None
273. Corrosion and Deposition. — Both proceed uniformly, and an elec- trode is corroded in 17 days. On the edge of the deposited copper there is usually found a small strip of electrode material, which is pulled off with nippers. At the center there remains sometimes a skeleton-like undecom- posed patch of electrode which has to be removed. 274. Clean Up. — When the electrodes in a vat have been decomposed they are disconnected; the electrolyte is siphoned off; the cathodes are washed with a hose, being turned over like leaves in a book, removed, and the strips taken off; the copper is then transferred to the reverberatory furnace. The mud is sluiced out and worked up, as well as the fouled electrolyte, as in the multiple process. ^ Keller, Min. Ind.j 1898, vii, 241. 538 METALLURGY OF COPPER C. Multiple Versus Series System 275. Multiple and Series Systems Compared.^ — The advantages claimed for the multiple system are: (i) Treatment of anode copper rich in precious metals and high in impurities; (2) handling of material in large units at low cost; (3) permissible variation in composition of electrolyte. The advantages claimed for the series system are: (i) Smallness of power required per imit of deposited copper; (2) small amount of copper and predous metal locked up; (3) low percentage of scrap produced* (4) little space re- quired per unit of copper deposited. (i) In the multiple system anodes with over i per cent, impurity and 400- 1000 oz. AgAu per ton are frequently treated. In the series process the rolling of electrodes requires pure electrode material; the small electrode-distance, favoring the settlement of slime on the deposited copper, and the adhesion of anode mate- rial would cause the market copper to be rich in precious metal. In the series system therefore the electrodes should not contain over 0.166 per cent, impurity and not over 100 oz. AgAu per ton; 70 oz. is preferred. (2) In the multiple system the electrodes and anode scrap are handled mechanically in large units, but in the series system the manipulation of elec- trodes and cathode copper is entirely by hand. (3) In the multiple system there are open spaces between the vat and the electrodes, and the electrode distance is large, both of w*hich permit a rapid circulation without danger of stirring up anode mud. The more rapid the circulation, the more impure can be the electrolyte without endangering the cathode copper, and the less frequent has to be its renewal. (i) In the series system, as the electrode distance is small, the fall in poten- tial is low; it is about one- half that of the multiple system, or 0.15 vs. 0.30 volt. This means that in the series system half the power will be required to deposit a given amount of copper as in the multiple. This advantage is offset by the great cost of casting thin electrodes or of rolling cakes into sheets when compared with the casting and handling in the multiple system. (2) In the series system part of the copper in the busbars and all in the cross- bars is saved. The amount of copper and precious metal locked up in tanks is equal to the daily product multiplied by the time interval of the clean-up periods; i.e., in the series system the factor is 15, in the multiple it is 26 for copper and ^$ for precious metal, allowing for scrap in both cases. With average copper bul- lion the interest on the metal locked up in the series system is one-half that in the multij^le. (3) The scrap produced in the series system amounts to 3 to 6 per cent, of the weight of the electrode; in the multiple the usual figure is 10 per cent, and often 13 per cent. * PctcTs, "Modem Copper Smelting," 1895, p. 577. Keller, Min. Ind., 1898, vii, 229. Haber, Zt. Elcdrochcm., 1903, ix, 384. Editor, EUctrochcm. Met. Ifid.f 1908, vi, 223. Walker, Min. Ind., 1908, xvu, 327. ^^TROLYSIS OF COPPER 539 -•^ less floor space than the mul- :e refiners using the multiple ; . . I anode; thus the U. S. Metals ^30 sq. ft. of tank room per ton wer than in the series system. Lwo systems is about the same; > treat almost all classes of copper ing tank room operations •,* United States (Table 115), two ic. / i L ^^^^^^^^H ^Heceuories, converter, pi Anaconda settler, 171 ^^^| ^^Hd-feeder, vttriotizBUon mvlallk copper, temperature record, 1^2, 1S3 ^^H ^K 479 Annealing brass, 31 ^^^| ^^■dd SI. basic converter, 334, Anode, corio.sion, jii ^^H ^■T^ Copper CUff, J44 insolublu, 573 ^H ^KlUcks, charging machine, jSi uscof oil in tanks, SJ' _^H ^^K -Marks system, melting cathodes. 401 mud, 5.3 __^M ^■UftioD-agcnt, effect upon dcpositiun of 5>5 _^^^M ^H^ copper, 48S ^^U^tions, firc-rctining copper, 3S7 multiple process, 499 ^^^^^^M Antifnction meUl, 45 ^^^^^^H ^H|gbmcra[ion. flue-dust, in Antimonial speise, 217 ^^^^^^^H ^^F^ slime, with native copper ore, 370 Antimony and copper, tg ^^^^ ^■B'>'<'°* Il"1y- sulphab'zing heap-roast, 426 behavior, fire-refining copper, 393 ^Btus Caiientes converter, 301 electrolysis, 4S8 ^■pdi metal, 37 elimination in blast-furnace, etc., sec ^0[fr-ooollng bottom, copper-refining furnace, Elimination 1 373 Antisell centrifugal pump, circulation elec- -driil, Unin? acid converter. 31 1 trolyte, 497 partial pynlic smeltinK. 159 Apparatus, roasting, 70 -pressure, atomising oil, lOg pyritic amcltinK. 