None
H., 127, 296, 963 Code of ethics, 1631 Coefficients of elasticity for concrete and stone, 959 Cofferdams, 967, 973, 1051 bracing of, 975 collapsing of, 979 cost of, 979 flooding of, 979 freezing process, 977 leaks in, stopping of, 976 locations for, 973 movable, 978 percolation through, 975 pumping out of, 978 reinforced-concrete, 977 removable, 990 seepage through, 975 selection of type of, 974, 980 types of, 973 waling for, 975 work, 1859 Coignet, Francois, 18 Colby & Christie, 1412 Colby & Christie's handbook, 1431 Cold-rolled shafting, 337 Collapsing of cofferdams, 979 Collars, 1730 Collection of data, 1082 Collingwood, Francis, 662 Colorado River Bridge at Austin, Texas, 1164 Colossus Bridge, Philadelphia, 20 Columbia River Bridge at Trail, 736, 1026 Column, anchorage, 278, 304-309, 1643, 1644 batter, 1684 beam action of, 278 cast bases for, 340 compression tests on, 259 contraflexure, point of, 294 Column, details, 1684 disposition, 277 feet, filling of, 1840 footings, calculation of stresses in, 857 designing of, 936 quantities of materials in, 1325, 1328 forked ends of, 285 formulae, origin of, 14 moments of inertia of, 841 overturning moment on bases, 304-309 point of contraflexure, 294 reinforced-concrete, designing of, 936 quantities of materials in, 1325, 1326, 1327 spacing, economics of, 1194 splicing, 338 towers, batter for, 540 trestles, stresses in, 1659 unit stresses, 322 unsupported lengths of, 960 viaduct, tops of, 339 Combinations of stresses, 250, 1376, 1658, 1659 bending and direct stresses, 251 steel trestles, 250 swing-spans, 1689, 1690 Combined bridges, 341 classes of, 342 economy in designing, 344 Commencement of fieldwork, notice of, 1768 Commercial influences as affecting laj^out, 1213 Common sense in interpreting specifications, 1556 Compacting of soil, 1008 Comparison of designs, economic, 1182 Comparison of high and low bridges, 663 Comparison of pneumatic and open-dredging processes, 1074 Compensating trusses, 647 Compensation in securities, 1607 Competition, 29 for engineering work, 1620 unprofessional, 1601 Competitive bids, 40 designs, effects of, 283 plans, 1626 Competitors, pooling of, 1533, 1534 Completion of contract, delays in, 1884 estimates of time for, 1363 time of, 1875 Compound interest, 1363, 1364 Compound webs, 500 Compression chords, splices in, 292 Compression flanges of ijlato-girders, pro- portioning of, 431 INDEX Ivii Compression members, distribution of metal in, 274, 492 intensities of working stresses for, 259, 310 Vr for, 494 proportioning of, 492-505 thickness of web-plates, 1677 unit stresses, 322, 323 Compression and shear in reinforced-concrete beams and slabs, 1657 Compression stresses, 178 Compression tests for concrete, 946 Compression tests on columns, 259 Compressive strength of concrete, 957 Compromise Standard System of Live Loads for Railroad Bridges, 99 Computation of stresses, concentrated-wheel- load method for, 160, 161 Concentrated loads, plate-girder spans, shears, moments, and reaction, 414, 416, 417, 418 reinforced-concrete slabs, distribution over, 852 Concentrated-wheel-load method of stress computation, 160, 161 Concrete, abrasion of, 1024 appUcation to American bridgework, 28 base for paving, 368 caissons, advantages of, 1004, 1005 camber for bridges, 753 cinders for, 54 compression tests for, 946 compressive strength of, 957 construction, inspection of, 951 construction work, 946-953 continuity of operation in placing, 1855 cost of cubic yard, 1354-1360 dry surfaces in, 1854 encasing of metal, 769 estimating, 1354-1360 hand-mixing of, 1854 heating materials for, 1044 inspection, 1449 intensities of working stresses for, 958, 959 minimum thickness of, 962 mixing and placing of, 951, 1043, 1853 pavement, 370 paving base, 368, 369 piers, advantages of, 1022, 1023 coping of, 1024 piles, 1012, 1191, 1856 proportions, 1852 reinforced. 950 modus operandi of, 1757 records, filing of, 1410 reinforced-concrete bridges, 946-953 tramways, 999 Consulting bridge engineers, 39 Contingencies, 1349 allowance for, 1599, 1600 Continuity of operation in placing concrete, 1855 Continmty of stringers, 210 Continuous girders and trusses, 482 moment coefficients for, 845 plate-girders, 418, 419, 444 spans, 1643 stresses in, 850 truss bridges, 25 VIU INDEX Contract, 1557 abrogation of, 1565 agents, 1562 alterations or changes in, 1885 arbitration in, 1566 assigning or subletting of, 1566, 1882 author's form of, 1568, 1569, 1570 award of, 1881 bond in, 1566, 1567 changes in, 1565, 1566 clause for extra pa^^nents in, 1565 considerations in, 1563, 1564 corrections in, 1570, 1571 dating of, 1562, 1567, 1886 delays in completion of, 1884 description of parties to, 1560, 1561 f'uration of, 1563 effect of war upon, 1562 erasure' in, 1570 essential elements of, 1558, 1559 executed, 1565 extra payment, clause for, 1565 forecasting eventualities for, 1564 form of, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1883 importance of drafting proper, 1557, 1558 letting "get cold," 1571 liquidated damages in, 1564 manifolding of, 1571 opening clauses for, 1559, 1560 parti 2S to, description of, 1560, 1561 "passing the dollar" in, 1564 payment clause of, 1565 penalties, 1564 preambles for, 1560, 1562 promises in, 1563 scope of, 1869, 1870 signatures to, 1567 submission to lawyer for final approval, 1571 Sunday illegal, 1571 U. S. Government, 1562 witnesses to, 1567, 1568 Contraction and expansion, 275 Contractor, 1707 directions to, 1765 duties defined, 1553 incompetent, 1615, 1616 plant, 1616, 1768 rights, 1615 risk, 1766 warning, 1615 work, other, 1765 Contraflexuro, point of, in columns, 294 Controllers, 1703, 1794 Conversion of a simple span-bridge into a cantilever structure, 1079 Cooper, Theodore, 29, 98, 269, 634, 662 Coping, 1021, 1052 concrete piers, 1024 quantities for, 1300 Coping of stringers, 375 Copper, 50 nickel steel, 68 Corbeled arches, origin of, 7 Cord, Mr., 17 Core drilling, 1094 equipment for, 1098 Corner brackets, 340 Cornwall, Ontario, Bridge failure, 1544 Corrections, contracts, 1570, 1571 errors of connections, 1849 secondary stresses, 1784 triangulation angles, 1461 Correspondence, 1388 field, 1479 files, 1411 Corrosion, pro\'ision for, 256 steel in salt water, 986 Corrugated bars, 48 Corrugated plates, 47 Corthell, Dr. E. L., 965 Cost, equivalent total first, 1182 Cost plus a lump sum, 1582, 1584 Cost plus a percentage, 1582 Costs. See also Diagrams and Tables for designing. abutments, plain concrete railway, 1199 aUoy steel, 65, 66, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 87 borings, paying for, 1604 cofferdams, 979 draw protection, 779 driving piles, 1019 embankments, railway, 1195, 1196 making borings, 1099 materials in place, 1354, 1355, 1359, 1360 nickel steel bridges, 61, 64 power, equipment, movable bridges, 681 sinking piers, 982 swing spans, 698 trestles, 777 vanadium steel bridges, 85 wooden trestles, 1197, 1198 Coulomb, 14 Coulomb formula, 1033 Counterbalancing chains for vertical Kft bridges, 722 Counterbracing, 1641, 1642 Countcrforted retaining walls, 1037 loads on ba.se slabs of, 1039 loads on counterforts of, 1041 Counterforts, reinforcing of, 1040 spacing of, 1042 Counters for truss spans, 1683 Countersinking ties for hook bolts, 366 Counter system, excess loads for, 1658 Counterweight and operating ropes and their attachments, 1718, 1789, 1790, 1791 Counterweights, 1732, 1792 INDEX lix CouplinRs. 