None
Insects, i>ortion of, in sediments, 168 Insolubility, Table of, 383 Inspections of rivers and streams, 57 of springs and of wells, 16 of filters, 68 of service reservoirs and mains, 69 Insuction into defective bore-tubes, 36 into defective mains, 34, 70 detection of, 71 Intermittent pollution, 1 ; examples of, 20, 22, 23, 42 supply, some disadvantages of, 70, 168 Interpretation of results of chemical analyms, 102; American views on, 146 of results of bacteriological ex- amioations, 185 634 INDEX Intestin&l type, organiBms of — classScation of, 211 definition of, 210 Bearoh for, 199 significance of, 494, 495 list of, 494 examples of reactions of, 605 Iodide test for nitrites, 292 Iodides and lodates, determination of, 423, 425 Iodine in Buxton thermal waters, examination for, 376 Iodine and Bromine, determination of, 423 Ions, 344, 623 Iron in potable waters, 6, 8, 12, 122, 446 water containing, unsuitable for certain trades, 82, 123 a cause of discoloration of water, 91, 94 a cause of turbidity of water, 8, 94, 122 effect on soap-destroying power of, 119, 285 crenothrix only grows in presence of, 96, 172 presence of, affecting health, 122 action of waters on, 6, 71, 82, 83, 122, 125, 162 detection of, 162, 313 ; estimation of, 313 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal waters, 374 in sinter, determination of, 407 Bryozoa attaches itself to mains of, 181 often present in waters from Bag- shot sands, 6 ; crags of East Anglia, 6 ; chalk, 8 ; greensands, 9 ; mountain limestone, 12 See Ferruginous Iron, galvanised, action of water on, 125 Iron mains, action of waters on, 71, 123 ; bryozoa attaches itself to, 181 Isle of Wight, water from, 471 Isochlors, 106 Isotoma aquatilis, figure of, 602 Joints, defective, 71 Joly on radioactivity, 433, 434 Katrine, Loch, use of waters from, an alleged cause of rickets, 118 Kemna, Dr., on sand filtration, 180, 181, 182 on colour of water, 91 Kent Water Company, water from well. of, 445, 473 King*s solution for preserving alge, 616 Kjeldahl's method of estimating organic nitrogen, 140, 306 Klein, Dr., on relative value of chemical and bacterioscopic analysis, 144 on characteristics of coli groups, 202 on Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes, 221 ; on number of B. coli corn- mums, B. enteritidis sporogenes, and streptococci in sewage, 229 on anaerobic bacilli of sewage, 223 on necessity for identification of B. coli communis and its allies, 201-203, 223, 226 Koch, Professor, on filtration, 188 Konig, Professor J., 66 Kuhn's crenothrix polyspora, 172 Kutzig's conferva bombycina, 173 Lacmoid, use of, in determining re- action 281 Lactici, bacillus acidi, 257 production of H,S by, 257 action of, on bile-salt glu- cose broth, 494 Lakes as reservoirs, 53, 166 Lancashire, moorland waters of, 127 282 Laundry purposes, waters suitable for, 81, 122 Lea, River, as a source of supply, 57, 191 Lea Valley, analysis of waters from, 454 Lead, waters from Bagshot sands act on, 6 moorland and peaty waters act on, 51 prevention of action of waters on, 52, 126 action of soft waters on, 71 ; of some hard waters on, 127 characteristics of waters which act on, 102, 122, 285 solvent action of waters on, 126; determination of, 282 erosive action of waters on, 126, 284 ; determination of, 284 characteristics of waters hav- ing, 285 symptoms of poisoning by, 127 presence in block-tin pipes of, 128 detection and estimation of, in water, 318 ; in sinter, 406 ; in Buxton thermal water, 378 INDEX 635 Lemanea toruloea, figure of, 534 LeptomituB lacteus, often called ' sew- age fungus/ 174 deBcription of, 174, 177 significance of, 174, 177 figure of, 568 Leuconostoc, figure of, 596 Leucophrys spathula, figure of, 546 Lewis, Dr., on drinking water, 121 Lias, the, as a water-bearing stratum, 10 water from, 447, 480 Light, effect of, on oxygen absorbed ,311 exposure to, likely to