None
Equalising pipes 462,463 Equivalent horse-power 52 Evaporation of oil 634 Evaporator, Weir type ... 621-623 Examples of blade speeds and steam speeds 23 „ of " wing " blades Exhaust casing 80 „ V, mixed pressure turbines 543 Exhausts, open and closed 448 >» »> 11 »» »» >» »» )1 >» table „ thermal efficiency „ " work done " area PAGBS Exit area between blades 24 "Exmouth" 226 Expansion, adiabatic, work done by 34,36 „ allowance for cruising turbines 47 clearance 27 curves of steam ... 8 of blades 161 of casing feet 218 of casings 96 of steam 11,639 „ adiabatic 7, 540 „ isothermal ... 7 Expansions in reciprocating and turbine ... 11, 140, 172 „ number of ... 43-63 „ „ blades in each 191, 193 „ „ in cruising turbines 47 „ pressures in 139, 201, 202 External heat of steam 9 " Facial " clearance of dummies ... 102 Factors of correction of steam con- dition ... ■•• 21 " Fan resistance " of idle turbines ... 48 Fast channel steamer, data of ... 162 Feed heater. Weir direct contact type ... 624-626 „ heating, advantages of ... 627 „ pumps ... ... ... ... 179 „ Weir duplex 613-619 „ „ rotary... 619,620 „ water filters ... 627, 627, 628 „ heating 641 Finger-plate gauge 210 „ readings, etc. 187, 196, 210, 215 First stage moving blades 425 Fixed blade holder 425 „ of wheel stages ... 423 Flash-light torsion meter ... 266-261 Flash point of oil fuel 635 Flexible coupling ... 452, 531, 739 Flow of oil across face of Michell thrust pad to face ^\ „ of steam through blades ... 16 ,, L/alallCl .«• •.• ... ... X *z Foot-pound 1 „ of work done in blades 28-32 Force exerted by steam 388 Forced lubrication 134-137 „ system ... tofcue\^^ » Index. xxin PACES Forced lubrication systems 732, 756 Formula for horse-power by torsion- meter reading 268 „ for torsion 606,607 Forward bearing and thrust block 107 „ end view of thrust block 110 Foundation ring type, Curtis blading 431 Friction of blades 11,387 I, and increase of entropy 390, 391 „ (steam) losses 40 Fad (oil) 631-634 » »f n Gauge "bridge" for wear-down ... 211 for dummy clearance 187, 196, 210 for grooves 72 indications '170 „ (micrometer), description of 217 Gauging, box of casing 77 Gear, governor 557 wheel and pinions "Cairn- cross " to face 460 „ "Paris" 461,461 case 454,454 data 483 efficiency 450 teeth 449 „ cutting machine 451, 451 wheels of " Ciudad de Buenos Aires" ... 450,450 and racing 450 noise of 452 of " Vespasian " to face 454 pinions, and ^ear case, sectional views of . . . 743 Gcared-down turbines 449 „ " Ciudad de Buenos Aires" to face 452 economical speed of... 453 " Vespasian " to face 454 (J^ared turbines of " Caimcross "... 459 of"KingOrry"... 455 of torpedo boat ... 459 of torpedo boats... 457 Gearing, plan of double reduction 725 GcDeraldata 194-196 data for blading ... 212-214 data of passenger steamer 478 turbine data ... 359-361 view of H. P. Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbine to face 549 ^erators and motors 655 Ciand, lantern type 48 >i M W « » It » )> II >» w W Gland, pressures „ radial rings ... „ rings, broken „ „ wear  to tofacel4tl „ and drains, how worked ... 208 „ for cruising turbines ... 49 „ of rotor spmdles 362 „ oil to 216 „ (steam), description of 122-125, 172 ,, „ sealing 521 Going ahead 188 „ astern ... ... ... ... 189 Governing gear, action of 535 Governor 534 „ emergency 539 ,} gear ... ... ... do / „ „ valve chest and ... 536 ring, emergency 538 turbine 534 Governors for turbines ... 127, 180, 557 Groove cutting m rotors 72 Grooves for blade caulking ... 447 „ in rotor and casing ... 361 „ and serrations for blades 87 Grooving of casings 79 Guide brackets and lifting gear ... 112 „ columns of casing ... 114,117 „ and moving blades 384 H Head wind, or sea, effect of ... 230 X X wC% ii««« •«• •■• ••• ••• M- „ available 394 „ drop ... ... ... ... 376 „ „ calculations 53 „ drops 34, 141 „ „ and pressure drops 35, 36 „ „ and velocity 387 „ external, of steam 9 „ internal, of steam 9 „ latent, of steam ... ... 9 „ losses, value of 393 „ total, of steam 9 „ units of entropy 329 „ „ per pound coal 10 „ utilisation diagram of com- bined arrangement ... 275 Heating economy of feed water ... 641 „ up 185, 465 „ „ and changing speed, dummy clearance when 737 Height of blades, calculations for . . . 25 >» «» theoretical 26 XXIV Index. PAGB9 Height of impulse blading 408 Heights of blades for cruising tur- bines ... ... ... 46 „ of blades worked out 418, 419 High and low speed impulse turbine 714 Holes in stage wheels 716  43, 141 „ from heat drop ... 63 calculations from tor- sion meter 268 equivalent 52 of turbines ... 51-141 H.P. ahead impulse turbines, casing of tofacelll 6-stage impulse turbme rotor tofacelll 6-stage impulse turbme to face 701 and L.P. reaction turbines 359, 360 casing and connections ... 131 »» »» >» i» » drain to L.P. turbines ... 211 nozzle plate ;.. 524 ,, of impulse turbine 720 reaction turbine 359 rotor drum 66 „ with spindles ... to face W^ turbine, arrangement of oiling system of 560 „ casmg... ... ... 