None
oxide in, 319 polishing of, 24 protection against corrosion, 331 rolled, stress -strain diagram of, 211 " season cracking " of, 308 Brinell's ball test, 218 Brittle impurities, 322 membranes, 316 Brittleness, abnornal intercrystal- line, 256 and machining, 311, 312 near punched holes, 310 near sheared edges, 310 of burnt steel, 283 of compounds, 261 of metallic compounds 102 of middle phases in binary systems, 145 Bronze, over-heating of, 277 oxide in, 319 phosphor, 152 polishing of, 24 " Bronzes," aluminium, 334 Bronzes, cold worked, 148 Burgess's thermal curves of iron, 168 Burning, 325 " Burning " metals, 301 Burnishing, 18, 26 " Burnt " steel, 283 Burnt steel shaft, 325 Cadmium, 72, 112 annealing, 269 crystalline cavities in, 66 Calcium carbonate coating on brass, 332 Calibration of thermo-couples, 81 Carbide of iron, 162 SUBJECT INDEX 346 Carbide of iron — continued. amorphous solution of, in hardened steel, 182 retained in " forced solution," 180 in solid solution, effect of, 177 movement of, 178 state of, in Troostite, 183 Carbide, solubility in y, (3, and a. iron, 167 Carbon, combined, 188 in iron, 74 in iron, limit of, 162 -iron alloys, 160 Uquidus of, 162 soKdus of, 163 retards transformation of 8-iron, 178 steel as duplex alloy, 263 Carbon and iron, alloys of, 131 Carbonate of lime, coating on brass, 332 Carburising reagents, 191 Carpenter and Edwards on alu- minium alloys, 154 Stead on crystal- lisation of elec- trolytic iron, 279 on zinc-copper alloys, 141 Case-hardening of steel, 190 Casting, 286 circular, isothermals of, 290 defects due to, 322 die, 333 temperature, 70, 288, 323 Castings, aluminium, 333 and isothermals, 293 best rate of cooling, 288 chiU, 288 contraction stresses in, 290 " drawing " of, 323 large steel, 287 malleable, 189 shape of and structure, 290 Castings — continued. steel, heat refining of 294 steel, sulphides in, 294 unsoundness in, 323 with re-entrant angle, 292 isothermals in, 292 Cast-iron and constitutional dia- gram, 186 and steel distinction be- tween, 186 chUled, 288 oxidising, annealing of, 189 phosphide eutectio, 316 Cast metal, imperfections of, 287 Cavities, gas, 294 shrinkage, 294 Cement, amorphous, 69 and annealing, 267 as protective coating, 330 Cement, intercrystalline, amor- phous, 257 Cementation of steel, 191 Cementite, 162 baUed-up, in steel, 325 decomposition of, 163 discovery of, 119 films in crystal boundaries, 278 free, 176 in high carbon alloys, 186 in micro -structure of steel, 176 solubility of in a -iron, 164 structurally free, 278 Ceylon, ancient iron from, 329 metal from, 255 Chamberlain, 129 Changes of form, internal, 302 Charpy's test, 323 testing machine, 234 Chemical activity of molten metal, 289 composition, errors in, 320, 322 346 SUBJECT INDEX Chemical — continued. metallurgy, definition, 1 study of alloys, 118 theory of corrosion, 328 Chill castings, 288 Chilled cast-iron, 288 Choice of specimens for micro- scope, 18 Chromatic aberration, 46 Chromium oxide, 29 Circular casting, isothermals of, 290 Cleavage and twinning, 276 fracture in steel, 263, 264 in steel sheets, 275 in wrought iron, 275 "Clogging" of tools, 311 Coalescence of lead -tin eutectic, 134 Coating, cement as protective, 330 protective against corro- sion, 329 Coatings, metallic, 329 Cobalt, 112 -copper alloys, conductivity curve of, 112 Cohen on " strain disease," 309 Cohesion, inter-crystalline, 256, 257 Coker's optical method, 237 Cold-forging brabs, 305 junction, 81 rolled bolts, 300 " Cold shuts," 323 Cold work, 265 defined, 300 limits of, 307 Cold-worked bronzes, 148 Cold-working, defects arising in, 324 during erection, 324 excessive, 307, 308, 324 lead-brass, 324 of brass, 145 Colloidal iron carbide, 183 Combined carbon and structure of iron, 188 Commencement of corrosion, 329 Comparative tests