None
riesaud veins, 234; portal, 208; pulmonary, 208; sj-stemic, 208; diagram of, 209 Circulatory organs, 192; relation of to excretion, 108; diagram of, 194 Circumduction, 63 Circumvallate papillae, 139, 334 Clavicle (collar-bone), 37 Clotting of blood (see Coagula- tion) Coagulation of blood, 179; cause of, 180; experiments upon, 190; uses of, 181 Coccyx, 30 Cochlea, 331 Coeliac axis, 202 Coffee, 123 Cold, taking, 229 Collar-bone (clavicle), 27 Colloids, 157 Colon, 149, 170 Colorless blood corpuscles, 179, 190 Columnse carnese, 215 Comminuted fracture of bones, 57 Common bile-duct (ductus com- munis choledochus), 150, 170 Compact bone,49; structure of, 51 Compound fracture of bone, 58 Concha, 330 Condiments as foods, 115 Connective tissue, 24 Conservation of energy, lavr of, 93; illustrations of, 94 Consonants, classification of, 341 Constructive power of the body, 112 Convolutions of the brain, 290 Cooking, 123 Co-ordination, 281 ; centre of, 306 Corium (cutis vera, dermis), 268; papillae of, 270 Corn, nutritive value of, 131 Cornea, 321 Coronary arteries, 199, 203, 213 Coronary sinus, 214 Coronary veins, 300, 313 Corpus Arantii, 314 Corpuscles of blood, 176, 190 Costal cartilage, 34 Costal respiration, 246 Cranial nerves, 290; sutures, 38 Cranium, bunes of, 37 Cricoid cartilage, 338 Crystalline lens, 325 Crypts of IjiGberkilhn, 148 Cuticle (i::pidermis), 366 Death, fromstarvation, 98; from alcohol, 347, 352, 353; from cUoral, 363; from opium or morpliia, 361 Death-stiffening (rigor mortis), 74 Defibrinated blood, 181 [355 Degeneration, fatty, 354; ibrous. Deglutition (see Swallowing) Delirium tremens, 353 Dentine, 136 Dermis (see Corium) Dialysis (osmosic), 186 Diaphragm ;'midrifif), 11, 343; de- monstration of, 348 Diarrhoea, 229 Diet, advantages of a mixed, 135 Digestion, 107, 138; gastric, 157, 171; influence of saliva in, 154; intestinal, 163; object of, 152 Dipsomania, 353 Disassimilation, 108 Diseases due to alcohol, 350; to chloral, 362; to morphia or opi- um, 360; to tobacco, 363 Dislocations, 65; reduction of, 66 Division of labor, physiological, Dorsal (neural) cavity, 7, 31 ; con- tents of, 9, 13 Dorsal vertebrae, 30 Duct of glands, 131 Duct, common bile, 150, 170; cys- tic, 150;hepatic, 150; of parotid '^land, 169; of submaxillary gland, 169 Dura mater, 285 Dyspepsia, 164 Eah, 330 Efferent (motor) nerves, 305 Eggs, nutriiive value of, 130 Egg-album;;n, 31, 117 Eirlitli pair cranial (auditory) nerves, 3 8 INDEX. 369 Elasticity of the arteries, 226, 332; of tlie lungs, 338 Elastic tissue, 164 Elbow joint, 65, 70 Elements found in the body, 30 (foot-note) Eleventh pair cranial (spinal ac- cessory) nerves, 393 Emmetropic eye, 337 Emulsion, 160 Eniimel, 136 Endolymph, 331 Endoskeleton, 33 (foot-note) Energy, 93, 101; chief forms of expended by the body, 101 ; conservation of, 93, 101; liber- ation of by oxidations at low temperature, 104; source of in the body, 95 Epidermis, 266 Epiglottis, 143, 333 Ethmoid bone, 37 Eustachian tube, 141, 330 Excretion and reception, inter- mediate steps between, 106 Excretions, removal of, 108 Excretory organs, 106 Exercise, 90 Exoskeleton, 23 (foot-note) Expiration, 343, 244 Extension at joints, 63 Extensor muscles, 80 External auditory meatus, 330 Extracts of meat, 78 Eye, action of alcohol on, 358; accommodation of, 326; hy- giene of, 828 Eyeball, anatomy of, 321 Eyelashes, 318 Eyelids, 318 Eye-socket, 318 Face, bones of, 37 Facial nerve, 393 Fasciculi of muscles, 73 Fatty acids, 117 Fats (hydrocarbons), 31, 117; ab- sorption of, 162; action of