None
. 808, 809, 831; in paper and pulp mills,* i, 831; peddlers, i, 822, 831; in professional service, i, 797, 798, 822, 831; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 794, 816, 817, 822, 831; in silk mills, i. 831 ; steam railroad employees, i, 822; teachers, i, 819, 820, 831 ; in textile mills, i, 78i5, 787, 811, 812, 822, 831; in tobacco and cigar making, i, 822, 831; in trade and transportation, i, 822, 831; in woolen mills, i, 831; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411; family income, i, 412-417; charity seekers, ii, 95-153; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; crime, ii^ 211-220; prostitution, ii, 322; status of children, i, 470-474; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33-42, 49^5, 64-72, 76-80; literacy, i, 438-447; English-speaking, i, 474-484: ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i. 484-489; ii, 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417, 419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; li, 137-142; fecundity, ii, 457469, 482-500; location of wife, i, 459, 460; nome ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; visits to Canada, i, 461-463; number in Lawrence, Mass., i, 513. Canadian, other than French: Immigrants from Honolulu, i, 712; number of house- holds and persons studied, i, 316-320, 601, 641; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on literacy, i, 446, 447; occupation in Canada, i, 357-363; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461^63; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; occupation, i, 365, 366; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 407^11, 764-766; charity seekers, li, 95-153; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; crime, ii, 211-220; status of children, ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33-42, 49-61, 64-71, 76-82; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; ii, 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417, 419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; ii, 137-142; fecundity, ii, 457-500; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; persons per room, i, 430-438, boardere and lodgers, i, 422-426; visits to Canada, i, 461-463. Canal Zone, law regarding inspection of aliens from, ii, 741. Canary lalajids. See Spain, number of immigrants from. 848 Tlie Immigration Commission. Canastota, N. Y., Italian agricultural colony, i, 574. Cance, Alexander £., author of report on recent immigrants in agriculture, i, 2; abstract of report, i, 543-615. Canning industry: Fruits and vegetables — Italian seasonal laborers, New York, i, 574; wages, i, 597; hours of labor, i, 598; housing conditions, i, 598; Chinese and Japanese in tJie West, i, 627-634, 658, 666. Fish- Number of employees studied, i, 627-629; Japanese in, i, 664; European races seldom employed in, i, 666. Cape Verde Islands: Immigration of Bravas or Black Portuguese from, i, 260, 592; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320r333, 336-347; literacy, i, 438-447. (See aho Portugal, number of immigrants from.) Capital: In manufactures, east of RocKy Mountains, i, 491; Japanese on farms, i, 592, 672; Polish on farms in Wisconsin, i, 586; little or none required for immigrant banking, ii, 420. Car building and repairing, employees in, i, 336-338, 343-348. Care of apartment: Among immigrants in cities, i, 755; better than anticipated, i, 37. Carinthian. See Slovenian. Carpenters and joiners, male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Carpet manufacturing, employees in, i, 336-348. Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio, ii, 7. Caste among East Indians on Pacific coast, i, 680-682. Catalans, number in Spain and Balearic Islands, i, 279. Caucasian: Definition, 1, 223-225; number of, i, 224, 225; number in Hawaii, i, 700, 713; average annual income of 14 families, Honolulu, i, 712. {See also separate races.) Causes of emigration: Conclusions, i, 25; in Europe, i, 185-192; letters from friends in United States, i, 187, 188; steamship ticket agents, i, 190. Cedar Rapids^ Iowa, public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 33-35, 75. Celtic: Defimtion, i, 225, 226; population, i, 225, 226; number of persons speaking a Celtic tongue, i, 225, 283. Cel to-Germanic. See Aryan. Cement industry, employees in, i, 627-629. Census, United States, unpublished data used by Immigration Commission, i, 15. Central America: Immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136. 137. Cephalic index. See Head form of immigrants. Certificates: Penal- Recommended that immigrants to United States be required to produce, i, 45; may be required of immigrants to Canada, ii, 622, 623. Exemption from immigration law — Australia, ii, 633, 634; Brazil, ii, 647; New Zealand, ii, 637. Chinese — In United States, ii, 580-583, 786, 789, 790, 792-795, 801-807, 809-811; in insular possessions, ii, 584. Forms of — Canadian, ii, 762; cattlemen, ii, 776; Chinese, ii, 809; insular territory, ii, 780. {See also Passports.) Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants, abstract of report on, ii, 501-556; probable causes of, ii, 541-552; conclusions, i, 43, 44. CluLracter of immipation, change in, i, 23, 24, 60-65. Charity hospitals, immigrants in, report on, ii, 253-290. Charity seekers, immigrants as: Abstract of report on, ii, 87-157; conclusions, i, 35, 36; schedule form used, ii, 687; various causes of need, ii, 115-124, 134; number in cities small, i, 35, 36; East Indians, i, 681; Mexicans, i, 690; few Japanese, i, 675. Charleroi, Pa., representative immigrant community, i, 496. * Charleston, S. C.^ deserting seamen at port of, ii, 360. Cheese industry m Green County, Wis., i, 549. Chelsea, Mass., public school pupils in, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 33-35, 75. Cherbourg, France: Inspection of emigrants, i, 197; number of immigrants from, and number debarred for medical pauses, i, 202. Chevalier, French writer, quoted, i, 507, 508. Index. 