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\iXKiKiS»»i»'m'«iC'>SS)S»»- ^'VERBAL^' NOTES -. SKETCHES FOR Marine Engineers J.W. M. SOTHERN M.I.E.S. 25/- NET. NINTH EDITION GIFT OF , Arthur K, ;,.orica.3ter n ^ \ 4^ C^ x;^^l«^^«>^^-.=e^:.^^^^^^ "Verbal" Notes and Sketches FOR Marine Engineers PRINTED AT THE IJARIEN IFESS EDINBVROIl 3- I H ^ ffi I ^ "VERBAL NOTES AND SKETCHES FOR MARINE ENGINEERS A MANUAL OF MARINE ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTENDED FOR THE USE OF NA VAL AND MERCANTILE MARINE ENGINEERS OF ALL GRADES, AND STUDENTS, FOREMEN ENGINEERS, ETC., AND IS SPECIALLY COM- PILED FOR THE USE OF ENGINEERS PREPARING FOR EXAMINATIONS OF COMPETENCY AT HOME OR ABROAD BY J. W. M. SOTHERN Member, Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; Hon. Member, Glasgow and West of Scotland Association of Foremen Engineers and Draughtsmen. Author of "Marine Indicator Cards," "The Marine Steam Turbine," "Simple Problems in Marine Engineering Design," "Elementary Mathematics for Marine Engineers," etc. Principal, Sothern's College of Alarine Engineering, Glasgow. 700 ILLUSTRATIONS NINTH EDITION GREATLY ENLARGED IN BOTH TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS Copscigbt.-EntcrcB %^\\\ B,\ at Stationers' Ibalf GLASGOW: JAMES MUNRO & CO. LIMITED 60 BROWN STREET 1917 i'^ngines.— ( ylinclers, 27;) Stroke, 60 inc Cut-off, 70 pel Type of Valve Gear. — St( 'I'ravcl of \'alves. — 8 incll Note. — For H.P., 1st Not "VERBAL" NOTES AND SKETCHES FOR MARINE ENGINEERS A MANUAL OF MARINE ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTENDED FOR THE USE OF NAVAL AND MERCANTILE MARINE ENGINEERS OF ALL GRADES, AND STUDENTS, FOREMEN ENGLNEERS, ETC., AND IS SPECIALLY COM- PILED FOR THE USE OF ENGINEERS PREPARING FOR EXAMINATIONS OF COMPETENCY AT HOME OR ABROAD BY y. W. M. SOTHERN Member, Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; Hon. Member, Glasgow and West of Scotland Association of Foremen Engineers and Draughtsmen. Author of "Marine Indicator Cards," "The Marine Steam Turbine," "Simple Problems in Marine Engineering Design," "Elementary Mathematics for Marine Engineers," etc. Principal, Sothern's College of Alarine Engineering, Glasgow. 700 ILLUSTRATIONS NINTH EDITION GREATLY ENLARGED IN BOTH TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS CopBriflbt.-!entcrc6 J-, / I S. at Stationers' Iball. GLASGOW: JAMES MUNRO & CO. LIMITED 60 BROWN STREET 1917 MM ^00 ':(^:l^./:o^ kX^-y E, \\<.y.zJic/ Seventh Edition published September 1911 Eighth Edition (with new appendix) pub- lished September 1913 Re-issue (with numerous additions) pub- lished January 1915 Re-issue (with further additions) published October 191S Fourth Re-issue (with additions) published September 1916 Ninth Edition published October 1917 PREFACE TO NINTH EDITION. Till-; present volume, it nia)' be pointed out, contains much new matter and many new illustrations, in addition to which the work, as a whole, has been carefully revised and corrected. Important additions have been made to the sections treating of Diesel Oil luigines, Marine Steam Turbines, and Electric Light, and to the other sections generally and it is hoped that the book will be found to be even more useful than before as a general reference volume for marine engineers of all grades. It may also be pointed out that the work now contains a full set of Board of Trade First Class Examination Drawings with dimensions, and a set of forty Board of Trade Second Class Examination Drawings, also fully dimensioned, for the use of second class students under the new and revised Regulations (1917). The author desires to express his pleasure in the knowledge that the book is steadily rising in popularity yearly, and that the increasing sales now extend to all parts of the world, and it may interest readers to know that the volume enjoys an extensive circulation even in far Japan. " Verbal " Notes is also in general use among the engineering personnel of the Royal Navy, and in short, appears to be the most popular technical work on marine engineering published. The author specially desires to thank A. N. Somerscales, Esq., Hull, for most kindly revising and correcting the work, also for many useful suggestions towards improvement in the text, etc. ; also R. M. Sothern, Esq., for preparing many of the drawings and check- ing the various calculations. The author's thanks are also due to the editor and proprietor of the Mechanical World for kind permission to reproduce a number of the illustrations from the pages of that journal ; to the proprietors of Engineering for illustrations and accompan\'ing descriptions of Diesel Engine sets ; to Messrs the British-Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd., Rugby, for kind permission to reproduce illustrations and text relativ^e to Curtis turbines ; and specially to Messrs Richardson, Westgarth & Co. Ltd., Hartlepool, for the handsome illustration and the data which form the frontispiece of the volume ; also to W. B. Hird, Esq., of Messrs Mavor & Coulson, electrical engineers, Glasgow, for kind permission to reproduce an article on Electric Motor Practice. Finally, and as on former occasions, the author has again to thank numerous friends and students for much valuable data taken from actual practice. Marine Engineering College, 59 Bridge Street, Glasgow, October 1917. 