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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SCHOOL OF LAW LIBRARY In Acftions at COMMON LAW BY MARTIN P. BURKS For Sale by W. C. Stuart, {Bookseller Lexington, Va. T I1I COPYRIGHT, 1905 BY MARTIN P. BURKS COPYRIGHT, 1912 BY MARTIN P. BURKS The Michie Company, Printers, ChariottesviUe, Va. 19I3 Preface The first four hundred and twenty four pages of this book were printed in the Fall of 1911, hence no reference could be made therein to the Acts of Assembly of 1912. A separate table of these Acts, so far as they affect the text, is given on p. xxxi. The residue of the book, however, contains the changes made by said Acts. No attempt has been made to cite all of the Virginia cases, except in a few of the chapters, but it is believed that the cita- tions given are sufficient to put the intelligent reader on the track of the authorities. Frequent reference has been made to the En- cyclopaedias and to monographic notes containing collections of cases .where it was deemed desirable to give a fuller citation of authorities than could be given in the notes to the text. Part II of the book consists of Stephen's Rules of Pleading, taken from the eighth American edition. Sections 434 and 435 and pages 1012-1019 are taken from the notes of this edition, which were the author's text in an earlier edition. As far as possible I have eliminated matter that was antiquated or not adapted to modern use, and wherever modern illustrations of the rules could be found I have either substituted them for the illustrations given by Stephen, or have given them as additional illustrations. The omissions from the text are indicated by stars, and the new mat- ter by brackets. I beg to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Robert W. Withers of the law faculty of Washington and Lee University for the preparation of the chapters on the contract actions and the index, and to Mr. N. C. Manson, Jr., of the Lynchburg, Va. bar for the preparation of the chapter on Mechanics' Liens. These chapters have been simply edited by me. M. P. B. Lexington, Va., January, Table of Contents CHAPTER I. REDRESS OF PRIVATE WRONGS — DISTRESS FOR RENT. § 1. Self-defence — Recaption — Abatement of nuisance. § 2. Distress. § 3. Distress for taxes and officers' fee bills. § 4. Distress for rent. § 5. Interest on rent. , § 6. Limitation of time to distrain. § 7. By whom distress warrant levied. § 8. Irregularity or illegality in making distress. § 9. Disposition of property levied on. § 10. Delivery or forthcoming bond and proceedings thereon. § 11. What property may be distrained. § 12. Redress for illegal distress — At common law. § 13. A year's rent under the Virginia statute. § 14. Motion on delivery bond — Proof. § 15. Effect of general covenants to repair. § 16. Abatement of rent. CHAPTER II. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION. § 17. Introductory. § 18. Definition. § 19. Subject matter. § 20. Accord without satisfaction. § 21. Persons who may make satisfaction. § 22. Consideration of accord. Part payment of a liquidated money demand. New or additional consideration. Unliquidated or disputed claims. Acceptance of property. Acceptance of a promise. § 23. Pleadings — Accord and satisfaction. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER III. ARBITRATION AND AWARD. § 24. Introduction. § 25. Who may submit. § 26. What may be submitted. § 27. Mode of submission. § 28. Who may be arbitrator. § 29. The umpire. § 30. Revocation of submission. § 31. Proceedings before arbitrators. § 32. The award. § 33. Form of award. § 34. Effect of award. § 35. Mode of enforcing performance of award. § 36. Causes for setting aside award. § 37. Relief against erroneous award. § 38. Awards, how pleaded. § 39. Costs. CHAPTER IV. REMITTER AND RETAINER. § 40. Remitter. § 41. Retainer. Order of payment of debts. Order of liability of estates for debts. CHAPTER V. COURTS. § 42. Supervisors. § 43. Clerks. § 44. Justices of the peace. 1. Civil powers of justices. Small claims. 2. Proceedings before a justice on small claims. 3. Civil bail. Attachment. 4. Unlawful detainer. 5. Garnishment. § 45. Circuit and corporation courts. Corporation courts. § 46. Civil jurisdiction of court of appeals. (1) In matters pecuniary. (2) In matters not pecuniary. TABLE OF CONTENTS VII CHAPTER VI. PARTIES TO ACTIONS. § 47. Proper parties to actions ex contractu generally. § 48. Joint and several contracts. § 49. Proper parties to actions ex dclicto generally. § 50. Assignees of contracts. § 51. Assignees of rights of actions for torts. § 52. Joint tortfeasors. § 53. Actions by and against court receivers. § 54. Partnership. § 55. Executors and administrators. § 56. Corporations. § 57. Infants. § 58. Insane persons. § 59. Married women. § 60. Unincorporated associations. § 61. Death by wrongful act. § 62. Undisclosed principal. § 63. Convicts. § 64. Official and statutory bonds. § 65. Change of parties. § 66. Misjoinder and non-joinder of parties. Too many or too few plaintiffs or defendants. Mode of taking the objection at common law. 1. Actions ex contractu. 2. Actions ex delicto. CHAPTER VII. ORDINARY ACTIONS AT LAW. § 67. Classification of actions. Real actions. Mixed actions. Personal actions. Local and transitory actions. Actions ex contractu and ex delicto. CHAPTER VIII. ACTION OF DEBT. § 68. Nature of action. § 69. What is a sum certain. § 70. Debt to recover statutory penalties. VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS § 71. Debt on judgments and decrees. § 72. The declaration in debt. § 73. The general issues in debt. 1. Nil debet. 2. Non est factum. 