None
MicKO-CHEMicAL Eeagents. — Thesc are used on account of certain effects (reactions) which they produce upon some constituent or other of the plant, and by which therefore the presence and nature of that constituent can be recognised. Naturally in micro-chemistry we are restricted to optical reactions, and hence these reagents always produce distinctive effects, either swelling, dissolving, colouring, evolution of gas, etc. (1) Iodine in alcohol. (2) Iodine in glycerine^ Can be made from (3) when required. (2*) Iodine in chloral hydrate. (3) Potassium-iodide iodine. (4) Chlorzinc iodine. (4*) Chlorzinc iodine and iodine. Acids. (5) SuIjJhiiric acid {concentrated). (6) SidjJhuric acid {dilute, 2 acid : 1). Can be prepared from (5). (7) Hydrochloric acid {concentrated). (7*) Hydrochloric acid (^ per cent, in 70 per cent, alcohol). (7t) Hydrochloric acid (| per cent, in 70 percent, alcohol). 7* can be prepared when wanted by putting 1 drop strong acid in a watch-glass of 70 per cent, alcohol. 7t requires great care in use. See p. 365. (8) Nitric acid (strong). (9) Acetic acid (glacial). (9*) Acetic acid (1 per cent.). (10) C/irowic ac?(Z (concentrated). (10*) Chromic acid (25 per cent.). Other percentages can be made from this as required. Alkales. (11) Ammonia (strong). (12) Potash (concentrated). (12*) Potash (5 or 6 per cent.). (12t) Potash in alcohol. 400 GENERAL NOTES ON METHODS AND SELECTED REAGENTS. 401 Inorgauic Salts. (13) Acetate of copper (crystals). Used in Barfoed's sugar reaction. (13*) Sulphate of copper (crystals). Used in Fehling's sugar reaction. (14) Percldoride of iron. (15) Ferrous sulphate (crystals). (16) Bichromate of potash (10 per cent, watery solution). (17) Chlorate of potash (crystals). (18) Potassio-sodic tartrate. (18*) Caustic soda. Organic bodies. (19) Alcohol (absolute, or 90 per cent ). (20) Methylated alcohol. (21) Ether. (22) Alcanna (Alkanet) root, or tincture. (23) Aniline chloride (in alcohol). (24) Camphor. (25) Carbolic acid (phenol). (26) Biphenylamin. (27) Gelatine. (28) Phlorof/lucin, or Cherry-icood extract. (29) Cane sugar. (30) Turpentine. Preserving Fluids. — The best is methylated alcohol, of which a good supply should be kept. The material to be preserved for future work should be completely covered. For work in nucleus or protoplasm, absolute alcohol must be used. Softening. — Alcohol material, especially if old, is often brittle, and stems, etc., are hard. Soften for 24 hours in — (31) Half-and-half glycerine and meth. alcohol. Hardening. — Soft tissues can be hardened for cutting by 3 days in methylated spirit. Fixing the Cell-contents. — For studies in nuclei or protoplasm it is necessary to fix the cell-contents of the material, while quite fresh, without allowing them to contract. The material must be in very small pieces, so as to be rapidly permeable, and the fluid, except in the case of osmic acid, must be 100 times the bulk of the material. The best fixing fluids are : — (19) Absolute (or at least 90 per cent.) alcohol. (32) Chromic acid, 0*5 per cent. (32*) Chromic acid, 10 per cent., or chrom-acctic acid, I'O per cent. (33) Osviic acid, 1-0 per cent. (34) Picric acid (saturated watery). In chromic acid, chrom-acetic acid, or picric acid of the above strengths the material can lie for 24 hours ; then be laid in distilled water for any time up to 24 hours. If not required for use at once, instead of this, first wash in 50 per cent, alcohol, then transfer to 70 per cent., and finally to absolute alcohol, or strong methylated spirit, changing this after 24 hours if it is then discoloured. In this they can be kept for use. Most algae are best fixed in picric acid, etc., mixed with an equal volume D D 402 APPENDIX IV. of alcohol, for the same reason that alcohol potash is often preferable to watery potash solution, viz., to avoid undue swelling of the walls. Section-cutting. — Various hints on this subject will be found scattered in the text ; especially see pp. 16 and 52. For other references see "Sections " in the General Index. Where the material to be cut is alcohol- material, keep the razor and surface wet with alcohol ; otherwise use water or glycerine. The razors are best hollow-ground ; but for cutting wood use a razor only slightly hollowed. Keep the razors sharp. Thin objects which have to be cut can be placed in glycerine-gum, be- tween pieces of elder-pith or smooth cork ; or even, if moderately hard, between pieces of soft wood, such as poplar or lime-wood. Very small objects may be embedded, either in celloidin or glycerine- gum (see these headings in Index). For very minute objects, such as pollen-grains, gum alone, or with a very small proportion of glycerine, can be used. A layer of strong gum is placed on the end of a piece of elder- pith, and when set nearly firm the pollen-grains dropped on it, and then another drop of gum placed on the top. For cutting with a microtome, see p. 63. Sections when cut may be lifted from the razor with a camel-hair brush. If laid on flatly, they will not curl. With such a brush a section can like- wise be turned over. See p. 17. Cleaeing. — The cell-contents are often opaque; and when it is desired especially to see the cell-walls, as, e.g. in growing-points, the preparation must be cleared. Clearing reagents act by dissolving, or at least swelling, the cell- contents. The best of these are — (25) Carbolic acid. (12) Potash (5 or 6 p.c. watery). (12t) Potash, Alcoholic. (11) Ammonia. (35) Chloral hydrate. (36) Eau de Javelle. After treatment with chloral hydrate, watery potash, or ammonia, wash in water ; after alcohol potash, in alcohol, and then mount in glycerine. Eau de Javelle is specially used for alcohol material. For method, see p. 172. After treatment, place in dilute alcoholic glycerine, and allow this slowly to concentrate. Sections of alcohol-material which have been stained and are to be mounted in Canada balsam or dammar, must be cleared in another way. First place them for a minute or two in alcohol of the strength of that used for staining, and then into absolute alcohol for another like period. Thence transfer to — (37) Oil of cloves, (38) Oil of marjoram, or (39) Turpentine and creosote (-4:1). Sections stained with aniline dyes should be treated as above, but cleared in — (40) Oil of cedar. Staining. — This may be done in a watch-glass, or, better still, in small white GENERAL NOTES ON METHODS AND SELECTED REAGENTS. 