None
The benzoate prepared by treating with benzoyl chloride in presence of alkali is a monobenzoate, calculated to the simplest empirical formula C]2H18O9. The benzoyl group enters the cellulose residue ; the lignone is unaffected, and when removed by the ordinary treatment a cellulose benzoate is left as the end product. On boiling the lignocellulose with acetic anhydride, an acetate is formed, which analyses as a diacetate of the empirical unit C12H18O9. The complete statistics, however, appear to show that the ester reaction is attended by internal dehydration through interaction of other groups of the complex. The lignone group, however, retains its general characteristics, and may be removed by similar treatment as the original, and the cellulose is separated in the form of a diacetate (C12). The benzoate (supra) also reacts with acetic anhydride, and the proportion of acetyl groups entering is not affected by the presence of the benzoyl group. These ester reactions taking place in the cellulose group, it is further established that the lignone complex contains no OH groups reactive under these conditions, and also that there are no free aldehydic groups. These reactions are of use in the investigation of the ultimate constitutional problems which continue to engage the attention of the authors, and to which it is hoped other chemists will be attracted by the publication of these evidences of more definite progress, INDEX OF AUTHORS ABEL, 44 Cross and Witt, 148 Armstrong, 245 Crum, W., 24 BAEYER, 245 DEMEL, 240 Bary, de, 231 Dopping, 226 Bebie, 316 Durin, E., 72 Bechamp, 46 Du Vivier, 45 Beilstein, 259 Benedikt and Bamber- ger, 1 88, 232 ERDMANN, u, 161, Bernadou, 317 197 Berthelot, 87 Briggs, 319 FENTON, H. J. H., Brown, A. J., 72 313 Brown, Horace, 67 Fischer, E., 262 Brown and Morris, 65, Fischer and Schmid- 257 mer, 18 Brunner, 167 Flechsig, 49 Flint and Tollens, 99, 265 CALVERT, Grace, 21 Chalmot, de, 181, 185 Fluckiger, 228 Franchimont, 6l, 87 Chardonnet, de, 45 Francis, 254 Chevandier, 174 Frank, 224 Chodnew, 216 Fremy, 90, 91, 173, Collie, 62, 149 176, 216, 229 Cross and Bevan, 7, 61, 70. 79» 80, 83, 113, 124, 131, 137, GANS and Tollens, 221 138, 142, 152, 164, Gilson, 12 208, 232, 240, 244, Girard, 21 247, 259, 263 Godeffroy, R., 219 Cross, Bevan, and Goodale, 237, 243 Briggs, 319 Goppelsroeder, 18 Cross, Bevan, and Gostling, M., 314 Jenks, 316 Gottlieb, 175 Cross, Bevan, and Green, Cross, and Be- King, 243 van, 298 Griffin and Little, 288 Guignet, 53 Guttmann, O., 316 HALLIBURTON, 87 Hantzschand Schniter, 137 Hawes, G. W., 175 Hime and Noad, IO Hodges, 80, 232 Hoehnel, 227 Hofmann, A. W., 79 Hofmeister, 237 Honig and Schubert, 48, 225 Hoppe-Seyler, 66 KABSCH, 173 Karolyi, 44 Kirchner and Tollens, 221 Knecht, 55 Koechlin, C, 21 Kolb, 218 Krauch and V. d. Becke, 166 Kraus, 153 Kugler, 227 Kuhlmann, 46 LANGE, 22, 141, 214, 240 Lehner, 45 Lenze, 315 Lindsey and Tollens, 49, 83, 198 Lintner and Dull, 257 322 Cellulose Lloyd, 1 8 Lb'wig and Kolliker, 87 Luca, de, 46 Luck, A., 317 Lunge, G., 316 MAC NAB and Ristori, 44 Mann and Tollens, 1 84 Maurey, 46 Meissner and Shep- pard, 152 Mendeljeff, 318 Mercer, 24 Meyer, V., 163 Miller, W. A., 239 Mitscherlich, 226 Muhlhauser, 132 Muller, Hugo, 5, 79, iio, 175, 214, 219 Miintz, 1 68 NASTJUKOW, 61 Nolting