None
Cellulose Ester Solvents 2382 Acetone and the Ketones 2395 Diacetone Alcohol 2401 Methyl Alcohol 2402 Ethyl Alcohol 2412 Propyl Alcohol 2428 Butyl Alcohol 2437 Amyl Alcohol 2446 Fusel Oil 2469 Amyl Acetate 2486 Other Alkyl Esters 2496 Camphor 2510 Natural Camphor 2510 Artificial Camphor 2517 Synthetic Camphor 2520 Camphor Substitutes 2535 Proteid Substitutes 2550 Ureas 2551 Solvent Recovery 2553 Handling of Solvents 2558 Paint and Varnish Removers. . 2562 Turpentine Substitutes 2568 XVlll TABLE Ol? CONTENTS Cellulose Nitrate Lacquers, Varnishes and Bronzing Liquids 2572 Collodion Lacquers 2573 Celluloid Lacquers 2577 Amyl Acetate Pyroxylin Lac- quers 2580 Bronzing Liquids 2585 Imitation Gold Leaf 2586 Mother of Pearl 2588 Pyroxylin-Resin Lacquers 2590 Nitrocotton Electric Light Fila- ments 2594 Nitrocotton Incandescent Gas Mantles 2595 Nitrocellulose in the Electrical Industries 2597 Solid Alcohol 2598 Other Applications of the Nitro- cotton Lacquers 2599 Artificial Leather 2599 Pyroxylin Imitation Leathers . . 2604 Nitrocellulose Waterproofing Compositions 2610 Enameled Paper 2615 Printing on Fabrics with Nitro- cellulose 2616 Pyroxylin Leather, Textile and Paper Cements 2617 Coating of Leather with Cellu- lose Esters 2618 Artificial Filaments 2621 Nitrocellulose Silks 2621 Artificial Filament Formation.. 2626 Cuprammonium Artificial Fila- ments 2652 Pyroxylin Plastics, Cellidoid Substitutes 2655 Development of P)rroxylin Plastic Industry 2657 Pyroxylin Plastic Manufacture . 2669 Re-working Celluloid 2676 Cutting of Celluloid 2679 Inlaying Metal Goods with Celluloid 2680 Dyeing of Pyroxylin Plastics. . 2681 Forming Pyroxylin Plastic Sheets 2682 Veneering Celluloid 2684 Embossing of Celluloid 2685 Extrusion of Plastic Rods and Tubes 2688 Inlaying Celluloid with Pigment Colors 2690 Celluloid in Electrical Industries 2699 Celluloid Studs 2703 Celluloid Eyelets 2704 Celluloid Collars, CuflFs and Shirt Bosom Fronts 2706 Celluloid Balls 2722 Celluloid in Phonography 2731 Celltdoid in Photography 274^ CeUuloid Substitutes 2759 Phenol-Aldehyde Substitutes... 2767 Celloidin and Development of Cellulose Nitrates in Micro- scopy 2779^ Celloidin or Collodion Sacs 2784 Pharmaceutical Collodions 2786 Collodion in the Photographic Art 2795 Photographic Collodions 2800 Precipitated Pyroxylin 2803 Dry Plates 2825 Collodion Emulsions 2836 Pyroxylin 2839 Process of Emulsification 2840 Ripening the Emulsion 2842 Methods of Manufacture 2843 Collodion Emulsion Manipula- tion 2845 Actions of Acids on Collodion Emulsions 2845 Keeping Properties of Col- lodion Emtilsions 2846 Preservatives, Organifiers, Densitizers 2846 Sensitizing Leather and Fabrics 2847 Collodion Positives 2848 Collodio-chloride Paper 2851 Collodio-chloride Bromide Print Outs 2856 Collodio-chloride Gold Toning. 2856 Collodio-chloride Developing. . 2858 Collodion Carbon Prints 2863 Collodion Transparencies. Lantern Slides 2865 Enlarging Positives on Paper and Glass 2867 Collodion Positives and Trans- fers 2868 Orthochromatic Emulsion 2869 Light Filters. Color Screens. . 2874 Color Photography 2875 Screen Plates 2876 Color Cinematography 2880 Subtractive Fihns 2881 Cinematography 2884 Stripping Films 2900 Halation and Solarization 2902 Celluloid Film Varnishes 2903 Pyroxylin Flash Light Powder. 2904 Collodion in Ceramics 2905 Photomechanical Processes. . . . 2907 X-Ray Screens 2912 Collodion for Solar and Astro- nomical Work 2912 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX Collodion in Spectroscopy 2912 Photoxylography 2915 Celluloid Cements 2916 Celltiloid Dishes and Measures . 29 16 CeUuloid ReUefs 2917 Celluloid Focussing Screens 2917 Celltdose Nitrate Smokeless Powders 2921 Development of Cellulose Ni- trates in War-like Arts . . . 2922 Classification of Nitrocellulose- containing Powders 2942 I^itrocellulose-nitro glycerol Powders 2948 Nitrocellulose in Cartridge Manufacture 2980 Carbohydrate Carboxylates (Cellulose Acetate) 2987 Manufacture of Acetated Cellu- lose 3005 Cellulose Formate 3015 Cellulose Acetate Solvents and Plastifiers 3022 Commercial Applications of Cellulose Acetates 3041 Cellulose Xanthates 3062 Viscose 3062 Errata 3085 Index of Patents 3087 Index of Names 3253 Index of Subjects 3489-3709 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Sphere Viscosimeter for Celltdose Solutions (Woolwich Method) . 551 2. Cotton Purification (U. S. Scheme) 584 3. Cotton Purification (English Scheme) 585 4. Cummins Hydraulic Cotton Baling Press 587 5. Mechanical Handling of Cotton Bales (Gretna, Scotland) 589 6. Cotton Dry House 591 7. Sectional View of Cotton Picking Machine 593 8. Cotton Picker Room (H. M. Explosives Factory, Gretna, Scot- land 595 9. The E. Lehmann Hard Waste Opener for Cotton and all Vege- table Fibers 596 10. Tipping Pressure Kier with Entire Top to Open 597 11. Cotton Purification Building, Ground Floor (E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.) 599 12. Cotton Purification Building, Top Floor (E. I. du Pont de Ne- mours Co.) 601 13. Cotton Purification Building (E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.) . . . 603 14. Cotton Purification Building, Top Floor (E. I. du Pont de Ne- mours Co.) 605 15. Interior Filtration Plant Showing Tubes and Valve Control (E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.) 607 16. Cotton Dry House (E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.) 609 17. Sargent Drying Cotton Rinser 620 18. The Davis & Furber Mixing Picker for Cotton 621 19. Coggswell Mill 622 20. Scotch Picker with Condenser Roll and Apron Screens Drawn Out from Under Cylinder for Cleaning 623 21. Scotch Picker Arranged with Condenser Roll and Apron 625 22. The W. Tatham Thread Extractor for Printing Purposes 626 23. The Gamett Preparer or Knot Breaker 628 24. Hetherington Improved Willowing Machine 629 25. Cdtton Dry House, Showing Delivery Aprons at End of Dryers (E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co.) 631 26. The "Proctor" Dryer for Cotton— Single Conveyor Type 633 27. "Proctor" Single Conveyor Dryer Showing Feed 635 28. Single Conveyor Dryer Viewed from Delivery End 637 29. Looking at the Feed End of "Proctor" Three Conveyor Type ... 639 30. Drying Cotton on "Proctor" Three Conveyor Dryer (Delivery End) 641 31. Side View of Chain Conveyor with Two Wire Screen Sections At- tached 643 32. Cotton Bale Breaker Attached to Vertical Opener 645 33. Feeder Attached to Vertical Cotton Opener 647 34. Saco-Lowell Condenser 648 35. One-Beater Cotton Breaker with Feeder 649 36. Intermediate or Finisher Lapper for Cotton 651 37. Cotton Teasing (Nobel's Explosives Co.) 653 38. Hand Picking of Cotton for Nitration (Nobel's E.xplosives Co.). 