103 Argentine. Kans., vitrioliwUon pknt, 471 -rabbling, copper- refining furnace, 3S1 Argo, cleaning reverb, slag, 286 vs. steam, atomizing oil, 169 process, igS Ajax metal, 45 Arizona, copper blast-fumaee, 359 ,\lIen-0'Hara roasting furnace, 114 experiments, leaching oxide ore, 414 pyritic profess, 19S pig-c<^pcr, 361 Ailotropic cojipef. 5 practice, smelting oxide ore, 360 Alloys, copper, 24 Aliitudc and blast-roaslinji, 146 Arrangement converting plant, 3^*^ of vats, multiple process, 506 Mumina, partial pyritic slags, ivQ oil burners, Steptoe Valley, 173 Aluminum brass, 36 reverb, fum. pknt. Copper Queen, jRfi bronze. 4S .\rresiing devices, Hue-dust, m Vmerican process, blast-fumacc smelting, 64 Arsenic and cimper, 18 behavior electrolysis. 487 \mmonia. as solvent, oxide ore. 404 Ampere-efficiency, multiple system, 498 fjre-refining copper, 393, 394 series system. Baltimore, 530 starting-tank, S03 elimination -in blaat-fumace, etc., see Anaconda anode, 500-501 Klimination b«5ic converter, 34S Atncamitc, leaching, 4^0 blast-furnace, 151 Atomizing burners, oil, reverb. furr>. iChj briquetting llue-dust, 134 Augur machine, Chambers Bros., bri(|uetttng cathode. S04 flue-dust, 134 converter, acid lining materiiil, 310 .Vugustin process, matte, 456 Uning, 313 metallic copper, 47 a converting, igii, 306 dust lluc, IJO early converter, 301 Automatic roasting furnace. 87, 138 liabcock Sc Wilcox m. StirUng waslc-hoat Evans- Klepetko (umncc, 107 boiler, 143 feeding blast -furnace, 165 Baffles, fluc-dusl, 3>i flow- sheet. 354 Baghouse, Mammoth smeltery, ij8 Loist process. leaching tailings. 43' Rag-shaker. Benedict, 129 length of revcrberatory with direct ritinj-, 26J converter, 306 multiple plant, S'S Balao, Transylvania, sulphatlzing roast, 416 Balbach .S. & R. Co.. copper-refining fum. 378 claying, fettling, 184 pioneer electrolysis metallic cup|}er, 484 Ball converter, Shelby, 306 heat balance, iSo starting, 16$ Baltiraore series plant, 536 i^ 542 INDEX Barrel converter, 305 work, native copper ore, 361 Base and silica required for slag formation, i8s Basic bottom, reverb, furn., 260 converter, 334 Anaconda, 345 Cananea, 347 copper loss, 343 Great Falls, 349 magnetite lining, 353 Peirce-Smith, examples, 343 Steptoe Valley, 346 vs, acid converter, 334 Copper Cliff, 344 Bath of matte, reverb, furn., advantages, 282 Bearing bronze, 45 Bedding and reclaiming MacDougall charges, Cananea, 112 Bell metal, 46 Benedict bag-shaker, 229 Bennett matte-mold, 175 Bennets pouring-spoon, 317 Best selecting process, 293 Bibliography, copper, 3 Bingham Canyon, blast-roasting, 140 Bismuth and copper, 16 behavior in electrolysis, 488 elimination in blast-furnace, etc., see Elimination Bituminous shale, heap-roast, 79 Black copper, Arizona, 361 Blagodatny, blast-roasting, 142 Blast, blast-furnace, 182 converter, 314 partial pyritic smelting, 199 preheating, 182 pyritic smelting, 193 trapped, 157 Blast-furnace, Anaconda, 152 and accessory apparatus, 148 Arizona, oxide ore, 359 blast, 182 bosh, 161 building, 152 Cananea, 152 charge calculation, 185 cost of smelling, 235 effect of briquettes on flue-dust, 234 fore- hearth, 169 flue-dust, 218 amounts, 234 fuel, 182 gas, temperature, velocity, 218 Great Falls, 152 hearth, 157 accretion, 235 heat-cfllcicncy, 189 Herreshoff, 14c) production of metallic coi)per from matte, 23 C) Blount Lyell, 152 native copj^cr ore and by-products, 370 reducing smelting, 178 settler, 169 shaft, 61 slag, 217 Blast-furnace, slag, reducing smelting, 179 r smeltery, 148 j smelting power, 236 «" table, 176 * oxide ore, 360 J vs, reverb, furn., matting, 287 \ water-jackets, 161 \ withdrawal of gases, 165 yield in metal, 235 ' Blast-roasting, 138 Casapalca, 142 down-draft, 143 first experiments, 140 Garfield, 139 i matte, 142 ^ Morenci, 140 ' Spain, 141 speise, 217 up-draft, 139 Wallaroo, 141 Blister copper, 291 forming stage, converting, 324 furnaces, 291 Blowing in, partial pyritic furnace, 210 Blue Billy, 453 metal, 295 slag, 29s vitriol, 55 crystallization plant, Hofmann, 470 requirements for crystallization, 474 salting out of small crystals, 471 Boiling point, copper, 7 Bone-ash wash, copper mold, 397 Borchers-Frankc-Gunther process, electrol- ysis of matte, 483 Boron oxide, addition, fire-refining copper, 387 Bosh, blast-furnace, 161 pyritic, 190 Bottom-Mown converter, 300 Bottom, copper-refining furnace, 373 Bottoms, made in reverb, furn., 293 Braden copper mines, leaching ore, 429 Bradley process, leaching copper ore, 429 Brass, 28 aluminum, 36 iron, 36 manganese, 38 nickel, 39 regular, 34 special, 36 test, fire-refining copper, 386 tin, 38 Bringing forward matte to copper in blast- furnace, 236 in reverb, furn., 28& Briquettes on blast-furnace charge, 235 flue-dust, 234 slime, native copf>er ore, 370 British Columbia Copper Co., smeltery, 355 Brochantite, leaching, 420 Broken connections, circulatio6 electrolyte, 527 Bronze, 39 machinery, 45 manganese, 38 special, 46 INDEX 543 Bronze, Tobin, 37 Browcr converter hood, 314 Brown reverb, smelting furn., 255 Horseshoe furnace, 129 straight-line reverb, roasting furnace, 1 24 Brilckner roasting furnace, 135 Building of the blast-furnace, 152 roast-heap. Chemical analysis. Anaconda, calcine, 108 anode and anode mud, 486 mud, 514 raw and treated, 516 multiple process, 514 basic converter slag, Anaconda, 346 AlgO vs. Si02, 341 bituminous coal, (ireat Falls, 254 black copi>er, 391, 392, 472 Arizona, 361 blanket slag, reverb, furn., 278 blast-furnace slags, oxide ore, 361 roasting gases, 142 ore, 142 sinter, 141, 143 blister cop|)er, 292 converter, 331, 33^ Blue Billy, 454 metal, 295 vitriol. [)urc, 464. 