glucose. Ground substance, 28. — tissue (fundamental tissue), 102, 121. See also stelar theory. Growing apex, in roots of Gymno- sperms, 222; Hordeum vulgare, 220 (fig. 87); Lemna, 219; Pteris cretica, 224 (fig. 89); Thuja occi- dentalis, 222 (fig. 88). See 514 Growing apex, in stem of Elodea, 212; | of Equisetum arvense, 215 (figs. 84, 85, 86); Huonymus japonicus, 912 (fig. 83); of Fraxinus, 215; Gymnosperms, 211; Hippuris vul- garis, 204 (fig. 82) ; Myriophyllum, 212. — — in thallus of Fucus, 241. — — methods of investigation, 210. — — to cut sections, 204; to make transparent, 210. — point. See growing apex. Guard-cells. See stomata. Gum, 99. See mucilage. — non-brittle, 32; for drawings, 45. — use of, for section-cutting, 231, 389, 409; to slacken movements of spermatozoids, 359. Gymnocladus canadensis, leaf-fall, 203. Gymnogramme, germination of spores, 363. Gymnosperms, apical histogens of, 211, 224 (fig. 88); definition of, 367; reproduction, 367 (figs. 134-9); root-apex, 222; spermatozoids in, 376. See also Picea, Pinus, Taxus. Gynecium, of Angiosperms, 394, 395. preserving Haprome, 104. Hematin-ammonia, use and prepara- tion of, 248. Hematococcus pluvialis, 260. Hematoxylin, use of, 35, 64, 243, 300, 324, 886. See also Appendix III. Hair-roots. See rhizoids. Hairs, 86-98 ; structure of, in Cheiran- thus Cheiri, 90 (fig. 33) ; Hlaeagnus, 93; Matthiola annua, 92 (fig. 33) ; Shepherdia, 93 (fig. 35); Trades- cantia 38 (fig. 14); Verbascum nigrum, 92; V. thapsiforme, 93; Viola tricolor, 92 (fig. 34). bristles, of Urtica dioica, 97. glandular, in Primula, 97; Pelar- gonium, 97. movement of protoplasm, in Hydro- charis, 47; in Tradescantia, 39. papille, 35, 56, 57. prickles, of Rosa, 94. root. See root-hairs. scales of Hleagnus angustifolia, 94 ; Shepherdia canadensis, 93 (fig. 35). stinging, of Urtica dioica, 95 (fig. 36). Hand-vice, xxx; use of, 26, 72. Hart’s tongue fern. See Scolopen- drium. Haustoria, of Chatocladium, 317; of Phytophthora, 320. Hay-bacillus, 277. INDEX. Heat, action of, on starch, 22; fixing by, 271. Hedera Helix, resin canals in, 152 (fig. 57*). Helianthus, substitute for Aristolochia, 136. Heliotropism of spermatozoids, 303. Hellebore. See Helleborus. Helleborus fetidus, pollen-cell and nuclear division, 443 (fig. 155) ; pistil, 395. — niger, leaf structure, 194; pistil, 396. Hemerocallis fulva, structure and de- velopment of anther, 380 (fig. 140); pistil, 396; pollen, 381 (fig. 140). Heracleum Sphondylium, use of hairs of, 361. Hermaphrodite, 298. Heterocyst, 261. Hetercecious (parasites), 332. Heteromerous (thallus of lichens), 240 Heterosporous, 365. Hibiscus, cork in, 182. Hinge, stomatic, 83, 84, 85, 87. Hippuris vulgaris, growing apex of 204 (fig. 82). Histogen, histogenic layer, 211, 221, 226. Hollow stem, formation of, 122, Hollyhock. See Althwa rosea. Homoiomerous (thallus of lichens), 240. Hordeum vulgare, growing apex of root, 220 (fig. 87). Horse-chestnut. See Zsculus Hippo castanum, Horse dung, for Mucor culture, 312, 315; for micro-fungi, 318, 327. Horse-tail. See Equisetum. Hoya carnosa, pathological cork in petiole, 188. Hoyer’s ammonia-carmine. See car- mine. — enclosing fluid. See mounting fluid. Hyacinth, development of pollen in, 335; pistil, 896; root, 165; sto- mata, 84. Hyaloplasm, 39. Hydrocharis Morsus-Rane, movement of protoplasm in root-hairs, 47. Hydrochloric acid, use of, 69, 78, 96, 258. — half per cent. in 70 per cent. al- cohol, use of, 273. — as reagent for calcium oxalate, 64. Hydroids = tracheides, q.v. Hygroscopic, 350. Hygroscopism, 364. INDEX. Hymenium of Acidiwm, 331 (fig. 118) ; Agaricus, 336 (fig. 120); Anapty- chia, 337 (fig. 121); Ascobolus, 328; Morchella, 326 (fig. 117); Russula, 333 (fig. 119). Hymenomycetes, 238, 327, 333. Hypanthium. See receptacular tube. Hyphe, 237, 238, 311. Hypochlorin reaction, 248. Hypocotyl, 379 (fig. 139), 410 (fig. 149), 416, 420. Hypoderma, 106. ILLUMINATING apparatus. See con- denser. Immersion objectives, xxv. Impatiens parviflora, bundle ends in, 200. Incumbent (of cotyledons), 410. Indehiscent, as a character of fruits, 425. Indian corn. See Zea Mais. — ink, use of, 267. India-rubber plant. See Ficus elastica. Indusium, 354 (fig. 1304), 356. Inflorescence, 371, 430. Initial cells, initial layers, 142, 211, 221. Injury, as a factor in protoplasmic movements, 49. Inoculation by bacteria, 285. Insolation, effects of, on a leaf, 197. Integument (ovular). See ovule. Intercellular protoplasmic threads, 464 — spaces, 27. — — lysigenous, 102; schizogenous, 27, 85, 118, 123, 124; canals, 180. Internodal cell, of Nitella, 245. Internode, 209, 245. Intine, 370, 381 = endospore. Inuline, reactions for, 69; sphero- crystals, 69 (fig. 25). Invertin, presence in pollen-grain, 392. Inyolucre (of mosses). See periche- tium. Involution forms (of bacteria), 268. Iodine, Arthur Meyer’s, to prepare, 20. — action on starch, 20, 52; on aleu- rone grains, 28; on amylodextrin, 134. — in alcohol, use of, 21, 60. — in glycerine, use of, 28, 33, 155. — in potassium iodide, use of, 20, 28, 52, 55, 65, 127, 134, 242, 260, 261, 276, 294, 305, 327, 329, 342. — and sulphuric acid, reagent for cellulose, 65, 73, 243. — preparations. See also Appendix III. — green, use of, 28, 29, 111. — — acetic, use of, 306. 