None
From an inspection of the curves we derive the following important results, viz : that, like the electrical properties of steel and it« specific gravity, so also the maximum of per- manent magnetism is largely modi- fied by the different degrees of glass- hardness of the bar (t. e., those lying above yellow annealed, and scarcely distinguishable mechanically). In the second place, the results of Euths, being obtained from compara- tively thick rods, are largely influenced by structure. In view of thesd facts, I deem the hope by no means too sanguine that if, to avoid com- plications from structure, we experiment on thin rods, the maximum of permanent magnetism may be empirically expressed in terms of the dimensions and T. E. H. only; that, furthermore, from the parallelism discovered in the variation of specific gravity and the electrical prop- ^'^ The data employed are those obtained by Roths for rods 120 millimeters long, and 1.7,2.4, 2.9, 3.8, 4.9, 5.9 millimeters, respectively, in' diameter, with very i^^^tI^Sl magnetizing forces. (817) — H 1 ^ — ^ . k , ^ / — 4 1 k ^^^ f^ ■^ tf^^ r p > S,^ \- V ' 1 * ,1' — 1 w^T. EM.^ - •• ' • ' * *• 4 k ' M ► "% r * * Fig. 31.— Diagram of Knths" reeiilta. 226 IBON-CABBUBETS. [mn2.lL erties of steel, tbe T. E. H., the specific resistance, and the magnetic moment are in some very intimate way connected with the volume of a unit of mass. This would imply a connection of these phenomena with the intermolecular spaces of steeL In conclusion, it gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my indeb^ edness to Professor Kohlraush for much kind assistance throughout the course of the experiments. PHYSioid:. Institute, Uniyebsitt op WtJBZBUBa, February^ 1879. (818) IKDEX. Abeolute thermo-eleotrio data 71 Aokermann. {See Jarolimek.) Addenda 6 ''After-action/' Certain effects of 124 Alloys, Data for thermo-electrio power of 8S,84 Data for specific resistance of 84, 8& Digest of electrical behavior of 85,86 Discussion of general electrical properties of 87 Electrical behavior of, explains certain phenomena in steel 88 how prepared (fused, drawn) 80 Literature of electrical behavior of 80 of German silver, Tem perature-coefficient and resistance of 17 of silver, Temperature-coefficient and resistance of 16, 85 Range of electrical yariutions and density of 87, 196 Ammann. (/SeeKohlransch.) Annealed rods influenced by lower temperature. 57 influenced by higher temperature.... 59 Annealing at 66^^, Results of 47 at lOOc, Results of 43,49 at lb5o. Resultsof '. 51 at330o, Resultsof 53 at red heat, Resultsof 60,94 Character of the phenomenon of 55 chemically interpreted 94 Cotemporaneous magnetic and resistance effects of 162, 164, 199 Digest of mechanical resultsof « 54 effect of temperature, Characterof 56,195 effect of time of exposure 43 General character of the phenomenon of ^ 71 in hot oil-baths, Method of 40 in hot oil-baths, Results of 41,215 Magnetic effect of 165,199 Magnetic effect of successive 161 Mechanical effect of successive 57 Method of, in magnetic work 123 physically interpreted 95 Relation of, to viscous phenomena 95 Slow and instantaneous, compared 59 Anomalies in iron and in steel at red heat 99,197 Electrical, due to structure in hard steel 66-68 Apparatus for hardeniug steel wire 89,204 Auerbaoh, Resistance-effect of magnetization found by 104, 224 '^mpcraturecoefficient for iron found by 24 Ansgltthen, Meaning of •. 94 Avenarias, Thermo-electric formula of 35,81«20l& (819) «l 228 INDEX. Barlow on magnetism and carburation 112 Banr on disappearance of magnetism at red heat 99 Becker, G. F., indorsed research 5 Becquerel, Thermo-electric scale of 7 Thermo-electric experiments of (strain) 207 Beetz on resistance effect of magnetization 104, 105 B^noi t on temperatnre-coefficient of iron and of steel 15, 21, 90, 99 Biot, Magnetic distribution studied by 145 Boee, v. (Sett Matthiessen.) Bosscha, Zero method of SOS Bulletin, Contents of supplementary « 8 Calibration, Galvanic 38 Method of 72 Carbon, combined and uncombined. Electrical effect of 