477, 478 impure, 521 bottoms, 296 burnt pyrite, 442 Butte concentrate, calcine, lluc-iiust, 123, 124, i7() calcine, .Vnaconda, 108 Cananea converter, acid lining mate- rial, 311 cathiKle, Hayden system. 537 cement copper, Longmaid- Henderson [)rocess, 453 chrome brick. 157, 172 concentrate and calcine, MacDou^all furnace, Steptoe Valley, log calcine, Kdwards reverb, furn. (Jold- f'lekl Cons., i 20 flue-dust, Cananea, in, 112 (larfield. io<> Moremi. 140 ('of)per Queen, 1 10 Hayden, no, n 1 Tooele. 109, no Utah Copper Co., 330 converter anode. Anaconda, 5J7 (•oi>pcr. 331, 332 gas, 333 linin^><, 310 matte Anaconda, 34'» matte**. 3J7 sla^', 332 acid, 324 basic. 341, 342 Anai'onda, 340 (ireat Falls, 353 544 INDEX Chemial analysis, copper granules, for vitriol- ization, 473, 476 matte, 457 precipitate, Butte mine- water, 409 refined, 12, 13, 392,393 refinery slags, 383 dust, basic converter, Garfield, 343 electrolyte, 492 floater, reverb, fum., 282 flue-dust, Anaconda, 220, 221 basic converter, 343 converter, 332, 333 Garfield converter, 343 Great Falls, 227 MacDougaU fum., Anaconda, 104 Garfield, 109 Mammoth smeltery, 229 Mason Valley, 233 scrubber sludge, anode mud, treat- ment of, 518 furnace-bottom, loosened, "floater," 282 gas, from stack. Great Falls, 225 head- and tail-liquor, Bisbee, 413 Butte, 412 Rio Tin to, 423 Schmoellnitz, 408 leached residue, Ziervogel process, 460, 461 lining material, acid converter, Ana- conda, Great Falls, 310 matte, 213 average, Anaconda, 346 Freiberg vitriolization process, 463 metal slag, 290 Miami concentrate, 347 mine- water, Butte, 412 freed from copper, 413 and tail- water, Copper Queen, 413 Montana copper ore, 6i Nevada copper ore, 61 ochre, from mine-water, 407 ore, Rio Tin to, 421 slag, reverb, furn., Argo, 297 oxide copper ore, 360 PredazzOjItaly, sulphide copper ore,427 producer gas, Great Falls, 254 wood, 268 purple ore, 454 pyrite, kiln-roasted, 437 refined copper, 12, 392 rcgule, 296 residue, vitriolization metallic copper, 477 reverb, furn., blanket slag, 279 slag, Steptoe Valley, 270 Rio Tin to. ra\v,roastcd, leached ore,425 roaster gas, MacDougall furn., 147 slag, 296 Schmoellnitz, mme-water, 408 screenings, fine concentrate, for Evans- Klepetko furn.. Great Falls. 104 Shannon Copper Co., low-grade ore,429 oxide ore, 430 ^ silica sand, working botom, 261 siliceous ore, basic converter, 340, 344 Chemical analysis, siliceous ore, Anaconda, 34 Great Falls, 352 silver bar, Mansfeld, 462 slag, Knudson process, 196 pyritic, Mount Lyell, 193 reverb., 275, 277 smelting oxide ore, 361 slime, electrodeposition with inadub anodes, 523, 524 speise, 216 Stassfurt salt, 442 Sulitjelma ore, 196 tower-liquor, Longmaid-Hendersc process, 451, 452 Utah copper ore, 6i white metal, 290 changes, fire-refimng copper, 391 properties brass, 32 bronze, 43 copper, 9 Chemistry, converting, 323 partial pyritic smelting, 201 pyritic smelting, 194 reducing smelting, blast-furnace, 183 reverb, fum. smelting, 278 Chloridation of burnt pyrite, 441 progress, 445, 448 Chloridized ore, Longmaid-Henderson, lead ing, 450 Chloridizing furnaces, 442 mechanical muffle. Wedge, 446 reverb.. Wedge, 445 muffle, Natrona, 445 multiple-hearth mechanical down-dra muffle, Wedge, 446 reverb, and muffle. Wedge, 448 Ram^n-Beskow, 449 reverb., Oker, 442 roast, condensation of gases, 449 Longmaid-Henderson process. 441 Chrome brick, copper refining furn., 374 reverb, furn. bottom, 261 Canadian Copper Co., 246 Chromium and copper, 50 Circulation electrolyte, 493 Anaconda plant, 527 Clarifying copper liquor, Longmaid-FIende son process, 45 2 Clark- Antisell, charging machine, 381 Clark casting machine, refined copper, 400 Claudet, process, 454 Clay brick, reverb, furn., 260 Claying, Cananea, 284 Clean-up, multiple system, 513 series system, Baltimore, 537 Coal, reverb, furn., 265 Coarse metal, 288 Cobalt, behavior electrolysis, 485 fire-refining copper, 392 and copi)cr, 18 Coke in blast-furnace. 182 -iron couple, precipitation of copper, j^ use in refining copper, 398 Collins, blast-roasting pot, 140 Color, copper, 4 Colorado Smelting Co., reverb, fum., 238 sulphatizing roast, 427 INDEX S4S oming to nature, refined copper, 395 ommon brass, 34 omparison, heaps, stalls, kilns, 86 roasting metnods, 147 bm[K)sition, electrolyte, 492 ompressed air, copper-refining fum., 382 bncrete foundation, reverb, furn., 243 bndensation. Anaconda, 220 Balaklala, 229 Cananea, 219 Copper Queen, 219 devices, flue-dust, 224 of gases, chloridizing roasting, 449 Great Falls, 221 Mammoth Works, 228 onductivity bridge for copper, 386 electrolyte, 489 onnections, broken, electrolysis copper, 495, 498 onsolidated Arizona S. Co., Edwards fum., 120 onverter, accessories, 314 acid vs. basic, 344 lining, 300, 310 table, 301 Aguas Cahentes, 301 Anaconda, 191 1, 306 anode, cast vs, refined, 499 Balaklala, 306 barrel, 305 basic, 334 products, loss, cost, 342 blast, 314 cavity, 311 charge, addition of SiOj, 326 chemistry, 323 copper, 331, 332 casting machine, 317 ingot, 317 David-Manhis, 305 Eguilles, 301 gases, 326, ^zi Great Falls, 1909, 301 Haas, 308 hood, 314 horizontal, 305 Knudsen, 197 Leghorn, 305 lining acid, 300, 310 losses, 331 Manh^s, 300 manipulation, 309 operation, 323 Parrot, 301 Peirce-Smith, 335 plant, Great Cobar, 321 products, 331 Shelby, ball, 306 slag, 332 basic, 342 Great Falls, 353 Stallman, 301 table, acid