and Rosen- stiehl, 6 1 O'SULLIVAN, 257 PARNELL, 24 Payen, 211 Pears, A., in Pelouze, 46 Poumarede and Fi- guier, 187 Prudhomme, II RAMSAY and Chorley, 68, 154, 204 Reichardt, 216 Rosenfeld, 13 Russell, W. J., 319 SACHS, 73, 237 Sachsse, 172, 221 Schaefer, 87 Scheibler and Mittel- meier, 258 Schleiden, 224 Schlichter, 272 Schmidt, 61, 87, 225 Schmitz, 237 Schulze and Tollens, 163, 260 Schunk, 290 Schuppe, 177 Scoffern and Wright, J3. Sestim, 137, 240 Skraup, Z. H., 316 Smith, 83, 164, 259 Spon, 79, 243 Stein, 271 Stern, 49 Stutzer, 152 TAUSS, 22 Thomsen, 187 Thorn, 2 [3 Tollens, 101, 181, 259, 261 Tollens and others, 261 URBAIN, 173 VfiTILLART, 243 Vieille, 41, 318 Vortmann, 265 WATTS, 291 Weber, 19, 131 Webster, 113 Weiske, 152 Wheeler and Tollens, 187, 212 Wiesner, 243 Will, 47, 315, 317 Wissenburgh, 228 Witt, O. N., 79 Witz, 61, 297 Wurster, 174 ZEISEL, 106, 189, 365 INDEX OF SUBJECTS ACETATES of cellulose, 34, 252, 316. Acetic acid, formation from cellu- j lose, 255 — anhydride, action upon cellulose, 35, 316 ; upon regenerated cellu- lose, 37 — condensation, 193 — residue in woods, 191 ; product of simple hydrolysis of ligno- celluloses, 192 ; characteristic feature of lignification, 192, 319 Adipocelluloses, 90, 225, 226 ; proximate analysis, 227 ; general methods of investigation, 267 Aloe fibres, 220 Amylobacterium, 66 Amyloid, 53, 224 Aniline dyes, action on jute fibre, IJ5 — salts, action on jute fibre, 115 Arabic acid, 216 Arabinose, 86, 216 Arabinosic acid, 216 Ascidia, 87 BACTERIUM xylinum, 73 Ballistite, 44, 309 Bamboo stems, 220 « Belfast Linen Bleach,' 80 Benzoates of cellulose, 32, 251, 316 Blasting gelatin, 309 Bleaching, isolation of cellulose frcm raw fibres, 244, 255 ; linen yarn, 286 ; jute cuttings, 287 ; cotton, 288 ; ' maiket bleach,' • madder bleach,' 291 ; linen, 292 ' Brewers' grains,' composition of, 163, 260 ; method of examina- tion, 260 Brom-methyl furfural, 313 Butyric fermentations, 234 CARBOHYDRATES, 2 ; general me- thods for identification, 261 ; nitration, 315 Carragheen mucilage, 225 Celluloid, 44, 308 Cellulose, I ; empirical composi- tion, 3 ; hydrates, 4 ; their re- action with iodine, 7 ; of green fodder plants, 7 ; solutions of, 8 ; in zinc chloride, 8 ; in zinc chloride and HC1, 9 ; in ammoniacal cupric oxide, 9 ; in ammoniacal cuprous oxide, 13, 246 ; threads or filaments in electric lamp, 8 ; crystallised, 12 ; theory of action of solvents, 14 ; qualitative reactions and identi- fication, 14 ; compounds of, 15 ; with dilute alkalis and acids, 16 ; with colouring matter, 19 ; capil- lary phenomena, 18 ; action of al- kaline solutions at high tempera- tures, 22 ; action of concentrated alkaline solutions, 23 ; thiocar- bonates, 25, 318; their spontane- ous decomposition, 26 ; their co- agulation by heat, 27 ; quantative regeneration of cellulose from solutions of thiocarbonate, 28 ; 324 Cellulose purification by alcohol and by brine, 248 ; uses in microscopic work, 249 ; theoretical notes, 249 ; regenerated cellulose from thio- carbonate, 29 ; reaction with acetic anhydride, 37 ; theoretical view of thiocarbonate reaction, 29, 316. Action of sulphuric acid, 48 ; transformation to a sugar, 49 ; composition of body produced by dissolving in HSO4, 49. De- compositions of, 52 ; by non- oxidising acids, 53 ; practical