None
4-9 5-4 8-4 16-9 8-8 19-7 21-3 The fitness of caseinogen for building up the tissues of the body is evident when we compare as in the Table on page 1242 the products of its hydrolysis with those of all the proteins in other food-stuffs. It will be seen that practically every amino-acid and allied substance employed in the building up of the various proteins is represented in caseinogen. The only exception is glycine, which can be easily formed from other amino-acids. In another point we find an adaptation of the milk to the growth of the young animal, and that is in its lecithin content. Lecithin is probably employed to the largest extent in the building up of the central nervous system, where it forms the most important constituent of the medullary sheaths of the nerve fibres . There is a corresponding proportionality between the lecithin content of milk and the relative brain weight of the young 1242 PHYSIOLOGY CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF DIFFERENT PROTEINS (3 1 j j 0 ! I .9 'o 0 "3) T (3D o '3 0 a ,Q I I O a | 1 1 §> * 1 'jl S a 3 03 • w 1 I CQ 3 3 3 « i 02 0 Glycine. Ala/nine. 4-19 0 2-7 3-5 2-2 0-9 0-4 2-0 0-1 2-0 1-0 2-5 16-5 0-8 36-0 21-0 2-0 3-7 Valine. 4-3 4. 1-0 0-3 1-0 1-0 0-9 Leucine. 29-04 20-0 18-7 10-5 8-0 5-6 15-0 2-1 1-5 11-1 Isoleucine Phenylalanine Tyre-sine • Serine. 7-8 4-24 1-33 0-56 3-1 2-1 0-6 3-8 2-5 3-2 4-5 0-2 3-7 1-5 0-5 2-4 1-2 0-2 3-2 1-5 0-4 0-4 1-5 10-5 1-6 3-1 2-2 Cystine. Proline. 11-0 0-31 2-34 2-5 1-0 0-7 2-8 0-6 3-1 3-2 0-5 7-0 5-4 5-2 0 5-1 Oxyproline Aspartic acid Glutamic acid 1-04 4-43 1-73 3-1 7-7 2-5 8-5 0-2 1-2 11-0 5-3 13-8 0-6 37-4 4-0 18-4 3-0 0-6 0-9 + 4-1 15-1 Tryptophane Arginine Lysine. 87-4 0 5-42 4-28 + + 1-5 4-8 5-8 10-1 4-3 3-2 0-0 7-6 2-8 0 1-0 7-1 7-1 Histidine 0 10-96 2-5 2-5 1-0 0-4 -f- 1-1 Ammonia 1-6 2-0 5-1 0-4 1-0 animal. Thus, in the calf the brain is only -^1^ of the whole animal. In cow's milk lecithin is present in the proportion of 1 -4 per cent, of the total protein. In the puppy the brain is ^ of the whole body and the proportion of lecithin to protein in the milk is 2-11 per cent. In the infant, the brain forms -^ of the body weight, while the lecithin is 3-05 per cent, of the protein of human milk. Calf Puppy Infant Relative brain weight. 1:370 1 :30 1 : 7 Lecithin content of milk in percentage of protein .... 1-40 2-11 3-05 We thus see that under normal conditions the young animal is supplied through its natural food with all the food-stuffs in the proportions which it requires for its normal nourishment and growth. It is impossible therefore satisfactorily to replace the natural milk of an animal by that of another species. In civilised communities it is becoming more and more the custom to endeavour to feed the child with cow's milk, more or less modified, in the vain endeavour to reproduce the properties of human milk. Among all classes this involves the administering of a milk differing in its qualities and in the relative proportions of its proteins, its fats, carbohydrates, and salts, from human milk. So-called ' humanised ' milk is only a rough imita- tion of the natural mother's milk. Among the poorer classes this artificial feeding means the replacement of a natural sterile food, throwing very little work on the digestive organs of the child, by a foreign milk, very difficult THE SECRETION AND PROPERTIES OF MILK 1243 to digest, and often teeming with micro-organisms. There is no doubt that of the children dying during the first year of life four-fifths are murdered by this unnatural method of feeding. In some cases it is necessary to adopt artificial feeding because the mother is abnormal, and there is an insufficient secretion of milk. It is therefore important to know what are the main differ- ences in composition between human and cow's milk. In human milk the caseinogen is not only absolutely but also relatively less than in cow's milk, while the latter is relatively poorer in milk sugar. Human milk is poorer in salts, especially in lime, containing only one-sixth of the amount present in cow's milk. Human milk is also said to be poorer in citric acid. The main differences may be summarised as follows : Proteins Water Caseinogen Albumin Fat Milk sugar Salts Human milk 88-5 T2 0-5 3-3 6-0 0-2 Cow's milk. 87'1 3-02 0-53 3-7 4'8 0-7 The caseinogen of human milk presents several points of difference from the caseinogen of cow's milk. It is less easly precipitated by acids. When coagulated by rennet it does not form a firm clot, but is thrown out in a flocculent form. It is thus much more susceptible to the action of gastric juice. Whereas the caseinogen of cow's milk generally gives a precipitate of ' pseudonuclein ' on digestion with pepsin and hydrochloric acid, a smaller or no precipitate is formed with human caseinogen. Another important advantage of human milk for the infant lies in the presence of antitoxins. It has been shown by Ehrlich that when a female animal has been immunised against any toxin and has produced in conse- quence antitoxins in its blood, these antitoxins will, if it has young, pass over into the milk. The same passage of anti-bodies into the milk has been proved in the case of various infective disorders. The ingestion of human milk will therefore not only nourish the infant, but will provide it with a certain measure of passive immunity against possible infection by diseases to which its species is liable. THE SECRETION OF MILK. When fully formed, each mammary gland consists of fifteen to twenty lobes connected by connective tissue. Each lobe is made up of a mass of secreting alveoli which lead by narrow ducts into one large lactiferous duct. These lactiferous ducts, one from each lobe, open on the nipple, undergoing in the nipple itself an oval enlargement. Before secretion begins, the alveoli as well as ducts are lined with a cubical epithe- lium. When secretion commences a marked difference develops between the epithelium of the alveoli and that of the ducts. While .the latter retains its previous character, the cells of the secreting epithelium grow in length and pro j ec t into the lumen of the gland . In the innermost part of the protoplasm numerous fat globules make their appearance. If sections be made of the 1244 PHYSIOLOGY gland during the various stages of its activity and stained by Altmann's method (acid fuchsin and picric acid), it will be seen that the commencement of activity is marked by the growth of the innermost part of the cells and the development in these of a number of granules (Fig. 566). These granules finally lengthen into shapes like spirilla, while others of them form fat and become metamorphosed into fat granules. The nuclei of the cells also divide, apparently in preparation for the replacement of some cells which undergo complete degeneration and are cast off into the secretion. We know very little about the mechanism of milk secretion. It seems impossible at present to explain the very close adaptation between the FIG. 566. Sections of mammary gland of guinea-pig (fat granules stained black with osmic acid). A, during rest. B, during active secretion. It will be noticed that in this case the active formation of products of cell-metabolism (granules, &c.) begins with the