lead to algoid growths, 70, 174 Limestone, Devonian, 13, 15 ; moun- tain, 12 ; magnesian, 12 ; waters from Lincolnshire, 447 ; from magne- sian, 443, 470, 480 Lincoln, water from, 449, 479 Lincolnshire marlstone, waters from, 449 Lionotus fasoiola, significance of, 175 Lithium salts, use of, in detecting sources of pollution, 27, 28 examination for, in Buxton thermal waters, 377 London clay, 6 London sewage, nitrification of, 110 London waters, 57, 92, 359, 440, 458 et seq. ; number of bacteria in, 189, 241 ooloup of, 91 chemical examination of, 458 et seq. sources, 92 Loris-Melikov, on Baeilltu typhosus, 65 Loxophyllum Meleagris, significance of, 176 Lyngyba, figure of, 568 MacConkey on sewage fungus, 177 MacConkey's test for presence of coll organisms, 492 ; no proof of sewage pollution, 493 MaoOwen on Buxton water, 436 Mao^ and MiqueVs standard for number of bacilli per c.c, 194 Macrobiotus, figure of, 552 Magnesia salts , a cause of hardness, 118, 119, 288 as evidence of infiltration oif sea- water, 108 hardness as an indication of amount of, 104, 119, 286 present in waters from various strata, 6, 7, 11 action on boilers of waters containing, 81, 109 Magnesia salts, presence of, affecting de- termination of total solids, 325 limit in potable waters of amount of, 109 estimation of, in water, 329 et seq. ; in sinter, 409 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal water, 372, 374 Magnesian limestone, 12 ; waters from, 443,480 Magnesium, estimation of, 328 Mains, gas-leaking, 34 Mains, water-action of waters on iron, 71 123 deposits in, 71, 123, 172 examination of, 34, 70, 168 new, effect of tar coating, 70 detection of defective, 34, 71 effect of, on nitrates in water, 114 eels in, 95 ; moUnsca in, 71 Bryozoa growing in, 181 crenothrix bloclung, 181 Makgill, Dr., on neutral- red reaction, 500 Maligni, bacillus oedematis, production of HjS by, 257 Mallomonas, a cause of odour of water, 170 Malvern water, analysis of, 487 Manganese, gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal water, 374 estimation of, in sinter, 405, 408 detection of, 315 in potable water, 124 mistaken for nitrites, 116 Mannite, use of, in differentiation of B. coli communis, 202, 206, 207, 503 Manufacturing effluents, pollution by, 60, 109 ; low forms of life in waters polluted by, 174 Manufacturing purposes, waters for, 80 Maps, Ordnance, 3, 12, 13 Marl, Permian, water from, 449 Marlstone, Lincolnshire, waters fron*, 449 Marshes, Thames, waters from, 458 et seq. Media, standard, necessity for, 488 formulae of, 617 Megatherium, bacterium, production of HjS by, 257 Melosira varians on sand filters, 181 ; figure of, 666 Memdion, a cause of odour of water, 170 MesenteriouB, bacillus, production of HjS by, 257 636 INDEX MeBooarpos, figure of, 536 MetalUo imporitieB in water, 122. 8tt Metals Metals, action of waters on, 102. See Aisenio, Brass, Copper, Iron, Lead, Tin, Zino action of, on nitrates in water, 114, 134 Methods of analysis, 79 * Metschnikoff on search for vibrio oholere, 517 Metsohnikovii, vibrio, similarity to vibrio oholere, 256 Meyer on solubility of salts, 411 Mez on low forms of life in water, 175, 176, 179 Microecopioalexamination of water, 525 ; necessity for, in certain oases, 83, 92 ; interpretation of results of, 166 Microscopical organisms, classification of, 169 Microthamnion, figure of, 550 Middlesex, water from, 469 Milk, non-formation of spores by B. enteritidis sporogenes in, 222 ; some B. ooli communis said not to coagu- late, 202 Miller, E. Holl, on testing for nitrites, 294 Miller, Professor W. A., on plumbo- solvency, 127 Millstone grit, 12 ; waters from, 450, 485 Mineral matter in suspension, detection of, 530 ; significance of, 168 Mines, pollution by effluents from, 61 Miquel and Mack's standard for number of bacteria, 194 Molecular weights. Table of, 622 MoUusca, presence of, in mains, 71 