654 39. Cotton Drying Machine (Nobel's Explosives Co.) 656 40. Cyclone Dust Collector (Nobel's Explosives Co.) 657 41. Cotton Disintegrator 659 42. Nitric Acid Still (Buffalo Foundry & Machine Co.) 744 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxi 43. Nitric Acid Still (Buffalo Foundry & Machine Co.) 745 44. Hart Nitric Acid Condensing Manifold 748 46. Hart Nitric Acid Condenser 749 46. Niter Storage House (H. M. Explosives Factory, Gretna) 774 47. Loading Niter into Nitric Retort (H. M. Explosives Factory, Gretna) 775 48. Nitric Acid Manufacture (H. M. Explosives Plant, Gretna) 777 49. Nitric Acid Manufacture (H. M. Explosives Plant, Gretna) 778 60. HNOi Manufacture (H. M. Explosives Factory, Gretna) 780 61. HNOi Manufacture (H. M. Explosives Factory, Gretna) 781 52. Hough Niter Cake Flaker 809 63. Uebel Process for Nitric Acid Manufacture 816 64. The Valentiner Vacuum Process for Nitric Acid Manufacture 819 55, 56. The Valentiner Nitric Acid Process 820 57, 58. The Valentiner Nitric Acid Process 821 59. The Valentiner Vacuum Process for Nitric Acid Manufacture 822 60. The Valentiner Vacuum Process for Nitric Acid Manufacture 823 61. The Hough Nitric Acid Plant, as Constructed by the Buffalo Foundry & Machine Co 827 62. The Hough Nitric Acid Condenser 830 63. The Nash Vacuum Pump 831 64. The Greisheim Plant for Nitric Acid Manufacture 835 65. The Niedenfuhr Nitric Acid Plant 839 66. The Skoglund Nitric Acid Condenser 840 67. The Guttmann Nitric Acid Condensing System 842 68. Schonherr Furnaces, Badische System 859 69. SchSnherr Furnace 860 70. 71. Synthetic Nitric Acids (Poudrerie Nationale D'Angouleme). 865 72. Transportation of Cyanamide 866 73. Autoclaves 866 74. 75. S3rnthesis of Ammonia from the Air 867 76. Catalyzers for Synthetic Nitric Acid Manufacture 868 77. The Birkeland-Eyde Nitrogen Fixation Furnace 871 78. Birkeland-Eyde Nitrogen Fixation Furnace 872 79. Birkeland-Eyde Furnace 878 80. Birkeland-Eyde Electric Furnace (Diagrammatic) 879 81. Birkeland-Eyde Furnaces (Bjukan Saltpeter Factory) 880 82. The Badische Synthetic Ammonia Apparatus 905 83. Lunge Two-Bulb Nitrometer 965 84. Lunge Gas- Volumeter 969 85. du Pont Nitrometer 973 86. Jensen Nitric Acid Concentration Plant 988 87. Sulfur Storage (H. M. Factory, Gretna) 1065 88. Weighed Sulfur Charges to be Burned 1066 89. Sulfur Burners in Operation (H. M. Factory, Gretna) 1067 90. The Sachsenburgher SO2 Burner 1069 91. The Clemm and Hasenbach Process of Sulfuric Anhydride Manu- facture 1118 92. The Badische Process of HtS04 Manufacture 1139 93. The Badische Contact Process for H1SO4 Manufacture 1140 94. The Badische Contact Furnace 1143 95. The Badische Contact Furnace! 1144 96. The Badische Process of SO. Manufacture 1148 97. Badische Process for Producing Sulfur Trioxide 1 149 98. The Tentelew Sulfuric Acid Contact Method 1153 99. The Tentelew Process for Sulfuric Acid Manufacture 1156 100. The Meister, Lucius & Briining Process of Contact H2SO4 Manu- facture ^ 1159 XXll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 101. The Schroeder-Grillo Process of SO3 Manufacture 1165 102. The Schroeder-Grillo Process of SO3 Manufacture 1166 103. The Schroeder-Grillo Process of Sulfiu-ic Anhydride Manufacture. 1168 104. The Schroeder-Grillo Sulfuric Anhydride Process 1169 105. The Lihme Process of Sulfuric Acid Manufacture 1193 106. Raynaud and Pierron Process of Making Sulfuric Anhydride 1194 107. Raynaud and Pierron Sulfuric Anhydride Process 1196 108. The Stone Apparatus for H2SO4 Manufacture \ 1 197 109. The Herreshoff Apparatus for SOs Manufacture 1199 110. Ferguson Process of Making Sulfuric Anhydride 1201 111. Herreshoff Process for Making Sulfuric Acid 1202 112. Molecular Composition of Mixed Acid 1407 113. Cellulose Nitrate Solubility as a Function of the Acid Compo- sition 1408 114. The Brockbank Apparatus for Filtering Corrosive Liquids 1414 115. Mowbray Apparatus for Restoring Nitrating Baths 1416 116. du Pont System for Removal of Acids from Nitrocellulose 1418 117. du Pont System for Removal of Acids from Nitrocellulose 1419 118. du Pont Apparatus for Condensing and Mixing Acids 1428 119. Fairbanks Scale 1429 120. Fairbanks Scale 1429 121. The Evers Denitrating Plant 1449 122. The Evers Denitration System 1450 123. The Evers Denitrating System 1451 124. The Evers Denitrating System 1452 125. The Evers Denitrating System 1453 126. The Evers Denitration System 1454 127. Guttmann Denitrating Stones 1463 128. Guttmann System 1464 129. The Jahn Nitration Process 1465 130. Everlasting Valve, Acid Type 1469 131. Everlasting Valve, Acid Type, Screwed 1470 132. Everlasting Valve, Acid Type, Flanged 1471 133. Everlasting Valve, Acid Type, Double Disc 1472 134. Everlasting Valve, Acid Type, with Shield 1472 135. Mixed Nitrating Acid Tanks, Showing Installation of Acid Valves 1473 136. Everlasting Valve, Acid Form, with Extension Handle 1474 137. Redpath Graphic Method of Nitrating Acid Calculation 1492 138. Redpath Graphic Method of Nitrating Acid Calculation 1493 139. Fowler Method of Spent Acid Calculation 1500 140. Fowler Method of Spent Acid Calculation 1501 141. Fowler Method of Spent Acid Calculation 1504 142. Hygroscopicity of Cellulose Nitrates 1752 143. The Miihlhauser Nitrostarch Manufacturing Method 1821 144. The Miihlhauser Process of Nitrostarch Manufacture 1822 145. Pot Nitration of Cellulose in France 1943 146. Dippmg Cotton 1944 147. Steeping the Cotton After Dipping 1945 148. The Direct Dipping of Cellulose 1947 149. Nobel's Explosives Co.'s Tank Method of Nitration 1949 150. The Assadas Method of Cellulose Nitration 1951 151. Selwig & Lange Nitrating Centrifugal 1957 152. Selwig & Lange Nitrating Centrifugal 1958 153. Selwig & Lange Centrifugal with Acid Circulation 1959 154. Selwig & Lange Nitrating Centrifugal (Top View) 1960 155. Selwig & Lange Centrifugal with Fume Conveyor. ." 1964 156. Selwig & Lange Nitrating Equipment in France 1965 157. Selwig & Lange Nitrating Installation in France 1965 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxiu 158. Wolfshohl Automatic Cotton Steeper'. : 1966 159. Wolfshohl Automatic Cotton Steeping Appliance 1987 160. Tolhurst Nitrating Centrifugal '. 1969 161. Tolhurst Acid Wringer 1970 162. Tolhurst Finishing Centrifugal 1971 163. Dumons Vacuum Nitrating Apparatus .- 1972 164. Kron Nitrating Centrifugal 1975 165. Thomson Displacement Cotton Nitrating Apparatus 1981 166. Thomson Displacement Apparatus (Sectional Elevation). 