403 earthenware saucers, such as are soM with cheap paint-boxes, could thc^se be obtained of larger size, say l^ or 2-iu. in diameter. As a rule, the best etaining is obtained by dilute solutions and long treatment. ' The section to be stained must be immersed in the staining fluid, and examined from time to time to judge progress. The object of staining is to show up (differentiate) diversities of struc- ture, either of the plant skeleton or of the cell-contents, each stani particularizing some special feature. For a limited hst, selected from those in Appendix III., the best are :— (41) Hoffmann's blue. (42) Acetic aniline- green. (43) Corallin. (44) Fuchsin (Magenta) in 50 per cent, alcohol. (45) Acetic gentiana-violet. (46) Methyl-violet in alcohoL (46') Methyl-violet in sulphuric acid, (47) Safranin in alcohol. (These are all aniline dyes, stain rapidly, and the preparations fade if kept in the light.) (48) Tliiersch's borax-carmine, (48*) Beale^s carmine. (49) Bohmer's or Grenacher's logwood (best old). In many cases two stains can be used concurrently ; such are ;— (50) Fuchsin iodine-green. (51) Picric aniline-blue. (52) Picric nigrosine, (53) Rosaniline violet. Mou.xTiNG.— Preparations can be mounted in Glycerine. Glycerine-Jelly. Hoyer's nuunting fuid (for aniline preparations). Mounting fluid (for logwood and carmine preparations). Acetate of potash, Canada balsam in turpentine. Dammar. No preparations containing water or glycerine can be mounted in Canada P balsam or dammar. Watery preparations must be first dehydrated in alcohol ; glycerine preparations first soaked for some time in water, and then in alcohol. Por mounting in glycerine-jelly or Hoyer's fluid, water or alcohol must previously be removed by laying for some time in glycerine. See aho p. 206. Preparations in acetate of potash retain their chlorophyll. Closing.— Preparations mounted in glycerine-jelly, Hoyer'a fluid, Canada balsam, or dammar do not need further closing. In all these cases it is however, desirable to put one or two thin layers of— Gold-size with a fine brush, over the junction of cover-glass and object- 404 APPENDIX IV. glass. This must not be done till the mounting fluid has set firm ; and one layer of gold-size should be dry before another is added. Preparations in glycerine should be hermetically sealed with Canada balsam in turpentine, laid round the cover-glass thinly with a thin glass, rod, and, when dry, topped with gold-size. See p. 92. Preparations in acetate of potash should be closed with gold- size. Labelling. — Paper labels may be stuck on the object-slides with pure gum ; Card labels, on the other hand, with glass cement^ such as Crystal Palace cement, coaguline, etc. The following is a still more restricted list, answering nearly all practical purposes : — MicKO-CHEMicAL Eeagents. — lodine in chloral hydrate, Potassium-iodide iodine, Chlorzinc iodine. Sulphuric acid (cone), Hydrochloric acid (cone). Nitric acid (strong). Acetic acid (1 p.c). Chromic acid (25 p.c). Ammonia (strong), Potash in alcohol. Potash (cone), Sulphate of copper (crystals), Perchloride of iron, Bichromate of potash (10 p.c). Chlorate of potash (crystals), Potassio-sodic tartrate. Caustic soda, Ether, Alcanna tincture. Carbolic acid. Pkeserving Fluid. — Methylated alcohol. Fixing and Hardening Fluids. — Absolute alcohol. Picric acid (in 50 p.c, meth. spirit). Clearing Fluids. — (Carbolic acid, Potash in alcohol. Ammonia,) Eau de Javelle, Oil of Cloves. Stains. — Hoffmann's blue, Corallin, Acetic gentiana-violet, Thiersch's borax- carmine. Logwood, Picric aniline-blue. Mounting Media. — Glycerine, Glycerine-jelly, Acetate of potash, Canada balsam, Gold-size, Gum. INDEX, Abbe's illuminating apparatus, see Illumiuating apparatus. Absciss layer, 77, 157. Acacia, Pollen of, 320. Accessory cells (to stomata), G6. Acer, Autumnal coloration o*"., 43. Acetic acid. Use of, 2G, 27, 46, 77, 172, 176. ,, 1 per cent., 360. „ 2 per cent., 333. ,, 38 per cent., 49. „ and Gentiana violet, see Gentiana violet. ,, and Methyl-green, see Methyl- green. Achene, 343. Aconitum Napellus, Structure of ovule, 327 (Fig. 107). Acorus Calamus, Structure of root, 138 (Fig. 54). Adonis flammeus, Colour bodies of flower, 42. jEcidmm Berheridis, Structure of hymenium, 263 ; spermogones, 262 (Fig. 90*). iEcidium-cups, 263 (Fig. 90*). iEsculin, 158. jEsciilus Hippocastanum, Fall of leaves, 157 ; glandular hairs of, 81 (Fig. 38). Agapanthus nmhellatiis, Development of pollen in, 316. Agar- Agar, Use of, 241. Agaricus campestris, Structure of, 200 (Fig. 74); pits, 201; basidio- spores, 208 (Fig. 91*). Afjave, Epidermis and stomata, 67. Ailanthus glandulosa, Leaf-fall in, 159. Air, Eemoval from tissues, 41, 46, 70, 333, 343. Air-bubbles, To recognise under the microscope, 8 ; to remove, 20. Air-chambers, of leaf, 163 ; of Mar- chantia, 195. Air-passages, of stem, 171. Air-pores of Marchantia, 196 (Fig. 72). Air-pump, Use of, 41, 46, 70, 333, 343. Albumen, see Endosperm. Albumen crystals, of Bcrtliolletia, 26 ; of Cladophora, 204 ; of rdcinus, 25 (Fig. 14). Albuminous bodies, Eeactions for, 19, 46. Alcanna tincture. Use of, 26, 119. Alcohol, Absolute, Use of, 26, 35, 155, 234, 235, 236, 302, 307, 318, 329, 366. ,, 50 percent., 119, 370. „ 00 per cent., 234. ,, 70 per cent., 365. ,, 82 per cent.. Use of, 329. „ (Metbylated), 39, 46, 55, 78, 82, 83, 93, 105, 114, 118, 309, 340, 343. „ Picric, Use of, 204, 208. Alcoholic fermentation, 215. Alder, see Alinis glutinosa. Aleurone, Reactions of, 18. Aleurone grains of BerthoUeiia excelsa, 26 ; Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 339 (Fig. Ill) ; Lr(phius albus, 24 ; Pisum sativum, 18 (Fig. 10) ; Eicinus communis, 25 (Fig. 14). AlgjiB, as constituents of Lichens, 202. „ Colonial, 219. „ Fresh -water. Cultivation of, 208. „ Reproduction of, 240. 406 INDEX. Alisma Plantago, Structure of fruit, 343 ; of embyro, 345 (Fig. 112) ; of seed, 348. Alkanua tincture, Use of, 26, 119. Allium Cepa, Structure of root, 136 (Fig. 53). AInns, Twigs of. Tannin in, 5B. Aloe nigricans, epidermis and stomata, 68 (Fig. 29) ; structure of leaves, 67. Alstrcemeria, cell and nuclear division, 360. Alternation of generations, 264. Althaa rosea, pollen grains, 319. Alum, Watery solution, Use of, 205. Alum-carmine, Use of, 92. Amanita, 266. Ammonia, Use of, 206, 365. Ampelopsis hederacea, Autumn colora- tion of, 43. Amylum bodies, see Pyrenoids. Anahiena Azollte, 216 (Fig. 80). Anagallis, Pistil of, 326. Anaphases of nuclear division, 363. Anaptychia ciliaris, apothecia, 270; spermogones, 271 (Fig. 93) ; thallus, 202. Anatropous ovule, 328 (Figs. 106-111). Andrcecium of Angiosperms, 311 ; of Gymnosperms, 298. Aneimia fraxinifolia, structure of epidermis, 69 (Fig. 30). Angiosperms, definition of, 298 ; an- drcecium, 311 ; fruit, 347 ; gyna?