None
III. The academic system gradually assumed in the passing of centuries, the range which it has today. The following method, however, developed: — (a) Preliminary historical lectures: dealing with the history of the Roman law, as a preparation for the dogmatic of Roman law (the pandects) ; and an exami- nation ol German state and legal history as a prepara- tion for the systematic exposition of German public and private law; (6) This course was followed by dogmatic lectures on the progressively evolved, freer systematic arrange- ment of Roman law (the institutes and pandects), attained through mos gallicus, and on German private law, canon, feudal, and public law and the law of pro- cedure ; (c) Exegesis with the design of attaining a more definite knowledge of the sources, and the valuation of their position, partly in connection with recitations and in part through exegetical lectures, or through practical exercises; and dealing chiefly with the exegesis of the corpus juris civilis and to some extent with the new codes ; (d) Practical exercises were also employed for enlarg- ing the knowledge of the sources, and establishing a 1 A professorship of Saxon law was established at Leipzig in 1712, of domestic (German) law at Kiel in 1712, of the law of Wurttemberg at Tubingen in 1720. See Stobbe, op. cit., II. p. 417, and his Hermann Conring. der BegrUnder, etc. (1870). * George Beyer, born 1665 at Leipzig, was professor of law at Wittenberg from 1706. and died 1714. Cf. Stobbe, op. cit. (GtschickU, etc.), II. p. 418. METHODOLOGY 323 practical connection between theoretical learning and the actual conditions of life. Recapitulations of the subjects embraced in the dogmatic section of study were also resorted to. For review purposes there have been in use for a long time special repertories, quiz- books, etc. IV. The course of modern juristic study in Ger- many is essentially governed by conditions and regula- tions which have been brought about by the enactment of the German Civil Code. This circumstance has been serviceable in obviating in a happy manner, difficulties which had attached, until the most recent times, to the methods of juristic study in Germany; and which gave frequent occasion for adverse criticism, and suggested better ments in juristic methods of study.1 The following principles of hodegetics have now accordingly gained asendency: — 1. Juristic study is introduced by a course which is called "Introduction to the Science of Law," a study which only in the most recent times has attained its proper position. It is the function of this discipline to present to the existing knowledge and learning of the student according to the fundamental principles of edu- cation, an introduction to juristic study, divided into three chief divisions. 1 W Reuling, a barrister of the Imperial Supreme Court, comments on the unpedagogic character of the juristic instruction of former times in his article, Zur reform der juristischen Studienordnung (Leipzig, Veit and Comp., 1887) ; see also Gareis, Ueber die . Einfuhrung in das Studium der Rechtswissenschaft (rectoral address of April 15, 1894) (Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1894). It gives the author a great deal of satisfaction to be able to state here that the basic ideas of his rectoral address have been carried out, and that in consequence of this, the deficiencies in juristic study which were pointed out in the first edition of this survey (1887) have been removed (particularly those pointed out on pp. 184, 185). Inasmuch as there is now universally provided an introductory course under the title, "Introduction to the Science of Law," or a course similar to it, it can no longer be said that the choice of the intro- ductory work in juristic study is unfit; cf. p. 18/5, of the first edition. 324 SCIENCE OF LAW The first part begins necessarily with a description of those relations and conditions of life and fact which are present in the experience of the student as legal rela- tions, and of which v. Ihering, in his Jurisprudence of Everyday Life (Jurisprudenz des taglichen Lebens) notes examples in our daily experiences. The nature of law, the necessity of the state and legislation, the meaning of customary law, the conception of interests and pro- tection of interests, and connected therewith the notion of rights, are explained in this part. The second part of this introductory study embraces the fundamental principles of classification of the science of law. The third part gives a sketch of the historical origin of existing law. In the second part the simplest classification of the law must be so far treated as may be necessary in con- nection with the third part to give a knowledge of each of the existing legal disciplines, departments, or courses, as parts of an organic whole. The development of this part is most clearly explained, when proceeding from the principle of egoism and when the conception of inter- ests which living beings have and experience, is treated in connection with this principle. It is the mission of all legal order in part to limit the interests of natural per- sons and human societies, and in part to give them secur- ity. In that this limitation on and protection of inter- ests, in the wider extension of this introductory course, indicates relations not referable simply to civil law, but also to state and international law, there is suggested the coincidence and mutual influence of two ideas: the legal idea and the state idea. These ideas are to be elucidated, and will be penetrated to a greater or less extent by philosophical principles of legal science, and colored by sociological views, according to the indi- viduality of the instructor. METHODOLOGY 325 In the third part, the introductory course should expose the general legal history of the country in its broad outlines. 