of zinc — ^alu- minum alloys, 238 Comparison of testing methods, 237, 238 Complexity of iron-carbon system, 160 ternary alloys, 123 Composition, chemical errors of, 320 Compound Alj Zus, 137 AI, Mn, 157 antimony-tin, 321 composition of, by thermal analysis, 104 Sn-Sb, importance of, 135 Compounds and electro-chemical potential, 117 brittleness of, 261 conductivities of, 114 determined residue analysis, 118 fictitious, 118 inter-metalhc, 73 of aluminium and dis- integration, 333 Compression, elastic limit in, 247, 248 fluid, of steel, 295, 296 test, 211 Concentration potential curve, 117 Concrete, reinforced, 330 Condenser tubes, corrosion of, 331 Conductivities of compounds, 114 Conductivity curve of — cobalt-copper alloys, 112 copper-antimony alloys, 114 gold-copper alloys, 112 Conductivity curves of alloys forming com- pounds, 114 electric, 110 of outeotiferous alloys, 111 SUBJECT INDEX 347 Conductivity — conUmued. of solid solutions, 111 thermal, 117 Cone indentation test ,Ludwik'8,222 Congenital defects, 321 Constantan, 111, 115 -copper, 80 Constants, physical, of metals, 3 Constituent, 119 Constituents, impurities as, 314 mutual support of, under strain, 262 which float, 320 sink, 320 Constitutional diagram, 78, 94 aluminium-zinc, 136 and oast iron, 186 and cooling-curves, 91 and electrical properties, 110 and iron, 167 and micro-structure, 105 and physical properties, 107 and practical steel hardening, 184 and specific volume, 108 and temperature oo-efflcient, 115 annealing in determination of, 105 diagrams, horizontal lines on, 102 iron-graphite system, 162 model of ternary alloys, 125 of aluminium-copper alloys, 154 of copper -tin alloys, 147 of iron-carbon alloys, 161 of lead-tin alloys, 133 of magnesium-tin, 101 of partly eutectiferous alloys, 99 of simple binary system, 91 of solid solution system, 98 of zinc-copper alloys, 141 practical bearing of, 146 Contraction, local, in tensile tests, 207 Contraction, stresses in castings, 289 Cooling, best rate of, castings, 288 curve of binary aUoys, 87 of pure iron, 168 of pure metal, 85 curves, 78 of aluminium -zinc alloys, 140 for thermal curves, 79 rate of, and structure of castings', 287 Copper, 70, 74, 81, 111, 112, 114 alloys, etching of, 31 manganese in, 163 alloys of, 140 -aluminium alloys, 154 micro-structure of, 156 heavy, resistance to — corrosion, 334 oxidation, 334 (heavy), soldering of, 335 aluminium in, 153 -aluminium-manganese, 157 liquidus of, 126 -ammonium acetate, 46 annealing, 269, 270 -antimony, 114 antimony in, 317 arsenic in, 316 bismuth in, 317 deoxidation of, 152 electro -chemical deposition in etching, 35 chemically deposited, 304 for embedding sections, 245 etching of, 31 " gassing " of, 272 -manganese alloys, 153 -nickel, 74, 97, 111 over-annealing of, 275 oxide in, 162, 316 phosphide in bearing metals, 163 phosphorus alloys, 152 348 SUBJECT INDEX Copper — continued. polishing of, 24 -potassium chloride, 32 salt solutions for etching, 35 -silver, 100 solubUity of, in solid alu- miaium, 156 -tin, 103 -tin alloys, 146 anomalous behaviour of « phase, 149 constitutional diagram of 147 oxide in, 162 strength of, 148 twinning in, 251 -zinc alloys, 141 cotistitutional diagram, 141 heat treatment of, 144 oxide in, 152 -tin alloys, 150 " Cores " in crystals and banded structure, 304 Cores of solid solutions, 96 Correlation between tests and ser- vice results, 8 Corrodibaity, 322 Corrosion, 327 and basic zinc chloride, 331 and heavy aluminium-copper alloys, 334 and oil paint, 329 and stray electric currents, 330 chemical theory, 328 commencement of, 329 electrolytic theory of, 328 general cause of, 328 " inertia " of pure iron, 328 in non-ferrous metals, 330 of aluminium, 332 of brass, 331 protection against, 331 with 2 per cent, lead, 331 with 1 per cent, tin, 331 of