1981 167. Thomson Displacement Nitration 1982 168. Thomson Displacement Nitrating Pan 1982 169. Unit of Four Thomson Displacement Pans 1983 170. Thomson Displacement Process at Picatinny 1985 171. Thomson Displacement Nitration in France 1986 172. Plumbing Installation for Displacement Plant 1986 173. View Showing Arrangement of Units in Rows 1987 174. Thomson Displacememt Nitration Pans 1989 175. Cocking Method of Cotton Nitration 1992 176. Amqtt Acid Distributing System 1993 177. Add Mixing and Weighing Tanks 1996 178. Top Floor. Nitrating House 1997 179. du Pont Mechanical Cotton Nitration 1998 180. Nitrating House, Dipper Floor 1999 181. du Pont Mechanical Cotton Nitration 2000 182. Matousek Nitrating Centrifugal 2003 183. Diamanti Method of Cotton Nitration 2005 184. Briailles Electrolytic Nitration Method 2006 185. Schniter Cotton Nitration Process 2007 186. France Method of Cotton Comminution. : 2009 187. Mackie's Process for Cotton Nitration 2010 188. Maxim Process for Cotton Nitration 2013 189. Maxim Cotton Nitration Process 2014 190. Beck and Nenninger Guncotton Apparatus 2016 191. Henchman's Nitration Process 2019 192. Cotton Nitration Process, Zellstoffabrik 2020 193. Chardonnet Nitrating Apparatus 2023 194. Kaltenbach Nitration Process 2027 195. Muller Process for Cotton Nitration 2028 196. Morane Nitrating Apparatus 2029 197. Schupphaus & White Paper Nitration Process 2035 198. Schupphaus & White Paper Nitration Process 2035 199. Mowbray's Paper Nitrating Apparatus 2036 200. Mowbray's Paper Nitrating Apparatus 2037 201. Tribouillet & Besaucele Nitrating Apparatus 2038 202. Hyatt Tissue Paper Nitrator •. 2041 203. Hyatt Tissue Paper Nitrator 2041 204. Hyatt Tissue Paper Nitrator (Plan View) 2042 205. Hyatt Tissue Paper Nitratoi (Side View) 2043 206. Swan Apparattis for Paper Nitration 2046 207. Swan Apparatus for Paper Nitration 2047 208. Delpy Paper Nitration Apparatus 2049 209. Selwig & Lange Automatic Guncotton Conveyor 2061 210. Flack Gimcotton Washer 2064 211. Flack Guncotton Washer 2065 212. Percolator Boiling Tub House 2073 213. Guncotton Boiling House 2075 214. Selwig & Lange Guncotton Steam Centrifugal 2080 215. Installation of Hollander Pulpers 2085 XXiV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 216. Miller Patent Duplex Beating Engine 2086 217. Miller Duplex Beater 2086 218. Pulping House Showing Corliss Engines 2091 219. Stabilization of Nitrocellulose in France 2096 220. Centrifugal Pump Poachers 2097 221. Poachers as Installed at Stowmarket 2099 222. Centrifugal Pump Poachers and Blending Tuns 2101 223. Poacher House 2103 224. Chutes for Removing Foreign Matter 2105 225. Installation of Electro-Magnets 2106 226 Nitrocellulose Blenders 2109 227. Nitrocellulose Blenders Showing Stirring Arrangement 2110 228. Miller Open Screen 2113 229. Packer Open Diaphragm Screen 2115 230. Union- Witham Screen Plate Vat and Fasteners 2116 231. Witham Screen Plates 2117 232. Sectional View of Tolhurst Bottom Discharge Extractor 21 19 233. Tolhurst Self-balancing Dehydrating Centrifugal 2120 234. Installation of Centrifugals (Bottom Discharge) 2121 235. Leflaive Centrifugal Wringer 2123 236. Muller Centrifugal Extractor 2124 237. Selwig & Lange Centrifugal Pyroxylin Dehydrator 2126 238. Running Pulped Nitrocellulose Through the Wet Machine 2129 239. Dehydrating House Showing Presses 2131 240. Block or Cheese of Nitrocotton 2132 241. Breaker fw Disintegrating Nitrocotton Blocks 2133 242. du Pont Pressure Dehydrator 2134 243. Alcohol Displacement Nitrocotton Dehydration 2142 244. Alcohol Dehydration — Underside of Pot 2143 245. Gentieu Guncotton Dehydrator 2144 246. Edson Process for Drying Nitrocellulose 2149 247. Stove for Drying Nitrocotton in Loose Form 2152 248. Passbiu-g Patent Drying Chamber 2154 249. Passburg Safety Vacuum Drying Apparatus 2155 250. du Pont Method of Nitrxxellulose Drying 2157 251. Hydraulic Press for Alcohol Dehydration 2161 252. Hydraulic Guncotton Press (From Below) 2163 253. Compression of Guncotton 2165 254. Guncotton Sectional Charges 2167 255. Machine for Breaking or Sieving Nitrocotton. 2169 256. Block Breaker House Discharge 2170 257. Guncotton Block Breaker 2171 258. Stove for Drying Nitrocotton in Primer Form 2177 259. Installation of Moulding Presses 2178 260. Hydraulic Nitrocotton Press. 2179 261. Press for Moulding Nitrocotton into Primer Forms 2180 262. Cotton and Guncotton at Different Stages of Manufacture 2181 263. Block of Guncotton and Press 2183 264. Compression of Guncotton into Blocks 2185 265. Guncotton Block 2187 266: Solid Block of Compressed Guncotton 2189 267. Unpulped Nitrocellulose 2191 268. Nitration of Cellulose 2192 269. Thomson Method of Cotton Nitration 2193 270. Boiling the Nitrated Cellulose 2196 271. Nitrocellulose Beaters or Pulpers 2198 272. Introducing Nitrocotton into the Beater 2199 273. Bagging the Nitrocotton 2204 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXV 274. Centrifugalizing the Nitrocotton 2205 275. Picking over the Nitrocellulose '. 2206 276. Loading the Nitrocotton into the Preliminary Boiling Tubs 2213 277. Quinan Nitrocotton Dryer 2221 278. Quinan Nitrocellulose Dryer 2222 279. Individual Quinan Nitrocotton Dryer 2223 280. Nitration of Cotton at Gretna 2231 281. Du Pont Process for Granulating Nitrocellulose 2248 282. Du Pont Process for Granulating Nitrocellulose 2248 283. Cochins Viscosimeter 2277 284. Speedy Viscosimeter 2279 285. Ostwald Viscosimeter 2283 286. Viscosity Determination by Ball Fall Method 2286 287. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. xuv. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LI. LIST OF TABLES. PAGE. Composition of the Celluloses 10 Distillation of Carbohydrates 41 Specific Rotatory Power of Different Types of Cellulose. 50 Distillation of Cellulose and Wood 58 Absorption of Tannin by Celltdose 62 Absorption of Tannin by Cellulose in Acid Solution. ... 62 Action of Sulfuric Acid on Cotton 118 Cotton 119 Acid Decomposition of Cellulose 122 Reducing Properties of Hydrocellulose 138 Action Sodium Hydroxide on Hydrocellulose 144 Copper Number of Hydrolyzed Cellulose 145 Action of Ozone on Cotton and Viscose 153 Action of Ozone on Mercerized Cotton 154 Products from Oxidation of Cellulose 166 Cellulose to Glucose 199 Cellulose to Glucose (2.7 Atms. Pressure) 199 Hydrolysis of Pine Wood 212 Action of Caustic Soda on Cellulose 218 Action of Alkali on Cellulose 221 Benzoylation of Cellulose 222 Mercerization of Cotton 229 Vegetable Fibrous Materials 244 Carbon and hydrogen in Jute and Cotton 247 Composition of Flax, Hemp and Spruce Wood 250 Composition of Wood 254 Destructive Distillation of Lignin 256 Wood, Analyses of 258 Color Reactions of Lignocellulose 262 Analysis of Waste Sulfite Liquor 280 Resins in Wood Pulp 288 Products of Fermentation of Cellulose 341 Temperature Increases of Starch and Water 434 Lengths and Diameters of Cotton Fibers 480 Length of Cotton Fibers 504 Variation in Length and Diameter of Cotton Fibers 507 Length of Staple of Cotton 507 Diameter of Fibers 508 Length of Cotton Staples 509 Regain for Cotton at Various Temperatures and Per- centages of Humidity 510 Hygroscopicity of Cottons 513 Hygroscopicity of Purified Cottons 514 Percentage Moisture Absorption in Cotton 517 Mineral Constituents of Cotton 525 Ash in Different Varieties of Cotton 525 Mineral Constituents of Cotton Fiber 526 Analyses of Cotton Fiber 527 Tensile Strength of Cotton 572 Strength of Single Cotton Yarns 528 Composition of Cotton Fiber 531 Analyses of Mercerized Egyptian Cotton 532 LIST O^ TABLES XXVJl LII. Copper Absorption of Cotton 647 LIII. Analyses of Nitrated Cotton -?.... 