Molybdenum, examination for, in Bux- ton thermal water, 377 ; in sinter, 404 ; estimation of, 408 Monas guttula, 175; vivipara, 175; vulgaris, 175 Moorland waters, odour of, 94 ; acidity of, 282; action on lead of, 285; number of bacteria in, 193 ; examina- tion of source of, 51 Morocco, waters from, 452, 487 Mountain limestone, 12 waters from, 450, 485, 486 Mud deposited at Buxton thermal spring, analysis of, 405 Munro, Dr., on formation and destruc- tion of nitrates in water, 112, 114 on conversion of ammonia into nitrates, 114 on significance of nitrites in water, 114 Muriseptioum, bacterium, production of HjS by, 257 Muscle fibre, striped, significance of, in deposits, 168 Nafhthylaminb test for nitrites, 294 Naricula, figure of, 570 Nassula, figure of, 534 ' Natural ' standard, meaning of term, 50 Navicula, figure of, 546 Neapolitanus, bacillus, action on bile- salt glucose broth of, 494 Nematode worms, figures of, 536, 550, 562 Nesslerisation, 303 Nessler's solution, formula for,^616 Neutral red, reduced by coli oo'mmunis Spoup, 201, 205 et seq,, 499 action of B. enteritidis of Gaertner on, 201, 511 action of B. typhosus on, 201, 510 use of, as a test for B. coli communis, 257, 499 Dr. Savage on use of, 500 manufacture of media con- taining agar, 618; broth, 620 New Herrington, outbreak of typhoid at, 27 New mains, water from, 70 New Red Sandstone, 11 ; waters from, 216, 447, 480 New River as a source of supply, 191 New wells, water from, 151 suspended matter in waters from, 94 organic matter in waters from, 142, 154 salt in waters from, 154 nitrites in waters from, 116, 154 Niton in water, 436 Nitrates, importance of estimating, 20, 295 water containing excess of, unsuit- able for boilers, 82 significance of, 109 ; oiigin of, 110 quantity of, in potable waters. Opalescence of waters, 276 ; during evaporation due to zinc, 318 Ordnance maps, 3, 13 Organic ammonia, see Albuminoid Organic carbon, 139 ; relation to or- ganic nitrogen, 140 Organic matter, significance of, 135 estimation of amount of, 136 ; by Frankland's method, 137 ; by Tidy's method, 137 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal waters, 374 in waters from new wells, 142 relation between colour and, 91,92 See Albuminoid ammonia Organic nitrogen, estimation of, by Kjeldahl's method, 140, 306 significance of, 141 relation of, to organic carbon, 138 relation to nitroeen of albu- minoid ammoma, 141 Organisms of intestinal type — search for, 199 definition of, 201 significance of, 492, 495 list of, 494 examples of reactions of, 206-207 Organisms, vegetable- low forms of, in surface waters, 54 biological examination for de- tecting, 89, 529 a cause of odours of water, 95, 169, 170, 174, 668 638 INDEX OxgMUBins, vegeUble-— cofOci. significant of pollution, 174 producing ammonia from ni- trates, 134 forming H^S from sulphates, 267 classification of, 169 collection of specimens of, 626 solution for preserving, 616 Oscillatoria, presence of, in polluted waters, 174 association of, with Oarchesium Lachmanni, 176 significance of presence of, 179 figures of, 660, 662, 670 et aeq, Ostwsld on ions, 344 Overfiow pipes from service reservoirs, 70 from rain-water tanks, 66 Oxney Green, report of supply to, 166 et seq. Oxygen absorbed by water, 92, 137; estimation of, 308 ; effect of light on, 312 ; of heat on, 311 absorbed by inorganic matter in water, 137, 3<]S ; by organic matter, 137, 308 absorbed by water in alkaline solu- tion, 312 dissolved in water, as an index of purity of river-waters, 69 importance of estimating, 388, 397 estimation of, 390 at different temperatures, 623 evolved from Buxton thermal springs, 398 Oxytricha fallax, pellionella, signifi- cance of, 176 gibba, figure of, 646 Paob, Dr., on cause of typhoid at New Herrington, 27 Palmellaoese, figures of, 634, 638, 664, 688 ei eeq. Pandorina, a cause of odour of water, 170 Paper-making, water