None
24s, 262, 269, 271, 282, 283, 318, 320, 321, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 34S, 350, i^S, 372. 378, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 392, 393, 395, 407 Philbrick, 113 Pickard, 379 Piatt, 335 Pratt, 385 Prescott, 377 Pritzkow, 377 Rafter, 209 Rahn, 120 Raikes, 52, 59, 168, 174, 199, 274, 325, 326, 329. 330, 331, 332 Randolph, 30 Ray, 151 Reed, xx - Reid, 330 Rettger, 123 Richards, 233 Rideal, 15, 16, 19, 35, 118, 119, 120, 122, 144, 200, 213, 23s, 314, 322, 350, 379, 380, 383, 389, 390 Riensch, 54, 55 Robinson, H., 74 Robinson, G. L., 342 Rolants, 231 Ronna, 193, 196 Roscoe, 25, 90, 278, 295 INDEX OF PERSONS 425 Santo-Crimp, 80 Schloesing, 196, 222, 229, 232 Schneppendahl, 52 _ Schorlemmer, 25 Schultz-Schultzenstein, 233 Schumacher, 388 Schumburg, 278 Schwarz, 74 Scott-Moncrieff, 114, 115, 13S1 i44, 158, 231, 232, 318, 319, 333, 337, 338, 349 Scudder, 295 Sedgwick, 226 Shakespeare, xx Shields, 162, 256, 257 Silcock, 99, 401 Snow, 151, 246, 303 Soper, 41 Sorby, 265 Spieckermann, 123 Spitta, 406 Stearns,. 36, 37 Steurnagel, 74, 75, 78, 128 Stevens, 234 Stoddart, 129, 132, 317, 318, 325, 331, 333, 404, 40s Story, 340, 341, 342, 343, 34S Talbot, IIS Taylor, 126, 127, 339, 343, 34S, 346, 347, 348, 363 Thumm, 201, 268, 269, 271, 273, 278, 288, 290, 293, 328, 377 Tidy, 89 Travis, G. L., 156 Travis, W. O., 154, ISS, iS6, iS7, 158 Vaughan, xx Virchow, 196 Walker, 262 Waring, 112, 315, 316, 333 Warington, 222, 229, 232, 233 Watson, 54, 74, 83, 84, 14s, 174, 176, 189, 22s, 278, 286, 287, 339, 348, 349, 3SS, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360" Weand, 55, 364 Weldert, 406 Weston, 21 Weyl, xxiii Whitman, 363, 388 Whittaker, 318, 327, 328, 331, 334, 335 Wike, 8 Wilcox, 330 Wilkinson, 299 Wimmer, 233 Winogradsky, 233 Winslow, s, 24, 25, 38, 39, 73, 123, 125, 130, 140, 232, 24s, 256, 258, 262, 282, 283, 318, 320, 321, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 35°, 363, 372, 377, 378, 380, 383, 395 Woodhead, 144 Woodman, 25 INDEX OF SUBJECTS A. B. C. process, go Accrington, England, septic treatment, 122, 141, 145. 33^, 350, 360, 36s, 370 sludge, 75, 169, 190 streams, 29, 34, 253 trickling effluents, 311, 328, 330, 332, 350, 351, 36°, 365, 370 See also Bacterial removal; Serfage analysis Andover, England, contact filtration, 277, 289, 291, 292 septic treatment, 141 Andover, Mass., intermittent filtration, 238, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264 screening, 59 septic treatment, 144, 258 sewage, 5, 10 Annual cycle of trickling filters, 318-321, 353. See also Temperature Anopheles mosquito, xxv Arid regions, broad irrigation in, 215-219 Ashland, Wis., septic treatment, 142 Ashtead, England, septic treatment, 114-11S, 135, 232, trickling filtration, 114-115, 231-232, 318 Ashton mechanical squeegee, 94, 95 Association for the Defense of Septic Process Suits, 152-153 Atlantic City, N. J., disinfection, 387 Austin's sewage tank, iio-iii Automatic dosing devices, 239-240, 279-280, 303-305 Aylesbury, England, contact treatment, 282, 283, 285 Bacteria in feces, xvii Bacterial removal, 375-393 in broad irrigation, 206 contact treatment, 302, 377, 378, 379, 385 dismfection, 383-385, 386, 392 426 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 427 Bacterial removal (continue^ — in intermittent filtration, 253, 262- 263, 38s septic treatment, 378, 379, 385, 386 trickling filtration, 365, 370, 377, 378, 384 necessity for, 375-376 Bakersfield, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Ballston Spa, N. Y., contact treatment, 281 Baltimore, Md., disinfection, 387-388 experiments, 363, 387-388 sewage disposal, 43, 149 Barrhead, England, contact treatment 299 septic treatment, 147 Bar screens, 46-47, 62 Basket screens, 48 