commencement of secretion, and does not occur almost exclusively during rest, as in the salivary glands. In the mammary gland, the active growth of protoplasm, the formation of granules from the protoplasm, and the discharge of these granules in the secretion appear to go on at one and the same time. activity of the secretory cells and the needs of the infant or young animal. Two at least of the constituents of milk, caseinogen and lactose, are peculiar to this secretion. It has been assumed that the caseinogen is produced by some sort of alteration in the nucleo-proteins of the gland-cells, and that the lactose is derived in the same way from some sort of gluco-protein or gluco- nucleoprotein, but the evidence for either of these assumptions is very scanty. The growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy is largely determined by some form of chemical stimulation, the specific hormone being produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary and possibly also in the growing foetus. It has been suggested by Hildebrandt that this stimulus is inhibitory in character — inhibitory, that is to say, of secretion — and therefore tending to the con- tinuous growth of the gland-cells. With the removal of the f oatus at birth the THE SECRETION AND PROPERTIES OF MILK 1245 source of the inhibitory stimulus is removed and the overgrown gland-cells enter into a condition of spontaneous activity. However this may be, there is no doubt that the secretion of the gland, once formed, is continued inde- pendently of the foetus, or indeed of any of the pelvic organs. The onset of a new pregnancy brings the secretion to a close. Removal of the ovaries in a cow is sometimes employed as a means of prolonging the secretion of milk. The only condition which is necessary for secretion to continue during six to nine months after birth is the repeated emptying of the gland, i.e. the removal of the secreted milk. The process of suckling not only removes the milk already secreted but excites the secretion of more milk. The secretion is certainly subject to nervous influences, but physiologists have not succeeded in either producing secretion by stimulation of the nerves going to the glands, or in stopping secretion by section of these nerves. Moreover the food of the animal may be varied within very wide limits without altering the composition or amount of the milk secreted, provided only that the food is sufficient in amount. The only constituent of the milk for which we have direct evidence of alteration by changes in the food-supply of the mother is the fat. It is well known that the composition of butter may be affected according to the food supplied to the cow. A large supply of oilcake, for instance, may result in the production of a butter which is deficient in the higher fatty acids and is therefore oily at ordinary temperatures. Abnormal fats and fatty acids, such as iodised fats or erucic acid, when administered to an animal in lactation may appear among the fats of the milk. Not only can the secretion and composition of the milk be affected reflexly through the nervous system, as, e.g. under the influence of emotions, but the influence may be reciprocal. This is especially marked in the case of the pelvic organs. The act of suckling excites tonic contractions of the uterus. Putting the child to the breast shortly after birth is therefore an important means of causing con- traction of the uterus and stopping any tendency to haemorrhage from the venous sinuses opened by the separation of the placenta and foetal mem- branes. The nursing of the child is therefore an important means of pro- curing a proper involution of the uterus after labour. Many uterine troubles among women may be ascribed to the previous neglect of this elementary duty. INDEX ABSINTHE, action of, 440 Absorption from connective tissues, 1019 in large intestine, 723 of amino-acids, 749 of carbohydrates, 743 of fats, 738 of food-stuffs, 731-753 of lymph, 1019 of proteins, 744 of water and salts, 731 significance of lipoids in, 735 Absorption-coefficient of gases, 1057 Acapnia, 1101 Accelerator nerves of heart, 975 Accessory olive, 367, 382 Accommodation, 539-549 comparative physiology of, 547-549 range of, 546 Acetamide, 49 Acetic acid, 48 Aceto-acetic acid, detection of, 1123 production from fats, 793 from amino-acids, 802 Acetone, 49 bodies in urine, 1123 in diabetes, 804 Achromatic spindle, 1205 Achroodextrin, 68, 662 Acid albumin, 98 amides, 49 hydrolysis of proteins, 76 number of fats, 56 Acidosis, 793 in diabetes, 804 Acromegaly, 1191 Acrose, 62 synthesis of, 153 Action-current, 226 E.M.F. of, 233 Adaptation, 4 sensory, 482 visual, 572 Addison's disease, 1185 Adenine, 103, 778 Adipose tissue, 53 action of gastric juice on, 688 Adrenaline, 51, 1182 action on blood-pressure, 1183 on blood-vessels, 1003 on heart, 977 on nerve terminations, 278 and sympathetic system, 1183 glycosuria, 801 instability of, 1185 isomers, action of, 1183 Adsorption, by colloids, 141 Adsorption, in ferment action, 168 law of, 148 of toxins, 1033 Adventitia of artery, 870 Aerotonometers, 1058, 1068 specific surface of, 1069 Afferent autonomic fibres, 476 impulses from muscles, 345 nerves, 255 path, 328 tracts, cerebellum, 402 cerebrum, 422 After-images, 571 coloured, 576, 581 After-load, 207 Air, composition of, 1052 expired, 1052 Alanine, 48, 77, 81 deamination of, 154 Albuminates, 99 Albuminoids, 106 Albumins, characters, 97 Albuminuria, 1121 Albumoses, 100, 686 Alcaptonuria, 770, 1124 Alco-gels, 139 Alcohol, food- value of, 646 Alcohols, 46 polyatomic, 47 Aldehyde, 47 reactions of, 47 resin, 48 Aldol, 120, 785 condensation, 120 Aldoses, 60 Alexia, 456 Alkaline hsematin, 98, 830 Allantoin, 779 ' All or none ' phenomenon, 205 Altitude, effect of, on red corpuscles 1102 on respiration, 1082 Altmanri's granules, 17 Aluminium, 44 Alveolar air, carbon dioxide in, 1081 composition of, 1053 sampling of, 1052 Amacrine cells, 560 Amboceptors, 1036 Amide nitrogen of proteins, 91 Amines, 49 action of, 1185' formed in putrefaction, 155, 1185 Amino-acids, 48, 77 absorption of, 745-749 aromatic, 84 1247 1248 Amino-acids, esters of, 80 fate after absorption, 750 food- value of, 645 heat equivalents of, 763 in digestion, 659 interconvertibility of, 765 separation of, 80 sulphur in, 86 synthesis of, 115, 154 Amino-isobutyl acetic acid, 82 a-amino-glutaric acid, 82 a-amino-succinic acid, 82 a-amino-thiopropionic acid, 86 Ammonia, estimation in urine, 1127 production from amino-acids, 761 in acidosis, 766 Ammonia-nitrogen of proteins, 92 Amoeba, 14 Amoeboid movement, 248 Amphoteric electrolytes, 80, 149 Amylase, 68 of pancreatic juice, 706 Amyloid substance, 106 Amyloplasts, 68 Amylopsin, 706 Anacrotic pulse, 926 Anaemia, 1011 Anaerobic organisms, 26 Analgesia, 495 Anal sphincter, 732 Anaphase of mitosis, 1206 Anarthria, 454 Anelectrotonus, 265 Anisotropous substance, 182 Ankle clonus, 335 Anodal contraction, 263 Anode, 187 Ancestrum, 1226 Anterior cerebellar tract, 354, 371 commissure, 426 Antidromic fibres. 