bile on, 161, 173; of gastric juice on, 157; of pancreatic secretion on, 160, 172; as a reserve Fats (Continued). food, 98, 102; emulsifying of, 160, 163; kinds of in body, 31 Fauces, 141; isthmus of the, 133, 155; pillars of the, 141 Femoral artery, 204 Femur, 38 Fibres, 16 ; plain muscle, 76; striped muscle, 74 Fibrillffi, 74 Fibrin, 31, 180 Fibula (peroneal bone), 38, 51 Fifth pair cranial (trigeminal) nerves, 393 Filiform papillae, 139, 334 Flexion at joints, 63 Flexor muscles, 80 Food, amount of required daily, 134; as a force generator, 115; as a foi-ce regulator, 115; as a machinery former, 114; as a tissue former, 110; composi- tion of. 111; cooking of , 133; definition of, 114; inorganic, 118; is alcohol a food, 181, 343; need of, 95, 97; non oxi- dizable, 113; nutritive value of different, 119; special iin- porUmce of albuminous. 111; supply of animal, 112 Food-stufEs (see Alimentary prm- ciples) Foot, skeleton of, 39; peculiari- ties of human, 45 Foramen, intervertebral, 33; magnum, 37; oval, 331 Force-generating foods, 115 Force-regulating foods, 115 Forearm, movements of, 64, 70 Fore limb (see Upper-limb) Fossa, glenoid, 63 Fourtli pair cranial (pathetici) nerves, 393 Fractures of bones, 57 Free (floating) ribs, 34 Frog's web, circulation in, 334 Frontal bone, 37 Fruits, nutritive value of, 131 Fundus of stomach, 170 Fungiform papillae, 139, 334 Purred tongue, 140 370 INDEX. Gall (see Bile) Gall bladder, 150 Games, use of, 92 Ganglia, 284; Gasserian, 292; spinal, 287; sympathetic, 294 Gases of the blood, 183 Gasserian ganglion, 292 Gastric digestion, 157; experi- ments illustrating, 171 Gastric glands, 144 Gastric juice, 144, 156; artificial, 171 Gelatine, 55, 117 Gelatinization, stage of in coagu- lation, 179 Glands, 129; forms of, 131; gas- tric, 144; kinds of, 129; lachrjr- mal, 319; mammary, 11; mei- bomian, 318; of Brunner, 148; of skin, 272; of small intes- tine, 148; salivary, 140, 169 Glenoid fossa, 63 Gliding joints (arthrodia), 65 Glosso-pliaryngeal nerves, 298 Glottis, 385 Glucose (grape sugar), 22, 118; conversion of starch into, 153 Gluten, 117, 120 Glycerine, 21, 117 Glycocholic acid, 161 Glycogen, 22, 118, 151, 167 Grape sugar (see Glucose) Gray nerve fibres, 296 Gullet (see CEsopliagup) Gums, 118, 134 Habits, 309 Hremal cavity (see Ventral cavity) Haemoglobin, 178, 310, 358 Hairs, 270 Hair-follicle, 371 Hand, skeleton of, 28 Hard palate, 188 Haversian canals, 53 Haversian system, 58 Hearing, 329 Heart, 9; action of alcohol on, 349, 857; beat of, 216; cavi- ties of, 197; dissection of, 310; experiments upon, 330; position of, 195; how nour- ished, 199; muscle of, 76; pal- Heart {Gontiniie^. pitation of, 144; sounds of, 220; vessels connected with, 198; work done by daily, 221 Heat of body, source of, 96; in- fluence of starvation upon, 97 Hepatic artery, 150 Hepatic duct, 150 Hepatic veins, 209, 213 Hibernation, 98 (foot-note) High heels, bad effects of, 56 Hilus of kidney, 268, 378 Hind-limb (see Lower-limb) Hinge joints (ginglymi),63 Hip-joint, 28, 60 Histology, definition of, 3; of blood, 176; of bone, 51; of kidneys, 265; of lungs, 387; of lymph, 189; of muscle, 74; of nerve cells, 397; of nerve fibres, 396; of retina, 321; of skin, 266 Hollow veins (see Vense cavae) Human anatomy, definition of, 2, 17 Human physiology, definition of, 1, 2, 17 Humerus, 38, 47 Hunger, 316 Hydrocarbons (see Fats) Hydrochloric acid, 20, 157 Hygiene, definition of, 1, 2; of blood, 184; of bony skeleton, 56; of brain, 311; of eyes, 328; of muscles, 89; of respiration, 245, 354; of skin, 274; of teeth, 137 Hyoid bone, 26 Hypermetropia, 328 Hypoglossal nerves, 293 Ileo-colic valve, 149 Ileum, 145 Iliac arteries, 204 Incisors, 135 Incus (anvil bone), 331 Indigestible substances, 164 Inferior maxillary bone (mandi- ble), 37 Inferior maxillary nerve, 293 Inferior turbinate bone, 38, 333 Innominate artery, 202 - INDEX. 