- cium, 322 ; seed, 338. Aniline blue, Use of, 120, 130, 133, 151, 370. See also Methyl-blue. „ -with picric acid, see Picric aniline blue. Aniline green, 0*001 per cent., Use of, 19, 235. See also Methyl- green. Aniline oil, see Phcnylamine. Aniline sulphate, Use of, 59. Annular vessels, 85. Annulus, 283, 289. Anther, 311 ; structure and develop- ment in Hemerocallis fulva, 313 (Fig. 103); Lilium, 315; Tradescantia virginica, 316. Antheridium of Fimaria hygrometrica, 279 (Fig. 95a) ; Marchantia polymorpha, 274 (Fig. 94); 3Iniwn Jiornnm, 277 ; Perono- sporeae, 259; Polypodiam vul- gare, 291 (Fig. 97) ; Polytrichuvi jiiniperinum, 279 ; Vaucheria sessilis, 252 (Fig. 88). Antherozoids, see Spermatozoids. Anticlinal cell-walls, 173. Antipodal cells, see Embryo-sac. Antirrhinum viajus, coloured cell-sap of petals, 41. Apex, see Growing apex. Apical cell of Equisetum arvense, 176 (Fig. 66 and 66*); Metzgeria, 198 (Fig. 73); Pteris cretica, 188 (Fig. 71). Apical meristem, 171 et seq. (Fig. 64, 65). Apical sinus in Marchantia, 194; Metzgeria, 198. Apocarpous, 323, 343. Apophysis, 282. Apothecia, 270. Apple, see Pyrus Malus. Archegonium oiFiinaria hygrometrica, 280 (Fig. 95 B, c) ; Marchantia polymorpha, 275 (Fig. 95); Mnium hornum, 280; Picea vulgaris, 308 (Fig. 102) ; Pohj- podium vulgare, 293 (Fig. 98). Aril, 304, 346. Aristolochia Sipho, structure of stem, 104 (Fig. 46). Arrowroot, East Indian, 11 (Fig. 5) ; West Indian, 11. Asci, 261, 269 (Fig. 92), 270. Ascomycetes, 261, 269 (Fig. 92). Ascospores, see Spores. Ash, see Fraxinus excelsior. Aspidium Filix-mas, sporangia, 289. Assimilating cells, 167. Auricula, see Primula. Autoecious parasites, 264. Autumn tints, 43. Avena saliva, Puccinia on, 265 ; starch grains, 12 (Fig. 7); vascular bundles, 93. Azalea, Pollen of, 320. AzoUa, 216. INDEX. 407 BacillariaceaB, 210. Bacillus subtilis, 236 (Fig. 85). Bacillus tuberculosis, 234 ; permanent preparations, 234; staining, 234. Bacteria, (Figs. 84,85)221; cell-contents, 231 ; cilia, 223; coccus-form, 222 ; culture, 236 {see also Culture- methods); developmental forms, 233; division of, 238; germi- nation, 23'J ; mycoprotein,222 ; nomenclature, 233 ; power of resisting high temperatures, 237 ; spore formation , 223, 239 ; surface film (pellicle), 221, 238, 240 ; swarming, 223, 240 ; zooglcea stage, 222. ,, Investigation in interior of tissues, 235 ; material, to obtain, 221, 231. ,, of hay, see Bacillus sxibtilis ; of small-pox (Vaccine) lymph, see Micrococcus vaccina ; of teeth, see Leptothrix buccalis ; of tuberculosis, see Bacillus tuberculosis. ,, Permanent preparations, 230. ,, Stainiug, 222, 229, 234, 235; double-staining, 235. Baker's microscopes, xv. Barberry, see Berberis vulgaris. Barfoed's sugar-reaction, 49. Bark. Structure of, 156. Barley, see Honleum vulgare. Basidia, Aicldium, 203 (Fig. 90*) ; Penicillium, 260 (Fig. 90) ; Russula, 267 (Fig. 91). Basidiospores, see Spores. Bast, structure in Zea Mais, 86. See also Vascular bundles. „ Secondary, in Arlstolochia, 109. Bast-sheath, of Pteris, 147 (Fig. 57). Beale's Carmine, see Carm-ne. Bean flour. Starch of, 10 (Fig. 4). Beck's microscopes, xiv. Beech, see Fagus sylvatica. Beet-root, see Beta vulgaris. Beggiatoa alba, 232. Begonir., Collenchyma in petiole, 104 (Fig. 45'*). Bell-jars (Receivers), xxiii. Berberis vulgaris, Puccinia on, 262 (Fig. 89*). Bertholletia excelsa, albumen crystals (crystalloids), 26. Beta vulgaris, structure of root, 45 ; sugar in the root, 49. j Bezu, Hausser & Co.'s microscopes, { xvi. I Bilateral, see Dorsi-ventral. i Bismarck brown. Use of, 229. Biood-seru-m, Use of, 241. Bog-mosses, see Sphagnum. Borax-carmine, Use of, 18, 93. ,, Grenacher's, 205. „ Thiersch's, 205. Bordered pits, 55 (Fig. 26), 91, 110. See a iso Pits, Closing Membrane, Torus. ,, Development, 117 (Fig. 47). Botrychium, Cork in, 192. Bracken fern, see Pteris aquilina. Brazil nut, see Bertholletia excelsa. Brownian movement, 13, 42, 44. Buckthorn, see Bhainnus Frangula. Bulbils, see Gemma). Bundle-sheath in Allium, 136 (Fig. 53) ; Acorus, 139 (Fig. 54); Iris, 139 (Fig. 55) ; Taxus, 141 (Fig. 56). See also Endodermis. Butonius umbellatus, ovary, 324. Cabinets for microscope slides, xxiii. Calcium carbonate, see Lime, Car- bonate of. ,, oxalate, see Lime, Oxalate of. ,, phosphate, see Lime, Phosphate of. ,, suli^hate, see Lime, Suli)hate of. Calluna vulgaris, pollen, 320. Callus, see Sieve-tubes. Calyptra, 282 (Fig. 95 c, i>). Calyptrogen, 185 et seq. (Fig. 69). Cambium, 97 (Fig. 44), 101; interfasci- cular, 106. See also Thickness, Increase of; Vascular bundles, etc. (Figs. 44, 45, 46,47, 50**). Camera lucida of Abbe, 30 (Fig. 16) ; Zeiss, 31 (Fig. 2); Wollaston, 33; Beale, 33. See also Drawing. Camphor, Use of, 308. Campylotropous ovule, 342. 408 INDEX. Canada Balsam, Use of, 92, 230, 366. „ in benzole. Use of, 92. „ in chloroform, Use of, 92, 230, 365. ,, in turpentine, Use of, 92, 230, 234, 365. ,, in xylol, Use of, 236. Canal, cariual, 180 ; vallecular, 180. Canal-cell, of Marchantia, 275 (Fig. 95); of Polypodium, 294 (Fig. 98). ,, Ventral, of Marchantia, 275. Capillary apparatus of Sphagnum, 193. Capsella Bursa-pastoris. Structure and development of embryo and seed, 338 (Fig. Ill) ; structure of testa, 339 (Fig. 111). Capsule of Moss, 280 (Fig. 95 c, d, e). Carbolic acid, Use of, 309, 319, 320, 343. Carbon bisulphide, Use of, 232. Carmine, Alum, Use of, 92. ,, Ammonio-acetic, Use of, 92, 103. „ Beale's, Use of, 205. ,, Borax, see Borax-carmine. ,, Picric, see Picric -carmine. Carpellary leaf, 306, 323. Carrot, see Daucus Carota. Caulicle, 310. Cauline bundles, 171. Cedar, Oil of, Use of, 230. Celandine, see Chelidonium majus. Cell- division, 356; in Cladophora glomerata, 368; anthers of Fritillaria persica, 360 ; of Helleborus fcetidus, 367 ; of Tradescantia virginica, 356. Cell-division, anticlinal walls, 173 ; periclinal, 173 ; oblique, 191 ; rectangular, 173. Cclloidin (Collodion), Use of, 329. Cell-plate, 359 (Fig. 114 ry). Cells, Multinuclear, see Nucleus. Cell-sap, 29 ; blue, 42 ; purple, 41 ; red, 40, 41, 42, 43, 65 ; violet, 74 ; yellow, 41. Cellulose, Eeactions of, 47. „ Fungal-cellulose, Eeactions of, 202, 263. ,, Starch-cellulose, Eeactions of, 270. Cell-wall, Structure of in endosperm of Date, 54 ; seed of Oniitho- galum unibeUatum, 53; in Pin- nularia viridis, 213 ; Pimis sylvestris, 57. „ Middle-lamella, 54, 58, 140, 155 ; lamination, 53; striation, 50, 53. ,, Thickening, 47 ; pits, 54. , , Cuticularized and suberized, struc- ture, 153 ; reactions, 58, 65, 68. ,, Lignified, reactions of, 59, 119. Cement (Glass), 24. Central cell, of Marchantia, 275 ; Mnium, 280 ; Polypodium, 294. Ceratopteris thalictroides, germination of spores, 290. Ceric acid, Eeactions for, 155. Chalaza, 328 (Fig. 107). Chamber, Moist, see Moist chamber. Chara, Protoplasmic movement in, 37. Cheiranthus Cheiri, hairs, 72 (Fig. 32). Chelidoniiivi majus, Vascular bundle of, 101 ; latex vessels of, 102. Cherry, Structure of fruit, 348. Cherry-wood, Extract of, Use of, 59. Chloral hydrate, Use of, 39, 319, 320. Chlorococcus humicolum = Cystococcus humicola. Chloroform, Use of, 26. Chlorophyllan reaction, 204. Chlorophyll-bands, 208. Chlorophyll-bodies, 35 ; in Funaria hygrometrica, 38 (Fig. 17) ; division of, 38 ; function of, 167 ; starch in, 39 (Fig. 17). Chlorophyll-corpuscles, see Chloro- phyll-bodies. Chlorophyll-grains, see Chlorophyll- bodies. Chlorophyll-vesicles (Amylum bodies) , see Pyrenoids. Cliloroplasts, see Chlorophyll-bodies. Chlorzinc Iodine, Use of, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 68, 84, 87, 110, 119, 122, 124, 155, 202, 237. Chrom-acetic acid, 1 per cent., Use of, 205. Chromatophores, see Colour-oodies, Chloroi)hyll-bodies. INDEX. 