None
infin. used as an imperative, 251 {d. Note). two infinitives connected by als, 280. infin. with passive force, 280-1. infinitive-substantive, 281. Inflection, see Declension, Conjugation, In- tonation, &c. Ingressive aspect of verbs, 210, 288, 43t), 440. Inseparable compounds, 323, 327; inseparable prefixes, 327. Instrumental, now replaced by the dative, 494. Intensive aspect of verbs, 211. Interjections, nature of, 400; list, 400-1. INDEX OF SUBJECTS 621 Intonation, 55-6. Intransitive verb, definition, 209; verbs trans, or intrans., 209. Irregular verbs, see Ciradation. Iterative aspect of verbs, 211. Liquids, 12, 34. Locative, now replaced by the dative, -194:. Low German, 1, 2, 4. M.G., i.e. Middle German, the German of the Midland; important by reason of its in- fluence upon the literary language, 2, 3, 24, 72, 301, 315. M.H.G., i.e. Middle High German; M.H.G. literature and language, 1; language com- pared with N.H.G., 1, 2, 3, 302-311. Mixed declension of nouns, 89-94; origin of, 90 {Note); mixed declension of adjectives, 130. Mixed vowel e (unaccented), 13, 23. Mood, 215. Mutation of back vowels, 24, 302; a-muta- tion, 25, 302; mutation of e, 25, 302. Nasals, 12, 33. Negation, 351; double, 351; pleonastic, 352; after a comparative. 576 (a). N.G., i.e. North German, the German of the North. N.H.G., i.e. New High German, 1. Nominative, original meaning, 121 (97, next to last par.); origin of name, 112 (10). use: I. as a subject, 456. II. as an appositive, 485-6. III. as a predicate: after verbs of incomplete predication, 463-4 (2. A.a,b). with reference to a preceding ace. object, 463 (2. A. a. (Note)). instead of a predicate ace, 539 (a. Note). IV. as a vocative, 552 (A). V. in exclamations, 554 {b. (1)). VI. used absolutely, 554 ((2)), 581 {d). Nouns, inflection: common nouns, 70-97; proper nouns, 97-102; plural of names of persons and places, 105-7; peculiarities in the inflection of nouns, 107-12. Number in nouns, 112-20; sing, to express a collective idea, 113; meaning usually pre- cluding the formation of a pi., 114-15; sing, in form, but with collective force, hence with pi. meaning, 114; nouns which borrow a pi. form from some kindred derivative, 115-16; sing, lacking, 117; pi. lacking, 117; pi. of -maiin, 119; pi. in English, sing, in German, 118; synesis of number, 549-51; number in verbs, 468-72. Numerals, 147-52; cardinals, 147-50; ordi- nals, 150-1; compound numerals, 151; indefinite numerals, 169-77. Object, see Accusative, Dative, Genitive, In- finitive, and Clauses for Object Clause, Genitive Clause, &c., metonymic object, 493, (c). O.E., i.e. Old English. O.H.G., i.e. Old High German; O.H.G. lan- guage and literature, 1. Old Saxon, 1. Ordinals, 150-1. Orthography, 4. Palatals, 12. Parataxis, 556. Participle: pres. part, used as an adj., 261; used in the predicate, 262 (b); pres. part, in adj. use often replaced in German by other con- structions, 262 (c); its use as a noun, adverb, preposition, 262-3; used as an appositive, with the force of an adverbial clause, 263 (E. Note), often absolutely, 552; with active or passive force, 263; subject of a pres. part., 263 (b); paucity of participles, 264 (3); use of the pres. part, to express present, past, and future time, 264; comparison, 144 (4), 143 (4); perfect part.: without ge-, 257-9; with the form of an infin., 257-9; used as an adj., 264 (A); used substantively, 264 (B); used as an adverb, prep., or impera- tive, 264; used as an appositive with the force of a subord. clause, 264 (F); used absolutely, 265 (F), 552 (a, b); gram- matical force, 265 (2), with active force, 265 (B), 266-7 (C); temporal relations expressed by, 267; two dift'erent forms of the perf. part, employed with passive force, the statal and the actional form, 268 {d, e): comparison, 144 (4), 143 (4); position of perf. part, in the sentence, 324-6, 588 {b. aa, bb, cc), 258 (c). Particles, 338-401. Passive: formation, 295; synopsis, 298; con- jugated with werden, 295; conjugated with sein, 296 (B), 297 (4); peculiar passive con- struction with bekommen, erhalten, kriegen, 297 (2); passive construction with führen, bringen, nehmen, 297 (2) ; passive construc- tion with gehören, 297 (3); actional and statal passive, 297 (4); substitutes for the passive, 299; impersonal passive, 300 (II); active in form but passive in meaning, 280-1 (1, 2). Past-present verbs, 316-18. Past tense, formation, 248-9, 252, 254; use, 