None
Bituminous macadam, see Concrete, asphaltic or bituminous Block, asphalt-paving, 389 analysis of various manufacturers', 393 method of, 576 components entering into composition of, 390 Blown oil in asphalt cement, 307 Bulletin No. 1, Barber Asphalt Paving Company, March, 1896, 322 Byerlyte, 273 California asphalt, see Asphalt asphaltic sands in, 243-246 See also Asphaltic sands California oil asphalt cement, effect of water on, 466 Camber, suitable for asphalt streets, 451 Carbenes, 122, 124, 546 Carbon disulphide, 590 bitumen soluble in, 123 fixed, 122, 125 determination of, 549 tetrachloride, 590 bitumen insoluble in, 124, 546 Cement, asphalt, examination of, 558 curb, 446 expansion of, in foundation, 499 hydraulic, character of, 13 Centrifugal method for examination of asphaltic or bituminous concrete and asphalt paving blocks, 576 surface mixtures, 573 Chicago, surface mixtures, 1898 and 1899, produced without technical super- vision, 337 Chloroform, 589 Clay soils, specifications for the construction of asphalt pavements on, 448 Climate, effect of, on asphalt surfaces, 484 Color of powder or streak of bitumen, 119 Colorado, bitumen in, 246 Conclusion, 610 Concrete, asphaltic or bituminous, 348, 375-388 analysis of, 380, 381, 383 production of, 386 plant for, 407 specifications for, 441 See also Asphaltic or bituminous concrete. coal tar, 378, 379 Evans' pavement, Washington, D. C., laid in 1873, 375 INDEX. 617 Continental asphaltic limestones, 252 Contraction of asphalt surfaces, 425 Cracking of asphalt surfaces, 480 Crown, formulas for, for streets of different width, 452, 453 suitable for asphalt streets, 451 Crusher screenings, 12 Cuban asphalt, see Asphalt Curb, cement, 446 Cushion coat, 19-21 Cyclic hydrocarbons, 103 Cylinders, table for determining the cubic contents of, 582 surface of, 584 Defects in asphalt surfaces, causes of, 471 due to careless workmanship, 477 character of filler, 476 improper specifications, 472 inferior sand, 324, 327, 474 inferiority in the asphalt or lack of intelli- gence in its use, 477 lack of lateral support, 15, 473 manner in which they are manifested, 479 Density, determination of, in surface mixture?, 580 See also Specific gravity Deterioration in asphalt surfaces, causes of, 471 See also Asphalt surfaces Determination of bitumen in surface mixture, 571 insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, 546 character of filler, 529 composition of asphalt cement, 569-571 consistency of asphalt cement, 559 density and voids in surface mixture, 580 flash-point, 554 insoluble matter, or difference, 123 loss on heating asphalts, or fluxes, 534, 554 mineral matter or ash, 542 naphtha soluble bitumen, 542 paraffine scale, 556-558 physical properties of asphalt, 533 melting or flowing points, 538 sand grading, 521, 526 specific gravity, 552 viscosity, 554 voids in sands and mineral aggregates, 526 618 INDEX. Determination of volume weight of sand, 528 water absorption by surface mixtures, 583 See also Examination Dow, A. W., 491, 495, 559 Drainage, 4, 5 of clay soils, 448 Drum, sand, 396, 401 Ductility of asphalt cement, effect of filler on, 373 gilsonite asphalt cement, 211 grahamite asphalt cement, 213 Dust, see Filler Ebano asphalt, see Residual pitch Elutriation test, see Filler Examination of asphalt blocks, 576 cement, 558 asphaltic concrete, 576 hard asphalts, 530 refined asphalt, 531 surface mixture, 571 by centrifugal method, 573 stone, gravel, slag, etc., 519 See also Determination of Expansion, coefficient of, of materials in use in asphalt surface mixture, 481 of asphalt surfaces, 427 coefficient of, 481, 483 Ether, 591 Filler, 87 defects in asphalt surfaces due to inferiority of, 476 determination and character of, 529 of character of, by elutriation method, 92, 529 effect of, on ductility of asphalt cement, 373 method of examining, 92, 529 number of particles and square feet of surface in one pound of New York filler, 359 portion of 200-mesh material acting as, 346, 348, 349, 364 role played by, in preventing water action, 373 size of particles in, 94 volume weight of, 94 Fixed carbon, see Carbon Flash-point, determination of, 554 Flint, crushed, weight per cubic foot and voids compared with those in sand, 83 INDEX. 