409 Chromic acid, Use of, 70, 213. ,, 0-5 per cent., Use of, 235. „ 1-0 per cent.. Use of, 37, 204. „ 20 per cent., Use of, 213. ,, 25 per cent.. Use of, 318. „ Concentrated, Use of, 59, 155, 213. Chromoplasts = Cbromatophores. Chroococcaceae, 218. Cilia, 218, 223, 240, 250, 251, 254, 293 (Figs. 86, 87, 89, 94, 95 a, 97). ,, of Lichens, 202. „ of Mosses, 283 (Fig. 95 e). Citrus vulgaris [C. Aurantium), ad- ventitious embryos, 354 ; de- velopment of fruit, 352 ; struc- ture of fruit, 350. Cladophora glomerata, 203 (Fig. 75) ; cell-division in, 368 ; chroraato- phores, 203; nucleus, 204; pyrenoids, 203 ; swarm-spores, 248 (Fig. 86). Cladophorere, 203. Clearing sections, 172. Cleistocarpous, 261. Clips on microscope stage, 3. Closing membrane, see Pits. Clostridium butyricwn, 223. Cloves, Oil of. Use of, 235, 365. Club- mosses, see Lycopodium. Cluster-cup, see Mcidium. Collateral vascular bundles, 86, 180. Collecting cells, 167. Collemaceae, 271. Collenchyma, 104 (Fig, 45**), 152, 164, 165. CoUeters (glandular hairs), 78. Collins' microscopes, xv. Colonial algOB, 219. Colour-bodies, in flower of Adonis fiammeus, 42; of Delphinium, 42 ; of Pansy, 74 ; of Tropcsolum mojus, 40 (Fig. 18). ,, in root of Daucus Carota, 43 (Fig. 20). Columella, of Blucor, 255 ; Mnium, 283 (Fig. 95 d) ; in the cells of the testa of seeds, 340 (Fig. 111). Companion-cells, 146. See also Sieve- tubes. Condenser, se<? Illuminating apparatus. Conducting tissue, 167, 168, 190. Cone of Gymnosperms, 304 ; mor- phology of, in Pinvs, 305. Conidia, 215. See also Gonidia. Conidiophore of Mucor, 255. Conifers, 298, 306. Conjugatae, 247. Conjugation in Spirogyra, 246 ; in Cladophora, 250. Connective, 311, Copper, acetate. Use of, 49. ,, ammon-oxide. Use of, 53. ,, sulphate. Use of, 48. Corallin (in 30 per cent, carbonate of soda solution). Use of, 89, 95, 98, 99, 100, 105, 119, 124, 151. Cordyline rubra, see Dracaena rubra. Cork (bottle) for cutting sections, 52, 243, 246. Cork-cambium, 153. Cork, Structure and development of, in Cytisus Laburnum, 155 ; in Draccena, 98 (Fig. 44) ; Quercns Suber, 156 ; Itibes rubrum, 156 ; Bom, 76 ; Sambucus nigra, 152 (Fig. 59). ,, in Cryptogamia, 192. ,, Reactions of, 155 ; stainiug of, 153 ; structure of cell- walls, 153. Corpuscula, Homology with Arche- gonia, 308. Cortex, 104, 174 ; Secondary, 109. Cotyledons, 309, 310 (Fig. 103), 338 (Fig. Ill), 342 (Fig. 112). Cover-glasses, xxii. Cowslip, see Primula. Crouch's microscopes, xv. Crown Imperial, see Fritillaria im- 2)eri(ilis. Cryptogams, Vascular, Reproduction of, 287. Crystalloids, see Albumen crystals. Crystal Palace cement. Use of, 24. Crystals, 46, 51, 77, 96 (Fig. 43), 98, 117, 165, 201. Cucurbita Pepo, Vascular bundles of, 130 (Fig. 52) ; movement of protoplasm in hairs of young shoots, 35; pollen grains of, 320. 410 INDEX. Culture methods for Bacteria, 236, 210 ; in Agar-Agar, 241 ; blood- serum, 242 ; gelatine, 241. Culture methods for Bacteria, Appar- atus for, 243, 244; culture chamber, 243; dilution, 241; fractional, 241 ; from hay, 23G ; from lettuce, 221 ; moist- chamber, 238; on object-slide, 243 ; sterilization of culture fluids, 240. Culture methods for Fern spores, 290, 296. „ for fresh-water algae, 208. ,, for Mucor in plum juice, 256. „ for Pollen grains, 320. Cuproxide ammonia, see Copper, Am- mon-oxide. Cupules oiMarchantia, 272 (Fig. 93*b). Curcuma leucorrhiza, Starch grains of, 11 (Fig. 5). Cushion of Fern prothallus, 291. Cuticle, Eeactions, 65, 68. See also Cutin. Cutin, Eeactions, 58. See also Cuticle. Cystidia of Russiila, 268 (Fig. 91). Cystococcus humicola, 202. Cytisus Laburnum, structure and development of Cork, 155. Dahlia variabilis, structure of tuber, 50 (Fig. 23); Inuline in, 51 (Fig. 24). Dammar (Gum), Use of, 365. Barton & Co.'s microscopes, xv. Date, see Phoenix dactylifera. Daucus Carota, Colour-bodies in root, 43 (Fig. 20). Decussate (leaves), 174. Dehiscence of pistil, 323, 327. Delphinium Ajacis, ovary, 322 (Fig. 106). Delphinium consolida. Pistil of, 322 ; coloured cell-sap, and colour- crystals in flower, 42, 44. Dermatogen, 173 (Fig. 64), 183 et seq. (Fig. 69). Diamoud-fuchsin iodine-green, see Fuchsin iodine-green. Diaphragm, 1 ; Use of, 2 ; Iris, 227. u in stem of Hippuris vulgaris, 171. Diarch (vascular bundles of roots), 141, 188. Diatomaceae, 210 (Fig. 77). Diatoms, To prepare skeletons of, 213. Dicotyledons, Vascular bundles of, 100 et seq. „ Boot of, 140. Dictamnus Fraxinella, Development of oil-glands in, 163 (Fig. 62*). Digestive glands of Drosera, 79 (Figs. 37, 37*). Dimorphism, 325. Diphenylamine, Use of, 49. Dissecting microscope, xx., 24 (Figs. 12, 13). Dissection under microscope, 23. Dittany, see Dictamnus Fraxinella. Dorsi-ventrality of Marchantia, 194 ; of Lichens, 202 ; of Selagindla, 296. Dracaena rubra. Structure of stem, 96 (Fig. 44). Drawing desk, 31. Drawing prism, Use of, 30 ; Abbe's, xxi., 30 (Fig. 16) ; with two prisms, xxi., 31 (Fig. 2). Drosera rotundifolia, digestive glands of, 79 (Figs. 37, 37*). Drupe, Structure of in Prunus, 343. Drying frame, xxiii. (Fig. 1). Dust, Kemoval from preparations, 20. Eau de Javelle, Use of, 172, 177, 184. Echeveria, Wax upon, 81. Ectoplasm, 37. Egg-apparatus, see Embryo-sac. Egg, White of. Use of, 308. Elaters, 277. Elder, see Sambucus nigra. Elder-pith, xxiii.; Use of, 63, 170, 202, 250, 257, 262, 287. „ To obtain, 63. Eleagnus angustifolia. Scales upon leaf, 76. Electric light. Use of, 229. Embedding for section cutting, see Sections. Embryo, Structure and development in Alisma Plantago, 342; GapseUa Bursa-pastoris, 338 (Fig. Ill); Picea vulgaris, 309 (Fig. 103). INDRX. 411 Embryo, Adventitious, in Citrus, y'4. „ Cotyledons, 338 ; hypocotyl, 339 ; plumule, 339 ; radicle, 339. Embryonic vesicle, see Embryo-sac, Oosphere. Embryo-nucleus, 332. Embryo-sac, Structure and develop- ment in Capsella Bursa-pastori", 341; Gloxinia, 334; Monotropa Jli/popitys, 330 (Fig. 108); OrchidefB, 333 (Fig. 109) ; Picea vulgaris, 308 {Fig. 102); Pyrola, 330, Taxiis haccata, 304; Torcnia Asiatica, 334 (Fig. 110). „ Antipodal cells, 328, 332; Egg- apparatus, 331 ; filiform appara- tus, 336 ; oosphere (germinal vesicle, embryonic vesicle), 328 ; synergidffi, 304. ,, Homology with macrospore, 304. Enclosing (or mounting) fluid, Hoyer's, 206. See Glycerine, Glycerine- jelly, Canada balsam, Dammar, Acetate of potash. Endocarp, 344. Endochrome plates, of Pinnnlaria viri- dis, 212. Eudodermis, Structure in root of Acoi'us Calamus, 139 (Fig. 54); Allium Cepa, 136 (Fig. 53); Iris florentina, 139 (Fig. 55); Pteris, 147 (Fig. 57); Taxtis, 141 (Fig. 52). See also pp 318. et seq., and Bundle Sheath. „ Outer, 138. Endoplasm, 54. Endosperm, 300, 308, 309. Develop- ment in Monotropa Hypopitijs, 332 (Fig. 108). ,, Homology