18& Electrically active or neutral 79,196 Carburation, Effect of 13,39 Magnetic effect of 112,148 Quality of 190 Caron on cause of hardness in steel 79 on composition of iron-carburets 77,79 Cast-iron, Digest of electrical behavior of 183,184 Electrical behavior of malleable 101,10^ Electrical resistance of 182 Peculiarities of electrical behavior of 94, 196 Properties of gray 76,219 Properties of white ..: ^ 76,219 Temperature-coefficient and resistanoe of 22,23 Thermo-electric data for 179-182 Classification-diagram 191 Synthetic methods for constructing 8 Classification-function 190,201,202 referred to magnetism or density 193,202 Clarke, F. W., aided research 5 Clausius on resistance and absolute temperature 24 Chemical composition, Effect of, on glase-hardness 38 Chemoff on sudden cooling of hot steel 39, 98, 99, 197 ChwolsoD on electrical behavior of iron 176 on electrical effect of temper 70,208,220,224 on minimum resistance of metals 93 on resistauce-effect of volume-reduction 91 Coercive force, how understood 95, 14r>, 159 Cohn on thermo-electric effect of strains 106 Cold, Anuealiug effect of 17,170 Magnetic effect of 170 Cooling, Discussion of slow and rapid 174 Nomenclature for slow and rapid 175 Commutators, Description of - 35,36 Conductivity. (-See Resistance.) Constants, Electrical, of iron, Table 76 177 of steel, Table 77 178 of cast-iron, Table 81 184 of iron-carburets, Table 82 * ... 185 Mechanical (dimensions, mass, density of magnets). Tables 49, 51. 125, 129, 192, 155, 160. 164 '<r '^^^^y^itpr^r^tK^gm^- -«*<?> INDEX. 229 Pfigew Contact, Electrical 37,210 Cotemporaneous magnetic and resistance effects 162, 164, 199 Coulomb, Magnetic experiments of 203 Criterion, Empirical, for steel 177 Critical operations, slow and rapid cooling 174 operations, Nomenclatare for ■. Pftfa Frsns on ODrrents dae to loose oontaots 21S^ (8e€ Wiedemann. ) Freiberg, Magnet made by 173 Frick, Table for annealing given by 217 Fromme on density of steel 90,93,97 on magnetism and hardness 111,146,147,903 on methods of magnetization by 119 Fnnkler's magnetic battery 153 Galvanic calibration. Analogies of 74 Method of 79 Oalvanometer-factor, how measured 33,34 Qangain, Magnetic experiments of 111,151,203 on corrents due to loose contacts 219 (HnsSy Constants in magnetic formnlie of 15i6,130 on methods of measuring magnetic moment 120 German silver annealed at lOQo, Results for 94 Glass-hardness, Apparatus for imparting 29,204 appears suddenly 40,219 chemically interpreted 96 General characterof 38 intensified by Cumming's phenomenon 99 physically interpreted 99 Gordon on unique maximum of magnetizability 145 Gore on disappearance of magnetization at red heat 99,197 Gray, £xx>erimeuts of, on magnetism and hardness Ill, 147, 148, 203 Green's equation of linear magnetic distribution 145 Hankel, Thermo-electric experiments of 7,206 Hansteen, Magnetic experiments of 203 Hardness and dimensions (thickness) 150,217-219 and magnetic constauta of steel 126-128, 130-i:i5 and magnetism, earlier results digested Ill and resistance 62-68,207,223 and thermo-electric behavior 62-68, 205, 217 attained, Maximum of 39, 129 conditioned by carburation 39, 103 dimensions, etc., Digest of. Tables 54-65 136-138, 140-142 dimensions, magnetization of steel. Tables 50, 53 126-128, 130-135 how measured 65, 121, 205 in steel , Theories for 89 Kind of, discussed in this memoir 13 Limiting degree of 56 Original definition of (T. E. H.) 207 Permanent, for a gi ven tomperature 8, 56 Thermo-electric, defined 65,189,201 " Hard " state, Properties of 185 Hausmann on cause of hardness in steel 89 on density of steel 77 Hautefouille. (i9c6 Troost.) Heat-conductivity, Method of measurement of 25,27 Heat-expansiou interferes with the strain of hardness 96 Helix, Data for 107,118,153 Heraeus. Platinum furnished by 80 Hezner on cause of hardness in steel 89 Holmgreu, Magnetic expenmenta of 154, 167 <^c i^k INDEX. 