containing sedi- mentary matter unsuitable for, 82 Paper-works, effluent from, contains chlorides, 109, 178 Paracolon bacillus, action of, on bile-salt glucose broth, 494 Paraffin oil, use of, in detecting sources of pollution, 22, 26, 29 Paramecium, Aurelia, caudatum, sig- nificance of, 176 ParamsBoium, Aurelia, caudatum, figures of, 634 et seq,, 644, 660, 664, 560, 686 Parietti's test for Bacillus cob' com- munis, 497 Pathogenicity of Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes, 222, 226 Peat, presence oi, in some surface waters, 61 taste of water containing. 98 a cause of discoloration of water, 91 ; of odour, 94 acidity of waters containing, 61 ; neutralisation of, 62, 126 plumbo-solvent power of water containing, 6, 61, 71, 103, 126 Pediastrum, figures of, 640, 670, 686 eteeq. Pellicle on surface of evaporated water due to zinc, 318 Penium, figures of, 634, 636, 648, 678 Peptone solution, formula of, 618 Peranema tricophorum, significance of, 176 Peridinium, a cause of odour of water, 170 Permanent hardness, 118; determina- tion of, 288 Permanganate of potash, use of, in detecting sources of pollution^ 19, 29 Permian series, 11 Permutit system of water softening, 130 Peterborough water, analysis of, 479 Petroleum oil, see Paraffin Phelps on collection of samples, 266 Phenolated media, use of, in identifying Bacillus coli communis, 201, 493, 497 Phenolphthalein, use of, in detecting reaction of water, 281 Phenolsulphonic acid method of esti- mating nitrates, 299 Phosphates in water — significance of, 116 precautions in testing for, 117, 300 suggested limit of amount in potable waters, 117 presence of, fosters growth of conferva bombycina, 173 estimation of, 300 gravimetric analysis of, in sin- ter, 406 Phyllomitus amylophagus, significance of. 176 Physical examination of waters, 274 interpretation of results of, 90 Pinnularia, figures of, 636, 664 Pleurococcus, figures of, 634, 638, 640, 664 decaying, cause of odour of water, 638 INDEX 639 Pleuromonas jaculans, significance of, 176 Pleurosigma, figure of, 552 Pliocene crags, water from, 457 Plamatella emarginate, figure of, 600 Plumbo-solvency, see Lead Pneumoniae, bacillus, action of, on bile- salt glucose broth, 494 Poisoning by lead, symptoms of, ] 27 Pollution, intermittent, danger of, 1 ; examples of, 20, 22, 23, 42, 148 See Rivers, Springs, Wells, &c. evidence of past, 106, 185 Polytoma uvella, significance of, 175 Polyzoa Plumatella, 75 Ponds, examination of, 61, 166 samples from, 260 Porosity of subsoil, effect on wells, 16 Post-tertiary sands and gravels, 5, 465 Potassium, estimation of, 332 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal waters, 372 rarity in water of chloride of, 104 Prescott, Dr., on Water Bacteriology, 228 Priming pumps, objection to, 19 Prior and Finkler's vibrio proteus, 256, 267 Prodigiosus, bacillus, use of, in detecting sources of pollution. 43 action of, on bile-salt glucose broth, 494 Proskauer and Capaldi*s media, 621 Protection of springs, 21 ; of shallow wells, 17, 18 ; of reservoirs, 53 Proteus, sewage, 497 vibrio, 256, 267 Proteus vulgaris, action on bile-salt glu- cose broth, 494 Protomyxa, figure of, 558 Protozoa, a cause of odour of water, 170 figures of, 534 et 8eq. PiBeudo-diphtheriffi, bacillus, production of HjS by, 267 Pumps, defective, 19, 20 objection to priming of, 19 samples of water from, 260 Purbeck beds, water from, 478 Purfleet outcrop, water from, 443 Purification of rivers, 68 ; examination of, 80, 397 Purifying action of subsoil — experimental study of, 42 examples of, 21, 42, 109 Putrefactive bacteria, a cause of odours of water, 95 QuANTiTATivz Considerations, 228 RADiOACTiviry, measurement of, 433, 434 Radiolarian, figures of, 548, 694 Radium ih water, 434, 436 Rafter-Sedgwick method of examining suspended matter, 627 Rain, effect upon surface water supplies of, 35, 60 effect upon number of bacteria of, 60, 194 a cause of turbidity, 23, 42, 44, 93, 114 effect upon plumbo-solvent power of moorland waters of, 62 causing pollution of service re- servoirs, 69; of shallow wells, 107 Rain-water separator, 65 Rain-water supplies, inspection of, 65 Rain-waters, taste of, 98 ; nitrates in, 110; chlorides in, 105; acidity of some, 126 ; free ammonia in, 132 Ramsey's * Report on the Mineral waters of Bath,' 436 Rayleigh, Lord, on colour of water. 