1101. 1729, 1730 Court sottlomciit, 1617 (^ovor-plates for plate-girder flanges, areas, 426, 429 centres of gravity of flanges, 427 flange sections, 422-428 full-length i)lates, need for, 428 lengths, detenniiuition of, 440—444 extra at ends, 440, 443, 444 rivet heads in, undesirability of, 428 rivet pitches, 437 weights, 426 Cover-plates for truss members, 274, 428 compression members tliicknesses of, 1677 widths of, 498 Covers for machinery, 1731 Cowing bascule, 712 Cradling of cables, 21 Crane in machinery house, 1734, 3,802 Creosoted timber, 775 block pa^^ng, 1806 piles, 775, 1013 weights of 95, Cribs, 975, 977 bracing for, 1049 reinforced-concrete, 974 timbers, 1048 Crimping, 332 stiffening angles. 328, 421, 1203 Criterion, economics of bridge layouts, 1189 maximum bending moment, 164 maximum shear, 162, 164 Critical section for pure shear and diagonal tension in beams, positions of, 836 Critical speeds, 124, 126 Critical velocity, 1127 Criticizing another engineer's work, 1621 Cross-dykes, 1061 Cross-frames near expansion pockets, 398 viaducts, 338 Cross-girders, plate-girder spans, 1669, 1672 truss spans, 1677 Crossings, right-angled, 1090 Crown hinge for arch bridge, 646 Crowning of roadways, 372, 373 Culverts, 1043, 1864 Curbs, 373, 374 Curbs on embankments, 1837 Current measurements, 1148 Current meters, 1148 Curvature of channel, 1058 Curvature of top chords, 480, 1176 Curvature of truck adjustment of track for, 138 clearance diagrams for, 147 effects of, 132 Curvature of track, effects of, chords, 145 deck spans, 144 floor-beams, 141 equalizing stresses for, 146 reversion of, 133 Curved approaches, 1091 Curved flanges of plate-girders, 437 Curved members, 272 top chords, 479, 480, 487, 488 trusses, 1071 Curves, clearances on, 1638 Curves on approaches, 1212 Curves, reverse, 1212 Cushions for wood-block pavements, 368, 369 Customs duties, 1755 Cut spikes, 362 Cuts, beveled, 328 Cutting edges, 987, 999, 1050 Cutting of pipe, 1100 Cutting rates, 1605 Cylinder piers, 1025, 1026, 1054, 1056 bracing of, 1026, 1055 strengthening of, 1530 telescoping of, 1026 Cypress, 52 Daily labor, limits of, 1756 Daily records, 1476 Daily reports, 1485 Damages, 1766 liquidated, 1876 Dams, 974 freezing process, 974 Danger, facing by engineer, 1617, 1618 Danger from fire, 348 Danube River bridge designs, 1178 Danube River timber arch bridge, 10 Dapping guard timbers, 364 ties, 359, 360 Data, collection of, 1082 full, 1629 necessity for obtaining, 271 required for designing bridges, trestles, and viaducts, 1081 Dating of contract, 1567, 1886 Day labor method, 1582, 1583 Dead loads, 94, 956, 1376, 1649 arches, 96 assumptions required in determining, 94, 95 checking of, 1377 distribution of, 94 extraneous, 94 unit weights of materials for, 95, 956 D6bris, removal of, 1769 Decay of foundation piles, 970 k INDEX Deck bridges, bottom lateral systems for, 404 effect of track curvature on, 144 sections, 493 sway bracing of, 1642, 1643 Decoration, 1162 by means of paint, 1177 Deep foundations, allowable pressures on, 965, 966 Defense of lawsuits, 1567 Defining contractors' duties, 1553 Definitions, " Engineer," 1886 navigable waters, 1137 terms, 1882 Deflecting sheaves, 1726 Deflections, 227-249 continuous beams, 230 defined, 228 floor-beams, bending stresses due to, 206 graphic method of figuring 249 provision against excessive, 1674 reinforced-concrete beams and arches, 842 straight beam, 228 swing spans 1692 trusses, 238 Deflectometer 122 Deformation of chords, strebses due to, 208 Deformation test Hildreth's, 1438, 1439 Deformed bars, origin of, 28 weights of, 799 Degrees, utilization of, 1626 Delays, 1885 Delays in completion of contract, 1884 Demurrage and cartage, 1766 Deposit check and forfeiture thereof, 1881 Depreciation rate of 1527 formulae for, 1527, 1528 Depths economic, for plate-girders, 419, 420 effective, 1640 foundations, 1857 plate-girder webs, determination of, 419— 421 truss members 494 495 trusses, economic, 1184 excessive, 1176 viaduct girders, 329 Derrick car, 34 Derrick for borings, 1097 Description, general, 1743 Designing. arch spans and piers, 940 anchor bolts, stresses in, 304-309 base of retaining walls, 1036, 1038 base plates, eccentric loads, 304-309 column footings, 936 Designing, eccentric loads, base plates and shoes, 304-309 pile groups, Eq. 24 and 26, 300 rivet groups, 298-301 stresses in anchor bolts, 304-309 general limits for, 1661, 1662 general principles in, 1662, 1665 I-beam bridges. See also Plate-girders, general, 460 highway, 463, 464, 1668 railway, 460-463, 1667 plate-girder bridges, 460-467, 1668-1671 general, 460 highway, 467 raUway deck, 464, 465, 1668-1671 railway through, 464-467, 1668-1671 end details, 464, 467 plate-girders, 411-460, 1668-1671 cover-plate lengths 440-444 depth of web, 419 420 end bearings. See Shoes, end details, 444^47, 464, 467, 1670 flange proportioning, 421-432 cover-plates. 422^28 no cover-plates, 428-431 splices, 421, 422 lengths of cover-plates, 440-444 moments, 411-419 reactions, 411-419 rivet pitches, 432-441 component parts of flanges, 437- 438 curved flanges, 437 inclined flanges, 433-436 variation throughout flange, 438- 441 vertical loads, 436 shears, 4114419 shoes, 452^60 fox-bolts, 453, 454, 457 masonry plates, 453 rocker and roller shoes, 455-458 size of base, 457 rocker sliding shoes, 454, 459 sliding bearings on steelwork, 458 sliding cast bases, 454 types of, 453 stiffeners, end, 444-447, 464, 467, 1670 stiff eners, intermediate, 421, 430, 1670 web, 419-421 web-splice, 447-452 detailed design, 450-452 loads on, 447, 450 types of, 447-449 reinforced-concrete bridges, specifications for, 959 reinforced-concrete columns, 936 riveted tension members, 296 slabs, 918 NDEX h Designing, steel superstructures, specifications for, 1632 steel trestles, 251 timber lieatus, beiidiiiK, ;W3, 304 shear, 302 unit stresses. See Tables for designing. wall footings, 939 weight of steel superstructures. See Weights of steel superstructures. Designing Department, 1389 Designing for gun-fire contingency, 1077 Desmond, T. C, 1010 Detail drawings, 1759 preparation of, 1379, 1380 Detailing (see also Diagrams and Tables for detailing), 283, 1394 columns, 1684 development of, 30 general, 281 I-beams. See Designing. importance of, 280, 281 joints, 518 open-webbed, riveted-girder spans, 1674 piers, 1007 pin-connected highway spans, 1683 pin-connected railway spans, 1681 plate-girder spans, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671 pneumatic caissons, 1007 railway trestles and elevated railroads, 1683, 1684 riveted-truss, highway spans, 1680 riveted-truss, railway spans, 1675 rolled I-beam spans, 1667, 1668 trusses, 492, 503 Details of trusses, percentages of, 1227, 1239, 1240, 1241 Details, tests of, 1776 Deterioration of bridges, 1522 by rusting, 1517 Determination of areas of waterways, data for, 1109 Determination of centre line of rib, 863 Determination