849 Chicago, 111.: Study of immigrants in, i, 72^772; households and persons studied, i, 732-734, 736: size of apartments, i, 741, 742; persons per room, i, 729, 743, 745, 746; boarders and lodgers, i, 728, 748, 749; home ownership, i, 756; rent paid, i, 757, 758; gainful occupation in the home, i, 751; public school pupils, ii, 10^ 11, 17-23, 33-35, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63; immigrants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115; immigrant banks, ii, 413, 415; foreign departments in banks, ii, 418; msAet for Greek bootblacks, ii, 400, 401; immigration to clothing industry, i, 516; police arrests, ii, 198-204; foreign- bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Child labor: On the farm, i, 594, 595, 597, 802, 803j in iron and steel, i, 785; cheaper than Japanese, in San Francisco^ i, 663; in textile industry, displaced by males of recent immigration, i, 540; Russians in Hawaii, i, 707. {See also Children, status of and contributions of.) Childlessness amon^ negto women^ ii, 486. Children: Number borne by immigrant women, ii^ 455-500; rate of development, ii, 536-541; treatment of infants, various races, li, 545^^7; proportion of, among immigrants in cities, i, 739; among departing aliens, i, 115; immigrants under 16 years of age unaccompanied by parent ma^ be excluded, i, 30; ii, 4(S), 406, 620. 621, 732, 749; naturalization, ii. 828; crime, li, 163, 169, 170; in charity hospitals, ii, 269, 28&-289; in school, cnildren of immigrants, abstract of report on, ii, 1-86; status of, i, 470-474, 614, 615, 707, 763; ii, 143-147; contributions of, various inves- tigations, i, 297-312, 414, 415, 763, 766, 767; of American and older immigrants not entering same industries as fathers', i, 502; immigration of British, to Canada, ii, 615. China: Population and emigration, i, 226; treaties with United States, ii, 578-583; inunigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136, 137, 155, 156, 623; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; literacy, i, 43&-447; immigrant remittances to, ii, 427. Chinese: Definition, i, 226; history of immigration, i, 655-660; ii, 578; number of immimnts admitted, i, 97, 215, 625, 654; proportion of males, i, 98; destination, i, 106-109, 624; previous residence in the United States, i, 104; money on landing, 1. 103; population in China, i, 226; number in United States, i. 624, 654, 657, 658; oistribution by States, i, 658; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101; length of residence, i, 116; ii, 84, 85, 263-266, 280-285; occupation in United States, i, 117, 118, 655, 662. 668, 669; in aj^cultural pursuits, i, 670, 672; in canneries, i, 658 j in domestic ana personal service, i, 655, 673; wages and earnings, i, 670; in chanty hospitals, ii, 268-261, 270-272, 286-290; insanity and mental defects, ii, 237, 270; crime, ii, 198- 204, 211-220; prostitution, ii, 337, 338, 346; in schools, ii, 10-16, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i^ 99; English-speaking, i, 675; naturalization prohibited, ii, 788, 829; labor organiza- tion, i, 668; return movement, i, 112-118; exclusion, i, 23, 41, 657, 658; ii, 578, 584; evasion of law, ii, 358; legislation, ii, 578-584, 781-815; law of 1875 enacted to control immigration, i, 110; seamen, ii, 357, 358, 367; in Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States, i, 654-660, 676; ii, 581; in Hawaii, i, 699-717; ii, 583; number in Cuba, i, 231; migration among insular possessions prohibited, ii, 584; conclusions and recommendations, i, 41, 47; in Canada, ii, 611^ 623, 626, 628; in Australia, ii, 633-635; practically excluded from New Zealand, ii, 638. Chisholm, estimate of, as to population of Holland, i, 232. Cholera: Among steerage passengers, 1847, ii, 592; in Europe, provision of quarantine act, ii, 572. Christiania, Norway: Inspection of emigrants, i, 197; number of immigrants from, and number debarred for medical causes, i, 202. Cigar and tobacco manufacturing. See Tobacco and cigar making. Cincinnati, Ohio: Public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63; immi- grants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115. Cincinnati College of Dental Suigery, Cincinnati, Ohio, ii, 7. Cities: Immigrants in, abstract of report on, i, 723-772; conclusions, i, 36, 37; schedule forms used, ii, 653-662, 668-673; concentration of foreign-bom in, i, 139-145; less illiteracy than in country districts, i, 157-159; number of married women in, Rhode . Island, li, 457; effect of life in, on fecimdity of women, ii, 460, 462, 463, 472-479. 481-487, 490-500; on Hebrew and Italian children, ii, 533; differences of urban and rural population, Europe, ii, 550. Citizensnip: Of immigrants, various investigations, i, 148, 150. 152-154. 156, 298-313, 484-489, 606, 649, 730, 771^ 772; ii, 152, 153; old and new immigration compared, i, 485-487; East Indians, i, 681; Hebrews in agriculture, i, 580, 581; Italians in i^culture, i, 565, 571, 574; few Mexicans become citizens, i, 690 j denied to Chinese, ii, 579, 788; of fathers of school children, effect on retardation, li, 40, 41; illiteracy among males of voting age, i, 159; in Hawaii, United States act regarding, ii, 795; natunJization laws and r^gulationsy ii, 817-835; of immigrants, Argentina, ii, 639. 850 The Immigration Commission. Citrus-fruit induBtry, California, Japanese in, i, 669. Clark, Earle, author of report on immigration and insanity, i, 3: report, ii, 223-251. Clark, Inez M., aadsted in preparation of report on immigrants in cnanty hospitals, i, 3. Clark, John H., United States Conmussioner of Immigration in Canada, (quoted, ii, €18. Clark, Victor S., author of report on the immigration situation in Hawaii, i, 2; report, i, 695-722. Clajk University, Worcester, Mass., ii, 7. Classification of races or peoples: Explanation of, i, 209-211; as used in dictionary , i, 212. Clerical pursuits: Male breadwinners engaged in, i, 790-792, 821-829; females in, i, 81^-815, 830-838. Clerks and copyists: Male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829; female breadwinneiB, 1,830-838. Cleveland, Ohio: Study of immigrants in, i, 723-772; households and persons studied, i, 732-734, 736; size of apartments, i, 741, 742; persons per room, i^ 729, 743, 745, 746; boarders and lodgers, i, 748, 749; nome ownersnip, i, 756; rent paid, i, 729, 757, 758; sanitary equipment of homes, i, 729; gainful occupation in the home, i, 751: publio school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 33^5, 71, 72, 74; teachers, ii, 4^-63; parochial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75; immigrants as dharity seekers, ii, 93-115: immigrant banks, li, 413, 415; foreign departments in banks, ii, 418; population ana number of foreign- bom, 1, 151; ii, 469; citizenship, i, 152; marriea women tabulated, ii, 470, 471; fecundity of women, ii, 472-482, 494-500. Cleveland School of Pharmacv^ Cleveland, Ohio^ ii, 7. Cleveland, Grover: Signed Chmese exclusion bill, 1888, ii, 582; vetoed bill provid- ing for educational test, 1897, ii, 573, 574. Clifton, John W., compiled digest of immigration decisions and report on State immigration and aUen laws, i, 4. Clothing, cost of, East Indians on Pacific coast, i, 680. Clothing industry: Summary of data secured, i, 305, 306; households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-333, 627-634; Chinese m, San Francisco, i, 655, 659; eammgs, 1, 384-386, 388-395; racial displacements, i, 516, 517; established where cheap woman and child labor is available, i, 541. (^e^ also Collar, cuff, and shirt manu- facturing. Boot and shoe manufacturing, Glove manufacturing, etc.) Clyatt peonage case, referred to, ii^ 444-446. CcaI mming: Employees studied, i, 626-629; average daily earnings^ i, 686; Chinese displaced in Wyoming, i, 659; Mexicans employed in Southwest, i, 686. {See aUo Anthracite and Bituminous.) Coastwise traffic. See Steerage conditions. Coliviras Brothers, promoters of Greek shoe-shining parlors, ii, 398. Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing: Summary of data secured, i, 308, 309; house- holds and employees studied, i, 294, 323-333; Chinese in shirt-making. Sail Fran- cisco, i, 659; earnings, i, 384-386, 388-395; female breadwinners engaged in, i, 830- 838. CoUege of City of New York, New York, N. Y.. ii. 7. Colleges and universities: List of those studiea, ii, 7, 8; students in, ii, 76-86; schedule form used, ii, 686. Colonies: Italian farmers in the West, i, 651; colonization schemes of Scandinavians in the West, i, 651. Colorado: Population and number of foreign-bom, i, 127, 129, 149, 155, 623: citizen- ship, ij 150; immijaprants destined to, i, 105-109; farm households studiea, I^icific coast. 1, 639; immigrant banks, ii, 414; regulation of banking, ii, 435. Colorea. See Negro. Columbia University, New York, N. Y., ii, 7. Columbus, Ohio^ immiCTants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115. Commerce and Labor, Department of, established 1903, ii, 575. Commission of Immigration of the State of New York, investigation of immigrant banks, ii, 414. (See also Immigration Commission.) Commissioner of Immigration, appointment provided for by law, 1864, ii, 565. Commissioner-General of Immig^tion: Law regarding duties of, ii, 739, 741; extracts from reports, on alien seamen, ii, 355-358; on contract labor, ii, 377; on padrone system^ ii, 383; on steamship ticket agents, ii, 385; on stowaway, ii, 366, 367. Commiasioners abroad: To arrange for exclusion of aliens with criminal records, rec« ommended, i, 45; President authorized to send, i, 10^ 28; ii, 576, 743. Committee on Immigration, Senate, established 1889, ii. 570. Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, established 1889, ii^ 570. Communities, immigrant, schedule form used, ii, 680. 681. hikx. 851 Company house Bystem: Effect on home ownership, i, 467, 469; in seasonal agricul- tural labor, i, 598; tolerated by recent immigrants, i, 540. Company store system, toleratea by recent immigrants, i, 540. Concentration of the forei^-bom in cities, i^ 139-145. Conclusions: Of Immigration Commission, i, 23-44, 192, 691-694; ii, 367; of various other Congressional committees, ii, 570-572. (See also Investigations.) Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Mo., ii, 8. Conditions in Europe: Results of economic investi^tion of, i, 185-187: Greece, as regards bootblacks, ii, 402-404. (See also Emigration conditions abroaa.) Congestion: Definition of term as here used, i, 741; amon^ immigrants in cities, i, 741-747; persons per room, in cities, i, 729; conclusions, i, 36, 37. {See also Hous- ing conditions^ Persons per room, etc) Conjugal condition: Of immigrants, various investigations, i, 298-313. 447-460, 605, 649; ii, 137-142; native and loreign bom compared, i, 458, 459; old ana new immigra- tion compared, i. 459, 460; fecundity of women, ii, 451-500; single men, or men unaccompanied oy families, conclusions and reconmiendations regarding, i, 38, 42, 47, 48. Connecticut: Foreign-bom in, i, 126, 128, 149, 151, 155; citizenship, i, 150, 152; immigrants destined to, i, 10&-109; employees in manufactures, mmes^ and quar- ries, 1, 492; Hebrew burners, i, 576; Italian communities, i, 560; insanity, ii, 232; immigrant banks, ii, 414, 438; regulation of banking, ii, 435, 438; bank commissioner, referred to, ii, 438. Connellsville coke region, labor unions in, i, 533. Constantinople, population of, i, 282. Constmction work: Employees studied, i, 294, 323-326, 332, 333, 626; earnings, i, 396, 397, 39^-402, 646; Japanese in, i, 664. Consular inspection abroad: Recommended in 1891, ii, 571; in 1907, ii, 576; medical inspection at foreign ports, i, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200, 203, 204. Consular promotion of emigration proposed bv Fortieth Congress, ii, 566. Contract labor: Defined by United States Attomey-Oeneral, ii, 379, 380; l^;alized 1864, i, 25;- ii, 565; law repealed 1868, i, 25j first opposition to, ii, 566; excluded by law, i, 29; ii, 620, 621; aliens debarred as, i. 111; li, 378, 624, 677; deportations, ii, 379; methods of securing, ii, 381-386; East Indians, i, 677; Greek bootblacks, ii, 399; Japanese, to Mexico, i, 661; few actual contracts, i, 188, 189; conclusions reading, i, 29; in Hawaii, i, 699-701; Australian law, ii, 633, 634; Canadian policy, ii, 613. Contract labor and induced and assisted immigration, report on, ii, 371-386. Contract-labor law: Early legislation, i, 110; ii, 375, 376, 569-572; present law, ii, 376, 377, 732-734, 739; violated by immigrant homes and aid societies, ii, 317; Kap- lanis Brothers convicted of violating, ii, 406; convictions under Maine laws, ii, 448, 449; effect on peonage, ii, 446, 448, 449. Control stations on German frontiers: Maintained by steamship companies by order of German Government, i, 195, 196; intending emigrants rejected at, for want of mc»ans, i, 200. Convicts, excluded by law of 1882, ii, 569. Coolie trade^ prohibited by law, ii, 578, 579. Cooper Medical CoU^, San Francisco, Cal., ii, 8. Cooperation: Among Italian market gardeners, i, 652; little among Hawaiian farmers, i, 720; Hawaiian Government marketing department, i, 720. Copenhagen, Denmark: Inspection of emigrants, i, 197; number of immigrants from, and number debarred for medical causes, i, 202. Copper mining and smelting: Households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-326, 332, 333; earnings, i, 384-386, 390-392, 394; Mexicans and Italians in the South- west, i, 686. Corean. See Korean. Corinthian. See Slovenian. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., ii, 8. Coromilos, L. A., Minister of Greece, ii, 408. Correspondence: Letters home responsible for most of southern and eastern European immigration, i, 187. Corsica, number of Italians in, i, 252. (See also France, number of immigrants from.) Cost of Canada's immi|Tation propaganda, ii, 610. Cost of importingimmigrants to Hawaii, i, 703. Cost of living in Europe, investigation of, i, 186, 187. Costas, John B., Greek labor agent, ii, 382. 852 The Immigration Commission. Cotton-goods manufacturing: Summary of data secured, i, 304, 305; households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-333, 627-634; earnings, i, 384-386. 388-395; male br^winners in, i, 821-829; female breadwinners in, i, 830-^38; labor unions, i. 537, 538; unskilled labor in, i, 495; discrimination against, by second-generation immigrants, i, 812, 813; race prejudice, i, 501, 502; early industry in New England, described, i, 507-510. Cotton growing: Bohemians in, i, 588; Italians in, i, 570. Couutrv of birth: Of foreign-born population, 1850-1900, i, 134, 135; versus race or people, explained, i, 97; list of countries furnishing immigrants, and races mitive thereto, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; Provinces thereof, ii, 694-699. Country of origin of immigration, 1820-1910, i, 60-96; races indigenous to. i, 209-283. Country districts: Distribution of foreign-born in cities and, ii, 139-145; illiteracy in, i, 157-159; effect of life in, on fecundity of women, ii, 460, 462, 463, 472-477, 480^ 489, 492-500; differences in iu*ban and rural populations in Euroi>e, ii, 550. Crampton, C. Ward, study of development of cnildren, referred to, ii, 536, 541. Cranberry picking: In Massachusetts and Wisconsin, i, 59^-596; seasonal labor, i, 595; hours of labor, i, 598; housing conditions, i, 598; living expenses, i, 599; racial displacement^^, i, 594, 595. Crane, Morton E., secretary and disbmrsing officer of Immigration Commission, i, 12. Creole, definition of term, i, 258. Crime: Immi^tion and, abstract of report on, ii, 159-221; conclusions r^arding, i, 33, 34; ii, 163, 164; recommendations, i, 45; distribution of classes of, ii, 176, 179, 181, 183-220; races in certain classes of, ii, 173, 174, 18&-211; natives of United States, ii, 183-188, 194^197, 205-211; native and foreign bom compared, ii, 172-182; Itsdians in amculture, i, 565 1 Mexicans, i, 690; little among Japanese, i, 675; alien prisoners in United States, ii, 211-220; juvenile crime, ii, 163, 169, 170. Cnminals, immigration of: Prohibited by law, i, 110; ii, 620; law regarding, ii, 732, 793; violation of law, i, 27, 33, 185, 192, 193; ii, 221; no adequate means to prevent, i, 27; Congressional protest against, 1866, ii, 565, 566; foreigp Governments willing to assist in preventing, i, 28, 193; publicly assisted, in early days, i, 29; conclusions, i, 27, 28; prohibited by Canadian laws, ii, 620, 625; by Australian, ii, 633, 634; by Brazilian, ii, 647 j by New Zealand, ii, 637. Croatia and Slavonia, number of Serbo-Croatians in, i, 230. Croatian: Definition, i, 226-231; number studied in agricultiure, i, 557; number in United States, i, 230; a^e classification of charity patients, ii, 2iB&-290; length of residence of students, ii, 84; residence in United States of charity patients, ii, 263-266, 280-285; immigrant banks, ii^ 413; charity seekers, ii, 95-152; in chanty hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; inaamty and mental defects, ii, 270; crime, ii, 211-220; prostitution, ii, 332; status of children of charity seekers, ii, 143-147* in schools, ii, 10-16j 64-66, 76-80; English-speaking, ii, 151, 152; conjugal condition, ii, 137-142; immigrants to Canada, li, 611. Croatian and Slovenian: Number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215, 230, 625; proportion of males, i, 98* destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; population in Europe, i, 214; number in Austria-Himgary, 1, 219; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 557, 601, 641; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506, 507, 627-636; age classi- fication, i, 463-467; age at time of coming, effect on EnglJjBh-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100-102, 172, 173, 357-363; length of residence, i^ 116, 349-356, 636, 637; residence in United States, effect on English- speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; residence in a^cultural locality, i, 604; occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366; wages and earnings, i, 366^11, 764-766; family income, i, 412-417; insanity and mental defects, ii. 228, 237; status of children, i, 470-474; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447; English-speaking, i, 474-484; citizenship, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i. 417^ 419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460 location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownersnip, i, 467-470, 756; rent paid, i, 419-422 siza of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i^ 430-438 boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i, 11^118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; number in WTiiting, Ind., i, 528. Crop failures in Euj'ope, a cause of emigration, i, 186. Croxton, Fred -C., chief statistician of Immigration Commission and author of report on immigrants in charity hospitals, i, 2, 3, 12; report, ii, 253-290. Cuba: Population, i, 231; proportion of white persons in, i, 256; natives of, in United States, 1, 134; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. Index. 858 Cuban: Definition, i, 231; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 113, 215, 625; desti- nation, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 28&-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 357-363; length of residence, i, 116, 349-356; ii, 84; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 263-266; occupation, i^ 117, 118, 363-366; wages and earnings, i, 405-411; family income, i, 412-417; chanty seekers, ii. 95-109; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237. 