None
Hydrogen, by passing steam over red hot iron; by action of sodium or potassium on water, 19; in substances of acid taste, 20; from acids and metals, 21; danger of explosion; proper- ties, 21; properties; explosive 354 INDEX mixtures; occurrence; reduc- tion by, 22; liquid, solid, 23; by action of sodium or potas- sium on water, 26; properties; occurrence, 26; velocity of molecules, 33; diffusion ex- plained by kinetic theory, 33; as illustration of absolute temperatures, 34; liquefying temperature, 34; weight of liter of, 43; ions, in aqueous solu- tions, 72; ions, from acids, 73; replaced by metals, 73, 78; weight of liter of, 99; valence of, 105. Hydrogen ions, from nitric acid, 114- Hydrogen peroxide, properties, 49; preparation from barium peroxide, 275; preparation, use in bleaching, 296. Hydrogen sulfide, preparation, properties; occurrence; use in chemical analysis, 112, 127; occurrence; use in chemical analysis, 127; weight of liter, 128; in illuminating gas, 203; in preparation of zinc sulfide, 285. Hydrolysis, definition, 176, 183; of salts of phosphoric acid, 175; of chlorides of phosphorus, 176; of arsenic trichloride, 178; of bismuth compounds, 182; of salts of phosphoric acid, 183; of salt in digestion, 291. Hydrosulfides, preparation, 115, 127. Hydroxide ions, in aqueous solu- tion, 72; from bases, 74. Hydroxyl compounds, how ion- ized, 78. Hypo-, meaning of, 85. Hypochlorites, preparation, 86. Hypochlorous acid, formed in bleaching, 84. Hypophosphorous acid, mono- basic, 176, 183. "Hyposulfite," sodium, 126. -ic, meaning of, 84. Ice, latent heat of fusion of, 58, 69. -ide, ending for binary com- pounds, 15. Illuminating gas, manufacture ; composition; 202, 208; what il- luminating quality depends upon, 203; table of heats of combustion for, 209; composi- tion of different kinds, 210. Indestructibility of matter, law of, 12. India rubber, use of sulfur, 110. Indicators, definition ; use, 75, 79. Indigo, artificial product, 233. Indirect analysis, 5. Insoluble compound, conditions for formation of, 279. Invert sugar, how prepared, 223, 234 ; why so named ; occurrence, 223. Iodine, occurrence; preparation; properties, 94, 98; tincture of, preparation; use, 94, 98; com- pounds; properties, 98; in thy- roid gland, 95, 98; test for starch, 222. lonization, in solutions, 65; of acids in aqueous solutions, 73; of water, 74;in dilute solutions, 77; of nitric acid, 114; of phosphoric acid, 175; of diso- dium phosphate, 176; of air by radium, 269. INDEX 355 Ions, in solutions, 65; positive- negative; migration of, 66; in formation of precipitates; formation reversible, 113;ferro- cyanogen, 216; transfer from metals to solution, 242. Iron, burning in oxygen, 11; used to decompose water, 19; his- tory of use; blast furnace; im- portance of, 277; reduction of oxides of, 277; importance; history, 323, 333; occurrence; manufacture; ores of, 324; pig or cast, manufacture, use, 324; wrought, manufacture, use, 326; salts of, 329. Iron carbide, in manufacture of steel, 326. Iron pyrites, source of sulfur dioxide, 122; in manufacture of sulfuric acid, 110. Isotopes, compounds of, excep- tion to law of constant pro- portion, 3. -ite, meaning of, 85. Jasper, form of silicon dioxide, 238. Jelly, manufacture, 224. Kaolin, a silicate, 239; how formed-, 255. Kerosene, use, flashing point of, 199. Kilogram, defined, 28. Kimberly, diamonds from, 185. Kindling temperature, explana- tion, 12, 17. Kinetic energy, 2. Kinetic theory of gases, explana- tion, 31, 40. Kipp generator, use of, 21. Krypton, where found, 158. Lacquers from cellulose nitrate, 221. Lampblack, preparation; use; properties, 188, 193. Latent heat of fusion of ice. 58, 69; of vaporization of water, 59, 69. Lavoisier's experiment, propor- tion of oxygen to nitrogen in air, 7. Law of gravitation, 1; of con- stant proportion, 3; definition, 5; of indestructibility of mat- ter, 12; of conservation of energy, 14; of velocity of molecules in gases, 33; of change in volume of gas with temperature, 35; of Charles, 35, 40. Law of Boyle, statement; ex- planation, 36, 40; of change of volume of gas with pressure, 37; of multiple proportions, 49, 56; of combining propor- tions, 48, 55, 132; of constant proportion, 48, 55; partial pressures of gases (Henry's law), 61; of vapor pressures, 63. Law, Gay Lussac's for combina- tion of gases, 131; Henry's, of gas pressure, 61; of van't Hoff-Le Chatelier, 120, 142, 148; of Avogadro, 135; of Dulong and Petit, for excep- tional elements, 137; of Henry, 159; of Dulong and Petit, 267; table for application of, 268. 