Belfast, Ireland, sewage problem, 44, 23S1 310-31 1 slate beds, 306-307 Berlin, Germany, broad irrigation, 196- 197, 201, 208, 213-215, 220 contact treatment, 377 screening, 63, 64 sewerage, xxiii typhoid fever in, xxiii See also Wilmersdorf Biolysis of sewage, 15, 20 Birmingham, England, contact treat- ment, 273, 278, 287 detritus tanks, 356 filling material, 274, 322, 324, 331, 3S7, 359 screening, 54 sedimentation, 74, 82-85, 371 septic treatment, 121, 122, 140, 145, 149, 356 sewage, 8, 12, 360 sludge disposal, 174-175, 176,356,357 sprinkler nozzle, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 346, 348, 349> 353 trickling filtration, 322, 324, 325, 327, 331, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 348-349, 356, 357, 358, 359, 371 Blackburn, England, contact treatment, 282, 283, 285, 287 trickling filtration, 360 Blackstone River, pollution of, 100-10 1 Bleaching powder, disinfection with, 382-393. , „ „ amount of chemical, 383-389 effect on stability, 389-390 history of process, 383-388 temperature effects, 384 time relations, 391-393 Bolton, England, chemical precipitation, 91, 96 Bolton, England (continued) — sludge disposal, 94, 95 Bonn, Germany, screening, 48 Boston, Mass., detritus tanks, 71-73 screening, 62-64 sewage, xxvi, 7, 395-396 sewage disposal, 42 sewerage, xxiii See also. Technology experiment station Bradford, England, chemical precipita- tion, 96 grease recovery, 96, 97 sewage, 8, 12 Brewster, N. Y., disinfection, 382 Bristol, England, septic treatment, 129- 130 trickling filtration, 324, 325 Broad irrigation, 193-221 costs, 209-210, 212, 214-215, 219 crops, 199-200 history of process, 193-197 laying out beds, 197-199 outlook for, 219-221 results ofj 202-210, 213, 214 sanitary aspects, 207-209 Brockton, Mass., intermittent filtration, 158, 236, 238, 239, 242, 24s, 246- 254, 259, 260, 263, 264 screening, 59, 247. sewage, 6,11 Brunswick, Germany, broad irrigation, 201 "Bunzlau, Germany, broad irrigation, 193-194 Burnley, England, contact treatment, 287, 292, 299 septic treatment, 147 Burton, England, sewage, 235 Buxton, England, trickling filtration, 322, 329 California, broad irrigation, 215-219 Calumet district, see Chicago Calverley, England, contact treatment, 277 Cambridge, England, broad irrigation, 203, 204, 205, 206 Cameron septic tank, 116-118. See also Exeter, England Cameron Septic Tank Company, 279 vs. Saratoga Springs, 149, 151-153 Canada, trickling filtration, 343 Candy-Whittaker distributor, 334, 335, 348 Capacity of contact beds, 287-294, 307 Carbohydrates, 14, 18 Carlisle, England, contact treatment, 287 428 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Carshalton screens, 53 Caterham, England, septic treatment, 141, 144 Cellulose, 14, iig-120 Cesspools, xix Champaign, 111., septic tank, 115-116 Cheltenham, England, broad irrigation, 201 Chemical precipitation, 86-107 chemicals used, 87-92 costs, 99, 105, 164-166 history, 86 methods of appUcation, 91-92 reactions, 92 results, 96 sludge removal, 93-96 status of process, 106-107 tanks, 93 Chesterfield, England, trickling filtra- tion, 339, 345-346, 353, 360 Cheyenne, Wyo., broad irrigation, 215 Chicago, 111., drainage canal, 27-32 sewage disposal estimates, 373-374 sewerage, xxiii Chiswick, England, chemical precipita- tion, 89 Chloride of lime, see Bleaching powder Chlorin, see Bleaching powder Clifton, England, sedimentation, 85 Climate, see Temperature Clinton, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 260, 262, 264 screening, 59 Clogging of contact beds, 287-294, 298, 302, 305 intermittent filters, 241-242, 244, 251 irrigation areas, 200-202, 217 trickling filters, 353-355 removal by bleaching powder, 390 Cologne, Germany, screening, 44, 46 sedimentation, 74-75, 78 Colorado, broad irrigation, 215 