72615S PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION. Ix the New Appendix wliich is included in this luh'tion the author has introduced a number of new ch^awings, notes, and calculations, referring chieflx' to Diesel Oil ICngines, Boilers, and Marine Turbines, the latter including exhaust turbines and geared down turbines, thus bringing the work right up to date. The author's thanks are due to A. P. Chalkley, Esq., for kind per- mission to reproduce detail drawings of the Diesel type oil engine from •' Diesel Engines," by A. P. Chalkley, B.Sc, A.M.I.C.E. ; to the Council of the Institution of Naval Architects for permission to repro- duce the illustration of the " Vespasian " gear wheels from a Paper read before that Institution by Sir Charles Parsons, and entitled "The Application of the Marine Steam Turbine and Mechanical Gearing to Merchant Ships" ; to the editors of Eiiginccruig for illus trations of the turbine machinery of O.SS. " Reina Victoria Eugenia," and SS. " King Orr)'," and for permission to reprint the descriptions of the machinery which appeared originally in E)igineenng\ also for permission to rej)roduce the illustrations showing the Diesel four-cycle and two-cycle action, from a Paper entitled "The Diesel Oil Engine," by Dr Rudolph Diesel of Munich, and read before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. The author has also to thank Messrs G. & J. Weir for the illustration of their patent " Dual " type Air Pumps, etc. Marine Kncinekrino Coli.fi.e, 59 BRn)GE Street, Glasgow, September 191 3. CONTENTS. SECTION I. \\'OKKSHOP PrACTICK. pa<;e-^ Types of Engines — Paddle Engines — Screw Engines — Steam Flow — Balanced Engines — \'alves — Pistons-Connecting Rods — Val\ e Gear — Eccentrics — Main Hearings —Crank-shafts — Columns — Soleplate — Crank-shafts and Columns — Cutting of Eccentric Keyseats— Erect- ing of Columns — Cylinders and Valve Chests — Training Connecting Rods and Running Ciear — Training \''alve Gear — Cylinder Clearance and Valve Setting — Cylinder and Pump Connections, (S:c. — Propeller Shaft Liners — Marking off Ship for Boring Out— Thrust Block — Erecting Machinery in Ship — Pipe Connections — Auxiliary Marhinery — Trial Trips — Care and Upkeep — Howto Keep a Watch — Economical Working- ........ 1-70 SECTION II. Boilers. Strength of Plates — Elastic Limit and Factor of Safety — Stresses on Shell Seams — Strength of Shell — Shell Pressure, &c. — Strength of Joints — Riveting — Types of Joints — To Prove Joint Strength— Examples of Joints — Circumferential .Seam Riveting — Combined Strength of Seam and Rivets— Steam Space Stays — Flat Surfaces and Stays— End Plates and Stays — Water Space Stays — Pitch of Stays Combustion Chambers — Combustion Chamber Stays and Girders —Tubes — Stay Tubes — " Adamson " Rings — " Bowling " Hoops — Corrugated Fur- naces - Furnace Joint Repairs — Furnace Riveting — Boiler Upkeep and Repair, &c. — Strengthening a Furnace — P^urnace Manufacture — Collapse of Furnaces — Furnace Temperatures — F"ire-bars and Bearers — Manholes—Natural Draught — Forced Draught — Pitting and Cor- rosion— P>oiler Repairs — Examples of Plate Corrosion, &c. — Tube Stoppers — Leaky Tubes — Safety X'alves — Superheated Steam — Steam Pipes — Water Hammer — Circulation and Priming — Doubling Plates — Scarfed Joints — Zinc Plates — Water Gauge — Boiling Points — Salinometer, Density — Ash Ejector — Tait's Patent Water Circulator —Tube Expander — Cutting Out of Tubes — Reducing Valves — Auto- genous Welding Process — Hand Sketches of Boilers— Efficiency of Boiler — " Equivalent Evaporation " — Weight of Gases — .Shortness of Water — \'elocity of Gases — Boiler Dimensions — Donkey Boiler Re- pair— Fire Box Repair — \'ertical Donkey Boiler — Cochran Patent Boiler — Haystack Boiler — Yarrow Boiler  Ks of \'ai<iou.s Detau.s. Crank pin Lubrication — Reversing Gear — Turning Engine — H.P. Steam Connections — Stern Tube — Condenser Tubes — Thrust Bloci< — Start- ing Valve — L. P. Piston — Air Pump— Edwards Air Pump Bucket — Valve Spindle Eye Bush — Double Beat Valve and Expansion Joint — Column, Pump Lever, Air and Feed Pumps — Air Pump \'alves— " A" Brackets — Connecting Rod Bolts and Nuts — Edwards Pump — Engine- Room Gauges — Air Pump Connections — Piston Rod and Shoes -- Balance Weights — Circulating Water Connections — Connecting Rod — Piston Rod — Oil Feed Boxes — Reversing Bell Crank — Pumping Diagram — Feed Pump Connections - . . - . 