75 „ Westinghouse - Rateau type to face 54S turbines 548 „ pressure drop in ... 37 Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbme, end view of to face 557 Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbme, general view to face 549 Westin^jhouse- Rateau impulse turbine, longitudinal section 550 H.P. and L.P. astern turbines ... 50 turbines ... to face ^ turbines of T.S.S. "TenyoMaru" ... to face \^ I " Ibuku " (cruiser) 239 " Ibuki," trials of 492-494 Idle turbines, "fan resistance" of, 48, 327 Illustrating enclosed type, marine thrust bearing ... 582 »» PACKS Illustrating Michell marine thrust bearing 581 Importance of minimum tip clear- ancc ... ... ... \)0 Improvement in efficiency due to superheat (by entropy diagram) 708 „ of regular oil supply ... 184 Improvements in turbine construc- tion ... 269, 270 Impulse and reaction stages, power developed in 695 blade angles 405 „ heights 408 blading 432, 433 advantages of 382, 383 (Parsons) ... to face 400 ,, velocity triangles 384, 385 guide blade positions ... 401 nozzle ... ... ... 408 nozzles, pressure and velo- city in 375, 376 principle of 373 and reaction combined ... 380 „ turbine ... 377 „ „ (Parsons) 400 stage blading ... 432,433 „ diaphragm packing 713 „ diaphragms 426 steam and blade velocities 382 turbine 505 astern nozzle plate of 721 Curtis marine type (cover removed) to face 726 high and low speeds 714 H.P. ahead and 6- stage ... to face 701 losses ... 235, 441 L. P. nozzles of ... 721 of U.S.N, collier, "Jupiter," Curtis marine type tofcu:el21 principle of ... 506 rotor, H.P. ahead, 6-stage ... to face 714 stage wheel of to face 716 turbines, adoption of ... 711 „ carbon glands of tofcue 718 „ , for direct dnve and for geared down drive, com- parison of ... 693 „ „ H.P. nozzle plate of 720 Increase of entropy due to friction 390, 391 of pressure 516 of steam velocity in turbines 37,38 volume 18 >» »» »> » >» »  of superheat 517 „ ofvacuum 618 V „ and revolution 195 Indicator 603 Inside view of lower half casing to face 84 „ of thrust cover ... Ill Increasing dummy clearance ... 131 Indicated work 415 Indications on pressure gauges ... 170 Indicator for revolution speeds ... 180 "Indomitable" blade height calcu- lations 59 blade height ratio 58 consumption of ... 175 turbinearrangement 18-50 Induction motor, U.S.N, collier "Jupiter" to/ace 121 ** Inflexible," turbine arrangement 18-50 Initial end of L.P. ahead impulse turbine to face 717 „ pressures at " expansions " 139, 201, 202 „ velocity of steam calculations tor ... ... ... ... oo 3000 K.W. compound de Laval steam turbine at Gothenburg to face 729 Inlet and outlet opening of blades 24 Instructions for dummy adjustment 129 „ for working cruising drains 49 Intermediate stage, blade holders . . . 423 details 424 impulse wheel 422 Internal heat of steam 9 "Invincible," blade height ratio ... 58 Iron oxide 185,186 t» >» »i »? J Japanese cruiser " Ibuki " ... Junction wheel ... ^0«7 73, 75, 75 K Kinetic energy ••• ••• ■•• xyj calculations 28, 29 developed in blades 28-32 Kermode type oil burner 633 " King Orry," turbines of , 455 ^^ M Lantern gland for cruising turbines 48 latent heat of steam 9 Leakage area over blades, calcula- tions for 63, 54 PAGES Leakage over blade tips and dryness factor 39, 165 " Leak-off" of dummies 105 Leakage test for oil fuel 634 Lifting gear of " Aquitania " ... 364 Liner, position of thrust block on ... 531 List of blading 212-214 Ljungstrom turbine and its applica- tion to marine propulsion, paper on ... ... ... 656 Longitudinal section of 4-stage Curtis compound impulse turbine 509 Longitudinal section through H.P. Westinghouse-Rateau impulse turbine ... Longitudinal section through West- inghouse Kateau mixed pres- sure turbine Loss by carry-over Losses by bearing friction by dummy piston leakage ... by exhaust steam heat by gland leakage by steam friction by steam leaka^^e in impulse turbmes in turbines of power transmission „ diagram of com- parative Low and high speed turbines, com- parison of „ pressure diaphragm Lower half of high pressure split diaphragm ... ... ... L.P. ahead and reverse turbine casing and reverse turbines of "Mahroussa* to face 178, 180 dummy ... 362,362 impulse turbine, initial end of ... to face 717 and H.P. astern turbines ... 50 and reverse rotor drums to face 72 astern turbine tojacelVl casing and reverse casing ... 81 expansions and blade tip clearance to face \^ impulse type turbine, Westing- house-Rateau 564 „ reaction turbines 359, 360 lower half casing and reverse casing to face B^ nozzles of impulse turbine ... 721 or exhaust turbines 563 reaction turbine ...  76 M 1» »1 >» >J »> »1 »1 1> » »» »1 1J )> 1J XXVI Index. PAGES L.P. reaction turbines of T.S.S. " Tenyo Mara " to face 136 '„ turbine casing connections 128, 129 „ „ gland and drain con- nections 164 „ „ plan of lower half to face 130 „ „ and reverse turbine /^y^^ 80 „ turbines, pressure drop in ... 