2. Concurrently with this dogmatic or systematic introduction, an historical introduction is presented. Corresponding to the two chief sources and elements of civil law current in Germany — elements which are both traceable and both of which coincided in the German Civil Code of Aug. 18, 1896 — the historical introduction con- sists of (a) the exposition of Roman legal history and Roman private law, and (6) the exposition of German legal history and the system of German private law. In the treatment of German legal history it is not to be overlooked that it is necessary to ascribe to it a wider significance, and accordingly a greater extension, than in the treatment of Roman legal history. The latter is of consequence only so far as it relates to Roman private law, since the Roman and Byzantine public law was neither "received" nor became of influence in the legal development of Germany. German legal history, how- ever, should devote attention also to public law. The development of the German state with all its sovereign rights and institutions, its constitutional and adminis- trative law, its criminal law and law of procedure, etc., should by all means, be a matter of fundamental and exhaustive treatment in its legal history, equally as important, as the exposition of the development of German private law. Therefore, the course relating to the history of German law requires that it be systematic- ally arranged and encyclopedic, and of propaedeutic value for all departments of jurisprudence.1 1 Pertinent to this matter, this is the thought which is brought out in clear definition and with complete conviction by v. Amira, Ueber Zweck und Mittel der gertnanischen Rechtsgeschichte (1878), and by Victor Ehrenberg, Die deutsche Rechtsgeschichte und die juristische Bildung (1894), and which is also discussed in my rectoral address (op. cit., note 1, page 323, supra), p. 18. 326 SCIENCE OF LAW 3. If, as indicated, the dogmatic and historical foun- dations are laid, then an advance may be made toward an exhaustive exposition of the current civil law. The German Civil Code (concurrently with supplementary and subordinate imperial and state statutes) now becomes the central point of an extended course ; taking the place of the pandects. As the course in the pandects treated the whole usus modernus pandectarum with all its controversies, dogmatico-historical developments, and questions relating to the principles of private law, so should the course in the civil code, in like manner, cover the German civil law. As a rule, lectures on the civil code should be heard by beginners in legal science in the first half of the course. When broken up in a double course or when perchance there is a third special course dealing with the law of inheritance, the first two courses should not be given in the same semester; the second course should not be given before the first; and in any event lectures on the law of inheritance should follow the two first courses. 4. In contrast with the methods of study of earlier generations, modern methods of German jurists are directed more to the practical side of jurisprudence.1 Although the history of particular legal institutions of In this address, I advanced among other things: "the course in the history of German law is naturally the backbone, or the whole skeleton of juristic education. Through it, the proper position of every individual department is pointed out; and if this is the case, then no detailed examination is so remote, or leads so far away, as not to be useful in the complete educational structure." German legal history also requires to show what society means and what it has to accomplish — the sociological meaning of legal history — and what the future may in an increasing measure learn from this history: That the individual ethically is not for himself alone, but that he must serve the whole which is superior to and outlives him, but which yet provides for and protects him whether this whole be the family, the clan, the com- munity, the district, or the state; see Gareis, Uebtr die Einfuhrung in das Studtum der Rechtswissensckaft p. 13 et seq. 1 Cf. Adolpb Stolzel. Sckulung, etc. (see iupra, sec. 50. page 269, note 2). pp.18 357 METHODOLOGY 327 German and Roman law had been deeply penetrated with the close of the last century, yet there is generally given to the student of legal science only the accom- plished result of this learned investigation; and at the most only a fleeting glance at the methods of historical inquiry is provided. On this account students are now held more to practical efforts than formerly. The schedules of study now provided for students of legal science, prescribe a large quantity of exercises, and particularly exercises in the application of the Ger- man civil law. This work is preceded by exercises in Roman and in German private law. Practical work in civil procedure, criminal law, commercial law, the law of bills of exchange, maritime law, state, administrative and church law, is required after or in connection with exercises dealing with the code; always, of course, according to the lectures of the department under con- sideration. These exercises which are conducted with a library equipment and seminars organized by the juristic faculty, serve the same ends as the strict seminars in the sciences. (See the ministerial order for Prussia, of Jan. 18, 1897.) The consideration of these observations, results in the following schedule of study of legal science suitable for modern Prussia, and in the main, also to the conditions in Bavaria: — A. Theoretical lectures: — I. First semester: I . Introduction to the science of law (juristic survey) ; (2) History of Roman law ; (3) System of Roman private law; (4) Roman