vessels, 302, 303 thermal balance, 327 trough, 305 upright, 300 vs. horizontal, 308 35 Converting, basic, 334 temperature, 341 chemistry, 323 copper loss, ZZ^ cost, 331, 333 elimination, impurities, 326 losses, 331 matte, 298 plant, 320 vs. roast-smelting, elimination of im- purities, 326 silver loss, 333 speise, 217 Coin bronze, 46 Copper and aluminum, 48 and aluminum manganese, 50 and antimony, 19 and arsenic, 18 and bismuth, 16 and chromium, 50 and cobalt, 18 and cuprous oxide, 13 and gold, 23 and gold-silver, 23 and iron, 16 and lead, 15 and lead-silver, 22 and manganese, 17 and minor metals (Ca, Mg, Cd, Tl, Pd, Pt, Va, W, Ti, Cr, Cd-Sb), 23 and nickel, 17 and oxygen, 13 and phosphorus, 25 and quicksilver, 50 and selenium, 21 and silicon, 26 and silver, 22 and sulphur, 21 and tellurium, 21 and tin, 39 and titanium, 50 and tungsten, 50 and vanadium, 50 and zinc, 28 alloys, 24 best selected, 293 bibliography, 3 casting machine. Great Falls, 317 Walker and others, 398 chemical properties, 9 Cliff, basic converter, Peirce-Smith, 344 content of slag, length of reverberatory furnace, 267 cost of production, 2 cuprous oxide, 13 deposition per amp.-hr., 491 dissolved gas and spec, grav., 384 effects of impurities, 12 grades, 2 granules, for vitriolization, 473, 476, 478 history, i ingot, 396 bar, 396 in matte, necessary for precious metal, 216 liquor, refining, Hofmann process, 466 loss, basic converter, 343 546 INDEX Copp>er loss in blast-furnace, 189, 235 in converting, ziZ in sla>?, 217 matte, converting, 298 electrolysis, 482 metallic, leaching, 471 of commerce, 10 Copperopolis, Cal., sulphatizing heap-roast, 42s Coi)per ore, electrolysis, 482 leaching, 402 marketing, 62 metallurgical treatment, 62 smelting, 63 ores, 00 physical properties, 4 pig-mold, 350 poisonous effect, 232 l)recipitate. plant, jS() barrel converter, 305 dust tlue, 21Q AIacI)ou>:all furn., no mine- water precipitating plant, 412 system, ore bedding, 357 treatment of llue-dust, 232 rain, 3 S3 retining. chemical changes, 391 furnace, gas-fired, 377 opera tii>n. 3S1 temperature, 305 furnaces. 374, 3SS. 300 selenide, behavit)r electrolysis, 486 silicates, 52 -silver selenide. 517 smelting t\>r matte, in reverb, furn., 288 speciTuations, u st.ilisiic''. 2 sulphide iron sulphide, 213 sulphide. rv>asting, 05, 07 sulphides, 53 telluride. behavior electrolysis, 486 tou.i;h pilch. 3S5 u^i"* of. 1 1 Corrosion .nul dej>osition, series system, Balti- lUi^re. 53 anode. 51 1 brass. ;.» bion c. .J3 »oM\crlcr liiung, 311 wMvx j.ukels, 104 I'o'.t. .jiid lonverlini;. 7,7,7, b.jsii- ronvcrtinj;. 342, 343 M.isi funiaic smelting, 235 lu.ip io.i>i. ;S K iumImmi process. U)S |»Mi »uni: \Maci>nda tailing, 431 I vHi.'.iM.iid llriulcrst)!! i)rocess. 455 nMilii|»lv' pi. int. relining copper, 524 pv»\Mi .1. iiirirnt density, multiple pun C-.s. ^ '-^ piv\ ii'ii.iiiiiL' miiu'-watcr. Butte, 412 piodii. Ml'.'. Miic \ ilridl. 480 jiu»dui lu'u ul cvn>i)cr, 2 Cost, refining by multiple process, 525 roasting in Allen-0*Hara furnace, 126 Briickner furnace, 138 hand reverb, furn., 116 AfacDougall furn., Anaconda, 108 Pearce furnace, 133 Wedge furn., 114 Wethey furn., 124 smelting Lake Superior copper ore, 371 oxide ore, 360 pbnt, 357 reverb, furn., 286 stall-roast, 81 Zicrvogel process, 462 Cotton furnace, reverb, smelting, 255 Cottrell electric condensation. Anaconda, chloridizing roasting, 431 Balaklala, 229 Garfield, 231, 343 Raritan, 518 Counter-current system, leaching copper ore, 406 Cross-bar, multiple process, 504 washing, etc., 513 Crucible furnace, melting cement silver, 462 Crushing ore, roast- heap, 71 and mixing ore and salt, Longmaid- Henderson proc, 438 Crystallization and electrodeposition, treat- ment foul electrolyte, 521 blue vitriol, requirements, 474 copper, 4 method, treatment foul electrolyte, 521 plant, blue vitriol, Hofmann, 470 Crystals deposited copper, orientation, 503 Cupola copper, smeltinj^ native copperore, 362 matte, melting for converter, 320 Cupric carbonate, 52 chloride, 58 as solvent, oxide ore, 404 oxide, 52 decomposition by iron, 278 silicates, 53 sulphate, 55 sulphide, 54 Cupro-magnesium, addition fire-refining copper, 387 Cuprous chloride, 57 oxide, 51 behavior electrolysis, 486 in tough-pitch copper, 387 silicate, 52 sulphide, 53 -ferrous sulphide, 213 behavior in electrolysis, 486 Current and voltage w. temperature, elec- trolyte, 480 density, electrolysis copper, 497 vs. cost of power, multiple process, 525 vs. precious metal loss, 512 electrolysis, 488 series system, Baltimore, 536 Data, add converter, ^02 blast-furnace, native copper ore, 371 oxide copf>er ore, 360 sulphide copper ore, 176 INDEX 547 Data, electrolysis, multiple process, 528 reverb, fum., fire-refining, 388 native copper ore, 363 reverb, f urn , sulphide copper ore, 256 David-Manh^s converter, 305 David selecteur, 308 Dawson furnace, reverb., smelting, 255 Day, apparatus, blowing xx)ncentrate, 340, 347, 348 Decopperization of residue, Freiberg vitrioli- zation, 478 Delta metal, 37 Dense^poling, copper-refin. fum., 384 D^>ositing vat, multiple process, 506 series system, Baltimore, 537 Deposition on cathode, multiple proc, 51 z D^redation, copper smeltery, 358 Detroit Copp>er Co., blast-roasting, 140 Direct fusion, anode mud, 515 matte, 320 • process, 293 Dissolver, vitriolization of copper, 478 Distance, bottom and sides of tank to cathodes, multiple process. 