90 Reaction of waters — method of determining, 205 et eeq,, 281 importance of determinine, 102 See also Acidity, Alkaline Reading beds, 6; analysis of water from, 476 Reagents, formulae of, 613 Red, neutral, see Neutral red Red Sandstone, New, 11 ; water from, 216, 447 Old, 12; water from, 486 Reservoirs, collection of samples from, 260,268 should be covered, 69, 174, 640 storage, examination of, 53, 67 need for, 58, 67 service, 69 Residue after evaporation, 103, 326 Results of chemical analysis, tabulation of, 532 correction of, 379 of bacteriological analysis, expres- sion of, 510 Rhizopoda, figures of, 536 el seq. Richardson, Sir B. W., on use of hard waters, 118 Richmond, Dr., on keeping water before examination for bacteria, 196, 197 examination of deep well, 213 Rickets and use of soft water, 118 640 INDEX RiveiB, Bacillus sporogenee in, 242 examination of, 57 smell of waters from, d6 number of bacteria in waters from, 191 relative proportion of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in, 397 results of analyses of various, 439, 454 purification of, 58 ; examination of, 80,397 Rivers Pollution Commissioners on London sewage, 110 Rivularia, a cause of odour of water, 170 ; figure of, 564 Rothberger on neutral red, 499 Rotifers, figures of, 534, 536, 550, 552, 664, 570, 574, 594 Rubidium, examination for, in Buxton thermal waters, 377 Rust, formation of, at dead ends, 70 ; in mains, 71, 123 Rutland, water from, 469 Saline constituents, estimation of, 323, 372 ; gravimetric analysis of, 370 tabulation of, 346, 382 et seq. Salt, use of, for detecting sources of pollution, 26, 27, 30 quantity of, in urine, 105 presence in Essex deep wells of ex- cess of, 109 in waters from new wells, 154 Salting of land, 105 Samples, collection of, 259, 267, 397; from bore-tubes, 263 for bacteriological examina- tion, 263 instructions for taking, 269 Sanarelli on search for cholene vibrio, 517 Sand filters, examination of, 166, 179, 188 Sands, Bagshot, 6, 440 llianet, 6 ; free ammonia in water from, 133 ; analysis of water from, 446 ; post-tertiary, 5 Sandstone, calciferous, water from, 81 New Red, 11 ; water from, 216, 447 ; Old Red, 12 ; water from, 486 Sanitary analysis, determinations neces- sary for, 82, 104 Saprolegniacee, significance of, 178 ; figure of, 558. See Leptomitus Saroina flava, production of H^S by, 257 Savage, Dr., on neutral-red reaction, 500 Scenedesmus, figures of, 570, 594 Schlammdecke, 182, 183 Sea- water, infiltration of, 6 ; into deep wells, 20, 23, 439, 440; causes brackish taste, 98 ; shown by in- crease of chlorides and of mag- nesia, 108 analysis of, 356, 455 Sedgwick-Raf ter method of examining suspended matter, 527 Sediment, see Suspended matter Separator, rain-water, 55 Service reservoirs, examination of, 69 need for covering of, 69, 174 samples from, 260, 268 Sewage, bacteriological tests for pollu- tion by, 231. 