application, separation of cotton from wool fabric, 55 ; by oxidants, 56 ; in acid solutions, 56 ; in alkaline solutions, 60 j resolution by ferments, 63 ; resolution con- stituting 'decay,' 66; by con- densation of carbon nuclei, 66 ; feeding or nutritive value of, 67 ; destructive distillation of fibrous, of regenerated from thiocarbonate, 68 ; tables, 69 ; constitution of, reactions throwing light upon it, 75 ; theoretical notes on, 257 ; three subdivisions in group, 78 ; purification in laboratory, (Tgh; * cellular,' 82, 85 ; Jfcprn wooas and lignified tissues, KVp elemen- tary composition, 83; yield of furfural, 83 ; from cereal straws, esparto, 84 j their ultimate com- position, 84 ; yield of furfural and reactions, 84 ; results from solu- tion as thiocarbonate, 85 ; re- generated from straw and esparto cellulose thiocarbonate, 85 ; pseudo- or hemi-, 87 ; a con- stituent of protozoa, 87 ; com- pound, 89 ; adipo- and cuto-, 90 ; pecto- and muco-, 90 ; Fremy's classification, 90 ; para- and meta-, 90; ligno-, 91, 92; (see Jute) o and £, from jute fibre, 93 ; general view of the group, 235 ; processes of decay and destruction (tables), 239 ; morpho- logy, 243 ; technology, principles of, 273 ; preparation of fibres from raw material, 276 ; flax, and jute, 275 ; spinning, 279 ; bleaching, 284 ; of jute, 285 ; linen yarn, 286 ; jute cuttings, 287; cotton, 288 ; constitution of, 313 Cell-wall, differentation of sub- stances composing, 86 Cerin, 228 Ceryl alcohol, 80 China grass, 79, 220, 278 Chloroplasts, 73 Coal, 66, 238 Collodion varnishes, 44 ; films, 44 Colloidal cellulose, 53 Combustion, rapid method, 245 Condition, water of, 5 Cordite, 44, 309 Cork, 225, 226 « Crude fibre,' Weende method of estimation, 165 Cutin, 228 Cutocelluloses, 90. hexene constituent, 101 ; estima- tion of constants of chlorination, 1 02 ; empirical formula, 102 ; determination of HC1 in reaction, 104 ; control observations, 104 ; estimation of secondary constitu- ents (methoxyl) by standard me- thod of Zeisel, 106 ; CO. CH2 resi- due, 107 ; systematic account of fibre ; 'butts ' or ' cuttings,' 109, 287 ; sp.gr., no ; analysis of va- rious specimens (table), no; com- position, in; empirical formula, in; artificial cultivation by A. Pears, 1 1 1 ; analysis of cultivated fibre (table), 112 ; lignocellulose hydrates, 113; solutions of ligno- cellulose, 114, 263; qualitative reactions and identification, 115, 262 ; action of aniline salts and coal-tar dyes, 115, 262 ; action of phloroglucinol, iodine, chlorine, ferric chloride, ferric ferricyanide, 115, 262, 266; chromic acid, potassium permanganate, 116; compounds of jute cellulose, with acids and alkalis, from dilute solutions, 1 1 6, 263 ; from concen- 326 Cellulose trated solutions of alkaline hy- drates, mercerisation, 120 ; thio- carbonate reaction, 121 ; com- pounds with metallic salts, reac- tion with ferric ferricyanide, and theory of dyeing, 124; com- pounds with negative radicals, benzoates, 131 ; acetates, nitrates, 132 ; lignocellulose under nitra- tion behaves as a homogeneous body, 134; compounds with the halogens, chlorine, 134; bromine, 137 ; iodine, 138, 263 ; resolution into constituent groups, 139; by hydrochloric, hydriodic, sulphuric acid, 140 ; nitric, dilute, in pre- sence of urea, 141, 264; by alkalis, 141 ; by acid oxidants, chromic acid, 142, 264 ; chromic and sul- phuric, 144 ; strong nitric, 145 ; joint action of oxides of nitrogen and chlorine, 147 ; by alkaline oxidants, potassium, perman- ganates, 147 ; hypochlorites, 148; hypobromites, 149 ; interaction with sulphites and bisulphites, 149, 265 ; animal digestion, 151 ; spontaneous decomposition, 152; destructive distillation, 153 ; general conclusions as to com- position and constitution of ligno- cellulose, 155 ; lignocellulose considered as a whole, 157, 319 ; ultimate analysis, 266 KETO R. hexene constituent of lignocelluloses, 101. See Jute Kieselguhr, 309 LEUCOGALLOL, 102 Levulinic acid, 199 Levulose, 74, 262 ; condensation T-°lf'313 Lichemn, 2 4 Lignification, 92 Lignin, 94 Lignite, 66, 238 Lignocellulose, 91, 92 ; esters, 131 ; of cereals, composition of brewers1 grains, 163; straws, how differ' entiated from typical lignocellu- lose, 164. See Jute Lignone, 94, 319, 320 MAIROGALLOL, 102 Maltose, 74 Mannose, 86; hydrazone, 199; identification, 262 Meals, analysis of, 167 ; rice meal, 167 Mechanical wood-pulp, estimation in paper, 174 Mercerisation, 23, I2OV Metapectic acid, identical with arabic acid, 216 Metapectin, 216 Methoxyl determination in woods, 1 06, 1 88, 265 Mitscherlich process, 198 Mucic acid, 199 Mucocelluloses, 90. See Pectocellu- loses Musa, 220 NITRIC acid, toughening action on papers, 254 Nitrocelluloses, or cellulose nitrates, 38, 309, 315. See also Cellulose Tissue-substance, first step in building-up of, 74 Tunicin, 87 VARNISHES, collodion, 44 Vasculose, 90 Viscose, 25, 247, 318 WEENDE method, 165 ' Willesden ' goods, 13 Wood-gum, 187 Woods, 91 ; structural elements, 172 ; Fremy's classification, 173 ; general property to form hydrogen peroxide, and estimation of mechanical wood-pulp in papers, 174 ; empirical composition, 174 ; tables, 75 ; proximate analysis table, 175 ; resolution into cellu- lose and non-cellulose, 177 ; dis- cussion of Sachsse's view that lignocelluloses are the products of metabolism of cellulose, 178 ; estimation of furfural (table), 182; de Chalmot on life-history of woods, 182 ; wood gum, 184, 187 ; in cereal straws, 187 ; analyses, 188 ; methoxyl deter- minations, 1 88, 189 ; acetic residue, 191 ; destructive dis- tillation, 192 ; chlorination of wood lignocelluloses, dicotyledo- 328 Cellulose nous, 194 ; coniferous (table), 195 ; synthetical reactions, nitra- tion, 196 ; chemistry of woods of Coniferge, 197 ; investigation of sulphite pulp process, 198 ; empirical formulae with methoxyl determinations, 201 ; yields of pulp, 202 ; destructive distilla- tion, 204 ; tables, 205, 256 ; Ramsey and Chorley's tables, 207 ; disintegration by reagents, proximate resolutions, 208; table, 209 ; sulphurous acid, bisul- phites, neutral sodium sulphite, 210 ; alkaline processes, acid pro- cesses, 211 ; ultimate resolutions, extreme action of alkaline hy. drates, 213 ; chromic, in pre- sence of sulphuric, acid, 214, 266 XANTHATES of cellulose, 26, 247, 318. See Cellulose thiocarbon- ates Xylan, in wood gum, 184 Xylonite, 44, 308 Xylose, 86 'ZEISEL,' standard method of esti- mating methoxyl, 106, 189, 265 PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE AND CO. LTD. LONDON, COLCHESTER AND ETON ENGLAND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 