civil procedure; (5) Roman legal exe- geticum for beginners. II. Second semester: — (1) Lectures not heard in the first semester; (2) Ger- man legal history; (3) Distinctive features of German 328 SCIENCE OF LAW private law; (4) German civil law: first part (general part and the law of obligations). III. Third and following semesters: — (1) Lectures not heard in two preceding semesters; (2) German civil law: 2d part (the law of things, and family law); (3) German civil law: 3d part (the law of inheritance) j1 (4) Commercial law, bills of exchange and maritime law (after the lectures on civil law) ; (5) Survey of legal evolution (Prussia or Bavaria as the case may be); (6) Criminal law; (7) Civil procedure; (8) Criminal procedure; (9) Bankruptcy law and procedure; (10) General state law; (11) Imperial constitutional law; (12) Law of the German states; (13) Administrative law of Germany and the German states; (14) Church law; (15) International law; (16) Philosophy of law. B. Collateral exercises: — (1) Exercises in Roman law for beginners in the first semester; (2) Similar exercises for advanced students in a later semester; (3) Exercises in German civil law, at least once each in the first and second halves of the course; (4) Exercises in civil procedure including civil law in the second half of the course; (5) Exercises in criminal law; (6) Exercises in commercial law, bills of exchange and maritime law; (7) Exercises in state and administrative law; (8) Exercises in church law. C. In connection with lectures under division A, and exercises under division B, a participation in the labors of the various sections of juristic seminars, and supple- mentary lectures coveripg special practical departments of law and special materials of legal science, should not be neglected. D. In addition to juristic lectures, those relating to the various branches of state sciences, especially theo- 1 German civil law as a rule should be given in the first half of the course. METHODOLOGY 329 retical and practical national economy (the science of political economy), the science of finance and police should be heard. The lectures on the science of finance should follow political economy and also at least one course of lectures on state law. Lectures on economic history (or a survey of the development of political economy and its organization from the fall of the Roman Empire, with particular regard to economic con- ditions in Germany), and lectures on statistics (theo- retical statistics, statistics of population, morals and industry) may be heard in any semester ; but lectures on economic statistics should follow the lectures on political economy.1 1 This in accordance with the directions for the study of state sciences, announced in the year 1900 by the faculty of political economy of the Uni- versity of Munich. APPENDIX SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE LAW (Systematische Gltederung des Obiektiven Rechts.) Juristic Survey §§ 1 -58 ( Rechtsemyklopddie) Introduction. §§ 1-4 < E-inleitu-ng) First Part Law and its Sources ( V ont Rechte u. v seinen Quellen) Part Second Classification §§ 14-58 ( Gltederung) Methodology of Legal Science. §§ 59-61 (Methodologie dfr Rechtswissenschaft) Its Nature and Functions, (Wesen und Aufgabe derselben) § 59 Disciplines of Legal Science (Die Disgiplinen der Rechtswissenschaft) §60 Methods of Study and Academic In- struction (Die Methoden und der akademische Unterricht), § 61 LAW ( Recht im objekt. Sinne) §§ 5-14 Private Law ( Privatrecht) §§ 15-36 Law of Things (Sachenrecht) §§ 17-21 Law of Persons ( Personenrecht ) §§ 22-29 Mixed Law of Persons and Things ( Gemischtes Personen- und Sachenrecht) §§ 30-36 Public Law (Ofientlickes Recht) §§ 37-55 State Law (Staatsrecht) §§39-53 International Law ( Volkerrecht) §§ 54-55 332 APPENDIX Rights in Material Things (RecliU- an tnateriellen Sac hen) H 19-21 Jura in re propria ( Rechte an eigener Sache) 520 Jura in re aliena ( Rechte an fremder Sache) § 21 Servitudes (Dienstbarkeiten ) Pledge Rights ( Pfandrechte) Feudal Rights (Lehenrechte) Tenantry Rights ( Kolonat) Perpetual Charges ( ReaUasten) Emphyteusis ( Emphyteuse) Heritable Buihding Rights ( Erbbaurechte) Preemption Rights ( Beispruchs- und Vorkaufsrechte) Occupation (Dingliche A neignungsrechte) Real Rights in Church Law (Dingliche Rechte des Kirchenrechts) Rights in Immaterial Things (Rechte an immaterieUen Sachen) J§ 17-18 Right of Physical Integrity, etc. ( Recht auf Integritat u. Bet'dtigung) Name and Reputa- tion (Rechte auf Name, Firma, Ehre) Trade Marks ( Warenzeichen- schutzrecht) Literature and Art (Literarisch u. kunstl. Urheberrecht) Artistic Models ( Geschtnacksmuster- schuterecht) Patents, and Useful Models ( Technisches Urheberrecht. Patentrecht. Gebrattchstnuster- schutsrecht) APPENDIX 333 Law of Persons — continued Family Law ( Familienrecht) §§ 25-29 Law of Obligations ( Obligationenreckt) §§ 22-24 Marriage (EherecM) $26 Parent and Child (Eltem~ und Kindesrecht) $27 Other Relatives by Blood and Marriage ( Verwandtschaftsrecht im iibr.) §28 Guardianship ( Vormundschaftsrecht) §29 Ex. contracts. §23 Ex. delicto §24 Exlege §23 334 APPENDIX Mixed Law of Persons and Things Inheritance (Erbrecht) §§ 34-36 Family Property ( Familienguterrecht §§ 30-33 By Statute ( Nach Gesetz. ab intestate) § 35 By Statute. Heir of Necessity (Nach Gesetz. Noterbrecht 535 Wills ( Nock Testament) §36 Agreement (Nach Vrrtrag) §36 Legacies ( Vermdcktnisreckt) §36 Matrimonial regime (Eheliches Guterrecht) §31 Proprietary Relations between Parent and Child ( Vernwgensr zw. Eltern u Kindern § 32 Proprietary Relations among other Relatives ( Vermogensr zw and. Verwandtfn) §30 Guardianship Administration of Property ( Vormundschajtliche Vermogens- vfrwaltttng) § 33 APPENDIX 336 APPENDIX International Law — continued Substantive International Law (Materielles VSlkerrecht) (55 Adjective International Law (Formelles Volkerrecht) {55 Customary and Necessary Inter* national Law Conventional International Law ( Usuelles u. notwend. V R.. (55 ( Vertrags- V R.). (55 Peace War ( Friedlither (Gewaltverk. insb. Verkehr) Kritg) §55 (55 SUPPLEMENT Special Law (SptsialrechU) Church Law ( Kirchenrecht) Commercial Law ( Handelsrecht) ( 56-58 (56 |57 (58 APPENDIX 337 RECENT GERMAN LITERATURE [The following list consisting of recent literature (not otherwise noted in connection with the text) or embracing late editions of earlier works, in German, is appended in the belief that it may be found useful to readers not in touch with this class of works. Any suggestion here of completeness of selection, or of enlightenment to the juristic specialist is of course repudiated in advance. A valuable list of recent German legal and juristic literature and especially of works dealing with the special codes will be found in the annual publication Bibliotheca Juridica, which will be furnished to anyone interested by F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. ] Achilles-Greiff, B.G.B. (Handausgabe) 6th ed., 1909. Archiv f. Rechts u. Wirtschaftsphilosophie (Kohler u. Berolz- heimer). (Periodical.) Arndts-Grueber, Jurist. Encyklopadie u. Methodologie. llth ed., 1908. Bekker, Grundbegriffe des Rechts, 1910. Berolzheimer, System d. Rechts u. Wirtschaftsphilosophie (5 vols.) 1904^-07. Bozi, Weltanschauung der Jurisprudenz, 1907. Brie, D. Volksgeist b. Hegel u. i. d. histor. Rechtsschule, 1909. Brunner, Grundziige d. dtsch. Rechtsgeschichte, 3d ed., 1908. Cathrein, Recht, Naturrecht, und positives Recht (2d ed.), 1909. Cosack, Lehrb. d. biirgerl. Rechts. I., 1, 5th ed., 1909. Czyhlarz, Lehrbuch d. Institutionen, 1909. Danz, Rechtsprechung nach Volksauschauung u. n. d. Gesetz, 1908. Fuchs, die Gemeinschadlickkeit der konstruktiven Jurispru- denz, 1909. Gareis, Vom Begriff Gerechtigkeit , 1907. Giner u. Calderon, Zur Vorschule des Rechts, 1907. Grueber, Einfuhring i. d. Rechtswissenschaft, 1908. 338 APPENDIX Hildebrand, Recht u. Sitte auf d. primitiveren wirtschaftl Kulturstufen, 1907. Hubner, Grundzuge d. deutschen Privatrechts, 1908. Ihering, Scherz u. Ernst in d. Jurisprudenz, 10th ed., 1909. Jellinek, d. Kampf d. alten mit d. neuen Recht, 1907. Kantorowicz, Zur Lehre vom richtigen Recht, 1909. Der Kampf urn die Rechtswissenschaft, 1906. Kipp, Geschichte d. Quellen d. r6m. Rechts, 3d ed., 1909. Kohler, Encyklopadie der Rechtswissenschaft in system, Bearb. (Holtzendorff), 6th ed., 2 vols., 1904. — Moderne Rechtsprobleme, 1907. Kohler-Peiser-Ungnad, Hammurabis Gesetz I, 1904; II, 1909, III, 1909. Korn, Handbuch d. Zivilrechts, 1908. Loening, Ueber Wurzel u. Wesen des Rechts, 1907. Merkel, Jurist. Encyklopadie, 4th ed., 1909. Mommsen, Juristische Schriften, 3 vols., 1905-07. Oertmann, Gesetzeszwang and Richterfreiheit, 1909. Petrazncki, Ueb. d. Motive d. Handelns u. u. d. Wesen d. moral u. d. Rechts, 1908. Salkowski, Institutionen, 9th ed., 1907. Schroder, Lehrbuch d. deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 5th ed., 1907. Seuffert, Zivilprozessordnung (Kommentar), 10th ed., 1908. Sohm, Institutionen, 13th ed., 1908. Solomon, Das Problem d. Rechtsbegriffe, 1907. Stammler, D. Lehre v. richtigen Rechte, 2 vols., 1902-07. - Wirtschaft und Recht, 2d ed., 1905. Sturm, Die psycholog. Grundlage des Rechts, 1909. Windscheid, Lehrbuch d. Pandektenrechts, 9th ed. (von Kipp), 3 vols., 1906, INDEX SUBJECTS, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY Page ABKAUF DER FEHDE (purchase-settlement of the feud) . 54 ABSTRACT AGREEMENTS 163 ABSTRACT POLITICS 22 ACCEPTILATIO 163 ACCESSION 148 ACCREDITATION AGREEMENTS 172 ACCRETION 143 ACTIO NEGATORIA 144 ACTIO PUBLICIANA IN REM 144 ACTS, are unilateral or bilateral (see facts) 108 ADITIO 207 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 23, 243, 254, ff: ADMINISTRATION in the narrow sense 236 in the widest sense 235 ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION 284, ff. does not embrace legislation 284 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 94, 97, 218, 235, ff., 241, 243, /f. ADMINISTRATIVE POLITY (Verwaltungspolitik) 22 ADMINISTRATIVPROZESS (administrative procedure) . 285 ADNOTATIONES 82 ADOPTIO IN HEREDITATEM 204 AFFATOMIE 187 AFFRONTS (Beleidigung) 47 AGE AS AFFECTING CAPACITY 103 ACER VECTIGALIS 154 AGREEMENT (Vertrag) 162, ff. AGREEMENTS of inheritance 212 AGREEMENTS FOR DEPOSIT 169 AGREEMENTS FOR SERVICE, distinguished from mandate 167 AHRENS, Naturrecht oder Philosophic des Rechts 19 AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT (share company) 105, 168 ALEATORY AGREEMENTS 170 ALLFELD, Kommentar 129, 131 ALLGEMEINE GUTERGEMEINSCHAFT (general com- munity of goods) 196 ALLGEMEINES RECHT (general law) 70 ALLMENDE (undivided common, see common). ALPINE ASSOCIATIONS 144 ALTRUISTIC IMPULSES 7, 8, 9 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 41 AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS AND JURISPRUDENCE 25 340 INDEX Page AMIRA, Grundrissdesgermanischen Rechts .... 29, 78, 83, 157 Grundriss der ger. Rechtsgeschichte 315 Zweck und Mittel der germanischen Rechtsgeschichte 77, 325 AMOS, sys. view of the science of jurisprudence xiv AMTSGERICHT (court of first instance) 258, 262, L'To AMTSHOHEIT (official sovereignty) 2 1 .'> ANALOGY, governs legislative expression N!» ANALYTICAL METHOD, of treatment of legal materials 319 ANARCHY 8, 10 ANIMALS, liability arising from ownership of, etc 174 ANIMUS TRADENDI 147 ANKLAGSPRINCIP (accusatory principle) L'SL' ANNALEN DBS DEUTSCHEN REICHES L'i'7 ANNUITY CHARGES (see pledge rights). ANSPRUCHE (claims, q. v.) 38 AN STAND (social convention, q. v.). ANWALTSPROZESS (procedure by attorney) 267 ANWALTSZWANG (necessity of acting by attorney) 268 APPLICATION OF LAW 88 APPROPRIATION 145, 146 AQUINAS, distinction between lex naturalis and lex aeterna 19 ARBEITSVERTRAG (a kind of commercial agreement) . 