356 INDEX Leaching, process described, 297. Lead chamber process for manu- facturing sulfuric acid, 121, 128, 247. Lead, use of alloys of, 180; danger of use for water pipes, 247; oc urrence; preparation; use; oxides of, salts of, 247, 252; differences in atomic weight, 273; reduction of sulfide of, 278; use, 247; alloys of; oxides of, 248. Leadacetate,preparation;use,250. " Lead burning," 122. Lead chloride, solubility; prepa- ration, 250. Lead c h r ornate , preparation ; properties; use, 317; see chrome yellow, 252; use, 319. Lead dioxide, preparation; use in storage batteries, 248. Lead nitrate, preparation, 248, 249. Lead oxide, preparation, 247. "Lead" pencils, made from graphite, 187. Lead plumbate, see red lead, 252. Lead sulfate, preparation, 247; in storage batteries, 249. Lead sulfide, precipitation of, 114. Le Blanc soda process, three operations of , 291, 305. Legumes, fixation of nitrogen by, 138, 152. Lemons, citric acid in, 20. Light, ultra-violet for purifica- tion of water, 70. Lignite, properties, 191, 192. Lime, manufacture of, 261, 275; "slaking" of, 11; for purifica- tion of water, 70. Lime light, definition, 26. " Lime -nitrogen, " preparation ; use, 266.. Lime -sulfur wash, in spray for vegetation, 110. Lime water, preparation, 11. Limestone (calcium carbonate); effect on water, 62; composi- tion, 260; use in blast furnace, 324. Limonite, ore of iron, 324. Liquid air, how obtained, 10. Liquid hydrogen, properties, 22. Liter, defined, 28. Liter of a gas, determination of weight of, 38. Litharge , preparation , 248. Lithopone, composition, 289. Litmus, affected by acids, 11; as an indicator, 76; action of sodium hydroxide on, 20. "Liver of sulfur," use by Cav- endish to absorb oxygen, 157. Lodestone, properties, 330. Lubricant, graphite, 187. Lubricating oils, product from petroleum, 199. Lunar caustic, see silver nitrate, 311. Lye, how obtained ; use in making soft soap, 297. Magnesite, composition, 283, 330; properties, 316; ore of iron, 324. Magnesium, manufacture by electrolysis, 278; occurrence; properties of compounds of; use; compounds of, 283, 284, 288. Magnesium ammonium arsenate, 179. INDEX 357 Magnesium carbonate, occur- rence, 261 ; in mineral form, 283. Magnesium sulfate, occurrence; properties, 283; use in manufacture of matches, 172. Magnetic oxide of iron, from combustion experiment; prop- erties, 11; of iron, by passing steam over iron, 19; reduc- tion of, 24, 27; preparation, properties, 330; preparation, 333. Malachite, mineral containing copper, 308. Malt, agent in fermentation, 224. Maltose, preparation ; properties, 223, 234. Manganese, occurrence; prop- erties; use, 320, 322; alloys of, 321; oxides of, 321. Manganese chloride, preparation, 83. Manganese dioxide, catalytic agent, 9; to oxidize hydro- chloric acid, 83; occurrence, use, 320, 322. Maple sugar, description, 222. Marble, how formed, 261. Marsh gas, popular name for methane, 196. Marsh gas series of hydrocar- bons, 195. Matches, use of phosphorus, 172. Matter, law of indestructibility, 12. Mauve, source of, 233. Meerschaum, a silicate, 239. Meker burner, temperature of flame, 207. Melting points of elements, rela- tion to position in periodic system, 168. Mercuric chloride, source of calomel; properties; antidote, 287. Mercuric fulminate, use; prop- erties, 287, 288. Mercuric oxide, for preparation of oxygen, 7 ; use in laboratories, 286. Mercurous chloride, preparation, use, 287, 288. Mercury, occurrence ; prepa- ration, properties; use, amal- gams; valence, 285, 286, 288; use in Castner-Kellner appara- tus, 295. Mesothorium, use in radiolite watches, 273, 276. Metallic properties, variation in periods and groups, 166. Metallurgy, definition, 277. Metals, replace hydrogen in acids, 73, 78; groups of in qualitative analysis, 112; prop- erties of salts of alkali, 217; solution pressure of, explana- tion; cause of electric cur- rent between metals, 242; reduction of ores of, 277; of second division, group II, characteristics of, 283, 287. Metaphosphoric acid, 174. Metastannic acid, preparation, 145; preparation; use as test in analysis, 246, 251. Meter, defined, 28. Methane, properties, 196; prepa- ration, 197; occurrence, prepa- ration; explosive mixtures of, 208; heat of combustion of, 210. Methane series of hydrocarbons, structure of, 196. 