of layouts, 1210 Determination of probability of scour, 969 Detroit-Superior Bridge, Cleveland, Ohio, 631, 632 Development, American bridge engineering, 19 bridge materials, 16 detailing, 30 highway bridge building, 1532 reinforcing bars, 963 Diagonal tension, reinforced-concrete, 961 Diagonals of trusses, sections for, 1675, 1681 Diagrams for designing, detailing, and esti- mating, arch ribs, values of n and r, 640 centrifugal force from curved track, 137 Diagrams for designing, detailing, and ».Jti- mating, clearance diagrams, tangent, through bridges, 484 tracks on curves, 147 columns, points of contraflexurc in, 294 costs. See also Costs. comparison of carbon and nickel steel, 65, 66, 81, 86, 87 concrete, materials for, 1357, 1358 power equipment, movable bridges, 681 railway abutments, 1199 railway embankments, 1195, 1196 trestles, wooden, railway, 1197, 1198 draw spans, percentage of weight of simple span, 1249 reactions for balanced loads on rim bearing, 690 reactions for centre bearing, 691 earth pressures on retaining walls, 1034 I-beams for railway spans, 461 impact coefficients, electric railway bridges, 130 highway bridges, 131 railway bridges, 129 lacing, 287, 288, 289 loads, hve, end shears, electric railway, 109 end shears, railway, 104 engine diagram. Class 50 loading, 163 equivalent uniform, for electric railway bridges, 110-116 equivalent uniform, for railway bridges, 105, 106 road rollers and motor-trucks for highway bridges, 118 uniformly distributed, for highway bridges, 117 wheel loadings, electric railway bridges, 107 wheel loadings, railway bridges, 103 traction, for railway bridges, 157 wind, area of railway bridges exposed to wind, 153 Duchemin's formula for incUned surfaces, 150 highway and electric railway bridges, 154 railway bridges, 151 net sections of riveted tension members, 295 plate-girders, economic depths, 420 flange sections, 422 Ixii INDEX Diagrams for designing, detailing, and esti- mating, plate-girders, net areas of flanges composed of 2L* and cover-plates, 429 rivet pitches for combined shear and direct load, 439, 441 shears throughout spans, 413, 415 points of contraflexure in braced columns, 294 rainfall and run-off throughout U. S., 1116 reinforced concrete, arches, approximate calculations, moment coefficient Cm for live loads, 870 moment of inertia, 841 point of contraflexure for arch shortening and temperature stresses, 870 temperature-stress coefficient C/, 871 beams, columns, and slabs, design of, columns under direct stress only, 819 double-reinforced beams, 802-804, flexure and direct stress, 822, 827, 831 moment of inertia, 840, 841 rectangular beams, 797, 798 slabs and small beams, 798 T-beams, 809, 811 variable depths, 817 web reinforcement, 835 concentrated leads, distribution over slabs, 853 arrangement of, 854 continuous girder moment coefficient, 845 value of k - h? and 2k — 3k^ + k\ 843 forms, pressure of concrete on, 940 quantities. 490 weights of steel superstructure. See Weights of steel superstructures. Diameters of pins, 531 Diaphragms, 506, 507 truss members, 498, 506, 507, 531 Dictation, 1630 Dies and punches, sizes of, 1422 Differences of opinion, 1765 Dignity of profession, 1607 Dikes, 1866, 1867, 1868 spur, 1058 training, 1060 Dimensioning for camber, 751 Dimensions, standard, 332 Diplomacy in testing, 1470 Direct-current electric motors, 1793 Directions to contractor, 1765 Direct measurements, 1457 Direct tension on rivets, 276 Disc piles, 1012 Dishonesty, punishment for, 1631 Disposal of boring outfit, 1107 " Disputed Points in Railway-Bridge De- signing," 120, 161, 282 Distance between central planes of stiffening trusses in suspension bridges, 656 Distribution of concentrated loads over slabs, 852 Distribution of metal in compression mem- bers, 274 Dividing line between specifications and contracts, 1557 Dixville, Kentucky, Bridge, 25 Docks for caissons, 994 Dolphins, 780, 782, 1866 Dominion Bridge Co., 612 Don River Lift Bridge at Rostoff, Russia, 740, 742 Doric order, 1153 Double-cancellation for lateral systems, 390 Double-concentration method, 170 Double-intersection triangular truss, 468, 471 Double-rotating cantilever draws, 665, 666 Double-shaft piers, walls of, 1052 Double-track railway bridges, live loads for, 107 weights of metal in, 1226, 1226, 1237- 1248, 1266, 1268, 1269 Doubling up old spans, 1066, 1528 Douglas fir, 52, 776 Down-spouts, 353, 1836 Drainage, basins, 373 curb and gutter drains, 373 INDEX Drainage, floor. Dynamiting, caissons, 993 piles, 1015 pipe, 1098 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 25, 27, 620, 621 estimate of cost of, 1351-1353 Earning capacity, reports on, 1574 Earth, dams, 973 embankments, 1865 resistance, experiments on, 966 thrust, 1034 weight of, 96 East Dart Bridge, 5 East Omaha Bridge, 693, 694, 697, 1174 driving piles for, 1016 piers, 1027 righting of, 1073 protection, 1063 temporary layout for, 1073 Eccentric loads, base plates and shoes, 304-309 Ixiv INDEX Eccentric loads, pile groups, Eqs. 24 and 26, page 300 rivet groups, 29&-301 stresses in anchor bolts from, 304-309 Eccentricity at joint, effect of, 205 Eccentricity of chord pins, effect of, 340 Eccentricity of track, effect of, 132 Economic comparisons, arches and girders in reinforced-concrete construction, 1205 bascules and vertical lifts, 1208 cantilever and suspension bridges, 1206, 1207 designs, 1182 steel and reinforced-concrete bridges, 1205 wooden and reinforced-concrete floors, 1205 Economic criterion, 1189 Economic depths, cantilever bridges, 589 plate-girder webs, 419, 420 stiffening trusses, 655 Economic lengths, anchor-arms, 1199 anchor-spans, 1200 panels, 1187 reinforced-concrete trestles, 1191 spans, 1187 suspended span, 1198 Economic questions, minor, 1192 Economic span lengths, reinforced-concrete trestles, 1327 steel railway trestles, 1259 Economics, alloy steels in bridgework, 79, 80 approaches to bridges, 1193 arches, 636, 1191 as affecting layout, 1217 bridge repairs, 1525 cable rise, 656 cantilever bridges, 1198 cantilevers, 570, 580, 581, 585, 591 column spacing, 1194 elevated railroads, 1189 erection considerations, 1201, 1204 half-through plate-girder spans, 410 I-beam spans, railway, 410 medium steel, 1200 movable spans, 1208 plate girders, 1184, 1185 plate-girder spans, railway, 409, 410 reinforced-concrete bents for steel trestles, 1205 remforced-concrete bridges, 1189 silicon steel, 89 simple trusses and cantilevers compared, 1200 standard and leaat expensive sections, 1201 superstructure design, 1182 swing spans and bascules, 1208 Economics, swings and vertical lifts, 1208 trestles, 1189 trusses -with parallel chords, 1183 trusses with polygonal top chords, 1184 vanadium steel bridges, 86 Economy in bridge design, 269, 1182 Economy in designing combined bridges, 344 Economy, study of 1629 Eddies, 1061 Edge distance of reinforcing bars, minimum, 962 Edges, sheared, 1780 Effective bearing areas, 1658 Effective depths, 1640 Effective lengths, 1639 reinforced-concrete structures, 960 Efficiency, functional, 1162 Efficiency of two-angle sections, 293 Egyptian bridges, 9 Ejection of fine material from caissons, 999 Elastic arch, 11 