Colorado Springs, Colo., broad irriga- tion, 215 Columbus, Ohio, contact treatment, 377 disinfection, 381 roughing filters, 66 screening, 47, 63 sedimentation, 85, 371 septic treatment, 129, 139-140, 148, 367 sewage, 7, 370 sewage disposal, 41, 361, 363 sewage sampling, 397-398 sprinkler nozzle, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345, 346, 347, 368 Columbus, Ohio (continued) — trickling filtration, 327, 331, 332, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346, 347, 367-369, 371, 377 Committee on Standard Methods, 409 Concord, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 260, 264 Concord Reformatory, septic treatment, "3 Concrete, disintegration of, 78-79 Coney Island, N. Y., sludge disposal, 186 Contact treatment, 265-313 advantages and disadvantages, 312- 313, 372-374 capacity of beds, 272 che;mistry of process, 269-271 construction of beds, 271-277 costs, 298, 306, 372-374 cycle of operation, 277-280 depth of beds, 272 distribution, 281, 284 filling material, 273-277 history of process, 265-268 loss of capacity, 287-294, 307 nature of process, 266-268 operation, 277-281, 284-287, 290-294 physics of process, 268-269 primary and secondary beds, 268, 276, 284, 28s, 288 rates, 286, 287, 297 renewal of beds, 293-294, 297-298 results, 281-287, 297, 302, 305 tertiary beds, 285-286 Copperas, see Ferrous sulphate Copper sulphate, disinfection with, 381, 38s Cost data, broad irrigation, 209-210, 212, 214-215, 219 chemical precipitation, 99, 105, 164- 169 contact treatment, 298, 306, 372-374 disinfection, 381, 385, 387, 392-393 intermittent filtration, 105, 253-254, 263-264, 374 preliminary treatments, 162-166 screening, 64 sludge disposal, 105, 174, 179, 186, 188, 191-192 trickling filtration, 339, 360, 370, 372- 374 Coventry, England, screening, 63, 64 Croydon, England, broad irrigation, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206 contact treatment, 287, 372 trickling filtration, 372 Cunagh Camp, Ireland, slate beds, 307 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 429 Dantzic, Germany, broad irrigation, 196, 201 Becomposition products, of fatty acids, 19, 119 of proteids, 17, 18, 119 Deep tanlss, 82-84, 93, 95, 159, 162 Delaware, Ohio, septic treatment 131 Denitrification, 270-271, 311 Dervaux tanli, 155-156 Desplaines Rivef, self-purification in, 27-32 Detritus, 73, 170-171, 332 Detritus tanks, 70-73 Devizes, England, slate beds, 306-309 Dibdin slate beds, see. Slate beds Dilution, disposal by, 21-44 See also Self-purificalion Disc screens, 54 Disease, spread by excreta, xx Disinfection of sewage, 375-393 by acids, 380 bleaching powder, 382-393 caustic lime, 380 heat, 380 metallic salts, 380-381 ozone, 381-382 permanganates, 382 costs, 381, 385, 387, 392-393 design of plant, 391-393 Disposal of sewage, see Sewage disposal Dissolved oxygen, see Oxygen Distribution of sewage, measurement of, 343-346 on contact beds, 281, 284, 303-305 intermittent filters, 238-241, 250, 257 irrigation areas, 198, 217 trickling filters, 314, 316-317, 333- 349, 364-366, 368 Dorking, England, sedimentation, 85 trickling filtration, 355 Dortmund tanks, see Deep tanks Dosing devices, see AtUomalic dosing devices Double contact beds, 268, 276, 284, 285 See also Contact beds Drainage, sanitary significance of, xxv Dresden, Germany, screening, 63, 64 Dry closets, xxi-xxii Dublin, Ireland, sludge disposal, 174 Ealing, England, sludge disposal, 187- 188 Earth disposal of excreta, xviii East Cleveland, Ohio, septic treatment, 130, 131, 142 Waring filters, 315 Eastry, England, contact treatment, 286 Edinburgh, Scotland, broad irrigation, 194, 201 England, analytical methods, 399, 400, 401, 409 broad irrigation, 194, 210, 220 chemical precipitation, 86, 97, 106 contact treatment, 265, 273, 280, 