358 INDEX Metric weights and measures; equivalents, 28, 39. Migration of ions, 66. Milk of lime, preparation, 262. Millimeter, defined, 28. Mineral phosphates, use for fertilizers, 125. Mineral waters, natural and artificial, 67; mineral content of, 283. Mispickel, source of arsenic, 177. Mixtures, separation of, 2. Moissan, method of preparing fluorine, 96; preparation of diamonds, 186. Molecular theory, explanation, 29, 40. Molecular weight of compound, how determined, 134. Molecules, definition, 29, 39; law of .velocity in gases, 33; number in cubic centimeters, 33, 40, 273, 276; number in equal volume, 135; number in unit volume, 135. Mono-, prefix, 174. Monobasic acid, definition, 76, 118. Morphine, source; use; danger of use, 233. Mortar, preparation; use; cause of strength, 262. Multiple proportions, law of, 49, 56. Names of binary compounds, 15; of oxygen acids of chlorine and salts, 84, 85. Naphthalene, derivative of coal tar, 189. Natural gas, occurrence, 196. Natural waters, 61. "Negative" in photography, ex- planation, 312. Negative and positive valences, 104, 106. Neon, where found, 158. Neutral solution, definition, 75, 79 Neutralization, definition, 78. Nichrome, composition of alloy; use, 331, 333; high melting point, 333. Nickel, properties; use; alloy of, 330; percentage in coins, 331. "Nickel plate," how deposited; use, 330. Nickel silver, composition of alloy; use, 331, 333. Nicotine, occurrence; properties, 233. Niton, how formed; properties, 158, 161; how produced from radium, 270; properties, 272. Nitrates, from decay of organic matter, 144. Nitrates of cellulose, uses in solution, 221. Nitric acid, ionization, 114; use in manufacture of sulfuric acid, J22, 128; sources of, 143; oxidation with, 144; prepara- tion, properties, 144; action on metals, 145; preparation, use, as oxidizing agent, 152; source of; use, 291. Nitric oxide, formed by electricity, 139; preparation; properties; use, 148; dependence of forma- tion on temperature, 148; formed from ammonia by use of platinized asbestos as catalyzer, 143, 152; proper- ties; manufacture by means INDEX 359 of electric arc, 148; prepara- tion, 153; presence after dyna- mite explosion, 228. Nitrites, decomposition by acids, 147, 152. Nitrites, preparation, 147, 152. Nitrocellulose, preparation, 220; use, 234. Nitrogen, occurrence in air, weight over square foot of earth; in all living bodies, source of, 138, 152; diagram of course in nature; prepa- ration; properties, 139; oxides of, 147; essential element in soil, 297. Nitrogen dioxide, as catalytic agent, 121; as oxidizing agent, 128; from nitric acid; pro- perties, 144; formation "form- ula, polymer, dissociation, 150, • 153; products on solution, 153. Nitrogen oxides, to illustrate law of multiple proportions, 50. Nitrogen tetroxide, reaction with water, 151. Nitroglycerine, manufacture by sulfuric acid, 125; manufac- ture, how exploded, 228. Nitrous acid, preparation, de- composition, 147. Nitrous anhydride, preparation, 147, 179; how formed, dissocia- tion, 150, 153. Nitrous oxide, preparation, prop- erties, 147; use, 153. Noble gases, properties, list of, 157; relation to halogens and alkali metals, 158; zero group, list of, 160. Nomenclature, binary com- pounds, 15, acids and salts, 84, 85. Non-coking coals, properties, 192. Normal salts, definition, 79, 118. Normal salts of strong acids are neutral; of weak acids, frequently alkaline, 76. Normal sulfates of strong bases, neutral, 125. Number of molecules, in cubic centimeter of gas; in equal volumes, 33. Oil of vitriol, name for sulfuric acid, 285. Oleic acid, in fats, 227. Olein, derivation, 227. Opal, form of silicon dioxide, containing water, 238. Open hearth steel, characteristics of, 333; manufacture, 327. Ores of common metals, reduc- tion of, 277. Organic matter, source of car- bonic acid, 62. Orpiment, source of arsenic tri- sulfide, 179. Orthophosphoric acid, salts of; tribasic, 174, 183. Osmium, as catalyser in forming ammonia, 140. -ous, meaning of, 84. Oxalic acid, in preparation of carbon monoxide, 211, 216. Oxidation, by action of water and air, 14; slow, cause of bodily temperature, 13; by bacteria, 14. Oxidation — reduction, opposite processes, 24. 360 INDEX Oxides of metals, solution in hydrochloric acid, 82; of anti- mony, 181; of nitrogen, list of, 147; of lead, list; properties, 248; of iron, zinc and tin, how reduced, 277. Oxidizing agents, action on hy- drochloric acid ; list given ; 82, 90; potassium dichromate as, 317; in preparation of potas- sium manganate, 321; use of potassium permanganate, 322. Oxone, composition, 207. Oxy -acetylene flame, use of, 27. Oxygen, preparation from red oxide of mercury, 7 ; from potas- sium chlorate, 9, 87; from liq- uid air, 10, 17; properties, 10, 17; occurrence, 12; velocity of molecules, 34; weight of liter of, 43; per cent, in air, 57; for- mula of, how determined, 136; in air, how determined, 155, 160; preparation from barium peroxide, 268, 275. Oxygen acids of