515 Iris, development of anther and pol. len, 385. — florentina, structure of leaf, 80 et seq. (fig. 28) ; crystals in leaf, 116; endodermis of root, 166 (fig. 67) ; vascular bundles of leaf, 114 (fig. 42) ; wax on leaf, 80, 99. — germanica, leucoplasts in rhizome, 59 (fig. 22). — sibirica, pollen-tubes of, 392. Iron alum, use of, 365. — chloride, reagent for tannin, 71. — oxide, in bacteria, 268. — sulphate, reagent for tannin, 71. Isolated vascular bundles, 101. Isolation of tissue elements by macera tion, 158. Ivy. See Hedera Helix. Jodococcus vulgaris, 276. Juglans regia, leaf-fall of, 203. KaRYOKINESIS, 438. Knop’s nutrient solution, 251, 295. Koch’s culture methods for bacteria 283. LABELLING preparations, 31. Laburnum. See Cytisus Laburnum. Leevulose. See glucose. Lamellz (of Hymenomycetes), 333. — (of Polytrichum), 346. Lamium, protoplasmic movements, 47. Larkspur. See Delphinium.. Latex system, in Huphorbia, 19, 125 ; Chelidonium majus, 124; Scorzo- nera, 125 (fig. 46). Lathyrus, formation of pollen-tubes, 392. Leaf, influence of light on structure, 197 ; physiological anatomy, 197-8. — structure of, in Aloé, 87 (fig. 31); Fagus sylvatica, 195 (fig. 77); Helleborus, 194; Iris, 80 (fig. 28), 114 (fig. 42); Mnium undu- latum, 230; Ruta graveolens, 189 (figs. 75, 76) ; Scolopendrium vul- gare, 355 (fig. 130); Sphagnum acutifolium, 232 ; Syringa vul- garis, 194. See also epidermis. — origin of, 205, 212; fall of, 201. — tissues of, physiologically con- sidered, 197. traces, 119, 214, 218. vascular bundle ends, 199 (fig. 78). Leaves, coloured, 58. Leitz's microscopes, xxii,6 ; dissecting- stand, 206 (fig. 79). Lemna, root-tip of, 219. Lemon. See Citrus. — oil of, use of, 388, 390. Length of tracheex, 161. 516 Lens, magnifying, xxviii. | Lenticels, of Sambucus nigra, 183 (fig. | 74). Lepidium sativum, Pythiwm upon, 321. Leptome, 105. Leptothria buccalis, 276 (fig. 102). Leucojum, pollen-grains of, 386; pol- len-tubes, 392. Leucoplasts, 58; of Verbascum, 56; of Iris germanica, 59 (fig. 22); of | Phajus, 59 (fig. 21); epidermal cells of Tradescantia, 84-5; sta- minal hairs of Tradescantia, 39 ; Verbascum nigrum, 41. Lichens, structure of, 239; reproduc- tion, 270 (fig. 93). — gelatinous, 240. Life histories (life cycle), 287. Light, effect on chlorophyll bodies, 53, 197 ; relations with leaf structure, 197 ; action on spermatozoids, 303 ; on bacteria, 285. — to control for working, xxix; arti- ficial, xxix. Lignin, reactions for, 78, 111, 145. Ligulate. See Selaginellez. Ligule, 366. Lilac. See Syringa vulgaris. Lilium, development of anthers and pollen, 385; culture of pollen- tubes, 393; structure of pistil, 396 ; of egg-apparatus, 405. — cell and nuclear division in, 439, 462 Lime. See calcium. [(fig. 161). — See Tilia europea. — wood, use in cutting-sections, 409. Limiting cell. See heterocyst. Ling. See Calluna vulgaris. Linin, 436. Linum, mucilages of, 429. Liverwort. See Marchantia. Lobelia, culture of pollen-tubes, 393. Loculus (of ovary), 395. Logwood. See Hematoxylin. Loose-strife. See Lysimachia. Lupinus albus, aleurone grains in seed, 32. Lycopersicum, orange chromatophores, 55. Lycopodium complanatum, structure of stem, 176 (fig. 70). — Selago, structure of stem, 178. Lysigenous, 102, 179, 193. See also intercellular spaces and glands. Lysimachia, pollen-tubes of, 393; pistil of, 397. Macpratina mixture, Schultze’s 158, 186. See also Appendix III. Macrosporangia, 366, 399. Macrospore. See under spore. Magenta See fuchsin. INDEX. Magnesia sulphate, use of, 251,281, 289. Magnification, to calculate, 43. Maidenhair tree. See Ginkgo. Maize. See Zea Mais. Male fern. See Aspidium. Malic acid, as stimulant for spermato- zoids of ferns, 361. Malvacez, pectose mucilages of, 429. Malwa crispa, pollen-grains, 388 (fig. 142). Manubria, in Chara, 306. Maple, autumnal coloration of, 58. Maranta arundinacea, starch of, 18. Marchantiaces, 233. Marchantia polymorpha, air-pores, 236 (fig. 91); thallus, 233; oil-bodies, 234; rhizoids, 235; gemma, 233 (fig. 122*) ; 339 (fig. 122) ; sexual re- production, 340 (figs. 123, 124) ; fer- tilisation, 243; sporogonium, 244. Mare’s tail. See Hippuris vulgaris. Matthiola annua, hairs on leaf, 92 (fig. 33). Mechanical stage to microscope, 280. — tissue or system, 66, 106, 132, 176, 196, 198. Mechanics of Zea Mais, 107 ; of Equise- tum, 181; of a leaf, 196. Medulla (of lichens), 337. Medullary rays, structure in Dracana Draco, 120; Pinus sylvestris, 146 (fig. 54), 149 (fig. 56); in Tilia, 154 157 (fig. 61). — secondary, 154. Mericarp, 411. Meristem, 211, 215, 219. Mesocarp, 414, 424. Mesophyll, 191 (fig. 76). Mesothecium (of anther), 383. Mestome, 105. Methyl blue, use of, 46, 50, 111, 270, 273, 274, 381. See also aniline blue, and Appendix III. — green, acetic, 28, 46, 115, 202. also Appendix IIT. — violet, use of, 46, 53, 55, 111, 113, 270, 273. See also Appendix III. Metric system, transfer table in. See Appendix I., 459. Micrococcus prodigiosus, 268. Micro-fungi, moist chamber cultures, 318. Micrometer-screw. — stage, xxvili, 43. Micropyle, 371 (fig. 135), 399 (figs. 145- 8), 424. Microscope, essentials for a good, xxiii ; stands and objectives, xix. — compound, 1-9 (figs. 3, 4); how to use, 9-13; to clean after use, 24. — simple (or dissecting), xxvii, 205 (figs. 79, 80, 81). See See microscope. INDEX. Micro-slides. See object-slides. Microsomata (microsomes), 39, 251, 435. Microsporangia, 366. Microspore. See under spore. Microtome, hand, 82 (fig. 29); com- pound, 453; rocking, 454 (fig. 159). Middle lamella (of cell-wall), 73, 77, 88 (fig. 26), 186, 232. Mid-rib, 193, 240. Milk. See latex. Millon’s reagent, use of, 28, 29, 38. See also Appendix III. Mimosez, compound pollen of, 391. Mimulus luteus, vascular bundle ends, 199. Mistletoe. See Viscum album. Mitotic nuclear division, 434. Mnium hornum, chlorophyll-grains, 52; movements of, 53; antheridia, 345; archegonia, 347 ; sporogone, 348. — undulatum, structure of leaf, 230; of stem, 228; absorption of water by leaves, 231. Moist chamber, 17, 279 ; hollowed from glass slide, 279; of glass ring, 279, 318; pasteboard frame, 279, 291, 318; plaster of Paris case, 279. Molecular movement. See Brownian movement. Molybdate of ammonia, in concen- trated solution of ammonium chloride, use of, 71, 149. Monkshood. See Aconitwm Napellus. Monocarpellary, 394. Monocotyledons, vascular bundles of, 101 et seq. ; seed of, 413. Monoecious, 292, 370. Monopodial (branching), 319. Monotropa Hypopitys, structure of em- bryo-sac, 400 (fig. 146); 408 (note). Montbretia. See Tritonia. Morchella esculenta; epiplasm, 326 ; glycogen in, 327; ascospores, 326 (fig. 117). Mordants, use of, 111. Morell. See Morchella esculenta. Mosses, reproduction of, 345 et seq. (figs. 125-9) ; vegetative structure, 51, 228 et seq. Mould, pin-head, see Mucor ; blue, see Penicillium. Mounting fluid. See glycerine, gly- cerine-jelly, Canada balsam, dam- mar. — preparations. See preparations. Movements, of diatoms, 258; Oscillaria, 263; bacteria, 281; Spirogyra, 291. — protoplasmic. See protoplasm. — See also swarmspores, spermato- zoids. 