None
Evidently' the commercial interests of Tours lay to the north and southland were distinct from the political interests which linked it to the Ile-de-France. Orleans, however, is in a different rela- tionship. The road thence to Paris is very distinct, and another, to the east, faintly but evidently shown, unites it by Ferrttres or Nemours with the commerce belt of Champagne at Sens or PrbVins. The most strongly marked road from Chartres is the on* mentioned above," which,* crossing the Seine at Mantes or Vernon, runs north to Abbeville. The road to Paris is much less clearly shown. Paris itself lies in a district nearly as thickly set with vil- lages as is that about Tours. But most of the settlements lie in a line at right angles to the river, and while the banks of the * P. 93. PILGRIMAGES AND MERCHANT ROUTES 99 Seine are by no means as deserted as the bank of the Loire, there does not seem to be any real indication of a highway paralleling its course. It is evident from a comparison of the map drawn from political data (P1.I) with that showing the areas of population, (P1.II) that the traffic of the kings and popes did not always follow the same lines as that of the Carolingian merchants. But on the other hand, the routes most travelled by the potentates are also the greatest commercial highways. So that with one system acting as a check and reenforcement to the other, there can be little doubt about the lines of travel which connected the different parts of France with one another, and with the outside world, in the formative period from the downfall of the Roman dominion until the reestablishment of a lasting government in the mid-twelfth century. a APPENDIX I. TABLES OF THE JOURNEYS OF CERTAIN KINGS OF FRANCE. In each of the following tables the series of names in the left hand column constitutes a hypothetical route, which has been reconstructed from fragmentary evidence of journeys along its course. This evidence is given in the other columns of the tables, arranged chronologically for each route and king. Wherever possible, the date of the royal visit to each locality has been given, these visits having little value as evidences of routes un- less the intervals of time between them are sufficiently short to indicate a direct progress from one to another. X I TABLE I 771 Duren Virsinniacum* Compiegne 782 Cologne Duren ( 7) Quierzy Aft Sept. Dec. 8M Aix Rheims a* 8S8 ftfayence Attigny (St. Quentin) *Blanciacus la supposed by SIMSON (op. cit. Vol. II, p. 126, Note 8) to be the modern Blagny. (Dep. Ardennes, Arr. Sedan) This is hardly on the direct road from Attigny to Thionville, but as the date of arrival at Thionville is not known, there is no proof that Louis went there by the shortest road. Blanciacns might even be the modern Blanzy, about five miles below Ghateau-Porcien on the Aisne, and about 20 miles west of Attigny. 824 824 827-28 Compiegne Aix Tune 80 t Apr. Compiegne Aix Oct. Nov. 10 Feb. 12 Compiegne Quierzy Aix 838 Compiegne (Ver) Paris * Jncnndiacns or Jognntiacns is the modern Jetzt-le-Palais (dep. Hte.Vienne; arr. Ballac) north of Limoges, (cf. SIMSON op. cit. Vol. II, p. 25, Note 2.) • • *: .^rr y -~^ ~**T^ TABLE III 878 877 Compiegne June 20 Compiegne June 24 Soissons Rheims Rheims Chalons Chalons July 12 Ponthion Langres July 21 Langres Besaneon Aug. 11 Besaneon (Fontaine Orbe de Warnaire). St. Maurice Mt. Jouz ■ • Mt. Jou, the little St Bern- Pavia 3ept. Pavia ard Pass. 881 887-88 888-88 (Quierzy) Dec 7 (Quierzy) Rheims Troyes Dec. 25 (Compiegne) Auxerre Dee. 25 Auxerre (Beau-Pouilli)* Jan. 80 Cosne Jan. Bourses 855 888-87 887 Dec. 25 Compiegne Apr. 22 Mar. 80 Compiegne St. Denis Paris t Sermigny | cMar. 10 Beau-Pouilli c Mar. 10 Beau-Pouilli £1 TABLE IV 847-48 8ft 851-12 1 Compiegne Jan. 17 t Dec 29 t Quiersy ("Toward Aquitaine") St. Denis - Tours 1 Not. ( Tours Aug. 8 Aug. 7 Aug. 15 Aug. Sept. (Bonneveau) (Verriere)* (Chambellay) Rennes 1 t Aug. 27 Angers (Brittany) s, comm. of Trelaze, near Angers. 