37 Lubrication 560 „ bearings and 530 „ of turbines ... 134-137 ,. systems, forced ... 732 ■ i-<ucama ... ... ... ««. ^sso ** Lusitania,'' calculations for areas between blades, etc. 59 calculations for blade rows 56-58 description of 163, 164 efficiency of turbines 324 extract from paper by Thomas Bell, Esq. 153 table of consumption, wLliir* ••• ••• ••• X V V »> »» M Macalpine floating frame reduction gear 586-588 Machine for gear teeth cutting ... 451 Machinery vibration 183 Main bearing (end view) 106 (lower half) 106 of turbine 715 „ (section) 105 bearings 105 „ wear-down of 165, 183, 187, 325 governor and oil pump, cross section through 558 snatt ... ... ... ... l)0o Manoeuvring 189 trials of " Ibuki " 492-494 valves 363,363 „ „ "Tuscania" ... 481 Manufacture of rotor drums and wheels 65, 66 169 582 582 653 691 693 441 82 " Manxman," turbine data for Marine thrust bearing „ ,, illustrating enclosed type turbo-electric drives turbine practice, recent de velopments in type turbines, characteristics <Marriot's law of expansion ... * Marsala" turbines Material for blading PAGBS " Mauretania," calculations for blade rows .. ...55-58 „ description of 163, 164 Mean entropy 335 Measurement ofshaft horse- power 593-607 Mechanical details in thrust bearings 578 Mercurial column vacuum gauge 366, 367 „ vacuum gauge 367 Method of inserting buckets in groove of wheel 529 „ of securing rotor blades ... 20 „ „ wheel spindle and drum 70 „ of shaft calibration to face 134 „ of shrinking on spindles to wheels ... ... ... 68 „ of shrinking on wheels to drums 69 Methods of thrust adjustment ... 109 „ of working oil fuel ... 632 Michell journal and thrust bearings, showing space gained by adopting to face fi^ „ marine thrust bearing, illus- trating 581 „ patent thrust 577 „ single collar type thrust block 584 „ thrust block 577, 579, 58a „ „ pad, flow of oil across face of ... to face 581 Micrometer dummy gauge, descnp- tion of 217 „ dummy gauge, to take reading off 218 „ gauge to face 7\^ „ „ and dummy to face 216 "Miles per ton of coal," diagram of American Scouts 25S Mixed pressure turbines 565 Modifications in turbine design ... 691 Motor, induction tofacel2T Motors, generators and 655 Mountings of turbines ... 125-128 Moving blade rows 425 Mumford Automatic Feed Regulator to face 630 N " Nautical miles per ton " curve, of Scouts 253 " Nino Bixio," turbines of 441 Noise of gear wheels 452 Non-reiurn valve 188 Notes on blades per expansion 191-193 „ on expansion of blades ... 161 Nozzle and guide blade arcs ... 386 9) i/vl7w «•• •>• ••• ••• OO I, Index. xxvu , PAGES Material calculations ... 409-413 „ control box openings of H.P. turbine, end view of tofacelVl »» M JJ M n >» valves diaphragm glands ... effect of reaction blading of De Laval turbine of drum stage opening area. 439 712 399 13 425 405 openmgs ... 381, 418, 428, 428 „ of C urtis turbine . . . 401 (drum stage) ... 431 openings (Parson's turbine) 377 n plate, high pressure... „ seatings stage diaphragm Siajr s ... ... tapir of Nozzles and blade areas and steam velocity of Parson's turbine „ proportions of Number of blades in H.P. and L.P. turbines of blades per row ... of " expansions " in cruising turbmes of" expansions " in steam in turbines » »> « w n M *9 524 429,429 to face 713 ... 438 ... 400 524, 551 ... wOO 373, 374 ... 378 ... 407 27 38 46 140 43 Official trial of " Chester" ... 151, 152 Oil and coal compared 631 and steam baffles 715 and water service 270 baffles 106, 732 cooling tank 135 „ „ (section) ... ... 135 fuel 631-636 advantages of 631 „ vessel ... ... ... uo4 black smoke 634 burner ... ... ... 633 colour of gases 634 composition of 632 control 634 disadvantages of 631 evaporation of oil 636 firing point 634 flash point 634 Kermonde type burner ... 633 leakage test for 634 methods of working ... 632 settling tanks 634 starting up 634 temperature 634 n w » n n n w » » 11 M n M w n Oil fuel use of sand ... ventilation pipes water in oil ... white smoke „ „ vapour in turbines v pump ... ... service to bearin'gs ySuAicy ... ... .»• supply, importance of temperature of to glands ... Open and closed exhausts Openings of steam nozzles „ „ „ (astern) „ „ „ (drum stage) 430 Operation of turbine machinery 465-468 Overhaul of turbines 196 Overspeed safety device 557 Oxidation in turbines ... 185, 186 PAGES 634 634 636 634 636 716 632 136 634 184 96 216 448 428 430 51 Packing gland of Curtis turbine ... 439 ,, piCi'Cw .•• ... ... V% „ „ between blades ... 44 Paper by Thomas Bell, Esq., on " Lusitania " trials ... 152 „ on turbine dimensions, by £. M. Speakman 19 Parallel flow turbine 14 „ path of impulse blading ... 400 " Paris " gear wheels and pinions... 461 Parsons' blading 20-83 combined impulse and re- action turbme 400 combined turbine 444 exhaust turbine 372, to face 370 H.P. ahead and gearing, sectional arrangement of to face 756 impulse blading ... to face 40^ „ and reaction tur- bine ... 