None
of, 359 Heat, of combustion, 242; of dilution, 240; of formation, 242; of fusion, 76; of neutralization, 243; of precipitation, 243; of reaction, 240; 261- 263; of solution, 175; of sublimation, 72; of transition, 67; of vapori- zation, 54 capacity, and reaction heat, 251, 261; at constant volume and at con- stant pressure, 245; def. of, 95; molal, def. of, 246; of compounds, 260; of crystals, 258; of diatomic and polyatomic gases, 249-251; of liquids, 252; of monatomic gases, 248; thermodynamics of, 421 content, def. of, 9 energy, nature and definition of, 94 engine, 106 Helium, rate of production of from Ra, 387 atoms as units of positive electricity, 388 Henry's law, 147, 149 Hess' law, 241 Heterogeneous, def. of, 17 systems, equilibrium law for, 296, 297; rate of reaction in, 277 Homogeneous, def. of, 17 Hydrates, crystalline, 348; in solution, 153, 174, 186, 232, 292, 293 Hydration, and chemical equilibrium, 292, 293; of ions, 232 Hydrogels, 374 Hydrogen and helium nuclei as units of atomic structure, 392 electrode, normal, 202 -ion concentration, solutions of constant, 326 ions, in electrolysis, 198 Hydrosol, 371 Hydrolysis, def. of, 314; degree of, 316; measurement of, 320-326; of cane sugar, 270, 271, 325; of salts, 313-326 Hydroxyl ions, in electrolysis, 198 Hypothesis, def. of, 9 Ion, def. of an, 8, 186; absolute velocity of an, 236 conductances, 213 and viscosity, 291; calculation of, 233-236 -constituent, def. of, 217 -mobilities, calculation of, 233-236 Ionic theory, the, 186 SUBJECT INDEX 437 lonization, degree of, 188; def. of, 8; in mixtures of electrolytes, 293, 295 constant, def. of, 288; determination of, 321 Ions, as catalysts, 275; complex, 190; fugacity of, 225, 226; hydration of, 186, 232; intermediate, 221; variation of fugacity of, with concen- tration, 225, 226 Indicators, color reactions of, 333; theory of, 328-335; use of, 326 Intermediate ions, 221, 301 Isohydric principle, 294 Isomers, def. of, 5 Isomorphism, 67 Isomorphous, def. of, 67 Isothermals, of isopentane, 60 Isotopes, atomic weights of, 392; def. of, 390; separation of, 392 Isotropic, def. of, 16 Joule, def. of, 100 -Thomson effect, 264 Kinetic energy, intramolecular, 95 theory of gases, 19-28, 95, 247-252 Kohlrausch's law of the independent migration of ions, 213 Kopp, rule of, 260 Kraus, equation of, 215, 216, 287 Law of nature, def. of, 10 LeChatelier, theorem of, 306 Light, polarized, 78 Limiting densities, method of, 37 Linde liquid air machine, 266 Liquefaction of gases, 40, 264 Liquid, crystals, 66; distinction of, from gas, 41; state, general characteris- tics of, 41 Liquids, supercooled, 76; vapor pressures of, 54 Liter, def. of, VIII Liter-atmosphere, def. of, 99 Lorenz-Lorentz relation, 81 Lyophilic colloids, def. of, 374 Lyophobic colloids, def. of, 371 Mass action law, 281, 279; and strong electrolytes, 287; for reaction rate, 269 Matter, conservation of, 10; structure of, 1 Mean free path, def. of, 19 Melting point, def. of, 66, 74 Metallic conductance, mechanism of, 192 conductor, def. of, 191 Metastable, def. of, 343 Mho, def. of, 208 438 SUBJECT INDEX Mitscherlich, rule of, 67 Mixed crystals, 182, 356 Mixture, def. of, 3 Mixtures, law of, 116 Molal, def. of, 120 surface, def. of, 45 surface energy, 46 volume, def. of, 28 weight, def. of, 15 Mole, def. of, 16 fractions, def. of, 27; use of, in expressing composition, 119 Molecular components, 115 formula, def. of, 14 fractions, use of, in expressing composition, 120 refractivity, def. of, 81 weight, def. of, 15; from boiling point raising, 167; from freezing point lowering, 173; from osmotic pressure, 153; from solubility lowering, 183; from vapor pressure lowering, 146; in solution, 177; of liquids, 49 Molecule, def. of, 2; polarized, 8, 227 Mole-fraction, def. of, 27 Monovariant, def. of, 342 Moving boundary method for determining transference numbers, 236 Nebulium, 403 Nernst and Lindemann, equation of, 259 Neutral salt effect, 273 solution, def. of, 312; preparation of, 327 Neutralization, heat of, 243; mechanism of, 243 Non-miscible liquids and solution laws, 179; distillation of, 181 Non-variant, def. of, 343 Normal, def. of, 120; electrodes, 201; liquids, 51; potentials, 201, 203 Notation, explanation of, IX Nuclei, atomic, 382, 388; crystal, 73 Ohm, def. of the, VIII Ohm's law, 208 One-component systems, 342 Optical activity, 79; and molecular structure, 80 isomers, 6 rotatory power, 78 Orthobaric, def. of, 59 Osmosis, def. of, 128; molecular kinetic interpretation of, 156 Osmotic pressure, 163; and freezing point lowering, 154, 414; and molecular weight, 153; and vapor pressure, 414; def. of, 269; specific, 269 Reactions, electrochemical, 193; first order, 270; second order, 271; third order, 272 Reciprocal ohm, def. of, 208 References, explanation of literature, IX Refraction, 80; index of, 80 Resistance, specific, def. of, 209 Rigidity, def. of, 