chlorine, 84; salts of, 85. Oxyhydrogen blowpipe, why tem- perature is limited, 25; use of, 26. Ozone, preparation, properties, 15; allotropic form of oxygen, 17; for purification of water, 70; weight of liter of, 137. Palmatin, derivation, 227. Palmitic acid, in fats, 227. Paper, manufacture, 220. Paraffin, product from petroleum, 199. Paris green, composition; use, 179, 1S3. Parts, by weight and atoms, 52. Peat, properties, 191, 192. Pectin, preparation ; use, 224, 234. Pectose, presence in fruits, 224, 234. Per-, meaning of, 49. Perchloric acid, properties, 89; use for detection of potassium, 90. "Perfect" gases, 132. Periodic system, discussion of tables, 102; relation to atomic weights, 133; tables, 164, 165. Periods of periodic system, 162. Perkin, W. H., discoverer of mauve, 233. Permanent hardness of waters, 263. Petrolatum, see vaseline, 199. Petroleum, composition; occur- rence, 198; use; distillates, 198; products from, 199, 208. Phenol, use of benzene in manu- facture of, 202; preparation; use, 228, 235. Phenol phthalein, as an indicator, 76. Phosphates, mineral, use for fertilizers, 125; use as fertilizer, 170. Phosphine, preparation; proper- ties; comparison with ammonia, 172, 183. Phosphonium iodide, how pre- pared; comparison with am- monium iodide, 173. Phosphoric acid, preparation, 171 ; ionization of, 175; hydrolysis of salts of, 175; by hydrolysis of phosphorus pentachloride, 176. INDEX 361 Phosphoric acids, list of, 174, 183. Phosphoric anhydride, see phos- phorus pentoxide, 173. Phosphorous acid, by hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride, 176; dibasic, properties, 176, 183. Phosphorus, burning in oxygen, 11; kindling temperature of, 12; preparation, 171; occur- rence in combination, 170; properties; allotropic forms of, 171 ; in manufacture of matches, poisoning by, 171; occurrence; preparation; forms, 182; es- sential element in soil, 297. Phosphorus chlorides, hydro- lysis of, 176. Phosphorus pentachloride, prepa- ration, 83; preparation, hy- drolysis, 176, 183. Phosphorus pentoxide, from com- bustion experiment; properties, 11; gives acid with water, 17; preparation; properties; use as drying agent, 173; preparation; use as drying agent, 182. Phosphorus trichloride, prepara- tion, 83. Phosphorus trichloride, prepara- tion, hydrolysis, 176, 183. Photographic plates, effects of uranium and radium upon, 268. Photography, use of silver halides in, 311. Physical science, definition, 1. Physics, definition, 1, 5. Pig iron, manufacture, 324, 333. Plants, what growth depends upon, 231. 235. Plaster casts, 264. Plaster of Paris, how made, 110; manufacture; use, 264; source of, 261; properties, 275. Platinic chloride, preparation, 332. Platinum, melting point, 26; as catalytic agent, 119; action of* aqua regia upon, 146; use; price; as catalyst; aqua regia as solvent of, 331, 332; occurrence; use, 334. Plumbic acid, salt of, 248. Polymer, definition, 119. Porcelain, 257. "Positive" in photography ex- planation, 312. Positive and negative valences, 104, 106. Potash salts, where found, 68; occurrence; use, 298. Potassium, used to decompose water, 19; detection by per- chloric acid, 90; solubility of salts of, 280; occurrence; es- sential element in soil, 297, 307;. preparation ; properties, 298, 306. Potassium aluminium sulfate; action in bread making, 230. Potassium argenticyanide, use, 216, 217. Potassium bicarbonate, use, 299, 306. Potassium bromide, use in medi- cine, 94. Potassium carbonate, solution of, alkaline, 213; in preparation of potassium ferrocyanide, 215; from wood ashes by leaching;, use in soap making, 297; properties, 299; preparation, 362 INDEX 306; use in preparation of potassium chromate, 317. Potassium chlorate, use for pre- paring oxygen, 9, 87; chloric acid from, 88; to prepare potas- sium perchlorate, 89; products when heated, 90; use in flash light powders, 283; prepara- tion, use, 299, 306. Potassium chloride, in manufac- ture of gunpowder, 279. Potassium chloroplatinate, prepa- ration; use as laboratory test, 332. Potassium chromate, preparation, properties, 317, 319. Potassium cyanide, preparation; use in extracting gold, 215, 217; in preparation of potassium ferrocyanide, 215. Potassium dichromate, to oxidize hydrochloric acid, 83; use in manufacture of chrome yellow, 250; preparation, properties, use, 317; use in tanning, 318, 319. Potassium f erricyanide, prepara- tion, use, 216. Potassium ferrocyanide; prepa- ration, properties, 215, 217; electrolysis of, 216. Potassium fluoride, use in pre- paring fluorine, 96. Potassium hydroxide, by de- composition of water, 26; in reversible reaction, 