400,447 turbine, description of ... 14-63 turbines and single reduc- tion gear wheels, plan of to face 701 „ and view of, T.S.S. " Northumberland to face 730 T.S.S. " Aurania" ... frontispiece type impulse blading to face 400 vacuum augmenter ... 149 Passenger steamer, data for ... 215 ,1 of 483,484 „ steamer, turbine arrange- ment ... ... ... 17 Patent thrust, Michell 577 » 11 xxvin Index. PAGES " Perkins ** and " Sterrett," data of 484, 485 „ „ „ (destroyers) 421-439 Pipe connections, principal... to face 120 Piston (balance) and equalising pipes 462,463 Pitch circle, blade length and mean diameter of 714 „ of blades ... ... ... 365 „ of propellers, how calculated 171 „ ratio of propellers 219 „ variation of propellers ... 220 Pitting of dummy rings 186 „ of dummies ... ... ... 186 Plan and double sectional elevation of Parsons' turbines, T.S.S. " City of Canton " ... to/acelZl ,, and end elevation 739 „ of double reduction gearing, T.S.S. "LaBrea" ... ... 725 „ of Parsons' turbines and single reduction gear wheels to face 701 Port propeller of '* Salem "... to face 252 „ turbines and gear wheels, "Tuscania" tofaceASQ Positions of guide blades 401 Potential energy 10 Power developed in each turbine ...61,62 „ „ in impulse and in reaction stages 695 distribution in turbines ... 260 losses ... „ lost by "windage" ... „ revolutions, and speed ... 326 ... 327 ... 230 speed, and consumption data 194 11-stage Curtis H.P. com- pound impulse turbine ... 526 „ utilisation ... ,\. ... 326 Practical operation of turbine machinery 465-468 Practice, data from 733 Pressure and annulus area of dummies 65-90 and heat drop, etc., calcu- lations ... ... ... 53 and velocity curves (im- pulse) 397 „ and velocity curves (re- action) 389 and velocity, impulse blading 397 and velocity in impulse nozzles 375, 379 and velocity, reaction blading 398 „ compounding 376 „ data of combined turbines 445 „ drop and B.T.U. drop 35, 36 >» )i )» »» PAGES »» » Pressure drop, blade rows and re- volutions 38 drop in H.P. and L.P. turbines 36, 37, 142 drop in stages ... 395, 435 drop volume, table of steam 38 drops, dia^^m of, etc. to face 52 gauge indications 170 mcrease of. 516 on bearings 96 on propeller blades 222, 230, 231 stages "... 508 Pressures and temperatures ... 733 and velocities in com- bined turbines to face 448 and velocities in Curtis turbine 412 and velocities, diagram of to face A^ and velocities in turbine stages 412 from trials 193 in ahead nozzles 737 in Curtis turbine stages 410 in " expansions " (actual) 139, 201, 202 in glands 163, 174, 194 in receivers * 734 in stages of Curtis turbine 233 in turbine casings ... 735 in turbine expansions 469, 480, 482 Principal improvements 700 Principle of Curtis turbine 245 „ of impulse 373 „ of turbine 12 Problems in turbine design 280-302 on ^reas between blades and blade heights 293-297 on blade velocities and number of rows 283, 284 on diameter of rotors ... 281 on heat drop calculations 287-292 on horse-power in blade rows 300, 301 on pressure drops 285, 287 on propeller calculations 285 on shaft horse-power 297-300 on steam and blade speeds 280 „ velocities and heat drops 281-283 on water condensed m turbines 302 solutions to above .302-323 Propeller and turbine efficiency compared ... 228, 229 calculation diagram ... 226 >» ?> >» >» n » » »> » »» »» )» Index. XXIX PAGBS Propeller, damaged eflfect of ... 196 slip 172 thrust 187 Propellers of " Mahroussa *" to face 220 Propeller thrust pressure diagram 224 ?? >» »» »i 11 vibration Propellers, alteration of apparent slip of... balance of calculations for ... cavitation of cones for dimensions of ... efficiency of pitch ratio of ... „ variation of pressure on blades M )l If 1) 187 ... 219 ... 220 ... 218 226-227 ... 221 ... 219 ... 227 ... 220 ... 219 ... 220 222, 230, 231 Propelling machinery 737 Proportions of nozzles 407 Propulsive efficiency and power curves 327 „ " efficiency " explained 325 „ „ of" Salem ** 242  Queen Alexandra " 25 R Racing and gear wheels 450 Radial fin dummies 104 f, fins of astern dummy ... 104 Ramsbottom rings for glands ... 125 Rankine cycle 348 Rateau impulse type, British Westinghouse 544 n turbine 25 Ratio of blade height to blade diameter 25 v> of blade to steam speed 23, 45, 46, 140, 141 n of steam vol imnes 140 Reaction and impulse combined ... *i blading velocity triangles 397 n degree of 374 1, steam and blade velocities 383 n turbines, data of ... 359,360 j**iing by micrometer gauge ... 218 ***<iings of dummy clearance 198, 199, 215, 325 PAces }) j» »» >» Readings of " finger-plate " ... 187 . Reasons for blade height increase 401 Receivers, pressures in 734 Recent improvements in turbine construction ... 268-270 „ developments in marine turbine practice 691 Reciprocating engines and turbines combined ... 271-279 and turbine engines compared ... 249, 250 engine, unsuitability of for low pressures 540 „ engines and turbines combined, benefits of -^7^ engines and turbines combined, data for 273-278 engines and turbines compared ... 