condenser tubes, 331 Corrosion — continued. of light alloys, 333 protective coating against, 329 resistance to, of manganese- aluminium - copper alloys, 157 Couple, thermo-electric, 80 Cracks, from quenching, 326 in hardening steel, 185 quenching, and enclosures, 318 Critical deformation, 267 illumination, 54 -points of 0'2 per cent. carbon steel, 171 -points of iron, 169 range and heat treatment of steel, 277 temperatures, 322 " Cropping " ingots, 298 Cross-sections of slip-bands, 245 Crushing action of cutting tool, 310 Crystal boundaries and strength, 274 cementite films in, 278 in burnt steel, 283 movement at, 258, 259 under strain, 256 viscous flow at, 259 cores and banded structure 304 facets, 66 groups, 275 growth and strain, 273 size and slip, 274 Crystalline aggregate, formation of, 62 fracture, 254 habit, 71 nature of duplex alloys, 260 SUBJECT INDEX 349 Crystalline — continued. and quenching cracks, 318 mechanical, impurities as, 314 slag, as nuclei, 281 slag, in steel, 317 English type of tensile machine, 199 EquUibrium, attainment of, 122 diagram, 78, 93, 122 pressure factor, 120 (constitutional) dia- gram of simple binary system, 91 meta-stable, 94 stable, 94 ultimate physical, 274 Errors of chemical composition, 320 of design, 327 due to insufficient observa- tion, 113 of treatment, 321 Etched surfaces, illumination of, 65 Etching, 30 electro-chemical, 304 macroscopic, 35 nature of, 32 by deposition of copper, 35 depths of, 31 figures, 66 pattern, 33 of pure metals, 33 reagents, 31 action of, 64 Eutectic, 119 phosphide, in cast iron, 316 Eutectics, 133 crystalline structure of, 134 nature of, 261 plastic straining of, 261 predominant partner in, 134 spherulites of, 134 Eutectic alloy, 76 freezing of, 89 Eutectic alloys, 86 of aluminium and copper, 157 copper oxide, 316 in iron-carbon alloys, 163 point, determined by thermal analysis, 104 Eutectiferous alloys, curve of, con- ductivity of. 111 freezing of, 88, 89 Eutectoid of iron-carbon alloys, 165 point, influence of man- ganese on, 175 pearlite, 173 8teel,recaleBcenceof , 175 Evolutions of heat in iron, 167 Ewen and Kosenhain on fracture of hot metals, 260 Ewing and Humphrey on fatigue, 254 Ewing and Rosenhain on anneal- ing lead, 269 Ewing's extensometer, 203 Excessive cold-working, 324 " Excessive " purity, difficulties of, 313 Extension, plastic, 207 Extensometer, Ewing's, 203 Marten's, 204 Turner's, 108 Extensometers, 203 Eye-piece, 45 magnification, 51 Facxors of safety, 5 Failures in metals and alloys, 6 investigation of, 6 Fatigue and crystal size, 275 and strain-hardness, 306 defined, 224 fracture under, 253 test, Osbome-Reynolds', 228 352 SUBJECT INDEX Fatigue — eonUnued. Stanton's, 228, 229 Wohler's, 225 Favourable examples, study of, 8 Feeding ingots, 295 Ferric chloride, 31 as etching reagent, 35 Ferrite, 173 before and after straining, 243 Ferro-concrete, 330 manganese, 317 Fibrous fracture, 252 Field, flatness of, 48 Fields, phase, 121 Filter, Wratten and Wainwright's, 46 Fine-grinding, 23 Finishing temperature and micro- structure, 300 Fire-clay, 81 Fissures, partial welding of, 324 Fitting by cold-working, 324 Flatness of field, 48 Floating constituents, 320 Fluid compression of steel, 296 Focus, depth of, 48, 49 " Forced solution," of iron-carbide 180 Foreign matter from mould, 323 Forging, 300 insufficient work in, 323 Formation of slip bands, 243 Fracture, cleavage, in steel, 263, 264 crystalline, 254 " fibrous," 252 intercrystaUine , abnormal, 252 of metals near melt- ing point, 260 mechanism of, 252 of iron at high tempera- tures, 259 of steel, shock, 256 types of, 263 Fractured steel shaft, 323 Fractures, alternating stress, 264 Fractures — continued. section of, 252 tensile, 252, 263 microscopic study of, 16 under fatigue, 253 shock, 252 Free cementite, 278 