86; prepa- ration, 297, 299; use in prepara- tion of potassium chromate, 317. Potassium hypochlorite ; products when warmed, 90; how formed, 299. Potassium iodide, use of, 95, 98. Potassium manganate, prepara- tion, 321. Potassium nitrate, in soil, source of, 138; from decay of organic matter; from sodium nitrate, 144; preparation for manufac- ture of gunpowder, 279; occur- rence; preparation; use; 299, 306. Potassium oxide, preparation, 298. Potassium perchlorate, from pot- assium chlorate ; properties, 89, 90. Potassium permanganate, to oxidize hydrochloric acid, 83; preparation, 321; use, 322. Potassium sodium tartrate, prod- uct of action of baking pow- ders, 230. Potassium sulfate, use in manu- facturing alum, 257. Potassium tartrate, acid, 229. Potential, difference between metals and solutions, 242; difference between metals, 243; difference in storage batteries, 249. Potential energy, 2. Pound, grams in one, 57. Precipitates, formation of, rever- sible, 113, 127. Prefixes, in chemical nomencla- ture, 84, 85, 90; hypo-, 85; per-, 49, 85;thio-, meaning, 126, 296; to distinguish salts of ortho- phosphoric acid, 174. Pressure of air, at sea level, 36; standard conditions of, 37. Principle of van't Hoff-Le Chat- elier, 120. INDEX 363 Priestly, preparation of oxygen gas by, 7. Producer gas, manufacture; use; composition, 204, 208. Proteins, definition; occurrence, 230; effect of digestion upon, 231. Prussian blue, use in preparation of chrome green, 319. Prussic acid, preparation ; poison- ous quality, 215, 217. Puddling process, for making wrought iron, 326, 333. Pure substances, definition ; 3, 5. Purification, by crystallization and distillation, 2. Pyrite, 110. Pyroboric acid, as source of borax, 253. Pyrophosphoric acid, 174; prepa- ration of salts of, 175. Qualitative analysis, explana- tion; separation of metals with insoluble chlorides, 335; groups of, 112; separation of metals with sulfides insoluble in dilute acids, 336; detec- tion of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates, 337. Quantitative analysis, explana- tion, method of procedure, 337. - Quartz, varieties of, 238. Quinine, source; use, 233. Radioactive elements, disinte- gration of atoms of, 163; detected by gold leaf electro- scope, 269; estimate of life of, 271; three series of; half- life period of, 275. Radiolite watch dials, cause of phosphorescence, 269; meso- thorium for, 273. Radium, products of decomposi- tion of, 158; discovery; prop- erties, occurrence, 268; price of, 269; products of, 272; table of derivatives, 272 ; how formed ; disintegration of, 275. Radium sulfate, properties, 260. Raleigh, discovery of argon, 157. Ramsay, discovery of argon, 157; of helium and niton, 158. Ramsay and Soddy, kelium from radium, 272. Reactions, explanation of rever- sible, 24, 80; effect of removing one product upon, 115; endo- thermic, explanation, 201. Reduction, definition, 24; of copper oxide, 24, 47; of ores of common metals, 277. Red lead, preparation; use; 248. Red phosphorus, properties, use, 171, 182. Remedies, for burns by sulfuric acid, 124. Respiration calorimeter, use of , 13. Reversible reactions, explana- tion, 24, 80; how expressed, 53; effect of removing one- of the products of, 85; in formation of precipitates; in formation of ions, 114; in pre- cipitation of lead sulfide, 114;. effect of temperature upon, 120. Rochelle salt, compositions; use in preparing cuprous oxide, 309. Rock crystal, form of silicon dioxide, 238. 364 INDEX Roll brimstone, definition, 110. Rose quartz, form of silicon dioxide, 238. Rubies, composition, 255. Rust, nature; cause of, 284. Rutherford, disintegration of ele- ments, 272. Safety lamp, 197. Safety plugs, composition, 248. Sal soda, preparation, 291. Saleratus, see Potassium bi- carbonate, 299. Salt, how deposited, 68; composi- tion, occurrence, 72; formula, how determined; definition, 75; see sodium chloride, 290. Saltpeter, source of nitric acid, 143; preparation for manufac- ture of gunpowder, 279; source of, 291; occurrence; prepa- ration, use, 299. Salts, definition, 21; acid, how formed; normal, neutral, and acid, defined, 76, 77; normal of strong acids, are neutral; of weak acids, frequently aka- line 76; why called normal; why called acid, 78; neutral; alkaline or acid, 79; from oxy- gen acids of chlorine, 85; o sulfurous acid, preparation; properties, 117; normal, defini- tion, 118; of orthophosphoric acid, 174; of phosphoric acid, hydrolysis of, 175; ammonium, preparation, 191; of metals, how prepared, reversible re- actions involved, explanation, 278; rules for solubility of, 280; reactions for preparation