176 Record of wear-down at bearings ... 1 65 Recorder 595 Recording box for torsion meter ... 267 Reduced speed data 197, 201, 216 Reducing dummy clearance ... 131 Reduction gear, Macalpine floating frame ... 585, 686 „ „ wheel, construction of Alquist flexible 585 Regulation of speed ... 189,440 " Reina Victoria Eugenia," turbines of... ... ... ... 370-372 Relative steam velocities 30 Remarks on blade row numbers ... 191 Removable thrust rings 51 Report of turbine overhaul 196 „ on working of drains and glands 488 Resistance, augmentation of ... 326 „ of blades, losses by ... 327 „ of hull 325 „ of idle turbines... 48,327 Resultant effect of steam speed and blade speed 386 Results of speed trials 193, 198, 201 Reverse turbines 50 „ valves 127 Reversing 181-188 Revolutions 180 and knots curve of *' Salem" 251 and rotor diameter ... 26 and vacuum 195 blade rows, and pres- sure drops 38 power, and speed ... 230 i Rings, dummy 720 I Rotary feed pump, Weir's 619 XXX Index. PAGES Rotation, speed of ... 228 Rotor and dummy diameters com- pared 51-60 diameter and revolutions ... 26 drum, corrosion of 184 hov^ bedded down 112 of 11-sta^e Curtis H.P. com- pound impulse turbine ... 526 of Curtis turbine ... to face 2^ to face 82 362, 362 .. 97 .. 70 ..65-75 .. 66 .. 66 .. 66 72 .'. 23-65 .. 39 .'. 188 .. 270 176, 189 648 649 partly bladed spindle glands Rotors, balancing of building of ... construction of drums, boring out of „ manufacture of elements of grooves, turning of... Rows of blade, calculations for „ of blades, numbers in Running ahead „ and upkeep of turbines Schmidt marine type superheater superheater valve chest »» Safety device, overspeed 557 "Salem" (scout) construction of turbines 246 „ trials of 241 Sand, use of, in oil fuel 635 "Sapphire" 175 Saturated entropy, diagram for ... 708 „ steam ... ... ... 708 Saturation curve (entropy) 334 „ lines of entropy 329 Scale box with lamp for torsion meter ... ... ... 571 „ of entropy 330 Scouts, curve of " nautical miles per ton ... •>• ... ^D«5 „ "Marsala" and "Nino Bixio" 441 " Screwing-up " bolt 134 „ „ for rotor ... 134 Seatings of nozzle plates 429 Section through ' steam chest for turbines 656 Section through steam chest for emergency governor 569 Sectional views of gear wheel, pin- ions, and gear case 743 Segment blading^ 84 „ block for blading ... 83 „ system of blading ... 83 "Semi-wing" blades Serrations in grooves Set-square for casing blading >» PAGES .. 45 72,73 85,86, 90,91 .. 85 .. 86 » for rotor blading Set-squares  and friction of blades Shrinking on of wheels Side clearance of blades " Sliding coupling " for cruising turbines ... Sliding couplings Slip of propeller ...". Small turbmes Smoke, black „ white Soldering of blades ... Solutions to " problems ". Speakman, E. M., paper by Speed, best bucket »» 634 ... «5t7S7 • . . 66-68 ... 365 47 to face 47 ... 172 ... 567 . . . 635 ... 635 ... 86 302-323 ... 19 ... 506 indicator 180 power and consumption data 194 „ curve, " Lusitania" ... 153 reduced data for 197, 201, 216 regulation 189, 440 revolutions and speed ... 230 „ horse-power, and * consumption ... 735 of rotation 228 ofsteam and blades, examples of 23 Speeds, consumption at low and high 735 Spherical-seated bearing 532 Stage diagram of Curtis turbine ... 245 „ impulse wheel 422 „ pressures in Curtis turbine 233, 410 „ wheel of impulse turbine to face 716 „ wheels, holes in 716 Stages, velocity 507 „ pressure 508 Standard ships, American 729 „ turbine arrangement ... 17 Standardisation curve of " Salem " to face 254 Starboard ahead turbine blades ... 361 astern turbine blades to face 361 Starting and reverse valves ... 127 Static balance of H.P. rotors 97, 99 of L.P. rotors ... 98 » )» ?» I> Index. XXXI M n » n » »> »» » M n n » w n n PAGES Stationaiy buckets, section of ... 530 Steam acceleration 31 action of, in blades 14 actual volume in turbines 40, 41 adiabetic expansion of ... 7 ' „ available energy in 541 „ bafBe descriptions 427 „ serrations 427 baffles, oil and 715 chest ... ... ... ... 565 for large turbines to face 555 view of mixed pressure to face 565 „ condensation of 11 „ condition, correction factors connections 49, 120-122 consumption of " Lusitania " turbines 155 n consumption, theory and practice 40 dryness fraction 9 expansion of 11,539 expansions, number of ... 140 external heat of 9 flow in Parson's turbine blades, diagram of ... 15 flow through blades 16 „ „ turbines ... 18 friction losses 40 gland connections 172 „ pressures ... 174, 194 glands ... 123,124,436 „ description of 122-125 „ „ of cruising turbines... 49 „ in blades, action of ... 383, 385 n increase of velocity in turbines 37,38  of 5-stage Curtis high pres- sure compound impulse turbine 511 », pressure, correction curve for 516 yy pressures and volumes in "expansions" 139 » pressures and volumes, table of ••. ... ... 