289, 294, 298-300 disinfection, 379 intermittent filtration, 224-225 trickling filtration, 327, 334, 339, 349, 35S> 360 English cities, sewage of, 8, 12 Ems tanks, 162, 163 Essen tanks, 162, 163 Excreta, composition, xvii dangers, xix earth disposal, xviii Exeter, England, contact treatment,272, 277, 279, 287, 291, 292, 299, 379 septic treatment, 116-118, 121, 122, 123, 140, 141, 143, 145, 146-147, 379 Fats, 14, 18 Fatty acids, 19, 119 Ferric sulphate, precipitation with, 88, 90 Ferric hydroxide, precipitation with, 90 Ferrous sulphate, precipitation with, 87-92 Ferrozone, precipitation with, 89 Fiddian distributor, 335, 337 Filling materials, bacterial surface, 274- 27s for contact beds, 273-277 trickling filters, 322, 328-331, 357, 3S9, 369 renewal of, 293-294, 297-298 Filtration, rates of, broad irrigation, 197, 203, 211,213, 219 contact beds, 266, 267, 268, 286-287 intermittent filters, 223, 224, 227, 246, 251, 254, 255 tricklmg filters, 314, 317, 349, 372 Fixed sprinklers, 334, 339-349 Fosses mobiles, xxi Framingham, Mass., intermittent fil- tration, 229, 238, 242, 259, 260 screening, 59 sewage, 6, 11 Frankfurt, Germany, sedimentation, 74 sludge disposal, 182 Frankland's experiments, 223-224 Fresno, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Gardner, Mass., intermittent filtration, 229, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264 43° INDEX OF SUBJECTS Gardner, Mass. Greeley, Colo., broad irrigation, 215 Grit chambers, 70-73 Grit chamber detritus, 73, 170-171, 332 Guildford, England, contact treatment, 277, 291 disinfection, 383, 390 septic treatment, 141 Halton, England, contact treatment, 277 sedimentation, 85 Hamburg, Germany, contact treatment, 144, 268-269, 274, 275, 277, 289, 293 screening, 54 septic treatment, 144 sewerage, xxiii trickhng filtration, 322 Hamburger test, 406 Hampton, England, contact treatment, 277, 288 hydrolytic tanks, 153-159 septic treatment, 145 Hampton doctrine, 153, 156-158 Hanley, England, filling material, 275, 322, 324, 330, 331 trickling filtration, 322, 324, 332, 338, 353, 360 Hanover, Germany, sedimentation, 74 Harburg-on-Elbe, sludge disposal, 179- 182 Hartley-Wintney, England, contact treatment, 277 septic treatment, 141 Hastings, Neb., broad irrigation, 215, 216 Haywood, England, trickling filtration, 360 Health of Towns Commission, xxii, 194 Helena, Montana, broad irrigation, 215 Hendon, England, trickling filtration, 333, 35°, ?,Si Hermite process, .382 Hopedale, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 260, 262 Horfield, England, trickling filtration, 317,330,331,333,35s Huddersfield, England, contact treat- ment, 298-299 ,septic treatment, 140, 145 sludge disposal, 188 Humus matter, 20, 23 Hyde, England, trickling filtration, 349, 350 _ Hydrolysis, see Anaerobic changes Hydrolytic tanks, 153-159 Hypochlorites, see Bleaching powder Ilford, England, septic treatment, 145 trickling filtration, 333 Illinois River, self-purification in, 27-32 Imhoff tank, 162 India broad irrigation, 220 septic treatment, 125 Intermittent filtration, 222-264 bacteriology, 222, 232-235 chemistry, 222-224, 230-232 clogging of beds, 105, 251-252, 254 construction of beds, 235-240 costs, 105, 253-254, 263-264, 374 distribution, 238-241, 250 history of process, 222-230 nature of process, 223-224, 227-230, 235 operation, 240-246, 250-251 rates, 223, 224, 227, 246, 251, 254, 255 results, 252, 253, 258-263 sludge deposits, 105, 158, 171-173, 241-245, 250-252, 254 temperature, effect on process, 235, 242-246 International process, 89 International Waterways Commission, 373 Iowa State College, bacterial results, 262 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 431 Iron, effect on contact treatment, 274 Irrigation, see Broad irrigation Jerusalem, sewage