Freedom, degree of, 120 Freezing of eutectic alloy, 86, 89 -points of metals, 81 Friend on corrosion, 329 Fringe crystals, 293 Fundamental properties, 196 Furnace, electric, and steel, 317 Fusion spots, 106 Galvanising, 330 Gralvanometer, 82 Gamma iron, 163 and constitutional diagram, 167 crystals, formation of, 280 growth of, 281 decomposition of, 164 in aUoy steels, 284 solid solution, 164 transformation affected by carbide, 177 twinning in, 252 phase of tin-copper alloys, 149 Garland on ancient Egyptian metal, 255 Gas cavities, 294 Gasses and molten metals, 289 influence on thermal curves, 80 Gas lamp for microscope illumina- tion, 55 liberation on freezing, 294 " Gassing " of copper, 272 German silver, 305 Goerens on annealing iron and steel, 271 Gold, 112 and bismuth, 316 annealing, 269, 270 SUBJECT INDEX 353 Gold — continued. -bismuth, Arnold's experi- ments, 256 -copper alloys, conductivity curve of, 112 purest, brittleness near melt- ing-point, 260 -silver, 74 Grains, polygonal, 67 Graphical representation of ter- nary alloys, 124 Graphite, formation by decom- position of cementite, 163 in cast iron, 288 separation from iron, 320 Graphitic iron, 187 Grey iron as "steel plus graphite," 188 structure of, 187 Grinding wheels, 21 Groups of crystals, 275 Growth of crystals in annealing, 267 8 iron crystals, 281 Gulliver, 123 Gutowsky on iron-carbon solidus, 163 Hasfield on ancient metal, 265 sound ingots, 296 Hammer-dressing, 324 Hammering, deformation by, 302 effect of, 301 Hannover's porous metal, 134 Hard-drawn bolts, 306 Hardened steel, amorphous iron- carbide solution in, 182 Hardening by strain and elastic limits, 247, 248 of Duralumin, 158 metal by straining, 247 steel, " amorphous" theory, 180 P.M. Hardening — continued. of steel — continued. incipient oc crystals in, 181 and allotropio iron, 167 and quenching strains, 181 cracking in, 185 twinning in, 181 and constitu- tional dia- gram, 184 rules for, 184 " Hardenite," defined, 179 Hardness, defined, 218 number, Bendicks' for- mula, 219 of iron, 180 of Martensite, cause of, 180 of steel, allotropic theory of, 180 test, 218 tester. aUotropy in, and decomposi- tion of y iron solid solution, 166 alloys, etching of, 31 a, 167 and steel, annealing, 270, 271 a, absence of twinning, 262 and carbon, alloys of, 131 and steel specimens kept " passive," 37 e, 167 and y, relative hardness of, 180 ;8 hardness of, 180 carbide, 162 colloidal, 183 forced solution of, 180 in solution, effect of, 177 movement of during transformation of y solid solution, 178 solution, amorphous, in hardened steel, 182 state of in Troostite, 183 -carbon alloys, 160 constitutional diagram of, 161 eutectoid in, 165 liquidus of, 162 solidus of, 163 carbon in, 75 hmit of, 162 carbon, meta-stable diagram, 161 carbon system, complexity of, 160 cast, oxidising, annealing of, 189 phosphide eutectic in, 316 critical points of, 169 electrolytic, reorystallisation of, 279 etching of, 31 fracture of at high tempera- tures, 259 A A 2 356 SUBJECT INDEX Iron — continued. and critical points of iron, 171 and finishing temperature, 300 and shape of castings, 290 as evidence for constitutional diagram, 105 elongated, 303 of alloys, 74 of aluminium-copper alloys, 156 -zinc aUoys, 139 of burnt steel, 283 of eutectoid steel, 175 of grey iron, 187 of over-heated steel, 282 of pearlite, 173 of 0-2 per cent, carbon steel, 172 of 0'6 per cent, carbon steel, 174 of 0-9 per cent, carbon steel, 176 of lead-tin alloys, 133 of white iron, 187 Micro-volts, 82 Mild steel, " yield-point " in, 207 Mixed crystals, 73 Mobile layers, temporary, 246, 247 Model, constitutional, of ternary system, 125 Modulus, elastic, 203 Molten alloys as solution, 73 iron, graphite from, 320 metal, chemical activity of, 289 overheating of, 289 metals and gases, 289 