493 nitrification of London, 110 determination of chlorine in waters polluted by, 257 detection of bacteria indicative of, 491 {)roteu8, 497 ow forms of life in waters pol- luted by, 174 presence of yeast in, 257 number of Bacillus coli communis in, 158, 205, 229 ; of Bacillus enteritidis sporogenes in, 202, 229 ; of streptococci in, 226, 229 tap- water polluted with, 231 et aeq. Sewage fungus, 174, 178. See also Be^;iatoa Shake gelatine test of Houston, 497 Shallow wells, inspection of, 16 construction of, 45-47 Shallow well-water, analysis of, 439 Shotley, water from, 444 Silica, estimation of, 342, 438 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal waters, 374 Silk fibres, significance of, in deposit, 168 Singapore, water from, 452, 487 Sinter, examination of, 403 Slates, Devonian, 13-15 Slimy deposits in receptacles for water, 54 Smell, see Odour Smith, Doctor Lorrain, on search for Bacillus typhosus, 250 Soap-destroying power, see Hardness Soap, solution, standard, 611 Soap test, difficulties in applying, 119 Sodium, estimation of, 332 gravimetric analysis of, in Buxton thermal waters, 372 INDEX 641 Sodium carbonate, cause of alkalinity of waters, 8, 351 unauitability for tanning of waters containing, 81 Sodium chloride, quantity of, in urine, 105 presence of excess of, in Essex deep wells, 72 ; in waters from new wells, 154 use of, for detecting sources of pollution, 25, 26 Soft-waters, 118; compared with hard, 117, 218 action on metals of, 102, 124 a cause of rickets, 118 Soften water, amount of chemicals re- quired to, 164, 410 et seq, ' Solid ' maps, 3 Solids, total, 104 ; value of determin- ing, 104 ; determination of, 325 Solubility, Tables of, 383, 624 of salts, 410, 411 Solutions, formulae of volumetric, 607 Solvent action of waters on lead, see Lead Source, examination of, 1, 92, 269 et seq. importance of, 1, 88 value of, compared with chemi- cal and baoterioscopic analy- ses, 1, 14, 24, 55, 59, 79, 85, 143 Sowden, Dr., on sewage-polluted water, 205 Specific gravity of waters, when neces- sary to determine, 90 determination of, of Buxton waters, 371 Sphserotilus natans, a sewage fungus, 174 description and significance of, , 175, 177 growth of, in water polluted by effluent from papei -works, 178 figure of, 568 Spirilla, figures of, 546, 596 Spirillum desulfuricans, 257 Spirogyra tenuissima on sand filters, 181 ; figure of, 566 Spirostomum, figure of, 536 SpongiUa, presence of, in ponds and reservoirs, 181 figure of, 568 Spore-forming baoUli of sewage, 223 Springs, examination of, 16 proteoton of 21; inspection of, 39 number of bacteria in water from, 194 collection of samples from, 260 helium in waters from, 434 Springtails, Dr. Williamson on, 73 Standard media, necessity for, 488 formulae for, 617 Standards, chemical — American views on, 89, 146 French, 150 for oxygen absorbed, 137 for ratio of organic carbon to organic nitrogen, 138 Standards, bacteriological — ' natural,' 50 value of, 188 et seq., 229, 242 Houston's opinion of, 189-191, 242 Miquel and Mac6*s, for number of bacteria, 194 Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus — production of HjS by, 257 action of, on bile-salt glucose broth, 494 Starch granules, significance of, in de- posit, 168 Staurastrum, figures of, 536, 564 Staurospermum viride, figure of, 534 Steam-power, waters for, 80 Stephanodiscus, figure of, 570 Stickle-baoks and sand filters, 182 Storage cisterns, examination of, 72 See GiBtems reservoirs, examination of, 53, 67 collection of samples from, 260, 268 need for, in surface water sup- plies, 53 in river- water supplies, 58, 67 Stored waters. Bacillus sporogenes in, 242 Stour, water from the, 444 Strachan on results of examination of filtered water and sewage, 230 Strata, series of British, 3 Streams, examination of, 57, 267 Streptococci pyogenes, production of H^S by, 257 m watev, 199, 225 significance of, 225, 228 disappearance of, from sewage, 226 detection of, in water, 509 quantity of water necessary for search for, 229, 230 Strontium, examination for, in Buxton thermal waters, 375, 381 Strutt on radium in water, 434 Stylonychia Mytilus, significance of, 175 figures of, 546, 564, 592 etseq. Subsoil, examples of purifying action of, 21, 42, 109 experimental study of purifying action of, 42 41 642 INDEX Subsoil, nature of, in relation to drainage area of shallow wells, 16 Sucrose, use of, in differentiation