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 49-65j 64-66, 76-«0: literacy, i, 99, 43S-447; English-speaking, i, 474-484; citizen- shipj 1, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 417, 418; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid,«i, 419-422; size of apart- ments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i. 112, 118; visits abroad, i, 461-463. Cumberland, Wis., Italian agricultural colony, i, 561. Cunard Line, first carried steerage passengers in 1862, ii, 594. Cutlery and tool manufacturing, employees in, i, 336-338, 343-348. Czech: Definition, i, 219-221; number in Austria-Hungary, i, 221; immigrants to United States, i, 221. {See also Bohemian and Moravian.) Czdmig, classification of races by, i, 221, 277. D. Daily wages no criterion of actual earnings, i, 39, 370, 379. (See also Wages and earnings. Family income, etc.) Dairy farming, tendency of Danes to engage in, i, 651. Dalmatia, number of Serbo-Croatians in, i, 230. Dalmatian: Definition, i, 231; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 214, 215, 625; proportion of males, i, 98; population in Europe, i, 214; employees studied, i, 320- 333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification of charity patients, ii, 286-290; occupation abroad, i, 100-102; length of residence, i, 349-356. "636, 637; apple powers in Cali- fornia, i, 653; wages and earnings, i, 366-403; in cnarity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270- 272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 64-66; literacy, i. 99, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; deserting seamen, ii, 361. Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herzegovinian: Number of immigrants, i, 171; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; occupation abroad, i, 172, 173; length of residence^ i, 116; occupation, i, 117, 118; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237; literacy, i, 175; return movement, i, 112- 118, 180, 182. Danish: Definition, i, 270; number of immigrants admitted, i, 214; immigrants from Honolulu, i. 712; population in Europe, i, 214, 270; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 639-641 ; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English- speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 357-363; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 823, 832; occupation, i, 365, 366, 823, 832; in agricultural pursuits, i, 549, 800, 823, 832; in boot and shoe manufacturing, i, 823; in building trades, i, 789^ 823; in clerical pursuits, i^ 791, 814, 823, 832; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing, i, 832; in cotton mills, i, 823, 832; in domestic and personal service, i, 805, 823, 832; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 823; laborers, i, 780, 823; in laundries, i, 832; in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, i, 823, 832; miners and quarrymen, i, 782, 823; in needle trades, i, 808, 832; in paper and pulp mills, i, 832; peddlers, i, 823, 832; in professional service, i, 797, 798, 823, 832: salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 816, 823, 832; in silk mills, i, 832; steam-railroad employees, i, 823; teachers, i, 819, 832; in textile mills, i, 787, 811, 823, 832; in tobacco and cif^r making, i, 823, 832; m trade and transportation, i, 823, 832; in woolen mills, i, 832; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 407-411; charity seekers, ii, 95-153; in charity hospitals^ ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; crime, ii, 198-204; prostitution, ii, 332; status of children, ii. 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 49-61, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 43&-447; English-speaking, i, 474- 484; ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-489; ii 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417, 418; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; ii, 137-142; lecundity, ii, 482-500; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; visits abroad, i, 461-463; in Canada, ii, 611, 625. 854 The Immigraticm Commission. Dasio6, G. I., notarv public at Connth, Greece, ii, 407, 408. Days worked, number ciurtailed by oversupply of unskilled labor, i, 39. Davton, Ohio, immifprants as chanty seekers in, ii, 93-115. Debarments. See Aliens debarred. Delaware: Foreign-bom in, i, 126-128, 149, 155; citizenship, i, 150, 152; iouni^;nuitB destined to, i, 105-109; employees in manufactures, mines, and quarries, i, 492; insanity, ii, 232; private banking virtually prohibited, ii, 434. Delinquency, juvenile, ii, 163, 169, 170. {See aUo Crime.) Deniker. classification of races by, i, 224, 229, 259, 275, 278. Denmark: Divisions of, ii, 694; population, i, 214, 270, 271 ; illiteracy among recruits, i, 177; insane in, ii, 248, 249, immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167, 214, 271 ; emigration movement never very laige, i, 168; steerage laws, referred to, ii, 600; Canada induces emi^tion from, ii, 607, S^; natives of, m United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 155, 156, 623; m cities of United States, i, 145; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333,336-347,627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; deserting seamen from, ii, 360. Dentistry, students of, ii, 76-79, 82, 83. Denver, Colo., immigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Dependents, few immigrants of dependent age, i, 172. Deportation: Law regarding, ii, 733, 737-739, 741, 762, 763, 769-774, 787, 788, 790-792, 794, 800, 811-813; of aliens entered in violation of law, act of 1891, ii, 571; of Chinese in United States without certificates, law of 1892, ii, 582, 583; of criminals, i, 34; ii, 221; accomplished through information furnished bv Immigration Commission, i, 23; classes Gable to, Australia, ii, 634; classes liable to, Canada, ii, 621, 625. {See also Aliens deported.) Deposits in immigrant banks, ii, 423, 424. Deserting seamen: Belong largely to excluded classes, ii, 355; number of, at certain ports, li, 359, 360, 363; specific cases, ii, 361; applicants at employment agencies, li, 363; letters from steamship companies regaraing, ii, 368, 369; form of report by ship's master, ii, 368; connivance ol ships' officers, ii, 357, 361; l^jslation regarding, ii, 759, 761; not subject to head tax, ii, 355, 357, 358; proposed new act regarding, ii, 367. {See also Seamen, alien.) Des Moines, Iowa, immigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Desmond, L. J., author, reference from, ii, 564. Destination of immigrants: Arriving in United States 1899-1910, 1, 105-109; nearly all Europeans come to join relatives or friends, i, 188. Detroit. Mich.: Foreign-l)om in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152- public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63; parochial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75. Detroit College of Medicine, Detroit, Mich., ii, 8. Diamesis, L., Greek physician in Chicago, letter signed by, ii, 398. Dickens, Charles, quoted, i, 509, 510. Dillingham, William P.: Chairman of Immigration Commission, i, 11, 12; investi- gation in Europe, i, 165; introduced immigration bill, 1906, ii, 575; introduced bill in Senate providing for Government supervision of ships carrying steerage passengers, ii, 602. Disease: Among steerage passengers, ii, 589, 592, 593, 596; hospitals on shipboard, ii, 597; among deserting alien seamen, ii, 361; among stowaways, ii, 363, 364; Greek bootblacks^ ii, 397, 398; seasoned agricultural laborers, i, 600; among children, ii, 546, 547, 556; immigrants in charit]^ hospitals, ii, 258, 259, 267-285; in a foreign countiy, President may prohibit immigration during existence of, ii, 572; conclu- sions, 1, 34, 35. Diseased aliens: Immigration of, i, 26; excluded by law, ii, 571, 620; law regarding, ii, 732, 734, 752, 773; exclusion of, i, 110, 111; medical inspection abroad, i, 193; conclusions, i, 26, 27; Australian law, ii, 633; Brazilian, ii, 647; Canadian, ii, 620; New Zealand, ii, 637. Displacements, racial: Of Americans and older immigrant races, by recent immi- grants, i, 500-530; in bituminous-coal mining, i, 503-507, 532-537; in boot and shoe industry, i, 517-519; in clothing industry, i, 516, 517; in cotton mills, i, 507-512; in glass industry, i. 519-527; in leather industry, i, 529, 530; in oil refining, i, 527, 528; in seasonal agricultural labor, i, 594, 595; in silk mills, i, 529; in woolen and worsted mills, i, 512-516; of American farmers, by Portuguese, in New England, i, 593; of negroes, by Italians, in the South, i, 568, 570, 571: of Chinese, i, 658, 659; of Chinese, by recent European immigrants and Japanese, Pacific coast, i, 658, 668, InAtx. 855 669; of Indians and Japanese, by Mexicans, i, 683; of Japanese, by southern and eastern Europeans^i, 667; leasing of land to immigrants, one cause of, in the West, 1, 672; laborers in Hawaii, i, 712, 716, 721. Distribution of immigrants: Arriving 1850-1900, abstract of report on, i, 119-160; by country of birth, i, 134, 135; by period of immigration, i, 124, 125; by geo^phic division, 1, 130, 131; by class oi pla^e of residence, i, 139; in western division, iy 623; Hebrews in agriculture, i, 576; Japanese, i, 662-664; Mexicans, i, 682. conclusions, i, 40; recommendationfl, i, 46; division of information for. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, i, 40, 46; ii, 575, 743; in Argentina, ii, 642, 643; juveniles in Canada, ii, 615, 627. District of Columbia: Foreign-bom in, i, 126, 128, 149, 155; citizenship, i, 150: immi- jgrants destined to, i, 105-109; insane in, ii, 232. {See also Washington, D. C.) Diversified industries, households and employees studied, i, 294. Division of Information, Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, i, 9, 40, 46; ii, 575, 743. Dodson, Martha E., author of report on immigrant homes and aid societies, i, 3; ab- stract of report, ii, 305-322. Domestic and personal service: Male breadwinners engaged in, i, 821-829; female breadwinners, i, 804-806, 830-838; immigrants in, Masaeichusetts, i, 810; Chinese in, San Franasco, i, 655, 659; Japanese in, the West, i, 672, 673; immigrants in cities, i, 761, 762; contract-labor law not applicable to, ii, 621; immigrants engaged in, abroad, i, 360, 362. 363; domestic servants assisted to immigrate to Austruia, ii, 631; Canada pays Donus on immigrants engaging in, ii, 608, 613; number immi- grating to Canada, ii, 613; exempt from Canaan money requirement, ii, 623. Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc., male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Dressmakers, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. Dukhobors: Religious sect of Russia, i, 264; immigration to Canada, ii, 612. Duluth, Minn.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 153* public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63; parochial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75. Durand, E. Dana, Director of Census, quoted, i, 18. Dutch: Definition, i, 231-233; number of emigrants admitted, i, 97, 214, 215, 625; population in Europe, i, 214; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 641; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-^36; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking ana hteracy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 357-363; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; occupation, i, 363-366; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411; family income, i, 412-417: charity seekers, ii, 95-153; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity ana mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 270; prostitution, ii, 332; status of children, i, 470-474; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33-42, 49-61, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 99, 438-447; English-speaking, i, 474r484; ii, 151^ 152; citizenship, i, 484-489; ii, 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417-419; conjug^ conditioUj i, 447-460; li, 137-142; location of wife^ i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; size of apartinents and of house- holds, 1, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; visits abroad, i, 461-463; in Canada, ii, 611, 625. Dutch and Flemish: Number of immigrants admited, i, 171, 214, 215, 232; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; population m Europe, i, 232, 233; occupation abroad, i, 172, 173; length of residence, 1, 116; occupation, i, 117, 118; prostitution, ii, 332; literacy, i, 175; return move- ment, i, 112-118, 180, 182. E. EagaiL Mary Helen, author of reports on the immigration situation in Australia and in New Zealand, i, 4; abstracts of reports, ii, 631-6§5, 637, 638. Earnings. See Wages and earnings. East Indian, definition of term, i, 233, 234. {See cdso Hindu.) East Indies: Population, i, 233; Dutch in, i, 232. Economic conditions in Europe, i, 185, 187. Economic status: Of immigrsuits in cities, i, 760-767; in Hawaii, i, 714-717. Eden GoU^ge, St. Louis, Mo., ii, 8. Education. See Literacy, Schools, and Higher educational institutions. Educational test. See Literacy test. Edwards, Glen, author of report on steerage legislation, i, 4; report, ii, 685-602. 