38, 139 n properties of 3-7 -n provision for increased velo- city of 513 « saturated 2, 708 » sealing glands 521 „ of Curtis turbine 522 for ... ^ internal heat of „ isothermal expansion of „ latent heat of vs »» »» »» l» >» >» PAGSft Steam speed and blade speed com- bined ... ... ... 386 strainer ... ... 133, 133 superheated 2, 709 „ advantages of 2 thrust on blades 187 to glands and drain arrange- ments to/acel^ total head of 9 velocity and blade angles ... 392 „ effect of ... ... 33 „ through nozzles 373, 374 velocities, absolute and relative 30 volume, increase of ... ... 18 volumes, ratio of 140 " wet " 2 work done by adiabetic ex- pansion of 34,35 " Steaming " test of casings ... 79 "Sterrett" and "Perkins," data of 484, 485 "Sterrett"and" Perkins "(destroyers) 421-439 Stoppers for casing blades 91 Strainers ... ... ... ... 133 Strap for lifting rotor , 113 Stresses on blades Stripping blades 183 „ of blades, causes of ... 95 „ of dummy rings 183 Suitability of turbine for low steam pressures 541 Sulzer type turbine 500 Superheat 710 effect on entropy ... 343 correction curve for ... 517 improvement in efficiency due to 708 increase of 517 practice 710 Superheater, Schmidt marine type 648 „ valve chest (Schmidt) 649 Superheated steam 709 Surface condensers ... ... 754, 755 feed heater, Weir's 624, 625 »» >i Table of blading „ of entropy Taper in nozzles Teeth-cutting machine Temperature, etc., curves of 11-stage Curtis impulse tur bine of oil ... „ IU61 ... .. Temperatures, pressures, and 65 356, 357 400 451 512 96 632 733 xxxn Index. PAGBS » » »> »> »> JJ » Tensile strength at high tempera- tures, curves showing reduction V/I ••• ••• ■•• ••• •■• WW i Test for oil fuel leakage 634 n gauge for blading 72 „ „ for grooves ... ... 70 Theoretical blade heights 26 Thermal unit .. 2 Thrust bearing, marine 582 bearings, mechanical details block *i07-li6, 440,' 529, 562, 561, to /ace 108 Michell 577,579,582 „ single collar type ... 584 position of, on liner ... 531 wear of 181 collars and counter gear ... 73 cover, plan of 108 of propeller 187 rings, removable type ... 51 steam. on blades 187 Tip clearance, cold and hot 159, 161 diagram 21 for leakage area ... 54 measured when cold 166-169, 197 Tipping of blades 89 Tools for  572 Denny-Johnson type 262-268 Hopkinson-Thring type 569 indicator 594 scale box with lamp for 571 setting up and ad- justing 573 meters, Denny-Edgecombe type 593-607 Trailing shaft 51 Transmission, diagram showing ... 602 „ losses ... ... 653 Transmitter ... ... 602 Trial results 193, 198, 201 Trials of " Chester" 151, 152 of"Ibuki" 492-494 of " Lusitania ** 1 53 of "Salem" 241-243 Triangles of velocity and horse- power ...41-43 Trigonometrical ratios, etc. ... 756 >» »» 11 >» )» »> » >» » >» >» J> >> J» PAGES Turbine advantages over recipro- cating engines 261 and propeller efficiencies combined ... 228, 229 arrangement, battleships and cruisers 17, to face 48 arrangement, " Ciudad de Buenos Aires "... to face 452 arrangement (Curtis type) 234 arrangement, large pas- senger steamers ... 17 arrangement of " Lusi- tania ... ... ... lo arrangement, ** Lusitania" and " Mauretania " ... 192 arrangement, Scout "Chester" 143 arrangement, standard ... 17 arrangements ... 16, 17 of " Britannic " ... tofaceZll British Westinghouse low pressure ... ... 503 (Brown-Curtis) blade heights 402 Brovvn-Boveri 501 casings, construction of... 75-82 „ pressures in ... 731 „ testing of ... 77 clearance 440 combined impulse and re- action 400 condenser 79 connections 130 Curtis ... ... ... 506 „ arrangement of moving and sta- tionary elements in a ... ... 507 „ blading of ... 248 „ bucket wheels and diaphragms of 5- stage H.P. xxxiu V ?1 »l >» 1» ♦> 1> n n » 15 »1 )t >» »1 »> » PAGES Turbine, Curtis, principle of opera- tion 245 rotor of 11 -stage H.P. compound impulse 526 type, description of 231-241 data 359-361 for channel steamer 200 for ** Manxman " ... 169 for yacht 203 of "Tuscania" 480, 481 De Laval type 12 „ „ nozzle ... 13 design, paper on 19 modifications in. 691 problems in 203, 280 dimensions 175 drain connections ... 119 drains 440 „ and glands, work- ing of 488 drive and turbo-electric drive 692 efficiency 40,209,415 „ what dependent on 467 „ expansion pressures 469-480 „ gams due to high pressure, etc., Curtis 515 gauge readings 190 geared-down 449 governor 534 governors ... 128, 180, 567 horse-power 51,52 improvements, principal 700 impi^se 505 liftmggear ... 364,364 losses ... ... ... 441 „ impulse type ... 235 Ljungstrom, and its appli- cation to marine pro- pulsion, paper on ... 656 lubrication (forced), de- scription of ... 134-139 machinery, " Cairncross " fo/ace 460 "KingOrry" 456 „ operation 465-468 main bearing of 715 mountings ... 125-128 of" Reina Victoria Eugenia" 370-372 overhaul, report of ... 196 Parsons, description of ... 14 principle of 12 Turbines, principle of impulse ... 506 pressures 170, 215 propellers PAGES Turbines, room, general plan of ... 180 shafts, bow calibrated ... 