558 LIV. Solubility of Aluminium in Nitric Acid 951 LV. Production of Sulftu* in Various Countries, 1906-1914 In- clusive 1021 LVI. Analyses of Pyrites 1047 LVII. Analyses of Pyrites 104a LVIII. Dimensions of Mechanical Pyrites Burners 1064 LIX. Sulfur Trioxide Content of Oleum 1126 LX. Sulfur Trioxide Content of Feed Acid, 96%-100% 1126 LXI. Sulfur Trioxide Content of Oleum, 88%-96% 1126 LXII. Conversion of SOi and Og at Various Temperatures 1135 IJCIII. Sulfur Dioxide and Oxygen without Nitrogen 1135 LXrV. cm. CIV. . CV. CVI. CVII. CVIII. CIX. ex. CXI. CXII. CXIII. CXIV. cxv. CXVI. CXVII. CXVIII. CXIX. CXX. CXXI.. CXXIII. CXXIV. cxxv. CXXVI. CXXVII. CXXVIII. CXXIX. cxxx. CXXXI. CXXXII. CXXXIII. CXXXIV. cxxxv. CXXXVI. CXXXVII. CXXXVIII. CXXXIX. CXL. CXLI. CXLII. CXLIII. CXLIV. CXLV. CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII. CXLIX. CL. CLI. Reducing Nitric Acid to Standard Temperattire and Pressure 1550 Percentages of Nitrogen in Substances Taken 1557 Composition of Gas from Combustion of Gtmcotton 1627 Cellulose Nitrates of Vieiile 1652 Nitration Experiments of Vieiile 1654 Nitration Experiments of Vieiile 1655 Effect of Washing on Guncotton 1657 Effect of Ptdping on Guncotton 1657 Effect of Washing on Viscosity of Guncotton 1657 Influence of Water on Nitration of Cotton 1659 Nitration of Cellulose Derivatives 1663 Nitration Experiments of Bonge 1667 Action Concentrated Nitric and StUfuric Acids on Cotton 1672 Saponification of Nitrocellulose by Caustic Soda 1676 Saponification of Nitrocellulose by Ammonium Sulfide. . . 1676 Heat Test of Nitrocellulose Combinations 1704 Loss of Nitrogen in Heating Nitrocellulose 1707 Solubility of Nitrocellulose 1725 Solubility of Nitrocellulose 1726 Viscosity of Nitrocellulose Solutions 1737 Viscosity of Nitrocellulose in Ether- Alcohol 1744 Alteration of Viscosity with Time 1745 Nitrocellulose Viscosity in Ether- Alcohol 1745 Viscosity /Concentration of Nitrocellulose 1746 Viscosity of Ether-Alcohol Nitrocellulose Solutions 1746 Effect of Water on Nitrocellulose Viscosity 1748 Viscosity Nitrocellulose in Anhydrous Acetone 1749 Density of Nitrocellulose 1756 Action Ultraviolet Rays on Smokeless Powders 1764 Ultraviolet Ray Decomposition of Nitrocellulose 1764 Permanent Gases in Explosion of Strand Guncotton 1799 Permanent Gases in Explosion of Pellet Guncotton 1799 Gases in Detonating Gtmcotton 1800 Gases Evolved in Firing Cordite Powder 1800 ' Pressures in Firing Cordite Powder 1801 SolubiHty of Nitrated vStarch 1833 Viscosity of Nitrated Starch 1833 Composition of Trojan Explosive and Grenite 1841 Colors Produced in Dyeing Nitrocellulose 1896 Nitrates of Oxycellulose and Hydrocellulose 1902 Spent Acid from Thomson Nitration Process 1989 Temperature Rise of Spent Acid, Thomson Process 1989 Comparison of Nitrated Processes 2059 Materials Required for One Ton Nitrocellulose 2059 Boiling Periods for Nitrocellulose 2077 Boiling Periods for Nitrocelltilose 2078 Determination of Nitrogen in Gimcotton 2320 Analysis of Nitrocellulose Compounds by Nitrometer . . . 2322 Stability Nitrocellulose for Military Powder 2348 ABBREVIATIONS. A. At At !d. Anon, A. O. A. C. abs. A. C. Act. Add. ale. alk. amp. ami. approx. at. atm. atm. pr. as- av. b. b. pt. c. cal. cc. chem. C. I. com. comp. compd. cone. cor. C. O. V. c. p. crys. cu. cu. ft. cu. m. cwt. D. C. d- d. diam. dcm. dil. dr. • fl. Farb. f. pt. gal. Ges. gm. American Association for the Advancement of Science Anonyme (Anonymotis) Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists absolute Alternating current Actien Addition Patent alcohol ethyl alkaline ampere amount approximate atom, atomic atmosphere (s) atmospheric pressure assymmetric average boil(s), boiling boiling point asymmetric carbon atom calorie cubic centimeter (s) chemitol cast iron commercial composition compound conicentrat-ed, ion corrected Concentrated oil of vit- riol candle power crystals, crystallized cubic cubic foot (feet) cubic meter (s) hundredweight Direct current dextro density diameter decimeter dilute dram fluid Parbenfabriken freezing point U. S. gallon, 3785 cc. Gesellschaft gram(s) grain(s) h. p. horse power hr. hour(s) insol. insoluble in. inch k. kilogram kw. kilowatt 1. liter(s) i. laevo lab. laboratory lb. Avoirdupois pound(s) Ltd. Limited m. meter m. meta mfr. manufacturer mfg. manufacturing mgm. milligram min. minute (s) mm. millimeter mol. molecule (s) mol. wt. molecular weight m. pt. melting point M. S. Mild steel nor. normal n. t. p. normal temperature and pressure (0° C, 760 mm.) 0- ortho ord. ordinary oz. Avoirdupois ounce p- para pp. precipitate p. pint qt. quart quant. quantitative • recryst. recrystallized r. p. m. revolution per minute sat. saturate (d) sc. scruple sec. second (s) soln. solution Soc. Societe sp. gr. specific gravity sq. square S. T. P. Standard temperature (15.56° C.) and pres- sure (760 mm.) sym. symmetrical temp. temperature (s) V' vicinal vac. vacuum vol. volume (s) wt. weight " degrees Centigrade (al- ways) % per cent, by weight TABLE OF SUMMARIES TO VOLUME ONE Foot Notes Literature Chapt. Pages Topics Tables Cuts Patents Refer- ences Names I 388 75 32 0 1124 3624 13665 5042 II 96 ' 19 2 0 798 896 6583 1839 III 98 27 19 1 174 143 565 211 IV 82 11 0 40 111 238 508 466 V 344 71 1 41 1199 5116 10386 4994 VI 396 141 13 25 1676 4609 9376 5911 VII 116 21 2 30 100 111 509 155 VIII 48 0 34 0 12 — 7 20 IX 366 65 33 3 1420 1175 8359 1988 X 340 54 11 138 320 577 1014 351 XI 104 27 3 14 204 6 1216 302 XII 707 88 0 2 12473 22963 28316 12461 Total 3085 599 150 294 19611 39458 80504 33740 LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE A. and N. J. Aarau, Archiv der Med. Aarau, Mitth. Abbeville, Bull. Soc. Linn. Abbeville, Mem. Soc. Emul. Abeille, J. Abeille mem. Abeille Soc. Acad. Acad. Caes. Leop. Nova Acta Acad. Natur. Curios. Nova Acta Acireale Accad. Atti Adreale, Soc. Ital. Micro. Boll. Acquoy, Tijdschrift Acta Math. Actes Soc. Helvetique Adansonia Adelaide Phil. Soc. Trans. Aeronaut. J. Aeronaut. Soc. Reports Aeronaute Afhandl. Fysik. African Assoc. Proc. Agen, Soc. Agric. Recueil. Agram., Program Gynmas. Agric. Gaz. Agric. Gaz. N. S. Wales Agric. J. India Agrk. Ledg. Agric. Soc. J. Agric. Stud. Gaz. Agron. Ztg. Aix, Acad. Mem. Prepared by Ds. Cakl Marx Army and Naval Journal Archiv. der Medizin, Chirurgie, und Pharmazie Mittheilungen des Aargauischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Compte Rendu et Bulletin de la Soci6t^ Linneenne du Nord de la Prance Memoires de la Soci^t6 d'Emulation d'Abbeville L'Abeille, Journal d'Entomologie L' Abeille: memoires d'Entomologie (Publications de la Soc. Entomologiede France.) LaAbeille. Journal de Entomologie Memoires de I'Academie des Sciences Nova Acta physico-medica Academiae Caes. Leopol- dino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum Atti e Rendiconti dell' Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti dei Zelanti e PP. dello Studio di Acireale Bollettino della Societa Italiana dei Microscopisti Tijdschrift voor Wis-, Natuur-, en Wertuiglnmde Acta Mathematica Actes