517 Mucilage cells of Mrrchantia, 235. — sacs of Tilia, 153. Mucilages, cellulose, pectose, callose, 429, 433 (note); wound, 202. Mucilagination of spermoderm, 411, 426, 428. Mucorinee, 311, 327. Mucor Mucedo, reproduction, 311 (fig. 113*) ; slide culture, 312; staining, 312; sexual reproduction, 315 (fig. 114) ; sporangia, 317 ; parasites on, 317. — yeast, 317. Mullein. See Verbascum nigrum. Multinuclear cells, 50, 247, 296, 312, 324, 329. See also nuclear divi- sion. Multiplication, 287. Mushroom. See Agaricus campestris. Mustard. See Sinapis. Mycelium, 311, 313, 323. Myriophyllum, growing point, 212. Narcissus poeticus, pollen-tubes of, 392; egg-apparatus, 405. Nasturtium. See Tropeolum. Navicula. See Pinnularia. Neck, neck-canal. See archegonium. Needle-holder, xxx (and footnote), 209. Needles, xxx, 451 (fig. 158). Nerve, use of term, 198. Nettle, stinging. Sve Urtica. Neutral band or line, 48, 49, 245. Nicotiana, culture of pollen-tubes, 392. Nigrosine, picric, use of, 111. Nitella, protoplasmic movement in, 50; structure of, 244, 309. Nitrates, reactions of, 67. Nitric acid, 69, 70, 259; reagent for calcium phosphate, 70. Nitrites, reactions of, 67. Node, 209, 245. Non-cellular. See multinuclear. Nose-piece, double, xxiii, 4; to adjust, xxiv, footnote. Nostocaces, 260; mucilages of, 429. Nostoc ciniflonwm, 262. Nourishing. See assimilating. Nucellus. See ovule. — homology with macrosporangium, 399. Nuclear division, 434; in Fritillaria persica, 438, 439 (fig. 154); Helle- borus felidus, 443 (fig. 155); Lilium Martagon, 462 (tig. 161); Trades- cantina virginica, 434, 438 (fig. 153); Vieia Kaba, 438, 459 (fig. 160). — — direct, 462 (fig. 160); indirect, 434 (figs. 153-5). — — without cell-formation, 404. — fixing and staining nuclear figures, 438 et seq. 518 Nuclear division; multinuclear cells, 230, 247 (fig. 95). — permanent preparations, 444 et seq. — plate, 460 (fig. 160). — spindle, 461 (fig. 442). Nuclei, union of, in asci, 329. Nucleolus, 40, 253, 260, 305. Nucleus, 28; of Cladophora glomerata, 247 (fig. 95); of Cucurbita, 47; Penicillium erustaceum, 324 ; Pin- nularia, 257 (fig. 97) ; Protococcus, 260 (fig. 98); Saccharomyces (yeast), 288; Spirogyra, 252 (fig. 96); staminal hairs of Trades- cantia, 39 (fig. 14), 435 (fig. 153) ; pollen-grains of Tradescantia, 286 (fig. 141); old nodes of Trades- cantia, 456 (fig. 160) ; absence from Schizophyta, 262. See also multinuclear cells. relations to fertilisation, oo-nucleus, spermo-nucleus, reproductive or generative nucleus, 305, 375, 386. — staining, 28. See also nuclear division. — structure in resting state, 435 (fig. 153, 1). Nucule, of Chara, 306. Nutation of Oscillaria, 263. Nutrient solution. See methods. OAK-APPLE, oak-gall, tannin in, 70. Oak (Quercus), autumn tints of, 58. Oat. See Avena satwa. Object-glass, objective, qualifications of good, xxiii; for homogeneous im- mersion, xxv; for water immer- sion, xxv; to clean, xxvi,14, 20,24. — apochromatic, xxvi. — correction collar for, xxv. — slides (micro-slides), xxix; hollowed, 279. Ocular. See eye-piece. Enothera biennis, pollen-grains of, 386, 387; ovary, 397. Oil, action of alkanet on, 88. action of sulphuric acid on, 88. bodies of liverworts, 234. drops, optical appearance of, 33, ethereal, 34, 189. fat and etherial, 34. glands of Ruta, 189 (figs. 75, 76) ; Citrus, 427. in Ricinus (castor oil), 33; thallus of Fucus, 242. — olive, use of, 33; Origanum, use of, 365. See also cloves, cedar. Olive oil, use of, 38, 52. Onion. See Alliwm Cepa. to distinguish, in culture- | INDEX. Oogonium of Chara 306, 309 (fig. 113) ; Fucus, 300; of Pythium, 322; Vaucheria, 297 (fig. 110). Oomycetes, 321. See also Pythium. Oo-nucleus, 305, 375, 403. Oosphere, of Aconitum, 399 (fig. 145) ; Chara, 309; Fucus, 400 (fig. 111); Marchantia, 342 (fig.124); Mnium, 347; Picea, 374 (fig. 136); Poly- podium, 360 (fig. 133) ; Pythiwm, 322; Vaucheria, 297 (fig. 110). Oospore. See fertilisation, zygote. Open vascular bundles, 123. Operculum, 349 (figs. 128, 129). Orange. See Citrus vulgaris (C. Aur- antvum). Orange G., 454. Orchides, Orchis pallens, embryo-sac and fertilisation, 404 (fig. 147). Orchids, mucilage of. See salep. Orcin, reagent for inuline, 69. Ornithogalum umbellatum, structure of cell-walls of seed, 72 (fig. 26). Oscillaria, cell-structure of, 262 (fig. 100) ; movement, 263. Osmic acid, 1 per cent., use of, 35, 242, 292, 296, 302, 342. — decolorising after, 444 (footnote). Osmunda regalis, germination spores, 362. Osteole, 299. of | Ovary, adherent (inferior), 397; bilo- cular, 430; free (superior), 395; monocarpellary, 394; polycarpel- lary, 396. — dehiscence of, 397. — philogeny of, 397, 398. — structure in Brassica, 430; Del- phinium Ajacis, 394 (fig. 144); Epilobium, 397 ; Helleborus, 395; Hemerocallis, 396; Hyacinthus, 396; Lilium, 396; Unothera, 397 ; Primula, 397; Pyrola, 401; Tulipa, 396; Yucca, 396. Oven, for drying and embedding, 449 (fig. 157). Overstaining, use of, 249; correction of, 249, 271. Ovular integument, 371. See Ovule. Ovule, 371, 395; anatropous, 399, 402 (figs. 145-8) ; campylotropous, 415, 433 ; integuments, 433. See also embryo-sac, micropyle. — development and structure in Aconitum Napellus, 398 (fig. 145) ; Brassica, 433; Capsella Bursa- Pastoris, 412; Delphiniwm, 399; Monotropa Hypopitys, 400 (fig. 146) ; Orchis, 404 (fig. 147); Picea vulgaris, 372 (fig. 134); Pinus sylvestris, 871 (fig. 135) ; Torenia, 405 (fig. 148). INDEX. Oxalate of lime. See calcium oxalate. Oxide of copper (ammoniacal). See copper ammon-oxide. Oxygen, relations with bacterial move- | Periwinkle. ments, 282. Packine cells (of lenticel), 184. Paonia, cultivation of pollen-tubes, 392. Peony. See Paonia. Palisade cells (or layer), 191 (fig. 76). — dependence on light, 197 ; function of, 198. Palmellaces, 263. Pansy. See Viola tricolor. Papaver Rheas, structure of petals, 199; pollen-tubes of, 392. Papille, 55, 56, 57, 339, 396. Para-carmine, 249. Paraffin, for embedding, 446. Paraphyses, of Anaptychia, 337 ; Asco- bolus, 329; Funaria, 347 (fig. 125) ; Marchantia, 341; Mnium, 345, 348 ; Morchella, 326 (fig. 117); Russula, 335 (fig. 119). Parasite, on Mucor, 317; Pythium, 321; Puccinia, 332. Parenchyma, 104 ; spongy, 191. — dual value of, 194. Parkes & Son’s microscopes, xxii. Parmelia ciliaris. See Anaptychia ciliaris. Passage, intercellular, 102. — cells (in bundle sheath), 167 (fig. 67). Pasteur’s fluid, 289. Pathogenic bacteria, 286. Pathological cork, 187 ; changes, 268. Pea. See Pisum satwum. Pear, sclerenchyma in, 65 (fig. 23); lucose in, 66. Pectin, reaction with logwood, 64; with chlorzine iodine, 152, 382, 390. Pectose mucilage, 429, 433 (note). Pelargonium zonale, glandular hairs in, 97. Pellicle (of bacteria), 266. See zoog- lea. Pellionia, chloroplasts in, 60. Penicillium crustaceum, 323 (tig. 116). Perchloride of iron. See iron. Perianthium (of Marchantia), 344. Periblem, 211 (figs. 82, 83), 220 et seq. (fig. 87), 379 (fig. 189), 420. Periblemic column, 223 (fig. 88). Pericambium, 227. See pericycle. Pericarp, 414, 418, 424. Perichetium, 345, 347, Periclinal cell-walls, 211. Pericycle, 102, 118, 126, interrupted, 220. — See Stelar theory. Periderm, 183 (figs. 73, 74), 185, 187. Peridium, 331 (fig. 118). 132, 165; 519 Perigynium (of Marchantia), 344. Periplasm (in Pythium), 323. Peristome, 349, 353 (fig. 129). See Vinca. Permanent preparations. parations. Petals, structure in Papaver Rheas, 199; Verbascum nigrum, 198. — vascular bundle ends, 199; origin of, in Brassica, 431. Petiole, structure of, in Ruta graveo- lens, 193. Peziza aurantiaca, explosive discharge of ascospores, 338. Pheophyll. See phycophein. Phajus, leucoplasts of, 58 (fig. 21). Phanerogamia, primary classification of, 367. Phaseolus vulgaris, starch of, 17 (fig. 6 See pre- ) Phegopteris, spermatozoid of, 359 (fig. 132 Phelloderm, 183, 187. Phellogen, 183 (figs. 73, 74). cork. Phellogenic cortex. Phellonic acid, 186. Phenol. See Carbolic acid. Phloém (bast), 104-5. See also vascu- lar bundles. Phloeoterma, 175, 181. Phloroglucin, reagent for inuline, 69; for lignin, 78, 134. See also Ap- pendix III. Phenix dactylifera, structure of en- dosperm cell-walls, 73. Phosphate of lime. See lime. — of soda. See soda. Phycomycetes, 311, 318. Phycophein, 241. Phyllotaxy, 367. Phytelephas macrocarpa, intercellular connections in, 466 (fig. 164). See also See phelloderm. Phytophthora ‘infestans, 318 (fig. 115). Picea vulgaris, archegonia, 373; em- bryo-sac, 372, 373; endosperm (prothallium), 372, 373; fertilisa- tion, 374; oosphere (corpuscu- lum), 374; ovule, 372 (fig. 136); seeds, 378 (fig. 139). Picric acid, use of, 5V, il2, -48, 262, 263, 312. — — and corrosive sublimate as fix- ing reagent, 60. -- alcohol, reagent for chlorophyll, 248. — aniline blue, use of, 111. Appendix III. — nigrosine, use of, 111. Picro-sulphuric acid, 302. See also Pileus, 333. | Piliferous layer, 163. | Pilobolus erystallinus, 327. 520 Pimpernel. See Anagallis. Pinnularia viridis, structure, 255 (fig. 97); division, 257; movements, 258 ; skeletonisation, 258. Pinus sylvestris, bordered pits, 74 (fig. 27); embryo-sac and embryo, 375 (figs. 137-9); female flower, 370 (fig. 135) ; fertilisation, 372; male flower, 367 (fig. 134); ovule, 371 (fig. 136); pollination, 371; resin canals, 144 (fig. 53) ; stamens, 368 (fig. 134); sieve-tubes, 147 (figs. 55, 57); structure of stem, 137 (figs. 50-7). Pipettes, xxxi. Piptocephalis Freseniana, 317. Pistil, 394; origin of in Brassica, | 432. | Pisum satwum, aleurone grains, 28 (fig.. 11); structure of seed, 27 (fig. 11). Pith, 68, 102, 121. — use of, in section-cutting, 82, 205. | Pits, bordered, of Pinus sylvestris, 74 | (fig. 27); unilaterally bordered, | 110 (fig. 47); closing membrane, | 73, 76 (figs. 26, 27). branched, in pear, 65 (fig. 23). reactions of pit-surfaces, 64, 65; torus, 76 (fig. 26). sieve. See sieve-tubes, sieve-plates, etc. simple, in Agaricus campestris, 230 (fig. 94); Beta vulgaris, 63; Orni- thogalum, 73 (fig. 26) INDEX. Pollen-grains, structure or develop- ment, in Acacia, 391; Agapan- thus, 385; Althea rosea, 388; Azalea, 391; Calluna vulgaris, 391; Cucurbita, 390; Hrica, 320; Fritillaria imperialis, 386; Fun- kia, 385 ; Hemerocallis fulva, 381 (fig. 140); Hyacinth, 385; Iris, 385; Leucojum, 386; Lilium. 385 ; Malva crispa, 388 (fig. 142) ; Mimoseex, 320; Qnothera biennis, 386 ; Pinus sylvestris, 369 (fig. 134) ; Rhododendron, 391; Trades- cantia virginica, 385 (fig. 141). — — compound, 391. — — culture and germination of, 391. — — homology with microspores, 369. — — how to make transparent, 388, 390. — — to cut sections of, 389. — mother-cells, division of, in F'ritil- laria persica, 439 (fig.154); Hemero- callis, 384 (fig. 140); Helleborus fetidus, 443 (fig. 155); Lilium, 462 (fig. 161). — passage, in style of Hemevocallis, 396. — sacs of Pinus sylvestris, 368 (fig. 134); of angiosperms, 380. See also pollen-grains. — — homology with microsporangia, 369, 380. — tubes, development of, 373, 374, — use of, in section-cutting, 82. Pitted ducts, 103, 110 (fig. 40), 91. See also pits. Placenta, 356 (fig. 130), 395 (fig. 144) ; | axile, 396; free central, 397 ; marginal, 393. — of Aspidium, 356. Plasmodesms, 465. Plasmolysis, 252-3, 267, 6% im staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 45; movement during, 49. Plaster of Paris, case, 279; 289. Plate cultures, of bacteria, 284. Pleomorphism (in bacteria), 269. Plerome, 211 (figs. 82, 83), 220 (fig. 87) et seq., 379 (fig. 139), 416, 420. Pleurococcus vulgaris. See Protococ- cus viridis. Pleurosigma angulatum (as test ob- ject), 259. Plum. See Prunus domestica. Plum-juice, use of, 317, 318. Plumule, 410, 415 (fig. 150), 420. Polar caps, 460 (fig. 160). Polarisation of starch, 22; 70; of mucilages, 429. Polariscope, use of, 22, 64. plates, of inuline, 387, 407, 408; cultural develop- ment, 391. Pollination (in Pinus), 371; in orchids, 404; in Torenia, 406. Polycarpous. See apocarpous. Polyembryony, in Picea, 378. Polymorphism. See pleomorphism. Polypodiacee, 357. Polypodium vulgare, prothallium, 357 ; antheridia, 358 (fig. 131); sper- matozoids, 359 (fig. 132); arche- gonium, 360 (fig. 133); fertilisa- tion, 360. Polypody fern. Polystelism, 173. Polytrichum juniperinwn, antheridia, 346. — foliar bundles in, 230. | Pomere, epidermal cork in, 197. Poplar-wood, use of, in cutting sec- | tions, 400. Poppy. See Papaver. Pore-canals, of pear, 65 (fig. 23). Porous cells of Sphagnum, 231. | Potash, acetate, use of, 216. See also Appendix 111. —- bichromate, reagent for tannin, 71, 149. See Polypodium. | INDEX. Potash, caustic. drate. — chlorate, 259. — nitrate (saltpetre), 46, 253. — permanganate, 259. Potassium hydrate (caustic potash), use of, 21, 186, 187, 209, 210, 366, 368, 412, 419, 432. — — (saturated), reagent for chloro- phyll, 248. Potato disease. See Phytophthora. — starch, 13 (fig. 5). — See Solanum tuberosum. Preparation microscope. See micro- scope. Preparations, permanent preservation of, 30, 36, 112, 250, 269 et seq., 450; closing, 113. — to find again a particular spot in, 280. — to make, 18, 444 et seq. Prick inoculation, 285. Prickles of rose, structure of, 94. Primrose. See Primula. Primula, ovary of, 397. — sinensis, glandular hairs, 97. Procambium, 213 (fig. 83), 379 (fig. 139). Proembryo of mosses, 229 (fig. 91). Proliferation, 346. Promycelium of Puccinia, 333. Proteids. See albuminous bodies. Protein-grains. See aleurone grains. — crystals of Ricinus, 33 (fig. 13); Bertholletia, 37; Phajus, 59 (fig. 21). Prothallium, homology with endo- sperm, 372. — how to grow from spores, 262. — of Polypodiwm vulgare, 357; Equiselum, 365. — reduced, in pollen-grain of Pinus, 370 Protococcus pluviali-. COCCUS. — vırıdis, 259 (fig 98), 264 (note). Protonema of Mosses, 228 (fig. 91). Protophloém, 105. Protoplasm, 29, 39. — circulation, 38 (fig. 14), 45, 49; con- traction, see plasmolysis; living and dead, 46; neutral lines, 48, 49, 50; rotation, 47, 48, 49, 50, 245; union of, between neigh- bouring cells, 464; threads, 254. — reactions of, 29. — staining while living, 46 (footnote). Protoplasmic movements, in leaf of Vallisneria spiralis, 48; in the hairs of young shoots of Cucwr- bita, 47; in Lamium, 47; in Elodea, 49; in the staminal hairs See potassium hy- of See Hamato- 521 of Tradescantia, 38 (fig. 14); in the roots of Hydrocharis Morsus- Rane, 47; in Mucor, 312; in the internodal cells of Nitella, 50; in the oogonial cells of Chara, 309; in the stinging hairs of Urtica, 96 (fig. 36); in the hairs of Pelar- gonium, 98; in pollen-tubes, 392. Protoxylem, 104, 127. Prunus domestica, structure of fruit, 423; of seed, 424. Psalliota. See Agaricus. Pseudo-parenchyma of fungi, 238 (fig. 94 Pteridophyta, structure of the stele of, 173; reproduction, 354. Pteris aquilina, structure of rhizome and leaf stalk, 172 (fig. 69). — cretica, development of root, 224 (fig. 89). Puccima graminis, 330 (fig. 118). Punctum vegetations, See growing apex. Pycnidia, of Anaptychia, 337. Pyrenoids of Cladophora, 247 (fig. 95) ; Spirogyra, 252 (fig. 96). Pyrola, embryo-sac, 401. Pyrus communis, stone cells in the fruit, 65 (fig. 23): glucose in, 66. — Malus, structure of fruit, 425; of seed, 426. Pythium de Baryanum, 321, 325 (note. Quercus Suber, structure of cork, 187. RACEME, 430. Radicle (of embryo), 379 (fig. 139), 410 (fig. 150), 420. See also embryo. Ranunculus Ficaria, a monocotyle- donous dicotyledon, 416. — repens, structure of the adventitious roots, 168; of the vascular bundle 121 (fig. 45). Rape. See Brassica Napus. Raphe, 399. Raphides, 119. Razor, 25, 74, 139. Receiving cells, 198. Receptacle (in Marchantia), 341. Receptacular tube, 425. Receptive spot, 297 (fig. 110), 309, 343 362. Reduction of the chromosomes, 439. Replum, 430. Reproduction, asexual and sexual, 288, 290. — of Aeidiwm Berberidis, 330; Agari cus campestris, 336; Alge, 290; Anaptychia ciliaris, 336; Angios- perms, 380; Aspidium Filix-mas 356; Bacteria, 260; Ceratopteris thalictroides, 362; Chara, 305 ; Cladophora glomerata, 293; Dia- toms, 257 ; Equisetum, 363; Ferns, 354; Fucus, 298; Funaria hygro- metrica, 347, 353; Fungi, 311 et seq.; Gleocapsa, 264; Gymno- sperms, 367 ; Lichens, 336; Liver- worts, 339; Marchantia poly- morpha, 339; Mnium hornum, 345, 347; Morchella esculenta, 326 ; Mosses, 345; Mucor Mucedo, 311; Penicillium crustaceum, 323 ; Phytophthora infestans, 318; Picea vulgaris, 372 (figs. 136-8) ; Pinus sylvestris, 367 (figs. 134-5) ; Poly- podium vulgare, 357 ; Polytrichum juniperinum, 346; Protococcus, 259 ; Pteridophyta, 354; Puceinia graminis, 330; Pythiwm, 321; Russula rubra, 333; Scolopen- drium vulgare, 354; Selaginella, 365; Spirogyra, 291; Vaucheria sessilis, 295; yeast, 288. Reproductive-cell, passage into oos- phere in Picea, 374. — homology with spermatozoid, 376. Resin, 144. — canals, 143 (fig. 53), 152 (fig. 57*). — reactions of, 144. Respiratory chamber. chamber. Resting spore. See spore. — spores of bacteria, 269. See ventilating Rhizines, of Anaptychia ciliaris, 240. Rhizoids, 229, 233 et seq., 245, 340, 358. — pegged, 235. Rhizome, structure of, in Pteris, 174. Rhododendron, compound pollen of, 