281 Fag«b HolZy Magoetio experiitaeDts of 205 Method of magnetization of 119 Holtzmann. {Ste Mattbiessen.) Homogeneity (longitadinal), Magnetic importance of 117 Teats and data for 38,122,125,129,130 Hot oil-bath, Use of, in annealing 40,215 Ignition, Effect of temperature of, on hardness 39, 194, 211, 219 gentle. Resistance and density effect of 93, 196 of iron in hydro-carbons. liOgarithmic intervals in case of temper 142 Hagnua, Thermo-electric experiments of 110,207,220,224 -Magnetic battery, Funkler's form of ^ 153 capacity yaries largely between bine annealed and soft 124 constants of st«el and hardness 126-128,130-135 effect of annealing, Direct 155. 165 •efifect of annealing, Indirect 155. 165 effect of hardness, Scheme for research 71 «ffect of percussion 169, 170 effect of successive annealing 157 field, described 107.118,119 functions too complex for classifioation-diagrams 193, 202 inductor, Weber's form of 36,210 moment, Method of measurement of 120 • results of Fromme, tabulated 147 results of Gray, tabulated 148 results of Ruths, Table 66 146 retenti veness and dimensions. Relation between 163 Magnetizability and dimensions, Relation between 142, 198 aud hardness, Relation between : 139. 197 Maxima and minima of 198 Unique maximum of 145,108 Magnetizing force. Intensity of 107,118,153 Magnetism and carburation 112 and density 144 and dimension-ratio, Special discussion of 142 and hardness 112,136-139.197 and hardness (earlier work). Digest of HI and resistance, Simultaneous variations of 155, 161. 164 and temperature, Temporary and permanent effects of 151 Magnets, How to temper and magnetize 171,200 Mechanical constants of, Tables 49, 51 125, 129, 152, 155, 160, 164 Magnetization, Apparatus for measuriug electrical effect of 10<> circular, Electrical effect of 105, 20r> Classification- function br.sed on Intensity of 202 hardne^, dimensions of steel, Tables 50,53 126-128, 1:«)-135 hardness, etc., Digest of Tables 54-65 136-i:«, 140-142 Method of 118,119 Pre-existing, effects of ir,9 Resistance-effect of 1 05 Thermo-electric effect of 104, 108, I0i>, 197, 221 Unique maximum of 5,8, 145, 198 Malleable cast-iron, Electrical behavior of 100-102 Hardness of, without electrical effect 103, 197 Hardness of, without volume effect 103 Matthiessen on electrical behavior of alloys 80, 81 , 84 on general temperature-coefhcients for metals 24 on temperat ure-coefiicients of alloys 16 Views of, on the constitution of iron-carburets 78,95 and Hockin on method of resistance-measurement 17, 121 and V. Bose on annealing effect in drawn wires 93 and Vogt on temperat ure-coefticients of alloys, &c 20,84,85 ^axima of magnetization 140,198 B^ of resistance of steel 177, 196 ^ • (824) INDEX. 288 Maxima of thenno-eleotrio power, etc 40»44,196 Maximum denaity of Bteel 6 of permanent hardness defiuBd 56 of permanent magnetism for 100<^. Beslstanoe effect for variatioii of volume 90,92, 19& effect (maximnm) of temper 71,177,195,824 Method of measoiemeiit oi^ etc.. .1 36,70,210,213 Normals for compariaon of 37 of alloys, Table 40 84 of oast-iron, Table 80 ' 183 of malleable cast-iron, Table 43 102 of steel, Tables 7. 33, IV-Vin 41,63,215,216 of wires annealed in oil 41,43,216 Relation of, to thermo-electric hardness. Table 34 63 (See Thermo-electric behayior and power.) Value of oxide-coats of steel in terms of 19,14f^ Retentiveness, and dimensions, Relation between 163 Magnetic 152 Riess. (^SoaMoser.) Righi on magnetism and hardness Ill Rose, Joshua, on tempering 3^ Rowland, Magnetic experiments of 203 Rules for tem]>ering and magnetizing 171,200 Ruths, Magnetic experiments of 111,203 Magnetic experiments of, discussed 146,225 Sauerwald, Galvanometer made by 36 Scheme for researches with steel, General 71 Sections of wires how measured 122 Seebeckon thermo-electric scale 7 Senguerd, Faucet devised by ^ 30 Sensitiveness of the electrical properties of iron-carbides 192 Series of iron-carburets 188,191,200,201 Siemens' mercury unit, Value of 5 Silver-steel, Character of ^ 18, 28, 17& Soft iron, Electrical behavior of 61 Soft steel, Electrical behavior of tiO •' Soft " state, Properties of 185 Softening, Method adopted for 60,101 Specific magnetism defined 121 