178-198 SECTION IV. Slide Valves, Piston Valves, Valve Data, &c. Duties of Valve — Valve Travel — Steam Lap and Exhaust Lap — Lead — Double- Ported Valves — Piston Valves — Trick Valve — Andrews- Martin Valve — Piston Valve Rings — Expansion Valve — Joy's Assistant Cylinder — Open and Crossed Eccentric Rods — Reversing Gear — Measurement of Lead — Lead Adjustments — Valve Settings — Con- necting Rod Angle — Patent Valve Gears — Link Motion — Linking Up — Eccentric Keyseat Templates— Valve Setting Tables— Zeuner Valve Diagrams — Cranks and Eccentric Rods — "Linked Up" \'alve Diagram — Bellis and Morcom Engine — Effects of Link Adjustments — Marking of Eccentric Keyseat Positions on Shaft - - -199-263^' SECTION V. General Notes amd Descriptions. Manufacture of Iron and Steel — Alloys — Properties of Metals and Alloys — Composition of Steel, &c. — Tempering Steel — Annealing — Case- Hardening — Brazing — Welding — Strength of IMaterials — Stresses on Working Parts — Built Shafting— Strength of Shafting — Torsion and Bending Moments — Torsional Stress and Constant 5.1 — Twisting Stress and Shaft Diameter — Mean Twisting Moment, &c. — Board of Trade Constants — Lloyds' Rules for Shafting — Crank Angles — Flaws on Shafts — Shaft Repairs — Thomson Patent Coupling — Stop- ping of Engines — Engine Breakdowns — Engine Testing — Pumps — Breakdown of Pumps — Loss of Vacuum — Pet Valves — Air Vessels — Condenser and Air Pump — Oscillating Engine — Weir "Uniflux" Condenser' — Diagonal Engines — Paddle Enj^ine Shafts — Paddle Wheels — Weir P'ced Heater — Weir Evaporator — Weir Feed Pump — Weir Pump Steam V^alves — Feed Water Filter — Aspinall Governor — Worthington Feed Pump — Lamont Pump — Engine and Boiler Data Contents ix PAOF.S Pressure (laiige Indications — The Barometer — The Thermometer — Tail Shaft Corrosion — Propeller Pitch— To Find Cut-oft"- -Crank on Centre — Cuttini^ of Keyseats — Vahe in Mid-Travel — Shaft Sighting — Lining up Shafting — Flaws on Shafts — Various Engine Adjust- ments— Pressure ("lauge Tube — Main and iJilge Injection— Thrust Block — Crankpin and Piston Travel — Broken L.P. Cylinder Cover — Sight Feed Lubricator — Hydraulic Accumulator — Brown's Steam and Reversing Gear — Steering Gears — Brown's Steam Tiller — Metallic Packings — Stern Tube and Shaft — Drawing the Propeller Shaft — Pulsometer — Hot-well Temperature— General Definitions —Density of Steam — Brake Horse-Power — Dryness of Steam — Total Heat and Latent Heat — Potential and Kinetic Energy— Adiabatic Expansion — Hyperbolic Expansion — Heat and British Thermal Unit — Saturated Steam, Wet Steam, and Superheated Steam — Boyle's Law of Expan- sion— Charles' Law — Steam Expansions by Pressures and \'olumes — Heat Efficiency — Initial Condensation — Advantages of Multi- Cylinder Engines — Cylinder Ratios and Expansions — Cut-off and Pressures — Suction Lift of Pumps — Stresses on Shafting — To line up Crank-shaft— Pistons— Stresses on Beams— Consumption and Speed — I.H.P. and Consumption — Coal, I.H.P., and Distance— H. P. Cut-oft" and Consumption — Efficiency of Boilers and Engines, &c. — Squared Paper Diagrams — Curves of Speed, Consumption, Power, and Slip ----.-.-. 264-407 SECTION VI. Marine Engineering Chemistry Notes. Composition of Coal — Heat Values — Chemistry of Gases — Atmospheric Air — Water — Carbonic Acid Gas and Carbonic Oxide Gas — Free Nitrogen — Marsh Gas — Petroleum Vapour — Ammonia — Iron Oxide — ^Hydrochloric Acid — Sodium Chloride — Calcium Chloride — Acids — Alkalies — Spontaneous Combustion — Treatment of Fires — Sealing-off — Air Required for Combustion — Carbon — Nitrogen — Hydrogen — Combustion — Coal Gases — General Notes on Combustion — Complete and Incomplete Combustion —Burning of CO — Scale, Density, and Corrosion — Composition of Fresh and Sea Water — Incrustation — Composition of Boiler Scale— Scale and Oil Deposit — Temporary and Permanent Hardness— Corrosion of Boilers — Causes of Corrosion — Prevention of Corrosion — Hydrochloric Acid — Scale and Plate Temperature — Magnesium Chloride— Corrosion of Tubes — Test for CO2 — Evaporator Scale — Boiler Deposits — Leaky Tubes — Density and Scale — General Notes on Scale and Density— Solids in Sea Water — Calcium Carbonate — Calcium Sulphate — Soda — Lime — Rusting— Grooving — Paraffin Oil— Carbonate of Soda— Nitrate of Silver Test — Caustic Soda— Test for Acid — Hydrometer — Oils — Viscosity— Gumminess of Oil — Classes of Oils— Oil Emulsion — Saponification — Care of Boilers — Acid Test — Viscosity Test— Other Tests— Alkala Boiler Composition — Remedies for Pitting — Galvanic Action — Rusting — Condenser Tube Cerrosion - - - 408-431 X Contents SECTION VII. MaKIXI'; r^I.KC'lklC LUIHIINC. I'AfiES (Galvanic Cells or Hatteries — Daniell Cell — Electro-Magnets — Field Magnets — Armature — Commutator — Brushes — Action of Dynamo — Switchboard — Volt Meter — Ampere Meter — Main Switches — Fuses — Wiring — Three-Wire System -Distribution lioxes — Lamp Switches — Incandescent Lamps — Types of Lamps— Arc Lamps — Projector — Resistance Coils — Testing for Faults — Hints on Running — Jointing of Wires — Electric