theory of, 15 Elastic hmit, 265 Elasticity (coefficients of) for concrete and stone, 959 Electric, brakes, 1705 cables, 1795 furnace at South Chicago, Illinois, 77 Worcester, Massachusetts, 77 lights, 1177 motors, 1702, 1703 alternating-current, 1793, 1794 direct-current, 1793 operation, movable bridges, 1702-1708 power wiring and electric cables, 1795 process for steel, 76 steel rails, 77 steel, status of, 78 Electric railway bridges, Live loads for, 107 Electric railway tracks, superelevation for, 134 Electric railway trestles, weights of metal in, 1269 Electric siren, 1801 Electrical equipment 1792 Electrical operation of draw bridges, 679 Electro-metallurgical process of manufactur- ing steel, 72 Elevated railroads, 548-567, 1685 anchorages for, 551 columns, types of, 552 crimping of web stiffening-angles for, 552 aepths of girders for, 558 details of, 560-563, 1683, 1684 distance between expansion pointa in, 552 •coDomic spaa lengths of, 551, 567 INDEX Ixv Elevated railrofids, oconomios of, 1189 elevators for, 549 escalators for, 549 expansion girders for, 563 expansion pockets for, 565, 566 faults in existing, 553-557 floors for, 550, 562 girders, tj-pes of, 552 latest improvements in, 559 layouts for, 1372 live loads for, 550 locations of platforms on, 549 paper on by author, 549 pedestal caps for, 551 pedestals for, 562 rapid transit on, 548 stations for, 549 superelevation on curves in, 552 tracks for, 557, 558 weights of metal in, 559, 565 Elevations, 1471 tops of pier bases, 1051 Elevator, hydrauhc, 992 Elevators for elevated railroads, 549 EUet, Charles, 21 Ellipse of elasticity, method of arch design, 863 Elliptical ribs for reinforced-concrete arches, 872 Embankments, earth, 1865 pavement and curbs on, 1837 Emphasizing functions of parts of structures, 1154 Employees, duties of, 1630 insurance of, 1609 retaining of, 1609 selection of, 1608 treatment of, 1607 Encasing of metal in concrete, 769 Encasing pile heads, 968 Encountering obstacles, 1860 End bearings. End bracing frames, 394 End cross-frames in viaducts, 338 End details, plate-girder spans, 444-447, 464, 467, 1670 connection angles, end, 444-446 setting to exact position, 444 stiffeners over bearings, 446, 447, 1670 through railway spans, 464, 467 End floor-beams, 293, 1641, 1642 connections, 399 End lifts for swing-spans, 695, 1717 machinery for, 1724 ' End post, bending on, 1660 sections for, 492, 498, 1675, 1681 vertical, 481, 486 End shears, diagrams for, 104, 109, 165 plate-girders, calculation of, 412, 414, 416 Endorsement of assistants, 1627 Engine service, 1754 Engineer, definition of, 1886 Engineering, contracts, 1557 ethics, 1619 fees on bridgework, 1601 Engineering of construction, 1466 " Engineering Specifications and Contracts," 1557 Engineer's field office, 1768 Engines, gasoline, 1708, 1802 Enlargement, future, as affecting layout, 1215 Enlarging pier bases, 971 Ensink, J., 634 Entering connections, 335 Equahzers, 693, 1719 levers and pins, 1792 Equalizing stresses due to curvature, 146 Equilibrium of soils, 1010 Equipment, core drilling, 1098 erection, 1507 field engineer, 1488, 1489 machinery, 1708 power, 1702-1708 wash borings, 1094 Equity, 1589 Equivalent total first cost, 1182 Equivalent uniform live loads, diagrams for, 105, 106, 111-116, 166 floor-beams, 168 stress computation, 164, 165 stringers, 166 trusses, 168 Erasures in contracts, 1570 Erection, affecting economics, 1204 arches, 618 barges for, 1849 cantilever method of, 31, 1503, 1504 City Waterway Bridge at Tacoma, 1075 considerations as affecting layout, 1216 designing for, 334 economics in, 1201 equipment, 1507 evolution of methods, 31 expenses, 1365, 1366 falsework, 1501 floatation method, 34, 1503, 1510 floating barges for, 1076 floor system, 330, 335 gallows frames for, 1512 launching, 1506 methods of, 1501 organization for, 1506, 1507 Ixvi INDEX Erection. rolling lift bridges, 335 shelves, 330 specifications for, 1741 starting of, 335 steel, 1848 suspension bridges, 1506 Ericson, John, 716 Erosion of banks, 1059 effect of wave action on, 1059 Errors, connections, correction of, 1849 final position of piers, allowance for, 987 limits of, in structural steel, 1784 Escalators for elevated railroads, 549 Essential elements of contracts, 1558, 1559 Essential elements of plate-girders, 411 Estimates (see also Diagrams and Tables for estimating), 1348 caution concerning, 1369 checking of, 1361 engineer of a bridge manufacturing com- pany, 1364, 1365 final, 1483 guaranteeing, 1624 kinds made by consulting bridge en- gineers, 1362 liberality in, 1360 list of expenses for preparing, 1349 monthly, 1479-1483, 1489 railway profiles, as basis, 1361 requisites for preparing, 1348 time for completion, 1363 weights of metal, 279 Ethics, bridge engineering, 1619, 1621, 1622 code of, 1631 Ethiopian bridges, 9 Etruscan bridges, 7 Etude Economique de VEm.ploi de L'Acier au Carbone a Grande Resistance pour la Construction des Pants, 73 Euboea Bridge, 6 Euler's formula, 14, 258 Euphrates River Bridge, 9 European and American practice compared, 1181 Evidence of experience, 1878 Evolution, American bridge designing, 29 bridge engineering, 1 erection, 31 materials for bridges, 16 Examination of bridges, 1614 Examples of application of curves of bridge weights, 1292 Excavation, 1869 caissons and piers, 1000, 1001 Exca^-ation, cost of, 1354 inspection of, 1448 Excluder pigment, 765 Expansion, 275, 1067, 1644 joints, 210, 211, 374 clearance at, 332, 459 concrete structures, 212 gap bar for rails, 356 girders in reinforced-concrete bridges, 937 lateral system, 1067 paving, 368, 370, 1832 plates for floors, 374, 1836 pockets, 546, 1685 floor-beams, 377, 378 retaining walls, 1037 trestles, location of, 539 rollers for truss spans, 1679 Expedients, definition of, 1065 Expedients in designing and construction, 1065 Expense items, bridge project, 1349 erection, 1365, 1366 estimates of an engineer of a bridge manufacturing company, 1364, 1365 substructure construction, 1366, 1367 Experience, evidence of, 1878 Experiments on earth resistance, 966 Expert bridge engineer, 39 Expert services, 1627 Expert testimony, 1624 Extension plates, tables for, 310 Extensometer, 122 Extra cost of wide plates, 327 Extras, 1565 Eye-bars, 1785 heads, 1683 Mayari steel, 70 nickel steel, 61, 93 tests of, 1775 Face walls of retaining walls, designing of, 1037 Faces, plastering of, 1044, Facilities for storage, 1753 Factor of safety for piles, 1010 Failures of bridges, 37, 1539-1547 highway bridges, 1547 Fairbairn, William, 17 Falling span, shock of, 1077 False bottoms for caissons, 994 False Creek, Vancouver, bridges, girders and floors for, 1205 False evidence, 1628 Falsework, 1601, 1769 INDEX Ixvii Falsework, carrjanK trains, 1849 cost of, 1369 piles, 1602 reinforced-coiicrete bridges, 946 washout of, 1201 Falsifying reports, 1628 Falsities, 1156 Falsity in detailing, 1160 Fanning of tracks, 5.37 Fanning's formula, 1113 Fascines, 1060 cellular, 1061 sink, 1061 Fatigue of metal, 255 Faults in existing elevated railroads, 553-557 Favoritism in specifications, 1654 Fees. 1601 determination of in advance, 1628 inspecting bridges, 1519, 1520 per diem, 1604 