212. Past perfect tense, formation, 283; dialect form, 283 (a), 241 (e): use, 214. Perfect participle, see Participle. Perfective type of verb, 210, 287-8. Personal pronouns, 177-86; use, 177-81; replaced by other forms, 181-6. Pitch, 55. Point action aspect of verb, 210, 287, 436 (b). Possessiv^e adjectives, 164-9; list, 164; deck, 1()5; non-inflection in the predicate, 165-6; used as substantives, 166; use of possessives, 167-9; use of capitals with, 167; replaced by demonstratives, 168. Predicate: the form and case of, 462-8. predicate noun: in the nom., 463 (2. A. a). in the nom. introduced by als, 464 {b. (1)). in the ace. after für, 464 {b. (2)); in the ace. attracted by an ace, 463 (2. A. a. Note). in the dat. after zu, 465 ((3)). in the gen., 465 (c). as objective predicate: in the simple ace, 539 (a). the ace. introduced by als, 539 (b), by für, 539 (c). in the dat. after zu, 540 (d). predicate adjective: in the nom. relation, 466. in the ace. relation, 540 (B). 622 INDEX OF SUBJECTS predicate pronouns, 467 (C). predicate infinitive, 467 (D); as objective predicate, 541 (C). predicate adverb, 467 (E). predicate clause, 468 (F), 562. agreement of predicate verb with subject, 468-72. omission of predicate, 462 (a. Note 1), of the copula, the formal predicate, 403 (b. Note). predicate in attributive form, 463 {b. Note). Prefixes, separable, 326; inseparable, 327; separable or inseparable, 327; prefixes to form nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, 431-4; verbal prefixes, 434-41. Pre-Germanic, 1. Prepositional phrase as adverbial modifier, 551; as modifier of a noun, 487. Prepositions: nature, 355; approach the nature of adverbs, 355; fluctuation of conception, 355 (c); approach the nature of conjunctions, 355; government of prepositions, 356; list, 357; origin, meaning, and use of preps, with gen., 357-65; meaning and use of preps. with dat., 365-74; preps, with ace, 374-8; preps, with either dat. or ace, 378-86; formation of prepositions, 430-1. Present tense, formation, 249, 252, 254; use, 211-12. Present perfect tense, formation, 282; use, 212-13. Primitives, 402. Progression, German ways of expressing the progressive idea, the idea of duration, 248 (Note), 210. Pronominals, 147, 153. Pronouns, 177-209; see Personal, Relative, &c. Pronunciation, best, 7; sounds and their classi- fication, 7-12. Proper names, inflection, 97-102; plural, 105-7; formation, 408 (a). Prospective action, 322 (6. d). Purpose, clause of, 583. Quantity: general rules for vowels, 13; rules for quantity in detail, 14-17; quantity of consonants, 25. Reciprocal pronouns, 188. Reflexive pronouns, 186-8; reflexive verbs: conjugation, 329; case of the predicate complement of reflexive verbs, 330; uses of the reflexive verb, 329-32. Relative: adjectives, 163. pronouns, 193-206; list, 193; replaced by adverbs, 201-4; not omitted, 204; origin of the relative pronoun, 204 (Note); indefinite relatives war and was, 204-6; conditional relative, 206; correlatives, 207-8. adverbs, 201-4; parts separated, 201. clause, 563-6; synesis of gender, 564 (a); synesis of number, 564 (6); mood, 565; abridgment, 565; descriptive clause, 565 (7). Result, clause of, 574 (D), 576 (2); subjunc- tive of, 222-3, 232-3. Rising intonation, 56. Rounding, 13. Sentence, definition of, 455; the parts and the kinds of the simple sentence, 455; classes of sentences, 555; the compound sentence, 555-7; the complex sentence, 557. Separable compounds, 323-6; separable pre- fixes, 326; separable or inseparable com- pounds and prefixes, 324, 327-9. S.E., i.e. Southern English, the pronunciation in the southern part of England; S.E. also dialect of the Southeast of the German- speaking territory. S.G., i.e. Southern German, the German of the South. Spirants, 12. Stereotyped pronominal forms, 208-9. Stops, 12, 26. Strong declension: of nouns, 72-86; general rules, 72-4; unmutated e-plural type, 74-9; unmutated e-less plural type, 79-81; mu- tated e-plural type, 81-4; mutated e-less plural type, 84; er-plural type, 85-6; strong declension of adjectives, 129; strong verb: conjugation of the simple forms, 252-3. Subject: the case and form of the logical sub- ject, 456-7; omission and expression of the logical subject, 455 (a), 458; grammatical subject, 457; anticipative subject, 457; situation es as subject, 458 (3), 334 (3, last par.); impersonal es as subject, 458, 332; omission and expression of the grammatical and the anticipative subject, 460-2; omis- sion of impersonal es, 332, 333, 336 (B. a), 338 (a); origin of grammatical and imper- sonal es, 457 (Note), 332-3; metonymic subject, 456 (B. a). Subjunctive: formation, 249, 252, 255 (d), 315-17, 282-6, 293-5; formation of the past subjunctive in the dialects of Bavaria, Austria, and Switzerland, 256 (/); basal meaning of the subjunctive, 216. subjunctive of present tense forms: I. optative subjunctive, 2i7-21: 1. in principal propositions: A. volitive, 217. B. sanguine subjunctive of wish, 217. C. subjunctive of logical reasoning, 218. 