3. Nul tiel record. CHAPTER IX. ACTION OF COVENANT. § 74. Nature of the action. § 75. When covenant lies. § 76. When covenant does not lie. § 77. Who may bring covenant. § 78. The declaration. § 79. Pleas in action of covenant. § 80. Covenants performed and covenants not broken. § 81. Plea of non damnificatus. § 82. Assumpsit as a substitute for covenant. CHAPTER X. ASSUMPSIT. § 83. History of the action and when it lies. § 84. When assumpsit does not lie. § 85. Waiving tort and suing in assumpsit. § 86. Of general and special assumpsit. Difference between general and special assumpsit. When general assumpsit will not lie. When general assumpsit will lie. § 87. When necessary to declare specially. § 88. Nature and constitution of special counts. § 89. Account to be filed with the declaration. § 90. Avoiding writ of inquiry. § 91. Avoiding writ of inquiry and putting defendant to sworn pie: § 92. Misjoinder of tort and assumpsit. § 93. Non-assumpsit. § 94. Special pleas. CHAPTER XL PROCEEDINGS BY WAY OF MOTION. § 95. Scope of chapter. § 96. Proceedings under § 3211 of the Code. TABLE OF CONTENTS IX § 97. Policy of the statute — Construction of notice. § 98. When motion lies under § 3211 of Code. § 99. When motion does not lie under § 3211 of Code. § 100. The manner of making defence to motions. § 101. Against whom judgment may be given on motion. § 102. The trial of the motion. § 103. Motions to recover money otherwise than under § 3211 of the Code. CHAPTER XII. ACTION OF ACCOUNT. § 104. Nature of action, and general rules applicable thereto. § 105. Superseded by bill in equity. CHAPTER XIII. UNLAWFUL ENTRY OR DETAINER AND FORCIBLE ENTRY. § 106. Nature and object of action. § 107. Plaintiff's title. § 108. Pleadings. § 109. Contrasted with ejectment. § 110. Statute of limitations. § 111. How possession of premises recovered from tenant in default for rent. § 112. When proceeding to be before justice of the peace. § 113. Right of appeal. CHAPTER XIV. EJECTMENT. § 114. Historical. § 115. Ejectment at common law. § 116. Plaintiffs in ejectment in Virginia. § 117. Plaintiff's title. Adverse possession. § 118. What may be recovered. § 119. Defendants in ejectment. § 120. Pleadings in ejectment. Improvements. § 121. Evidence in ejectment. § 122. Statute of limitations. § 123. Interlocks. X TABLE OF CONTENTS § 124. Equity jurisdiction. § 125. Verdict. § 126. Judgment. CHAPTER XV. • DETINUE. § 127. Object of the action. § 128. Essentials to maintain the action. § 129. Parties. § 130. Description and value of the property. § 131. General issue. § 132. Death or destruction of property pendente lite. § 133. Verdict. § 134. Execution. § 135. Preservation of property. CHAPTER XVI. INTERPLEADER. § 136. Nature of the proceeding. § 137. Rights of officer. § 138. Rights of creditor. § 139. Rights of claimant. § 140. Proceedings by the court. CHAPTER XVII. REPLEVIN. § 141. Nature of action at common law. § 142. The declaration. § 143. Different kinds of replevin. § 144. The defence. § 145. The judgment. § 146. The modern action of replevin. § 147. Replevin in Virginia. CHAPTER XVIII. TRESPASS AND TRESPASS ON THE CASE. § 148. Meaning of terms. § 149. Distinction between trespass and case. TABLE OF CONTENTS XI § 150. Species of trespass vi et armis. Trespass to the person. Trespass de bonis asportatis. ' Trespass quare clausum fregit. Trespass to try title. False imprisonment. § 151. Species of trespass on the case ex delicto. § 152. General issues. CHAPTER XIX. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. § 153. Forms and essentials of the action. § 154. Parties. § 155. Termination of prosecution. § 156. Effect of conviction. § 157. Guilt of plaintiff. § 158. Probable cause. § 159. Malice. § 160. Evidence. § 161. Damages. § 162. Civil malicious prosecution. CHAPTER XX. TROVER AND CONVERSION. § 163. Nature of the action. § 164. Plaintiff's title. § 165. What may be converted. § 166. What constitutes conversion. § 167. Demand. § 168. Return of property. § 169. Damages. § 170. General issue. § 171. Effect of judgment. CHAPTER XXI. SLANDER AND LIBEL. § 172. What words are slanderous or libelous. § 173. Parties. § 174. The declaration. § 175. Malice. § 176. Defences. § 177. Evidence. § 178. Replication. xii TABLE; OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXII. RULE DAYS AND OFFICE JUDGMENTS. § 179. Nature of rules. § 180. Object and purpose of rule days. Theoretically. Practically. § 181. Proceedings at rules. § 182. Rules in federal courts. § 183. Dilatory pleas and time of filing. § 184. Powers of court over proceedings at rules. § 185. Setting aside office judgment. Judgment on ari issue of fact made by a dilatory plea. CHAPTER XXIII. VENUE AND PROCESS. § 186. Venue. § 187. How process is obtained. In assumpsit. In covenant. Motion for judgment. Unlawful detainer. Ejectment. Detinue. Trespass vi et armis. Trespass on the case. Trover. Slander and libel. § 188. Nature of process. § 189. Who are exempt from service. § 190. Who may serve process. § 191. When process to issue and when returnable. § 192. Service of process on natural persons. Personal service. Substituted service. . Married woman. Non-residents. Infants. Insane persons. Court receivers. § 193. Service of process on corporations. Domestic corporations. Foreign corporations. Publication of process. TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII § 194. Time of service. § 195. Return of process. Service on officer. Service on agent. § 196. Defective service. CHAPTER XXIV. PLEAS IN BAR. § 197. Different kinds of pleas in bar. Traverse or denial. The common traverse. The special traverse. The general traverse, or the general issue. Confession and avoidance. § 198. Number of pleas allowed. § 199. Duplicity. CHAPTER XXV. DEMURRER. § 200. Introductory. § 201. Definition — When not applicable — Time of filing. § 202. Forms of demurrer — General — Special — Applicability. § 203. Election to demur or plead. § 204. Who may demur. § 205. Causes of demurrer. § 206. Effect of demurrer. § 207. Effect of failure to demur — Pleading over. § 208. Judgment on demurrer. CHAPTER XXVI. BANKRUPTCY. § 209. Introductory. § 210. Discharge in bankruptcy. § 211. Plea of discharge. CIIAITKR XXVII. TENDER. § 212. Definition. § 213. Sufficiency of tender of money. § 214. Form of plea. § 215. Effect of valid tender. XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXVIII. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. § 216. Historical. ^ 217. Nature, effect and validity of statute. Limitation of remedy. Limitation of right. Adverse possession. Conventional limitations. § 218. Parties affected. § 219. When the statute begins to run. (1) Demand paper. • (2) Bank deposits. (3) Coupons. (4) Calls on stock. (5) Cloud on title. (6) Covenant for general warranty. (7) Death by wrongful act. (8) Fraud and mistake. (9) Malicious abuse of civil process. (10) Voluntary conveyances. (11) Accounts. (12) Debt acknowledged in a will. (13) Judgments. (14) Nuisance. (15) Partners. (16) Principal and surety. (17) Co-sureties. (18) Principal and agent. (19) Attorney and client. (20) Express trustees, executors, administrators, guard- ians, etc. (21) Tenant and co-tenant. (22) Landlord and tenant. (23) Vendor and purchaser. (24) Assignor and assignee. (25) Persons under disability. § 220. What limitation is applicable. (1) Tort or contract. , (2) Cases on contract. (3) Debt assumed by grantee in a deed. (4) Coupons. (5) Debt secured by mortgage, deed of trust, or pledge. (6) Lien for purchase money. (7) To recover damages for suing out an injunction. (8) Principal and surety. TABLE OF CONTENTS XV (9) Death by wrongful act. (10) Proceedings in federal courts. (11) Unmatured debts. (12) Foreign contracts. (13) Foreign judgments. § 221. What stops or suspends the running of the statute. (1) Commencement of action. (2) Amendment of pleadings. (3) Removal from state. (4) Infancy. (5) Death. (6) Inability to serve process. In equity. § 222. How defence of statute is made. At law. (1) By demurrer. (2) By special plea. (3) Shown under the general issue. (4) By instructions. In equity. In code states. Matters of avoidance. § 223. Who may plead the statute. Fiduciaries. Strangers. § 224. New promise or acknowledgment. Effect of new promise. Nature of promise or acknowledgment. Undelivered writing. Provisions in wills. By whom promise should be made. (1) By party. (2) By partners after dissolution. (3) By personal representative. To whom promise should be made. When new promise should be made. § 225. Waiver and estoppel. § 226. Burden of proof. § 227. Appeal and error. CHAPTER XXIX. PAYMENT. § 228. What constitutes payment. Voluntary payments. § 229. Application of payments. XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS § 230. Plea of payment. Form of the plea. Code states. Payment and set-off distinguished. CHAPTER XXX. SET-OFFS. § 231. Definition. § 232. Actions in which available. § 233. Subject of set-off. Liquidated demands. Availability of set-offs. § 234. Acquisition of set-offs. Set-off as between a bank and general depositor. § 235. Application of set-offs. § 236. Pleading set-off. Manner of pleading. CHAPTER XXXI. RECOUPMENT. § 237. Definition. § 238. Common law recoupment. § 239. Virginia statute of recoupment. Reinvestment of title to real estate. Rejection of plea under statute. Action for purchase price of personal property. Notice of recoupment. Essentials of a valid plea. Relief in equity. Recoupment and set-offs contrasted. § 240. Who may rely upon the statute. CHAPTER XXXIA. CONTINUANCES. § 241. Discretion of trial court. § 242. When motion should be made. § 243. Causes for continuance. 1. Continuance of right. 2. Absence of witness. (a) Materiality of witness. TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII (b) Inability to prove same facts by any other wit- ness who is present. (c) Use of due diligence to procure witness or get his evidence. (d) Reasonable probability that witness can be had at another trial. 3. Absence of papers. 4. Surprise. 5. Absence of counsel. 6. Absence of a party. 7. Any change in the pleadings. 8. Failure to serve process. § 244. Refusing a continuance. § 245. Cost of continuance. CHAPTER XXXII. JURIES. • § 246. Who are competent to serve. § 247. Qualifications of jurors. Selection of jurors. § 248. Objections to jurors. Challenges. § 249. Special juries. § 250. Oath of jurors. § 251. Trial by jury. § 252. Custody and deliberations of the jury. Disagreement of the jury. § 253. Misconduct of jurors. CHAPTER XXXIII. OPENING STATEMENT OF COUNSEL. § 254 Nature of statement. § 255. Order of statement. CHAPTER XXXIV. DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE. § 256. Nature of demurrer to evidence. § 257. Form and requisites of demurrer and joinder. § 258. Right to demur. § 259. Effect of demurrer to evidence. — b XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS § 260. Joinder in demurrer. § 261. Concessions on demurrer to the evidence. § 262. Procedure on demurrer to the evidence. § 263. Rule of decision. § 264. Exceptions to rulings and writ of error. CHAPTER XXXV. INSTRUCTIONS. § 265. Object of instructions. § 266. Charging the jury generally. § 267. Nature, construction and effect of instructions. § 268. Abstract propositions — partial view of case. § 269. Scintilla doctrine. § 270. Sufficiently instructed. § 271. Conflicting instructions. § 272. Conflicting evidence. § 273. Directing a verdict. • § 274. Law and fact. Foreign laws. Written instruments. Court's opinion on the evidence. § 275. Oral or written. § 276. Time of giving. Order of reading to jury. § 277. Multiplication of instructions. § 278. Find for the plaintiff. § 279. Inviting error. § 280. How instructions are settled. CHAPTER XXXVI. BILLS OF EXCEPTION. § 281. Origin and purpose of bills of exception. § 282. How points are saved. § 283. Rejected evidence. § 284. Competency of witnesses. § 285. Form of bill of exception where evidence is excluded. § 286. Supplying defects by reference. § 287. Granting or refusing instructions. § 288. Motion for new trial. § 289. Evidence to support an instruction. § 289a. Verdict not supported by the evidence. § 290. Time and manner of filing. § 291. Evidence of authentication. TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER XXXVII. ARGUMENT OF COUNSEL. § 292. Opening and conclusion. § 293. Number of counsel. § 294. Duration of argument. § 295. Reading law books to the jury. § 296. Scope of argument. CHAPTER XXXVIII. VERDICTS. § 297. Different kinds of verdicts. § 298. Special verdicts and case agreed. Case agreed. § 299. Definition and rendition of general verdict. § 300. Essentials of a general verdict. 