promotion, 1607 Felt, 51, 351 Fender piles, 780, 782 Ferro-nickel, use of in making nickel steel, 68 Field-glasses, 1461 Field riveting, 276, 1782 Fieldwork, 329 correspondence, 1479 equipment for resident engineer, 1488, 1489 inspection, author's methods of, 1445, 1446, 1447 inspection of materials, 1467 instructions for, 1475 notes, 1478 notice of commencement of, 1768 office of resident engineer, 1768 records, 1475, 1476 reports, 1475, 1476 Fifteenth Street Bridge over the Blue River at Kansas City, 942 Fijeenord Bridge, 700 Files, 1407 calculations, 1408 catalogues, 1411 checking prints, 1410 construction records, 1410 correspondence, 1411 drawings and other papers, 1386 shop drawings, 1402, 1411 tracings, 1396, 1409, 1410 Filler, asphalt, 1835 asphalt pavement, 1812 coal tar, 1834 pitch and stone, 368 sand, 368 Fillers under ends of stringers, 302, 376 Filling, back-, 1864 Filling caisson, 995 column feet, 1840 wells, 996 Final estimates, 1483 Final inspection, 1764 Final quantities, record of, 1485 Finish of roinforced-concrctc work, 953 Finish of rolled steel, 1776 Finished concrete, care of, 952 Finished design, checking of, 280 Finishing coat of paint, 766 Fink, Albert, 23, 471 Fink truss, 24, 468, 472 Finley, James, 21 Fir, Douglas, 52 Fire, danger from, 348, 1206 protection from, 1844-1846 First-class m^isonry, 1862 First cost, equivalent total, 1182 minimum, 1182 First principles of designing, 267 Firth of Forth Bridge, 593, 594 Fisher, S. B., 725 Fitness, inherent sense of, 268 Fitting of stiffeners, 331 Flange couplings, 1730 Flange sections for stringers, 328 Flanges of cantilever beams, 380-382 Flanges of channels, turned in, 339 Flanges of plate-girders, 421-444 areas, 423-426, 429, 430 calculation of, 432 centres of gravity, 424, 427 cover-plate lengths, 440-444 make-up of sections, 422-430 cover-plates, 422-428 no cover-plates, 428, 430 rivet pitches, 432-441 section, determination of, 433 splices, 421 unsupported lengths, 431, 432 Flaring sides of caissons, 1001 Flash test for asphalt, 1820 Flats, 47 Fleming, R., 304 Floatation method of erection, 34, 1603, 1610 Floating bridges, 674, 675 swing span, 684, 1073 Flooding of cofferdams, 979 Floods, magnitude of, 1110 Floor-beams, bending stresses due to deflection of, 206 brackets, 378, 379, 380, 395 connections, 378 deck spans, 493 effects of track curvature on, 141 end, 293, 354, 1641, 1642 equivalent live loads for, 168 expansion pockets, 377-378 Ixviii INDEX Floor-beams, fillers for stringers, 376 shelf angles, 377 skew spans, 485—488 Floor systems, arrangements for various traffic, 364 classes of, 346 design of, 375 erection of, 330, 335 floor-beams, 376, 377 highway, steel stringers for, 365 open deck construction, 354 protection against brine drippings, 348 reinforced-concrete bridges, 943 skew spans, 354 solid deck, for truss spans, 354 stringers, 375, 376 trough, 349 vertical curves, 556, 574 wooden bridges, 773 Floors, 346 ballasted, 347-350, 775, 1634 advantages of, 347, 348 compared with other types of thin floors, 348 timber flooring, 348, 349, 350 track elevation, 348 versus open deck for railway bridges, 347 bascule bridges, 366 basins for, 373 breaking of, 374 brick pavements, 370 buckled plate, 370, 372 cantilevering of, 483 comparison of, 349 countersinking ties for hook bolts, 366 curbs, 373, 374, drainage of, 352, 353, 372, 373 expansion plates, 374, 1836 fillers, sand and pitch, 368 fireproofing of railway, 347, 348 gratings for, 373 highway bridges, 364-368, 1634, 1635 nailing shims, 366 noiseless, 348 open deck construction, 347, 348, 354 shallow floors, 353, 354 paved, 1636 paving bases, 368-370 pitch, 366 plank, 365 bases, 369 railway bridges, 346-364, 1633 reinforced-concrete, 350, 351, 370 shallow, 348-351, 353, 354, 493 sidewalks, 372, 1836 solid deck construction, 349-351 stone block pavements, 370 timber, 365, 366, 1633-1635 Floors, track elevation, 348-351 treated timber, 366 trough, 349 waterproofing, 351, 352, 369 wearing surface, olank floors, 366 wood-block pavement, 368 wood-block pavement, 366-368 on grades, 368 Fluxes for asphalt, 1810 Flying Pendant Lever Bridge, 20 Folding bridges, 668, 669 " Footballs," 1597 Footings, columns, calculation of stresses in, 857—861 design of, 938, 939 quantities of materials in, 1325, 1328 pedestal, 1028 reinforced-concrete trestles, depths of, 1324 spread, 1028 square columns, 830 waU, 837 calculation of stresses in, 861, 862 design of, 939, 940 Force of character, 1615 Foreign work, 1583 Foresights, 1464, 1465 Forfeiture of deposit check, 1881 Forged shafting, 337 Forgings, 1202, 1777 Forked ends, 1682 columns, 285 tables for intensities, 310, 323 Form of contract, 1883 Form of proposal, 1880 Formation, geological, 1093 Forms, 1769 cost of, 1359 reinforced-concrete bridges, 947, 949 removal of, 952 Forms of trusses for highway bridges, 1614 Forms of trusses for railway bridges, 1640 Formulae for truss weights, 1281 Fort Leavenworth Bridge repairs, 1531 Fort Smith-Van Buren Lift Bridge, 728 Forth Bridge, 574, 1725 Foundation considerations as affecting lay- out, 1216 Foundations, 964 blasting of, 983 depths of, 1857 important buildings in the City of Mexico, 970, 971 inspection of, 1448 pedestals, pressures on, 1030 piles, 969, 1860 decay of, 970 INDEX Ixix Foiindationa, tostiiiK of, 1518 FoundinK of pneumatic caissons, 071 Founding piers on a thin crust, 970 Four-annle flanges of plate-girders, 437 Four moments, theorem of, 215 Fowler, Charles Evan, 608, 610 Fox-bolts, 45.3, 454, 457. erection by floatation, 1503 foundations, 983 piles for, 1017 triangulation, 1463, 1464 Fratt Bridge, Kansas City, 31, 344, 723, 724 chord sections of, 495, 496, 499 description of, 726 illustration of, 727 rocker shoes for, 545 secondary stresses in, 188 shoes for, 532 Fratt, F. W., 724 Free Bridge, St. Louis, 25, 26, 59, 91 nickel steel for, 91 Freedom from obstruction, 1090 Freezing of dams, 974 Freezing of mortar, 1044 Freezing process, 972 for cofferdams, 977 Freezing weather, concreting in, 951 la^ang masonry during, 1864 Freight, routing of, 1755 French. A. \V., 792 French scientists, characteristics of, 73 Frequency of application of stresses, 275 Friction clutches, 1730 Friction, sUding, 1032 Full-sized eye-bars, tests of, 1775 Full-sized members, tests of, 1776 Functions of parts of structures emphasized, 1154 Functions of the inspecting engineer, 1415 Funicular polygon, 649 Furnishing of materials by Purchaser, 1752 Future enlargement as affecting layout, 1215 Future of bridge building, 35 Galileo's law, 14 Gallows-frames, 1512 Gap-bar for rails, 356 Garabit viaduct (France), 626 Gasconade River Bridge failure, 1641 Gas fixtures, 1177 Gasoline engines, 1802 borings, 1106 movable span, 1708 Gas-pipe railing, 383 Gas pipes for lighting systems, 1842 Gastmeyer, 118 Gates, 1734 draw spans, 1068 movable bridges, 677, 678 Gate-tender's house, 1734 Gauge, 355 angles, 333 indicator, 1735 permissible variation in, 1779 widening of track gauge on curves, 355 Gears, 1727 design of, 1710 pitch diameters for, 314-321 pitch, diametral vs. circular, 337 General clauses in specifications, 1549, 1550 General description, 1743 General limits