with Prothallus, 306. Epicarp, 344. Epidermis, Structure in Aloe nigricam, 67 (Fig. 29) ; Iris Jlorentina, 61 (Fig. 27) ; Puta graveolcns, 160 (Fig. 61) ; Tradcscantia, 65 (Fig. 28). „ Function of, 64, 168. Epidermoid layer, 138. Epilobium, Pollen grains of, 319. Epipactis j)alustris, Pistil of, 326. Epiplasm, of Morchdla, 209. Equisetum arvense, apical cell, 176 (Fig. 66 and 66*); structure of stem, 180; vascular bundles, 180 (Fig. 68). Erecting eyepiece, xx., 23. Erica, Pollen of, 320. Eschscholtzia, morphological value of flowers, 327. Etrerio, 343. Ether, Use of, 155, 329. Eucalyptus globulus, Wax layer, 81. Euonymus japonicus, development of apex, 174 (Fig. 65). Euphorbia helioscopia, starch grains, 12 (Fig. 8) ; latex, 12. Euphorbia splendens, starch grains, 13 (Fig. 9) ; latex, 13. Everlasting pea, see Lathyrus. Extine, 304, 312. Eyepiece, Erecting, xx., 23. Fagus sylvatica, structure of leaves, 164 (Fig. 63). Fall of leaves, 157. Fehling's solution, Preparation of, 48; Use of, 48. Fermentation, Alcoholic, 215. Fern, Hart's tongue, see Scolopendrium vulgare. „ Male, see Aspidium Filix-mas. „ Polypody, s^e Poly podium vulgare. „ See also Aneimia fraxinifolia. Ferns,Eeproduction,287; structure, 145. Fertilization, Conifers, 306 ; Ferns, 295; Marchautia, 276; Mosses. 280 ; Monotropa, 332 ; Torenia, 334 (Fig. 110). ,, Terminology of, 253. Fibres, 129 (Fig. 51). Fibrous layer (of anther), 314 (Fig. 104). See Mesothecium. Fibro-vascular (fibro-vasal) bundles, or strings, see Vascular bundles. Filament, 311, 315. Filiform apparatus, 336 (Fig. 110). Fir, Scotch, see Pinus sylvestris. Fixing cell-contents, 204 ; with abso- lute alcohol, 364 ; chrom-acetic acid, 205 ; chromic acid, 204 ; picric acid, 205. See also Nu- cleus, Nuclear divisiou. 412 INDEX. Flag, Sweet, s<?e Acorus Calamus. Float, Undulating, 293. Flower of Finns sylvestris, 298 (Figs 99, 101); Taxus baccata, 301 (Fig. 100). Fontinalis antipyretica, Peristome, 285 _ (Fig. 95 E). Formic gentiana- violet, ^ee Gentiana- violet. Formic methyl-green, see Metlij'l-green. Fraximis excelsior, Leaf-fall, 159. Fritillaria imperialis, Pollen of, 318. Fiitillaria persica, Cell and nuclear division, 360 (Fig. 114). Frog-bit, see Hydrocharis. Fruit, Deve'oi^ment in Citrus vulgaris, (C. Aurantium), 352. ,, Structure in Alisma Plantago, 343 ; Citrus vulgaris, 352 ; Prwms do- mestica, 347 ; Pyrus Malus, 348. Frustule, 210 (Fig. 77). Fuchsia, Pollen grains of, 319. Fuchsin (Magenta), Use of, 229; pre- paration, 235. Fuchsin iodine-green, 366. Funaria hygrometrica, Antheridia, 279 (Fig. 95 a); Archegonia, 280 (Fig. 95 B, c) ; Chlorophyll-bodies of, 38 (Fig. 17) ; protonema, 191 (Fig. 71*) ; sporogone, 285 (Fig. 94 D). Fundamental tissue (Ground tissue), 83. Fungi, Vegetative structure of, 200 et seq. (Fig. 74) ; reproduction of, 255 et seq., 262 et seq. Funiculus, 328 (Fig. 107). Funkia ovata, Pollen development in, 316. Gall-apple, Structure of, 61 ; Tannin in, 52. Gametes, of Cladopliora, 250. Gas-chamber, 244. Gelatine, Use of, 321. „ and glycerine, see Glycerine-jelly. Gemmce, of Marchantia, 194, 272 (Fig. 93*b). Generation, Alternation of, 264. Gentiana-violet, Use of, 39, 41, 222, 229, 301, 365. Gentiana-violet, acetic, 361. ,, in aniline water, 235. ,, formic, 361. Germinal apparatus, see Embryo- sac. Egg- apparatus. Germinal vesicle, see Embryo-sac, Oosphere. Ginkgo hiloha, see Salishuria adianti- folia. Glands (oil) of Rvta graveolens, 160 (Figs. 61, 62) ; development of in Dictamnus Fraxinella, 163 (Fig. 62*). Glandular hairs of Msculus Hippocas- tanum, 81 (Fig. 38) ; Aspidium Filix-mas, 289 ; Matthiola, 75 ; Frimula, 78 ; Rumex patientia, 79 (Fig. 36). Glass bell-jars, xxiii. Glass disks.to cover watch glasses, xxiii. Glass rods, xxiii. Gleocapsa caldariorum, 218. „ polydermatica, 218 (Fig. 82). Globoids in BerthoUetia excelsa, 27; Ricinus, 25 (Fig. 14). Gloxinia hybrida. Embryo-sac of, 334. Glucose, Keactions of, 48. Glycerine, Use of, 16, 17, 34, 55, 92, 115, 119, 133, 172, 177, 206, 232, 289, 338, 366, 370. „ and alcohol, 55, 115, 302. ,, Clearing tissue by heating in, 232, 342. ,, Dehydrating by, 289. Glycerine gum. Use of, 192, 338. Glycerine jelly, Use of, 20, 92, 206, 329. Glycogen, Keactions of, 269. Gold-size, Use of, 92, 366. Gonidia, of Anaptychia ciliaris, 202, 270 ; of Lichens, 302 ; of Phy- tophthora, 257 (Fig. 89). Gonidioj)hores, of Mucor, 255 ; Peni- cillium, 260 (Fig. 90); Phy- tophtliora, 256 (Fig. 89). Growing apex, in stems of Angio- sperms, 173 ; of Equisetum arvense, 176 (Figs. 66, 66*, 67) ; Euonymns japonicus, 174 (Fig. 65) ; Gymuosperms, 173 ; Hippuris vulgaris, 170 (Fig. 64). INDEX. 413 Growing apex, in roots of Hordeum vuhjare, 183 (Fig. 69); Pteris cretica, 188 (Fig. 71); Tlnija occidentalis, 185 (Fig. 70). ,, in thallus of Metzgeria f areata, 108. „ Cell- division in, Anticlinal, 173 ; periclinal, 173 ; rectangular segmentation, 173. „ To cut sections, 170, 171; to make transparent, 172, 177. ,, Methods of investigation, 170, 177. ,, Segmentation of, Calyptrogen, 185 ; cortex, 174 ; dermatogen, 173 ; histogens, 173 ; initials, 173 ; periblem, 173 ; peri- blemic column, 187; pith, 174; plerome, 173 ; procambium, 174. Growing point, see Growing apex. Ground tissue (Fundamental tissue), 83. Guard- cells, 61. See also Stomata. Gum, 81 ; reactions for, 99 ; reser- voirs in Tilia, 125. „ Use of, 293. Gymnodadus canadensis, Leaf-fall, 159. Gymnosperms, Definition of, 298 ; re- production, 298 ; root-cap, 186. Gynoecium, of Angiosperms, 322 ; Gymnosperms, 302. Hadrome, 86. Haimatin -Ammonia, Use of, 205 ; preparation of, 205. Hiematoxylin, Use of, 26, 222, 260, 318, 329, 366. „ Bohmer's, Use of, 205, 365. ,, Grenacher's, Use of, 205, 365. Hairs, Structure of, in Cheiranthtis Cheiri, 72 (Fig. 32) ; Matthiola annua, 73 (Fig. 32) ; Verhascnm nigrum, 74 ; V. thapsiforme, 75; Viola tricolor, 74 (Fig. 33). ,, Bristles, of Urtica dioica, 77. „ Glands, of Drosera rotundifulia, 79 ; Primula sinensis, 78. Sec also Glandular hairs. „ Horsehair, Use of, 366. ,, Human, Use of, 366. I Hairs, Movement of protoplasm, in Ilg- drocharis, 35; in Tradescantia, 28. ,, Prickles, of Rosa 76. ,, Scales of Eleagnus angustifolia, 76 ; Shepherdia canadensis, 75 (Fig. 34). ,, Stinging, of Urtica dioica, 77 (Fig. 35). Hand-vice, xxiii. ; use of, 17, 53. Hart's tongue fern, see Scolopendrium. Haustoria, of Phytophthora, 2bl. Hedera helix, Kesin canals in, 123 (Fig. 50*). Hellebore, see Ilelleborus. Ilelleborus fcetidus, pollen-cell and nuclear division, 367 (Fig. 115) ; pistil, 324. Helleborus nigcr, pistil, 324. Hemerocallis fulva. Structure and development of anther, 311 (Fig. 101); pistil, 324; pollen, 312 (Fig. 104). Hen's Egg Albumen, Use of, 308. Heterocyst, 216. Heteroecious (parasites), 264. Heteromerous (thallus of Lichens), 202. Hippuris vulgaris, Growing apex of, 170 (Fig. 64). Histogen, Histogenic layer, 173. Hollyhock, see Altluea rosea. Homoiomerous (thallus of Lichens), 203. Hordeum vulgare. Growing apex of root, 183 (Fig. 69). Horse-chestnut, see JEsculus Ilip- pocastanum. Horsehair, Use of, 250. Horse-tail, see Equisetum. Host, 256. Hoyer's Ammonia-carmine, see Car- mine. ,, Enclosing fluid, see Enclosing fluid. Hyacinth, Development of pollen in, 316 ; pistil, 324. Hyaloplasm, 29. Hydrocharis Morsus-rance, movement of protoplasm in root-hairs, 35. 