863 (Soissons) Le Mans (•) ef. H'tes itudes, Fasc. 175, p. 208, Note 2. t Ausonis villa or Osonls villa is probably either Oisonville or Auzainville, both are in the immediate neighborhood of Chartres. ef. H'tes Uv.de s, Fasc. 176, p. 208, Note 8. (§) cf. H'tea itudea, Fasc. 175, p. 204, Note 6. 868 866 I 869 (Laonais) Pttres Dec. 1 A Mid-Aug. J (Quierzy) Pttres Mid-Aug.A i July 21 J (Senlis) Pttres 869 878 Nov.-Dec.. (Orreville) * Vernantes, about half way A between Angers and Tours. (Baisieu)t Nov. 1 Amiens t Bannes, on the Loire, about Pttres Pttres Evreux 1 mile from Chateau-du-Loir. 8 Orreville, on the Authie Oct. 12 Le Mans near Doulens. • Sept-Oct. Angers * Baisieu, in Amienois. APPENDIX II. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following bibliography makes no pretense of covering the subject in hand, but is merely a list of the works which have been of actual use in the preparation of this thesis and to which reference is made in the footnotes of the text. (a) SOURCES ADON OF VIENNE, Ckronicus (ex. in Bouquet, Histor. de France. Vol. VII, pp. 54-56). ALBERT OF AIX, Eistoria Hierosolymitana (in Receuil des historiens des croisades; Historiens occidentaux. Vol. IV) Paris, 1879 in -fol. Annates Bertiniani, (ed. Pertz, Mon. Oerm. hist. Script., I, p. 419-515). AUSONIUS, Opuscula (ed. B. Peiper, in Teubner, Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1886, in -16. BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, Itinerary (ed. L. Qruenhut and M . N. Adler, Die reisebeschreibungen des B. Benjamin von Tudela) Frankfurt, 1903-1904, 2 vols, in 1, in -12. BONIFACE, Epistolae (ed. Dummler, Man. Oerm. hist. Ep., Vol. Ill, pp. 215-396). CAESAB (Caius Julius), Commentarii (ed. B. Euebler, in Teubner, Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1897-1911, 3 vols, in 4, in -16. CASSIODOBUS, Variae (ed. T. Mommsen in Mon. Oerm. hist. Auct. antiq., Vol. XII, pp. 3-385). Capitulary De VUlis (ed. A. Boritius, Mon. Oerm. hist. Legum, Sect. II, Vol. I, pp. 83-90). TRAFFIC WAYS ABOUT FRANCS IN THE DARK AGES Chanson de Roland, (ed. L. C16dat) ed. 3, Paris, 1890, in -12. Chanson du voyage de Charlemagne <J Jerusalem, (ed. E. Kosch- ~witz, in Altframosische bibliothek, J. 2) ed. 3. Leipzig, 1895 in -12. Codex Theodosianus, (ed. Jacob Gottfred, A. Marwill, J. D. Bitter) Leipzig, 1736-1743, 6 vols, in -4. DIODORUS SICULUS, Bibliotheca historica (ed. F. Vogel and C. T. Fischer, in Teubner, Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1888-1906, 5 vols, in -16. EGINHARD (Einhardt) Oeuvres Completes, (ed. A. Teulet) Paris, 1840-43, 2 vols, in -8. EINHARDT (abbot of Seligenstadt), Life of Charlemagne (ed. H. W. Garrod and B. B. Mowat.) Oxford, 1915, in -12. EEEEHABD, Chronicon Universale (ed. Pertz, Mon. Germ. hist. Script., Vol. VI, pp. 33-265). FLAVIUS VOPISCUS, De Gattis, (ex. in Bouquet, Hist or. de France, Vol. I, pp. 540-541). FLODOABD, Annates (ed. Lauer, Collection de textes pour ser- vir & V itude et d Venseignement de I'histoire, fasc. 39), Paris 1906, in -8. FULCHEB OF CHABTBES, Historia JherosoVymitcma, gesta francorum Jherusalem peregrinantium (in ReceuU des his- tories des croisades; Historiens accident