503 Doetsch process, leaching sulphide ore con- version into chloride, 432 Dorell converter hood, 315 Doubling in converting, 325 t)ouglas roasting furnace, 138 Down-draft blast-roasting, 143 Draft, natural vs. forced, reverb, fum., 267 oil-fired reverb, furn., 269 Drying furnace, pressed cement-silver, 461 Ductility, bronze, 41 copper, 6 Ducktown, Tenn., kernel-roast, 426 Dumps, leaching, 413 Durana metal, 38 Dust-arresting devices, 224 Dust-chamber, efficiency, flue-dust, 221 deposition in chamber, Anaconda, Can- anea, Copi>er Queen, 219, 220, Great Falls, 225 flue and chambers, blast-furnaces, 219 Dwight-Lloyd, agglomeration flue-dust, 233 roasting machine, 143 sintering purple ore, 454 -Messiter, ore-bedding system, 356 Dyblie converter valve, 306 Early converting, 299 Eastern U. S., vitriolization plant, 478 Economizers, reverb, furn.. Copper Queen, 287 Garfield, 244 Edwards furnace, 116 Efficiency, blast, converter, 314 blast pyritic smelting, 196 dust-arresting devices, 221 Eguilles converter, 301 Elastic limit, copper, 5 Electric condensation, Balaklala, 229 Garfield, 231 converter, 343 Raritan, 518 conductivity brass, ^2 cathode copper, cast vs, not cast, 505 Electric conductivity copper, 6, 7 tests, fire-refiined copper. 386 connection, depositing vats, 510 converter, 309 furnace, refining copper, 372 Electrodeposition copper, Laszczynski proc- ess, 414 from solutions, 405 method, treatment foul electrolyte, 524 tubes, sheets, wire, 512 Electrodes, multiple system, manipulation, senes system, Baltimore, 536 Electrolysis, as solvent, oxide ore, 404 copper, 482 matte, 482 metallic c(^>per, 483 ore, 482 speise, 483 Electrolyte, arsenic vs, conductivity of cathode copper, 487 Electrolyte, Baltimore series plant, 536 composition, temperature, circulation, 492 conductivity, 489 foul, treatment, 520 Electrolytic plants U. ^H roasUd pyrite, compounds in, 4J7 precipitant for copper, 405 ^H roasting in, Si Limestone, unchanged in MacDougall kiln. H fin« ore. 87 ID4 ^^1 rough- raaating matte, Ziervogel process, Lining acid converter, 310, 311 ■ ore used, 310, 311 ^M Sl'Sstcdt, 97 Anaconda basic converter, 345 ^H Spcnce, 90 Peirce-Smith. basic converter, 338 ^m Wed);e, 112 Step toe basic converter, 346 ^g Klepetko blast-fumacc, 151 Link-belt casting machine, refined copper, Klepingcr copper-casting machine, ,117, .119 400 Kuapp^Kimze blast- roosting process, 138 Knudsen process. lg6 multiple plant, 534 Kothny, chloridation of burnt pyrite, 441 plant, circulation of electrolyte, 4D13 Krdhnke process, 404 Lixivialion vat. Hofmann, 4<>S _ Lloyd, altitude and bUsl-roa sling. 146 ^B Labor, basic converter, 343 smelling at high altitude, 1^2 ^H Ladle, cast inn copptr. ,107 Lone maid-Henderson process, 436 ^H LaiBt process, leaching tailings. Anaconda. Loss in copper, acid converter, 331 ^^ 431 basic convener, 342, 343 ■Tanner converter hood, 31s blast-furnace, 189, 196, jjs Lake Superior reverb, furti.. 363 L&rge cnargcs and long itiiervuls, reverb. slag. 117 reverb, fimi.. 286 furn., 281 precious metal vs. current density, jt* ^ Laaiciynslti process, 414 Low brass, 34 _ ^M Latent heat of fusion, cojiper, 7 Lump ore, masting in shall furnaces fkila^^H Launder, wood-iron, vitriol iza I ion, 4S1 ' ]■ Leaching and precipitation. Ziervogel proc- Luster, copper, 4 ^H ess, Mansfeld. 460 apparatus, method, 40'' MacDoiigall furnace, gi ^M atacaraite. 420 air-cooled. 108, 109, 110 ^H bronchantite, 430 Machine, ramming add convener liddH 3'i ^M process, 45° Machinery bronze, 45 ^H copper ore, 401 Magnesite bottom, reverb, fum., z6i ^H outline of processes, 4c* brick, copper refining process, ,^(7< jj^M matte, as^- hearth, reverb, fum., Canadian Ca|M^H metallic copper, 471 Co., 245 ^H mil! tailinRs, 413 Magnesium, addition, fire-refining canl^H mine dumps, 413 387 ^H oxide ore. 414 Magnetism, copper, 9 J^H Rio Tinto, 4" Magnetite lining, basic converter, WbcO^H sulphate ore, 407 Krejci, 3S3 ^^H sulphide ore. conversion into chloride by Maidenpec, Servia, sulphatiziag roaat, 4JH^H oxidizing and chloridizing roast. Maletra shelf-burner, 89 TB 436 MalleabUity. copper. 6 ^H by ciipric chloride, 434 tests, fire-refining copper, tSA ^^1 by ferric chloride. 432 Mammoth smeltery. Hue-dust collectkn. ^H conversion into oride by roast ing.431 Management, acid converter, 373 |^H sulphate, sulpbatizing roost, 4^4 basic convener, 339, 343 ^H blast-furnace, 189 ^^^H with ferric sulphate, 430 partial pyritic furnace, 302 ^^H !n place, 424. pyritic furnace, 196 ^^M oxidizing-roasting and chlorinating with ferric chloride, Hunt-Douglas, reverb, fum., 280 ^^^H Manganese and copper, ij ^^H 434 behavior electrolysis. 485 ^^H vat, Longmud- Henderson process, 450 brass, 38 ^^H Lead, addition, fire-refining copper, 3S7 lironzc, 38. 47 ^^H and copper, 15 copper, addition, fire-refining o^^n^^^H behavior electrolysis. 486 sulphide, roasting, 65, 67 ^^^1 Cre-re6ning copper, 393, 394 Mangano- silicon, addition, fire-refining ti^^| silver and copper, ternary alloys, »J per, 387 ^H soaking anode mud, 515 ManhSs converter, 300 ^^M Leghorn converter, 305 Leiistb, re\-erb. /urn. direct firing, 167 Manipulation, converter. 