Motors -Motor Starters- Types of Motors Electric Notes— General  — Pitch — Right and Left Hand Screws — Cir- cumference and Thread — Pitch Variation — Pitch Ratio^Diameter and Length of Propeller — Length of Blade — Moulding of Blades — Slip and Wake Speed — Disc Area and Developed Area— Area Ratio — ^Projected Area — Thrust and Drag Surface of Blades — Cavitation —Apparent Negative Slip— Racing — Designing of Propellers with Examples — To Fit on a New Propeller — Motor Launch Propellers — Blade Interference — Twin Screws — Surface of Blades — Bronze Pro- pellers— Propulsive Efficiency — Resistance — Power Losses — Utili-,a- tion of Power- -Slip ------- 514-53S SECTION IX. Rkkrigkratiox. The Ammonia System — Pressures — Evaporator Pressures — Compressor (iland — Oil Extraction— Charging with Ammonia — OverhaulingCom- jjressor— Making up of Brine- Density of Brine — Circulation of Brine — Chamber Temperatures — Air in System — Carbonic Anhydride System — Properties of C0._.— Compressor — Gland- Separator— Con- denser Evaporator — Safety \'alve — Joints — Testing Parts— Instruc- tions for Charging and Working — Charging with Gas — Latent Heat of Ammonia (NH:;) and COj — Critical Temperature of COo and NH:- — The Compressed Air System — Compressor and Expander Diagrams- General Notes on Refrigeration — Pressures and Temperatures- Temperature Difference — Leaky Compressor Piston and \'alves — Testing of Brine --Air Extraction — Overhauling Compressor— Brine Temperature Difference— Joint Testing - - - . 539-5; Contents xi SFXTION X. Intkkn^i. CoMMUs'iioN Enc.ines. I'AC.E Producer das — "Cooler" and Scrubber — Steam (ienerator— Action — EtViriency — Consumption — Heat \'alue - Test Burner — Explosion Systems — Paraflln and Petroleum — Petrol — Two-Cycle — -Four-CycIe — Comparison of Steam-Engine and Oil-Engine — Pistons — Revolu- ^ tions — Water Jacket — Pressures and Temperatures— Carburetter — Valves — Sleeve \'alve — Flywheel— Firing Plug — Cranking — Ignition — Jump Spark— Make-and-Break — Magneto — Setting Magneto — Motor Troubles — Loss of Power in Engine — Leaky Pistons — Exhaust Gases — Reversing — Crank Arrangements — Starting — Speed Regula- tion— Engine Troubles, Causes and Remedies — Tests — Diagrams from Oil Motors— Mean Pressure — Indicated Horse-Power — Brake Horse- Power — Types of Motors — Oil Fuel — Oil and Coal Compared — Composition of Oil— Methods of Working — Oil Spray —Burners — Kermode Burner — Control — Starting L'p— Leakage Test — Colour of Gases — Flash Point and Firing Point — Sand — Black Smoke — White Smoke — X'entilation Pipes — Air X'essel — Settling Tanks — Air Cone — Evaporation of Oil — Water in Oil — White \'apour — Diesel Engine Notes and Sketches ------ 574-641 APPENDIX. Marine Steam Turbines — Ue-Laval Turbine — Parsons Turbine — Flow of Steam — Turbine Arrangements — Dummies — Blading List — Tip Clearance — Combination Arrangement — Geared- Do wn Turbines — SS. " \'espasian "— SS. " King Orry " — Turbines of Liner " Britannic " — Blading — Curtis Turbines — Port Turbines and (iear Wheels, T.S.S. "Tuscania" — Manoeuvring Valves — Practical Operation of Turbine Machinery — Weir " Dual " Air Pumps — Three-Wire System of Lighting — Knocking in Engines— Engine Data — Economy of Feed Water Heating — Valve Settings — Standard Specification for Cargo S.teamer Engines - Vertical Donkey Boiler — Riveted Joints, i!v:c. — First Class and Second Class Examination Drawings with Full Dimensions --...-. 642 704 "able of the Properties of Saturated Steam — Table of Circumferences and Areas of Circles — Hyperbolic Logarithms - . . . 705-716 I INDEX. A^' brackets 189 ibsolute pressure, definition of ... 3G9 accumulator .electrical) described 492 ,, I hydraulic) ... ... 335 Lcidity of oils, how tested ... ... 429 Lcids, properties of ... ... ... 412 iction of dynamo ... ... ... 445 „ lime in boilers ... ... 427 ,, pressure-gauge tube ... 329 steam in cylinder ... 238 steering gear vahes ... 343 .damson ring furnace ... ... 110 j.diabatic expansion curve ... ... 368 i.djusting stroke of Weir pump ... 312 j.djustment of lead 216-19 [ ,, ., examples of 217-18 |.dvantages of corrugated furnaces 116 „ feed heating ... 306 high-pressure steam 384 ,, hydraulic system ... 335 ,., multi cylinders ... 384 ,, patent valve gears... 222 ,, superheated steam... 137 head and astern positions of gear 212 it and feed pumps ... 187 ir e.xtraction I ammonia) ... ... 573 lir pump 185 I „ and condenser ... ... 296 bucket 292 clearance ... 327 connections ... to face 193 Edwards type ... 186,292 valves and vacuum 188, 365 ir recjuired per pound coal ... 410 vessels 295 lignment of cylinders and shafting to face 35 A.lkala" boiler composition Ikalies, properties of Ikaline test tley & ArLellan gear jloys, Babbit's white metal Brass... type steermg 429 412 429 348 274 274 Alloys, strength and composition of 274 Ammonia 412 ,, air in system ... ... 544 „ brine circulation 544 „ „ density .. ... 