aux, Vol. Ill), Paris, 1866, in -fol. GERALD OF BABI, OB CAMBBAI, Opera, (ed. J. S. Brewer, J. F. Dimock, and G. F. Warnock, in Rolls Series, Chroni- cles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XXI). London, 1861-1891, 8 vols, in -4. GERBERT, Epistolae, (ed. J. Havet, Collection de textes pour Servir & V etude et i Venseignement de I'histoire, fasc. 2) Paris, 1889, in -8. GBEGOBY OF TOUBS, Liber in Gloria martyrum (ed. Arndt and Krusch, in Mon. Germ. hist. Script, rer Merov., Vol. I, pp. 484-561). BIBLIOGRAPHY GREGORY OF TOURS, Liber Vitae Patrum, (ed. Arndt and Krusch, Mon. Oerm. hist. Script, rer. Merov., Vol. I, pp. 661-743). GREGORY OP TOURS, Historia Ftancorum (ed. H. Omont and G. Collon, Collection de textes pour servir & V etude et & I'enseignement de Vhistoire, feme. 2 and 16) Paris 1887 and 1894, 2 vols, in -8. HILDEBERT OP LE MANS AND TOURS, Epistolae (ed. His- tor. de France, Vol. XV, pp. 312-328). HONORIUS OP AUTUN, Speculum ecclesiae (ed. Migne, Patro- logia latina, Vol. CLXXII). LAMBERT OF HERSFELD, Annates (ed. Migne, Patrologia latina, Vol. CXLI, pp. 443-582, Vol. CXLVI, pp. 1053- 1248). LIVY (Livius Patavinus), Titi Livi ab urbe condita libri (ed. G. Weiwenhorn) Ed. 3, Berlin 1861-71, 6 vols, in 2, in -12. NOTKER BALBULUS, Martyrologium (ed. Migne, Patrologia latina, Vol. CXXXI, pp. 1029-1164). ODO OF DEUIL, De via Scmcti Sepulchri (ed. Waitz, Mon. Germ. hist. Script, Vol. XXVI, p. 60-73). ODO OF ST. MAUR, Vita domni Bur car di, venerabilis comitis (ed. C. B. de la Ronci&re, Collection de textes pour servir d l 9 etude et & I'enseignement de Vhistoire, fasc. 13) Paris, 1892, in -8. PAULINUS OF NOLA (ST.) Opera (ed. W. v. Hartel, in Cor- pus script orum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, Vol. XXIX) Prague 1894, in -8. PETER DAMIANI (ST.) Actus Mediolanensis (ed. Migne, Pat- rologia latina, Vol. CXLV). Pilgrim's Sea-Voyage (ed. P. J. Furnival, published with The Stations of Borne, by Early English Text Society) London, 1867, in -8. TRAFFIC WAYS ABOUT FRANCE IN THE DARK AGES POLYBIUS, Polybii historiae (ed. I. Buettner Wobst, in Teub- ner Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1889-1905, 5 vols, in -16. RAOUL GLABER, Historiarum libri V (ed. M. Prpu, Collection de textes pour servir d I'itude et d I'enseignement de I'his- toire, fasc. 1) Paris, 1886, in -8. RICHER, Historiarum libri IV (ed. J. Guadet, with translation into French, published by Society de I'histoire de France) Paris, 1845, 2 vol. in -8. SIDONIUS (C. S. Apollinaris) Epistulae (ed. Mohr, in Teub- ner, Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1895, in -16. STRARO, Strabonis Oeographica (ed. A. Meineke, in Teubner, Bibliotheca) Leipzig, 1852-53, 3 vols, in -16. SUGER, De rebus in administratione sua gestis (ed. Bouquet, Hist or. de France, Vol. XII, pp. 96-102). SUGER, Oesta Ludovici Regis cognomento Orossi (ed. A. Moli- nier, Collection de textes pour servir d I'etude et d I'enseig- nement de I'histoire, fasc. 41) Paris, 1887, in -8. TACITUS, Annalium db excessu divi augusti Ubri (ed. H. Fur- neaux) Ed. 2, Oxford, 1896-1907, 2 vols, in -8. TUDEBOV, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere (in Becueil des historiens des croisades; Historiens Occident aux, Vol. Ill) Paris, 1866, in -fol. TURPIN (pseudo), Historia Karoli Magni et Rotholandi (ed. F. Castets) Paris 1880 in -8. WILLIAM OF TTRE, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (in Becueil des historiens des Croisades; Histor- iens Occident aux. Vol. I-II) Paris, 1844-59, in -fol. 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