1. The verdict must respond to all the issues. 2. The verdict must respond to the whole of each issue. 3. The verdict should not find matters outside of the issues. 4. The verdict must be certain. 5. The verdict must be unanimous. 6. The verdict should be delivered in open court. Sealed verdicts. Chance verdicts. 7. The verdict should be received and recorded. 8. Verdict should accord with instructions of the court. 9. Verdict should not be excessive. 10. Verdict should not be too small. Interest. § 301. Entire damages on defective counts. § 302. Objections to verdicts. CHAPTER XXXIX. MOTIONS AFTER VERDICT. § 303. Motion for a new trial. 1. Error or misconduct of the judge. 2. Error or misconduct of the jury. Impeachment of verdict by jurors. 3. Misconduct of counsel. 4. Misconduct of parties. 5. Misconduct of third persons. XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 6. After-discovered evidence. 7. Verdict contrary to the evidence. 8. Accident and surprise. 9. Damages excessive or too small. § 304. Number of new trials — conditions. § 305. Arrest of judgment. § 306. Judgment non obstante vercdicto. § 307. Repleader. § 308. Venire facias de novo. CHAPTER XL. MINOR INCIDENTS OF TRIAL. § 309. Calling the docket. § 310. Pleas puis darrein continuance. § 311. Profert and oyer. § 312. Variance. § 313. Views. § 314. Retraxit.. § 315. Loss or destruction of notes or bonds. Sealed instruments. Negotiable paper. Non-negotiable paper. Summary. Present state of law in Virginia. § 316. Costs. Cost of new trial. § 317. Nonsuit. Withdrawing a juror. § 318. Bill of particulars. Object of the statute. In what cases required. Finality of the bill. Insufficient bill. § 319. Second trial. CHAPTER XLL JUDGMENTS. § 320. Scope of chapter. § 321. Judgments as liens. § 322. Commencement of the lien. Date of commencement. Time for docketing. Order of satisfaction. TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI § 323. Duration of lien. § 324. Docketing. § 325. Judgments against executors, administrators and trustees. § 326. Claim of homestead against judgments. § 327. Instruments having force of judgments. § 328. Death of debtor. § 329. Priority of judgments inter se. § 330. Judgments of federal courts. § 331. Foreign judgments. § 332. Collateral attack. § 333. Void judgments. § 334. Satisfaction of judgments. § 335. Order of liability of lands between different alienees. § 336. Enforcement of judgments. CHAPTER XLII. EXECUTIONS. § 337. Execution must follow judgment. § 338. Issuance of execution. § 339. Property not subject to levy. Executions which can not be levied on any property. Executions against executors and administrators. Executions against a defendant who is dead. Receivers. Property not leviable on under any execution. Railroads and quasi-public corporations. Choses in action. § 340. Execution against principal and surety. § 341. Duty of officer. § 342. The levy. Money. Partnership property. Mortgaged property. Shares of stock. Several executions. § 343. Payments to and disbursements by officer. § 344. Payment by officer for debtor. § 345. Sale of property. § 346. The return. Amendment of return. Title of purchaser. § 347. Delivery bond. § 348. Interpleader proceedings. § 349. The lien and its commencement. XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS § 350. Territorial extent of lien. Tangible property. Intangible property. § 351. Duration of lien. Tangible property. Intangible property. § 352. Rights of purchaser. Tangible property. Intangible property. § 353. Mode of enforcing the lien. Tangible property. Intangible property. Situs of debt for purpose of garnishment. § 354. Property undisclosed. § 355. Non-resident debtor. § 356. Motion to quash. § 357. Vcnditioni exponas. CHAPTER XLIII. ATTACHMENTS. § 358. Nature and grounds. Non-resident or foreign corporation. Removal of goods. § 359. Courts from which attachments may be issued. Attachment at law. Attachment in equity. Attachment from a justice. Attachment where no suit or action is pending. § 360. Proceedings to procure attachment. In equity. At law. Attachment where no suit or action' is pending. Attachment for twenty dollars or less. § 361. Affidavit. Sufficiency. Jurisdiction. Conjunctive and disjunctive statements. Who may make affidavit. Time of making affidavit. Amendments. Additional affidavits. Defective affidavits. § 362. What may be attached. § 363. What may not be attached. TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII § 364. How and by whom property is attached. Tangible personal property. Choses in action. Real property. By whom service may be made. § 365. Attachment bonds. § 366. Lien of attachment. Real estate. Personal property. Priorities. § 367. When attachment to issue. § 368. Defences to attachments. Who may make defence. What defence may be made. When defence may be made. How defence is made. Defence to the merits. Judgment for the plaintiff. Order of publication. § 369. Remedies for wrongful attachments. § 370. Holding defendant to bail. § 371. Appeal and error. CHAPTER XLIV. WRITS OF ERROR. § 372. Difference between writs of error and appeals. Appeals. Writs of error. Supersedeas. § 373. Errors to be corrected in trial court. § 374. Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Original jurisdiction. Appellate jurisdiction. (1) Matters not merely pecuniary. (2) Matters pecuniary. § 375. Amount in controversy. Virginia doctrine. West Virginia doctrine. United States doctrine. General doctrine. Change in jurisdictional amount. Aggregate of several claims. § 376. Cross-error by defendant in error. § 377. Collateral effect. § 378. Release of part of recovery. XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS § 379. Reality of controversy. § 380. Who may apply for a writ of error. § 381. Time within which writ must be applied for. § 382. Application for writ of error. The record. The petition. Notice to counsel. § 383. Bond of plaintiff in error. § 384. Rule of decision. § 385. Judgment of appellate court. Demurrer. Demurrer to the evidence. Case heard by trial judge without a jury. Jury trial in lower court. Divided court. § 386. Change in law. § 387. How decision certified and enforced. § 388. Finality of decision. § 389. Rehearing. § 390. Objections not made in trial court. § 391. Putting a party upon terms. § 392. Appeals of right. § 393. Refusal or dismissal of writ. § 394. Conclusion. CHAPTER XLV. EXTRAORDINARY LEGAL REMEDIES. § 395. Mandamus. § 396. -Prohibition. Parties. Procedure. § 397. Quo Warranto. Procedure. § 398. Certiorari. CHAPTER XLVL HOMESTEADS AND EXEMPTIONS. § 399. What is a homestead. § 400. History of Virginia statute. § 401. Constitutional provisions. § 402. Who may or may not claim the homestead. For whose benefit. Nature of the estate. TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV § 403. What may be claimed. § 404. How and when to be claimed. § 405. Effect of homestead on debts or claims of creditors. § 406. Waiver of the homestead. § 407. Prior liens. § 408. Effect of will of householder. § 409. Deed of trust or mortgage. § 410. Power over homestead. § 411. Income, increase and betterments. § 412. Excessive homestead. § 413. How claims superior to homestead enforced. § 414. Cessation of homestead. § 415. Poor debtors' exemption. CHAPTER XLVIL MECHANICS' LIENS. § 416. Origin and development of the lien. § 417. Who may take out the lien. § 418. Rights of assignee. § 419. On what the lien may be taken out. § 420. How lien of general contractor is perfected. The account. Description of the property. When claim of lien to be filed. § 421. Remedies of sub-contractor. Independent lien. Personal liability of the owner. Benefit of general contractor's lien. § 422. Protection of sub-contractor against assignments and garnish- ments. § 423. Mechanics' lien record. § 424. Conflicting liens. § 425. Enforcement of lien. § 426. How lien may be waived or lost. CHAPTER XLVIII. PRINCIPAL RULES OF PLEADING. § 427. Object of pleading — Principal rules of pleading. § 428. Materiality of Issue. § 428a. Singleness of issue. § 429. Certainty of issue. XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XLIX. RULES WHICH TEND SIMPLY TO THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISSUE. § 430. Introductory. RULE I. § 431. After the declaration, the parties must at each stage demur, or plead by way of traverse, or by way of confession and avoid- ance. , § 432. Pleadings. § 433. The general issue. § 434. Scope of general issue in assumpsit. § 435. Scope of general issue in trespass on the case. § 436. Special pleas. § 437. Traverse de injuria. § 438. Special traverse. § 439. Use and object of special traverse. § 440. Essentials of special traverse. § 441. Traverses in general. § 442. Traverse on matter of law. § 443. Matter not alleged must not be traversed. § 444. Traversing the making of a deed. § 445. Pleadings in confession and avoidance. § 446. Express color. § 447. The nature and properties of pleadings in gen- eral— Without reference to their quality, as be- ing by way of traverse, or confession and avoidance. § 448. Exceptions to the rule. RULE II. § 449. Upon a traverse issue must be tendered. RULE III. § 450. Issue, when well tendered, must be accepted. CHAPTER L. RULES WHICH TEND TO SECURE THE MATERIALITY OF THE ISSUE. RULE I. § 451. All pleadings must contain matter pertinent and material. TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII CHAPTER LI. RULES WHICH TEND TO PRODUCE SINGLENESS OR UNITY IN THE ISSUE. RULE I. § 452. Pleadings must not be double. § 453. Several demands. § 454. Several defendants. § 455. Illustrations. § 456. Several counts. § 457. Several pleas. § 458. Several replications. RULE II. § 459. It is not allowable both to plead and to demur to the same matter. CHAPTER LII. RULES WHICH TEND TO PRODUCE; CERTAINTY OR PARTICULARITY IN THE ISSUE. RULE I. § 460. The pleadings must have certainty of place. RULE II. § 461. Pleadings must have certainty of time. RULE III. § 462. The pleadings must specify quality, quantity, and value. § 463. General statements of quantity and quality. § 464. Actions to which rule inapplicable. § 465. Allegation and proof. RULE IV. § 466. The pleadings must specify the names of persons. § 467. Misnomer. RULE V. § 468. The pleadings mu'st shoit' title. § 469. Derivation of title. § 470. Particular estates. § 471. Additional rules on derivation of title. § 472. Plea of liberum tcncmcntum. § 473. Title of possession. § 474. When title of possession is applicable. XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS § 475. When title of possession is sufficient. § 476. Alleging title in adversary. § 477. Title must be strictly proved. § 478. Estoppel to deny title. RULE vr. § 479. The pleadings must show authority. RULE VII. § 480. In general whatever is alleged in pleading must be alleged with cer- tainty. SUBORDINATE RULES. § 481. It is not necessary in pleading to state that which is merely matter of evidence. § 482. It is not necessary to state matter of which the court takes notice ex officio. § 483. It is not necessary to state matter which would come more properly from the other side. § 484. It is not necessary to allege circumstances neces- sarily implied. § 485. It is not necessary to allege what the law will pre- sume. § 486. A general mode of pleading is allowed where great prolixity is thereby avoided. § 487. A general mode of pleading is pften sufficient, where the allegation on the other side must reduce the matter to certainty. §"488. No greater particularity is required than the na- ture of the thing pleaded will conveniently admit. § 489. Less particularity is required when the facts lie more in the knowledge of the opposite party than of the party pleading. § 490. Less particularity is necessary in the statement of matter of inducement or aggravation, than in the main allegations. § 491. With respect to acts valid at common law, but reg- ulated as to the mode of performance by stat- ute, it is sufficient to use such certainty of alle- gation as was sufficient before the statute. CHAPTER LIU. RULES WHICH TEND TO PREVENT OBSCURITY AND