22& 999 Antigens, 1036 -^ Antilysins, 1033 Anti-peristalsis in large intestine, 730 Antithrombin, 846 Antitoxins, 150, 847, 1032 Antipeptone, 704 Apex-beat, 903 Aphasia, 454 Apncea, 1080, 1095 spuria, 1096 vagi, 1096 vera, 1096 Aqueduct of Sylvius, 363, 373 Arabinose, 61 Arachidic acid, 54 Archipallium, 417 Arcuate fibres, 367 Arginase, 767 Arginine, 83, 84, 91 Aristotle's experiment, 493 Aromatic compounds, 49 substances, fate of, 770-773 * Arrest ' curves, 200, 208 Arterial pressure, 872, 874 and cardiac output, in man, 875 Arteries, distensibility of, 871 flow in, 918-931 structure of, 870 Arterioles, structure of, 870 INDEX 884 Arytenoid cartilage, 520 muscle, 521 Ascending tracts, 387 Ash, estimation in food, 614 Asparagine, 83 food-value of, 646 Aspartic acid, 82, 91 Aspergillus oryzse, 168 Asphyxia, blood-pressure changes in, 984 factors in, 984-987 in decerebrate animal, 985 stages of, 1079 Assimilation, 425 Association areas, 452 cells of cortex, 427 centres, 433 fibres of cerebrum, 427 sensory, 451 Astasia, 404 Asthenia, 404 Asthma, 1048 Astigmatism, 538 Asymmetric carbon atoms, 51 Ataxy, 346, 598 Atonia, 404 Attraction sphere, 16 Atwater -Benedict calorimeter, 622 Auditory area, 447 fatigue, 518 localisation, 518 nerve, nucleus of, 379, 380 ossicles, 513 mechanics of, 514 projection, 518 radiation, 423 sensations, 503 analysis of, 517 Audito-sensory area, 433 Auerbactis plexus, 469, 474 in intestine, functions of, 726, 727 in stomach, 699 Aurse in epilepsy, 439, 446 Auricle, pressure-changes in, 901 Auriculo-ventricular bundle, 893, 952 node, 952 Autonomic fibres, afferent, 476 cranial, 472 of vagus, 473 sacral, 473 system, classification of, 470 Autonomic nervous system, 466-477 Autoxidisable substances, 1106 Average error method, 484 Avogadrd's hypothesis, 126 Axis cylinder, 251 Axon, 251 reflexes, 474 in vaso-dilator fibres, 999 BACTERIA, action on amino-acids, 76 of putrefaction, 155 Bacterium nitromonas, 40 Bahnung, 305 in cortex, 441 Balanced reactions, 166 Balance-sheets of body, 613 Barcroft's blood-gas apparatus, 1055 Barger's method, 129 Barometric pressure, influence on alveolar C02, 1082 INDEX 1249 Basal ganglia, definition of, 377 development, 303 Basopkile leucocytes, 813 Basilar membrane, functions of, 510 Bathmotropic effect of vagus excitation, 973 Bayliss on depressor reflexes, 979, 1001 Bayliss and Starling on intestinal move- ments, 720 on secretin, 709 Beats, 508 Bechlerew's nucleus, 381, 402 Beckmann's apparatus for freezing-point, 129, 130 Behenic acid, 54 Bell and Mayendie's law, 255, 323 Benedict'^ respiration apparatus, 617 Bensley on islets of Langerhans, 807 Benzene ring, 49 origin of, 118 Benzyl alanine, 155 pyrotartaric acid, 155 Bernard's experiment on vaso-motor nerves, 982 Betz cells, 428 Bichromate cell, 187 Bidder's ganglion, 940 Biedermann's fluid, 210 Bile, 713-717 acids, 715 composition of, 714 flow of, 715 functions of, 710 pigment, origin ol, 83* salts, 714, 716 circulation of, 717 effects of, on lipase action, 707 functions of, 717 secretion of, 715 Biliary fistula, 715 Bimolecular reaction, 103 Binocular vision, 587, 592 Biogen, 20 Biophor, 20 Biuret, 1115 base, 88 reaction, 93, 100 Bladder, afferent impulses from, 1155 central control of, 1159 evacuation of, 1157 filling of, 1155 innervation of, 1154, 1157 musculature, 1152 rhythmic contractions of, 1156 sphincters of, 1153, 1159 Blind spot, 562 Blix apparatus, 197 on energy of «muscular contraction, 201 Blood, 810-807 alkalinity of, 1007 amount in body, 854 carbon dioxide in, 1064, 1071 coagulation, 812, 839-853 effect of calcium on, 852 historical account, 849-853 negative phase, 847 positive phase, 847 corpuscles, relative amount, 857 electrical conductivity, 861 freezing-point of, 861 Blood, gases of, 1054 gas determination, chemical methods, 1055 pumps, 1054 general composition of, 862 haemolysis, 23, 127, 820, 834, 1011, 1030 hydrogen ion concentration of, 1087 laking of, 820 life-history of red corpuscles, 831-835 methods of preventing coagulation, 839 osmotic pressure of, 801 oxygen capacity of, 855, 858 pigments, 829 synthesis of, 829 plasma, coagulation of, 840 composition of, 864 proteins of, 846 relative amount, 857 platelets, 836-838 pressure, alterations of, 884 apparatus, 872 in capillaries, 930 in man, 875 in vascular system, 873, 874-885 reaction of, 860, 1067, 1087 red corpuscles, 811, 818-835 chemistry of, 820 destruction of, 832 effect of altitude on number* 1102 enumeration of, 858 life of, 834 osmotic properties of, 819 regeneration of, 833 stroma, 821 reducing substances in, 1087 serum, proteins of, 865 specific gravity of, 860 variations in amount of, 1009-1011 velocity of, 886-890 vessels, nervous control of, 982-1005 volume, carbon monoxide method, 855 white corpuscles, 813-817 Body as a machine, 3 temperature, diurnal variations. 1170 regulation of, 1167-1177 Bone-marrow, structure of, 815, 831 Boundary layer, 1131 Bowman's capsule, 1132 glands, 502 Boyle's law, 124 Brachium, superior, 377 Brain, 361-396 development of, 362 evolution of, 365, 385 stem, ascending tracts, 387 association areas of, 452 cortical areas, 436 descending tracts, 389 evolution of, 361 functions of, 383-387, 392-390 long paths in, 383 structure of, 361-391 Break contraction, 192 excitation, 264 induction shock, 189 Broca's aphasia, 454 convolution, 435 Brodie's perfusion apparatus, 964 Bromine, 44 Bronchi, 1039 40 1250 INDEX Bronchial murmur, 1045 Bronchioles, 1039 innervation of, 1047 Brownian movement, 145, 146 Bruits, cardiac, 907 Bulbo-spinal animal, 393 Bulbo-spiral fibres of heart, 892 Bundle of His, 893, 952 Burch's capillary electrometer, 227 Burden-Sanderson's electrodes, 224 Burdock's column, 324, 352, 354 Biitschli's emulsion theory, 19 Butyric acid, 48, 54 CADAVERINE, 155 Caffeine, 103, 775 diuretic action of, 1141 Calcium salts, 43 Calcium salts, in milk coagulation, 688 effect on heart, 963, 975 excretion of, 724 function in blood coagulation, 841 phosphate in urine, 1125 in starvation, 626 Calculi, biliary, 47 Cullender recorder, 221 Calorific value of diet, 650 food-stuffs, 620 Calorimeter, 3 Atwater-Benedicfs, 622 Canal of Schlemm, 543 functions of, 597 Cane-sugar, 67 inversion of, in stomach, 685, 689 Cannon's shadow methods for movements of alimentary canal, 677, 697, 725 Capillary circulation, 928-931 electrometer, 174, 226 tracings, analysis of, 230 pressure, 930 wall, permeability of, 1014 Capric acid, 54 Caprylic acid, 54 Caproic acid, 54 Caput cornu posterioris, 316 Carbamide, see Urea Car bamino -acids, 80 Carbohydrate metabolism, 796-809 in starvation, 628 radical in proteins, 94 Carbohydrates, action of gastric juice on, 689 influence of, on metabolism, 636 Carbohydrates, 59-70 absorption of, 743 imbibition by, 151 synthesis of, 37, 110 Carbon assimilation, 109 importance of, 36 Carbon dioxide, assimilation of, 109 in atmosphere, 37 condition of, in blood, 1064 constancy of, in alveolar air, 1081 excretion of, 1051 tension in alveoli, 1071 tension in blood, 1065, 1071 tensions in tissues, 1064 Carbonic oxide haemochromog'en, 827 haemoglobin, 823, 824 Cardiac cycle, sequence of events, 894 time relations, 908 Cardiac impulse, 903 murmurs, 906 muscle, factors modifying activity of 958-966 influence of tension on, 958 physiological properties of, 955- 958 nerves, 969 output, 910-915 sound, 896 Cardinal points in schematic eye, 532 Cardiogram, 904 Cardiograph, 904 Cardio -inhibitory centre, 978 Cardiometer, 914 Cardie-pneumatic movements, 