414 IKDEX. Hydrochloric acid, Use of, 59, 77, 205, 213. „ Half per cent, in 70 per cent alcohol. Use of, 206. „ Quarter per cent, in 70 per cent. alcohol, Use of, 365. Hydroids ( = Trachekles), 58, 105, 114. Hymenium of JLcidium, 263 (Fig. 81*); Agaricus, 2G8 (Fig. 91*) ; Anoptychia, 270 (Fig. 93); MorchrJla, 269 (Fig. 92) ; Bus- siila, 267 (Fig. 91). Hymenomycetes, 266. Hypanthium, see Receptacular tube. Hyphffi, 200, 255. Hypochlorin reaction, 204. Hypocotyl, 310 (Fig. 103), 339 (Fig. 111). Hypoderma, 88. lUuminatiug apparatus, 227 ; Abbe's, 226. Immersion fluids, for objectives, 224. ,, Objectives, xviii., 223. Incandescent lamps (electric), Use of, 229. Indian corn, see Zea Mais. Indian ink. Use of, 222. Indusium, 288 (Fig. 96). Inflorescence, 306. Initial cells, Initial layers, 173. Intercellular protoplasmic threads, 370. ,, spaces, Lysigenous, 85, 164 ; Schizogenous, 17, 85, 118, 123, 124 ; canals, 180. Internode, 171. Intine, 304, 312. Inuline, Eeactions for, 50 ; sphroro- crystals, 50 (Fig. 24). Iodine, action on starch, 13 ; on aleu- rone grains, 18. ,, in alcohol, Use of, 13, 39. ,, in glycerine. Use of, 24. „ in potassium-iodide. Use of, 13, 18, 47, 204, 208, 259, 269, 274, 293,317. ,, in water, Use of, 17, 41. Iodine-green, Use of, 92, 93. „ Acetic, Use of, 218, 317, 318, 361. ,, Formic, 361. Iris fiorentina, Structure of leaf, 61 et seq. (Fig. 27) ; endodermis of root, 139 (Fig. 55) ; vascular bundles of leaf, 93 (Fig. 95); wax on leaf, 81, Iris germanica, Leucoplasts (starch- builders) and starch in rhizome, 44 (Fig. 21). Iron alum, Use of, 365. ,, chloride, Use of, 52. ,, suli)hate, Use of, 52, Ivy, see Hedera helix. Juglans regia, Leaf -fall of, 159. Labelling preparations, 24. Laburnum, see Cytisus Laburnum. Lamp, 229 ; Electric, 229. Larkspur, see Delphinium. Latex system, in Euphorbia, 12, 13 ; Chelidonium viajtis, 102 ; Scor- zonera, 103 (Fig. 45*). Lathyrus, formation of pollen-tube? 321. Lavender, Oil of, Use of, 366. Leaf, Structure of in Aloe, 67 (Fig, 29) ; Fagus sylvatica, 164 (Fig. 63); Iris, 61, 93 (Fig. 42); Mnium undulatum, 192 ; Ruta graveolens, 160 (Figs. 61, 62) Scolopendriimi vulgare, 287 Sphagnum acutifoHum, 193 Tradcscavtia, 65 (Fig. 28). ,, Influence of position on structure, 106. ,, Aerating tissue, 167; assimilatory tissue, 167 ; mechanical con- struction, 165 ; transpiratory tissue, 167 ; vein-parenchyma, 168. „ Origin of, 171, 174 ; fall of, 157. Leaf traces, 175. Leitz's microscopes, xvi. Lemon, see Citrus. „ Oil of. Use of, 319, 320. Lens, magnifying, xxi. Leuticels, of Sambucus nigra, 153 (Fig. 60). Leptome, 86. Lcptothrix bnccalis, 232. Leiicojum, Pollen grains of, 318. INDEX. 415 Leucoplasts, of Iris ger-inanica, 44 (Fig. 21) ; staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 29; Verbascum nigrum, 41. Lichens, Structure of, 202 ; reproduc- tion, 270 (Fig. 93). ,, Gelatinous, 271. Light, Artificial, for microscopes, 229. Lignin, Eeactions for, 59, 119. Ligulatse, see Selaginellese. Ligule, 296, 297. Lilium, Development of anthers and pollen, 315 ; structure of pistil, 324. ,, Cell and nuclear division in, 360. Lime, see Tilia curopcsa. Lime, Oxalate, as crystals, 96 (Fig. 43) ; in cell-contents of Beta vulgaris, 4^6; Iris Jlorentina, 95; Rosa, 77. ,, Eeactions, 46. ,, phosphate, Use of, 208. „ sulphate, Use of, 208. Limiting cell, see Heterocyst. ,, membrane (of cell-wall), 54, 58. Ling, see Calluna vulgaris. Linseed oil, Use of, 366. Liverwort, see Marchantia. Logwood, see Hsematoxylin. Lupinus albus, Aleurone grains in seed, 24. Lycopodium complanatum, structure of stem, 149 (Fig. 58). ,, Selago, structure of stem, 150. Lysigenous, see Intercellular spaces. Lysimachia, Pistil of, 326. Macerating mixture, Schultze's, 112, 129, 155. Macrosporaugia, 297. Macrospore, see Spore. Magenta, see Fuchsin. Magnesia sulphate. Use of, 208. Maize, see Zea Mais. Malic acid, as stimulant for spermato- zoids of Ferns, 294. Malva crispa. Pollen grains, 319. Maple, Autumnal coloration of, 43. Maranta arundinacea, Starch of, 11. Marchantiaceae, 277. Marchantia polymorpha, air-pores, 196 (Fig. 71); thallus, 194; oil- bodies, 195; rhizoids, 196; gemmae, 194, 273 ; sexual or- gans, 272 (Figs. 93^ 94, 95) ; fertilisation, 276; sporogoniuni, 277. Mare's tail, see Ilippuris vulgaris. Marjoram, Oil of. Use of, 365. Matthiola annua, Hairs on leaf, 73 (Fig. 32). Mechanical system, 48, 88, 147, 166. Medulla, 270'. Medullary rays, structure in Aristolo- chia, 107 (Fig. 46) ; Pinus syl- vestris, 56, 120 (Fig. 47). ,, Secondary, 270. Medullary sheath, 109. Mericarp, 340. Meristem, 172. Mesocarp, 344. Mesophyll, 161 (Fig. 62). Mesothecium, 314. Mestome, 86. Metaphases, of nuclear division, 363. Methyl-blue, Use of, 229, 234. See also Aniline blue. Methyl-green, Use of, 19, 46. See also Aniline green. „ Formic, 361. „ Acetic, 19, 46, 158, 218, 317, 318, 360, 361, 369. Methyl-violet, Use of, 39, 41, 229, 234. Metzgeria f areata, Structure of thal- lus, 197 ; apical cell, 198 (Fig. 73). Mica plates. Use of, 213. Micrococcus Vaccince, 231. Micrometer-screw, see Microscope. Micrometer, Stage, xxii. Micropyle, 302, 304 (Fig. 101), 328 (Figs. 107-110). Microscope, Essentials for a good, xvii. ; stands and objectives, xiii. „ Compound, 1 (Fig. 2), 224 (Figs. 83, 83*) ; to clean after use, 15. ,, Simple (or Dissecting), xx., 21 (Figs. 12, 13). IMicrosomata (microsomes), 29, 207. Microsporangia, 297. 416 INDEX. Microspore, see SiDore. Microtome, 03. Middle lamella (of cell-wall), 54, 58 (Fig. 26), 140, 155. Milk, see Latex. Millon's reagent, Use of, 18, 19. Milium hornuin, antherozoids, 277 ; archegonia, 280; "flowers," 277 ; sporogone, 280. Mnium undulatum, Structure of leaf, 192 ; of stem, 190 ; absorption of water by leaves, 193 ; move- ment of water in central bundle of stem, 190. Moist chamber, 10, 255 ; hollowed from glass slide, 244; of glass ring, 243, 256 ; pasteboard frame, 238, 247, 321 ; bell-jar, 10, 244 ; plaster of Paris case, 244, 256. Molecular movement, see Brownian movement. Molybdate of ammonia, in concen- trated solution of ammonium chloride. Use of, 53. Monkshood, see Aconitum Napellus. Monocarpellary, 323. Monocotyledons, Vascular bundles of, 83 etseq. Monopodial (branching), 257. Monotropa Hypopiiys, Structure of Embryo-sac, 330 (Fig. 108). Morchella escidenta ; epiplasm, 269 ; glycogen in, 269; hymenium, 269 (Fig. 92). Morell, see Morchella escidenta. Mosses, Reproduction of, 277 et seq. (Figs. 95 A to e) ; vegetative structure, 38, 190 et seq. Mounting fluid, see Enclosing fluid. Mounting