856 The Immigration Commission. Egyptian: Employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347; a^e classification of charity patients, ii, 286-290; length of residence^ i, 349-356; li, 84; residence in United States of charity patients, li, 263-266; chanty seekers, ii, 96-109; in diarity hospitsds ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 444-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; inmiigrants to Canada, ii, 611. Electric railway transportation: Employees in, i, 336-338, 343-348, 626-629; Mezicaiis in, in Southwest, i, 685, 686. Electric supplies manufacturing, emnlo'^ees in, i, 336-348. Elenis, G. D., party to Greek loan contract, ii, 407, 408. Elizabeth, N. J.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Ellington, Conn., Hebrew tobacco farms, i, 579. Ellis Island: Detention of immigrants, ii, 309; nimoiber of immigrants discharged to homes and aid societies, ii, 310; action of Commissioner r^;arding homes and aid societies, ii, 314, 315, 322. Elmira, lU., inmiigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Embarkation of inadmissibles should be prevented, i, 26, 27. {See also Inspection abroad.) Emigrants: From United States to Canada, ii, 607, 612, 613, 617-619; steamship com- panies required to furnish lists of outgoing passengers, i, 9; ii, 575, 735, 736, 762. {See also Aliens departing, Return movement, etc.) Emigration conditions abroad: Abstract of report on conditions in Europe, i, 161-204; attitude of European countries, i, 168, 169; emigration discouraged, i, 189, 191, 277; ii, 584; German-Russians, i, 653; He Drews, i, 577, 584; oppression of East Indians, i, 677; Madeira and Azores Islands, i, 704; emigration from Europe no longer abso- lute economic necessity, i, 25. Emi^tion laws: Europe, as a rule, requires steamship companies to return rejected aliens, i, 197; Austria prohibits solicitation of emigration, i, ICl; Austrian attempts at legislation, i, 191; Hungary taking steps to regulate or restrict emigration, i, 277; Hungary prohibits promotion of emigration, i, 191; Italy prohibits solicitation by steamship agents, i, 191; under Italian law rejected immi^;rant6 may claim damages from steamship company, i, 197; evasion of Russian law, i, 190, 101. Employees studied: Number, various industries^ i, 294, 297-313, 320-331, 336-342; in Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States, i, 627-634; schedule forms used, ii, 674-679. Employers' opinions: Chinese and Mexicans preferred to Japanese, i, 665, 666; Chinese preferred to other Asiatics, by California ranchers, i, 672; Japanese preferred to cer- tain recent immigrants, i, 665, 666; Mexican railroad laborers, i, 684; Mexicans and Japanese compared, sugar-beet laborers, i, 688' East Indians, i, 678; Asiatic labor in agricultural industries of California, i, 672; scnedule form used, ii, 675-677. Employment: Most southern and eastern European immigrants practically assured of, before coming, i, 188, 189; immigrants to Canada must be assured of, ii, 621. {See also Occupations, Contract labor, etc.) Employment agencies: Number investigated, ii, 313, 321; fees charged, ii, 321^ recom- mendation regarding, i, 46; violations of law, ii, 311; supply girls for disorderly houses, ii, 345; connected with immigrant banks, ii. 419; Mexican railroad em- ployees, i, 684; Hawaiian Su^ar Planters' Association, i, 703, 704; provided by immigration law, Argentina, ii, 642, 643; of Canadian Government, free, ii, 627. (See also Labor agents.) Encouraged immigration: To Argentina, ii, 639, 641; Australia, ii, 631; Brazil, ii, 646; Canada, ii, 607; New Zealand, ii, 637: United States law of 1864, ii, 375, 565. Engineering and technology, students of, ii, 76-79, 82, 83. England: Counties and boroughs of, ii, 694, 695; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; population, i, 235; immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 155, 156, 623; in cities of United States, i, 145; crime, ii, 183-188, 194-197, 205-211; children of inamigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-547, 506, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. Ens:land ana Wales: Irish immigrants to, i, 250; insanity and feeble-mindednesB, ii, 239-242, 248, 249. English: Definition, 1, 234-236; number of persons speaking, i, 235; number of immi- grants admitted, i. 171, 214, 215, 236, 625; destination, i, 106-109; previous reridence m United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103: immigrants from Honolulu, i, 712; population in Europe, i, 214, 235; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 601, 641, 642; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506, 507, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on literacy i,446,447;occupationabroad,i^ 100, 101, 172, 173, 357-363; length of readence,i, U6, 349-^6, 636, 637, ii, 84, 85* residence in United States, effect on literacy, etc., i, 445, Index. 857 446, 461-463, ii, 147-161, 263-266, 280-286; occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366, 762 {see also English and Welsh); wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 406^11, 764-766; family income, i. 412-417; charity seekers, ii, 96-153; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-262, 270-276; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 238, 270; crime, ii, 179, 181, 182, 189-193, 198-204, 211-220; prostitution, ii, 332; status of children, i, 470-474, ii; 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33-42, 49-61. 