in designing, 1661, 1662 General principles in designing, 1662-1665 "General Specifications for Highway Bridges of Iron and Steel," 1187 Geographical conditions affecting layoufi, 1213 Geological formation, 1093 "Getting cold," 1571 Gift stock, 1600 Girders, continuous, 482 depths in v-iaducts, 329 drums of swing spans, 1694 flanges, centres of gravity of, 427 plate. See Plate-girders. reinforced-concrete, depths of, 1324 round-ended, 333 spacing of, 1637 square-ended, 333 towers, 338, 339 Glacial drift, 1093 Glasgow Bridge, 28 Glossary of terms, 1892-2115 Goheen carbonizing coating, 771 Goldbeck, A. T., 852, 857 Golden Horn Bridge, 677 Goodrich, E. P., 784, 1010 Gooseneck, 999 Gordon, Lewis, 14 Gordon-Rankine formula, 15 Gordon's formula, 14, 257 Goss, Prof. W. V. M., 726 Gothic arches, 11 Government contracts, 1562 excessive cost of, 1368 Ixx JTNDEX Government requirements as affecting layout, 1210 Grace, 1151, 1152 Grade and alignment, 1212 Grades, changes in, 356, 374, 1748 highway structures, 374 pavements on, 368, 370 sags, 1091 Gradient, 1765 Grading of banks, 1059 Graff, C. F., 1584 method of bidding on work, 1584, 1585 Granitoid, 1855 sidewalks, 1836 Graphics, 158 determination of stresses, 1377 figuring deflections, 249 progress records, 1489 stress computation, 158 Graphite paints, 767 pigment, 766 Grass-hopper locomotive, 34 Gratings for floors, 373 Gratis information, 1621 Gravel, 54 specifications for, 1851 Gra\aty axes, intersection of, 273 Gra\nty lines, meeting of, 491 Great Bridge, Boston, 19 Great Northern Railroad Vertical Lift Bridges over the Missouri and Yellow- stone, 737, 738 Great wall arches, 9 Greek bridges, 5 Greek temples, 1153 Griest, Maurice, 562, 567 Griffith, J. H., 1010 Grillages, 968, 1053 plate-girder spans, 459 Grimm, C. R., 178, 188, 216, 633 Grips for rivets, 333 Grooves, drainage of for rails, 373 Grounds, 1797 Grout filler for brick paving, 1833 Grouting foundations by pneumatic pres- sure, 1066 Grouting, injection of, 971 Grouting of shoes, 459, 460 Growth of steel, 332 Groynes, 1058 Grubenmann, 12 Guaranteeing, estimates, 1624 faithfulness, 1625 mechanical operation, 1624 paint, 771 pavement, 1816, 1839 securities, 1599 Guards, 1633, 1634 Guards, dapping of, 364 machinery, 1731 rails, 356, 363, 364 timbers, 363 trestles, 774 Gudmundsson, G., 596 Guides for vertical-lift spans, 1722 Gun-fire contingency, designing for, 1077 Gun, pneumatic, 1023 Gusset plates, 491, 501, 518-529 bottom chord joint, Fratt bridge, 526, 529 O. W. R.R. & N. Co.'s bridge, 526, 527 designing, 519, 522 bending and direct stresses, 520-522 crushing, 519, 520 example of hip joint, 522-526 shear, 520 tearing out, 519, 520 top chord of Fratt bridge, 526, 528 Gyration, radii of, 504 Gyratory lift bridges, 669 H H-sections, 48 Hadfield, Sir Robert, 61, 90 Half-dapping for camber, 752 Half pin-holes, 335 Half-through plate-girder spans, economics of, 410 Halsted Street Lift Bridge, Chicago, 718-720 Hamilton Arch Bridge, New Zealand, 627, 629, 638 Hand-brakes, 1704 Handling office work, 1387 Hand-mixing of concrete, 1854 Hand-operation, 1702 levers, 1731 machinerj', 1789 Handrails, 332, 382, 383, 1635 aligning of, 384 connections, field, 384 flaring ends, 1177 gas-pipe, 383 heights of, 382, 383 ornamental, 1177 reinforced-concretc bridges, 945 steel, 1786 structural, 383, 384 timber, 383 Hand riveting, 329 Hangers of trusses, sections for, 494, 495, 1675 Hanging of caisson, 996 Hardesty, Shortridge, 638, 783 Hardness of concrete, testing of, 953 Harlem River Arch, 643 Harmony, 1154, 1155 Harpoon, 1062 Harriman System Lift Bridge at Portland, Oregon, 728, 730, 732, 733 INDEX Harrington. John T.ylo, 99, 724, 1573 Haupt, Herman, 15 Havana Harljor Bridge, proposed, G12, 1156 design, 1076 nickel steel for, 60 triangulation system for, 1461-1463 Hawks, A. McL., 1077 Hawthorne Avenue Lift Bridge, Portland, Oregon, 724, 725 Hay steel, 57 Headway requirements of War Department, 1143 Head-Wright son Co., 675 Hearings by Army Engineers, 1142 Heating materials for concrete, 1044 Heating of top chords, 212 Heat-treated vanadium steel, 84 Heav'j' Locomotive Loadings Ijy Irwin, 104 Hell Gate Arch bridge, 27, 28, 31, 500, 625-627 Hennebique, 18 Hevia, Horacio, 1157 High-alloy steel rivets, 84 High and low bridges, comparison of, 663 High banks, 1090 High steel, 45, 88 Highway bridges, arch ribs, 642 clearances, 1639 design of iron, 530 failures, 1547 floors, 364, 368, 1068, 1634, 1635 grades on, 374 intensities for, 257 iron, design of, 530 laterals for, 406 live loads, 108, 117, 954, 1647 main members of, 1642 number of trusses for, 483 pin-connected, 1683 plate-girder spans, 1671-1673 reinforced concrete, 1536, 1537 riveted-truss, 1680 status of building, 1532 styles of, 1640 trestles, 1644 trusses, forms of, 1641 A-iaducts, 1686 wind loads for, 1645, 1752 "HighwaiTiien," stories concerning, 1533, 1534 Hildreth & Co., 1412, 1520 deformation test, 1438, 1439 instructions to inspectors, 1425-1429, 1437, 1438, 1440-1442 Hilton, Charies, 29 Hindoo cantilever bridges, 7 Hinge at crown for arch bridge, 646 Hinge plates, 335 Hingeless arches, 620, 621, 636 temperature stresses in, 212 Hinges for arches, 10 Hinging of pedestals, 539 Hinging of reinforced-concrete arches, 941 Hip joint, designing of, .523, 526 History, 1-35 l)ascule bridges, 700 highway liridgc building, 1532, 1533 impact determination, 120 live loads, 98 movable bridges, 663 reinforced-concrete bridges, 783 Hodge, Henry W., 59, 64, 91-93, 100, 102, 643, 660, 1068 highway floor, 1068 Hodgkinson, Eaton, 14-17 formula for long columns, 14 Hoisting of suspended span of Havana Har- bor Bridge, 1077 Holes for rivets, 1781 Hollow piers, 1024 Homer, 11 Hoods for sheaves, 1722 Hoogly River Bridge, India, 675, 676 Hooke's law, 14 Hool's " Reinforced Concrete Construction," 863 Horizontal folding draws, 665 Horton, Horace E., 1066 Houses, 1840, 1841 gate-tender, 1734 machinery, 1733 operator, 1734 Howard, E. E., 848, 865 Howe, Prof. Malverd A., 617 Howe, William, 15, 20 Howe truss, 19, 20, 468, 472, 772 Hubbell, Clarence W., 1613 Hubs, 1458, 1459 Hudson, C. general, 460 Ixxii INDEX I-beam3, designing and detailing, highway, 463, 464, 1668 railway, 460-463, 1667 milling ends of, 331 sections, American standard, 460 Bethlehem special, 460 spans, details of design for, 1667, 1668 economics of, 410 stiffeners in, 301 weights of metal in, 1220 I-sections of truss members, 493-495 Ibsen, H., 1524 Ice breaks, 1024 Ice protection, 1053 Identification of metal, 1771 Imitations, 1155 Impact, 256 ballasted floor, effect of, 125 dead loads of moving spans, 131 determination, history of, 120 formula;, 124, 125 diagrams, 125, 127, 129-131 Schneider's, 120 Waddell's, 121, 122, 128 loads, 120, 129-131, 1648 piers, 964 effect of, 123 proposed tests for, 121 reinforced-concrete bridges, 955 slow speed, 123 stresses, 1376 stringers, 126 tests, 1518 American Railway Engineering As- sociation, 123 author's, 122, 123 web members, 126 Incendiary work on bridges, 1205 Inclined end posts, bending on, 1660 Inclined flanges of plate-girders, rivet pitches in, 433-436 Inclined surfaces, wind pressure on, 150 Incomplete clauses in