619 Flow-test, 567-569 Flowing of native solid bitumens, 115 Flux, amount of, necessary in making asphalt cement, 300 asphaltic, 136 comparison of asphalt cements made with, 297 Beaumont, Texas, 141 or similar, 141 specifications for, 142 California, "G" grade, 136-139 defects in, 139 specifications for, 139 comparison of, consistency of asphalt cements at different temperatures when made with different fluxes, 301 light and heavy, characteristics of asphalt cements made with, at different temperatures, 311 paraffine, composition of asphalt cements made with, 297 Pittsburg, 272 Texas, Beaumont, and similar, 141 Ventura, 272 See also Residuum Fluxes, 127 examination of, 550 loss on heating, determination of, 534, 554, 555 Formulas for crowns of streets of different width, 452, 453 Foundation, or base, 3 bituminous, 6 expansion of cement in, 499 granite block, 8 hydraulic concrete, 9 old brick pavement, 8 macadam, 7 subsoil, 4 Fracture of solid native bitumens, 120 Gas, illuminating, action on asphalt surfaces, 491-494 composition of, 493 Gilsonite, 208 asphalt cement, ductility of, 210, 211. Grading, extension of, when containing much coarser and much finer parti- cles than the standard, 347 of sands, 84 determination of, 521-526 in various cities, with and without filler, 362 standard, 332, 342 Grahamite, 192, 211 asphalt cement, ductility of, 2i3 composition of, 212, 214 in use in the paving industry, 213 Oklahoma, 239 Grains, number of, in one gram of sand of uniform diameter, 358 Granite blocks, foundation, 7 Gravel in conrcete base, 9, 11, 437 Gutters for asphalt streets, 453 Hardness of native solid bitumens, 120 Heat, absorption and radiation of, by various pavements, 425-427 specific, of asphalt, 426 Heaters, sand, 396, 401 surface, for use in repairs to asphalt pavements, 507 Heating, asphalts and fluxes, determination of loss on, 534, 554 Horses' feet, effect of, on asphalt pavement, 428 Hydrocarbons, chain, 98 cyclic, 103 unsaturated, 104 derivatives, 108 dicyclic, 105 native, 98 olefine, 102 paraffine, 101 polycyclic, 106 polymethylene, 103, 106 saturated, 99 unsaturated, 102 Hydrolene"B,"273 Impact tests of asphalt surface mixture, 287, 428 method of making, 585 Identification of bitumens, 586 Indianapolis, Ind., defective surface mixture, 337 Inorganic matter, 123 Intermediate course, 19 INDEX. 621 Kentucky asphaltic sands, see Asphaltic sands bituminous sands, 221-229 Kettles, see Tanks Laboratory equipment, 595 Lateral support, defects in asphalt surfaces due to, 15, 473 Lift, pneumatic, for asphalt cement, 404 Limestones, asphaltic, 221 American, 238 Continental, 252 Oklahoma, 232-238 Litho-carbon bitumen, 241 London, England, surface mixture, 328 Lustre of native solid bitumens, 119 Macadam as a foundation, 7 bituminous, see Concrete, asphaltic or bituminous Machinery for producing asphalt surface mixture, 400 Maintenance, cost of, of asphalt pavements, 458, 504 due to natural wear, 502 of asphalt pavements, 445, 458, 504 Maltha as a flux, 304 Malthas, 127 natural, asphalt cements made with, 304 Malthenes, 121, 124 determination of character of, 544 in asphalts, 542 Manjak, 213 composition of, 216 Maracaibo asphalt, see Asphalt Materials, instructions for collecting samples of, 509 Measures and weights, table for converting metric to U. S. standards, 608 Melting-tanks, 398, 404 Merits of asphalt pavement, 455 asphalts for paving purposes, opinion of Western chemist on, 281 various asphalts for paving purposes, 276 Methods of analysis, 519 Mexico, asphalt, see Asphalt Mineral aggregate, 30 1892-1899, 317-319 amount of bitumen which it will carry, 351 extension of grading of, when containing much coarser and much finer particles than the standard, 347 622 INDEX. Mineral aggregate, voids in, method of determining, 526 See also Sand matter associated with asphalt, 153 determination of, 542 in Trinidad lake asphalt, 165 Mixer for making surface mixture and binder, 406 Mixture, surface, see Surface mixture Naphthas, 592 Naphtha soluble bitumen, determination of, 542 New York defective surface mixtures, 325, 326, 338 mixtures produced in, with inferior sand grading, 338, 475 Odor of native solid bitumens, 120 Oils, blown, 