64-72, 76-82; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489, ii, 152, 153; in labor unions^ i, 417-419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460, ii, 137-142; fecundity, ii, 457-500; location of wife, i, 459, 460, home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of house- holds, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; number in Lawrence, Mass., i, 513; in Whiting, Ind., i, 528; in Canada, ii, 612, 625; immigrants to Argentina, ii, 640, 641; to Brazil/u, 645, 646. English and Welsh: Number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 823, 832; occupation, i, 823, 832; in agricultural pursuits, i, 799, 800, 823, 832; in boot and shoe manufacturing, i, 823; in building trades, i, 789, 790, 823; in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 792, 814, 815, 823, 832; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing, i, 832; in cotton mills, i, 823, 832; in domestic and personal service, i, 804^^6, 823, 832; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 785, 823; laborers, i, 780, 781, 823; in laundries, i, 832; in manufacturing and mechanical gursuits, i, 823, 832; miners and quarrymen, i, 782, 783, 823; in needle trades, i, 808, [)9, 832; in paper and pulp mills, i, 832; peddlers, i, 823, 832; in professional service, i, 797, 798, 823, 832; salesmen, agents, etc., 793, 794, 816, 817, §23, 832; in silk mills, i, 832; steam-railroad employees, i, 823; teachers, i, 819, 820, 832; in textile mills, i, 786, 787, 811, 812, 823, 832; in tobacco and cigar making, i, 823, 832; in trade and transportation, i, 823,832; in woolen mills, i, 832; insanity and mental defects, ii, 244, 248, 249; in Canada, ii, 612, 614, 626. English-speaking ability: Immigrants in various invest^ations, i, 160, 298-313, 474-484, 609-611, 675, 730, 768-770; ii, 151, 152; native and foreign born com- pared, i, 476; old and new immigration compared, i, 475, 476, 648; retardation of school children from homes where English is not spoken, i, 43; ii, 40, 41; lack of, largely responsible for immigrant banks, ii, 417; lack of, requires more supervision in mdustries, i, 538; Italian agricultural colonies, i, 564; East Indians, i, 681; Mexi- cans, i, 690. Eppler, Samuel A., conducted investigation of alien seamen and stowaways, i, 3; ii, 358. Eskimo: Age classification of charity patients, ii^ 288; residence in United States of charity patients, ii, 263; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261. Ethiopian. See Negro. Ethnical factors discussed, i, 209-283. Ethnological classification of races, i, 212. Eurafrican. See Caucasian. Europe: Immigration of races from, 1820-1910, i, 60-96; 1850-1900, i, 124; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; investi^tions in, i, 14, 165-167; attitude of, toward emigration, i, 168, 169; illiteracy in, i, 175-477; effects of returned emigrants, i, 184, 185; num- ber of Germans in, i, 242; number and distribution of Italians in, i, 252; Canada's propaganda in, ii, 607; value of international money orders, 1906-9, ii, 426, 428; natives of, in United States, i, 124, 134, 135, 137; immigrants from, needed in West, i, 41, 691; on Pacific coast, i, 644-654; in Hawaii, i, 708, 715; children of inmiigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 33&-347. Evansville, Ind., immigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Examination abroad of aliens' police records, desirable, i, 34, 45. {See also Inspection abroad.) Exchange, rate of, in immigrant banking, ii, 430. Exclud^ chutes: Law regarding, ii, 619-621, 732; legislation, 1875, ii, 579; 1882, ii, 569; 1891, i, 110; ii, 571; 1897, ii, 573; 1907, ii, 575-577; 1910, ii. 577; recom- mendations, various, i, 9, 47, 48; ii, 562, 573; children unaccompanied by parent, i, 30; Chinese, ii, 578-584; Japanese and Korean laborers, ii, 584; prostitutes, ii, 327-329. 579; aliens entering as seamen, ii, 356-363; as stowaways, ii, 363-i367; Australia, ii, 633, 634; Brazil, ii, 647; Canada, ii, 607, 610, 611, 619-621; New Zea- land, ii, 637, 638. {See also Aliens excluded.) Exclusion: On account of mental unsoundness, ii, 227-229; of East Indians, recom- mended, i, 691. Executive order: President empowered to prohibit immiCTation in case of disease in forei^ country, ii, 572; empowered to call intemationaY conference or to send com- missioners abroad, on subject of immigration, i, 10, 28; ii, 576, 577, 743; empowered to stop immigration on passports issued for entrance to other countries, ii, 577. {See also Vetoes, Presidents'.) 72289*»— VOL 1—11 55 858 The Immigration Commission. Expansion of industry, through recent immigration, i, 491. 646. Exploitation: Of Greek bootDiacks, ii. 391-408| Greek railroad laborers, ii, 405, 406; Mexican railroad laborers, i, 684: laborers in Maine forests, ii, 447; prostitutes, ii, 339-341; of aliens by other auens, recommendation r^azding, i> 46; Canadian immigration department protects new arrivals from, ii, 627. F. Face, width of, native and foreign bom compared, ii, 510-^17, 523, 525, 526, 530, 531, 536, 541, 544, 545, 548. Fulures and defalcations, immigrant bankers, ii, 433, 434, 437, 438. Fallmer, Koland P^ author of report on the children of immigrants in schools, i, 2. Fall River, Mass.: Foreign-bom m male population, i, 151* citizenship, i, 152; public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; teachers, li, 49-63; parochial school pupils, li, 64-72, 75; labor unions in, i, 537; immigrant banks, ii, 413. Families: (greater assimilation of, than of single men, i, 39; recommendations, i, 47, 48; schedule forms used in study of, ii, 653-673; receiving charitable aid, ii, 130-135: relationship in Greece, ii, 405; effect of size of, on bodily form, ii, 555; parents ami children compared, as regards bodily form, ii, 549, 553. (See dUo Conjugal condi- tion.) Family income: Various investigations,, i, 297-312, 412-417, 597, 598, 600, 766, 767; native and foreign bom compared, i, 413, 416; old and new immigration compared, i, 413, 416, 417; of Mexicans, smallest of ail immigrant races in West, i, 689; working people^ Honolulu, i, 712. (^e^ aUo Wages and earnings and separate races.) Family bfe, absence of: Influence which most retards assimilation, i, 42. Farm labor: Male breadwinners engaged in, i, 802, 821-829; female breadwinners, i, 830-838; Italians in South, i, 568, 569; emigrating from United States to Canada, ii, 613, 614, 617; desired by Canada, ii, 608, 613, 623. (See also Agricultural pursuits.) Farmers, planters, and overseers: Male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-8^; female breadwinners, i, 830-838. Farming abroad: Occupation of great proportion of recent immigrants, i, 494, 495, 498, 663; persons in agricultural investigation who did, i, 607, 608; in industrial study, i, 358, 360, 361-363; in study of cities, i, 728. 760; majority of Chinese and Japanese did. i, 663; East Indians, i, 677; Italians, i, 561, 562, 567, 573. (See also Occupation abroad.) Fecunoity of immij^nt women, abstract of report on, ii, 451-500. Federal control of immi^tion. See Government control of immigration. Federal immigration legislation, abstract of report on, ii, 557^84. Feeble-minded in institutions, 1904, ii, 231. 233, 237, 241. (See also Insane.) Field work of Immigration Commission: Character of, i, 15; agriculture, i, 556; induB> tries, i, 295. 