133 simple impulse diagram of 505 suitability of, for low steam f)ressures 541 zer type, 500 types 693 Westinghouse-Rateau back pressure ... to face 567 Zeolly 502 Turbines and gear, " King Orry "... 456 and reciprocating engines combined ... 271-279 and reciprocating engines combined, benefits of. 272 and reciprocating engines combined, data for 273-278 and reciprocating engines compared ... 249, 250 application of, to low pres- sure steam 543 astern 720 back pressure and reduc- ing ... ... ... 566 combined, Parsons' type. 444 condensed water in ...60, 61 condition of, after service 328 corrosion of 181 cruiser " Ibuki " 239 cruising 46-51 blade heights of 46 „ tip, clear- ance of... 47 drains ... 49j 117-120 „ instructions for working 49 fan resistance of 48 glands of ... 49 Curtis compound and com- bined impulse ... 510 described ... 421-444 half of labyrinth packing for large high-pressure steam exhaust v. steam ("Lusitania"), efficiency of steam con- sumption of 155 mixed pressure 565 of " Cairncross " 469 of "King Orry" 465 of "Marsala" and "Nino Bixio"... 441 » THE MARINE STEAM TURBINE. SECTION I. DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Before commencing to describe the chief features ef the Parsons turbine, it is perhaps necessary to explain clearly the meaning of certain definitions which are closely connected with the theory and practice of this type as with all other types of steam engine. ■ Foot-Pound. — A foot-pound is the work done in raising a weight of one pound up through a distance of one foot Torque. — Torque is the turning movement to which a shaft is subjected when a force is exerted to rotate the shaft against a resist- ance such as that of the screw propeller in water. In ordinary engines the turning effort or torque is applied by means of the crank, and in turbines by the direct energy of the steam acting on the periphery of the blade circle of the rotor. By arranging the rotor diameter so that the peripheral velocity of the blades is equal to about half that of the steam, the maximum amount of work in foot-pounds may be extracted from each pound of steam passing through the turbine casing. Heat — Heat is merely a form of energy, and as such exists in two states — (i) in that of Potential or stored-up energy, and (2) in that of Kinetic or active energy. When the molecules of a body or A 2 ' , The Marine Steam Turbine. gas are set in rapid motibn or vibration, heat is developed and work done. Consequently in the case of a steam engine, either of the reciprocating type or turbine type, the energy which produces rota- tion of the shaft is obtained by means of the transformation or heat energy into mechanical work. British Thermal Unit (BTkU.). — This is taken as being equal to 778 foot-pounds of work or energy, and signifies that one heat unit, when transformed into mechanical energy, gives out 778 foot- pounds of work. Saturated Steam. — Steam taken direct from the boilers is known as " saturated steam," as the density, or weight of water per cubic foot, is constant for any given pressure, as also is the temperature and volume. The steam supplied to all marine engines (without superheaters) is therefore of this quality, and calculations as to expansion, work done, and fall of pressure, are usually made on this assumption. The steam supplied to the H.P. turbine of a turbine engine is therefore saturated steam. Sometimes the term ''dry saturated steam " is used to distinguish this quality of steam from wet steam, or steam containing water from priming. " Wet ** Steam. — If water is carried off with the steam due to priming taking place in the boilers, the steam contains more water per cubic foot than is natural to the " saturation " pressure, volume, and temperature, and it is then known as " wet steam," or " wet saturated steam." Superheated Steam. — If saturated steam from the boilers is passed through the tubes of a superheater, the water contained in the steam is evaporated out of it, with the following results : — 1. Rise of temperature. 2. Increase of volume if pressure is kept constant ; or, 3. Increase of pressure if volume is kept constant The chief advantage of superheated steam lies in the fact that cylinder condensation is practically eliminated, as the steam does not then readily condense when exposed to cooled surfaces : leakage is also reduced. Another point of importance is that the specific heat of this steam being only 48 (some authorities give .5), one B.T.U. of heat supplied to the steam has the effect of raising its temperature fully two d^recs, as I -r .48 = 2.08. The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam Of from 0.5 lb, to 260 lbs. Absolute Pressure per Square Inch, Absolute Pressure per Square Inch. Temperatures. Toul Heat of I lb. of Steam from Water sup- plied at 32* F. ToUl Latent Heat of Steam. Density or Weight of I Cubic Foot of Steam. Volume of i lb. of Steam. Lbs. Deg. Fahr. Units. Units. Lbs. Cubic Feel. 0-5 80.2 I 105.5 1058.4 .001376 726.608 1 102. 