preparations, 20. Mucilage, see Mucus. Mucilage-cells of Marchantla, 197. Mucorineae, 255, 259. Mucor Mucedo, 255 ; sporangia, 255 ; zygote (zygospore), 256. Mucus, from cellulose, 99, 340 ; from starch, 99. „ Staining reactions of, 99. Mullein, see Verbascum nigrum. Multinuclear cells, see Nuclear division. Multiplication, sexual and asexual, 219. Mushroom, see Agaricus campestris. Mycelium, 255. Mycoprotein, 222. Navicida, see Pinnularia. Neck, of archegonium, 275 (Figs. 95, 95 b), 293 (Figs. 98, 102). Needle-holder, xxiii. Needles, xxiii. Nerium Oleander, Structure of epider- mis, 69 ; stomata, 70. Nerve, Use of term, 168. Nigrosine, Use of, 79, 99. „ Picric, Use of, 92, 238. NitellUy Protoplasmic movement in, 37. Nitrates, Eeactions of, 49. Nitric acid. Use of, 51, 213, 234. Nitrites, Reactions of, 49. Node, 171. Nostocaceae, 215. Nostoc ciniflonum, 217. Nucellus, 304, 307 (Fig. 102), 328 (Fig. 107). Nuclear division, 356 ; in Fritellaria persica, 360 (Fig. 114) ; Helle- borus fcetidus, 367 (Fig. 115) ; Tradescantia virginica, 356 (Fig. 113), 369 (Fig. 116). Nuclear division, direct, 369 (Fig. 116); indirect, 369 (Figs. 113, 114) ; prophases, metaphases, anaphases, 363. ,, Fixing and staining nuclear figures, 260, 263, 360, 361, 364, et seq. ; with acetic methyl- green, 360, 361 ; with absolute alcohol and safranin, 365 ; alcohol and gentiana-violet, 365, alcohol and logwood, 365 ; alcohol and diamond- fuchsine iodine-green, 366 ; restoring overstaining wdth logwood, 365. „ Multinuclear cells, 201, 204 (Fig. 75), 256, 260. ,, Permanent preparations, 364 efse^. Nuclear plate, 363 (Fig. 114), 364. Nuclear spindle, 363. Nucleoli, 30, 204, 208. Nucleolus, Lateral, see Paranucleolus. INDEX. 41' Nucleus of Cladoplwra glomerata, 204 (Fig. 75) ; Penicillium criista- ceum, 260 ; Pinnularia, 211 (Fig. 77) ; Protococcus, 214 (Fig. 78) ; Saccharomyces (yeast), 215 ; Sinrogyra, 208 (Fig. 76) ; staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 29 (Fig. 15), 357 (Fig. 113); pollen grains of Tradescantia, 317 (Fig. 105); old nodes of Tradescantia, 369 (Fig. 116). ,, Relations to fertilization, oo-nu- cleus, spermo-nucleus, 332. ,, Staining, 19, 25, 54. See also Nuclear division. ,, Structure in resting state, 357. Nutation of Oscillaria, 218. Oak-apple, Oak-gall, 51. Oat, see Avena saliva. Object-glass, Objective, xviii. ; for homogeneous immersion, xviii., 223 ; Use of, 224 ; for water immersion, xviii., 223 ; Use of, 224 ; to clean, 7, 13. Object-slides, xxii. ; hollowed, ^244. Ochrefe, 78. Ocular, see Eye-piece. (E7iot/iera6ie7i7n's, Pollen grains of, 318. Oil, Ethereal, 26, 160; reactions of, 26; Fat, 26 ; reactions of, 26 ; Olive, Use of, 26 ; Origanum, Use of, 365. See also Cloves, Cedar. Oil-bodies of Liverworts, 195. Oil-drops, Optical appearance of, 25. Oil-glands of Rtita, 160 (Fig. 62); Dictavmus Fraxinella, 164 (Fig. 62*) ; Citrus, 351. Onion, see Allium Gepa. Oogonium of Peronospora, 259 ; Vau- cheria, 252 (Fig. 88). Oo-nucleus, 332. Oosphere, of Aconitum, 328 (Fig. 107) ; Marchantia, 275 (Fig. 95) ; Pinus, 308 (Fig. 102); Pohj- podium, 294 (Fig. 98) ; Vauch- eria, 253. Oospore, see Fertilization, Zygote. Operculum, 282 (Fig. 95 n). Orange, see Citrus vulgaris {G. Auran- tinin). Orehideas, Embryo-sac and fertiliza- tion, 333 ; Pistil of, 326. Orchis pallens, 333 (Fig. 109). Ornithogalum umbellatum, Structure of cell-walls of seed, 53 (Fig. 25). Oscillaria (Fig. 81), Cell-structure of. 217 ; habitat, 217 ; movement, 218. Osmic acid, 1 p.c. Use of, 26, 27, 274. ,, vapour, 235. Ovary, adnate (inferior), 326 ; free (superior), 323; monocarpellary, 323 ; polycarpellary, 324. „ Dehiscence of, 323, 327. ,, Structure in Butomus umbellatus, 324 ; Delphinium Ajacis, 322 (Fig. 106) ; Epipactis palustris, 326; Hellehorus, 324; Hemero- callis, 324 ; Hyacinthus, 324 ; Lilium, 324 ; Primula, 325 ; Tulipa, 324 ; Yucca, 325. Overstaining, Use of, 206 ; correction of, 365. Ovular integument, 303, 328. See also Ovule. Ovule, 303, 323 ; anatropous, 328 (Figs. 106, 107) ; campylotro- pous, 342 ; chalaza, 328 ; em- bryo-sac, 328; funiculus, 328; micropyle, 304, 328; nucellus, 301, 328 ; primine, 328 ; raphe, 328; secundine, 328. See also Embryo-sac. ,, Development and structure in Aconitum Napellus, 327 (Fig. 107) ; Gapsella Bursa-pastoris, 340; Citrus, 354; Monotropa Hypopitys, 330 (Fig. 108) , Orchis, 333 (Fig. 109); Picea vulgaris, 307 (Fig. 102) ; Pijius sylvestris, 305 (Fig. 101); Tax us haccata, 303 (Fig. 100). ,, Homology with macrosporau- gium, 304, 328. ,, Sections of, 329. Oxalate of lime, see Lime. Oxide of copper (ammoniacal), see Copper ammon-oxide. Packiug-cells, 151, 153. E E 418 INDEX. P(eonia, Formation of pollen-tubes, 321. Pffiony, see Pcconia. Palissade cells, 161 (Fig. 62). Palmellaceae, 219. Pansy, sec Viola tricolor. Ptipaver Bhceas, Structure of petals, 169. Papillffi, 40, 72, 272. Paranucleolus, 361 (Fig. 114). Paraphyses, of Funaria. 281 (Fig. 95b) ; Milium, 278, 280; Morchella, 269 (Fig. 92); Russula, 267 (Fig. 91). Parasite, 264. Parkes & Son's microscopes, xv. Parmelia citiaris, see Anaptychia ciliaris. Passage cells (in bundle-sheath), 139 (Fig. 55). Pea, see Pisum sativum. Pear, Sclerenchyma in, 47 (Fig. 22). Penicillinvi crustaceiim, 259 ; asci, 261 ; basidia, 260 ; gonidio- phores, 260 (Fig. 90) ; habitat, 259 ; mycelium, 259 ; nuclei, 260. Peptone, 241. Perchloride of iron, see Iron. Perianthium (of Marchantia), 'ill (Fig. 95). Periblem, 173 (Figs. 64, 65), 310 (Fig. 103). Periblemic column, 186 (Fig. 70). Pericambium, 137 (Figs. 53 to 56). Pericarp, 344. Perichaetium, 278. Periclinal cell- walls, 173. Periderm, 109, 153 (Figs. 59, 60), 155, 156. Peridium, 263 (Fig. 90*). Perigamiura, 280. Perigonium, 278. Perigynium, 280. Periphloem, 147, 148. Peristome, 282 (Fig. 95 e). PeronosporejB, 257; antheridia, 259; fertilization, 259 ; gonidia, 259 ; oogonia, 259. Petals, Structure in Papaver Ehop,ns, 169: Verbascwn nigrum, 1C8. Petiole, Strnctureof, in ry.\ita graveolen^, 164. Phanerogamia, Primary classification of, 298. Phaseohis vulgaris, Starch of, 10 (Fig. 4). Phellem, 153, 156. Phelloderm in Pibes ruhrum, 156. Phellogen, 153 (Figs. 59, 60). See also Cork. Phloem, see Bast, vascular bundles. Phloroglucin, Use of, 59. Phoenix dactylifera. Structure of en- dosperm cell-walls, 54. Phosphate of lime, see Lime. Phosphate of soda, see Soda. Phycomycetes, 255. Phytophthnra infestans, 256 ; conidia, 257 (Fig. 89) ; haustoria, 257. Picea vulgaris, archegonia (corpus- cula), 308; embryo-sac, 308; endosperm, 306, 308 ; fertiliza- tion, 308 ; female flowers, 306 ; ovu]e, 307 (Fig. 102); seeds, 309 (Fig. 103). Picric acid, Use of, 204, 215. alcohol, see Alcohol, aniline blue, Use of, 92, 370. carmine, 235. nigrosine, Use of, 92, 361. Pileus, 267. Pillischer's microscopes, xvi. Plnnularia viridis (Fig. 77), Structure, 210 ; cell-wall, 213 ; cytoplasm, 211; division, 212; endochrome plates, 212; frustules (valves), 210 ; girdles, 211 ; movements, 212 ; nodule, 210 ; oil-drops, 211 ; raphe, 211 ; skeletoniza- tion, 213. Films f^ylvestris, bordered pits, 55 (Fig. 26); 116 (Fig. 47); cell- walls, 57 ; female flower, 304 ; male flower, 298 (Fig. 99) ; ovule, 305 (Fig. 101) ; pollen- grains, 300 (Fig. 99) ; pollin- ation, 306 ; resin-canals, 118 (Fig. 48) ; stamens, 299 ; sieve- tubes, 121 (Figs. 49, 50) ; struc- ture of stem, 114 (Fig. 46*). Pistil, see Ovary. INDEX. 