543 ,, „ making 543 ,, chamber temperatures ... 544 ,. charging of machine ... 543 ,, compressor ... ... 539 „ gland ... .542 ,, condenser ... ... 539 „ description of plant ... 541 ,, evaporator ... ... 539 „ ,, pressures ... 542 ,, oil extraction ... ... 543 ,, overhauling compressor 543 „ system ... ... ... 5.39 xAmmonia and COo systems to face 540 Ampere, definition of 491 „ meter ... ... ... 449 Amperes, B. of T. allowance ... 491 Andrews-Martin balanced valve 205, 207 Aneroid barometer ... ... ... 320 Angle of connecting rod ... ... 221 Angold arc lamps ... ... ... 460  in series 466 „ resistance ... ... 466 Area (projected) of propeller blades 519 ,, ratio of propellers ... ... 519 Armature, description of ... ... 438 ,, shaft 445 „ testing 469 winding ... .. ... 443 Arrangement of cranks in oil motors •591 Ash ejector (See's) ... ... ... 149 Aspinall governor ... ... ... 314 Assistant cylinder (J oy'sj ... ... 209 ,, „ diagrams from ... 210 .Atmospheric air, composition of ... 409 „ pressure ... ... 369 Auld's reducing valve ... ... 155 XIV Autogenous welding Auxiliary machinery ]:>: Ind -162 <J2 B Balance piston 202 „ weight for crank ... ... 194 Balanced engines 4 „ „ Yarrow-Schiick- Tweedy system ... ... ^ Balanced valve, Andrews- Martin -lO't, 207 " Bandy " punkah ... 488 Barometer (aneroid) 320 „ (mercurial) ... ... 310 Basic process of steel manufacture 272 Batteries, galvanic ... 432 Bayonet Joints ... ...  16 Bed-plate chocks 60 Bell crank for reversing 198 „ reversing 43 Bellis and Morcom engine 260 Bending stress 279 Bessemer process of steel manufac- ture ... 271 Bilge and main injection 329 Blade interference (propeller; ... 531 Block for crosshead 198 Blow-off and circulating connec- tions l"il Board of Trade allowance of amperes ... upkeep and repair, notes on 1271 75 420: 74 74, 73 152; 106' 114* Boilers \'ertical donkey type Water tube ... ^'arrow type ,, buckled plates ,, corrosion in „ emptying of ,, hand sketches of ,, hydrogen gas in „ laid up „ leakage in ... ,, lime and soda „ zinc plate allowance Boiling points and steam tempera tures Bolt for main bearing Bolts (connecting rod), proportion of Boring out main bearings ... „ of stern post, iS:c. Bottle type salinometer Bottom end "leads" Bottoms of cylinders Bowling hoop furnace Bow-M'Lachlan type steering gear Boxes (distribution) Boyle's Law of E.xpansion . .. Bracket (guide) for valve spindle Brackets of twin screw steamers Brake (friction) „ horse-power, definition of Branch wires, jointing of Brazing „ spelter for ... Break in main wires Breakdown of engines „ of pumps Brenmie's valve gear Brine temperature difference (re frigeration) Brine test for corrosion British Thermal Unit Brock's \alve gear ... Broken armature coil test „ L.P. cover ... ,, wire test by detector lamp Brown's reversing gear „ steam tiller „ Telemotor ... to f<ue 167 170  111 345 455 376 40 189j 599 372 480 277 274 467 290 294 223 573 572 375 227 473 :»3 4C8 468 214 351 3.53 Index xv Bruwn 5 Telemotor, inslruttionb for working ... ... ... ... 3.")(j Brush holders, test for short circuit 47U Brushes i, dynamo) described ... 144 Bryce-Douglas valve gear 227 Buckley type piston rings ... ... 54 Built shafting 278 Bush of main bearing ... ... 23 „ valve spindle eye ... ... 186 Butt (double) strap joint, with dimen- sions to f(UC  of 87 Cabin fan and motor ... 486 Calcium carbonate ... 425 ,, chloride ... 412 „ sulphate ... 420 Calculations for beams ... 393 „ on Boyle's Law ... 378 Caldwell type steering gear ... 344 Capillary attraction ... 370 Capstan and motor ... ... 487 Carbon ... 415 ,, dioxide ... 410 „ heat in ... 41S Carbonate anhydride system of refrigeration 547-64 Carbonate of soda ... 426 Carbonated hydrogen gas ... ... 411 Carburetter (Thornycroft type) ... 601 (Wolseley type) ... 600 Care of boilers ... 428 ,, machinery ... 67 Case-hardening ... 276 Casings for piston valves ... ... 20 Cast iron ... 274 „ pistons ... 10 Castings ... 267 Cast-steel pistons ... 53 Caulking tool... ... 91 Caustic soda ... 427 Cavitation of propellers ... .520 Cell Daniellj ... 433 Cementation process of steel manu- facture ... 26!) Jentrifugal force, definition of ... 367 >, pump ... 293 'Chain ' patch ... 127 Charging machine with COj ... 564 -harles' Law of Expansion ... 380 Jheck valve defective ... 328 rhemistry of gases ... 40!) r.\GLs Chloride of magnesium ... ... 423 ,, of sodium ... ... ... 412 Chlorine gas and corrosion of stays !)3 Chocks for bed-plate 60 Circulating connections ... ... 151 „ pump 2!j3 Circulation and priming ... ... 140 Circumference of propeller... ... 516 Circumferential shell riveting ... 85 Clearance of air pump ... ... 327 of piston ... ... ... 328 „ of pumps ... ... ... 52 CO, burning of ... ... ... 