371 Innominate bone (os innomina- tum or pelvic bone), 28, 60 Inorganic constituents of tlie body, 20 Inorganic foods, 118 Insertion of muscles, 70 Inspiration, 243. 244 Intercellular substance, 16, 23 Internal ear (labyrinth), 331 Intervertebral foramina, 33 ; discs, 30, 33 Intestinal digestion, 163 Intestinal juice (succus enteri- cus), 163 Intestines, digestion in, 163; large, 148 (see Large intestine); small, 145 (see Small intestine) Invertebrate animals, character- istics of, 8 Involuntary muscles, 75 Iris, 331 Isthmus of the fauces, 133, 155 Jejunum, 145 Joint, anlile, 83; elbow, 65, 70; hip, 38, 60; knee, 63; shoulder, 43, 63 Joints, 25; ball and socket, 63; general structure of, 60; glid- ing, 65; hinge, 63; pivot, 64; movements at, 63 KiDNETS, 9, 261, 278; action of alcohol on, 355, 357 ; gross anatomy of, 263; histology of, 265; secretion of, 266 Knee-cap (patella), 29 Knee-joint, 63 Labok, physiological division of, Labyrinth (internal ear). 331 Lachrymal apparatus, 319 Lachrymal bones, 38 Lacteals, 147, 168, 188 Lactose (milk sugar), 32, 118 Lacunse of bone, 54 Lamellae of bone, 53 Large intestine, 133, 148; absorp- tion from, 168 Larynx, 235, 337; muscles of, 339 Leg, skeleton of, 28 Levers in the body, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 Lieberkilhn, crypts of, 148 Liebig's extract of meat, 78 Ligaments, 34, 61; capsular, 61; round, 61 ; transverse, of atlas. 33, 64 Light, action of, on the retina. 833, 335 Limbs, comparison of upper and lower, 38; general structure of, 10 Liver, 149; action of alcohol on, 357; functions of, 151 Localization of skin-sensations, 333 Local sign, 333 Locomotion, 86 Long bones, 51 Long sight (hypermetropia), 328 Lower jaw, bone of, 37; move- ments of, 64 Lower limb, comparison of up- per and, 38; peculiarities of, in man, 45; skeleton of, 28 Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord, 287 Lumbar vertebrae, 30 Lungs, 8, 106, 337; action of al- cohol on, 357; changes under, gone by blood in, 357; de- monstration of the action of, 248; dissection of, 247; elas- ticity of, 338; expansion of, 239 ; quantity of COj passed out from, in a day, 253; quantity of O taken up by, in a day, 253: renewal of air in, 840 Lunula of nails, 371 Lymph, 186; cliemistry of, 189; histology of, 189; renewal of, 187 Lymphatics of small Intestine, 147 Lymphatic vessels (absorbents), 188 Malak bone, 38 Malleus (hammer) bone, 331 Malpighi, pyramids of. 364. 378 Mammalia, definition of, 11, 13 Mammary glands, 11 372 INDEX. Man, as a vertebrate animal, 7 13; place of,among vertebrates, 11, 13 Mandible (inferior maxillary bone), 37 Margarin, 117 Mairo\r, 49, 50; red, 50 Maxilla (superior maxillary bone), 38 Meat extracts, 78 Meats, cooking of, 124; nutritive value of, 119 Medulla oblongata, 289 Medullary cavity of bone, 49, 51 Medullary slieatb of nerves, 296 Meibomian follicles, 318 Membranes of tlie brain and spinal cord, 285 Mesenteric arteries, 202 Meseutery, 170 Mstacarpal bones, 28, 51 Metatarsal bones, 29, 51 Microscopic anatomy (see His- tology) MiflriS (see Diaphragm) Milk, as a food, 57; nutritive value of, 120; sugar (lactose), 22, 118; teeth, 135 Mitral valve, 201, 215 Molar teeth, 136 Moral deterioration due to alco- hol, 361 Morphia, 361 Motor (eflferent) nerves. 