65 Rontgen rays, 82, 83 Rubidium, radioactivity of, 402 Rutherford and Geiger, apparatus for counting the alpha particles, 386 Salt, def. of, 310 Salting out effect, 227, 228 Salts, ionization of, in aqueous solution, 221 Saponification, and the ionic theory, 273; of an ester, 271-273 Second, def of, VII Semipermeable membranes, 128, 154 Soap solutions, 379 Sol, def. of, 371 Solid, amorphous, 76; def. of, 65; solutions, 356 Solubility, def. of, 171; curves, retrograde, 354; law, the general, 168; law for dilute solutions, 175; lowering and molecular weight, 183; of electrolytes, 299-302; of gases, 147; of salts in water, 350. See also Freezing point. Solubility-product law, 299-302 Solute, def. of, 118 Solution, def. of, 114; heat of, 175 laws, application of, 176; deduction of, 132 Solutions, constituents of, 118; classification of, 116; crystalline, 117; dilute def. of, 141, 234; gaseous, 116; liquid, 118; of constant thermody- namic environment, laws of, 143-178; of variable thermodynamic environment, 179; solid, 356 Solvent, def. of, 118; power, 119 Space models, 358 Specific conductance, def. of, 209 heat, def. of, 95 resistance, def. of, 209 rotatory power, def. of, 79 Spinthariscope, 385 States of aggregation, def. of, 16 Steam engine, efficiency of, 108 SUBJECT INDEX 441 Stokes' law, 89, 219, 220 Strong electrolytes, and the mass action law, 287; def. of, 190 Structure of matter, 2 Sublimation, heat of, 72, 100; point, 72; pressure, 71 Substances, composition of, 2-8 Substance, def. of, 2, 3, 349 Sugar, hydration of, in solution, 153, 174; hydrolysis of. See Hydrolysis. Sulphur, phase-rule diagrams for, 346, 347 Supercooling, 63, 76, 343 Superheating, 63, 353 Supersaturation, degree of, 368 Surface tension, def. of, 42, 43; measurement of, 44; of water, 44 Surroundings, def. of, 16 Suspension colloids, def. of, 371 Suspensoid, def. of, 371 System, def. of, 16 Swelling, phenomenon of, 373 Tautomeric substances, 116 Temperature, and kinetic energy, 28; absolute scale of, 25; centigrade scale, of, 24; thermodynamic scale of, 24 Temperature-concentration diagrams, 349 Theory, def. of a, 9 Thermal pressure, 163; def. of, 159, 161 Thermochemical equations, 240 Thermochemistry, 240-244 Thermodynamic derivations, 405 environment, and reaction rate, 273; def. of, 135; influence of ions upon 141, 224; measurement of change in, 138 Thermodynamics, first law of, 96; second law of, 100-104 Total-ion concentration, def. of, 287 Transference experiment, description of a, 230 numbers, and ion-conductances, 235; def. of, 218, 229; determination of, 230, 231, 237; tables of, 233; true, 232; variation of, with con- centration and temperature, 233 Transition, heat of, 67; groups in the periodic system, 397: point, def. of, 67, 353; point, determination of, 348 Tri-iodide ion, 324 Triple point, def. of, 343 Trouton's rule, 58 Two-component systems, 348 Tyndall cone, 365 Ultrafilter, 377 Ultramicroscope, 365 Unordered motion, def. of, 19 442 SUBJECT INDEX van der Waals, equation of, 32 tfan't Hoff, equation of, 155, 305; osmotic pressure law of, 156 Vapor pressure, 409; and external pressure, 124, 409; and freezing point lowering, 415; and surface tension, 363; and temperature, 122, 409; def. of, 40, 53, 121; diagram for an ideal solution, 145; equality of, at freezing point, 112; law of, 54 lowering, def. of, 124; of KC1 solutions, 185; Raoult's law of, 146; relative, def. of, 124 pressures, of ideal solutions, 144; of crystals, 71; of salt hydiaces, 348; of small drops, 361; of non-miscible liquids, 179 Vaporization, heat of, 54; molecular kinetics of, 53 Vapor tension, def. of, 40 Viscosity, coefficient of, 51; def. of, 51; measurement of, 52 ion conductances, and degree of ionization, 218-220 Voltaic action, 200 Volume concentration, def. of, 121 energy, molal, 23 von Veimarn's law of corresponding states, 367 Water, as a catalyst, 276; constitution of liquid, 51, 115, 337; ionization of, 312; ionization constant of, 313; phases of, 345; phase rule diagram for, 344, 345; specific conductance of, 313; the universal solvent, 119 Weak electrolytes and the mass action law, 288-293 Work, def. Smiles, 84 Whitney, 211, 376 Smith, 1 Wiener, 85, 86 Soddy, 4, 18, 385, 387, 369, 396, 398 Williams, 148 Steele, 237 Wilson, 18, 392, 393, 394, 403 Stein, 367 Winninghof, 300, 301, 308 Stokes, 89, 219, 220 Syedberg, 90, 92 Young, 64 Young, 30, 39, 55, 56, 58, 64 Tammann, 346 Thomsen, 242 Zawidski, 145 FIG. 60. NOTE. — Since Figs. 60 and 61 will need to be referred to fre- quently, it was deemed advisable to print them on a separate, perforated sheet, which is bound at the back of the book, so that it can be torn out for ready reference. FIG. 61. HUU ' •a o T\ I 4* t *H | ^ *> A co H fcO University of Toronto Library no NOT KUMOVK THE CARD FROM THIS POCKKT \i mo 1 ibrary Card P«M kot riul.-i I'-.t. "U«-f. lu.lrx Kilp" Made by I 1HKAKV KUKKAU. 