273 in asphalt cements, 307 Oklahoma, asphaltic limestones, 232, 234, 238 sands, 230-239 deposits of bitumen, 230 grahamite, 239 value of the bituminous deposits of, for paving purposes, 240 Omaha surface mixtures, 322 Oven employed in author's laboratory, 535-538 Ozocerite, 217 Paint-coat, 27 specifications for, 28 Paraffine scale, determination of, 556-558 in residuum, 134 Particles, size of, passed by sieves, 59 Pat paper test, 352-356 method of making, 514, 515 Paving industry, bitumens in use in, 115 Penetration machines, 559-567 Bowen, 559 Dow, 559 New York Testing Laboratory, 565 Petrolenes, 121 Petroleum, classification of, 112 Petroleums, 127 Pitch, residual, asphalt cements made from, 307 differentiation of, from natural asphalt, 276 from California petroleum, 256 Kansas petroleum, 273 INDEX. 623 Pitch, residual, from Mexican petroleum, 270 petroleum, 256 Russian petroleum, 270, 271 Texas petroleum, 266 See also Residual pitch Pittsburg flux, 272 Plant, for production of bituminous concrete, 407 Plants, permanent, 400 portable and semi-portable, 406 types of, 400 Polymethylene hydrocarbons, 103, 106 Powder, color of, 119 Pyro-bitumens, 111, 217 Physical properties of asphalt, 533 Radiation of various pavemente, 425-427 Rakes, proper type of, 417 Raking surface mixture, 417-419 Refining of solid bitumens, 291 tanks, 404 Residual pitch, asphalt cements containing, as an amendment, 307 made from, 306 characteristics of, 256-277 from Kansas petroleum (Sarco), 273 Mexican petroleum (Ebano), 270 Texas petroleum, 266 See also Pitch, residual Repairs to asphalt pavements, cost of, in Washington, D. C., 458, 504 use of surface heaters in making, 507 Residuum, asphaltic, asphalt cements made with, 296 characteristics of asphalt cements at different temperatures when made with light and heavy, 311 complete solubility of asphalt in, 299 examination of, 550 parafiine, character of, 131-136 petroleum, 131 scale in. 134 specifications for, 134 suitability for use as a flux, 296 petroleum, 127 California asphaltic, 136 character of, 137 specifications for, 139 Kansas, 135 624 IND^X. Residuum, shale oil, 144 Texas, 141 specifications for, 142 See also Flux Rollers, 419, 420 Samples, instructions for collecting, 509 Sampling, methods to be employed in, 512 Sand, 30 100- and 80-mesh, role played in preventing water action, 373 See also Sand, fine amount of bitumen it will carry, 351 average per cent of 200-mesh in, from various cities, 364 balance, 523 bituminous, California, 243 Carpinteria, 246 San Luis Obispo, 244 Santa Barbara, 245 Santa Cruz, 243 classification of, 32 concrete, 11 defects in asphalt surfaces due to inferior grade, 474 effect of 200-mesh, on surface mixture, 345 fine, defects of, in surface mixtures, 323, 324, 328, 332, 334, 338-342, 344, 345 grading, extension when containing much coarser and much finer particles than the standard, 347 grading, in different cities, with and without filler, 362 lack of sand for obtaining standard, 339 mixture produced in New York City with improper, 337, 475 grains, shape of, 56 size of, 59, 60 heaters, 396, 401 New York, weight and voids in, with various percentages of 200-mesh dust, 82 number of particles in one pound of mineral aggregate, New York, 1895 and 1898, 359 number of particles in one gram ol grains of uniform diameter, 358 sharp as compared with round, 84 square feet of surface of one pound, New York mineral aggregate, 1895 and 1898, 359 standard grading, 332, 342 for light traffic, 342 voids in, 72, 526 INDEX. Sieves, uniformity of, 59 for mechanical sifting, 524 Sifting of sand, 59 Softening of native solid bitumens, 120 Soils, clay, 4 specifications for construction of asphalt pavements on, 448 sandy, 449 Solvents, 589 Specific gravity, determination of, 552 of native solid bitumens, 117 oils or fluxes, method of determining, in use in Chicago City laboratory, 552 sands, 363 surface mixtures, 367 Specific heat of asphalt, 426 Specifications, 435 clay soils, 4, 448 defects in asphalt surfaces due to improper, 472 for asphalt pavements, 435 Kansas City, Mo., 599 asphaltic concrete, 441 compact or close binder, 439 "D" grade asphalt, 263 "G" grade California flux, 139 open binder, 438 paraffine residuum, 134 Texas or similar oil, 142 St. Louis surface mixture, 327 Standard grading, 332, 342 Stone block pavement as foundation, 6, 7 Stone, examination of, 519 Street, construction work on, 413 railroad tracks, 16 transportation of materials to, 412 Structure of native solid bitumens, 119 Subsoil, 4 Sulphuric acid, action on hydrocarbons, 102, 124 Support, lateral, 15, 473 Surface course, placing on street, 415 heaters, use of, in repairing asphalt pavements, 507 mixture, 313 Bermudez, destruction of, by water, 463 effect of three months' action by water, 465 capacity for absorbing water, 369-372 INDEX. 