910 Carlson on heart of lirnulus, 946 Carotid gland, 1194 Casein, formation of, 688 hydrolysis of, 80 Caseinogen, 91, 100 action of gastric juice on, 688 preparation of, 1239 Catacrotic pulse, 926 Catalase, 1108 Catalysers, 159 Catalysis, 159 as a surface phenomenon, 161 by formation of intermediate products 161 of methyl acetate, 166 theories of, 160 velocity of, 162, 163 Catechol, 50 Catelectrotonus, 265 Cathcart on carbohydrate metabolism, 803 Cathodal contraction, 263 Cathode, 187 Cell, 13-17 sapt 14 structure of, 16 wall, 14, 22 composition of, 22 electrical phenomena in, 173 permeability of, 22, 23, 127 Cells, chemical changes in, 153 galvanic, see Galvanic cells growth of, 1199 histological differentiation of, 7, 31 synthesis in, 168 vital phenomena of, 25 Cellulose, 70, 646 digestion of, 722 food-value of, 646 hydrolysis of, 70 Central nervous system, 288-477 Centres in medulla, 394 Centro-acinar cells, 711 Centrosome, 16, 19, 33 Cephalin, 57 Cetyl alcohol, 47, 56 Cerebellar ataxy, 405 gait, 405 path, 388 Cerebello-olivary fibres, 369 Cerebellum, ablation of, 404 afferent tracts, 402 corpus dentatum, 373 Cerebellum, efferent tracts, 402 functions of, 397 Golgi cell, 401 INDEX 1251 Cerebellum, inferior peduncles, 369, 370, 402 middle peduncle, 402 nucleus emboliformis, 373, 389 fastigii, 373, 389 globosus, 373, 389 Purkinje cells, 400 roof nuclei, 373, 383, 389, 402 stimulation of, 403 structure of, 400 superior peduncles, 371, 389, 402, 423 vermis, 373, 400 Cerebral axis, intermediate grey matter, 382 cortex, associative functions, 451 excitability of, 435 function of layers, 431 lamination of, 427, 430 motor areas in, 436 sensory areas in, 444 structure of, 416-427 thickness of, 431 hemispheres, 416^65 development of, 416 functions of, 434-460 tracts in, 422 localisation, historical, 435 vesicles, 297 Cerebrum, afferent tracts of, 422 association fibres, 425 commissural fibres in, 422 development of, 362 fissures of, 417 lateral ventricles, 420 lobes of, 419 projection fibres, 423 structure of, 416-433 Cerumen, 512 ' Characteristic ' of excitability, 263, 271 Chemical changes in cells, 153 in living matter, 153-169 in muscle, 212-218 correlation of functions, 1178 stimulation of muscle, 186 Chemiotaxis, 6, 27, 498 in leucocytes, 1026 Cheyne-Stolces breathing, 1096 Chitin, 65 Chlorides, estimation of, in urine, 1129 resorption of, in kidney, 1149 Chlorine, 43 Chlorophyll, 6, 17, 37, 109, 829 Chloroplasts, 17, 33 Cholesterol, 47, 56 Choline, 57 Chondroitin, 106 Chondroitin-sulphuric acid, 106 Chondromucoid, 106 Chorda tympani, 472, 665 vaso-dilator fibres of, 996 Choroid coat, 542 plexus, 375 Chroma ffine substance, 1181 Chromatic aberration, 537 Chromatin, 17, 31 filaments, 31 granules, 15 Chromatolysis, 320 Chromophile substance, 1181 Chromoproteins, 101 Chromosomes, 17, 31 number of, in somatic cells, 1206 Chronograph, 194, 195 Chronotropic effect of vagus excitation, 973 Chyle, 1013 fat in, 739 Ciliary ganglion, .">.">:> movement, 248 muscle, 545 nerves, 552 processes, 542 Ciliated epithelium, 249 Cilio-spinal centre, 553 Cingulum, 417, 426 Circulating proteins, 642 Circulation, general features of, 868-873 in amphibia, 868 in fishes, 868 foetal, 1233 influence of gravity on, 883 in lungs, 935-938 in mammals and birds, 869 physiology of, 868-917 effect of respiration on, 936 schema, 881 • time, 912 Clarke's column, 318, 353, 354, 357, 388 Climacteric, 1217 Climate, influence of, on diet, 653 Clonus, 241 Closing tetanus, 273 Clostridium pasteurianum, 40 Coagulation of blood, 812, 839-853 of colloids, 72, 150 of milk, 688 of proteins, 72, 95 reversible, 72 Coccygeal ganglion, 466 gland, 1194 Cochlea, 515 development of, 603 Cochlear canal, 516 nerve, nucleus of, 380 Coefficient of partage, 24 Ccelom, 34 Coitus, 1227 Cold, actions of, on muscle, 208 sensations, conduction in cord, 359 spots, 487 Collagen, 106 action of gastric juice on, 687 food- value of, 645 Collateral sympathetic ganglia, 468 Collaterals in cord, 351, 357 Collecting tubules of kidney, 1132 Colloidal metals, 140 particles, movements of, 145, 146 size of, 144 solution, grades of, 151 solutions, phases in, 151 Colloids, 22, 72, 139-152 adsorption by, 141, 147 aggregation of, 147 charge of, 145, 147 coagulation of, 150, 151 combination between, 149 electrical properties of, 145-149 heat coagulation of, 72, 150 imbibition by, 151 of serum, 150 Colloids, optical properties of, 144 osmotic pressure of, 142 precipitation of, 147 surface phenomena of, 141, 147 1252 INDEX Colon, movements of, 729-732 Colostrum, 1237 Colour-blindness, 578 Colour, contrast phenomena, 581 mixers, 576 saturation, 575 vision, 574-584 Edridge-Green's classification, 580 Bering's theory, 579 Young-Helmfioltz' theory, 577 Combination tones, 510 Comma tract, 353 Commissural cells of cord, 318 fibres of cerebrum, 426 Commissure of Gudden, 388 Commutator, see Reverser Compasses test, 492 Complement, 1036 Complemental air, 1046 Complementary colours, 576 Compressor urethras, 1153 Concentration cell, 171 Conchiolin, 108 Condenser, 191 discharges, use of, in excitation, 263 Conduction, irreciprocal, 275, 302 Cone cells, 559 function of, 574 Congo red, adsorption of, 148 colloidal properties of, 137, 143 Conjugate deviation, 438, 587 foci, 529 Conjugated proteins, 101 Conjunctiva! reflex, 594 Connective tissues, action of gastric juice on, 688 Consciousness, 9 Conservation of energy in body, 3, 621 of mass, 3 Consonance, 509 Consonants, 525 Constant current, 186 flow in capillaries, 879 Constrictor fibres to limbs: 995 Contractile stress, 200, 207 tissues, 177-249 vacuole, 15, 33 Contraction, paradoxical, 283 remainder, 208 secondary, 233 voluntary, 239 wave in muscle, 204 Contrast in sensation, 483 Conus arteriosus, 892 Convection, loss of heat by, 1175 Convoluted tubules, 1 132 secretion by, 1144 structure of, 1133 Co-ordinated movements, mechanism of 338-348 Copper, 44 ferrocyanide cell, 125 Cornea, 542 Corpora mammillaria, 374, 375 Corpora quadrigemina, 363, 373 Corpus Arantii, 894 callosum, 426 dentatum of cerebellum, 373 luteum, formation of, 1222 function of, 1218 Corpus luteum, spurium, 1224 subthalamicum, 377 striatum, 363, 421 trapezoides, 371, 381, 387 Corresponding points, 587 Cortex, histological localisation in, 430 reciprocal innervation from, 437 thickness of, 430 Corti's organ, 517 Cortical areas, sensory, 444 motor, 436 epilepsy, 438 excitation, latent period of, 436, 444 inhibition, 438, 441 motor functions, characters of, 449 Crampton's muscle, 547 Cranial autonomic fibres, 472 nerves, functions of, 410-415 nuclei of, 378, 410-415 Crayfish, central nervous system, 293 Creatine, 84, 213, 766 Creatinine, 767 estimation of, 1128 in urine, 1116 tests for, 1117 Crescents of Gianuzzi, 664 Cretinism, 1187 Crico-arytenoid joint, 520 Cricoid cartilage, 520 Crico-thyroid muscle, 521 Crista acustica, 605 Crossed pyramidal tract, 352 reflexes, 304 Crura cerebri, 373 development of, 363 Crusta, 374 Crystallin, 98 Crystalline lens, 543 Crystallisation of egg albumin, 73 of serum albumin, 73 Crystalloids, 139 diffusibility of, 136 Crystals, mixed, 73 Ctiorine, 57 Curare, action of, 1 85, 259 Current, demarcation, 233 minimal gradient of, 272 of action, E.M.F. of, 233 of injury, 170. 