170 ARCHIV FUR OFFENTLICHES RECHT 240, 312 ARCHIV FUR RECHTS- UND WIRTSCHAFTSPHILOSO- PHIE 22 ARCHIV F. ZIVIL. PRAXIS 308 ARISTOTLE 7 ARNDT, Reichsstaatsrecht 22 1 Staatsrecht, etc 221 von d. Kontrollen d. Verwaltung 286 ARNDTS, Juristische Enzyklopadie 27 ARNOLD, Ansiedelungen und Wanderungen deutscher Stamme 55 ARRHA 164 ARTIFICIAL PERSONS (see juristic persons) 104 ARTIFICIAL RELATIONSHIP 187, /f., 204, 205 ARTISTIC MODELS AND DESIGNS 133, 134 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN LAW SCHOOLS vi, viii ATONEMENT (Suhne), a basis of criminal law 67 ATRID^ 53 AUFLASSUNG 147 AUFRECHNUNG (set-off) 160 AUFTRAG (mandatum) 167 AUGUSTINE, as a juristic type 12 AUSFUHRUNGSGESETZE (supplementary statutes) 259 AUSSTATTUNG 128 AUSSTEUER (outfit) 198 AUSTIN, as a juristic type 12 jurisprudence 22, 23, 25, 26 principles of law, morals and ethics 39 AUTHENTIC INTERPRETATION (see interpretation). INDEX 341 Page AUTHORS' RIGHTS 128, ff. AUTONOMOUS LAW 58, 62, 63, 64, 74, 86, 87, 90 AUTONOMOUS OBSERVANCE 87 BAILMENTS . 171 BANKRUPTCY ACT (German), literature 271 BANNFORSTEN 59 BANNMEILE 154 BANNRECHTE 128, 154 BAR, das Internationale Privat-und Strafrecht 90 the, in the administration of justice 257 BARBEY, comparison of French and English family law. . 177 BASTIAN, die Rechtsverhaltnisse bei verschiedenen Volkern der Erde 2 BAUER, die Strafrechtspflege, etc 240 BEARER, instruments running to 161 BECHAUX, le droit et les faits 6conomiques xiv BEGLAUBIGUNGSBEHORDEN (attesting officers) 262 BEHREND'S ZEITSCHRIFT 76 BEISPRUCHSRECHTE 145, 155 BEISTANDE (counsel) '. 268 BEKKER, Streit der historischen und philosophischen Rechtsschule 19 on the scope of philosophy of law 21 regarding the notion, law 29 BEKLAGTE (defendant) 267 BELLUM OMNIUM CONTRA OMNES 4 BENEFICIA 153 BENEFICIUM ABSTINENDI 207 BENEFICIUM INVENTARII 207 BENTHAM 5 BERECHTIGUNG (title) 159 BERNE CONVENTION, on copyrights 131 BERNHOFT, on comparative law 2 law compared with morals, etc. 36 the foundations of the legal system 49 kin-revenge 53 on ownership in the law 67 on the family as a basis of the legal system 67 ethical ideas in the law 68 on land registry 147 BERUFUNG (a kind of appeal) 270, 283 BESCHWERDE (a kind of appeal) 270, 283 BESELER, Volksrecht und Juristenrecht 76 deutsches Privatrecht 87, 293, 294 BESITZEINWEISUNG (immission, q.v.). BETEILIGUNG (intervention) 267 BEURKUNDUNGSBEHORDEN (authenticating officers) 261 BEWEISDEKRET (decree of proof) 269 BEWEISINTERLOKUT . 269 BEWEISVERFAHREN (procedure ot evidence) 269 BEYER, George 322 BICAMERAL ASSEMBLIES ' 84, 233 342 INDEX Page BIERLING, Kritik d. jurist. Grundbegriffe 10 BIERMANN, Privatrecht und Polizei in Preussen 125 BIGAMIA SUCCESSIVA 202 BILLIGKEIT (see equity). BILLS OF EXCHANGE 164, 172, 302 BINDING, die Normen und ihre Cbertretung 33, 275, 277 Handbuch des Strafrechts 33, 35, 275, 276 der Rechtszwang 37 deutsche Staatsgrundgesetze 220 system. Handbuch d. deutschen Rechtswissenschaft 267, 314 Grundriss d. deut. Strafprozessrechts 282 BIRKMEYER, Enzyklopadie, 13, 27, 81, 136, 138, 145, 147, 155, 221, 227, 238, 267, 271, 277, 282, 286, 287, 294, 298, 302, 308, 309, 310, 313, 315 das Militarstrafrecht 227 das Strafrecht 227 BIRTH, as affecting capacity 103 BLACKSTONE, definition of law 12 BLANKOPAPIERE (bills of exchange in which the payee is not designated and which are indorsed in blank) 172 BLATTER F. RECHTSANWENDUNG 126, 128 BLOOD FRATERNITY 187 BLUL 98 BLUNTSCHLI, deutsches Privatrecht 87, 129, 145 Geschichte d. allg. Staatsrechts 221 das moderne Volkerrecht 287 BLUTBANN (penal judicature) 59, 256, 279 BLUTRACHE (kin revenge, q. v.). BLUTSBRUDERSCHAFT 187 BLUTSSCHWESTERSCHAFT 187 BOISTEL, cours de philosophic du droit xiv BORCHARDT, die geltenden Handelsgesetze d. ErdbaUs. . 301 BORETIUS, capitularia regum francorum 83 BORSENGESCHAFTE (business of stock exchanges) 167 BOTTOMRY 152 BRIEF-HYPOTHEK (see pledge rights). BRINZ, Pandekten 33, 76, 87, 90 BROKERAGE AND AGENCY 171 BROTSPENDER 249 BRUNNER, deutsche Rechtsgeschichte 56, 60, 77, 84, 314 Rechtsgeschichte der rom. u. germ. Urkunde 78 Grundzuge der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte ... .84, 157,315 Geschichte u. Quellen d. D. Rechts xiii BRUNS, Ges. u. Quellen d. rom. Rechts 308 BUCH-HYPOTHEK (see pledge rights). BUDNERRECHTE 153 BUHLER, Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie 3, 36 BUNDESSTAAT eo, 238 BURGSCHAFT (suretyship, q. v.). BUSCH, Archiv f. Theorie und Praxis 33 Archiv f. H. u. W. R 122 BUSSE, Philosophic und Erkenntnistheorie 8 die Weltanschauungen des grossen Philosophen 8 INDEX 343 Page CAESAR, de bell, gall 141 CALPULLI .142 CAMORRA 63 CANON 153, 155 CANONICAL IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE 63 CAPACITY FOR ACTS 103, 193, 194, 201 CAPACITY FOR RIGHTS 103 CAPITALIZATION AGREEMENTS 172 CAPITULARIES 83 CAPTURE MARRIAGE 179, 193 CARRIAGE AND INLAND NAVIGATION AGREE- MENTS 170 CARRIER PIGEONS PROTECTED BY LAW 65 CASE LAW, evils of xii, 25 CASTE GOVERNS CAPACITY FOR RIGHTS 103 CAUSA 163 CAUTIONARY HYPOTHECARY CHARGES (see pledge rights). CENTENEN (centen, hundreds) 56 CERTIFICATED HYPOTHEK (see pledge rights). CESSIONARIUS 159 CHATTI 56 CHIEF AND AUXILIARY INTERESTS OF THE STATE IN DETAIL 247 CHURCH LAW 296, ff. its literature 298 CHURCH STATE 227 CHURCHES AS JURISTIC PERSONS 296 CICERO 7 definition of law 11 as a iuristic type 12 CIVIL PROCEDURE 265, ff. CIVIL PROCEDURE ACT (Z. Pr. O.) 267 CIVITAS 57 CLAIMS (Ansprttche) 38, 260,^. in personam 158 in rem 158 for damages 160 arising out of agreement 161 classification 259 punitive 279, ff. CLASSIFICATION, growth