of, conditions necessary ; when in- soluble, 281; of alkali metals, properties, 290; list of am- monium, 302; of copper, 309; of iron, 329. Sand, composition, 239. Saponification, defined, 227. Sapphire, form of corundum, 255. Saturated compounds, definition, 199. Saturated solutions, 65. Scale, in utensils, cause of, 62; in boilers, cause of, 264. Science, definition, 1, 5. Sedimentary rocks, composition of, formation, 255. Selenite, properties, 261. Selenium, properties ; com- pounds, use, 126, 128. Shales, composition of, forma- tion, 255. Sicily, sulfur from, 109. Siderite, ore of iron, 324. Silica, in manufacture of phos- phorus, 171. Silica, occurrence in soil, 237. Silicates, occurrence in soil and rocks, 237; occurrence; deriva- tion; list of; kinds in glass, 239; list of, 251; of aluminium, etc., rocks composed of, 254. Silicic acid, from soluble glass, 240. Silicon, occurrence in crust of earth, 237, 238; preparation; properties; use, 238; occur- rence, 251. Silicon dioxide, forms of, 251. Silver, occurrence ; separation ; use; properties, 310; percen- tage in U. S. coins, 311; sepa- ration, properties, 314. Silver arsenate, 179. INDEX 365 Silver arsenite, salt of arsenious acid, 179. Silver bromide, use of, 94. Silver bromide, properties ; prepa- ration; use in photography, 311, 314. Silver chloride, preparation ; properties, 311. Silver iodide, properties; prepa- ration, 311. Silver nitrate, preparation; properties, use, 311, 314. Slag of blast furnace, composi- tion,'325. Slaked lime, in soda lime, 197; preparation; use, 262; use in Solvay process, 293; use in manufacture of sodium hy- droxide, 294. Slow oxidation, bodily tempera- ture maintained by, 13. Small calorie, definition, 58. Smokeless powder, from gun cotton, 125; basis of, 220. Smoky quartz, form of silicon dioxide, 238. Soap, manufacture, saponifica- tion, 227; forms emulsion with water, 227; forms emulsion with water, 235; action in "hard" water, 263. Soap, soft, 297; soft, hard, manu- facture, 297 ; soft, manufacture, 306. Soapstone, a silicate, 239. Soda lime, composition; use, 197. Soddy and Ramsay, helium from radium, 272. Sodium, used to decompose water, 19; properties, 73; solu- ble glass a silicate of, 239; preparation by electrolysis, 278; solubility of salts of, 280; occurrence; 290, 305; sodium bicarbonate from; di- sodium phosphate from, 291. Sodium acetate, in preparation of methane, 197. Sodium aluminate, preparation, 256. Sodium ammonium phosphate, 175. Sodium antimonite, preparation, 181. Sodium bicarbonate, for wounds by sulfuric acid, 124; use with calomel, 287; product in diges- tion; function in body, 291; preparation by Solvay process, 293. Sodium bromide, occurrence ; elec- trolysis, 93; use in medicine, 94. Sodium carbonate, solution of, alkaline, 213; to remove per- manent hardness in water, 264; source of, 291; prepara- tion, 291; product of Le Blanc soda process; alkalinity of, 292; use in manufacture of sodium hydroxide, 294; why hydrolyzed, 305; preparation, 305. Sodium chloride, electrolysis of fused, of aqueous solution, 72; occurrence; office in digestion; importance in chemical indus- tries, 290, 305. Sodium cyanide, preparation; use in extracting gold, 215, 217. Sodium hydroxide, by decompo- sition of water; affects red litmus, 20, 26; by electrolysis,. 73; alkaline reaction, 73; formed by ionization of phos- 366 INDEX phoric acid, 175; in soda lime, 197; solvent for stannic hy- droxide, 246; source of, 291; preparation; use, 294, 305; properties, 295. Sodium hydroxide, preparation, 305. Sodium "hyposulfite," use of term, 126; see sodium thio- sulfate, 296. Sodium iodide, occurrence, elec- trolysis, 93. Sodium metaphosphate, prepara- tion, 175. Sodium nitrate, use in manufac- ture of sulfuric acid, 123; occurrence, use, 144; in manu- facture of gunpowder, 279; occurrence, use, 291, 305. Sodium oxide, preparation, 295. Sodium peroxide, preparation; use, 296, 305. Sodium silicate, preparation ; use, 296. Sodium stannate, preparation ; use, 246. Sodium sulfate, in Le Blanc soda process, 292. Sodium sulfide, in Le Blanc soda process, 292. Sodium sulfite, preparation, 117; preparation; use, 296, 305. Sodium sulfite, acid, preparation, 116; use, 117. Sodium thiosulfate, how formed, properties, use, 125, 128; prepa- ration, why so named, use, 296; use to dissolve salts of silver, 311, 312, Soft soap, 297. Soils, essential elements in, 297. Solder, composition, 245; alloy of lead, 248. Solubility, in hot and cold water, 65; of salts, general rules for, 280. Soluble glass, preparation; prop- erties, use, 240, 251; prepara- tion; use, 296, 305. Solution