Monochromatic hght, 47 Mould, foreign matter from, 323 Moulds, defects arising from, 323 venting of, 323 Movement of crystal boundaries, 258, 259 iron carbide, 178 Muir on recovery of iron and steel, 271 Muntz metal, 144 SUBJECT INDEX 359 National Physical Laboratory, 334 Need for dynamic tests, 197 Nickel-copper, 74, 97, 111 -steel, slip-bands in, 243 zinc-copper alloys, brittle when hot, 305 Nitric acid, 31 Nitrogen, 8,0 Nomenclature Committee, Inst. Metals, 336 Non-ferrous alloys, segregation in, 320 ingots, 296 metals, corrosion in, 330 Normal and oblique illumination of etched surface, 65 Normal illumination, 39 Notched bar impact tests, 233, 234 test-bars, 236 Nuclei in pearUte formation, 281 in transformations of iron, 169 slag enclosures as, 281 Objective, aberrations of, 46 aperture of, 46 image produced by, 45 Objectives, aperture of, 51 for metallurgy, 42 (microscope), 45 zones of, 47 ObUque illumination, 38 light, slip-bands under, 246 Oil paint and corrosion, 329 -quenching steel, 186 Opaque reflector, influence on resolving power, 62, 63 Optical character of sUp-bands, 244 system of microscope, 44 Ordinary " pohsh," 18 Orientation, crystalline, 33 of crystals, 63 Oriented lustre, 63 explanation of, 66 Osborne- Reynold's direct alter- nating stress test, 228 Over-annealing duplex alloys, 276 ia brass, 275 copper, 275 Overheated steel, 325 angular structure of, 282 Overheating, 325 duplex alloys, 276 molten metal, 289, 322 of brass, bronze, aluminium* copper, and steel, 277 steel, 281 Over-strain and semi-plasticity, 248 recovery from, 249 Overwork, 268 Oxidation in annealing, 272 resistance to, of heavy aluminium - copper alloys, 334 Oxide in brass and bronze, 319 copper, 152, 316 tin-copper alloys, 152 zinc-copper alloys, 152 Oxidising annealing of cast iron, 189 Paint and corrosion, 329 Pattern, etching, 33 Patterns, 323 Pearhte, 167, 173 angular, 282 baUing-up of, 278 formation, nuclei in, 281 in tensile fracture, 263 lamiaated, 278 longitudinal lines of, 303 micro-structure of, 173 Permanence of aluminium alloys, 332 metals, 327 Personal names in metallography of steel, 172 360 SUBJECT INDEX Phase, amorpliouB, defined, 249 in hardened steel, 181 definition of, 119 Phase-fields in copper-tin alloys, 147 in Hoyt's ternary diagram ,151 in zinc-copper alloys, 141, 142 of aluminium-copper alloys, 155 of aluminium -zinc alloys, 138 Phase rule, 119 limitations of, 121 Phases, redundant, 121 Phosphide eutectio in cast iron, 316 of copper, 152 of iron, 315 Phosphor bronze, 152 Phosphoric banding in steel, 304 Phosphorus as deozidiser, 152 banding in steel, 237, 315 -copper alloys, 152 in axles, 315 in ferrite, 173 in iron and Bteel,34,3 1 5 in raUs, 315 in steel, for machining, 312 in tyres, 315 reagent (Rosenhain and Haughton), 35 springs, 315 Photomicrography, 58 illumination for, 57 Physical equilibrium, idtimate, 274 meaning of tension tests, 197 metallurgy, definition, 1 metallurgy, practical im- portance of, 3 properties and anneahng, 268 and crystal size, 274 and strength, 196 Physical — continued. properties of alloys, 102 Picrate, sodium, etching with, 325 Picric acid, 31 as etching reagent, 173 Pipe in an ingot, 295, 323 Plastic crystals, 67 extension of metals, 207 Plasticity of crystals, 247 Platinum, 70, 80 Polish attack, 33 " PoUshed " surfaces in liquids, 27 Polishing, 18, 23 cloths, 28, 29 powders, action of, 26, 27 test of, 30 Polygonal grains, 67 Polyhedral structure, 62 of y-iron solid solution, 174 Porous metals, Hanover, 134 Potential, electro-chemical, 117 Potentiometer, 82 Practical bearing of constitutional diagram, 146 " Predominant partner " in eutec- tic. defined, 243 dimensions of, 245 formation of, 243 in cross-section, 245 in eutectic alloys, 261 in iron, 243 in lead, 243 in nickel steel, 243 in twinned metal, 