of 14 of dogmatic law 17 of the corpus juris 93 of the civil law Ill is governed not only by logic but by practical considera- tions 113 of private law in Germany 114 CODE, of Manu 3, 36, 37, 77, 147, 148, 272, 273, 277 of Hammurabi, xx, 3, 4, 41, 153, 155, 158, 160, 179, 180, 187, 195, 227, 240 of Justinian became common law in Germany by reception 70, 114, 115 344 INDEX Page CODE, German bills of exchange 70 German commercial 70, 70, 121, 301 (contents) Roman 82 French 71, 116, 117, 140, HXi, 308, 310 (Lit.) Saxon civil 71, 1 16, 1 17, 194, 310 (Lit.) Austrian 116, 117, 308 Danish 117 German civil, preparation of, xiii, 119, 267 (Lit.), 311, 312 (Lit.) de commerce 30() German criminal, literature '211 CODEX THEODOSIUS 82 CODICILLI 212 CODIFICATION xi, ff. COLLECTIVE REVENGE (Kollektivrache) 67 COLLEGIA CORPORA 105 COLLEGIA FUNERATIC1A 105 COLLEGIA SODALICIA 105 COLUMBIA LAW REVIEW 89 COMITIA 233 COMMENTARIES ON GERMAN BANKRUPTCY ACT. 271 COMMENTARIES ON GERMAN CIVIL CODE . . . .267,311 COMMENTARIES ON GERMAN COMMERCIAL LAW 302 COMMENTARIES ON GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE.. 277 COMMERCIAL CODE (German), synopsis 301 COMMERCIAL LAW 300,^. COMMERCIAL LAW, literature 302 COMMISSION AGREEMENTS 170 COMMODATUM 165, 16l> COMMON (allmende) 55 COMMUNIO INCIDENS 175 COMMUNITY OF GOODS 195, 196 COMMUNITY OF INCOME AND PROFITS 195, 19b COMMUNITY OF MOVABLES 195, 196 COMMUNITY PROPERTY 194, # COMMUNITY STATE (Gemeindestaat) 55, 56 COMPAGENSES 56 COMPARATIVE LAW 2. 21 COMPOSITE STATES 229 COMPOSITION SYSTEM 54 COMPOUND STATES 238 COMPULSORY HEIRS 210 COMPULSORY PORTION 210 COMPUTATION OF DEGREES OF RELATIONSHIP. 186 CONCUBINAGE 180 CONCURRENCE DE~ LOYALE 128 CONFLICT OF LAWS. . .71, 72, 88, 89, 90, 91, 197 (marriage) CONFUSIO (merger) 160 CONFUSIO AND SPECIFICATIO 148 CONFUSION AND SPECIFICATION 148 CONJUGAL COMMUNITY 180, 190, ff. CONSENSUAL CONTRACTS 166 CONSTITUTIO CRIMINALIS CAROLINA 83, 227 INDEX 345 Page CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 94, 96, 218, 220, 240, ff. necessary to the state 66, 97 CONSTITUTIONES PRINCIPUM 82 CONSULS, commercial and jurisdictional 290 CONTANGO 167 CONTRA BONOS MORES 37, 42, 47, 158, 162, 173 CONTRACTUS EMPHYTEUTICARIUS 154 CONTRIBUTED PROPERTY 150 CORPSES, rights in 126, 202 CORPUS JURIS 24, 93, 114 CORPUS JURIS CANONICI . . . 318 CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS 82, 114,317,318,322 COSACK, Lehrbuch d. b. R., 87, 88, 90, 105, 138, 152, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171 H. R 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 302 COURCELLE-SENUIL, preparation a 1'etude du droit. . xiv COURTS, classified 281 German, kinds 258 CREDIT AGREEMENTS 172 CREDITOR 159 CREDITOR CEDENS 159 CRIMINAL CODE OF GERMANY, synopsis 277 CRIMINAL LAW 272, ff. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 279, ff. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACT OF GERMANY, synopsis 282 CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT, defined 274 objects of 275 primitive methods 275 CRITICISM (Kritik) 88, 89 CUJACIUS 319 CURA 188, 190 CUSTOM, creates material of positive law 15 as a source of law 62 does not oppose the political character of law 64 of foreign countries recognized in Germany 64 as a species of law-making 74 must conform to the recognized laws of reason and morality 76 may derogate from statute in Germany 76 gives way to legislation in Anglo- American system .... 77 of merchants 78 CUSTOMARY LAW 75, 76 general 75 particular 75 is jus non scriptum 76 has an earlier historical origin than legislation 77 has a function even when legislation is highly developed 78 not formulated by the state but by the community . . 78 its authority is referable to the state 79 DAHN, on comparative law 2 die Vernunft im Recht 6, 40, 42 uber Werden und Wesen des Rechts 6, 43 346 INDEX I':iK- DAHN, Rechtsphilosophische Studien 19 regarding the notion, law L".) philosophy and law 40 das tragische in der german. Mythologie 44 im neuen Reich 54 Fehdegang und Rechtsgang der Germanen 54 Bausteine 54, 55 deutsche Geschichte 55 Urgeschichte der german. Volker 55, 57 Konige der Germanen 55, 250 zur alteren deutschen Geschichte 56 on customary law 76 d. Rechtsbuch 202 DAHN-BLUNTSCHLI, deutsches Privatrecht 87, li".) DALCKE, preuss. Jagdrecht 251 DANTE, de Monarchia 19 DARGUN, Ursprung des Eigentums 67 on Mutterrecht, etc 179, 183 DARLEHEN (mutuum) 169 DEBITOR . 157 DECISIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE . . 88 DECRETA 82 DEDUCTIVE METHOD OF LEGAL SCIENCE . 14 DE FACTO SUBJECTS 248 DEGEN 249 DEKRETIERKUNST 316 DELATIO 207 DELATION 207 DELIBATIO HEREDITATIS 212 DELICTUAL OBLIGATIONS 173, ff. DENARIUS DEI 164 DfiNIGREMENT (commercial slander) 128 DEPOSIT, as extinguishing obligations 160 DEPOSITUM 165, 169 DERNBURG, Pandekten 90, 138 Lehrb. d. preuss. Privatrechts 310 DESCENT, in German law 209 Roman law 208, 209 DESSA 142 DEUTSCHE JURISTEN ZEITUNG (D. J. Z.) 126 DEUTSCHE REVUE 2, 56, 72 DEUTSCHE RUNDSCHAU 77 DEXTER, weather influences 68 DHARMA 3 DIENSTBARKEITEN (servitudes, q. v.). DIENSTRECHT 84, 143 DIENSTVERTRAG (agreement for services) 170 DIETZ-KUCHLER, Verwaltungsgesetzgebung, etc 286 DIFFERENTIATION OF LAW-MAKING FUNCTION 58, 59 DIFFERENZGESCHAFT 166 DINGLICHE RECHTE (real rights, q. v.). DINGPFLICHT 60 DIPLOMATICS . . 315 INDEX 347 Page DISINHERITANCE 47, 210 DISPOSING CAPACITY (see capacity) 103 DISPOSITIVE ACTS (see facts) 108 DISTRICT COURTS (Gau courts) 56 DISTRICT-STATE 56, 57 DIVORCE, conduct incompatible with marriage, a ground of 47 DOCTOR JURIS UTRIUSQUE (J. U. D.) 295 DOGMATIC LEGAL SCIENCE, denned 17 DOGMATIC METHOD 303, 319 DOMESTIC SERVICE AGREEMENTS 171 DOMINIUM 139 DOMINIUM UTILE 153 DONELLUS 319 DORFSYSTEM 143 DOS (dowry) 193 DOTIS DICTIO 163 DO UT DES 165 DOWRY 193 DREYER, das deutsch. R.