419 Pisum sativum, Aleurone-grains, 18 (Fig. 10) ; structure of seed, 16 (Fig. 10). Pith, 108, 174, 310. Pits, bordered, of Finns sylvestris, 55 (Fig. 20) ; unilaterally bordered, 110, 116 (Fig. 47) ; closing membrane, 54 (Figs. 25, 20), 119 (fig. 47), 147. ,, Sieve, see Sieve - tubes, Sieve plates, etc. „ simple, in Agaricus campestris, 201 (Fig. 74); Beta vulgaris, 46; Ornithogalum, 54 (Fig. 25). ,, branched in Pear, 47 (Fig. 22). „ reactions, 47 ; torus, 57 (Fig. 26), 110, 116 (Fig. 47), 147. Pitted ducts, 85 (Fig. 40), 91. See also Pits. Placenta, 289 (Fig. 96), 306, 323 (Fig. 106) ; axile, 324 ; free central, 326 ; marginal, 325 ; superficial, 324. Plasmolysis, 208 ; in staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 34. Plerome,173 (Figs. 64,65). 310(Fig.l03). Pleurosignia angulatum, 214. Plum, see Frumis domestica. Plum-juice, Use of, 256. Plumule, 310 (Fig. 103). Pollen-canal, in style of Hemerocallis, 325. Pollen-grains, Structure in Acacia, 320 ; Althcea rosea, 319 ; Azalea, 320 ; Calluna vulgaris, 320 ; Cucurbita, 320; Erica, 320; Fritillaria imperialis, 318 ; Hemerocallis fulva, 312 (Fig. 104) ; Leucojum, 318 ; Liliuin, 315 ; Malva crispa, 319 ; Mi- moseae, 320; Oenothera biennis, 318 ; Finns sylvestris, 300 (Fig. 99) ; Rhododeiidron, 320; Taxus baccata, 301 ; Tradescantia vir- ginica, 316 (Fig. 105). ,, Culture of, 320 ; formation of, 315 ; how to make transparent, 319, 340 ; germination, 320 ; com- pound grains, 320; nucleus, 300, 317; homology with micro- spores, 300. Pollen mother-cells. Division of, in Fritillaria persica, 360 (Fig. 114); Hemerocallis, 315 (Fig. 104); Helleborus fcjetidns, 367 (Fig. 115). Pollen-sacs of Finns sylvestris, 299 (Fig. 99); Taxus baccata, 301. See also Pollen-grains. „ homology with microsporangia, 300, 311. Pollen-tubes, Development of, 304, 307, 319, 320, 335 (Fig. llOj. Cultural development, 320. Pollination, 304, 306. Polycarpous, see Apocarpous. Polyembryony, in Citrus, 355. Polypodiaceae, 290. Folypodium vulgare, Autheridium,291 (Fig. 97) ; antherozoids (sper- matozoids), 293 (Fig. 97); archegonia, 293 (Fig. 98) ; fertilization, 294; petiole (struc- ture), 148 ; prothallus, 291 ; sori and sporangia, 290. Polypody fern, see Folypodium. Folytrichum junipcrinum, Antheridia, 279. ,, Foliar bundles in, 192. Poplar-wood, Use of, in cutting sec- tions, 338. Poppy, see Fapaver Rhccas. Fopulus dilatata. Leaf-fall in, 159. Porous cells oi. Sphagnum, 193. Potash, acetate. Use of, action on starch, 14 ; on cork, 155 ; as a clearing agent, 172, 177, 180, 297, 299, 341 ; how to restore tissues after, 177. „ Use of, 172, 177. ,, bichromate. Use of, 52. „ chlorate, 112, 129, 155. „ nitrate, 208. Potato, see Solanum tuberosum. Preparations, Permanent preservation of, 20, 24, 92, 230, 235 ; closing, 92, 366. ,, Preservation of, when stained, 206. ,, To find again a particular sijotin, 239. „ Kemoval of air and dust under microscope, 20. 420 INDEX. Preparations, To prepare under micro- scoije, 23 et seq. Prickles of Eose, Structure of, 76. Primine, 328. See also Ovule. Primrose, see Primula. Primula, Ovary of, 325. P. sine7isis, Glandular hairs, 78. Procambium, 174 (Fig. 65), 310 (Fig. 103). Proembryo of Mosses, 191 (Fig. 71*) ; of Capsella, 342. Proliferation, 279. Promycelium of Puccinia, 265. Prophases of nuclear division, 363. Protein-grains, see Aleurone-grains. Protein-crystals (crystallized), see Albumen-crystals. Prothallus of Polypodium vulgare, 290. „ Homology with endosperm, 306. Protococcus viridis, 214 (Fig. 78). Protonema of Mosses, 191 (Fig. 71*). Protophloem, 87, 93. Protoplasm, circulation, 29 (Fig. 15), 34 ; contraction, see Plasmoly- sis ; neutral lines, 36 ; rotation, 36,37 ; union of, between neigh- bouring cells, 370. ,, Eeactions of, 19, 313. Protoplasmic movements, in leaf of Vallisneria spiralis, 36 ; in the hairs of young shoots of Cucurhita, 35 ; in the staminal hairs of Tradescantia, 28 (Fig. 15) ; in the roots of Hydro- charis Ilorsus-rance, 36 ; in the internodal cells of Nitella, 37 ; in the stinging hairs of Urtica, 77 (Fig. 35). Protoxylem, 86. Primus domestica, structure of fruit, 347 ; of seed, 348. Pseudo-parenchyma of Fungi, 200 (Fig. 74). Pseudopodia, 313. Pteris aquilina, structure of rhizome and leaf stalk, 145 (Fig. 57). „ cretica, development of root, 188 (Fig. 71). Puccinia graminis, 262, 264 (Fig. 90*). Punctum vegetatio7iisy see Growing apex. Pyrenoids of Cladophora, 203 (Fig, 75) ; Spirogyra, 208 (Fig. 76). Pi/rola, Embryo-sac, 330. Pyrus commmiis, stone cells in the fruit, 47 (Fig. 22) ; glucose in, 48. Pyrus Malus, structure of fruit, 348 ; of seed, 350. Quercus, Gall of, 51. Q. suber, structure of cork, 156. Eadicle, 309, 310 (Fig. 103), 339 (Fig. 111). See also Embryo. Panunculus Ficaria, Embryo, 346 ; seed, 346. ,, repens, structure of the adven- titious roots, 140 ; of the vas- cular bundle, 100 (Fig. 45). Eaphe, 328. Eaphides, 98. Eazor, xxiii., 16, 55. Eeceiving cells, 167. Eeceptacular tube, 349. Eeceptive spot, 253 (Fig. 88), 276 (Fig. 95), 296 (Fig. 98). Eeproduction, asexual and sexual, 219, 246. „ of JEcidium Berberidis, 262 ; Agaricus campestris, 268; Algae, 246 ; Anaptychia ciliaris, 270 ; Angiosperms, 311 ; Aspidium Filix-mds, 289 ; Bacteria, 222 ; Ceratopteris thalictroides, 290 ; Cladophora glomerata,2'i7; Dia- toms, 212 ; Ferns, 287 ; Funaria hygrometrica, 279 ; Fungi, 255, 262; Gleocapsa, 218; Gymnosperms, 298 ; Lichens, 270; Liverworts, 272; il/ar- chantia poly7norpha, 272 ; Mnium hornum, 277, 280; Mor- chella esculeiita, 269 ; Mosses, 277 ; Mucor Mucedo, 255 ; Penicillium cruslaceum, 259 ; Phytoplithora injestans, 256 ; Picea vulgaris, 307 ; Pinus sylvestris, 298, 304; Polypodium vulgare, 291; Polyirichum juniperinum, 279 ; ProtococcUa, 214 ; Pxiccinia graminis, 264 : INDEX. 421 Eeproduction, coniinued— Russula rubra, 266; Scolopen- driianvulg are, 287 -jSelsigmeWese, 296 ; Taxus baccata, 301, 302 ; Vaucheria sessilis, 250 ; Yeast, 215. Eesin, 81, 118. ,, Eeactions of, 119. Resin-canals, 118 (Fig. 48), 123 (Fig. 50*). Hespiratory chamber, see Air-chamber. Rhamnus Frangula, Interprotoplasmic union in, 370. Ehizines, of AnapUjchia ciliaris, 202. Rhizoids, 191, 273, 291. Rhododendron, Pollen of, 320. Rib, Use of term, 168. Ribes rubrtnn, Phelloderm, 156. Ricinus communis, Aleurone-grains in, 25 (Fig. 14) ; type of albumin- ous seed, 346. Rohinia Pseud-Acacia, Leaf-fall in, 159. Root, Branching of, 187. ,, Growing apex of, see Growing apex. Root, increase in thickness, 141. 