225, 233 of rest, 225 CusTiny on renal resorption, 1147 Cutaneous end-organs, 497 sensation, 486^97 sensibility, classification, 495 Cutis vera, 1161 Cyanuric acid, 1115 Cysteine, 86 Cystine, 86, 91, 1124 Cytase, 70, 646 Cytolysins, 1036 Cytoplasm, 14, 17 Cytosine, 104, 776 D : N RATIO in diabetes, 795, 803, 805, 809 Daniellcell, 171, 186 Dark-adapted eye, 482, 572 D'A rsonval galvanometer, 228 Dead space (in lungs), 1047 Doamination, 76, 154, 762 energy changes in, 763 reversibility of, 762 INDEX 1253 Decapitate animal, 329 Decarboxylation, 155 Decerebrate dog, 396 frog, 395 pigeon, 39(5 rigidity, 394, 398, 449 Decidua, formation of, 1231 Decussation of fillet, 368 of pyramids, 352, 3(>(> Deep sensibility, 345, 495 Defects of eye, 535 Defalcation, 731 Defence, chemical, against infection, 1030- 1038 Deglutition, 676-682 movements of larynx, 678 muscles of, 678 nervous mechanism of, 681 effect of, on respiration, 677, 682 sounds, 677 study of, by Rontgen rays, 676, 677 stages of, 677 time-relations, 679 Deiters' cells, 516 nucleus, 381, 383, 402 connections, 404 Delirium cordis, 968 Demarcation current, 170, 225, 233 compensation of, 226 E.M.F. of, 226, 233 Demilune cells, 664 Dendrites, 301 Dental consonants, 527 Depressor reflexes, 997, 1001 Descemefs membrane, 543 Descending tracts, 389 Detrusor urinse, 1152 Deutero-albumose, 686 Development, 1212-1216 Dextrins, 68 Dextrose, 63 Diabetes, 800-809 in fasting animals, 802 in man, 807 pancreatic, 804 sugar consumption in, 805 Diabetic puncture, 800 Dialysis, 136 Diamino-acids, 83, 91, 97 precipitation of, 93 Diamino-caproic acid, 155 Diamino-nitrogen of proteins, 93 Diamino-trioxydodecoic acid, 83, 84, 88 d-5-diamino-valerianic acid, 79 Diaphragm, movements of, 1041 muscles of, 1041 Diastase, 68 Diastolic arterial pressure, 874 Dichromatic vision, 578 Diencephalon, 363, 392 Diet, normal, of man, 649-657 Dietaries, 649 Difference tones, 511 Differential blood-gas apparatus, 1056 Diffusion, 124, 131 coefficient, 131 of solutes, 131 Digestion, 658-755 course of, 751-753 in duodenum, 752 in intestine, 702-724 Digestion, in stom.-u-li. (is:; I;<H; gastric, (><sr» pancreatic, 702 salivary, 661-675 Dihydroxybenzenes, 50 Dilatator pupillse, 550 Dilemma, 459 Dimethylamine, 49 Dioptre, definition of, 530 Dipeptides, 89 Diphasic variation, 228 Direct cerebellar tract, 354 vision, 563 Disaccharides, 61, 67 Discus proligerus, 1223 Dissimilation, 4, 25, 26 Dissociated colloids, 138 Dissonance, 508 Distearyl-lecithin, 57 Diuretics, action of, 1140 Divers' palsy, 1103 Dominant characters, 1215 Dorsal cerebellar tract, 354 Dromotropic effect of vagus excitation, 973 Dry cell, 187 Du Bois Reymond's key, 187 Ductless glands, 1178-1196 D'uctus arteriosus, 1233 Dudgeon's sphygmograph, 922 Dulcite, 62 Dyne, definition, 262 Dysoxidisable substances, 1105 EAR, analysis of sounds by, 511 external, 512 internal, 515 physiology of, 511-519 EcJc's fistula, 760 Edestin, 98 composition of, 91, 92 Ed-kins on gastric secretion, 694 Edridge-Green, classification of colour- vision 580 Efferent nerves, 255 path, 327 projection fibres, 423 tracts, cerebellum, 402 Efficiency of machines, 234 Egg albumin, 97 composition of, 91 crystallisation of, 73 Ehrlich's side-chain theory, 1034 methylene blue experiment, 1063 Eighth nerve, nucleus of, 380, 412 EintJioven galvanometer, 227 Elasticity of muscle, 203 Elastin, 108 action of gastric juice on, 688 Elastose, 100 Electrical capillarity, 174 changes in living tissues, 170-174 Electrical changes in muscle, 224 properties of colloids, 145-149 stimulation, nature of, 270 variations, effect t)f temperature on, 2£0 variation, time-relations of, 228 Electrocardiograms, 232, 953 Electrodes, non-polarisable, 224 Electrolytes, conductivity of, 129 Electrolytic dissociation, 170 40* 1254 INDEX Electrolytic solution tension, 171 Electrotonic current, 280 Electrotonus, 264 influence of intrapolar length, 268 Electro-vagogram, 1093 Eleidin, 1161 Embryo, nutrition of, 1231 Emmetropic eye. centring of, 537 constants of, in man, 533 dark-adapted, 482 filtration angle of, 5J)£- movements, centres for, 407, 438 optical defects in, 535 Eyeball, dioptric mechanism of, 528 530 electrical changes in, 566 nutrition of, 594-597 rotation of, 586 Eyeballs, movements of, 585-588 Eye-muscles, extrinsic, 585 intrinsic, 552 innervation of, 552 FACIAL nerve, nucleus of, 379, 381, 413 Facilitation of reflexes, 305 Faeces, composition of, 755 examination of, in metabolism experi- ments, 648 Faraday-Tyndall phenomenon, 144 Far point of vision, 546 Fasciculus retroflexus, 421 solitarius, 368, 378 Fasting, metabolism in, 618, 624-630 Fatigue, muscular, 208 Fat, 45, 53, 55, 784 absorption of, 738 acid number of, 56 composition of, 784 depots, 783 estimation in faeces, 649 in food, 614 formation from food, 785 from carbohydrates, 785 from proteins, 788 functions of, 784 history of, in body, 783-795 in intestinal epithelium, 740 iodine number of, 56, 784 metabolism in starvation, 630 oxidation of, 792 saponification number of, 56 solubility of, 742 stains for, 739 synthesis of, 119, 169 utilisation of, in body, 790 Fats, action of gastric juice on, 689 action of pancreatic juice on, 707 chemistry of, 53-58 influence of, on metabolism, 636 Fatty acids, 54 heat equivalents, 763 volatile, 56 Fatty degeneration, nature of, 739 Fechner's law, 485 FeMing'stest, 64, 1123 Fenestra ovalis, 515 Fenton's reaction, 1109 Ferment action, adsorption in, 168 reversibility of, 167, 169 INDKX 1256 Ferment action, velocity of, 103, 104 Fermentation in stomach, (isi Fermentation test, 1123 Ferments, 157-169 action on optical isomers, KIT adenase, 778 amylase, 158 arginase, 158, 767 as catalysers, 159 catalase, 1108 characters, 157 classification, 158 deaminising, 154, 158 definition, 157 effect of end-products on, 1 GO enterokinase, 158 erepsin, 158 inverting, 158 isolation of, 158 laccase, 1109 lactase, 158 lactic, 158 lipase, 158, 169 maltase, 158, 168 nuclease, 776 optimum temperature for, 160 oxidases, 1108 pepsin, 158, 169, 685 peroxidase, 1108 properties of, 159 rennin, 688 specificity of, 160, 167 as synthetic agents, 168 sucrase, 158 trypsin, 158 urease, 158 uricolytic, 779 zymase, 158 Fertilisation, 1209-1211, 1227 artificial, 1211 Fibre layers in cortex, 430 Fibrillse of muscle, 179 Fibrin, 865 composition of, 92 ferment, 842 fate of, 847 Fibrinogen, 98, 841, 864 Fibroin, 107 FicTc and Wislicenus's experiment, 638 Field of vision, 563 Fifth nerve, nucleus of, 380 Fillet, 368, 387, 423 decussation of, 368 lateral, 372, 389 Final common path, 343 First focal plane, 531 point, 531 Fischer's method for separating amino-acids, 80 Flechsig's myelination method, 319 Flexion reflex, 332, 340 Flicker phenomena, 571 Fluoride plasma, clotting of, 848 Fluorine,' 44 Foci in eye, 533 of lenses, 529 Foetal circulation, 1233 Folin's method for ammonia estimation, 1127 for urea estimation, 1127 for uric acid estimation, 1128 l''onl<iii<i. 658-660 heat-values of, 620 history of, 756-809 proportions necessary, 652 significance of, 642-047 Foramen of Monro, 376 Foramen ovale, 514, 1233 rotundum, 515 Fore-brain, 362, 375 Formic acid, 48, 54 Fornix, 420 pillars of, 376 Fourth nerve, nucleus of, 379, 382, 41 1 Fovea centralis, 561 Frank's manometer, 897 Frank on pulse, 926 Fraunhofer's