391. Rib, use of term, 198. Ribes rubrum, phelloderm, 187. Ricinus communis, aleurone-grains in, 33 (fig. 13) ; substitute for Aristo- lochia, 186; type of albuminous seed, 417. Rings, annual, 153. Robinia Pseud-Acacia, tracheal plugs in, 163 (fig. 64) ; leaf-fall in, 203. Root and stem, corelation of, 227. — adventitious, 168; branching of, 224. — growing apex of. apex. — increase in thickness, 169, 171. | — structure of, in Acorus Calamus, 165 (fig. 66); Allium Cepa, 168 | (fig. 65); Iris florentina, 166 (fig. | 67); Ranunculus repens, 168; Taxus baccata, 168 (fig. 68); of Pteridophyta, 181. See grow ng INDEX. Root, structure of embryonic, in Alisma, 345 ; Capsella, 410; Picea, 378; wheat, 420. Root-cap, of Gymnosperms, 222 (fig. 88), 379 (fig. 139); of Hordeum vulgare, 220 (fig. 87); of Lemna, 219; of Pteris cretica, 226 (fig. 89); of Thuja, 222 (fig. 88). — hairs, 47, 90, 163, 223. — tip, 219. Rosa semperflorens, prickles, 94. Rosacew, mucilages of, 429. Rosaniline violet, Hanstein’s, use of, 53, 55,98. See also Appendix III Rose, coloured cell-sap in fruit, 55. Ross & Co.’s microscopes, xxi. Rotation. See protoplasmic move- ments. Royal fern. See Osmunda regalis. Rue. See Ruta graveolens. Russula rubra, 333 (fig. 119). Rust-fungus. See Puccinia. Ruta graveolens, structure of leaf, 189 et seq. (figs. 75 76); of petiole, 193. Ruthenium red, a reagent for Muci- lages. 433 (note) Rye. See Secale. Saccharomyces cerevisiw, 288 (fig. 106). Saccharum officinarum, wax layer, 99 (fig. 39). Safranin, watery, use of, 46, 111, 112, 118, 177, 210, 312, 381. — alcoholic, use of, 302. Appendix III. — gentian-violet orange, 453. Salep (cellulose mucilage of orchids) 429, Salisburia adiantifolia. biloba. Salix, epidermal cork in, 187. Salt (table). See sodium chloride. Saltpetre. See potassium nitrate. Sambucus nigra, cork and phelloderm, 182 (fig. 73); lenticels, 184 (fig. 74). Sarcina, 267. Sarifraga crustata, lime incrustations on, 64. Scalariform vessels (or tracheides), in Allium, 163 (fig. 65); Pteris, 175 (fig. 69) ; in Lycopodiwm, 177, 178. Scale leaves of Pinus, 368. Scales of Marchantia, 234 ; Shepherdia, 93 (fig. 35). See also hairs. Scalpel, xxx, 449 (fig. 158). structure of See also See Ginkgo | Schizocarp, 411. Schizogenous intercellular spaces, 102, 143. See also intercellular spaces. Schizomycetes, 265. See Bacteria. Schizophyta, 262. Schizostele, 178, 194. INDEX. Schultze’s fluid. Seechlorzinc iodine. — macerating mixture, use of, 79, 158, 186. Schweizer’s reagent. See copper am- mon-oxide. Scissors, dissecting, xxx. Sclerenchyma, 65 (fig. 23), 72, 126, 132. - fibres, 72, 102, 126, 176. — sheath, 102, 106, 177. Scolopendriwm vulgare, sori and spo- rangia, 354 (fig. 130). Scorzonera hispanica, latex system of, 125 (fig. 46). Scotch fir. See Pinus sylvestris. Scratch inoculation, 285. Scutellum, 419. Secale cereale, wax upon, 99. Secondary tissues, 119. Section-lifters, 113; to make, xxx. Sections, of very thin objects, 82, 205. See celloidin, glycerine - gum, elder-pith, cork, lime - wood, poplar-wood, sunflower-pith. — to cut, 25, 74, 81, 107, 139, 205, 409; orientation in stem, 139; curling of, 27 ; how to lift, xxx, 27; to mount, 30, 36; inversion, 211; to make trans- parent, 210; to restore when too transparent, 210 ; to transfer, 27; to turn over, 27. — microtome, to prepare and cut, 444 et seq. ; to stain, 456. Sedum, cultivation of pollen-tubes, 392. Seed, structure of, in Alisma Plantago, 413 (fig. 1:0); Capsella Bursa- Pastoris, 409 (fig. 149) ; date-stone (for pits), 73; Lupinus (for aleu- rone), 32; Ornithogalum (for pits), 72 (fig. 26) ; pea (for reserve foods), 25 (fig. 11); Picea vulgaris, 378 (fig. 139); Prunus domestica, 424 ; Pyrus communis, 426; Ricinus (for aleurone), 33 (fig. 13); Triti- cum durum, 20 (fig. 12), 417 (fig. 151). — leaves. See cotyledons. Seeds, with anomalous embryos, 416. — to cut sections of small, 409. — albuminous and exalbuminous, 417. Selaginella Martensii, sporangia, 365 ; morphology of stem, 365. Separating layer. See absciss layer. Sepals, 430; origin of, 431. Seta of moss, 349. Sheath, vascular bundle, 102, 123. Shellac, in absolute alcohol. Appendix III. See to mount for | 523 Shepherdia canadensis, scale-hairs, 93 (fig. 35). Shepherd's Purse. See Capsella. Shields, in the antheridium of Chara, 307. Short shoots, 367. Sieve-areas, 147 (fig. 55). — plates, 105, 109, 128 (fig. 47), 148 (fig. 55), 151 (fig. 57), 156 (fig. 60). tubes, 126 et seq. — of Aristolochia, 107; Bryonia dioica, 126; Cucurbita Pepo, 126 (fig. 52); Lycopodium complan- atum, 178; Pinus sylvestris, 147 (figs. 55, 57); Pteris, 176; Tilia parvifolia, 156; Zea Mais, 104. — contents, 126 et seq. — development of, 129 (fig. 47); staining of, 128, 176. — — mucilages of callus, 429. Silene inflata, vascular bundle ends. in, 199. Silicification of membrane, 96, 258. Simple microscope. See microscope. Sinapis, mucilages of, 429. Siphonez, 295. Skeletonisation of diatoms, 258. Slide-cultures. See cultures. Slime. See mucus, mucilage. — plug, of sieve-tubes, 129. Soda, caustic. See sodium hydrate. Sodium chloride, use of, 276. — hydrate, use of, 35. Solanum tuberosum (potato), starch in tuber, 13 (fig. 5); pathological cork, 188; disease of, see Phy- tophthora. Sori, indusiate, 356; naked, 354; of Scolopendrium, 354; Aspidium, 356. Spectrum, relations with assimilation, 282. Spermatia, of Beidium berberidis, 332. Spermatic nucleus. Spermatozoids, chemotactic stimula- tion of, in Fucus, 304. — heliotropism of, in Fucus, 303. — of Chara, 306 (fig. 113); Fucus, 302, 303 (fig. 111); Gymmnosperms, 376 ; Marchantia, 341 (fig. 123) ; Mnium, 346 ; Polypodium, 359 (fig. 132); Vaucheria, 298. — to slacken movements of, 359; fixed by iodine, 360. Spermoderm, 378, 410, 424, 426. Spermogones, of Mcidiwm, 331 (fig. 118); Anaptychia, see Pycnidia. Spermo-nucleus, 305, 375, 403. nucleus. See spermo- 524 