disposal, 193 Johnson sludge press, 178 Kenton, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Kingston, England, contact treatment, 277 sludge disposal, 182-183 Knowle, England, septic treatment, 141 Lake Forest, Illinois, intermittent fil- tration, 239-240 septic treatment, 130 lakewood, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Lancaster, Ohio, disinfection, 385 Lausanne, Switzerland, sewage disposal, 193 Lawrence, Mass., sewage, 7. See also Lawrence Experiment Station Lawrence Experiment Station, chemical precipitation, 87-88 contact treatment, 273, 282, 283, 285 intermittent filtration, 225-230, 235, 245-246, 266 roughing filters, 65, 136 septic treatment, 121, 122, 123, 131, 140, 143, I4S sludge disposal, 189-190 trickling filtration, 314, 343-344 Lawrenceville, N. J., septic tank, 113 Leamington, England, broad irrigation, 201 Leeds, England, chemical precipitation, 91,93,96,97,293 contact treatment, 277, 278, 282, 283, 28s, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293 ladder filters, 136 screening, 63 septic treatment, 121, 122, 128, 131, 133, 140, 143 sewage, 8, 12 trickling filtration, 329, 332, 333, 349, 350,353,354 Leicester, England, broad irrigation, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206 contact treatment, 282, 283, 286, 292 septic treatment, 122, 140 sewage, 8, 12 Leicester, Mass., intermittent filtration, 237-238, 259, 260, 262, 264 sewage, 5, 10 Lille, France, bacterial results, 378 Lime, chemical precipitation with, 87-92 Local Government Board, 401 London, England, chemical precipita- tion, 88, 91, 93, 97-99 contact treatment, 266-268, 272, 273, 278, 286, 287, 292,314,378 disinfection, 382 septic treatment, 140, 145 sewerage, xxii, xxiii sludge disposal, 167, 174 London, Ohio, septic treatment, 131 Los Angeles, Cal., broad irrigation, 215, 216 Madison, Wis., triokling filtration, 361 Maidstone, England, contact treatment, 277 Malaria, xxv Malvern, England, trickling filtration, Manchester, England, chemical precipi- tation, 294-295 contact treatment, 272, 273, 274, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 292, 293-294, 295-297, 298, 299 detritus, 73 sedimentation, 74 septic treatment, 122, 133, 143, 145, 296, 297 sewage, 8, 12, 297 sludge disposal, 174 Manchester test for putrescibiUty, 403- 404 Mansfield, Ohio, contact treatment, 303-306 septic treatment, 131, 132, 135, 142, 147, 303-306 Mansfield State Reformatory, screening, 48 Marion, Ohio, disinfection, 385 screening, 47 septic treatment, 131, 142 Market-Drayton, England, trickling fil- tration, 353 Marlboro, Mass., intermittent filtration, 229, 238, 258, 259, 261, 264 septic treatment, 114 sewage, 6, 11 Massachusetts, intermittent filtration, 225-230, 235-239, 258-263, 264 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 226 See also. 277 sedimentation, 85 Oxychlorides, see Bleaching powder Oxygen consumed, 399-401 Oxygen dissolved test for putrescibility,, 405 Oxygen, in self -purifying streams, 23-26' required for self-purification, 32 Oysters, see Shellfish Ozone, disinfection with, 381-382 Pail system of sewage disposal, xxi Paris, France, broad irrigation, 211-213,. 220 sewerage, xxii Parker vs. American Woolen Company ^ 40 Pasadena, Cal., broad irrigation, 216- 219 Passaic Valley Sewer, 44, 46 Pawtucket, R. I., contact treatment, 289 intermittent filtration, 243 Pennsylvania courts and stream pollu- tion, 40 Peptones, 16 Percolating filters, see Trickling filtration Permanganates, disinfection with, 382 Philbrick sewage tank, 113 Pittsfield, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 238, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 Plainfield, N. J., contact treatment, 281, 284, 300-302, 378, 379 sedimentation, 85 septic treatment, 147, 301 Plate beds, see Slate beds Polarite, chemical precipitation with, 8g, 90 Pomona, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Prestolee, England, septic treatment, 141 Privy vaults, xix Proteids, 13, 14, 16, 17, 119 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 43 S Providence, R. I., chemical precipita- tion, 91, 93, 96, 100 screening. 