417 C O.J i carbonic anhydride, pressures and temperatures Coal, composition of ,, evaporation per pound „ gases Cock (water gauge; to fuc Coil (resistance) Cold-air system of refrigeration Collapse of furnaces, causes of Collapsed furnace, how to strengthen Colour of exhaust gases (oil motors) Column, pump lever, air and feed pumps Columns ,, how erected ., how lined off ,, types of ... Combined efficiency of plant „ steam and hydraulic re- versing engine ... '' Combined " strength of steam and rivets Combined twisting and bending ... Combustion, air supply required ... „ chamber, bottoms „ „ girders „ „ method of support ... Combustion chamber stays „ top riveting... ,, chambers Combustion, definition of ... general notes on 565 407 164 416 163 . 465 565-71 . 117 116 590 187 16 ... 26 ... 28 to face 16 ... 399 337 86 282 415 101 101-6 99 101 88 100 .369 417 „ (spontaneous) in bunkers 413 Compensating ring of manhole ... 120 Composition and strength of steel 274 ,, of fresh and sea water 418 „ of exhaust gases (oil motors) ... ... 5!)0 Compression of safety-valve springs 135 ,, systems of refrigeration to face 540 Compressor rammonia),overhaulingof 573 Compressor diagrams I'cold air) ... 570 Condensation of water in cylinders 383 Condenser and air pump ... ... 296 XVI ndex 181 522 221 60-1 to face 198 ... 370 ... 279 16 . . . 398 ... 395 ... 394 396 342 PAGES Condenser and air pump connec- tions to fncc 193 Condenser on centre ... ... 323 Condenser ;ind ( irculation connec- tions to face 194 Condenser back pressure 306 „ data 296a „ tube corrosion, causes of 431 „ tubes Cone for propellers Connecting rod angle, effect of ... ,, „ length, how measured 327 ,, proportions ... 195 rods ... ... ... 12 ,, rods, training of ... 36 Connections for main steam to face 180 ,, for motor starters ... 484 „ of feed pumps to face 198 ,, of pipes ,, of pumps Conservation of energy Constant, 5'1, for torsion Construction of engines Consumption and H.P. cut-off „ I-H.P ,, ,, speed ,, I.H.P., speed, and distance ... Control valve of steering gear Corrosion and bronze propeller blades ... Corrosion and pitting „ density and scale „ of boilers, causes of „ parts affected 129-31, 420 „ ,. prevention of 422 „ of tail-end shaft 321 „ of tubes 423 Corrugated furnaces, advantages of 116 „ „ manufacture of 116 Coupling (fle.xible) for paddle shaft 301 „ (Thomson's patent) Cover of L.P. cylinder broken Crank arrangements in oil motors ,, balance weight ,, balanced Cranking of oil motors Crank-pin and piston travel ,, ,, flaws „ „ lubricator Cranks of paddle engines Crank-shaft, how lined up „ material for ... Crank-shafts and columns "Crossed" and "open rods Crosshead and shoe (" single " type) 193-4 block 198 533 126 418 421 289 333 .591 194 23 585 331 332 178 299 388 16 23 eccentric 211, 256 Crucibles for above ... ... ... 270 Crushing strength of materials ... 277 Current strength, how calculated 493 Curve of adiabatic e.xpansion ... 368 „ hyperbolic expansion ... 36K Curves, combined ... 405 „ data for ... ... ... 407 „ (jf consumption and speed 40<> „ of I. H.P. and speed ... 401 „ of speed and revolutions ... 403 slip 404 Cut-off and pressures ... ... 3«5 „ how affected by connecting rod angle ... ... ... 231 Cut-off, how measured ... 19, 323 ,, sooner with main valve ... 200 Cut-outs ... ... ... ... 450 Cutting by oxygen jet 162 „ of eccentric keyseats 25, 326 „ out boiler tubes ... ... 154 Cylinder clearance allowance ... 377 „ clearances ... ... ... 44 „ connections ... ... -51) „ covers and bottoms ... 32-3 „ false face, how secured ... 34 „ (I. P.) starting valve ... 183 „ Joy's assistant type ... 209 „ liner ... ... ... 31-2 ,, ratios and steam expan- sions 385 Cylinder ridge, how prevented ... 328 Cylinders and shafting, alignment of to face Z5 Cylinders and valve chests 29 D Uaniell cell 4.33 Data for curves ... 407 „ of pressures with superheat ... 177 Davis type steering gear 346 Defective check valve ... ... 328 Density and salinometer 147 ,, and scale ... ... ... 424 ,, „ general notes on 424 ,, of steam ... ... ... 371 „ scale, and corrosion ... 418 Deposit of oil 420 „ scale and plate temperature 42i Deposits of boilers ... ... ... 423 Depth of slide-valve face, to find ... 22(i Design of propellers ... 522-29 Detector (electrical tests) ... ... 467 Developed area of propeller blades 519 Diagonal engine ... ... ... 298 „ pitch of rivets 91 „ type engines 3 Diagram of pump connections to face 198 Diagrams for linked-up gear ... 258 Index W'U I'AGKS Diagrams from cold-air compressor :>H) „ „ ,, expander 571 „ ,, Joy's cylinder ... 210 ,, ,, oil motors ... 585-88 „ of ship performance ... 400 „ of valve motion ... ... 248 Diameter and pitch of rivets ... „ „ description of en- gines of motor ship " Fionia " Diesel engine, forced lubrication system Diesel engine fuel valve lift „ „ general description of two-cycle Diesel engine heat efficiency ,, „ lubrication ... „ power control „ pressures and tem- peratures of three-stage com- pressor ... Diesel engine, reversing „ smoke „ starting „ tests ,, wear of valves „ working data of „ working diagram of 4-stroke marine... ... /o/aceGM Diesel engines, general data of marine ... Diesel engines, horse-power of petroleum for Dimensions and types of riveted joints Dimensions of boilers ,, of connecting rod Disadvantage of patent valve gears 629 032 027 033 041 029 03.