- Zivilrecht 309 DROST 249 DUELING 63 DUPLIK (rejoinder) 269 DUTIES, in morals 40 DYDE, translation of Hegel's Philosophic des Rechts. ... 1 EARNEST MONEY 164 EASEMENT (see servitudes). ECCLESIA DOCENS 43 ECCLESIA DOMINANS 44 ECCLESIA IMPERANS 43 ECONOMIC COMMUNITY DIFFERS FROM THE STATE 94 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AS SOURCES OF LAW 68 EDDA 54 EDICTA MAGISTRATUUM 82 EDUCATION, legal, methods (see also Hodegetics) xi EGOISM 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 31, 49, 93, 146, 272, 324 EHELICHE GEMEINSCHAFT (conjugal community) . 180, 181 EHELICHES GUTTERRECHT (matrimonial regime) . 181, 192 EHEVERTRAG (marriage contract) 181 EHRENBERG, Kommendation und Huldigung 60 die deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, etc 325 EIGENBESITZER (proprietary possessor) 138 EIGENE WECHSEL (promissory notes) 302 EINFUHRUNGSGESETZE (introductory statutes) 259 EINGEBRACHTES GUT (non-privileged property) 195 EINGETRAGENE GENOSSENSCHAFTEN (registered associations) 105, 168 EINHEITLICHKEIT (procedural unity) 268 EINREDEN (pleas) 38, 265, 269 EINWENDUNGEN (objections, see Einreden) 269 EINZELGUTER (individual property) 55 ELEMENTAL OCCURRENCES (see facts) 107 348 INDEX Pag. EMPHYTEUSIS l.Tl KMITIO-VENDITIO Kio ENCYLOPEDIA, derivation and application Intro. L'ti ENDEMANN, Einftthrungindas Studium B. G. B 126, 312 Lehrbuch d. b. R 164, 172, 173 Handbuch d. H. R 166 das Eisenbahnrecht 294 ENGLISH LAW, an ocean of cases 25 ENTMUNDIGTE VOLLJAHRIGE (interdicted adults).. 200 ENTSCHEIDUNGEN DES REICHSGERICHTS . . 76 EPISTOL;£ EQUITY (justice, Billigkeit) 4S distinguished from aequitas 48 is not law 48 ERBBAURECHTE (heritable building rights) 155 ERBPACHTEN (heritable leases) 153, 154 ERBVERBRUDERUNGEN I'll' ERBZINSRECHTE 153 ERLASS (release, q. v.). ERRUNGENSCHAFTSGEMEINSCHAFT (community of income and profits) 196 ERSITZUNG (usucaption, q. v.). ERWERBSGESELLSCHAFTEN (mercantile partnerships) 168 ESPRIT DE CORPS 7 ETHICAL CONCEPTION OF LAW 62 ETHICAL DESTINY CONNECTS MORALS AND RELIGION 40 ETHICAL FOUNDATION OF SOCIETY 5, 9 ETHICAL IDEAS IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM, 67, 163, 176, 181, 183, 189, 198, 254 ETHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES, in public law 100 EUDCEMONISM 36 EVENTUALMAXIME 268 EVIDENCE, formal theories abandoned in Germany.... 270 EXEGETICAL METHOD OF STUDY 317, 322 EXNER, die Moral als Waffe im Kampf urns Dasein 9, 40 EXOGAMY 179 EXPENSILATIO 163 EXPROPRIATION 148 EXTENSIVE INTERPRETATION (see interpretation). FACTORS OF A STATE ESTABLISHMENT OF LAW 66 FACTS CLASSIFIED 120 FACTS GIVE RISE TO RIGHTS .102, 107, 108, 145, 148, 191 FACTS MAY AND DO ESTABLISH A BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION 1 13 FACULTAS AGENDI 31, 34 FAHRHABE (movable things, see things). FALCK, juristische Encyklopadie 316 FAMILIENRAT (family council) 201 FAMILIENSTAAT (family-state, q. v.). FAMILY COMMUNITY 52 INDEX 349 Page FAMILY, in the legislation of Justinian 53 is itself a state in absence of other dominant community 52 is the starting point of the legal system 52 FAMILY LAW (pure) 176, ff. FAMILY, one of the primary bases of the legal system .... 67 FAMILY PRpPERTY 189, ff. FAMILY, punishment in, antedates criminal law of the state 274 FAMILY RELATION, involves real and personal relations 191 FAMILY-STATE (Familienstaat) 53, 179 FAMILY STATUS, as affecting capacity : . . . 103 FARMSTEADS (Hofe) 56, 142, 143 FAUSTPFAND (see pledge rights). FEDERAL STATES 229 FELDGEMEINSCHAFT 143 FEUDAL LAW 309 FEUDAL STATE (Lehenstaat) 57 FEUDAL SYSTEM 59 FEUDASTRUM 153 FEUDUM (tenure q. v.). FICHARD 83 FICHTE, tiber die Bestimmung des Gelehrten 40 theory of the objects of the state 224 FICTITIOUS PERSONS (see juristic persons) 104 FIDEICOMMISSA 145 FIDEICOMMISSAR 213 FINANZHOHEIT (sovereignty of taxation) 215 FINDERRECHT (law of finding) 146 FINGER, Lehrbuch d. deutsch. Strafrechts 277 FISCUS 101, 104, 173, 214, 216, 284 FIXGESCHAFTE 166 FOLK LAWS (see Volk Laws). FORENSEN (non-resident land-holding aliens) 248 FORDERUNGSRECHT (right in personam arising out of obligation) 159 FORMAL AGREEMENTS 163 FORMATIVE ARTS, statutes protecting 133 FORMULARY SYSTEM OF ROMAN LAW 159 FORWARDING AGREEMENTS 170 FOUNDATIONS (Stiftungen) 104, 106 FOUNDATIONS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM 49, 61 FRANTZ, Naturlehre des Staats, etc 221 FREEDOM OF DOMICILE STATUTE 125 FREEDOM OF WILL 49, 50, 51 FREIWILLIGE GERICHTSBARKEIT (non-contentious jurisdiction, q. v.). FRENZEL, uber Entstehung der Naturalis Obligatio 160 FRIEDENSORDNUNG (law q. v.) 10, 29 FRIEDLANDER, juristische Enzyklopadie 1, 27 FRIEDRICH, die Bestrafung der Motive, etc 22 FRONEN (socage service, q. v.). FUNDUS EMPHYTEUTICARIUS 154 FUNGIBLE THINGS, loans of 169 FURTUM.. 173 350 INDEX GAMING AGREEMENTS. GANERBSCHAFTEN 212 GANZ, on inheritance law 2 GAREIS, on comparative law Lehrbuch d. H. R., 10, 126, 133, 152, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 301, 302, 309 definition of law 11 Institutionen des VOlkerrechts 18, 86, 87, 287, 288 das allgemeine Staatsrecht, 22, 33, 60, 80, 81, 83, 100, tt)l, 221, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 247, 248, 251, 266, 285, 286 die Privatrechtsspharen im modernen Kulturstaat . .33, 40 das juristische Wesen der Autorrechte 33 Irrlehren uber den Kulturkampf 40 early Germanic history (monograph) 66 on conflict of laws 72 das B. G. B 76, 103, 213 deutsches Kolonialrecht 76, 294 land laws of Charlemagne 83 the theory of personality 122 Kommentar des Patentgesetzes 122 Grundriss zu Vorlesungen fiber d. burgerl. Recht, 122, 126, 145, 153, 154, 175, 196, 199, 249 das Recht am menschlichen Korper 126 rights in human corpses t26 on unfair competition 128 on the law of ownership 139 H. G. B 157, 259, 268, 301 on commercial sales 166 die Errungenschaftsgemeinschaft, etc 196 das deutsche Patentgesetz 265 on administrative law 286 die Fortschritte d. Volkerrechts 287 Genfer Kovention 288 Einfuhrung in d. Studium d. Rechtswissenschaft, 323, 325 3*^6 GAREIS AND ZORN, Staat u. Kirche in der Schweiz. . ' 298 GASINDI 249 GASTFREUNDSCHAFT (hospitality, q. v.). GAU (pagus, district) 66 GAU COURTS 56, 59 GAUGERICHTE (district or local courts) 59 GAUGENOSSEN 56 GAURECHT (local law) 83 GAU-STATE (district-state) 56 GEBOTENES DING 60 GEGENVORMUND (supervising guardian) 201 GEHOFERSCHAFTEN (farmstead communities, see farmstead). GELEGENHEITSGESELLSCHAFTEN (adventure part- nerships) 168 GELEHRTENGERICHTE (professional courts) 281 GEMEINDEN (communities) 56 INDEX 351 Page GEMEINES RECHT (common law) 70 GEMEINDESTAAT (community-state, q. v.). GEMEINDETESTAMENT (communal will) .. 