de la Soci^t^ Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles Adansonis: Recueil d'observations botaniques Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Philo- sophical Society of Adeliade, South Australia The Aeronautical Journal Annual Reports of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain L' Aeronaute: bulletin mensuel international de la Navigation Aerienne Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi, och Mineralogi Proceedings of the. African Association for promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa Recueil des Travaux de la Soci^t^ d'Agiiculture, Sciences, et Arts d'Agen Program des k. k. Akademischen Gymnasiums zu Agram The Agriculttu^ Gazette Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, The Agricultural Journal of India Agricultural Ledger The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England Agricultural Students' Gazette. A Quarterly Jour- nal edited by Students at the College, Cirencester Agronomische Zeitung Recueil de Memoires de la Soci^t^ des Amis des Sciences, des Lettres, de I'Agricultur, et des Arts a Aix XXXIV LIST O^ ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Albany Inst. Proc. Albany Inst. Trans. Alger. Bull. Soc. Climat. Alk. AUelod. Soc. Trans. Allg. Berg. Ztg. Allg. Bot. Zts. Allg. Deut. Naturhist. Ztg. Allg. Deut. Omith. Ges. Allg. Fischerei Ztg. Allg. Forst-Jagd-Zts. Allg. Gerber-Ztg. Allg. Schweiz. Ges. Gesam. Naturwiss. Allg, Syn. Suikerfab. Allg. Zts. Bierbr. Malz- fabr. Allier, Bull. Soc. Emul. Alpina Altenburg Mitth. Amat. Mechan. Soc. J. Amer. Acad. Mem. Amer. Acad. Proc. Amer. Agric. Amer. Ann. Phot. Amer. Apoth. Ztg. Amer. Artisan Amer. Assoc. Proc. Amer. Brewers Rev. Amer. Btiilder Amer. Chem. J. Amer. Chemist Amer. Drug. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. Amer. Engin. & Railroad J. Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. Trans. Amer. Fertilizer Amer. Food J. Amer. Gas Light J. Amer. Geogr. Soc. Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. J. Amer. Geogr. Soc. Proc. Proceedings of the Albany Institute Transactions of the Albany Institute Bulletin de la Societe de Climatologie Algerienne Alkohol The transaction of the AUelodidactic Society Allgemeine berg- und hiittenmannische Zeitung AUgemeine Botanische Zeitscrift fur Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie, etc. Allgemeine Deutsche naturhistorische Zeitung See J. Omith Allgemeine Fischerei Zeitung Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitimg Allgemeine Gerber-Zeitung See Zurich, Schweiz. Ges. N. Denkschr. Algemeen Syndicat van Suikerfabrikanten in Nederl.- Indie. With Arch-Suikerind, etc. Allgemeine Zeitschrift fiir Bierbrauerei und Maz.l fabrikation Bulletin de las Soci^t6 d' Emulation du d^partement de r Allier: Sciences, Arts, et Belles-Lettres Alpina, eine Schrift der genauen Kenntniss der Alpen gewidmet; von Carl Ulisses von Salis und J. R. Steinmueller Mittleilungen aus dem Osterlande ; herausgegeben von der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Altenburg The (Quarterly) Journal of the Amateur Mechanical Society Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciencess American Agricultiu-ist American Annual of Photography Deutsch-Amerikanische Apotheker Zeitung American Artisan Proceedings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science American Brewers Review The American Builder American Chemical Journal American Chemist American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record American Electrochemical Society American Engineer (Car Builder), and Railroad Journal Transactions of the American Ethnological Society Transactions of the American Entomological Society and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences American Fertilizer, The American Food Journal American Gas Light Journal, The Bulletin of the American Geographical and Statistical Society Journal American Geographical Society, New York Proceedings of the American Geographical and Sta- tistical Society of New York LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE XXXV Amer. Geol. and Nat. As- soc. Reports Amer. J. Conchol. Amer. J. Dent. Sci. Am. J. Math. Amer. J. Med. Sci. Amer. J. Otol. Amer. J. Pharm. Amer. J. Physiol. Amer. J. Physiol., Boston Amer. J. Psychol. Amer. J^Pub. Health Amer. J. Sci. Amer. Mach. Amer. Math. Soc. Amer. Med. Amer. Med. Assoc. Trans. Amer. Med. Phil. Reg. Amer. Med. Recorder Amer. Meteorol. J. Amer. Micro. J. Amer. Micro. Soc. Proc. Amer. Micro. Soc. Trans. Amer. Mineral. J. Amer. Min. Gaz. Amer. Monthly Micro. J. Amer. Mus. Bull. Amer. Mus. Mem. Amer. Natur. Amer. Ophthalm. Soc. Trans. American Perfumer Amer. Phil. Soc. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans. Amer. Phot. Amer. Poly. J. Amer. Quart. J. Agric. Amer. Reports State Entom. Amer. Soc. Agr. Sci. Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin. Trans. Amer. Soc. Micro. Proc. Amer. Sugar. Ind. Amer. Vet. Rev.. N. Y. Amherst. Agric. Sta. Re- port Amid, Giom. Loscano Amiens Acad. Sci. Mem. Reports of the Meetings of the Association of Ameri- can Geologists and Naturalists at Philadelphia American Journal of Conchology American Joiunal of Dental Science American Journal of Mathematics American Journal of the Medical Sciences. The American Joiunal of Otology American Joiunal of Pharmacy The American Journal of Physiology American Journal of Physiology, Boston The American Journal of Psychology American Journal of Public Health The American Journal of Science American Machinst See N. Y. Amer. Math. Soc, American Medicine Transactions of the American Medical Association The American Medical and Philosophical Register; or Annals of Medicine, Natural History, Agricidture, and the Arts American Medical Recorder American Meteorological Journal The American Quarterly Microscopical Journal. With which is also published the Transaction of the New York Microscopical Society Proceedings of the American Microscopical Society Transactions of the American Microscopical Society The American Mineralogical Journal The American Mining Gazette and Geological Maga- zine American Monthly Microscopical Journal Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History American Naturalist Transactions of the American Ophthalmological So- ciety American Perfiuner and Essential Oil Review, The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge American Photography The American Polytechnic Journal American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science See III., Mass., Mo., N. Y. Proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agri- cultural Science Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers Proceedings of the American Society of Microscopists American Sugar Industry and Beet Sugar Gazette, The American Veterinary Review, N. Y. Annual Report of the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, at Amherst, Mass. Giomale Loscano di Scienze medichi, fisiche e naturali Memoirs de I'Academie des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts d'Amiens USX OP ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Ammon, Monatschr. Med. Ammon, Zts. Opthalm. Amsterdam Amsterdam, Akad. Jaarb. Amsterdam, Akad. Proc. Amsterdam, Akad. Verh. Amsterdam, Akad. Versl. Mededeel. Amsterdam, Akad. Wet. Proc. Amsterdam, Archief Wisk. Genoots. Amsterdam Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam, Bull. Congr. Bot. Amsterdam Congr. Bot. Actes Amsterdam Genootsch. "Natm^ Artis Magistra" Amsterdam Genootsch. Nat.