specifications, 1742 Indemnification against liability, 1886 Indeterminate stresses, 178, 213, 223 analysis of, 213, 214 avoidance of, 217, 226 Index, 1407 Chapter LXXVIII, 1735 Chapter LXIX, 1887 tracing file, 1410 Indian Engineering, 281, 1187 Indianapolis bridge on Capitol Avenue, 1169 Indicator, 1789 boat, 1735 lights, 1706 lights for spau operatiou, 1801 Indicator, mechanical, 1706 Indirect wind load, 1652 Influence lines, 170 Information furnished gratis, 1621 Ingratitude, 1628 Injecting grouting, 971 Injury to metal by seepage, 769 Ink, 1387 Inking, 1394 Inspection, field, author's methods of, 1445-1457 caissons, 1449 cement and concrete, 951, 1449, 1450 cement at manufactory, 1470 excavation, 1448 final, 1764 foundations, 1448 masonry, 1451, 1453 materials elsewhere than at site, 1469 materials in field, 1467 materials other than metal, 1764 painting, 1447, 1448 piling and trestlework, 1450 timber, flooring, and handrails, 1450, 1453, 1469 general, 1763 betterment of, 1414 demoralization of, 1413, 1414 importance of good, 1412, 1455 inauguration of, 29 methods of payment for, 1416 proper price for, 1439, 1440, 1609 quality of, 1412, 1416 reasons for, 1415 responsibility for bad, 1413 strictness of, 1764 shop work and mill work, 1419, 1422 functions of the inspecting engineer, 1415 instructions for, author's, 1417-1419 Hildreth, 1425-1429, 1437, 1438, 1440-1442 Long, 1419-1424 Robert W. Hunt & Co., 1429, 1420 Structural Steel Work, by Schnei- der and Colby, 1431-1436 list of final questions, 1428 metal, 1763 steel rails, 1440-1442, 1447 stock material, 1437 Installation of machinery, 1803 Installment, annual, required to produce one dollar, 1526 Instructions boring parties, 1100 field engineers, 1475 INDEX Ixxili Instructions, inspecting bridges, 1520, 1521 inspectors, author's, 1417-1419, 1445-1447 HUdreth. 1425-1429, 1437, 1438, 1440- 1422 Robert W. Hunt & Co., 1429, 1430 Long's, 1419, 1424 Instrumental work in field, 1768 Insulation of rails, 356 Insurance of employees, 1609 Insurance of records, 1609 Integrity of bid, 1881 Intensities of working stresses, 120, 255, 261, 1654-1656 compression members, 259, 310 concrete, 958, 959 diversities in, 260 highway bridges, 257 nickel steel, 262, 1655, 1656 railroad bridges, 257 reinforced-concrete, 264, 957-959 reversing stresses, 265 steel, 257 substructure materials, 263 timber, 263, 265, 1656 wind loads, 262 wrought iron, 257 Intercity Viaduct of Kansas City, piles for, 1016 Interest, compound, 1363, 1364 Interference, 1630 bridge specialist, 42 Interlocking apparatus, 1802 Intermediate columns in trestle piers, 541 Intermediate hinges in stiffening trusses, 655 Intermediate trusses for cantilever bridges, 590 Internal combustion motors, 1708 International and Great Northern Railway of Texas, bridges on, 122 International Engineering Congress, 57, 86 International Nickel Company, 58 Interprovincial Bridge at Ottawa, Canada, 600 Intersection of gravity axes, 273 Investigations, prehminary, 1082 Iowa Central Bridge over the Mississippi, 724 Iron castings, 1777 Iron highway bridges, design of, 530 Iron railroad bridges, origin of, 16 Iron stringers, origin of, 24 Irwin, A. C, 104 Isaacs, John D., 1442 method of inspecting steel rails, 1442-1445 I-sections of truss members, 493 Issuing orders, 1630 Jack-knife bridges, 668, 669 Jackson, 28 Jackson, George W., 726 Janesville, Ohio, Bridge failure, 1B41 .lanni, A. C, 863 Jaw couplings, 1729, 1730 Jaw-plates, 323, 1682 Jealousy, 1623 Jefferson City Bridge, 689 triangulation, 1461 Jet, movable, 992 driving piles, 1018 Jetting pipes in caissons, 990 Jobs, listing of, 1410 numbers, 1389 Johnson, J. B., 15 Johnson T. H., 15 Johnson's Magnetic Iron Oxide paint, 770 Johnston, Phelps, 612 Joint, detailing, 518 expansion, 210, 211, 374 sliding, in trestles, 539 Joists, 365 Jonson, E. F., 215, 234 Journal-bearings for tower-sheaves, 1722 Justice, 1589 Justice Davis's opinion on navigable waters, 1137 Justice Field's opinion on navigable waters, 1137 Judgment, necessity for, 269 K-truss, 16, 390, 478 advantages of, 607 secondary stresses in, 194 Kamloops, B. 476 Latticing, 274 Launching caissons, 999 Launching spans, 1506 longitudinally, 1511, 1512 Launhardt's formula, 255 Laws, labor, observance of, 1756 Law-suits, defense of, 1567 Laying asphalt, 1815 Laying masonry during freezing weather, 1864 Laying of rails, 356, 1842 Laying out work, 1371 Layout of drawing sheets, 1381 Layouts, 1372 considerations affecting, 1210 sesthetics, 1216 commercial influences, 1213 construction facilities, 1216 economic considerations, 1217 erection considerations, 1216 foundation considerations, 1216 geograpliical conditions, 1213 maintenance and repairs, 1217 navigation influences, 1216 property considerations, 1213 stream conditions, 1215 time considerations, 1215 U.S. Government requirements, 1137- 1146 determination of, 1210 elevated railroads, 1372 general, information on, 1372 selection of, 1088 temporary, for East Omaha Bridge, 1073 trestles, 537 Lead, 51 Leaks, stopping of, 976 Least work, principle of, 214 LeConte, L. J., 90, 91 Lecturing to engineering students, 1622 Leiter, Z. P., 770 Leiter's air-drying salt-water-proof paint, 770 Lengths, cover-plutes, 440 444 INDEX Ixxv Lengths, effective, 1639 reinforced-concrete structures, 960 plato-girders, economic and limitirg. 409, 410 procurable, rolled sections, 510 spans, economic, 1187 ties, 361 unsupported, girder flanges, 431 Lenticular truss, 468, 474 Lettering, 1381 Leucol oil, 770 Levees, effect of, 1122 Leveling of bed rock, 1022 Leveling up of shoes, 460 Levels, 1471, 1730 Levers, hand-operating, 1731 Liability, indemnification against, 1886 Liability insurance for boring party, 1106 Liability, non-wai\'ing of, 1885 Library, 1411 Life of steel bridges, 37 Lift bridges, 717-746 details of design, 1695, 1696 guides for, 1722 gyratory, 669 history of, 717 lifting deck, 728 machinery for, 1727, 1789 operating drums for, 1725 operating ropes for, 1725 power for, 1700 suspending cables for, 1718, 1719 trolleys lor, 1707 vertical, 717—746 wind loads for, 155 Lifting deck, 728 Lifts, end, for swing spans, 1717 Light colors for bridge paints, 768 Lights, 1707 indicator for span operation, 1801 service and roadway, 1797 systems, 1842 Lime, 56 Limit switches, 1706, 1797 Limiting depths for open dredging, 996 Limiting lengths of railway plate-girder spans, 409 Limits in designing, 1661, 1662 Limits of daily labor, 1756 Limits of error in structural steel, 1784 Lindenthal, Gustav, 27, 126, 471, 482, 625, 660, 662 Lining-up of rivets, 328 Linseed oil, 767 Linville, J. H., 23, 24 Liquidated damages, 1564, 1876 List of data required for the proper de- signing of railroad bridges and trestles, 1082 Listing of jobs, 1410 Little River Ivift Jiridgo, L. & A. Ry. bending stresses in wire ropes, 311 equipment, 1708 gears, pitch diameters of, 314-321 hand-operating, 1789 installation of, 1803 materials, 1709 movable spans, 1708 operating, 1726, 1727 Machinery, rope sockets, 312, 313 supports, 1697 timber, 1840, 1841 unit stresses, 1709-1712 vertical-lift spans, 1789 wire ropes. See Tables for Designing. Machinery house, 1733 crane for, 1802 MacMartin, James, 1523 Magnitude of floods, 1110 Mailing drawings, 1398, 1399 Main girders of reinforced-concrete bridges, designing of, 924 Main members, depths of, 494. 