-) 032 627 027 041 627 629 027 027 029 639 639 040 639 ■9-1 165 195 222 Disadvantages of superheated steam 137 Disc area (propellers) ... ... 519 dismantling engines ... ... .50 )isplacement type air pump ... 186 distance run, Speed, Consumption, and I.H.P 396 )istribution bo.xes ... ... ... 455 )onkey boiler, Cochran type ... 168 ,, repairs 167 „ Vertical type to face 167 )ouble-acting circulating pump ... 293 )ouble-beat valve to face \^^ >ouble-drum steering gear ... 341 b Double-ported valve 201 „ valves ... ... 2(i3 " Doubling plate" 141 " Drag " surface of propeller lilades 520 Draught, forced ... 122 „ natural 121 Drawing out propeller shaft ... 303 Dry-air machines (pressures and temperatures) ... ... ... 570 Dryness fraction of steam ... ... 372 Dynamo, action of, described ... 445 Dynamos, four-pole 437 „ hints on running ... 474 ,, test for polarity of ... 473 Earth lamp test 472 Earth leakage test 473 Eccentric and rods 41 „ gear in ahead and astern positions ... ... ... 212 Eccentric keyseat templates ... 231 „ keyseats, cutting off ... 323 „ keyseats, how cut ... 25 puHey 14 „ pulleys, how locked ... 26 „ rod length 328 „ rods "crossed" and "open" 2.50 „ rods, open and crossed ... 211 „ (single type) 332 ,, strap ... 15 Eccentrics ... ... ... ... 15 Economical speed 401 „ working 70 Edwards air pump 292 „ type air pump ... 186, 191 Effect on steering due to propellers 533 Effects of connecting rod angle on cut-off 230 Effects of link adjustment on I.H.P. 263 „ linking up 230 Effective pressure, definition of ... 369 „ „ (mean) definition of 369 Efficiency 368, 398 „ (combined) 399 „ (mechanical) 399 of boiler 163,399 „ of H.P. and L.P. steam compared 399 „ of propulsion ... ... 534 „ (propeller) 399 (thermal) 381 Ejector (See's) for ashes 149 "Elastic limit" of plates, &c. ... 71 Electric glow radiator 489 punkah (G.E.C. type) ... 488 Electrical H.P. and I. H.P. compared 491 „ motors 121 XVlll Index Electrical notes Electricity, definition of Electro-ma^^nets Elevator heating system End-plate seams stays ... ... Energy, conservation of „ definition of „ kinetic „ potential Engine room appliances „ gauges Engine and boiler data „ Bellis and Morcom type „ for turning ,, testing Engines, balanced ... ,, breakdown of ... „ dia>;onal „ dismantling of „ oscillating type PAGES 490 492 431 490 89 91-8 370 367 373 373 303 192 318 260 180 ... 290^ 4 ... 290 3 ... 50 ... 296 to face 298 1 ... 299 7 „ paddle „ paddle cranks „ quadruple J, „ expansion, S.S. " Oosterdyk" and " Westerdyk" Frontispiece „ screw „ stopping „ trunk type Entropy, definition of "Equivalent evaporation" ... „ I.H.P. .. ... Erecting machmery m ship „ of columns Evaporation per pound coal Evaporator scale „ Weir type Examples of boiler corrosion „ of lead adjustment Excessive piston clearance... Exhaust lap gauges ... Expanded diagrams (cold air) Expander for tubes ... Expansion, lioyle's Law of „ curve (Adiabatic) „ (Hyperbolic) curves of steam 1 ... 290 ... 299 ... 309 ... 163 ... 372 ... 59 ... 26 ... 164 ... 423 ... 305 129-31 217-8 ... 328 to face 200 ... 571 ... 1.00 ... 370 ... 368 368 375 „ joint to face 186 „ joint of steam pipe ... 140 „ of steam and heat ... 386 „ of water by heat ... 386 „ slot of reversing gear ... 213 valve 208a, 2083 Expansions by pressures and volumes ... ... ... ■■• 380 External heat of steam 373 " Extra " link gear 242 PAGES Fairness of paddle cranks 300 „ of shaft and cylinders ... 187 False face of cylinder, how fixed ... 34 Fan and motor ... ... ••• 486 Feathering paddle wheel 301 Feed heater. Weir s 303 „ heating, advantages of ... 306 ,, pump connections ... to face 198 „ „ Weirt\pe 308 „ „ Worthington type ... 314 „ water filter ... 313 Ferric oxide ... .■• ••• •■• 412 Ferrules of condenser tubes ... 181 Field magnets, description of ... 436 Fire-bars, dimensions of ... ...118-9 Fitting of running gear 36 Flat surfaces ... ... ... ••• 95 Flaws in shafts ... •■• ••• 326 „ L.P. crank-pins ... 332 „ on shafting, how repaired ...285-9 Following edge oi propeller blade 520 Foot pound, definition of 366 Force, centrifugal, „ 367 367 Forced draught 122-6 „ lubrication system ... ... 641 Four-cycle oil motors ... ... 579 Four-pole dynamos .■• 437 Free nitrogen 411 Fresh water, composition of ... 418 Friction brake ... ... ■•• 599 „ laws of 367 Funnel gases, weight of 164 Furnace, Adamson ring type ... 110 ,, bowling-hoop „ ... Ill „ corrugations, types of ... 117 „ Fox tvpe tofaceWZ „ front riveting 114 „ Gourley-Stephen type ... 106 „ manufacture 116 „ method of strengthening 115 „ suspension bulb type ... 112 „ temperatures, &c. ... 118 Furnaces, causes of collapse ... 117 Fuses 450 Galvanic action, definition of ... 430 cells 432 Gases, retention of 127 „ velocity of 164 Gauge for water level 146 „ for wear-down tests 62-3 „ indications ... 