1 III2.5 1042.9 .003027 330.360 1-5 "5-9 III6.7 1033.2 .004433 225.580 2 126.3 II 19.9 1025.8 .005811 172.080 2.5 134.6 II22.5 IOI9.9 .007169 139.488 3 141. 6 1 1 24.6 IOI5.O .008511 117.500 3-5 147-7 1 1 26.4 I0I0.6 .009839 101.632 4 I53-I II28.I 1006.8 .01116 89.632 4.5 157.9 II 29.6 1003.4 .01246 80.231 5 162.3 1 1 30.9 1000.3 .01370 72.991 5.5 166.4 II32.I 997-4 .01505 66.428 6 170.2 1 133-3 994-7 .01634 61.201 6.5 173-6 "343 992.3 .01762 56.761 7 176.9 1 135-3 990.0 .01889 52.936 7.5 180.0 "36.3 987.8 .02016 49.610 8 182.9 1137.2 985.7 .02142 46.686 8.5 185-7 1 138.0 983.8 .02268 44.097 9 188.3 II 38.8 981.9 .02394 41.777 9.5 190.8 1 139.5 980.1 •02547 39.261 10 '93-3 1 140.3 978.4 .02642 37.845 10-5 195.6 1141.0 976.7 .02767 36.145 II 197.8 1141.7 975.2 .02890 34.599 II-5 200.1 1142.4 973-6 .03026 33.045 12 202.0 1 143.0 972.2 -03137 31.879 '2.5 204.0 1 143.6 970.8 .03260. 30.678 13 205.9 1 144.2 969.4 .03382 29.573 135 207.8 1 144.8 968.1 .03504 28.536 14 209.6 1 145.3 966.8 .03627 27-573 14.7 212.0 1146.1 965.2 .03797 26.360 >5 213.1 1 146.4 964.3 .03870 25.843 16 216.3 1147.4 962.1 .04112 24.320 >7 219.6 1 148.3 959-8 •04253 23-513 18 222.4 1149.2 957.7 .04594 21.766 19 225.3 1150.1 955-7 .04834 20.687 20 228.0 1 150.9 953-8 .05074 19.710 21 230.6 1151.7 951-9 •05311 18.828 22 ^IZ'"^ 1^52.5 950.2 .05549 18.022 23 235.5 "53.2 948.5 .05786 17.282 24 237.8 2153.9 946.9 .06023 16.603 25 240.1 1 154.6 945.3 .06259 15.977 26 242.3 "55.3 943-7 •06495 15.401 The Marine Steam Turbine- Properties of Saturated Steam — continued. AbMlute Piff^Mirc per T* ■.■■■■■.■111. ■■ I Lbs. Dec. F^r- Total Heat of I lb. of Steam from Water sop- pHed at 3«* F«tir- 27 ' 2444 28 246,4 29 248.4 50 250.4 3« 252.2 3* , 254.1 33 . 255.9 34 2576 35 . 259.5 36 260.9 37 262.6 3» 264.2 39 265.8 40 267.5 41 268,7 4^ 270.2 43 ■ 271.6 44 2730 45 274-4 46 275.8 47 277.1 48 • 278.4 49 279.7 50 281.0 5' 282.5 5* I 285.5 53 I 284.7 54 285.9 55 2?^':.x 56 2SS.2 289.3 5^5 390.4 50 291.6 DO 292.7 01 : 293.S 62 ■ .-94-S 63 295.0 04 -9^ 9 ^5 20^.O -^j 290.0 •S"* ' t . y^^ 0^ 3009 Ovi . ;ci Q Units. Total Latent Heat of Steam. 55.8 56.4 57.1 57.8 58.4 58,9 59.5 60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 62.0 62.5 62.9 65.4 65.8 64.2 64.6 65.1 65.5 65.9 66.5 66.7 67.1 ^75 67.9 6S.5 68.6 69.0 •'59.3 69-7 70.0 70.4 70.7 71. 1 7» 4 :>-7 72-0 723 72-6 729 73-2 75-5 Units. 942.2 940.8 939.4 937.9 936.7 935-3 934.0 952.8 951.6 930.5 929.5 928.2 927.1 926,0 924.9 923.9 922.9 921.9 920.9 919.9 919.0 918.1 917.2 916.5 915.4 9 US 913*6 912.8 912.0 911.2 Ml 0.4 MOO *> QCS-S QOS.O OC7.2 0C.4 904- ^ vCX.2 ■*-^ ? >02.* 902.1 yOI.4 DensitT or Weight ofiCnbic" Foot of St( Lbe. 06728 05971 07196 07430 07665 07894 08128 08558 08590 08821 09050 09282 09510 09740 09946 020 042 065 088 III »34 156 179 202 224 247 269 292 3U 357 4<:>4 42^ 44vi 47« 53^^ :-^3 ^o4 D2: Volume of I Ik. of Steam. Cubic Feet. 14.865 14-345 15.896 13.459 15.050 12.666 12.500 1 1.964 11.640 "•337 11.050 10.773 10.515 10.267 10.054 9.806 9.592 9.586 9.191 9.005 8.821 8.650 8.482 8.522 8.170 8.021 7.880 7 741 7.610 7.482 7370 7.258 7 125 7.01 1 6.Q02 6-7gS 6.6q6 6.5Q6 6.502 6.410 6.318 f»253 D 147 The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam- -continued r • 1 Absolate Pkcssore per Square IncK. Temperatures. Total Heat of X lb. of Steam from Water sup* plied at 39* Fahr. Total Latent ^ri^^^S! 1?"^^} HeatofStfam. of « CobK Foot of Steam. Volume ol I lb. of Steam. Lbs. Deg. Fahr. Units. Units. L s. Cubic Feet. 4 302.9 II73.8 900.8 1650 6.059 71 3039 II74.I 900.3 1671 5.984 72 304.8 "743 899.6 1693 5.905 73 305.7 1 1 74.6 898.9 1716 5.829 74 306.6 1 1 74.9 898.2 1738 5.764 75 307.5 II75.2 897.5 .1760 5.683 76 308.4 "754 896.8 .1782 5.610 77 3093 1 175.7 896.1 .1803 5.544 78 310.2 1 1 76.0 895.5 1826 5476 79 311. 1 1 176.3 894.9 .1848 5-4" 8e 312.0 1 1 76.5 894.3 .1870 5348 81 312.8 1 176.8 893.7 .1892 5.286 82 3»3.6 1177.1 893.1 .1912 5.230 83 314.5 "774 892.5 .1936 5.167 84 315-3 1177.6 892.0 •1957 5.109 85 316.1 "779 891.4 .1980 5.052 86 316.9 1178.1 890.8 .2001 4.996 87 317.8 1 1 78.4 890.2 .2023 4.942 88 318.6 1 1 78.6 889.6 .2046 4.889 89 319.4 1178.9 889.0 .2067 4.837 90 320.2 1179.1 888.5 .2088 4.790 9» 321.0 "79-3 887.9 .21 II 4.737 92 32I-7 "79.5 887.3 ■2133 4.688 93 322.5 1 179.8 886.8 .2154 4.642 94 323.3 1 180.0 886.3 2176 4.595 95 1 324.^ 1 180.3 885.8 2198 4.549 96 ; 324.8 1 180.5 885.2 2220 4.505 97 ' 325.6 1 180.8 884.6 2241 4.462 98 326.3 1181.0 884. 1 2263 4.419 99 327.1 1181.2 883.6 2286 4.375 100 327.9 1181.4 883.1 2307 4.335 lOl 328.5 1181.6 882.6 .2329 4.305 102 329.1 1181.8 882.1 2350 4256 103 3299 1 182.0 881.6 2372 4.216 104 33<^'^ 1182.2 881. 1 2393 4.178 105 33^-3 1182.4 880.7 2415 4.140 106 331.9 1182.6 880.2 2437 4.104 107 332.6 1 182.8 879.7 2458 4.068 108 333.3 ; 1 183.0 879.2 2480 4.033 109 334-0 1 878.7 , 1 2502 3998 The Marine Steam Turbine Prooerties of Saturated Steam — continued. 