495 highway truss bridges, 1642 railway truss bridges, 1641 Maintenance, bridge, troubles in, 1523 cost of, 1362 existing bridges, 1522 sewers and pipes during construction work, 1752 traffic, 1508, 1752 traffic during renewal, 1529 Maintenance and repairs as affecting layout, 1217 Maintaining correct form of shells, 1859 Make-up of chord sections, 173, 501 Making drawings, 1378 Mallet engines, 34, 105, 106 Mallet Triplex engine loading, 105 Maney, J. A., 216, 217 Manganese, 46 nickel steel, 61 steel, 57 Manhattan Suspension Bridge, New York, 27, 59, 659 Manifolding contracts, 1571 Man-power machinery for swing spans, 697 Manufacture, specifications for, 1741-1891 Manufacturers, bridge designing j?y, 37 Manville, 118 Map, hydrographic, 1149 Map of the United States showing the annual rainfall and record run-offs, 1115 Marching of soldiers, effect of, 117 Marietta Bridge, 600 Marking and match-marking, 1783 Marriotte's law, 14 Marston, A., 15 Maryland Steel Company, 68 Masonry, 1861 arches, 7, 536 longest span, 19 Koman, 9, 10 theory of, 15, 617 bearings upon, 1657 first-class, 1862 INDEX Ixxvii Masonry, insi)C('tioii, 1461, 1453 laying chiriu)! freezing weather, 1864 mortar for, 1864 permissible pressures on, 265 piers, 1020 proportioning of, 1020 batter for, 1021 plates, 453 pointing of, 1864 protection, 1529 second-class, 1863 testing old, 1518 Massiveness, 1179 Match-marking, 1528, 1783 Materials and workmanship, 1762 electrical, 1792 Materials for bridges, 45, 1632 abutments, 1031 ancient bridges, 13 approximate quantities of, 1871-1874 checking receipt of, 1477 evolution of, 16 furnishing of by purchaser, 1752 inspection of, 1412 loss of, 1768 machinerj\ 1709 prices of, 1354, 1355, 1359, 1360, 1757 records, 1477 reinforced-concrete construction, cost of, 1359, 1360 reports, 1487 sources of supply for, 1756 storing of, 1885 unit weights of, 1649 valuation of, 1480 Matthyssen, N. H., 717 Mattresses, 995, 1058, 1059, 1866-1868 anchoring of, 1062 basket- woven, 1060 pier protection, 1028, 1060 standard tjT)es of, 1060 thicknesses of, 1064 Maumee River Bridge at Toledo, Ohio, 689, 980 Maximum shear, criterion for, 162, 164 Maxwell's law of reciprocal deflections, 237, 246 Mayari steel, 68 cantilever bridges of, 71 cost of, 70, 1080 eye-bars, 70 location of ore, 69 production of, 70 simple truss spans of, 71 strength of, 69, 70 testing of, 72 Mayer, James, 662 McKibben, F. P., 862 McMath's formula, 1115 Meanders of stream, 1091 Meaning of terms, 1882 Measurements of boring pipe, 1103 Medium steel, 45 economics of, 1200 Melan, 18 Melts, test specimens from, 1773 Members, depths of, 494, 495 Memphis Bridges, 28, 69, 596, 1156 Merchants' Bridge, 25 estimate of cost of, 1351, 1353 Meroe, Ethiopia, arch bridge, 9 Merrill, Col., 473 Merrimac River Bridge at Newburyport, Mass., 1065 Merriman, Mansfield, 15 Merriman and Jacoby, 502, 591, 634, 1200 Metal, arches, origin of, 27 caissons, 986, 987 cleaning of, 767, 768 encasing of in concrete, 769 estimates of weights of, 279 extras for, 327 fatigue of, 255 identification of, 1771 injury to by seepage, 769 inspection of, 1763 loading, 1766 loss of, 1768 portions of bridges, 1632 prices, 1202 protection of, 765 sections, 47 unusual, 48 special cost of, 327 specification for, 1770 weight, computation of, 1377 weights of, in swing spans, 1242 Methods, pier sinking, 967 stress computation, 158 testing steel, 1772 Metropolis Bridge over the Ohio River, 25, 26, 88, 265 Michigan Avenue Bascule Bridge, Buffalo, 701 Millholland, James, 22 Milling, beams and stringers, 376-378, 1783 cantilever beams, 382 ends of I-beams, 331 trough sections, 334 Mill scale, removal of, 768 Mill work inspection, 1419 Mingo Junction Bridge, 598 Minimum thickness of concrete, 962 Minimum thickness of metal, 1661, 1680 Mistakes, 1555 Mixing of concrete, 951, 1043, 1853 Ixxviii INDEX Modem riveted trusses, advantages of, 748 IModjcski, Ralph, 72, 481, 598, 614, 619, 1066 Modus operandi of construction, 1757 Mohr, 179, 215, 245 Molitor, D. A., 213, 227, 237, 1181 Moller, 18 Moment, bending, criterion for, 164 coefficients for continuous beams, 845 diagram for plate-girders, 414-418 parabola of, 414-418, 440-443 plate-girders, calculation of, 412, 414-418 proportioning for, 421-432 polygon, 416, 417 Moments of inertia of beams, columns, and arch ribs, 839 Moncrieff, J. M., 259 Monier, 18 Monkey bridges, 1, 2 Monolithic structures, stresses in, 842, 961 Monongahela Bridge, 594 Montgomerj^ Waddell's types of bascules, 711, 712, 715 Monthly estimates, 1479-1483 estimate sheet, 1489 Monuments, 1467 Moorson, Capt. W., 717 Moran air lock, 1006 Morison, Geo. S., 25, 29, 660, 696 Morsch, Emil, 784 Mortar, freezing of, 1044 masonry, 1864 retempering of, 1044 Motor-truck loads, 1537 Motor wagons, 108 Motors, electric, 1702, 1703, 1793, 1794 alternating current, 1793, 1794 direct-current, 1793 mounting, 1703 internal combustion, 1708 Mounting of motors, 1703 Movable bridges, 663-746 advantages and disadvantages of, 680 aerial ferries, 670, 671 bascules, 663, 700-716 best kinds to adopt, 680 bob-tailed swings, 664 classes of, 604 comparison of lifts and swings, 680 comparison of vertical lifts and bascules, 682 cost of power for operating, 679-681 double rotating cantilever swings, 665, 666 economics of, 1208 electrical operation of draw spans, 679 floating, 674, 675 folding, 668, 669 Movable bridges, gates for, 677, 678 gjTatory lift, 669 history of, 663 horizontal folding draws, 665 jack-knife, 668, 669 lift bridges, 717-746 pontoon, 674, 675 power for operating, 678, 1679-1701 cost of, 679-681 pull-back, 667 Schneider, C. C, paper by, 683 shear-pole draws, 665 swangs, 664, 684-689 transbordeurs, 670, 671 transporter, 670, 671 vortical lift bridges, 717-743 wind loads for, 154 Movable jet, 992 Movable span, position of, as a.ffecting layout, 1211 Multiple punches, 328 Multiple punching, 376-377 Multiple-track structures, bracing frames for, 277 Municipal Bridge at St. Louis, 481 Murphy, J. W., 23 Murphy- Whipple truss, 23 Murphy's formula, 1115 Mushroom anchors, 1062 N Nailing strips for plank floors, 365 Name-plates, patent-plates, and year-plates, 1645, 1786 Narrowness of channel, 1090 National Paint Company's paints, 771 Natural cement, 17, 28 Nature, methods of, 1152, 1154 Navier, 14 Navigable waters, bill to regulate the construction of bridges over, 1138, 1147 definitions of, 1137 requirements of the United States Gov- ernment for bridging, 1137 rules for the protection and preservation of, 1143, 1146 surveys for bridging of, 1147 Navigation influences as affecting layout, 1216 Navigation signals, 1707, 1708 Neale, David, 1061 Negotiating, 1606 with promoters, 1606, 1607 Nerve, 1615 Net sections, figuring of pin-holes, 1682 tension members, 295-298, 1658 INDEX Ixxix New Westminster Bridce, 1074 triaiiKdliition, 1463, 1464 Now Zo.alniid Archos, 1170 NiiiRara Arch, data for, 644 NiuKara-Cliftoti Arcli RridKO, G25 Niagara (Jor«e Arch Bridge, 026 Niagara Hiver Bridge, llocbling's, 23 Nichols, S. 