lines, 569 v. Frey, testing hairs, 490 Frontal lobe, 417 Frog, muscles of, 184 Frog's heart, anatomy of, 939 Fronto-pontine fibres, 424 Fructose, 61, 64 Fundamental tone, 507 Fungiform papilla, 499 GALACTOLIPINES, 57 Galactosamine, 105 Galactose, 64, 67 Gall-bladder, 713 innervation of, 715 Galvanic cells, bichromate, 187 concentration, 171, 172 Daniell, 171, 186 dry, 187 E.M.F. of, 173 Leclanche, 187 positive element, 186 positive pole, 186 source of energy, 171 Galvanic excitation, law of, 264 Galvanometer, D'Arsonval, 227 Einthoverfs, 227 Ganglia, evolution of, 1293 sympathetic, 468 Ganglion habenulse, 375 Gasserian, 380, 382 Gaseous diffusion, 134 exchange in lungs, 1068-1075 secretory theory, 1073 Gaseous metabolism of salivary glands, 674 Gases, tension of, in liquids, 1058 Gas laws, 123 Gastric digestion, 685 fistula, 683, 690 hormone, 695 juice, 683 acid of, 684 action of, on .carbohydrates, 689 action of, on fats, 689 action of, on proteins, 685 action on food-stuffs, 685 ' appetite ' secretion, 691, 696 composition of, 684 1256 Gastric juice, chemical excitants, 694 determination of hydrochloric in, 685 inverting power of, 685 rate of secretion of, 690 variations in, 690-693, 696 psychical secretion of, 691 secretion of, 690 secretin, 695 Gastrocnemius of frog, 183 Gelatin, 107 composition of, 91, 92 food value of, 645 Gels, 139 Gemmules, 20 General physiology, 13-174 Geniculate bodies, 375, 376, 383, 388 Genital hormones, 1218 Geotaxis, 27 Germ cells, 1202 chromosomes in, 1208 division of, 1205 Germinal spot, 1222 vesicle, 1222 GierTce, respiratory bundle of, 1077 Glaucoma, 597 Gliadin, composition of, 91, 92 Gliadins, 98 Globin, 825 composition of, 91 Globulin, adsorption by, 149 salts of, 866 Globulins, 98 Glomerulus, filtration in, 1136 of kidney, 1131 pressure of blood in, 1 137 Glossopharyngeal nerve, nucleus of, 414 Glottis, 521, 524 Gluconic acid, 62 Glucosamine, 64, 87, 105 Glucosazone, 63 Glucosazone crystals, 1122 Glucose, 61, 63 in blood, 796 identification of, 63, 1123 lactonic structure, 66, 67 Glucosides, 65 Glutamic acid, 80, 82, 91 Glutelins, 98 Gluten peptone, 100 Glycerides, 53 Glycerophosphoric acid, 57 Glycerol, 47, 53 Glyceryl aldehyde, 59, 122 Glyceryl esters, 53 Glycine, 78, 81, 91 ring formula of, 79 salts of, 79 ester, polymerisation of, 89 Glycogen, 69, 213, 796 preparation of, 797 formation of, 797-798 Glycoproteins, 105 Glycosuria, 800-809, 1122 alimentary, 800 Glycuronic acid, 65, 1123 Glycyl-glycine, 88 < ilvoxylic acid, 94 Goitre, 1187 Golgi cells, 318, 401 corpuscles, 41)7 INDEX Qo'gi network, 301, 309 acid Galls' column, 324, 352 Gonads, 1204 Gotcli's heart apparatus, 964 Gvwefs tract, 356, 371, 388 Graafian follicles, structure of, 1223 Gracilis experiment, 254 of frog, 184 Graham on colloids, 139 Grape-sugar, see Glucose Graphic method, 194 Gravity, effect of, on circulation, 933 Green-blindness, 581 Grey matter of cortex, minute structure of, 427 rami, 468 Growth, 4 of cells, 1199 food requirements in, 656 Guanine, 103, 105, 778 Guanylic acid, 105 Gudderi's commissure, 388 Gunzberg's reagent, 684 Gustatory area, 449 sensations, 499 Guttural consonants, 527 Gymnema sylvestre, effect on taste, 500 HAIR FOLLICLES, 1162 Hairs, sensibility of, 490 Haldane-Pembrey respiration apparatus, 616 Hales' experiment, 872 Haploscope, 588 Haptogen, 1239 Haptophore group, 1034 Harmonic intervals, 509 Harmonics, 507 Hausmann's method for distribution of nitrogen, 91 Hayem's fluid, 836 Hsematin, 97, 101, 826 chemical relationships, 828 synthesis of, 829 Haematinic acids, 828 Haematoporphyrin, 825, 827 combination with iron, 830 in urine, 1121 Hasmin, 825 structure of, 829 Hsemochromogen, 827, 830 Haemocyanin, 44, 93 Hsemocytometer, 858 Hsemodromograph, 888 Haemoglobin, 43 absorption spectrum, 823 composition of, 91, 101 crystallisation of, 73 derivatives of, 825 dissociation curve, 1060 iron in, 822 molecular weight of, 75, 144 oxygen capacity of, 822, 1059 preparation of, 820 reduction of, 822 union with oxygen, 1059 Haemoglobin-crystals, 821 Hsemoglobinometer, 855, 858 Haemolysins, 1036 Haemolysis, 23, 127, 820, 834, 1011, 1036 Haemolytic sera, 1036 Haemopyrrol, 829 Haemorrhage, 1011 INDEX Head on cutaneous sensibility, •!',).'> Head's diaphragm slip, 1089 Hearing, end-organ of, 5 1 4 Helmholtz's theory, 5 1 7 physiology of, 511 Rutherford's theory, 518 telephone theory, 518 Waller's theory, 519 Heart, action of sympathetic nerves on, 975 action of vagus, 971 changes in form, 902 diastolic filling, 909 effect of calcium on, 963, 975 muscarine on, 974 nicotine on, 974 potassium on, 963, 975 electrical variations, 230 frog's, automatic contraction, 940 human, electrocardiogram of, 953 influence of temperature on rate of, 962 inhibition of, 972 mammalian, ganglion-cells in, 949 mechanism of, 891-917 nerve fibres in, 946 nutrition of, 966 primitive vertebrate, 950 rate in exercise, 1007 reflexes, 978 sounds, 905 graphic record of, 907 systolic output, 910-915 theories of inhibition of, 974 work of, 915-917 Heart-beat, causation of, 939-968 contraction wave, 947-949 electrometer records of, 948 in mammals, 949-955 myogenic hypothesis, 942 neurogenic hypothesis, 941 propagation of contraction in, 943 significance of carbon dioxide for, 965 Heart-block, 955 Heart-fibrillation, 968 Heart-lung preparation, Starling's method, 911 Heart-muscle, ' all or none ' phenomenon, 955 excitation of, 955 influence of tension on, 958 of chemical substances on, 962 physiological properties of, 955—958 refractory period of, 956 summation of stimuli in, 956 Heart-musculature, 891 Heat -coagulation, 150 Heat-engines, efficiency of, 234 Heat-loss, regulation of, 1174 Heat, production in body, 1171 in muscle, 219 regulation, nervous mechanism of, 1176 in new-born, 1177 rigor, 208, 214 sensations, conduction in cord, 359 sexual, in animals, 1226 spots, 487 values of food-stuffs, 619 Heats of combustion, 156 Heller's test, 95, 1122 Helmholtz resonators, 508 side wire, 189 Helweg's bundle, 353 1257 iii. output, 756 requirements of body, 633 source of, 39 Nitrogenous constituents of urine, 757 equilibrium, 616, 631, 653 Nociceptive stimuli, 341 Nodal point, 531, 533 Nceud vital, 1077 Non-polarisable electrodes, 224 Normoblasts, 834 Nuclear sap, 17 Nucleic acid, 101 Nuclein, 97, 101 hydrolysis of, 774 metabolism of, 774-782 Nucleins, fate of, 777 formation in body, 777 Nucleolus, 16 Nucleoplasm, 17 Nucleoprotein, decomposition of, 102 Nucleoprotein. digestion of, 104 Nucleus, 14, 27, 31 ambiguus, 379 of Bechterew, 381, 402 branched, 31 caudatus, 363 cuneatus, 367 emboliformis, 373 effect of removal, 28 fastigii, 373 function of, 27 globosus, 373 gracilis, 367 lenticularis, 363 necessity for growth, 30 INDEX 1263 Nucleus of Luys, 377 of Rolando, 367 relation to cytoplasm, 27 Nutrition, mechanisms of, 613, 809 OCCIPITAL lobe, 417 Occipito-frontal fasciculus, 426 Oculo-motor nucleus, 379, 407, 410 Oecoid, 818 (Esophagus, inhibition of, in swallowing, 680 (Estrus, 1226 Ohm's law of auditory analysis, 511 Oleic acid, 55, 56 Oleyl-lecithin, 57 Olfactie, 504 Olfactometer, 503 Olfactory apparatus, 421 area, 448 bulb, 421 glomeruli, 421 lobe, 417, 448 mucous membrane, 502 sensations, 498, 502 tract, 421 tubercle, 421 Olivary body, 367, 382 Olive, 368, 382 