251 optical character of, 244 under oblique light, 245 Sodium picrate, etching with, 325 Softening temperature, 266 Soldering heavy copper-aluminium alloys, 335 Solders, lead -tin alloys, 134 Solid matter, metals simplest form, 3 solubility, limit of, 73 solution, cooling-curve of, 97 freezing of, 95 y-iron, 164 impurities in, 314 saturated, 99 solutions, 73 conductivity of. 111 cores in, 96 dendritic cores in, 74 diffusion in, 96 limit of, 105 liquidus of, 97, 98 solidus of, 97 Solidification, rate of, 287 " Solidus," 94 Solidus determined by quenching, 105 of iron-carbon alloys, 163 of partly eutectiferous sys- tem, 100 Solubility of carbide in a, /3 and y-iron, 167 of cementite in y-iron, 164 Solubility — continued. of copper in solid aluminium, 156 of tin in lead, 132 Sorbite, defined, 184 Sound ingots, Hadfield's process, 296 Soundness of ingots, 294 Special steels, 192 Specification of impurities by analysis, 314 Specific heat, 117 tenacity, 13 volume of alloys, 108 amalgams, 108 Specimens, drying, 36 for microscopic exami- nation, methods of cutting, 20, 21 preservation of, 37 washing of, 36 Spherulites of eutectic, 134 Spontaneous annealing and re- crystallisation, 308 disintegration iu alu- minium alloys, 158, 333 Springs, phosphorus in, 315 Stable equilibrium, 94 Stage of microscope, movable, 42 Stanton and Bairstow on alternat- ing stress fractures, 264 Stanton's direct alternating stress test, 228, 229 repeated impact test, 236 State, metallic meta-stability of, 328 Statical tests, defined, 213 Stead and Carpenter on crystal- lisation of electrolytic iron, 279 Stead on cleavage in steel sheets, 275 heat-tinting, 304 Steel, 75, 80, 121 alloy, Austenitic, 284 aluminium in, 295 364 SUBJECT INDEX Steel — contmued. and cast iron, distinction between, 186 and iron, annealing of, 271 annealing above Acg, 279 annealing below An, 277 arrest-points of, names of, 172 balled-up cementite in, 326 behaviour under tensile test, 207 " burnt," 283 carbon, as duplex alloy, 263 case-hardening of, 190 castings, heat refining of, 294 sulphides in, 294 cementation of, 191 cementite and micro -structure of, 176 cleavage fracture in, 263, 264 containing 0'2 per cent, car- bon, 171 0-2 per cent, car- bon, micro-struc- ture of, 172 0'6 per cent, car- bon, 174 0-9 per cent, car- bon .micro -struc- ture of, 175 critical range and heat treat- ment, 277 " dead melted," 295 decarburisation of, 320 eutectoid, micro -structure of, 175 recalescence of, 176 fluid compression of, 296 for automatic machines, 312 fractures, types of, 256, 263 hardened, amorphous iron- carbide solution in, 182 hardening of and twinning, 181 practice and the constitutional diagram, 184 Steel — continued. hardening, rules for, 185 hardness of, and allotropic iron, 167 heat refining of, 282 heat-treatment of, 277 hot-etching of, 174 hypereutectoid, quenched, 176 hypo-eutectoid, 183 in electric furnace, 317 large castings in, 287 mechanical properties of and enclosures, 318 mild, stress-strain diagram of, 210 yield-point in, 207 nickel, slip-bands in, 243 of eutectoid composition, 175 oil quenching of, 186 over-heated, 281, 325 angular structure of, 282 phosphide bands in, 237, 304, 312, 315 quenched, 173, 177 Martensite in, 179 transition products in, 178 semi - plasticity in over- strained, 248 sheets, cleavage in, 275 sUicate of manganese in, 317 soft, temperature tenacity curve of, 179 strained at 1,000° C, 269 tempered, troostite in, 183 surface decarburisation of, 272 Steels, alloy, 192 heat treatment of, 284 • special, 192, 322 sulphide of manganese in, 317 Stopping down, 47, 49, 51 Strain and crystal growth, 273 effect on crystal boundaries, 256 SUBJECT INDEX 365 Strain — contiinied. effect on structure, 241 -hardened metal, 250, 300 -hardening and elastic limits, 247, 248 local, 