309 ^^U dectiodes, muiaple proceas, 505 ^H INDEX SSI Mansfeld, blast-furnace gas, 184 tieatment of flue-dust in the wet assay, 459 Ziervogel process, 457 Manufacture, brass, $$ bronze, 44 Marchese proce&, 482 Marketing copper ore, 62 Mason Valley, agglomeration flue-dust, 233 Mass, native copper ore, 361 Mathewson blast-furnace, 153 method of charging reverb, fum., 283 Matte, 212 agglomerating flue-dust, 236 bath of, in reverb, fum., 282 converting, 298 disposal, 175 electrolysis, 482 leaching, 456 mold, 175 precious metal, 215 pyritic concentration, 236 vitriolization, 463 Hofmann proc, 464 Matthicssen standard, 8 Matting, reverb, furn., 236 Maurer cathode, 504 Mayer process, 455 McMurtrie- Rogers blast-roasting proc., 138 Mechanical charging copper refin. fum., 381 down-draft multiple-hearth muffle-furn., Wedge, 446 -hearth rever. and muflle-fum., Wedge, 448 muflle chloridizing furn., 446 properties brass, ordinary temp., 30 properties, brass, varying temperatures, bronze, ordinary temperature, 41 varying temperatures, 42 reverb, chloridizing furn.. Wedge, 445 stirring, leaching copper ore, 406 Medal bronze, 46 Melting cathodes, system Addicks-Marks, 401 cold matte in converter, 321 copper refm. furn., 382 point, copper, 7 points, common alloys, 25 Merton furnace, 97, 121 Metal, coarse, 288 furnace, 289 slag, 289 Metallic copper production in blast-furn. from matlc, 236 copper, vitriolization, 472 Metallurgical treatment, copper ore, 62 Michigan copper ore, 62 smeltery, reverb, furn., silica-brick bottom, 366 separation of smelting and refining, 369 Microscopic tests, fire refining copper, 386 Miedzianka mine, Laszczynski proc, 414 Mill tailings, leaching, 41,^ Mine and tail water, Bisbee, 413 Butte, 412 Copper Queen, 413 Mine and tail water, Schmoellnitx, 408 dumps, leaching, 413 la Motte, blast-roasting, 140 water, acid, freed from copper, 413 recovery of copper, 407 Mineral, native copper ore, 361 Mirror metal, 46 Mode of operating reverb., smelting native copper, 368 Mold, copper ingot, 396 pi«, 359 wire-bar, 397 Monier process, sulphatizing roast, 427 Montana copper ore, 60 Montejus, acid liquor, 466 Morenci, blast-roasting, 140 Morrow clip for anode, 502 cathode, 504 Moss-copper, 215 Mount Lyell blast-furnace, 152 converter, 301 converting plant, 320 Movable settler, '17 2 Mud, anode, 51^ Muffle chloricfizing furnace, Natrona, 445 roast, sulphatizing, 427 roasting furnace, 138 vs. reverb, fum., chloridation burnt pyrite, 442 Multiple plants of the U. S., 528 process or system, electrolysis, 491 vs. series copper, silver content, 537 system, 538 Native copper ore, 62 smelting, 361 Natrona, chloridizing mufi9e furn., 445 Neill process, leaching ore, 418 Neutralization SOj, Sprague process, 229 Nevada copper ore, 61 Nickel, action in electrolyte, 492 and copper, 17 behavior electrolysis, 485 brass, 39 scorification in refining black copper, 473 Nichols Copper Co., series plant, 535 Nichols- James process, 2g3 Nickel, behavior, fire-refming copper, 392, 394 O'Brien furnace, 95 Ochre, from mine water, 409 O'Hara roasting furnace, 124 Oil-burner, Shelby, Sorensen, 272, 273 -poling, copper refin. furn., 385 Oil in blast-furnace, 182 in partial pyritic smelting, 201 reverb, furn., 269 use as cover in depositing tanks with insoluble anodes, 522 Oker, chloridizing reverb, furn., 442 kiln, 83 vitriolization plant, 475 Opening roast-heap, 78 Oj)eration of reverb, furn., smelting native copper ore, 368 Ordinary process, reverb, furn., 288 F ^K sla ^K Orford ^^H OrientB ^H Ovcrblt ^f Overdo Ore-bedding, system Copper Queen, 357 Dwight-Mcsaiter, 356 :barged, basic convener, 339, 340 rusWng and sizing, for roast-heap, 74 for acid lininj[ ot converter, 310 I I J, smelling native ctqjper, _ fore-Tjcarth, 150 Orientation, crystals electro-deposited copper Overblowing in converting, 335 Overflow slag-pot, 173 OverpoUag. fite-tefining copper, 3H7 Oiideore, 61 reduction and concentration, 359 smelting, 358 Oxidizer, vitriolization of copper, 478 Oxygen and copper, 13 behavior, fire-refining copper, 393 Packing of matte in Hofmann lixiviation tank, 466 Pan evaporator, Hofmann, 46g for solution of blue vitriol. 476 Parral tank, leaching copper ore, 406 Parrott converting plant, 310 Partial pyritic smelting process, 64, igS Patching basic converter, Anai^onda, 346 Pearce gold separating process, 298 Peirce. mechanical casting refined copper, ■Smith converter, 335 Percolation, method 0/ leaching, 406 Perth Amboy cathode, 504 Peyton Chemical Works, reverb, fm-n., 35s Phosphor bronze, 46 copper, addition, fire- refining copper, 387 304 properties, copper. 4 Plant, Uwight-Lloyd bjast-roastinf;, 145 Longmaid-Hendersun , old and new, 43S smelting, cost of, 357 Plate-baffles, fluc-du.it, lit -pitch for anodes, 500 stag, 281 Platinum, behavior electrolysis, 4ft6 Pohlf air-lift pump, 516 circulation electrolyte, 497 Poisoning furnace bottom, ig4 Poisonous effect of copper. 131 Poling, copper refin. furnace, 384 Polloclt waste-slag car, 175, Porphyritic slag, reverb, fum., 175 Port Kembia multiple plant. 534 Pouring spoon. Bennetts, 317 temperature, alloy, 15 Precious metal in matte, 115 loss in blast-furnace, 335 Vl. current density, jtJ Precipilants of oopper, 404 Precipitation of copper, Longmaid-Hender- son process, 45» metbod and vat, 40& Precipitation oE silver and gold, I Henderson process, 454 Zicrvogel proc.. 461 vat, l-ongmaid- Henderson proc., 453 Predazzo, Italy, sulphatizing muffle roast, 4IJ Preheating air, pjritic smelling, 193 blast, 1 82 Preparation, alloys, 25 Pressure, air and steam, atomizing oil, a tank for acid liquor, 4(16 Process, Augustin, matte. 456 metallic copper, 473 Borchers-Franke-Gilnlher, 483 Rradley, leaching copper ore, 429 Carmichael, leaching ore, Claudet. 