of B. coli communis, 202, 206, 603 Suffolk, water from, 468 Sulphate of calcium in hard waters, 120 ; action of, on boilers, 81 of magnesium, action on boileis of waters containing, 81, 121 Sulphates, estimation of, 330 gravimetrio analyses of, in Buxton" thermal waters, 372, 373 Sulphur in Beggiatoa, 176 estimation of, in alkaline sulphur waters, 321 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 06 smell of, due to Chara and Beggiatoa, 170 organisms producing, 266 ; de- tection of, 266, 621 relation of, to Beggiatoa, 176, 170 in waters from boulder clay, 5, 466 estimation and detection of, 320 determination of chlorine in waters containing, 201 Sulphureum, bacterium, 268 Surface water supplies, examination of source of, 40 analyses of, 430, 463 analyses of normal and polluted, 148 effect of rain on, 44, 60 need for filtration of, 64 total solids of, 103 Surirella, figures of, 662, 678, 686 Surrey, water from, 470 Suspended matter — examination of, 166, 168, 374 estimation of, 276 deposited at dead ends, 70 in water from new wells, 04 significance of mineral, 168 water containing, unsuitable for paper-makmg, 82 figures of, 634 et seq. Sussex, water from, 470 Swindon, water from, 444 Symptoms of lead -poisoning, 127 Synedra, figure of, 666 Synura, a cause of odour of water, 170 ; figure of, 646 Systematic analyses — objects of, 70 necessity for, 14, 88 Tabxllabia, a cause of odour of water, 170 ; figure of, 668 Tables of analyses of water, 463 et seq. Tanks, rain-water, examination of, 66 Tannery effluent, spherotilus natans in waters polluted by, 176 Tanning, waters suitable for, 81 Tap- water, polluted with sewage, 231 et seq, ; taJdng samples of, 270 Tar, waters from new mains may smell of, 70 Taste of waters, 08; unpleasant, due to Bryozoa, 181. Set aUo Odours of tar, due to coating of new mains, 70 microscopical and biological examination often necessary to detect cause of, 80 testing by, 280 Teleutospore, figure of, 668 Temperature, desirability of taking, 280 note effect of, on ox3rgen absorbed, 312 Temporary hardness, 118 ; determina- tion of, 288 Tetani, bacillus, production of H2S by, 267 Tetramitus rostratus, significance of, 176 Thallium, examination for, in Buxton thermal waters, 377 Thames, River, as a source of supply, 67, 101 ; analyses of water from, 442,464 Thames marshes, analysis of water from, 464 Thanet sand, comparison of granite with, 367 Thanet sands, 6, 100; analysis of waters from, 440 ; free ammonia in waters from, 133 Thomson on radium in water, 434 Thorpe, Prof., on solubility of salts, 411 Tidal- waters, detection of infiltraticm by, 20, 108. See also Sea-water Tidy, Dr., on oxygen absorbed, 137 ; method of estimating, 330 Tin, action of waters on, 282; block- tin, action of waters on, 128 Tintometer, description of, 276 ToUesbury well, water from, 441 Total gases dissolved in water, estima- tion of, 304 Total hardness, estimation of, 287 Total organic nitrogen, significance of, 141 estimation of, by Kjel- dahl*s method, 140, 306 INDEX 643 Total oi^anic nitrogen, relation to or- ganic carbon of, 138 relation to nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia, 141 Total solids, 104 ; value of determina- tion of, 104 ; determination of, 235, 325 Trade effluents, pollution by, 60 low forms of life in waters polluted by, 174 from paper- works, 109, 178, from tannery, 175; from breweries, 175, 179 purposes, waters for, 80 Trepomonas Steinii, rotans, significance of, 176 Triassic rocks, 11 Tiillick*s method of estimating dis- solved COs, 387 Tubes, collection of samples from bore-, 262 Turbidimeters, 277 Turbidimetric methods of determining calcium, 328 ; magnesium, 329 ; sul- phates, 339 Turbidity of waters, 93, 94 examination for, 166, 276 due to clay, 93 ; chalk, 93 ; zinc, 318 ; iron, 8, 94, 122 after rain, 23, 42, 44, 93, 114 Turin, Abba's experiments at.. 44 Turner, Dr. 