627 Surface mixture, characteristics, indicative of the properties of, old and new, 367 defects in, 471 due to inferiority of asphalt, 477 density of, 367 determination of bitumen in, 571 density and voids in, 580 examination of, 571 by centrifugal method, 573 impact tests of, 287, 428 materials in use in, coefficient of expansion of, 481 on rule of thumb basis, 336 points for consideration in a standard, 332 process of combining the constituents into, 395 raking of, 417-419 sampling of, 514 standard, 332, 342 why it is satisfactory, 371 Trinidad lake asphalt, effect of three months' action on, by water, 465 See also Asphalt surfaces Surface mixtures, action of water on, on the street, 461 average composition before 1894, 314 in 1897, 321 Barber Asphalt Paving Company, 1896-1899 and 1904, 329-331 bitupen in, before 1889-1899, 319, 320 Chicago, 1898, 1899, produced without technical super- vision, 337 coarser than standard, 339 composition of, before 1894, 314 defective, Indianapolis, Ind., 337 Toronto, Canada, 337 Utica, N. Surface mixtures, produced in New York City in 1904 without proper super- vision of sand grading, 338, 475 without technical supervision in Chicago in 1898 and 1899, 337 St. Louis, 1892 and 1893, 327 standard grading for light traffic, 342 Washington, D. C., 1896, 327 water absorption of, 583 Tanks, melting, 398, 404 steam melting, 404 Technology of the paving industry, 291 Temperature, changes in consistency of asphalt cement with variations of, 309, 564 conversion of Centigrade to Fahrenheit readings, 609 different, characterization of asphalt cement when made with light and heavy fluxes, at, 311 high, stability of asphalt cements at, 301, 571 proper, for surface mixture, 415, 416 susceptibility of asphalt cement to changes in, 564 Test, pat paper, see Pat paper test Texas, asphaltic limestones, 240 sands, 240 asphalts, see Asphalts Tools for use on street, 422 Toronto, Canada, defective surface mixture, 337 Traffic, 484 and lack of it, effect on asphalt surfaces, 484 en asphalt pavements in New York City, 457 Transportation of materials to the street, 412 Trinidad asphalt, see Asphalt Turpentine, oil of, 590 Utah, asphaltic sands, see Asphaltic sands bituminous sands and limestones, 248 native bitumens of, 247 See also Gilsonite, Wurztilite, and Ozocerite Utica, N. Y., defective surface mixture, 337 Ventura flux, 272 Vibration of rails, 16 Viscosity, determination of, 554 INDEX. 629 Voids, as affected by size and shape of particles and by their uniformity, 77 determination of, in sand, 75 surface mixture, 580 in mineral aggregates, determination of, 626 sand, 72 Volume weight of filler, 94 sand, determination of, 528 sands, hot, per cubic foot, 82 Washington, D. C., cost of repairs to asphalt pavements in, 458, 505 surface mixture, 327 Water absorption, capacity of surface mixture for, 369, 372 cause of action of, on asphalt under certain circumstances, 467 by Trinidad and Bermudez surface mixtures, pounds per square yard, 465 of surface mixtures, 583 action of, on asphalt pavements, 460 in the laboratory, 285, 461, 462 surfaces, 495 actual results of action of, on asphalt surface mixtures on the street, 461 comparison of action of, on surface mixtures in the laboratory and on the street, 462, 466 effect on Bermudez asphalt cement, 466 California oil asphalt cements, 466 relative absorption of, by coarse and fine asphalt surface mixtures, 468 Wax tailings, 143-145 Weights and measures, table for converting metric to U. S. SEP DEC M*Y 23 T940 LD 21-20Mt-(V3'J YC 13321 TE THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 