-, Genees- en Heel- kmide Amsterdam, Het Inst. Amsterdam, Mengelwerk Amsterdam, Nieuw. Verh. Amsterdam, Nieuw. Wis. Voorstel. Amsterdam Nederl. Aardr. Genootsch. Tijdschr. Amsterdam, Onderz. Phys. Lab. Amsterdam, Tijdschr. Natuurk. Wetens. Amsterdam, Tijdsthr. Wis. Natuurk. Wetens. Amsterdam, Verh. Amsterdam, Verh. Ge- noots. Geneesk. Amsterdam, Verzam. Ber. Navig. Monatschrift fiir Medecin, Augenheilkunde, und Chirurgie Zeitschrift fur die Ophthahnologie Werken van het Genootschap ter Bevordering der Natuur-, Geneesen Heelkimde. See MaandbL Nat. Jaarboek van de koningklijke Akademie van Weten- schappen gevestigd te Amsterdam Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amster- dam. Proceedings of the Section of Sciences Verhandelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Weten- schapp. Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Naturkuiibe Processen-Verbaal van de gewone Vergaderingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Af- deeling Natuiu-kunde. Archief uitgegeven door het Wiskundig Genootschap Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde uitgegeven door the (Konincklijk Zoologisch) Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra, te Amsterdam Bulletin du Congres International de Botanique et d'Horticulture reuni a Amsterdam Actes du Congres International de Botanistes, d'Horti- culteurs tenu a Amsterdam, en 1877 See Amsterdam Bijdr. Dierk See Maandbl. Nat. Het Instituut Mengelwerk von uitgeleezene en andere Wisen Natuur- kundige Verhandelingen Nieuwe Verhandelingen der eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsche Instituut van Weten- schapen, en Schoone Ktmsten te Amsterdam Verzameling van nieuwe wiskundige Voorstellen door de Leden van het Wisktmdig Genootschap, onder de zinspreuk: Een onvennoeide arheid komt alles te boven, elkander tot onderlinge oefening opgegeven Tijdschrift van het (Kon.) Nederlandsch. Aardrijks- kundig Genootschap, gevestigd te Amsterdam Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologisch Labora- toriiun van de Doorluchtige en Klinische Scholen te Amsterdam Tijdschrift voor Natuurkundige Wetenschappen en Kimsten Tijdschrift voor de Wis- en Natuurkimdige Weten- schappen, Letterkunde, en Schoone Kunsten te Amsterdam Verhandelingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederlandsche Instituut van Wetenschappen, Let- terkunde, en Schoone Ktmsten te Amsterdam Verhandelingen van het Genootschap ter Bevordering der Geneesen Heilkunde, en Schoone Kimsten te Amsterdam Verzameling van Berichten over eenige onderwcrpen des Navigatie LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE XXXVU Amsterdam Zool. Genoot- sch. "Natura Artis Mag- istra" Anales agron. Anales fis. quim. Anales inst. med. nadonal Anales Mineria Mex. Analyst Anat. Anat. Anz. Anat. Ges. Anat. Hefte Anat. Soc Proc. Anat. Studien Angers Acad. Sci. Mem. Angers, Ann. Soc. Linn. Angers, Mem. Soc. Agric. Angers, Soc. Sci. Bull. Ann. Ann. Bot. Ann. Chim. Ann. Chim. anal. Ann. chim. farm. Ann. Chim. Phys. Ann. Chimica Ann. Conduct. Fonts et Chauss. Ann. Conserv. Arts Met. Ann. Dermatol. Ann. Ecole norm. Ann. Palsif. Ann. Farm. Chim. Ann. Pis. Chim. Ann. G^e Civil Ann. G^. Set. Phys. Ann. Geogr. Ann. Hydrogr. Ann. Hydrogr. Mar. Met. Ann. hyg. pub. Ann. Ind. Ann. Inst. Pastuer Ann. Landw. Ann. Landw. Wochenbl. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. See Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. • Anales Agronomicos Anales de la«ociedad espanola de fisica y quimica Anales del instituto medico nacional Anales de la Mineria Mexicana, Revista de Minas The Analyst, including the Proceedings of the Society of Public Analysts Anatomic Anatomischer Anzeiger. Centralblatt fur die Gesamte Wissenschaftliche Anatomic. (Amtliches Organ der Anatomischen Gesellschaft) See Anat. Anz. Anatomische Hefte. Referate tmd Beitrage (Beitrage und Referate) zur Anatomic und Entwickelungs- geschichte. See J. Anat. Physiol. Anatomische Studien Memoires de TAcademie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres d'Angers Annales de la Soci^t^ Linneenne du departement de Maine et Loire Memoires de la Soci^t^ d'Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts Bulletin de la Soci^t^ d'Etudes Scientifiques d' Angers Liebig's Annalen der Chemie Annals of Botany Annales de Chimie Annales de Chimie analytique applique & Tlndustrie, a TAgriculture, 4 la Pharmacie et 4 la Biologic Annali di Chimica e de farmacologia Annales de Chimie et de Physique Annali di Chimica (Medico-Parmaceutica e di Farma- cologia) Annales des Conducteurs des Ponts et Chaussees et des Gardes-Mines Annales du Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie Annales scientifiques de T Ecole Normale superieure (L. Pasteur) Annales des Falsifications Annali di Parmacoterapia e Chimica (Biologica) Annali di Fisica, Chimica, etc. Annales du G6nie Civil Annales g6n6rales des Sciences Physiques Annales de Geographic Annales Hydrographiques Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteoro- logie. Organ des Hydrographischen Bureaus (Amtes) und der Deutschen Seewarte Annales d'hygiene publique Annales industrielles, par Fredureau, etc. Annales de I'lnstitut Pasteur Annalen der Landwirthschaft in den K. Staaten Annalen der Landwirtschaft, Wochenblatt The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, in- cluding Zoology, Botany and Geology xxxvm LIST O^ ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Ann. Matemat. Ann. Math. Ann. Med. Ann. Med. PsychoL Ann. Med. Surg. Ann. Microgr. Ann. Mines Ann. Museo Ind. Ital. Ann. Natur. Hist. Ann. Oculist Ann. Pharm. Ann. Pharm. Louvain Ann. Phil. Ann. Phys. Ann. Phys. Chem. Ann. Ponts et Chauss. Ann. R. Staz. Chira. Ann. Rep., U. S. Dept. Agric. Ann. sci. agron. Ann. Sci. Bot. Nat. Ann. Sci. Lomb. Veneto Ann. Sci. Nat. Ann. Sci. Univ. Jassy Ann. Scott. Natur. Hist. Ann. Surg. Ann. Storia Natur. Ann. Telegr. Annab.-Buchh. Ver. Na- turk. Ber. Annab.