pressure of metals, ex- planation; cause of electric current between metals, 242, 251. Solutions, change of freezing and boiling points, 64; chemical activity in; ionization in, 65; supersaturated; saturated, 65, 69; neutral defined, 75, 79. Solvay process for preparation of sodium bicarbonate, 293. Specific gravity of elements, rela- tion to position in periodic system, 167, 168. Spectra, how obtained, 302. Spectroscope, explanation, 302. Spectrum analysis, 302. Spectrum, solar, why lines are dark, 303. Sphalerite, 110; composition, 284; zinc sulfide, 285; mineral source of zinc, 288. Spiegeleisen, use in manufac- ture of steel; preparation, 321. Spontaneous combustion, how caused; how avoided, 14. Stannic acid, in fireproofing cot- ton goods, 246; see stannic hydroxide, 246. Stannic chloride, preparation; properties; use, 245. Stannic hydroxide, preparation; properties, use, 246, 251. INDEX 367 Stannic oxide, in fireproofing cotton goods, 246. Stannous chloride, preparation; properties; use as reducing agent, 245. Starch, occurrence; description; use; granules of, 221; test for iodine, 222; glocuse from, 223; occurrence, 234. Stearic acid, in fats, 227. Stearin, derivation, 227. Steel, characteristics of; Bes- semer; open hearth, 326; what hardness depends upon, 333. Steel furnace, open hearth, tem- perature of, 26. Stereotype metal, use of bismuth in, 181. Stibine, preparation; properties, 180, 184. Stibnite, source of antimony; properties, 179. Still, to concentrate alcohol, 225. Storage batteries, construction, 248; action of; charging of; difference in potential between plates, 248; exhaustion, how tested, 249; substances formed in, 252. Storage of gases, 9. Stove polish, graphite, 187. Strontium, occurrence; proper- ties, 268. Strychnine, properties, 233. Sublimation, definition, 94. "Subnitrate" of bismuth, see bismuth, basic nitrate, 182. Substances, pure, definition, 2; not volatile, change in freezing and boiling points by, 64. Sucrose or cane sugar, prepara- tion, 222, 234. Suffixes, in chemical nomencla- ture, 90; -ate, 85; -ide, 15; -ic, 84; -ite, 85; -ous, 84. Sugar, kinds of; preparation, 222. Sugar of lead, see lead acetate, 250. Sulfantimonite, ammonium, 181. Sulfarsenite, ammonium, 179. Sulfates, list of insoluble, 125, 128. Sulfides in analysis, 112; pre- cipitation due to ions, 113; effect of strength of acids in precipitation of, 115; of zinc and antimony, how reduced, 277. Sulfides of copper and lead, how reduced, 278. Sulfur, burning: in oxygen, 11; occurrence,, how secured, 109; occurrence as sulfates and sulfides r 110'; use in sulfuring fruit; in lime-sulfur wash; in gunpowder; in mamuf acture ; forms of r 110;, use in dyes, 111; allotropie- forms,. 111 ;liquid and gaseousr propertiesy 111; boil- ing point,. 112; occurrence; use; allotropie forrnsr 127. Sulfur dioxide^ by burning sul- fur in oxygen; properties, 11; gives acid with water, 17; use in sulfuring fruit, '110; occurrence ; properties ; prepara- tion, 115; laboratory prepara- tion ofr 118; preparation from iron pyrites, 122; preparation; user 127; preparation, 145. Sulfur trioxide, formation from sulfur and oxygen reversible; preparation; properties, 118, 119r 368 INDEX Sulfuric acid, with zinc; with iron, 21; electrolysis of, 42; use to liberate chlorine, 87 ; from iron pyrites, 110; manufacture by contact process, 119; prepara- tion by lead chamber process, 121. Sulfuric acid, concentration of; properties, 123; charring by; wounds by, remedies; use of, 124; use in preparation of nitric acid, 144; as a catalyzer, 211; behavior in storage bat- teries, 249; use in Le Blanc soda process, 292. Sulfuric anhydride, see sulfur trioxide, 120. Sulfuring fruit, with sulfur diox- ide, 115. Sulfurous acid, preparation, 1 17 ; dibasic ; salts of, 117; prepa- ration; properties, 128. "Super-phosphate" of calcium, composition, 265 ; use as fer- tilizer, 275. Supersaturated solutions, 65. Symbols of elements, 51, 56. Sympathetic ink, use of cobalt chloride in, 331, 334. Synthesis — analysis, explanation, 42, 55. Synthesis, definition, 3; of com- pounds, 5; of ammonia, 142; of nitric oxide, 148. Talc, a silicate, 239. Tan bark, use in manufacture of white lead, 250. Tannin, source; use in tanning, 318. Tanning, chrome, use of potas- sium dichromate ;n, 317, 319. Tar distillates, source; use, 189. Tartaric acid, preparation ; source ; salts, 228, 235. Tellurium, properties, occurrence, 126, 128; exception in periodic table, 168. Temperature, lowest obtained, 35; how measured, 34, 40; absolute, explanation, 34, 40; standard conditions of, 37; influence on rate of combina- tion of