CONFUSION IN PLEADING. RULE I. § 492. Pleadings must not be insensible nor repugnant. TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX RULE II. § 493. Pleadings must not be ambiguous, or doubtful in meaning; and when two different meanings present themselves, that construc- tion shall be adopted which is most unfavorable to the party pleading. § 494. Negative pregnant. RULE III. § 495. Pleadings must not be argumentative. RULE IV. § 496. Pleadings must not be in the alternative. RULE V. § 497. Pleadings must not be by way of recital, but must be positive in their form. RULE VI. § 498. Things are to be pleaded according to their legal effect or operation. RULE VII. § 499. Pleadings should observe the known and ancient forms of expres- sion, as contained in approved precedents. RULE VIII. § 500. Pleadings should have their proper formal commencements and conclusions. § 501. Variations in forms. § 502. Improper commencements or conclusions. RULE IX. § 503. A pleading which is bad in part is bad altogether. CHAPTER LIV. RULES WHICH TEND TO PRESENT PROLIXITY AND DELAY IN PLEADING. RULE I. § 504. Tlierc must be no departure in pleading. RULE II. § 505. Where a plea amounts to the general issue, is should be so pleaded. XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS RULE III. § 506. Surplusage is to be avoided. CHAPTER LV. CERTAIN MISCELLANEOUS RULES. RULE I. § 507. The declaration must be conformable to the original writ.' RULE II. § 508. The declaration should have its proper commencement, and should in conclusion lay damages, and allege production of suit. RULE HI. § 509. Pleas must be pleaded in due order. RULE IV. § 510. Pleas in abatement must give the plaintiff a better writ or declara- tion. RULE V. § 511. Dilatory pleas must be pleaded at a preliminary stage of the suit. RULE VI. § 512. All affirmative pleadings which do not conclude to the country, must conclude with a verification. RULE VII. § 513. In all pleadings where a deed is alleged, under which the party claims or justifies, profert of such deed must be made. RULE VIII. § 514. All pleadings must be properly entitled. RULE IX. § 515. All pleadings ought to be true. CHAPTER LVI. CONCLUSION. § 516. Merits of system. Acts of 1912 After the first four hundred and twenty-four pages of this book were printed, the legislature, at its session of 1912, enacted the following statutes affecting subjects treated in the text: Acts 1912, p. 15. An Act giving a remedy by motion for torts. Thirty days notice is required, and the court must have jurisdiction "other- wise than under" § 3215 of the Code. See § 99 of the text. Acts 1912, p. 38. Section 2920 of the Code is so amended as to make the limitation on store accounts three years instead of two, as formerly. This changes the law as laid down in § 219, page 387, of the text. Acts 1912, p. 133. A remedy, by petition after notice, is given for the ascertainment and designation by the court of "the true boundary line or lines to such real estate as to one or more of the coterminous landowners." The Act declares who shall be parties, and provides the mode of procedure. See Chapter on Ejectment. Acts 1912, p. 651. Section 3211 of the Code is so amended as to allow a recovery for damages founded upon any contract, and also to recover any statutory penalty. This changes the law as laid down in § 99 of the text. Constitutions and Codes Cited [References are to pages.] CONSTITUTION OF UNITED STATES. Constitution, U. S., Art. 1, § 6 293 Constitution, U. S., Art. 4, § 1 92, 93 Constitution, U. S., Amendment VII 475 Constitution, U. S., Amendment XIV . 312 CONSTITUTION OF VIRGINIA. Constitution, Va., (1869), art. XI, § 3 801 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 11 307, 312, 474, 475 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 88 37, 48, 739, 741, 742, 743, 768 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 98 38, 46, 737 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 101 38 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 106 291 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 162 70 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 190 789, 793, 795, 796, 807 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 190, (1) 787 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 191 793 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 192 792 Constitution, Va., (1902), § 193 .787 CODE OF VIRGINIA. 1 Rev. Code, (1819), p. 512, § 104 548, 552 1 Rev. Code, (1819), ch. 133, § 2, p. 523 523 2 Rev. Code, (1819), pp. 194-5 768 Code, (1849), ch. 130, § 34 631 Code, (1849), ch. 168, § 5 166 Code, (1849), ch. 186, § 6 607 Code, (1849), ch. 186, § 8 609 XXXIV CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, (1873), ch. 115, § 6 829 Code, (1887), § 2959 171 Code, (1887), § 3224 295, 296 Code, (1887), § 3255 307 Code, (1887), § 3485 -. 768 Code, (1887), § 3570 609 CODE 1904 Code, § 5, cl. 8 165, 322 Code, § 5, cl. 10 698 Code, § 5, cl. 13 302 Code, § 173 39 Code, § 174 692 Code, § 177 708 Code, § 181 708 Code, § 198 293, 294 Code, § 256 497 Code, § 257 493 Code, § 355 293 Code, § 575 89 Code, § 57G 89 Code, § 615 182 Code, §§ 622-626 4 Code, §§ 657, 658 543 Code, §§ 681-685 182 Code, § 687 637 Code, § 712 89, 182 Code, § 713 89, 182 Code, § 714 „ 89, 182 Code, § 723 183 Code, § 746 629 Code, §§ 863-865 182 Code, § 892 295, 672 Code, .§ 893 295, 296 Code, § 895 • 295, 296 Code, § 898 294, 640 Code, § 900 9, 47, 182, 260, 295, 323 Code, § 901 .. 182 Code, § 904 640 Code, § 906 8, 11, 647 Code, § 907 9, 647 Code, § 909 : 183 Code, §§ 910-912 183 Code, § 944a 37 Code, § 1044 4 CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED XXXV [References are to pages.] Code, § 1103 311 Code, § 1104 317 Code, § 1137 381 Code, § 1292 91 Code, § 1294b, cl. 20 41 Code, § 1294k 70 Code, § 1669 309 Code, § 1700 45 Code, §§ 2038-2061, ch. 93 809 Code, § 2042 4 Code, § 2048 3 Code, § 2233 400 Code, § 2286a 68,97 Code, § 2413 24 Code, § 2415 50, 109 Code, § 2428 642 Code, § 2455 15 Code, § 2460 386 Code, § 2468a 715 Code, § 2475..... 