Strain of drawn hardness. General character of 110 of temper, Electrical effect of, etc 13,96,103,110,186,11^ Magnetic effect of changes of 151, 165 Steel annealed at tPj then exposed to ii^ (successive annealing), Tables 29, 30.57, 58, 59 Definition of 188-192,201 Density and resistance of. Table 1 19,92 Electrical characteristics of 177 Electrical relation of, to iron 60,221 General electrical constants of, Table 77 178 kind used, described 18,28,115,178 Resistance of. (^ee resistance.) Temper and resistance of. Tables 47, 48 124 Temperature-coefficient of 15 Temperature-coefficient of, Tables 1, 2, 3 19 Thermo-electric behavior of, annealed in steam, Tables 9 to 15 43-46 Thermo-electric behavior and resistance of: k annealed at 66°, Tables 16-18 47,48 L annealed at lOOo, Tables 19-21 49 50 ^ annealed at lS5Q,T«.\A€»sa-'i\ 51,52 <.^^ ft INDEX. 285 Pftgtt. steel, tbermo-eleotrio behavior and lesistance of— ContiDued. aonealed at 330°, Table 2&-27 53,54 annealed in oil, Tables 7, Vn 41,216 annealed soft. Table 31 60 Tbermo-electric hardness and resistance of, Table 34 66 Thenno-electrio power and resistance of. Table 8 43, 6^ Thermo-electric power and temper of, mean results, Table 28 54 StTQctnre, anomalies of. Electrical effect of 66, 6& Definition of, etc 8,14,96,114,113,194 Methods of studying ,. 114 Snocessive annealing. Magnetic effects of 157,161 Mechanical effects of 57-59* Sndden cooling, Character of the effects of 3& Summary 194 Sondellon electrical behavior of alloys 80 Ttkble 1, on the temperature-coefficient, resistance, density, and dimensions of steel rods 1^ 2, on the temperature-coefficient, resistance, and temper (oxide>ooats) of steel rods 19 3, on the temperature-coefficient and resistance of steel rods, practical digest 19^ 4, on the temperature-coefficient and conductivity of iron 2(K 5, on the temperature-coefficient and resistance of iron, digest 21 6, on the temperature-coefficient, resistance, and dimensions of cast-iron rods : 23 7, on the thermo-electrics and resistance of steel annealed in oil 41, 42^ 8, on the thermo-electric power and resistance of steel annealed in oil. Table 43, on the electrical resistaDce of malleable castriron « 102 44, on the thermo-electric power and specific resistance of malleable cast-iron 102 45, 46, on the thermo-electric effect of magnetization of iron 106, 109 47, 48, on the temper and electrical resistance of annealed steel 124 49, constants (dimensions, density, mass) of magnets 125 50, dimensions, magnetic moment, specific magnetism, specific resist- ance, and temper of permanently saturated steel rods 126-128 51, constants (dimensions, density, mass) of magnets 129 52, data for the observed homogeneity of the steel wires used 190 53, dimensions, magnetic moment, specific magnetism, specific resist- ance, and temper of permanently saturated steel rods 130-135 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, dimensions, specific magnetism, spe- cific resistance, and temper of permanently saturated steel rods, di- gest 136,137,139,140 64, 65, oxide-color (temper), dimensions, permanent magnetizability of steel 142 66, Rnths's magnetic results 146 67, maxima of permanent magnetizability for 100^ 154 68, temper, resistance, magnetization, and magnetizability of steel in case of continued annealing at 100^ 155 69, 70, magnetizability of steel successively annealed at 100^ 157 71, 72, temper, resistance, magnetization, and magnetizability of steel in case of continued annealing at 100^ 161 73, 74, magnetizability and dimensions of steel rods thoroughly an- nealed at 100^ 163 75, simultaneous variations of magnetization and galvanic resistance in case of continued annealing 164 76, general electrical constants of wrought-iron 177 77, general eletrical constants of steel 178 78, 79, tbermo-electric behavior of cast-iron 17^182 80, electrical resistance of cast-iron 183 81, general electrical constauttj of ca8t-irou 184 82, general electrical characteristics of the iron-carburets 185 I, thermo-electric hardness (T. E. II.) and temperature of