Olivo-cerebellar fibres, 389 Olivo-spinal tract, 353, 391 Oncometer, 992 Optic axis, 531 chiasma, 388, 406 disc, 561 nerve, decussation, 387, 406 efferent fibres in, 560 radiation, 423 thalamus, 363, 375, 383, 395, 420 nuclei of, 377 tracts, 387, 406, 447 Optical activity, 51 axis of lens,. Rima glottidis, 521 Ringer's fluid, 963 INDEX 1267 Ritter- Valli law, 274 Rodsof Corti, 510 Rolandic fissure, 419 Roof nuclei of cerebellum, 383, 402 Rubro-spinal tract, 353, 389 Ruffird's organs, 497 SACCHARIC acid, 62 Saccharose, 67 Saccule, 515 Saccus endolymphaticus, 604 Sacral autonomic fibres, 473 Salicylic acid, 50 Saliva, composition of, 661 energy involved in secretion, 674 secretion of, 663 effect of nerves on, 666 Salivary secretion, energy changes in, 674 effect of metabolites, 675 histological changes in, 670 pressure, 668 theories of, 668 Salivary digestion, 662 in stomach, 663 glands, innervation of, 665 changes accompanying secre- tion, 668-673 double nerve-supply, 673 electrical changes in, during secretion, 672 Salmin, composition of, 91 Salt hunger, 647 solutions, absorbability of, 738 Salts, absorption of, 753 Saponification, 46, 56 number, 56 Sarcolactic acid, 215 Sarcolemma, 179 Sarcomere, 179 Sarcoplasm, 179 Sarcosine, 84 Sarcostyles, 179, 181 Sarcous elements, 181 Sartorius of frog, 183 Scala media, 515 Scatol, fate of, 770 Schdfer's theory of contraction, 182, 236 Schemer's experiment, 589 Schematic eye, 532 Schlemm, canal of, 543 functions, 596 Schwanri's sheath, 251 Scleroproteins, 106 Sclerotic coat of eye, 542 Scratch reflex, 332, 343 Sebaceous glands, 1162 Sebum, 1162 Second wind, 1008 Secondary contraction, 233 Secretin, 709, 1179 action on intestinal secretion, 720 liver, 716 Secretion, energy changes in, 674 Semicircular canals, 399, 515 destruction of, 606 functions, 605 Semilunar ganglion, 466 valves, structure of, 893 Semi -permeable cell, 125 membranes, 125, 132 Sensation, extent of stimulus, 482 localisation of, 481 modality of, 479 physiology of, 478-609 projection of, 481 quantitative study of, 482-485 relation to stimulus, 478—485 Sensations, organic, 598-f><>!) Smsori -motor areas, 444 Sensory adaptation, 482 aphasia, 454 areas of cortex, 444 association, 451 paralysis, 346 path, 357 Septo-marginal bundle, 354 Serine, 81, 91 Serous salivary glands, 663 Sertoli, cells of, 1221 Serum-albumin, 98, 865 composition of, 91 crystallisation of, 73 Serum-globulin, 98, 866 Serum-proteins, osmotic pressure of, 143 Seventh nerve, nucleus of, 379, 381, 413 visceral fibres, 472 Sexual organs, relation to ductless glands,1219 process, essential features of, 1199-1211 Sham feeding, 690 Shock, 306 spinal, 330 Short ciliary nerves, 552 sight, 535 Sibilant consonants, 527 Side-chain theory, 1034 Side wire, Helmholtz, 189 Simultaneous contrast, 583 Sino -auricular node, 951 Sixth nerve, nucleus of, 379, 411 Size, illusions of, 591 judgment of, 590 Skin, absorption by, 1165 functions of, 1161-1166 gaseous exchanges in, 1165 structure of, 1161 Small intestine, absorption from, 733 innervation of, 728 lymph production in, 735 movements in, 725—729 Smell, sense of, 501 sensations, 498, 502 Smooth muscle, see Plain muscle Soaps, 46, 55 in digestion, 742 Sodium, 43 Solar plexus, 468 Solidity, judgment of, 593 Sols, 139 Solubility of gas, effect of pressure on, 1057 Solute, 131 Somatic nervous system, 466 Sorbite, 62 Sound, nature of, 505 pitch of, 506 timbre, 506 Spaces of Fontana, 543 Spastic gait, 335, 450 paraplegia, 335, 450 Sp3cific dynamic action of proteins, 636, 764, 803 irritability, law of, 255 1268 Speech, 453, 520-527 intellectual basis of, 455 mechanism of, 525 Spermaceti, 56 Spermatids, 1208 Spermatocytes, 1208 Spermatozoa, development of, 1208 Spherical aberration, 537 Sphincter pupillae, 550 trigoni, 1153 urogenitalis, 1153 Sphingomyeline, 57 Sphygmographs, 922 Spinal animal, 329, 393 Spinal cord, afferent path, 328 anterior cerebellar tract, 354 t5oTumns. ing tracts, 352, 354 column, 324 1318 Dmmns, 318 central canal, 300 Clarke's column, 318 collaterals in, 324, 351, 357 commTtract, 353 commissural cells, 318 conduction in, 351-360 crossed pyramidal tract, 353 descending tracts, 352 development, 299 direct cerebellar tract, 354 pyramidal tract, 352 dorsal cerebellar tract, 354 effect] of poisons, 347 efferent path, 327 endogenous fibres, 352 Golgi cells, 318 Golls' column, 324 Gower's tract, 356 Helweg's bundle, 353 hemisection, 359 lateral basis bundle, 371 lateral columns, 3J>4 Lissauer's tract, 324, 352, 357 Marie's tract, 354 Monakow's bundle, 353 motor-cells, 318 olivd-spinal tract, 353 pain impulses, 359 path of impulses^&LJj. posterior columns, 354 postero-external column, 324 pre-pyramidal tract, 353 pyramidal tracts, 352 as reflex centre, 322 rubro-spinal tract, 353 sensori-motor path, 357 septo-marginal bundle, 354 structure, 315 thalamico-spinal tract, 353 tracts, methods of tracing, 319 trophic functions, 349 ventral cerebellar tract, 354 vestibulo-spinal tract, 353 Wallerian degeneration' 352 white matter, arrangement, 351 Spinal dog, 331 shock, 330 Spino-tectal tract, 356 Spino-thalamic tract, 356 Spiral ganglion, 517 INDEX Spiral lamina, 517 Splanchnic nerve, 996 Spleen, function of, 1195 rhythmic contractions of, 1195 structure of, 1194 Spongin, 108 Spongioblasts, 252, 298 Spongioplasm, 18 Staircase phenomenon, 245 in heart muscle, 956 Stannius' ligature, 940 Stapedius muscle, 514 Stapes, 513 Starches, 68 Starch, digestion by saliva, 662 hydrolysis of, 68, 99 molecular weight, 68 soluble, 68 structure of, 69 Starvation, carbohydrate metabolism in, 628 fat metabolism in, 630 loss in various organs, 625 metabolism in, 624-630 protein metabolism in, 630, 633 Static ataxy, 346 Stearic acid, 54 / Stearyl-lecithin, 57 Stellate ganglion, 466 Stepping reflex, 332 Stercobilin, origin of, 715 Stereoisomerism, 52, 60, 78 Stereosomers, action of ferments on, 167 Stereoscope, 593 Stereoscopic vision, 593 Sternzellen, 816 Stimulation, electrical, nature of, 270 of human nerve, 268 Stimuli, summation of, 245 Stimulus, intensity of, 482 liminal, 482 locus of, 339 maximal, 193, 205 minimal, 193, 205 threshold, 483 Stokes-Adams disease, 955 Stomach, digestion in, 683-696 innervation, 700 movements of, 697 secretory nerves of, 691 sphincters, 701 Stratum granulosum, 1161 Stratum lucidum, 1161 Stria terminalis, 377 Striae acousticse, 379, 380 Striated muscle, structure of, 179 of invertebrates, 248 String galvanometer, 228 Stromuhr, Ludwig's, 888 Starling's, 888 Structural basis of body, 13 Strychnine, effect on cord. 347 spasm, electrical variation, 242 Sturin, composition of, 91 Sublingual gland, 663 Submaxillary ganglion, 473, 666 gland, 663 Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, 316 nigra, 374, 377, 383 Substrate, 164 effect of ferments on, 167 INDEX 1269 Subthalamic region, 377 Successive contrast, 583 spinal induction, 344 Succus entericus, see Intestinal juice; Sugar in urine, 1122 formation of, from fat, 794 from protein, 1122 in plants, 111 utilisation of, in body, 799 Sugars, chemistry of, 60-68 oxidisability of, in body, 1 106 Sulphocyanate in saliva, 661 Sulphur, 42 excretion of, 769 test for proteins, 86, 94 Summation, 245 of muscular contractions, 206 of sensation, 482 of stimuli, 245, 272 in heart muscle, 