elements in reversible reaction, 120. Temporary hardness of waters, 263. Tetraphosphorus trisulfide, use in the manufacture of matches, 172, 182. Thermite.process, Goldschmidt's, 256, 258. Thermometers, graduation of, 34; use of mercury in, 286. Thio-, meaning, 126, 296. Thorium, series of derivatives, 273. Thyroid gland, iodine in, 95. Tin, occurrence; preparation; properties; use, 241, 251 ; alloys of, description, 245; alloys of, list of; chlorides of, 251; re- duction of oxides of, 277. Tinware, cause of rust, 243. Toluene, derivative of coal tarr 189; use in making trinitrotol- uene (T. N. T.) 202. Toxins, how formed; properties, 232, 235. Tri-, prefix, 174. Tribasic acid, defined, 76, 118. Tricalcium phosphate ; occur- rence; 170. Trinitrotoluene (T. N. T.), prepa- ration; u^e,, 202. INDEX 369 Trisilver arsenate, 179. Tungsten, why suggested for electric lights, 168; discovery of use, 318, 319. Type-metal, composition of, 180. Typhoid fever, from impure water, 64. Ultra-violet light for purification of water, 70. Unit volume, measure of, 132. Unit volume of gases, how deter- mined, 132. Unsaturated compounds, defini- tion, 199. Uranium, as catalyser in forming ammonia, 140; effect of com- pounds on photographic plates, 268. Valence, negative in halogens, 99; explanation, 101; nomencla- ture of, 102; varying, 103; positive and negative, 104, 107; table of, 106; table of common, 107; definition; ex- pressed by graphical formulas, 107; indicated by position of element in periodic system, 163. Van't Hoff-Le Chatelier, principle of, 120, 128; application of principle of, 120, 142, 148. Vapor pressure of water, 60; explanation, 62; law of; table for ice and water, 63. Vaporization of water, latent heat of, 59, 69. Vaseline, product from petroleum, 199. Velocity of molecules, law of, -33; of hydrogen; of oxygen, 33, 24 Ventilation, standard of, 159. Vinegar, product of acetic fer- mentation, 227, 235; method of manufacture, 227. Vitriols,compounds so named,285. Volatile compounds, conditions for formation of, 278. Volume of gas, variation with temperature, 35; reduction of gases to standard, 37; gram molecular weight of; measure of, 134. Volumes of gases, number of molecular in same, 33, 40; law of change of; method of finding, 37, 40; ratio in simple numbers, 132. Washing soda, see sodium car- bonate, 291. Water, decomposition of; by red hot iron, 19, 26; by sodium or potassium, 19; by electricity, 44. Water, composition by weight, 44, 45, 50; volumetric compo- sition of, 44; supercooled, 58; boiling of; superheated; latent heat of vaporization of, 59; expansion on freezing, 59; cooling by convection; vapor pressure of, 60, 69; natural, 61; "hard," 62; table of vapor pres- sures, 63; as disease carrier, 64, 69; mineral, 67; latent heat of vaporization of; maximum density, 69; ionization, 74; methods of purification, 70; hard, explanation, 263; tem- porary and permanent hard- ness, explanation; how re- moved, 264. Water gas, preparation; proper- ties; poisonous quality, 203r 208. Water vapor in air, 156. Weight, no change of in burning, 7. White lead, preparation; prop- erties; use, 250.; composition; use, 252. White vitriol, name for zinc sulfate, 285. Window glass, composition, 239. Wire gauze, use in safety lamp, 197. Wood material, changes during geological time, 192. Wood's metal, composition, use, 181. Wrought iron, manufacture; use, 326, 333. Xenon, where found, 158. X-rays, effects similar to those of radium, 269. X-ray spectra, to determine atomic number,, 168. Yeast, cause of fermentation, 224. Zero,, absolute,. explanation,. 34. Zero grotrpr noble gases, list of, 160. Zinc, for preparation of hydrogen, 21; as eoating for iron, 243; reduction of oxides of; reduc- tion of sulfides of, 277; occur- rence; preparation; properties; use; alloys of, 284, 288; use in batteries, 285; use in refining silver, 310; use in cyan-'de process for gold, 312; use in nickel silver, 331. Zinc chloride, how formed, 21; how prepared, 83; use as disinfectant, 288. Zinc hydroxide, properties, 260. Zinc oxide, preparation; prop- erties; use; when preferable to white lead in paint, 285, 288. Zinc sulfate, how formed, 21; popular name of, 288. Zinc sulfide, action of radium upon, 269; use of phosphores- cent screen of, 274; occurrence; preparation, 285; color, 285. Tfj t A/ft. U MAY S 8 P ~ p JZ O en So S tS3 03 I PC /t i i- CO >— i? I? t -JWSf # III* UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ... ... due.- OCT 14 1947 24May'49SL lMar55BP JUN9 '61 R LD 21-100m-12.'46(A2012sl6)4120 1954 til IEP1 VB 1694. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 