Spheero-crystals, or sphierites. See inuline, calcium phosphate. Spherotheca, 329. Sphignum acutifolium, structure of 331 (fig. 92) Spider-wort. See Tradescantia. >pindle-fibres, 438-9, 461 (figs. 154, — tree. See Huonymus. (160-1). Spiral cells, of Sphagnum, 231; of Equisetum, 364. — vessels (or tracheides), 103. See vascular bundles. — — unwinding, 153. Spirillum, 269; 8. dentium, 276; S. sputigenum, 276. Spirocheete plicatilis, 276 (fig. 103). Spirogyra, conjugation, 291. — majuscula (S. orthospira), culture of, 251; cell-structure of, 252 (fig. 96) ; plasmolytic studies in, 253. Spongy parenchyma, 191. Sporangia, development of, in Clado- phora, 293; in Vaucheria, 295 (fig. 109). — dehiscence of, in Aspidiwm, 356. — structure in Aspidium Filix-mas, 356; Equisetum, 364; Scolopen- drium vulgare, 354 (fig. 130); Selaginella Martensii, 365. See also gonidangia. Sporangiophore of Equisetum, 364. See also gonidangiophore. Spores, Bacteria, 268, 280 (fig. 104), 287; Eguisetum, 364; Funaria, 353 (fig. 128); Marchantia, 344; Mnium, 351; Saccharomyces, 289 ; Scolopendrium, 356 (fig. 130) ; Selaginella, 366. — ascospores, of Anaptychia, 270; Ascobolus, 328; Morchella, 326 (fig. 117); Penicillium, 325. basidiospores, of ZBeidium, 331 (fig. 118); Agaricus, 336 (fig. 120; Russula, 335 (fig. 119). macrospores, 366 ; microspores, 366. swarm-spores, q.v. teleutospores, of (fig. 118). uredospores, of Puccinia, 332 (fig. 118). zoospores. See swarm-spores. zygospores, of Mucor, 315; Spiro- gyra, 292. Sporidia, of Puccinia graminis, 332. Sporogonium, of Funaria, 353 (figs. 127, 128); Marchantia polymorpha, 344; Mniwmn, 348. Spurge. See Huphorbia. Staining, of Bacteria, 270; of Clado- phora, 248. See also under name of object to be stained ; also over- Puccinia, 332 INDEX. staining, and the different stain- ing media. Staining, double-staining, 110, 441. — in the tissues, 274. — triple, 457. Stains, fixing of. See mordants. — on the preparation of basic anilina stains, 270, 271. — permanence of, 112. Stamen of Pinus sylvestris, 368 (fig 134; Angiosperms, 380; origin of, in Brassica, 432. Staphylea, cultivation of pollen-tube in, 392. Starch-cellulose. See cellulose. — formers, 39, 52, 57 (figs. 20, 21), 85 (fig. 30). See also amyloplasts, leucoplasts, chlorophyll bodies. grains, West Indian arrowroot, 18; bean, 17 (fig. 6); in latex of Euphorbia helioscopia, 19 (fig. 9); aid Huphorbia splendens, 14 (fig. 10); Iris germanica, 59 (fig. 22); oat, 18 (fig. 8); pea, 28 (fig. 11); Phajus, 59 (fig. 21); potato, 13 (fig. 5); wheat, 18 (fig. 7). — action of diastase on, 23, 422. — compound, 16, 60; semi-com pound, 16, 60. — general observations on, changes in germination, 23. — identification in small quantity, 53. — in chlorophyll bodies, 52. — lamination of, 14 (fig. 5). 234 — — origin of, 58-60. See also chloroplasts, leucoplasts. — — polarisation of, 22. — — reactions with heat, 14, 22; iodine, 20, 21; iodine vapour, 21; blue iodine reaction due to water, 21; potash, 21, 39. — swelling (gelatinisation) of, 18, 21. — to make minute grains more visible by swelling, 53. mucilage. See mucilage. paste, use of in pollen cultures, 392. sheath, 127, 132. See also Endo- dermis and stelar theory. Stelar theory, 172,181, 227. Stele, 102, 132, 163, 165. — in Pteris 172 (fig. 69) ; Lycopodium, 176 (fig. 70) ; Equisetum, 178 (figs 71, 72). Stem and root, correlation of, 228. — growing apex of, 204. structure of, in Aristolochia Sipho, 131 (figs. 48, 49) ; Dracaena rubra, 117 (fig. 44); Equisetum, INDEX. 178 (figs. 71, 72); Lycopodium complanatum, 176 (fig. 70); Pinus sylvestris, 137 (figs. 50-7); Ranun- culus repens, 120 (fig. 45); Tilia europea, 153 (figs. 58-63); Zea Mais, 101 (figs. 40, 41). Stem, to make longitudinalsections of, 107, 123. Stereides, stereome. system. Sterigma, of ZBeidium, 332 (fig. 118) ; Agaricus, 336 (fig. 120); Peni- cillium, 324 (fig. 118); Russula, 335 (fig. 119). Sterilising, 279, 289, 312. Stigma, 394, 396, 430. Stinging hairs. See hairs. — nettle. See Urtica dioica. Stipe of Agaricus, 200. Stock, ten-week. See Matthiola annua. Stomata, of Alo’ nigricans, 86 (fig. 31) ; hyacinth, 84; Iris florentina, 80 (fig. 28); Lilium, 86; Mmwium hornum, 352; Ruta graveolens, 190 (fig. 75); Tradescantia vir- ginica, 84 (fig. 30); T. zebrina, 85. — accessory cells, 85 (fig. 30). — guard-cells, 61 et seq. (figs. 28, 31) ; movements of, 83; interruption of hypoderma at, 106. — water, in Tropeolum, 88 (fig. 32). Btone of plum, 423. — cells, of pear, 65 (fig. 23). Btoneworts = Characee. Btoning, the phenomenon of, in the cherry, 425. Strelitzia, orange chromatophores, 55. Btrengthening layer (root of Taaus), 169. See mechanical Btrie, on epidermal cells, 55. Btructure and function, correlation of, 199. Btyle, 394, 396, 430. Buberin reactions, 166, 186. — to distinguish from cuticle, 186. Buberisation, 166. Suberose layer (exodermis), 165. Sub-hymenial layer, 327 et seq. (figs. 117-20). Suctorial organs. See haustoria. Sugar, cane-sugar, as stimulus for spermatozoids of moss, 361. cane. See Saccharum officinarum. grape-sugar. See glucose. identification in beetroot, 67; in pear, 66. reactions, Fehling’s, 66, 67. solution, use of, 38, 45, 391, 401, 404. Sulphur, in cell-contents of bacteria, 268. —dioxide, use of, 401. 525 | Sulphuric acid, use of, 63, 65, 78, 84, 130, 165, 166, 180, 232, 258, 381-2. | — as reagent for calcium oxalate, 63 ; calcium phosphate, 70; cuticle, 84, 88. Sundew. See Drosera. Sunflower-pith, to obtain, 82; use of, 81. Sunlight, action on bacteria, 285. Superior (of ovary). See free. Suspensor, 376, 413. Suture, 395. Swarming of bacteria, 268. Swarm-spores, of Cladophora glome- rata, 293 (fig. 108) ; Phytophthora, 320 (fig. 115); Pythiwm, 322; Vaucheria sessilis, 295 (fig. 109). Sweet-flag. See Acorus Calamus. — pea. See Lathyrus odoratus. Swift & Son’s microscopes, xxi. Symbiosis, 239. Syncarpous (of pistil), 396. Synergide, 403; disorganisation of, 408. See also embryo-sac. Syringa vulgaris, leaf structure, 194. TABLE, working, kind and position of, xxix. Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy), develop- ment of pollen, 444. Tannin, presence and identification in oak-gall, 70; in Pinus, 149; use of for crystalloids, 36. Tapetal cells, 384 (fig. 140). Taraxacum, latex system, 125. Taxus baccata, interval between pol- lination and fertilisation, 372; mesothecium, 383; structure of root, 168 (fig. 68). Teeth, bacteria of, 276. Tegmen (inner spermoderm), 417. Teleutospores. See spores. Tension, in thallus of Fucus, 241. Testa, structure in Capsella Bursa- Pastoris, 410 (fig. 149), 417. Test-objects, 78, 259. Tetrarch vascular bundles of roots, 222, 224, Thallus of Anaptychia (Parmelia) ciliaris, 239; of Fungi, 237; of Lichens, 239; Marchantia poly- morpha, 233; of Fucus, 240. Thermo-regulator, Thermo-stat, 447. Thickness, increase in; stem of Aris- tolochia Sipho, 131 et seg. ; root of Taxus baccata, 167 ; roots of Dico- tyledons, 171; thallus of Fucus, 243. See also Pinus sylvestris and Tilia europea. — — abnormal, for Monocotyledons, in Dracena Draco, 117. 5% Thuja occidentalis, growing apex of root, 222 (fig. 88). Tilia europea, T. parvifolia, structure of stem, 153 (figs. 58-63). ‘Tiliaceze, pectose mucilages of, 429. Tissues, considered physiologically, 199. ‘Toadstool. See Amanita. Tobacco. See Nicotiana. Tonoplast (de Vries), 254. Torenia asiatica, pollen-tubes, 392; fertilisation, 405 (fig. 148). Torus, 76, 145. See also pits. Trachee, wanting in Pinacee, 137. Tracheal plugs (tyloses), 161 (fig. 64). ‚Tracheides (hydroids), 77, 104, 140 et seq., 199. — length of, 161. — vascular and fibrous, 104, 209. also vascular bundles. Tradescantia virginica, movement of protoplasm in staminal hairs, 38 (fig. 14); development of pollen- grains, 385 (fig. 141) of pollen- tube, 392; stomata, 84 (fig. 30); cell and nuclear division, 434 (fig. 153), 438; direct nuclear division, 456 (tig. 160). — zebrina, protoplasmic circulation, 47; stomata, 85. Trama, 335. Transfusion, 106, 123, 167 (fig. 67). Transparency, to obtain by glycerine, 199; turpentine, creosote, car- bolic acid, chloral hydrate, 200. — to rectify, 210. Transpiration tissue, 198. Trianea bogotensis, protoplasmic move- ment in, 48. Tricarpellary, 396. Triarch vascular bundles of roots, 222. 'Trichomes. See hairs, scales. Trilocular (of ovary), 396. Triticum durum, starch-grains in, 18 (fig. 7). — repens, Uredo upon, 332. — vulgare, endosperm of, 29 (fig. 12) ; structure of fruit and seed, 30 (fig. See 12), 417 (fig. 151); germination, | 421. Tritonia, culture of pollen-tubes, 393. Tropeolum majus, chromatophores of, 54 (fig. 18); water-pores (water- stomata), 88 (fig. 32). Tube cultures, of Bacteria, 285. Tulipa, development of pollen, 385; of pollen-tubes, 392; structure of pistil, 396. — Gesneriana, ovary, 396. Turpentine, use of, 200, 450. Tyloses. See tracheal plugs. INDEX Ulothria, culture of, 252. Unicellular plants 255-89. Uredineae. See Puccinia. Uredo condition, 332. Uredospores. See spores. Urtica dioica, bristles, 97 (fig. 36) stinging hairs, 95 (fig. 36). VACUOLAR membrane, 46, 253. Vacuole, 39, 45-6. Vallecular canal, 179. Vallisneria spiralis, movement of pro- topiasm in leaf, 41; chlorophyll in, 53. Valve (frustule), of Diatomaces, 253 (fig. 97). Vampyrella, 310 (note). Vascular bundle, bicollateral bundles, 126; cauline bundles, 210; closed bundles, 101, 105 ; collateral bundles, 101, 105, 121; develop. ment of, 209; foliar bundles, 194, 210; open bundles, 121 et seq. See also hadrome, leptome; mestome, etc. — cylinder in roots, 163 et seq. — in root of Acorus Calamus, 164 (fig. 66) ; Allium Cepa, 163 (fig. 65); Hordeum vulgare, 220 (fig. 87); Iris florentina, 166 (fig. 67); Ra nunculus repens, 168; Taxus bac cata, 169 (fig. 68). — instem of Aristolochia Sipho, 131 (figs. 48, 49) ; Bryonia dioica, 126; Chelidonium majus, 124; Cucur- bita Pepo, 126; Dracena rubra, 117 (fig. 44); Equisetum, 179 (fig. 72); Pinus sylvestris, 137 (figs. 50-7); Ranunculus repens, 121 (fig 45) ; Tilia ewropea, 153; Zea Mais, 101 (figs. 40, 41). — staining, 101 (chlorzine iodine) ; 108 (corallin) ; 111 (safranin) ; 110 (double staining). — structure in leaf of Iris floren tina, 114 (fig. 42). — — terminations of, in petals, 199, in leaves, 199. — Cryptogams. See Pteridophyta. — tracheides. See tracheides, also spiral vessels, etc., and 104 (foot- note). Vaucheria sessilis, 295; multinuclear, 296; sexual reproduction, 296 (fig. 110) ; swarm spores, 295 (fig. 109) Vegetative - cell, in pollen-grain oi Pinus, 369 (fig. 134d) ; of Trades cantia, 385 (fig. 141). Vein parenchyma, 198. — use of term, 198. Venter (of archegonium). gonium. See arche INDEX Ventilating chamber, 83, 190. — cells, 198. Ventral, 233. — canal-cell. See canal-cell. — suture. See suture. Verbascum nigrum, cell-sap in petals, 55, 58, 92; hairs of corolla and stamens, 92; vascular bundle- ends in petals, 199. — thapsiforme, hairs on leaves, 93. Veronica serpyllifolia, pollen-tube in, 408. Vesicle, of Mucus. See bladder. Vessels, of Beta, 63; origin of, 63. Sce also vascular bundle. — annular, 102, 109; reticulate, 63; spiral, 103, 109; origin of, 110. Vesuvin, use of, 210, 270, 278. Vice, watchmakers’. See hand vice. Vicia Faba, nuclear figures in root- tip, 438 459 (fig 160). Vinca major and V minor, coloured sap in flower, 56; sclerenchyma fibres in stem, 72. Viola tricolor -grandiflora, hairs on petals, 92 (fig. 34) ; stipular glands, 98 (fig. 37); pollen-tubes, 392. Virginian creeper. See Ampelopsis. Viscum album, intercellular connec- tions in, 465 (fig. 163). Vitellin, 29. Volvocines, 260. WALLFLOWER. See Cheiranthus Cheiri. Walnut. See Juglans regia. Warm chamber. See oven. Washing, after fixing, 248, 444. Watch-glasses, xxxi and footnote. Water, conduction of, 198; storage, 198. 