956 tones, 510 Supplemental air, 1046 Suprarenal bodies, 1181-1186 Surface tension, 21, 24 in colloids, 141 Suspensory ligament, 543 Swallowing — see Deglutition Sweat, amount and properties, 1163 glands, 1163 loss of heat by, 1176 secretion, 1164 Swim-bladder of fish, 1074 tension of oxygen in, 135 Sylvian aqueduct, 363, 373 fissure, 419 Symbiosis, 1021 Sympathetic ganglia, 466 functions, 474 system, 969, 975 TACHYPNCEA, 1080 Tactile localisation, 489 sensations, 489 sense area, 444 paths, 444 Tattoos law, 572 Tartar ic acid, 52 Taste, 498 area, 448 buds, 499 nerves of, 500 sensation, classification, 499 Tears, composition of, 594 Tecto-spinal tract, 391 Tenon, capsule of, 585 Tension, effect of on bladder, 1156 on heart, 958 on muscle, 201 Tensions of gases in liquids, 1059 Tensor tympani muscle, 514 j Tenth nerve, nucleus of, 414 Testis, structure of, 1219 Tetanus, 207 toxin, action on cord, 348 Tetrachromic vision, 580 Tetrapeptides, 89 Tegmentum of pons, 372 of mid-brain, 374 Teichmann's crystals, 825 Telencephalon/363 Telophase of mitosis, 1206 Temperature, action of, on heart, 962 on muscle, 207 effect of, on metabolism, 1168, 1172 on electrical variations in muscle, 230 limits of, for life, 6 sense, 486 adaptation of, 488 Temporal lobe, 417 Temporo-pontine fibres, 424 Tendon phenomena, 333 use of, 336 reflexes, 333 Thalamencephalon, 392, 395 Thalamico-spinal tract, 353 Thalamo-cortical tract, 422 Thalamo-frontal fib7es, 423 Thalamo-spinal tract, .'!'.» I Theobromine, 103, 775 Thermo-electric couple, 220 Thermogenic centres, 1177 Thermopile, 219 Thermotaxic system, 1177 Thigmotaxis, 27 • Thiophene test, 215 Third nerve, functions of, 552 nucleus of, 379, 382, 408, 410 visceral fibres in, 472 TUry-Vella fistula, 718 Threshold stimulus, 483 Thrombin, 842 Thrombogen, 844 Thrombokinase, 844 Thymine, 104, 776 Thymus, structure and functions of, 1193 Thyroid gland, 1186 extirpation of, 1187 extract, effects of, 1188 structure of, 1186 Tidal air, 1046 Tissue-fibrinogen, 102, 846 Tissue-proteins, 642 Tone in muscle, 333 in heart, 958 Tonus, postural, 449 Tortoise heart. Tripeptides, 89 Triple phosphate, 1114, 1125 Tritocerebrom, 294 Trominer's test, 62 Trophoblast, 1231 1270 INDEX Trypsin, 703 action on polypeptides, 704 on proteins, 703 velocity of action, 166, 705 Trypsinogen, 703 Tryptophane, 85, 91, 94 fate of, 772 Tuber cinereum, 363, 375 Tympanic membrane, 512 movements of, 513 Tympanum, 512 Tyrosinase, 1108 Tyrosine, 50, 84, 91 in urine, 1125 Uffelmann's reagent, 215 Ultra-microscope, 145 Umbilical cord, 1232 Uncinate fasciculus, 426 Uncus, 419 Unipolar excitation, 269 law of, 269 Unstriated muscle, 243 propagation of wave in, 246 Uracil, 104, 776 Urate deposit, 1124 Urates, 1118 Urea, 1115 estimation, 1126 Foliris method, 1127 hypobromite method, 1126 fermentation of, 1115 origin of, 759 output in starvation, 630 on protein diet, 758 preparation from urine, 1117 Ureter, contractions of, 1152 Uric acid, 103, 1117 crystals, 1125 daily amount, 1119 endogenous, 780 estimation, 1128 excretion, 779 in gout, 781 origin of, 777 preparation, 1117 production in birds, 760 structure of, 775 synthesis, 103 tests, 1118 Uricolytic ferment, 779 Urinary constituents, estimation of, 1126- 1130 deposits, 1124 Urine, abnormal constituents in, 1121-1125 acetone in, 1123 ammonia in, 1115 average composition, 1112 bases of, 1114 chlorides of, 1112 composition of, 1110-1130, 1142 on various diets, 780 conditions of glomerular filtration, 1138 freezing-point, 1111 inorganic constituents of, 1112 lactose in, 1123 neutral sulphur in, 1113 organic constituents of, 1115 oxy acids in, 1123 phosphates of, 1113 Urine, pigments of, 1120 pressure of, in ureter, 1 1 37 reaction of, 1111 secretion of, 1131-1151 in glomerulus, 1135 influence of colloids, 1137 kidney volume, 1139 specific gravity of, 1111 sugar in, 1122 sulphates of, 1113 Uriniferous tubule, course of, 1131 tubule, functions of, 1134 Urobilin, 1121 Urochrome, 1120 Uroerythrin, 1121 Urorosein, 1121 Urotropine, 1127 Uterus, changes in, during pregnancy, 1230 nerve-supply, 1228 Utricle, 515 primordial, 14, 127 Uvea, 561 VACTJOLE, contractile, 15 Vago-glossopharyngeal nucleus, 379, 414 Vagus, 473 action on auricles, 972 on heart, 971 on intestines, 729 on oesophagus, 682 on respiration, 1089 on stomach, 701 distribution in abdomen, 700 nucleus of, 414 proof of inspiratory fibres in, 1092 tonic action on heart, 975 Valerianic acid, 54 Valine, 81 Valve of Vieussens, 362, 371 Valves of heart, see Heart Variation, monophasic, 230 Vasa afferentia, 1133 efferentia, 1133 recta, 1133 Vascular area of chick, 831 system, influence of capacity of, on circulation, 880 tone, effect of central nervous system on, 982 peripheral, 990 Vaso -constrictor fibres, course of, 994 Vaso-dilatation, criteria of, 991 Vaso-dilatation by jnetabolites, 1002 Vaso-dilator fibres in nerve-trunks, 997 nerves, 996 Vaso-motor centre, action of acids on, 989 location of, 983 variations in activity of, 983 centres in cord, 989 impulses, path of, in cord, 360 nerves, course of, 990 reflexes, 1000 " Vegetable food, utilisation of, 649 Veins, blood-flow in, 932-934 capacity of, 883 distensibility of, 871 structure of, 870 valves in, 933 Velocity of reaction, 162, 163 in vascular system, 879 Venous pressure in man, 877 INDEX 1271 Venous outflow, determination of, 994 pulse, 933 in heart block, 955 Ventilation, 1104 Ventral cerebellar tract, 3f>4 Ventricles, capacity of, 891 pressure in, 896 Veratrine, action of, on muscle, 211 Vesicular murmur, 1045 Vestibular nerve, Deiters' nucleus, 381, 402 functions of, 398 nucleus of, 380, 413 Vestibule, 515, 604 Vestibulo-corebellar fibres, 370, 389 Vestibulo-spinal tract, 353, 391 Vibrative consonants, 527 I'icq d'Azyr's bundle, 388, 421 Villus, changes in, during protein absorption, 745 Villus, structure of, 734 Viscera, innervation of, 473 sensibility of, 494 Visceral nervous system, 466—477 Vision, 528-597 Visual adaptation, 572 aimle, 534, 589 axis, 561 centre, 447 fatigue, 572 judgments, 589-593 localisation, 589 path, 387, 406, 447 purple, 559, 565 reflexes, 406--409 sensation, Weber's law, 570 sensations, 568-584 stimuli, time relations, 571 Visuo-psychic area, lamination, 431 Visuo-sensory area, lamination, 431 Vital capacity, 1046 Vitalism, 8 Vitamines, 652 Vitellins, 100 Vitreous humour, 532 Vocal cords, '521 Voice, 520-527 Volhard's method for chlorides, 1129 Voluntary contraction, 239 electrical changes in, 242 muscle, 177 Vowel sounds, 525 degeneration, 35fc method, 320 Warm points, 486 Water, absorption of, 733 estimation in food, 614 necessity for, 6 and dissolved substances, passage across membranes, 131-138 rigor, 231, 945 Weber's law, 485, 491 in vision, 570 Wernicke's aphasia, 454 Weyl'stcst, 1117 White rami, 468 sensation of, 57(3 Word-blindness, 455 Work, relation to stimulus, 20 XANTHINE, 103, 778 Xanthoproteic reaction, 93 Xylose, 61, 104 YEASTS, action on amines, 77 on carbohydrates, 64, 65, 67 Yellow spot, 561 Young -Helmhollz theory, 577 ZBIN, 98 food- value of, 646 Zincative, 229 Zollner's lines, 592 Zona fasciculata, 1181 glomerulosa, 1181 pellucida, 1222 reticulate, 1181 Zonula ciliaris, 543 Zonule of Zinn, 543 Zooid, 818 Zymins, 671 Zymogen granules, 671 HALL ANT Y NE, HANSON C^ TO.