2. in subordinate clauses: A. concessive, 218. B. sanguine subjunctive of purpose, 218-20. C. optative in conditions, 220. D. in relative clauses, 220. E. in substantive clauses, 220-21. F. in adverbial clauses, 221. II. potential subjunctive, 221-7. A. in indirect discourse, 221, 237-47. B. in clauses of manner, 222. C. in attributive relative clauses of re- sult, 222. D. in adverbial clauses of result, 223. E. in probable conditions, 223-5. F. in relative and interrogative clauses, 225. G. in substantive daß-clauses, 226-7. subjunctive of past tense forms: 1. unreal optative: A. unreal subj. of wish, 228; subj. of modest wish, 228. B. unreal concessive subjunctive, 229. C. unreal subjunctive of purpose, 229. 2. unreal potential: A. (1). in direct statements and ques- tions, 230; subj. of modest or cautious statement, 230. (2). in indirect discourse, 231, 237- 47. INDEX OF SUBJECTS 623 B. in clauses of manner, 232. C. in attributive relative clauses of re- sult, 232. D. in adverbial clauses of result, 233. E. in unreal conditions, 233-4. F. in relative and interrogative clauses, 234. G. in substantive daß-clauses, 235. H. in clauses of degree, 236. I. in clauses of time and place, 236. J. in clauses of cause, 237. Suffixes of nouns, 403-17; of adjectives, 417-26; of verbs, 426-9; of adverbs, 429- 30. Superlative, see Adjective. S.W., i.e. dialect of the Southwest of the Ger- man-speaking territory. Syllables: open and closed, 13 (4. c, b); syl- labic division, 41; syllabic division in the Southwest, 42 (1); syllables in connected discourse, 43; separation of syllables at the end of a line, 43. Synesis of gender, 546-9; of number, 549-51. Syntax, 455-598. Terminate aspect of verbs, 211, 248 (Note), 287 (3). Tenses: formation of simple tenses, 249, 252, irregularities, 254 (a, b, c), 315-18; forma- tion of compound tenses, 282-7, 295-9; use of haben and sein in compound tenses, 287-293; use of the tenses of the indie, 211-15; of the subjunctive, 216-17; of the present tense forms of the subj., 217-27; of the past tense forms of the subj., 227-37, of tenses in indirect discourse, 239-47. Titles, decl., 102-5. Trajection, 564 (e). Transitive verb, definition, 209; verbs trans, or intrans., 209. Umlaut, see Mutation. Unrounding, 25 (A, last par.). Uvular r, 32 (6). Velars, 12. Verb, see Conjugation, Tense, Subjunctive, Gradation, Passive, &c. V^erbals, 259; predicate modal verbal, 259 (A); attributive modal verbal, 260 (B). Verner's Law, 39 (2. a). Volitive subjunctive, 217 (A), 218 (B), 220 {C.a,b,D.a). Vowels: classification, 17; chart, 18; quan- tity, 13-17; pronunciation, 17-24; muta- tion, 24—5; gradation, 25. Weak declension of nouns, 86-9; weak declen- sion of adjectives, 130; weak conjugation of verbs, 249, 254 (a). 315-18. Word-formation, general principles, 402; see also Derivation and Compounds. Word-order, general principles, 584; historical explanations, 5SÖ (a). varieties of word-order, 585-6. normal order, 587-91. word-order of the subject, 587. position of the gen., 476, 587. word-order of the predicate: position of the verb, 588. position of the predicate, participle, infin., sep. prefix, adjective, or noun, 588-9. order of objects. 589-90. order of adverbs, 590; position of negatives, 591. word-order of adjective modifiers, 591. position of subordinate clauses, 558. inverted word-order, 591-5; use of, 592-4; particulars of this word-order, 594-5. question order, 595-7; use of, 596-7. transposed order, 597-8; use of, 598. RETURN MAIN CIRCULATION TO— ^ ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL RENEW BOOKS BY CALLING 642-3405 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 11 IM o c: moc J UN i 0 lyyb FORM NO. DD6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720 ^■ij'il GENERAL LIBRARY - U.C. BERKELEY BQQG71iai3 1' -f. 