247, 325 -hardness and fatigue, 306 not reliable, 309 uses of, 306 plastic and semi-plasticity, 248 Strained metal, amorphous layers in, 246 structure of, 246 Strained Swedish iron, 241 Straining at high temperatures, 259 duplex alloys, 260 effects of tool cut, 310 ferrite before and after, 243 of euteotics, 261 machine (Ewing and Bosenhain's), 242 steel at 1,000° C, 259 sudden, at high tempera- tures, 259 Strength and crystal boundaries, 274 " Strength " and physical proper- ties, 195 Strength of tin-copper alloys, 148 ultimate of duplex alloys, 262 Stresses, alternating, 224 Stress-strain diagram, 202, 207, 210,211 torsional, 214 indicator, Dalby's, 202 Stretching of metal, elastic, 203 Structure and annealing, 266 and rate of cooling a casting, 287 and shape of castings, 290 Structure — continued. angular of over-heated steel, 282 banded, and crystal cores, 304 effect of strain on, 241 longitudinal, in hot- rolled metal, 303 of severely strained metal, 246 radial, and isothermals, 291 scale of, 69 Sulphides in steel castings, 294 Sulphuric acid, 32 Sulphur-prints, 318 Surface decarburisation of steel, 272 " Surface energy," 273 Surface flow in metals, 25 Kquidus, of ternary alloys, 126 " Surface tension," 273 Surfaces in constitutional model of ternary system, 125 Swedish iron, 61 strained, 241 System, crystaUographic, 71 Tabulation of defects, 322 Talbot on sound ingots, 296 Temperature and season cracking, 309 annealing, 266, 270 casting, 288, 323 00 -efficient and constitutional diagram, 115 electrical conduc- tivity, 110, 115 finishing, and micro -structure, 300 measurement, 80 softening, 266 tenacity curve for soft steel, 179 Temperatures, critical, 322 866 SUBJECT INDEX Temper-carbon, 189 Tempering, defects arising in, 326 of steel, 183 unequal, 326 Temporary mobile layers, 246, 247 condition of metal, 25 Tensile machine, English type, 199 testing, local contraction in, 207 machine, Amsler's, 201 pressure gauge type, 200 machines, 198 tests, data derived from, 203 Tension, fracture under, 252 internal, 324 surface, 273 tests, 197 comparison with tor- sion, 216 physical meaning of, 197 Ternary alloys, 123 as modifications of binary, 127 derived from lead-tin, 135 graphical representation of, 124 of tin, zinc and copper, 150 simplification of, 127 Ternary investigations, difficulty of, 128 models, projections of, 126 sections of, 126 Test, Arnold's, 231, 239 -bars, notched, 236 Charpy's, 233 compression, 211 Testing by bending, 217 by punching, 216 hardness, 218 in shear, 215 Testing — continued. in torsion, 213 machine, Emery's, 198, 199 Izod's, 233 lever, 200 Martens', 198 mechanical, simple prin- ciple in, 195 methods, compared, 237, 238 of materials, history of, 13 of metals, mechanical, 193 Tests, alternating shear and tor- sion, 229, 230 comparative on zinc-alumi- nium aUoys, 238 direct alternating stress, Stan- ton's, 228, 229 dynamic, 223 imitative, conditions for, 194 impact, 232 repeated blow impact, 236 results in service, correlation of, 196 shearing impact, 235 single blow impact, 233 torsion impact, 235 Wohler's, 226, 254 Thallium, polishing of, 24 Theory, aUotropic, of hardness of steel, 180 amorphous, 180, 246, 266 chemical, or corrosion, 328 of amorphous cement, 257 phase, 250 of corrosion, electrolytic, 328 Thermal analysis, 104 of aluminium - zinc aUoys, 139 arrest at freezing point, 85 conductivity, 117 SUBJECT INDEX 367 Thermal— co7itin«ed. curve and constitutional diagram, 92 curves of 0-6 per cent. carbon steel, 174 curves, Eosenhain's ap- paratus, 79 treatment, 265 defects arising in, 325 Thermo-couples, calibration of, 81 platinum, 80 protection of, 81 electric couple, 80 properties, 117 Thin sections of metals, 17 Time-temperature curve, 83 Tin, 81 -aluminium - copper alloys, 157 and lead alloys of, 131 annealing, 