813, 816, 817,824 Code, § 2476 816, 817, 819, 826- Code, § 2477 822, 824 Code, § 2478 819 Code, § 2479 822, 823 Code, § 2480 > 824 Code, § 2481 818, 831 Code, § 2482 824 Code, § 2482a, cl. 1 825 Code, § 2482a, cl. 2 825 Code, § 2483 817, 826 Code, § 2484. 828 Code, § 2485 813, 826 Code, § 2486 826 Code, § 2487 814 Code, § 2495 47 Code, § 2498 453, 620 Code, § 2498a 620 Code, § 2501 39 Code, § 2533 45 Code, § 2539 45 Code, § 2542 45 Code, § 2544 482 Code, § 2599 45 Code, § 2602 45 Code, § 2639 45 Code, § 2639a 38 XXXVI CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 2649 '. 808 Code, § 2650 , 632 Code, § 2651 632 Code, § 2652 632 Code, § 2654 630 Code, § 2658 .' 631 Code, § 2659 631 Code, § 2660 34, 629, 631, 632 Code, § 2661 34, 631, 632 Code, § 2665 ; 34 Code, ch. 121, §§ 2671-2711 393 Code, § 2676 393, 41.1 Code, § 2677 72, 630 Code, § 2678 632 Code, § 2679 632 Code, § 2680 632 Code, § 2715 193 Code, § 2716 44, 47, 188, 189, 191 Code, § 2717 189, 408, 577 Code, § 2719 ._ 190 Code, § 2721 .* 190 Code, § 2723 195 Code, § 2724 201 Code, § 2725 195 Code, § 2726 195, 200 Code, § 2730 202 Code, § 2731 202 Code, § 2734a 205 Code, § 2736 195 Code, § 2737 207 Code, § 2738 208 Code, § 2739 207 Code, § 2741 189, 202 Code, § 2742 189, 202 Code, § 2743 189, 202 Code, § 2744 208 Code, § 2746 208 Code, § 2747 208 Code, § 2748 208 Code, § 2749 208 Code, § 2751 199 Code, § 2753 204 Code, 8 2754 204 Code, § 2762 204 Code, § 2764 204 Code, ch. 127 §§ 2781-2805 43 CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED XXXVII [References are to pages.] Code, § 2785 5 Code, § 2787 ". 4,6 Code, § 2790 5, 6, 7, 39, 42 Code, § 2791 6, 11, 12, 13, 14 Code, § 2792 12, 13, 14 Code, § 2793 7 Code, § 2794 8 Code, § 2794a 6,9 Code, § 2795 10,47 Code, § 2841a 52 Code, § 2844a 322 Code, § 2852 82, 94, 144 Code, § 2853 52, 53, 83, 120 Code, § 2855 52,901 Code, § 2856 19,428 Code, § 2857 428 Code, § 2858 20, 428 Code, § 2860 , 56, 109 Code, § 2876 64 Code, § 2887 390 Code, § 2890 390 Code, § 2891 390 Code, § 2893 183, 730 Code, § 2895. 183 Code, § 2897 249, 252, 348, 487, 949 Code, § 2898 728 Code, § 2899 210 Code, § 2900 90 Code, § 2901 226, 901 Code, § 2902 231 Code, § 2903 384 Code, § 2904 69 Code, § 2906 231 Code, § 2907 214, 224 Code, § 2912 213, 536 Code, § 2915 194 Code, § 2917 206, 394, 404 Code, § 2918 206 Code, § 2919 • 404, 630 Code, § 2920 387, 395, 404, 405 Code, § 2921 393 Code, § 2922 406 Code, § 2923 416 Code, § 2924 415 Code, § 2927 385, 395 XXXVIII CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 2928 399 Code, § 2929 386, 387 Code, § 2931 394, 395, 404 Code, § 2932 405 Code, § 2933 384, 399, 403, 405 Code, § 2934 401,402 Code, § 2935 397 Code, § 2936 379 Code, § 2937 381 Code, § 2938 398 Code, § 2939 10, 40, 44, 785 Code, § 2940 40 Code, § 2942 41 Code, § 2943 41 Code, § 2946 41 Code, § 2947 41, 46 Code, § 2948 41, 42 Code, § 2949 41, 42 Code, § 2950 41, 42 Code, § 2951 41 Code, § 2952 41, 183 Code, § 2953 41 Code, § 2955 41 Code, § 2955 41 Code, § 2956 41, 42, 46 Code, § 2957 42 Code, § 2959 171, 664, 676, 681, 682, 683, 690, 691, 695, 697, 716 Code, § 2961 39, 43, 678, 685, 689, 695 Code, § 2962 39, 43, 678, 685, 689, 695 Code, § 2963 679 Code, § 2964 679, 682, 695, 716 Code, § 2965 43, 685, 688, 707, 708, 721 Code, § 2966 698, 716 Code, § 2967 698, 699, 702, 704, 706, 707, 708 Code, § 2968... Code, ch. 145, §§ 3022-3028 784 Code, § 3024 783 Code, § 3046 47 Code, § 3054 182 Code, § 3055 46, 47 Code, § 3058 44, 45, 46 Code, § 3058b 47 Code, § 3062 -. 182 Code, § 3067a 47 Code, § 3124 167 Code, § 3138 45 Code, § 3139 470 Code, § 3140 , 470 Code, § 3140a... 470 XL CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 3141 470 Code, § 3154 471, 472, 473 Code, § 3155 472 Code, § 3156 472 Code, § 3158 473 Code, § 3165 471 Code, § 3166 475 Code, § 3167 588 Code, § 3200 183, 393 Code, § 3207 162, 295, 296, 298, 312 Code, § 3209 184 Code, § 3210 9, 47, 78, 183, 292 Code, § 3211 46, 56, 78, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, 292, 357, 401, 445, 610, 716, 854 Code, § 3212 52, 53, 54, 180, 181, 901 Code, § 3213 9, 181, 475 Code, § 3214 163, 281, 282, 284, 293, 317, 318, 917 Code, § 3214, cl. 4 281 Code, § 3214, cl. 5 284 Code, § 3214, cl. 6 285 Code, § 3214, cl. 7 285 Code, § 3215 163, 272, 282, 284, 285, 295, 311, 317, 322, 327, 917 Code, § 3220 260, 272, 282, 297, 312, 317, 322, 627, 637, 917 Code, § 3221 260, 290 Code, § 3223 292 Code, § 3224 162, 283, 298, 312 Code, § 3225. .• 283, 310 Code, § 3226 309 Code, § 3227 284, 310, 311, 312, 316, 322, 323, 324, 326 Code, § 3231 321 Code, § 3232 296, 304 Code, § 3236 256, 258, 259 Code, § 3237 256 Code, § 3238 256,274 Code, § 3239 257 Code, § 3240 256, 260 Code, § 3241 257 Code, § 3242 257, 919 Code, § 3243 287, 340, 916 Code, § 3244 287, 340, 581, 1005 Code, § 3245 287, 340, 360, 976, 977, 1012, 1018 Code, § 3246 141, 340, 345, 360, 976,977, 1012, 1018 Code, § 3246a 83, 115, 119, 120, 157 Code, § 3247 , 340, 360 CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED XL) [References are to pages.] Code, § 3248 148, 149 Code, § 3249 9, 100, 148, 157, 178, 179, 445, 456, 599, 600, 854, 924, 1016, 1018 Code, § 3250 99 Code, § 3251 956 Code, § 3253 1013 Code, § 3255 66, 67, 270, 307 Code, § 3258 257, 270, 583, 926, 1013 Code, § 3258a 76, 257, 345, 1013 Code, § 3259 180, 257, 270, 291, 349, 583, 998, 1013 Code, § 3260 180,258,273 Code, § 3261 54, 258, 271 Code, § 3263 75, 1014 Code, § 3264 279, 332, 339, 342, 343, 361, 909, 1000, 1015 Code, § 3265 978, 981 Code, § 3266 875 Code, § 3267 865 Code, § 3268 356 Code, § 3269 977, 978 Code, § 3270 909 Code, § 3271 -. 341 Code, § 3272 141, 269, 334, 340, 359, 975, 976, 977, 1012, 1018 Code, § 3278 99, 101, 176, 269 Code, § 3279 99, 114, 162, 176, 269, 332 Code, § 3280 99, 176, 269 Code, § 3283 261, 262, 292, 608, 610 Code, § 3285 150,263,264 Code, § 3286 100, 150, 263, 264, 269, 741 Code, § 3287 95, 263, 275, 277, 619 Code, § 3288 263, 276, 277 Code, § 3259 272 Code, § 3293 274, 598, 608 Code, § 3294 185 Code, § 3295 433 Code, § 3296 245, 373 Code, § 3297 245, 373 Code, § 3298 97, 432, 435, 437, 440, 443, 444, 459 Code, § 3299... 