-Buclih. Ver. Na- turk. Jahr. Annaes Sci. Natur. Anne^ Biol. Annot. Zool. Jap. Annuaire Ancienne Nor- mandie Annuaire Inst. Provinces Annuaire met. France Annuaire Mines Russie Anthropol. (Paris) Anthropol. Congr. Anthropol. Inst. J. Annali di Matematica pura ed applicata Annals of Mathematics Annali di Medicina Annales medico-psychologiques;' Journal de V ana- tomie. Physiologic, etc., du systeme nerveux Annals of Medicine and Surgery, or Records of the occurring Improvements and Discoveries in Medi- cine, Surgery, and their immediately connected Arts and Sciences Annales de Micrographie specialement consacrees a la Bacteriologie, aux Protophytes et aux Protozoaires Annales des Mines. . .redigees et publiees sous TAutori* sation du Ministre des Travaux Publics Annali del R. Museo Industriale Italiano Annals of Natm-al History Annales d'Oculistique et de Gynecologic Annals of Pharmacy Annales de Pharmacie, Louvain Annals of Philosophy Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik und Chemie Annales des Ponts et Chaussees Annali della R. Stazione Chimico Agraria Sperimentale di Roma Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture Annales de la science agronomique francaise et 4tran- g^re Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique Annali delle Sdenze del Regno Lombardo-Veneto Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. Zo- ologie et Paleontologie, comprenant I'Anatomie, la Physiologic, la Classification et THistoirie Naturelle des Animaux Annales scientifiques de I'Universit^ de Jassy The Annals of Scottish Hatural History Annals of Surgery Annali di Storia Naturale* Annales Telegraphiques Bericht iiber den Annaberg-Buchholzer Verein fur Naturkunde Jahresbericht des Annaberg-Buchholzer Vereins fiir Naturkunde Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes L'Anne^ Biologique. Comptes Rendus annuers des Travuax de Biologic Generale Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, Auspiciis So- cietatis Zoologicae Tokyonensis seriatim editae Annuaire des cinq. Departements de TAncienne Normandie, par I'Association Normandie Annuaire de I'lnstitut des Provinces, des Societes Savantes, et des Congres Scientifiques Annuaire Meteorologique de la France Annuaire du Journal des Mines de Russie Materiaux pour I'Histoire de I'Homme. Revue d'Anthropologie. Revue d'Ethnographie reonis. See Congr. Int. Anthrop. C. R. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland UST O^ ABBREVIATIONS TO I^ITERATURE XXXIX Anthropol. Rev. Anthropol. Soc. Mem. Antwerpen, Verb. Genoots. Occ. qui non. Anvers, Ann. Soc. Med. Anvers, Congr. Sci. Geogr. Anvers, J. Pharm. Apoth. Ztg. Apothecary Appreturzeitung Apt, Ann. Soc. Sci. Aquila Arb. Kais. Gesundhts. Arb. pharm. Inst., D. Univ. Berlm Arcachon Soc. Sq. Stat. Zool. Trav. Arcetri Oss. PubbL Archief Suikerind. Archief Wisk. Genoots. Archit. and Kng. Archiv. Agriculturchem. Archiv. Anat. Micro. Archiv. Anat. Physiol. Archiv. Anthropol. Archiv. Anthropol. Etnol. Archiv. Augenheilk. Archiv. Augen-. Ohren- heilk. Archiv. beiges m^d. mil. Archiv. Biol. Archiv. Bot. Nord. France Archiv. Chem. Mikros. Archiv. Cosmol. Archiv. Dent. Archiv. Elect. Archiv. Entwickl. Organ. Archiv. exper. Path. Pharm. Archiv. Farmacol. sper. Roma Archiv. fisiol. Archiv. gen. Med. Archiv. ges. Physiol. Archiv. Heilk. The Anthropological Review Memoirs read before the Anthropological Society of London Verhandelingen van het Genootschap: "Occidit qui non servat" Annales de la Societe de Medecine d'Anvers Compte-Rendu du Congres des Sciences Geographi- ques, Cosmographiques et Commerciales Journal de Pharmacie, publ. par la Soc. de Pharmacie d'Anvers Apotheker Zeittmg, Berlin Apothecary, Boston Appreturzeitung Annales de la Societe litteraire, scientifique et artistique d'Art (Vaucluse) Aquila. A Magyar Omithologiai Kdzpont Folyoirata. Periodical of Ornithology Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, Berlin Arbeiten aus dem pharmazeutischen Institut der Uni- versitat Berlin Soci^t6 Scientiiique et Station Zoologique d' Arcachon See Firenze R. 1st. Pubbl. (Arcetri Oss) Archief Suikerindustrie in Nederlandsch-Indie Archief uitgegeven door het Wisktmdig Genootschap Architect and Engineer See Hermbstadt Archives d' Anatomic Microscopique Archiv. fiir Anatomic, Physiologic imd wissenschaft- liche Medicin Archiv. fiir Anthropologic . . . Organ der deutschen Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologic und Urgeschichte ^ Archivio per I'Anthropologia e la Etnologia Archiv. fiir Augenheilkunde Archiv. fiir Augen- und Ohrenheilkimde Archives beiges de medicine militaire Archives de Biologic Archives Botaniques du Nord de la France Archiv. Chemie und Mikroskopie Archives cosmologiques. Revue des Sciences Natur- elles, avec leurs applications a la Medecine, a I'Agri- culture, aux Arts, et a 1' Industrie Archives of Dentistry: A record of Dental knowledge; medical, surgical, microscopical, chemical, and mechanical Archives de TElectricite Archiv. fiir Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen Archiv. fiir experimentdle Pathologie imd Pharmako- logie Archivio di Farmacolagia speriraentale e Scienze affini, Roma Archivio di fisiologia Archives generates de Medecine Archiv. fiir die gesammte Physiologic des Menschen und der Thiere (Pfliiger) Archiv der Heilkunde xl LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO UTERATURE Archiv. Hyg. Archiv. Internal Med. Archiv. intl. pharmacodyn. Archiv. Ital. Biol. Archiv. Kinderheilk. Archiv. Math. Naturvid. Archiv. Math. Phys. Archiv. Med. Archiv. Med. comparee. Archiv. med. eicp. Archiv. Med. Navale Archiv. M\ed. Phann. MiUtair. Archiv. Mikro. Anat. Archiv. Miss. Sci. Archiv. Naturgesch. Archiv. Naturk. (Dorpat) Archiv. Neerland. Archiv. Ohrenheilk. Archiv. Ophthalm. Archiv. Ophthalm. Otol. Archiv. Otol. Archiv. Parasit. Archiv. path. Anat. Archiv. Pharm. Archiv. Pharm. og Chemi Archiv. Physiol. Archiv. Psychiatr. Archiv. Sci. Archiv. sci. med. Archiv. Sci. Phys. Nat. Archiv. Sci. Pract. Med. Archiv. Slaves Biol. Archiv. Verdauungs- krankh. Archiv. Wiss. Heilk. Archiv. Wiss. Prakt. Thier- heilk. Archiv. Zool. Anat. Fis. Archiv. 2kx>l. Exper. Arcueil, Mem. Phys. Argent. Inst. Geogr. Bol. Argent. P. Axsent. Soc. Ci. An. Archiv. fiir Hygiene Archives of Internal Medicine Archives intemationales de pharmacodynamic et de thereapie Archives Italiennes de Biologic. Revues, R6sum^s Reproductions des Travaux Scientifiques Italiens Archiv. fur Kinderheilkunde Archiv. for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab Archiv. der Mathematik und Physik Archives of Medicine See Rayer Archives de medicine experimentale et d'anatomie pathologique Archives de Medecine Navale (et Coloniale) Archives de Medecine et de Pharmacie Militaires Archiv. fiir Mikroskopische Anatomic (und Ent- wickelungsgeschichte) Archives des Missions Sdentifiques et Litteraires Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte Archiv. fiir die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kur- lands. Herausgegeben von der Dorpater Natur- forscher-Gesellschaft Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles publiees par la Societe Hollandaise des Sciences a Harlem Archiv. fiir Ohrenheilkunde Albrecht von Graefe's Archiv fiir Ophthalmologic Archives of Opthalmology and Otology Archives of Otology Archives de Parasitologic Archiv fiir pathologische Anatomic und Physiologic und fur klinische Medizin (Virchow's) Archiv. der Pharmacie; Archiv des Apothekervereins im nordlichen Deutschland. Archiv. de Pharmaci og Chemi, Copenhagen Archives de Physiologic Normale et Pathologique Archiv. fiir Psychiatric und Nervenkrankheiten Archives of Science and Transactions of the Orleans County Society of Natural Sciences Archivio per les scienze mediche Bibliotheque Universelle. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles Archives of Scientific and Practical Medicine Archives Slaves de Biologic Archiv. fiir Verdauungs-krankheiten Archiv. des Vcreins fur gemeinschaftliche Arbeiten zur Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Heilkunde Archiv. fiir wissenschaftliche und *praktische Thier- heilkunde Archivio per la Zoologia, TAnatomia, e la Eisiologia Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale Memoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Societe d'Arcueil Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino Argentine Patent Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina UST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE xli Arkiv. Kemi, Minerol. Geol. Arkiv. Math. Astron. Fysik Armagh Nat. Hist. & Phil. Soc. Arms and Expl. Amhem, Natuurk. Arras, Mem. Acad. Arras, Mem. Soc. Roy. Art. J. Artiz. Artus, Jahr. okon. Chemie Artus, Vierteljahresschrift Ashmol. Soc. Proc. Asiat. Researches Asiot. Soc. J. Assoc. Franc. Compt. rend. Assoc. Med. J. Assur. Mag. Astron. Nachr. Astron. Soc. Mem. Astron. Soc. Month. Not. Astrophys. J. Atelier Phot. Ateneo Ital. Athenes Obs. Nat. Ann. Atlantis Atti. Accad. Ital. Atti. accad. Lincei Atti. CoU. Ing. Archit Atti. inst. incoragg. Atti. R. Accad. Sci. Torino Atti Sci. Ital. Atti Soc. Elvet. Aube, Mem. Soc. Agric. Augsb. Naturhist. Ver. Ber. Auk Ausland Aust. P. Au8t.-Hung. P. Australasian Assoc. Rep. Australasian J. Pharm. Australian Med. J. Arkiv for Kemi, Mineralogi och Geologi Arkiv for Mathematik Astronomi och Fysik See Irish Natlist. Arms and Explosives Natuurkunde. Tijdschrift, inhoudende Phijsica, Chemie, Pharmacie, Natuurlijke Historie en Littera- tuur, uitgegeven van wege het Genootschap: Tol nut en vergenoegen, te Amhem Memoires de I'Academie d' Arras Memoires de la Societe Royale d'Arras The Art Journal The Artizan (London) Jahrbuch fiir dkonomische Chemie, etc. Vierteljahresschrift fiir technische Chemie, Land- wirthschaftliche Gewerbe, Fabrickwesen und Gc- werbetreibende uberhaupt. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Ashmolean So- ciety Asiatic Researches; or Transactions of the (Bengal) Society Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Association Francaise pour I'avancement des Sciences. Comptes Rendus See Med. Assoc. Joum. The Assurance Magazine (and Journal of the Institute of Actuaries) Astronomische Nachrichten Memoirs of the Astronomical Society of London Monthly Notices of the Astronomical Society of London Astrophysical Journal Atelier des Photographen L'Ateneo Italiano Annales de I'Observatoire National d' Athenes The Atlantis, or Register of Literature and Science Atti dell'Accademia Italiana di Scienze Atti della reale accademia dei Lined, rendiconti, dasse di scienze fisiche, mathematiche e naturali Atti de CoUe^io degli Ingegneri ed Architetti in Milano Atti del R. mstituto d'incoraggiamento di Napoli, Naples, Italy Atti della Reale Accademia della Scienze di Torino Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani Atti della Societa Elvetica delle Scienze Naturali Memoires de la Societe d'Agriculture, des Sdences, et des Lettres du department de I'Aube Berichte des Naturhistorischen Vereins in Augsburg The Auk. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology Das Ausland Austrian Patent Austro-Hungarian Patent Report of the. . . Meeting of the Australasian Assoda- tion for the Advancement of Sdence Australasian Journal of Pharmacy, Mdt>oume Australian Medical Journal xlii LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Australia Med. Rec. Australian P. Australian Sugar J. Autun, Mem. Soc. Eduenne Auvergne, Ann. Sci. Auxerre, Bull. Soc. Sci. Badischeu Aerzt. Verein. Mitth. Bah. P. Ballenstedt, Archiv. Ballot, Mag. Landbouw. Baltimore Med. Phys. Re- corder Bamb. Natiuf . Ges. Ber. Barb. P. Barcelona Acad. Bol. Barcelona Acad. Mem. Barrow Field Club Report Basel, Ber. Batavia Genootsch. Verb. Batavia, Natuur. Archief. Batavia, Natuiu-k. Tijdschr. Batavia, Notulen Batavia Obs. Obsns. Batavia, Tijdschr. Batavia, Verh. Natuurk. Vereen. Bath Micro. Soc. Minutes Bath Natur. Hist. Club. Proc. Bath Soc. Agric. Letters Baugew. Ztg. Baumgartner Zts. Bayer. Gewerbeztg. Bayer. Kunst. Gewerbebl. Bayer, Landw. Ver. Erg. Medical Records of Australia Australian P. Australian Sugar Journal Memoires de la Societe Eduenne Annales Scientifiques, Litteraires, et Industrielles de I'Auvergne Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de I'Yonne Mittheilungen des Badischen arztlichen Vereins Bahamas Patent Archiv fiir die neuesten Entdeckungen aus der Urwelt Magazin voor Landbouw en Kruidkunde Baltimore Medical and Physical Recorder Bericht der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Bamberg Barbados Patent Boletin de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Naturales y Artes de Barcelona Barrow Natiu-alists' Field Club and Literary and Scientific Association. Annual Report and Pro- ceedings Bericht iiber die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel Verhandlingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen Natuur- en Geneeskundig Archief voor Nederlandsch- Indifi Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indifi, uitgegeven door de Koninklijke Natuiu-kundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indi^ Notulen van de Allgemeene en. Bestuurs-Vergader- ingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kun- sten en Wetenschappen Observations made at the (Royal) Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at Batavia Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volken- kunde Verhandlingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-IndiC Extracts from the Minutes of the Bath Microscopical Society Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Anti- quarian Field Club Letters and Papers of the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce Baugewerks-Zeitung Zeitschrift fur Physik, Mathematik, und verwandte Wissenschaften Bayerische Gewerbezeitung Kunst und Gewerbeblatt (Poletechn. Verein Konigreich Bayem) Ergebnisse landwirthschaftlicher und agrikultiu*chemis- cher Versuche an der Station des General-Comite des Bayerischen Landwirthschaftlichen Vereines in Mtinchen LIST OP ABBREVIATIONS TO UTERATURlS xliii Bayeux, Mem. Soc. Agric. Bd. Trade J. Beauvais, Soc. Acad. Mem. Beitr. Anat. Physiol Beitr. Anthropol. Bay ems Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. Beitr. Geophys. Beitr. Kryptog. Schweiz Beitr. Mecklenb. Aerzte Beitr. Morphol. Beitr. Nattirk. Preussens Beitr. Palaont. Oesterr.* Ung. Beitr. Path. Anat. Beitr. Physiol. Morphol. 