269 antimony, 321 brass, corrosion of, 321 copper, 103, 146 alloys, anomalous be- haviour of phase, 149 constitutional dia- gram of, 147 oxide in, 152 strength of, 148 twianing in, 148 lead, 76 alloys, constitutional dia- gram of, 133 micro -structure of, 133 -bismuth, liquidus surface of, 126 -magnesium, 101 plate, radial crystals in, 293 pure, brittleness of, near melt- ing-point, 260 solubility of, in lead, 132 -zinc-copper alloys, 150 Tool cut, straining effects of, 310 Tools, clogging of, 311 cutting, action of, 309 Torsion impact test, 235 test, alternating, 230 comparison with ten- sion, 215 tests, 213 Torsional stress-strain diagrams, 214 Transformations in solid alloys, 102 tin-copper alloys, 103, 148 Transformer sheet iron, 109 Transition products in quenched steel, 178 Treatment, defects arising from, 322 effect of, on duplex alloys, 262, 263 errors of, 321 mechanical, 285 Triangular diagram for ternary alloys, 124 Troostite, 283 defined, 183 Tube length of microscope, 46 Tubes, condenser, corrosion of, 331 Tungsten, 330 Turner's sclerometer, 222 Twinning, 251 and cleavage, 276 and slip-bands, 261 in copper and brass, 276 in copper-tin alloys, 148 in y-iron, 252 in hardened steel, 181 Type-metal, 135 Types of fracture of steel, 263 Tyres, phosphorus in, 315 Ultimate physical equilibrium, 274 Under-cooling of metals, 249 Unequal cold-working, 324 tempering, 326 Unsoundness in castings, 323 368 SUBJECT INDEX Vanadium, 71 Varnish, bituminous, 329 Varnishing, specimens, 37 Venting of moulds, 323 Vertical illumination, 39, 42 Vibration and supposed " crystal- lisation," 264 Viscous flow at crystal boundaries, 259 Volatilisation, losses from, 322 Volume, specific, of alloys, 108 Walker and Cushman on corro- sion, 328 Warping due to unequal quench- ing, 326 of " aluminium " cast- ings, 334 Washing specimens, 36 Weakness of re-entrant angles, 292 Wear, 327 Welding, partial, of fissures, 324 White bearing metals, 135 iron, re-hoating of, 189 structure of, 187 Whitworth " fluid compression," 296 Wohler on fatigue of metals, 224 test, 225, 254 interpretation of, 226 Wohler's alternating stress test, 224 Work, insufficient, in forging, 323 of rupture, 234 Wrought iron, cleavage in, 275 Yield-point in duplex alloys, 262 in iron and steel, 207 Young's modulus, 203 Zeigler on slag enclosures as nuclei, 281 Zinc, 72, 74, 81, 87, 112 -aluminium alloys, 136 comparative tests on, 238 cooling-curves of, 140 phase-fields of, 138 thermal analysis, 139 and aluminium, machining of, 312 annealing, 269 basic chloride of, 331 -copper alloys, 141 /3 phase in, 144, 145 constitutional diagram, 141 y phase in, 145 heat treatment of, 144 oxide in, 152 loss of from brass, 320 -tin-copper alloys, 150 Zones of lenses, 47 BRADBUBY, AONKW, 16 CO. CONSTABLE&COMPANY,Ltd. TECHNICAL PUBLISHING CO. ELECTRICIAN PRINTING & PUBLISHING CO. for whom D. Van Nostrand Company are American agents. September, 1915 SHORT=TITLE CATALOG OF THE Publications and Importations OP D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 25 PARK PLACE, N. Y. The books published by the MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO., Chicago, 111. are included in this catalog. "Prices marKed itiith an ajterUR (*) are /fET. All bindings are in cloth unless otheriaise noled. Abbott, A. V. The Electrical Transmission of Energy 8vo, *$s 00 A Treatise on Fuel. (Science Series No. 9.) i6mo, o 50 Testing Machines. (Science Series No. 74.) i6mo, o 50 Adam, P. Practical Bookbinding. Trans, by T. E. Maw i2mo, *2 50 Adams, H. Theory and Practice in Designing 8vo, *2 50 Adams, H. C. Sewage of Sea Coast Towns ; .8vo, *2 00 Adams, J. W. Sewers and Drains for Populous Districts 8vo, 2 50 Addyman, F. T. Practical X-Ray Work 8vo, *4 00 Adler, A. A. 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