63 sewage, 7 sludge disposal. 167, 174 Putrescibility tests, 403-408 Rahway, N. J., disinfection, 387, 392- 393 Rates of filtration, see Filtration, rates of Reading, Pa., screening, 55-58, 62-64 sedimentation, 85, 371 septic treatment, 364-365 trickling filtration, 331, 332, 355, 364- 365, 371 Red Bank, N. J., disinfection, 386-387 Redlands, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Revolving distributors, 333-339 Ribble Joint Committee, 402 Riensch screens, 54 Riparian rights, 40 Rivers Pollution Commission, 195, 223- 224 Rochdale, England, septic treatment, 141 trickling filtration, 349 Roughing filters, 65-67 Royal Sewage Commission, 43, 85, 130, 140, 145, 146, 150, 164, 165, 182, 183, 191, 194, u?S, 197, 201, 202, 206, 2og, 210, 275, 276, 280, 286, 291. 307, 33'!-, 333, 349> 353, 3SS, 373, 390, 405 Rugby, England, broad irrigation, 203, 204, 205, 206 Russia, septic treatment, 125 St. Anthony Park, Minn., trickling fil- tration, 342 St. Louis case, 29, 31 Salford, England, chemical precipita- tion, gr, 93, 96 roughing filters, 136 sludge disposal, 174 trickhng filtration, 317, 322, 328, 339, 340, 349, 3S3, 360 Salinas, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Salt Lake City, Utah, broad irrigation, 216 Sampling methods, 395-398 Sand, character of, 237 Sand filtration, see I ntermitteitt filtration Sandusky, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Santa Rosa, Cal., broad irrigation, 215, 216 Saratoga, N. Y., intermittent filtration> 25s septic treatment, 132, 134, 136-139, 140, 145-146, 147, 258 Saratoga case, 1^49, 151-153 Scott-Moncrieff's experiments, 114-115, 13s, 231-232, 318 Screening, 45-67 amount of screenings, 60, 171 area of screens. 26-27, 31 chemical, 22-26, 31 limits of, 32-39 Septic treatment, 108-166, 254-258 aeration after, 136, 139 bacteriology, 123-124 capacity of tanks, 128-132 chemistry, 118-123 construction of tanks, 127-136 costs, 164-166 deep tanks, 159, 162 gas production, 122-123 history, 109-118 liquefaction of sludge, 131, 145-147- nature of process, 108-109 patent litigation, 149-153 removal of sludge, 146-147 results, 121, 140-149 ripening of tanks, 125-127, 149 scum, 147-149 storage period, 128-132 434 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Septic treatment (continued) — temperature relations, 124-127, 140- 142 Sewage, 1-20 analyses, see Analyse^ of sewage biolysis of, 15-20 characteristics, i composition, 1-15 constituents in grams per capita, 9-12 variations in composition, 2, 395-398 Sewage analysis, 394-409 bacterial determinations, 395 chemical determinations, 395, 398- 402, 408-409 sampling, 395-398 standard methods, 408-409 standards of purity, 402-403 Sewage disposal, see Broad irrigation; Chemical precipitation; Contact treat- ment; Disinfection of sewage; Dry closets; Intermittent filtration; Screen- ing; Sedimentation; Self-purifica- tion; Septic treatment; Sludge dis- posal; Trickling filtration Sewage farming, see Broad irrigation Sewage of Towns Commission, 194-195, 208 Sewerage, xxii-xxv, xxvi Sheffield, England, chemical precipita- tion, 91, 93, 96 contact treatment, 287, 300 intermittent filtration, 264 septic treatment, 145 sewage, 8,12 Shelby, Ohio, septic treatment, 149 Shellfish, pollution of, 43, 375-376, 385- 387 Size of filling material, 275-277, 288, 330-331 Slaithwaite, England, contact treat- ment, 277, 291 septic treatment, 141 Slate beds, 70, 306-310 Sludge, amount, 167 composition, 75, 142, 168-170 deposit on intermittent filters, 158 from chemical precipitation, 93-96 sedimentation, 85 septic treatment, 142, 145-147, 166 measurement, 169 Sludge disposal, 167-192 air drying, 174-175 burning, 185-189 costs, 105, 174, 179, 186, 188, 191-192 destructive distillation, 189-190 drying by centrifugals, 179-182 lagooning, 175-176 Sludge disposal (continued) — land treatment. 