454 Elkingtoa, 4S4 estra, it»^ fire-refining copper, 373 Froelich, leaciung sulphide oi Gibbs, 455 Gin, separation ferrous and cupric S phates, 463 Greenawalt, leoching oxide o Harz vitriolizalion, 473 Hoepfner, leaching sulpMdc ore, 434 Hunt-Douglas, leaching ore, 434 Hybinctte, leaching copper ore, 42g Tardine- Chad wick, 455 Laist, leaching Anaconda tailings, 431 Las;iczynski, leaching and electrode position, 414 Longmaid- Henderson, 436 Marchese, 48 2 Mayer, 455 Monier, siuphatizing roast, 417 multiple, electrolysis, 491 Ts. series, 538 Neill, leaching ore, 41S Nichols- James, 35,5 ordinary in reverb, fum., 3S8 Koessler, refining jeweler bus, 198 ' selecting, 39.) Sicmens'Halske, leaching >ad < dcpoMtion Snelus, 455 Slater, solvent ferric chloride, 434 smelting native copper ore, 362 Stadlberge. leaching ore, 414, alg Tcrrino. Longmaid-Henderson proc, 453 Results, Longmaid-Henderson process, 455 partial pyritic smelting, 202 pyritic furnace, 196 Reverb, chloridizing furn., Oker, 442 furnace, Anaconda, 1903, 243 1908, 243 heat balance, 280 bringing forward matte, 288 calculation of charge, 279 Calumet and Hecla, 366 Canadian Copper Co., dust-fired, 245 Cananea, 247 clay-brick bottom, 260 cleaning slag, 286 Reverb, furnace, coal, 265 Colorado Smelting Co., 238 cost of smelting, 286 elimination of unpurity, 279 fettling, 284 fuel, 265 fuel-dust, 267 Great Fails, 253 height of roof, oil and coal-fired, 270 hot vs. cold calcine, 280 large charges, long intervals, 281 length with direct firing, 267 losses, 286 loss in copper, 286 management, 280 mechanical, finishing-roast, Ziervogel process, 458 natural vs, forced draft, 267 oil, 269 Peyton Chemical Works, 255 plant of Copper Queen, 286 producer gas from ooal, 265 from wood, 268 references, 255 slag, 275 small charges and short intervals, 283 smelting, chemistry, 278 native copper ore, 362 Step toe Valley, 271 tables, 256-259 temperature, record. Anaconda, 282, 283 tilting, for casting copper, 401 working bottom, 260 settler, blast-furnace-slag, 232 smelting, 236 wood, 268 vs, blast-furnace matting, 287 vs, muffle-fum., chioridation burnt pyrite, 442 Revolving barrel, leaching copper ore, 406 Rhodes matte-mold, 175 Rio Tinto, leaching, 421 sulphatizing heap-roast, 424 Roast-heap, 75 smelting vs. converting, elimination of impurities, 326 speise, 216 Roaster slag, 289, 292 Roasting, 291 and reduction proc., blast-fum., 64 and solution, anode mud, 517 apparatus, 70 effect of elevation, 136 fine ore in shaft furnace, 87 furnace, Allcn-G'Hara, 174 automatic, 87, 138 Brown horseshoe, 129 Brown straight line, 124 Briickner, 135 Douglas, 138 Edwards, 116 Evans-Klepetko, 97, 105 Gerstenhofer, 87 hand reverb., 115 Heinze-Freeland, 96 Herkules, 96 Herreshoff, 92 S5a ^•^•^^^' .V J ^^«r».. 138 Settler, oil-fired, reverb furn.. 2,^2 * Si'wer pipe, solution vat, vilriolization, 4R0 ,^ ^ Shaft, blast-furnace. 161 ^^^* * ■ ,.. .. ..; furnace, roasting in, 82 * ' "* "" fine ore, S7 Shannon Copper Co., sulphatizin^ heap-ro;i>l, ^ f "' sulphalizins oxide ore with ferric alt'!. sulphate, 4,^0 ^'' " Shelby, ball converter and valve, .^06 ^ , blast-furnace, 157 :^V^\ matte-ladk*. 175 A^^^' oil-burner, 272 Jp'Ji Shelf-burners, So ■^***' Siemens- liorchers. circulation of electmlyic. 405 ^ . ,. -Ilalske proc., leachinj;, eIectro-<lcp«Ki- O^/ : tion.4.^0 ■^-^'j regenerative chambers, reverb, furn., (Ireat Falls, 25s p , . Siphon, series tank, Baltimore. 5.^^) * ^* '* Silica, addition to c<mverter charjre, .^^6 ,» and base required for sbg formation. J •"' , 185 _, _ -^ *j bottom, reverb, furnace, 260 ' •^'^' brick, bottom reverb, furn., 2h$ ' -y^ Mich, smeltery. .^^6 .^*^^' content, ccm verter slaR, .^40 }/^^' - •..-.: Silicon, addition, fire-refminj? copper, 387 ^ *'•'* bronze, 47 -, . and cni)pt'r. 26 ^ ^-'^^ . Silver and copper, 22, 515 and oxygen, 517 p ^ behavior, electrolysis, 4S6 !/*[^ fire-refining cop[)er, .V).^ .^04 {/"f . ^;. .>■* Bow pLmt. mine water, liutte, 412 !/. ■ * -copper selrnidc*, 417 gold and copper, 2^ ,,. in matte, 215 } ' lead and cop])er, 22 L loss, omverting. x^^ ' ■' ... ..r'ui. in blast-furnace, 2.^5 Sintering purple on*, 454 .,. Size of an<Kle, multiple pnKess, 5cxd ^. Sizing ore, roast-licap, 74 Sj«>stedt furnace. ()7 .^. ;•.*-•. SkiniFuing sla^'. converter. 332 Slag, !)asic converter, 340 blast-furnace, 217 casting machine, 175, .uO ^ copper ct)nlcnl and length of reverb, u.-'-eii. turn.. 2O7 ., - * format it>n, silica and base rwjuired, iS5 j. forminij staiie, converting, ^2^ ' ' fusion anode mud, 517 ., liiiJLsX, "xide ore. 301 ,.' '* P«>t, 174 I. partial i)vritic smelting, igS I :.: . ..l,..i.: IM r pyrilic smelting, 102 nduring <melting, blast-furnace, 179 .. reverl). furnaie, 275 InsN of roj)j>er, 2S(t Sla^s, ropj>er refin. furn., 3S3 . '' Slater j>r«>»e>s, use of ferric chloride, 434 .....a*., >o Slime coiuenir.ite, native cop|HT ore, agglo- meration, briquet ting, 370 SnuiU charges and short intervals, reverb. furn., 2S3 INDEX 555 Smeltery, Anaconda, 354, 355 British Columbia Copper Co., 355 Canadian Copper Co., 355 Cananca, flow sheet, 355 cost, 357 Smeltery, Great Falls, 222, 355 Smelting column, blast-furnace, 162 copper ore, 63 in converter, 298 in the blast-furnace, 148 native copper ore, 361 and by-products in blast-furnace, 370 • in reverb, furn., 362 plants, Lake Superior ore, 361 oxide ore, 358 power, blast-furnace, 236 pyrite, 189 and