318 „ pressure, definition of ... 309 I ndex XIX fAGES ... 192 ... 223 ... 227 ... 227 179, 213 ... „ Hackworth's ... ,, in "ahead"' and "astern" positions... ... ... ... 212 (Jear, Joy's 225 „ Marshall's patent 223 „ Morton's 225 General definitions 366 ,, electricalnotesandsketches, with diagrams ... ... 494 509 General notes and descriptions ... 264 Gourley-Stephen furnace ... to face 106 Governor, Aspinall's ... ... 314 Graphic method of proving boiler shell stresses ... ... ... 72-3 Grate surface and heating surface 127 Gravity, definition of ... ... 369 Grooving in boilers ... ... ... 426 Gross or absolute pressure, defini- tion of 369 Guide bracket, for valve spindle ... 40 Guides, single type ... ... ... 15  226 Hall system of CO.j refrigeration 547-60 Hand-riveting ... ... ... 90 Hard steel 274 Hardness (permanent) of water ... 420 „ (temporary) „ ... 420 Haslam system of ammonia re- frigeration ... ... 544-47 Haslam system of COo refrigeration 560-62 „ of cold air refrigera- tion 565-71 Hastie type steering gear ... ... 349 Haystack boiler 169 Heat absorbed in natural draught 121 and e.xpansion of steam ... .386 definition of .366 efficiency ,381 in carbon ... ... ... 418 in one pound coal 409 latent, definition of ... ... 367 sensible, „ 367 . total, „ 367 ,j unit, „ 366 .ieater for feed water (Weir's) ... 303 ■f eating, eftect of scale ... .,. 427 PAGES Halting surface and grate surface 127 High-pressure steam, advantage of 384 Hints on running dynamos... ... 474 Horse-power (brake or shaft > ... 372 Horse-power, definition of 366 ,, equivalent 372 ,, of Diesel  cylinder broken beyond repair 290(f ,, piston valve broken beyond repair H.P., I. P., or L.P. piston broken beyond repair ... Hydraulic accumulator „ „ advantages of ,. and steam reversing gear 214, 337 ,, crane ,, piston packing ... Hydrochloric acid ... Hydrogen Hydrokineter (Weir's) Hydrometer described Hyperbolic expansion curve 290/- 290/- 335 3.35 337 ... 215 412, 422 ... 415 ... 141 ... 427 ... 368 I.H. P. and consumption 395 „ and E.H.P. (electrical) com- pared ... 491 I. H.P. and link adjustment ... 263 „ „ speed curve ... ... 401 ,, (equivalent) ... ... ... 372 Improvement in propeller, effect of 533 Incandescent lamps ... 457 Increasing pitch (propeller) ... 517 Incrustation, composition of ... 419 Indications of gauges ... ... 318 Induction, definition of ... ... 492 Inertia, definition of 367 Initial condensation ... ... 383 ,, pressure, definition of ... 369 Injection, main and bilge 329 Instructions for working Brown's Telemotor ... ... ... 356 Instructions for working CO^machine 553 Insulating of joints 479 Interference (propeller blade) ... ."»31 Internal combustion engines — Advantages of ... ... ... 574 and steam engine... ... ... 580 B.H.P. of 599 Carburetter 584 Colour of e.xhaust gases 590 Crank arrangements ,,. ... 591 XX  Explosion systems ... ... 577 Firing plug ... 584 Four-cycle... ... ... ... 579 Ignition 586 l.H.F. of 598 Magneto 586 ,, setting of 589 Mean pressure ... ... ... 598 Number of cylinders ,.. ... 583 Paraffin and petroleum ... ... 578 Petrol 578 Pistons 583 Pressures and temperatures ... 584 Reversing 591 Revolutions 583 Speed control 592 Starting of 592 Troubles classified ... 592-94 „ of 589-90 Two-cycle 579 Types of 599-G07 Valves 584 Water jacket 583 Internal heat of steam 373 I. P. cylinder cover broken beyond repair 290/^ Iron and steel manufacture ... 204 ,, malleable 267 „ oxide 423 „ tubes and stavs 313 Joint, insulating of ... .. 479 „ (scarfed) .. 479 Joints and riveting ... .. 78 Joints, bayonet pattern .. 459 „ (scarfed) .. 142 „ (types of I, with dimensions 78-91 Jointing of branch wires .. 480 „ main cables .. 479 „ wires .. 478 Joy's assistant cylinder .. 209 „ „ „ diagrams .. 210 „ valve gear .. 225 Jump-spark ... .. 586 K Keeping a watch Keyseats for eccentrics, cutting of „ „ how cut .. 323 Keyseats 'or eccentrics, position of 231 Kilowatt 492 Kinetic energy 373 Klinger type water gauge ... ... 153 Lap, exhaust ... 2(X) „ joint, double riveting 78 „ „ single , 78 „ „ treble , 78 ,, minus exhaust ... 200 „ steam 20<J  definition of .367 of XH.. and CO, ... 564 „ of steam ... ... 373 Law of Expansion (Boyle's) ... 376 „ „ calculations ... 37.S „ „ (Charles') ... 380 Lead 20(( „ adjustments 216-9 ,, of piston valve, how measured 215 Leading edge of propeller blade ... 520 " Leads" of bottom end ... ... 37 ,, of main bearings, how taken 24 Leakage in magnet coils 468 Leaky pistons (oil motors) 590 „ tubes 133 ,, ,, causes of 424 Leather packing of hydraulic piston ... 215 Length of connecting rod, how found ..." 327 „ eccentric ., ,, 328 ,, propeller ... 518 „ „ blade 518 „ valve spindle, how found... 327 Lift of pumps ... .. ... .387 Lignum vita' strips ... 181 Lime 426 „ in boilers, action of 427 Limit of elasticity ... 71 Liners for cylinders ... ... 31-2 „ for piston valves ... ... 29 ,, of tale-end shafts ... ... .55 Lining-off of colunms ... ... 28 ,, the soleplate ... ... 20. 