184-185 mechanical drying, 177 pressing, 103-104, 177-179 sea disposal, 173-174 trenching, 176-177 use as a fertilizer, 182-184 Smith's revolving screen, 53 Soaps, 15 Southbridge, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 South Norwood, England, broad irriga- tion, 203, 204, 205, 206 Spanish War, typhoid fever, xx Spencer, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 Spencer alumino-ferric process, 89 Sprinkler nozzles, 339-343, 34S-349, .364 Sprinkling filters, see Trickling filtration Squeegees, for sludge removal, 94-95 Stabihty, attainment of, 22-32, 229-232, 268-271, 318-320 determination of, 403-408 effect of bleaching powder on, 389-390 of broad irrigation effluents, 206 contact effluents, 284, 350-352 intermittent filter effluents, 246, 258-259 trickling effluents, 350-352 Standard methods of sewage analysis 408, 409 Standards of purity, 402-403, 405 Starches, 14, 120 Sterilization, see Disinfection of sewage Stockbridge, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 259, 261 screening, 59 sewage, 5, 10 Stoddart's distributor, 333-334 Stoddart's filter, 317 •Stoddart's septic tank, 132 Stone Harbor, N. J., disinfection, 387 Stott's mechanical screen, 52 Strainers, see Roughing filter^ Stream pollution, 33-35 legal control of, 40-41 Sudbury River, self-purification in, 25- 26 Sugars, 14 Suspended solids, determination, 398- 399 effect on broad irrigation, 197-198, 201 contact treatment, 276-277, 287-294 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 435 Suspended solids (continued) — efEect on intermittent filtration, 241- 242, 244, 254-238 self-purification, 37 trickling filtration, 320-321, 330. 353, 3SS in sewage, 2-3 liquefaction of, 145-147 removal of, 60-64, 71-73, 85, 96-97, 140-143, 254-258,. septic treatment, 148 trickling filtration, 365-367 Waterbury, Conn., septic treatment, 126, 127 sewage disposal, 363 trickUng filtration, 327, 340, 343, 347 Water-carriage system, xxii Wauwatosa, Wis., intermittent filtra- tion, 256-258 septic treatment, 130, 256-258 Webster process, 90, 382 Wellesley College septic tank, 114 West AUis, Wis., trickling filtration, 361 436 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Westboro, Mass., intermittent filtration, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264 screening, 59 sewage, 6, 11 Westerville, Ohio, septic treatment, 131 Wiesbaden, Germany, screening, 52, 63-64 Wilmersdorf, Germany, filling material, 274, 322.324,331. 332 trickling filtration, 360-362 Wire-mesh screens, 47 Withnell, England, contact treatment, 277 Wolverhampton, England, trickling fil- tration, 314, 350 Woolf process, 382 Worcester, Mass., chemical precipita- tion, 91, 93, 96, 100-105 detritus, 1 70-1 71 detritus tanks, 71-72 intermittent filtration, loi, 105, 172, 173, 242, 2S9; 261, 262, 264 Worcester, Mass. {continued) — septic treatment, 121, 122, 123, 124- 125, 126, 140, 143, 146, 147-148 sewage, 7 sludge, 169-170 sludge disposal, 103-104, 167, 184-186 trickling filtration, 342, 343, 351, 363 Worcester Insane Hospital, septic tank, "3 Wrexham, England, broad irrigation, 201 Wyoming, broad irrigation, 215 Yeovil, England, contact treatment, 299 York, England, chemical precipitation, 91,96 contact treatment, 291 septic treatment, 141 trickling filtration, 322, 328, 349, 350, iSS, 360 1 1 1 1(1 ii Ml 'i-ri'.!'i'iiiit(.'-i''!iii'jiilii. 