ignition of steel 211 II, III, thermo-electric behavior (T. E. H.) of steel (older results) 212,213 IV, V, VII, electrical resistance of steel (older results) 215 VI,VII, thermo-electric hardness (T. E. II. ) and resistence of steel (older results) 215,216 IX, density and thermo-electric hardness (T. E. H.) of steel 222 Tait on anomalous behavior of iron 99, 197 Thermo-electric investigations of 35, '4i06 Temperature of ignition, Effect of, on hardness 39,211,219 Temperature-coefficient, a volume-function 24 for iron-carburets, Single series of 94 for iron-carburets. Temperatare-coeffioient and renstanoe ^f iron, Tables 4, 5 SO, 21 ofsteel, Tables 1,3, 3 19 Temper ohemioally interpreted 76,78 Deoisive evidence as to the nature of the electrical effects of 103 dne to simnltaneons physical and chemical ohAnges 100 Interpretation regarding, obtained from alloys 83 mechanically interpreted 78,95,99 Summary of effects of 194 Tempering analogous to magnetization 13,97 Apparatus for 29-31,204 Conception of an ideal process of 97 Difficulties of 13 Physics of the process of 70,98 Theoretically perfect 13,14 Temper-value of oxide tints 8,18,19,113,139,142,203 Temporary magnetism defined by Wiedemann Ill Terrestrial magnetism, Intensity of 120,126,130 Thermal expansion. Bearing of, on annealing 96,97,196 Thermo-currents evolved in a thick, hard, steel cylinder 220 Thermo-electric anomalies 66 behavior of alloys. Tables 35-39 82,83,84 of cast-iron, Tables 78, 79 179-182 of malleable cast-iron, Table 42 101 of soft iron. Table 32. 61 of steel. (See Steel.) effect of magnetisation 109,110,221 effect of magnetization, Tables 45,46 108, 109 hardness and density of steel 222 hardness and mechanical hardness compared 217 hardness defined 65,189,201 ^ hardness independent of magnetic state 110 hardness, General interpretation of • 189,201 hardness. Zero of 25,65,195 interval (maximum) for steel 71,177 power and resistance of alloys. Table 42 85,86 of malleable cast-iron. Table 44 102 of steel. (See Steel.) power and specific resistance. Relation between 62, 63, 66, 223 power. Maximum of. 177,195 power. Method of calculation of 36 power, Method of measurement of 31,33,34,38,208 series 7 Thermo-electrics of steel wires annealed in oil 41,43,216 Thermo-element, Forms of 31,209 Thickness of steel rods, Magnetic effect of 113 Mechanical effect of 14,150,217-219 Thomson, Magnetic law of 113,115 on electrical behavior of iron... 106,176 on thermo-electric effect of magnetization 104, 221 Thermo-electric experiments of 207,220,224 Time of exposure, Effect of. in annealing 43, 195 Magnetic effect of 166 Magnetic limit independent of 157 Tr^ve et Durassier, Magnetic experiments of Ill, 112, 203 (829) 238 INDBX. PifiB. Troost on iron-oarbnrets, Viewsof 78 Trowbridge, Magnetic effect of cold defioribed by 151,170 Tunner on caase of hardness in steel 89 Uniformity of hardness, how tested, etc 38. 117, 122, 125, 129, 130 Unique mazimam of magnetization 6,139,145,196 Viscosity defined 95 Bearing of, on annealing 95,196 Vogt. (iSf«Matthiessen.) Volt, Value of 5 Volume-function 89 Volume-increase, Resistance effect of .' 89,196 Wagner, on properties of iron-carburets 219 Tables for aunealing given by 217 Waltenhofeu, ▼., onmagnetism andcarburation 112 on magnetism and hardness Ill Weber, Commutator of 36 Magneto-inductor of 36,210 Wedding. (5^ Percy.) Wertheim on deformation accompanying magnetization 104 Wiedemann, Q. , digest of temperature-coefficients of iron and steel 15 Magnetic experiments of 111,203 on magnetism and temperature 151,154 on methods of magnetization 119 on resistance-effect of magnetization 104 on thermo-electric series '. 7 Temporary and perm anent magnetism defined by Ill Wiedemann u. Franz on measurement of heat-oonductiyity 25 Wild, on magnetic permanence 167,171 White cast-iron, Electrical behavior of 179,186 Wolfram-stahl 172 Wrought-iron. (See Iron.) Wlirzburg, Bifilar magnetometer of 168 ^ro of thermo-electric hardness 25,65,195 (830) O *mm <^ H '^4 iN^*o?^>.. > 3 :> > ^v^ -V?* > »v:^ >•'» ~^^ •*. ^,: > >!.:>. 