211 GEMEINRACHE (social revenge, q. v.). GENERALIZATION, its function in law 6 88 GENERIC CONFLICT OF LAWS 72, 91 GENGLER, germanische Rechtsdenkmaler 84 deutsches Privatrecht ; . . 145 GERBER, deutsches Privatrecht 145 GERICHTSBARKEIT (jurisdiction) 258 GERICHTSFERIEN (judicial non-terms) 259 GERICHTSSAL 272 GERICHTSSCHREIBERN (clerks of courts) 259 GERICHTSVERFASSUNGSGESETZ (judicature statute) 258, 259 GERICHTSWESEN (judicial affairs) 59 GERMAN CIVIL CODE, based in form on Roman law (see code) xiii GERMAN LEGAL HISTORY, literature 314 GESAMTNACHEOLGE (universal succession) 206 GESCHLECHTSVORMUNDSCHAFT (statutory tute- lage) 193 GESELLSCHAFTSRECHT (social law, q. v.). GESELLSCHAFTSVERTRAG (partnership agreement) . . 168 GESETZ (law in narrow, and widest sense) 84 GESETZ DER IMMANENZ 10 GESETZGEBUNGSPOLITIK (legislative polity) 22, 97 GESUND 143 GEWERBEGERICHTE (trade courts) 259 GEWERE 138 GEZOGENE WECHSEL (drafts) 302 GIERKE, Naturrecht und deutsches Recht 18 Jugend und Altern des Rechts 77 deutsches Privatrecht 77, 91, 122, 126 sociale Aufgabe des Privatrechts 102 on the theory of personality 122 der Humor im deutschen Recht 147 Untersuchungen zur deutschen R. Geschichte 179, 315 deut. Genossenschaftsrecht 314 GIFTS 170 GIROVERKEHR (commercial paper transactions) 172 GLOSSA ORDINARIA 317 GLOSSATORS 317, 318 GLOSSES 317 GMOLL, the law of Gortyn 107, 187, 209 GNEIST, der Rechtsstaat, etc 223, 224, 285 Englische Verfassungsgeschichte 312 GOLDEN BULL 83 GOLDSCHMIDT, UniversalgeschichtedesHandelsrechts. .5, 10 Handbuch d. H. R 10 defines science of law 14, 15 Enzyklopadie der Rechtswissenschaft 27, 305, 307, 308 GOTHS.. • 56 352 INDEX Page GOTTESURTEIL (the ordeal) 45 GRATIAN, definition of law 11 GREEN BAG xi, xiii, 270 GREEN, principles of political obligation iv GRIMM, deutsches Wdrterbuch 29 GROSS MISCHIEFS (grober Unfug) 47 GROTIUS 18, 287, 321 De jure belli ac pacis ... 61 GRUCHOTS BEITRAGEN 126 GRUNDBUCH (land registry) 147 GRUNDDIENSTBARKEITEN (praedial servitudes, see servitudes). GRUNDSCHULD (land charge, see pledge rights). GRUNHUTS ZEITSCHRIFT 2, 4, 33 GUARDIANSHIP 187, 188, 190, 191, 200, 201 GUMMERE, germanic origins 56 GUNDERMANN, Englisches Privatrecht 140 GUTERRECHTE (matrimonial property rights) 70 GUTERTRENNUNG (separation of goods) 194 HABITATIO . . 151 HALF-FREE 103 HALLAM, middle ages 56 HAMMURABI, code, xx, 3, 4, 41, 153, 155, 158, 160, 179, 180, 187, 195, 227, 240 HANDBUCH D. VOLKERRECHTS 36 HANDELSGESELLSCHAFTEN (commercial partnerships) 168 HANDELSRECHT (commercial law) 300 HANEL, Staatsrecht d. deut. Reiches 238 HANSSEN, Agrarhistorische Abhandlungen 56 HARPER, code of Hammurabi 4 HARRASOWSKY, Ges. d. Kod. d. Osterr. Zivilrechts 309 HARTMAN, Zeitschrift f. d. off. Recht 33, 40, 139, 224 HASTIE, outlines of jurisprudence vii, xv, xvii, 1, 19, 25 Kant's philosophy of law xv Lioy's philosophy of law 19 HAUBERGGENOSSENSCHAFTEN (woodland communi- ties, q. v.) 142 HAUSLERRECHTE 153 HECKER, adoption im geltenden Recht 187 HEERPFLICHT (duty of military service) 60 HEERWESEN (military affairs) 59 HEFFTER, das Europaische Volkerrecht . .. HEGEL, his conception of the universe vii moral and civil duties 38, 39 Philosophic des Rechts theory of the obiect of the state 224 HEGELIAN SCHOOL HEIRATSGUT (marriage portion) J HELD. Grundzuge d. allg. Staatsrechts, etc 221 HELLMANN. Konkursrecht 271 HEREDES EXTRANEI 205 HEREDITAS DELETA ". 207 INDEX 353 Page HERITABLE BUILDING RIGHTS 155 HERITABLE LEASES 153 HERMANEUTICS 89 HEROARCHY 52 HERODITUS, on temple prostitution 41 HERO-STATE 228, 231 HESS, Forstschutz 251 HEUSLER, Inst. des deutschen Privatrechts, 56, 138, 142, 143, 144, 179, 183, 186, 187, 188, 196, 208, 211 Inst. des deutschen Rechtsquellen 314 HINSCHIUS, on church law 296 HINTERLEGUNG (deposit) 160 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF GERMAN CIVIL LAW 114 HISTORICAL LEGAL SCIENCE DOES NOT CONFLICT WITH DOGMATIC LAW 17 HISTORICAL METHOD OF STUDY 303 HISTORICAL SCHOOL 62, 65, 66, 319, 320 HISTORY OF JURAL IDEAS 23 HISTORY OF LAW 23 HIST. ZEITSCHRIFT 57 HOBBES, contract theory of the state 228 HODEGETICS, juristic 303, 323 HOFBESITZER (farmstead proprietor) 56 HOPE • 55, 56 HOFFNUNGSKAUF 167 HOFMEISTER, die Gerichtsszene, etc 160 HOFSYSTEM (see farmstead). HOLDER, Pandekten 90 HOLLAND, the elements of jurisprudence 1, 12, 23, 26 HOLTZENDORFF, Enzyklopadie, 18, 19, 27, 52, 66, 77, 179, 187, 221, 287, 293, 296, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315 Handbuch d. deutschen Strafrechts 227 Handbuch des Volkerrechts 287 HOLZZOLLE (wood tolls) 293 HORLE, legal position of illegitimate children 185 HOSPITALITY (Gastfreundschaft) 53, 68 HUE DE GRAIS, Handbuch der Verfassung, etc., in Preussen '286 HUGO, Inst. d. heut. rom. Rechts 319 Lehrb. d. Geschichte d. rom. Rechts 319 HUMANISTIC LEARNING INDISPENSABLE IN LEGAL SCIENCE 316 HUNDREDS (centenen) 56 HYPOTHECA (see pledge rights). H YPOTHECARY CHARGE 152 HYPOTHEK (see pledge rights). 