101, 102, 117, 171, 175, 177, 178, 269, 338, 357, 406, 408, 448, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 854 Code, § 3300 357, 408, 448, 450, 454 Code, § 3301 448 Code, § 3302 433, 435, 448, 874 Code, § 3303 436, 440, 441, 443, 597 Code, § 3304 436, 441, 442, 443, 448, 449 XLII CODE OP VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 3305 73 Code, § 3308 73, 463 Code, § 3309 73 Code, § 3311 74 Code, § 3316 917 Code, § 3317 917 Code, § 3328 948 Code, § 3336 266 Code, § 3354 464 Code, § 3365 465 Code, § 3375 254, 255 Code, § 3376 527 Code, § 3377a 95, 593 Code, § 3378 166, 167, 258, 577 Code, § 3380 468 Code, § 3384 170, 467, 493, 585, 586, 587, 1014 Code, § 3385 519, 523 Code, § 3385a 518, 559, 764 Code, § 3387 597 Code, § 3388 476 Code, § 3389 • 548, 555, 766 Code, § 3390 95, 546 Code, § 3392 545, 558, 569, 763 Code, § 3393 95 Code, § 3394 95, 265, 583, 956 Code, § 3395 54, 75, 181 Code, § 3396 53, 54, 181 Code, § 3402a , 306 Code, § 3415a • 61, 633 Code, § 3419 45 Code, § 3447 737 Code, § 3448 737 Code, § 3449 355, 356. 363. 571, 737, 969 Code, § 3451 535, 541, 738 Code, § 3452 738, 773 Code, § 3454 48, 740, 742, 744 Code, § 3455 48, 740, 742, 756 Code, § 3457 758, 759 Code, § 3460 758 Code, §§ 3464-5-6 758 Code, § 3470 758, 760 Code, § 3474 756 Code, § 3484 497, 566, 603, 761, 763 Code, § 3484a 517 Code, § 3485. 735, 768 CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 3488 769 Code, § 3490 769 Code, § 3492 770 Code, § 3495 760 Code, § 3518 4 Code, § 3519 183 Code, § 3538 594 Code, ch. 173, §§ 3538-3556 594 Code, § 3539 594 Code, § 3541 469 Code, § 3542 569 Code, § 3543 594 Code, § 3544 '. 594 Code, § 3545 594 Code, § 3549 464 Code, § 3557 604 Code, § 3558 604 Code, § 3559a 618 Code, § 3561 612 Code, § 3562 620 Code, § 3563 620 Code, § 3564 620 Code, § 3565 613 Code, § 3566 699,712 Code, § 3567 606, 607, 608, 610 Code, § 3568 607, 611 Code, § 3570 609, 612 Code, § 3571 622 Code, § 3572 623 Code, § 3573 '. 389, 623 Code, § 3574 616, 620 Code, § 3575 620 Code, § 3576 610, 615, 616 Code, § 3577 405, 612, 627, 648, 659 Code, § 3580 615 Code, § 3581 625 Code, § 3583 669 Code, § 3584 214 Code, § 3585 214 Code, § 3587 626, 627, 655, 656 Code, § 3588 641 Code, § 3589 627, 636 Code, § 3590 645 Code, § 3591 636, 637, 648 Code. § 3593. 672 XUV CODE OF VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, § 3594 672 Code, § 3596 646 Code, § 3598 654 Code, § 3599 670 Code, § 3600 626 Code, § 3601 428, 638, 656, 660, 699 Code, ch. 176, §§ 3601-3616 669 Code, § 3602 659 Code, § 3603 665, 668 Code, § 3604 662, 667 Code, § 3606 668 Code, § 3608 668 Code, § 3609 ." 44, 297, 661, 662, 664 Code, § 3610. 662 Code, § 3611 661 Code, § 3617 9, 650 Code, § 3618 10, 43 Code, § 3619 9, 47, 652 Code, § 3620 183 Code, § 3621 9,42 Code, § 3624 653 Code, § ' 3625 10, 43, 183 Code, § 3626 615 Code, § 3629 794 Code, § 3630 793, 796, 797, 805 Code, ch. 178, §§ 3630-3657 655 Code, § 3631 793, 794 Code, § 3632 793 Code, § 3633 793 Code, § 3634 803 Code, § 3635 802 Code, § 3636 795, 801 Code, § 3637 802 Code, § 3640 795, 801, 802 Code, § 3642 795 Code, § 3643 803 Code, § 3644 804 Code, § 3647 797, 799, 820 Code, § 3648 805 Code, § 3649 608, 615, 805 Code, § 3649a 801 Code. § 3650 12, 633, 799, 807, 808, 809, 810 Code, § 3651 12, 633, 799, 807, 808, 809, 810 Code, § 3652 44, 633, 663, 799, 807, 810 Code, § 3652a. Code, W. Va., (1899), ch. 125, § 11 149 Code, W. Va., (1899), ch. 125, § 21 361 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 1976 65 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3485 487 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3503.... 415 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3511 385 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3541 710 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3833 308 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3834 926 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 5835 998 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3840 333, 342, 344, 908, 909 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3841 , 279 Code. W. Va., (1906), § 3849 335 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3852 919 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3853 581 Code, W. Va.. (1906), § 3876 1020 Code, W. Va.. (1906). § 3890 432 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3922 948 Code. W. Va.. (1906), § 3969 924 XLVI CODE OF WEST VIRGINIA CITED [References are to pages.] Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3976 465. Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3979 496, 568 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3980 527, 528 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3982 476 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 3985 569 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4037 733, 738 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4038 542, 744 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4058 769 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4059 335 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4125 * 595 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4128 569 Code, W. Va., (1906), § 4150 . 627 Cases C ited [References are to pages.] Abbot v. Chapman 851 Abell v. Penn. Ins. Co 338, 403 Abney v. Ohio L. R. Co. ..267, 290 Ackiss v. Satchell, 612, 615, 658, 807 Acknei v. Railroad Co.. 760 Adams v. Jennings 779-780 Adams v. Lawson 255 Adamson v. Norfolk Co.. 537, 565 Adkins v. Fry 484 Adkins v. Richmond. .348, 743, 771 Adkins v. Stephens 484 Aglionby v. Towersom 953 Ailstock v. Moore Lime Co.. 240 Aldneb v. Anchal Coal Co. (Oregon) 319 Alexander v. Slavis 308 Alleghany Iron Co. v. Teaford. 529 Allen v. Bartlett 5 Allen v. Clark 797 Allen v. Hart 9, 224, 432, 441 Alley v. Rogers 621 Allis v. Billings 102 Allison v. The Farmer's Bank of Virginia 96 Allison v. Wood 751, 756, 769 Alrmeyer v. Caulfield 692 Alsope v. Sytwell 963 Alvis v. Saunders 615 Amis v. Roger 166, 184 American Bonding Co. v. Mil- stead 115, 117, 145, 155 Amer. L. Co. v. Hoffman.... 759 Amer. L. Co. v. Whitlock, 504, 505, 506 Amer. Manganese Co. v. Va. 