refining, native copper ore in sepa- rate furnaces, 369 reverb, furn., 236 sulphide ore, 63 Smith series system, 535 Snelus process, 455 Sodium sulphide, precipitant for copper, 405 Solution of anode mud in sulphuric acid, 515 vats, special forms, vitriolization, 480 Solvents, for copper ore, 402 Sorensen oil-burner, 273 Sow, blast-furnace, 235 Spain, blast-roasting, 140 Special brass, 36 bronze, 44, 46 Specifications, copper, 11 Specific heat, copi>er, 7 Speculum metal, 46 Speed of elimination of comfMnents, con- verting, 326 Speise, 216 electrolysis, 483 Spence furnace, 90 Spongy regulus, 295 Spout, trapped of blast-furnace, 157 Sprague process, 229 Stack, Great Falls, 225 Stadtberge, leaching oxide ore, 414, 419 Stahl, chemical changes, fire-refining copfKT, 393 leaching ore with hydrrxhloric a<id, 414 Stall, heap, and kiln, compared, HO roastmg, 79 Stall man converter, 301 Standard brand of cop|Hfr, 2'y4 Starting .\naconda reverb, furn., 2O5 sheet, multii>ie i>r'>.esi>, 502 tanks, number, 50$ Statistics of copj^er, 2 Steam-pressure, atomi;dng oil, 2^*9 Steam vs. oil, atomlzin;; oil, 2V; Steptoe Valley, arrarigTm'rnt oiJ buniern, y/ ^ basic converter, V44, ^4^, MacDou^alJ furr-ut',*:, i^A oil-burn'-r, 273 Peirce-Smith 'onvf-rti-r, '44 smelting, rt^* of*i low x-. hj/h tUdU in oil-fired r«:v»-rb. i*nu , //o Sterro met&l, 37 Sticht blast-furnace, 157 Stirling vs. Babcock and >^llcoz waste-heat boiler, 243 Stolberg works, electrolysis of matte, 482 Straightening cathodes, 500, 505 Stripping in Pearce gold process, 298 roast-heap, 78 sheet, midtiple process, 502 tank, multiple process, 502 Structure of sample, fire-refin. copper, 386 Sulphatizing heap roast, 424 muflSe roast, 427 Sulphide copper ore, 60 ore leaching after conversion into sul- phate, sulphatizing roast, 424 weathering, 420 after oxidizing and chloridizing roast, 436 conversion into chloride with cupric chloride, 434 with ferric chloride, 432 oxide by roasting, 431 sulphate with ferric sulphate, 430 oxidizing-roasting and chlorinating with ferrous chloride, Hunt-Doog- las, 434 Plant, general arrangement, 353 roasting, 65 smelting, 63 Sulphur and copper, 21 behavior, nri-refining copper, 392 dioxide, precipitant tor copper, 405 recovery from roast-heap, 77 Sulphuric acid, as solvent oxide ore, 402, 403 Support, bottom, copper refin. furn., 373 Suspension of anodes, multiple process, 501 of cathode, multiple process, 504 Swedish process, reducing smelting in blast- furnace, 64 System, multiple, electrolysis, 491 series, electrolysis, 534 Szalathna, Hungary, sulphatizing roast, 427 Table, blast-furnace, 176 converter, 302 reverb, matting furn., 256, 259 Tacoma, tilting reverb, furn., casting i.n\t\H'.r, 401 Tailings, leaching, 413 Tamping converter lining, 311 hand vs. ma'.hine, 313 Tanks, covering in elertrolysiH of copj>er, 497 dejiosition, multiple pnx^ciwi, 50O Mrries pro*.ewi, 535 Tellurium and u^pik^t, 21 birhavior elerlrolyMs,4H6 recovery from flue du^t, $18 Temj^rrai ijf*', bahi* converting, 34' i:l<-' irolyt**, 493 Urt' r«'finiriK <op|>«T, 49? flu*' yii>, Gn-at I all*-, jV, piirii;il pynM* ^•la/^ 19''' n:'/ftt\,toit\ Un:*i nrvi-rb. furn. Ana'ondi, oil iitit\ fi vi'fb. furn., 377 United Verde Co., Wedge furnace, 114 Up-draft blast roasting, 139 Upright converter, 300 vs. horizontal converter, 308 U. S., electrolytic plants, 484 Uses of copper, 1 1 Usual form, converter lining, 312 Utah copper ore, 61 Vanadium and copper, 50 Valve, Dyblie, 306 Shelby, 306 Vitriolization at Freiberg, 477 at Oker, 475 of matte, 463 Hofmann proc., 464 of metallic copper, 472 Vitriolization plant, Easfem U. S., 478 special solution vats, 480 V-method, heap-roast, 79 Volatilization, copper, 7 Van Arsdale process, leaching ore, 418 Voltage and temperature vs. current density, 480 drop, electrolysis copper, 497 ratio and tem. vs. current density, 480 Walker casting machine, refin. copper, 398 dissolving machine, vitriolization, 480 -Murphy air-jacket, warming bbtst, 360 system of depositing vats, 507 Raritan plant No. 2, 532 Wallaroo, blast-roasting, 141 tailings leaching, 413 Wanjukow, chemical changes, fire-refin. copper, 391 solubility CutS in slag, 180 Waste-heat boiler, 243 liquor, Longmaid-Henderson proc, 454 slag, cupola, native copper ore, 362 disposal, 173 Water as solvent, oxide ore, 402 Water-jackets, blast-furnace, 161 Watt-hour and temperature vs. current density, 480 Wear of converter lining, 311 Weathering sulphide ore, 420 Wedge furnace, 112 mechanical muflle chloridizing furnace, 446 reverb, chloridizing furnace, 445 multiple-hearth mechanical down-draft muffle furnace, 446 reverb, and muffle furnace, 44S sulphatizing muffle roast, 427 Welsh process, 236 Wcthcy furnace, 123 multiple-hearth roasting furnace. 126 Wheeler-Krejci, magnetite lining, basic con- verter, 353 White brass, 36 metal, 45, 289, 290 Willy oung conductivity bridge. 386 Witherell down-draft oxidizer, vitriolization, 480 Wood in blast-furnace, 182 rcverberatory furnace, 268 Working bottom, reverb, furn., 260 height, blast-furnace, 162 Widnes, chloridizing muflle furn., 445 Wirc-bafflcs, flue-dust, 221 -bar, copper. 397 -system, flue-dust. Great Falls, 221 Yampa smeltery, blast-roasting, 140 Edwards furnace, 116 Yard, roast-heap, 71 Yield in metal, blast-furnace, 235 Zicrvogcl process, 462 Zinc and copper, 28 behavior electrolysis, 485 oxide, neutralization SOi, Sprague proc- ess, 229 ^/ Ziervogel process, 456 ^ , - 1. 