305 Motores oculi uerves, 291 Moutli-cavity, 133; absorption from, 166 Movements, at joints, 63; of the body, how effected, 59; in space, 86 Mucin, 164 Mucous coat, small intestine, 146 Mucous membrane, of air-pas- sages, 336; of alimentary canal, 128 Mumps, 140 Muscles, 69, 67; chemical com- position of, 77; contraction of, 69; gross structure of, 73; liis- tology of, 74; how controlled, 72; hygiene of, 89; of arteries, 333; of heart, 76; of larynx, Muscles {Continued). 389; of small intestine, 148; of stomach, 144; origin and in- sertion of, 70; papillary, 201, 214, 219; parts of, 67; rectus abdominis, 72; special physi- ology of, 80; varieties of, 71 Muscular fibres, 74 Muscular tissue, striped, 78; plain, 74 Muscular work, influence of starvation upon, 97; source, 93 Mustard, use of, as a food, 115 Myopia, 327 Myosin, 31, 77, 117 Nails, 271 Narcotics, 348 Nares, posterioi', 38 Nasal bones, 38 Nerves, cranial, 290; kinds of, 294; spinal, 287 Nerves, inferior maxillary, 292; ophthalmic, 292; right phrenic, 212; sciatic, 399; superior max- illary, 293; sympathetic, 294 Nerve-cells, 397 Nerve-centres, 283, 284; classifi- cation of, 805; functions of, 304 Nerve-fibres, afferent and effe- rent, 305; kinds of, 295 Nerve-ganglia, 284 Nerve-trunks, 383; functions of, 304 Nervous system, anatomy of, 282; properties of, 801, 313 Neural arch, SI Neural cavity (see Dorsal cav- ity) Nicotin, 363 Ninth pair cranial (glosso-pha- ryngeal) nerves, 293 Nitrogen-excreting organs, gene- ral arrangement of, 261 Nou-oxidizable foods, 113 Non-vascular tissues, 175 Nucleolus, 15 Nucleus, 15 Nutrition, 109 Nutritive value of different foods, 119 INDEX. 373 Occipital bones, 37: condyles, S3 Odontoid (tooth-like) process of tlie axis, 83, 64 Odorous substances, 338 OSsopliagus (gullet), 8, 133, 143, 169; absorption from, 166 Oils (see Fats) Oil glands (sebaceous - glands), 273 Oleic acid, 21 Oleine, 3t, 117 Olfactory lobes, 289 Olfactory nerves, 390 Omentum, 13, 170 Ophthalmic nerves, 393 Opium, 859 Optic commissures, 291 Optic nerves, 390, 317 Organ, definition of, 4; cifcula- tory, 107, 192, 194; digestive, 107, 128; nitrogen excreting, 261; of hearing, 329; of sight, 317; of smell, 383; of taste, 334, of temperature sense, 333; of touch, 331; receptive and ex- cretory, 105; respiratory, 108, 283 Organic constituents of the body, 30 Organs diseased by alcohol, 856 Origin and insertion of muscles, 70 Os innominatum (see Innominate bone) Osmosis, 186 Oval foramen, 331 'xidations in the body, 99 ■idations, 99, 100 Oxygen, absorption of from the lungs, 358; in the blood, 184; influence of on the color of the blood, 259; quantity of taken up by the lungs in a day, 253 Oxygen food of the body, 103 Oxyhsemoglobin, 258 Palate, 133 Palate bones, 38 Palmitic acid, 31 Palmitin, 31, 117 Palpitation of the heart, 144 Pancreas, 151, 170 Pancreatic secretion, 159; action of on food-stufCs, 160, 172 Papillae of the dermis, 270 Papillse of the tongue, 139 Papillary muscles, 301, 314; use of the, 319 Parietal bones, 37 Parotid gland, 140, 169 Patella (kuee-cap), 29 Pathetic! nerves, 293 Peas, nutritive value of, 131 Pectoral arch or girdle, 37; com- parison of pectoral and pelvic girdles, 38 Pedicle of vetebrse, 33 Pelvic arch or girdle, 38; com- parison of pectoral and pelvic girdles, 38 Pelvis, 38, 45 Pelvis of kidney, 363 Penniform muscles, 71 Pericarditis, 196 Pericardium, 195, 213 Perilymph, 831 Perimysium, 73 Periosteum, 47, 51 Permanent teeth, 135 Peroneal artery, 204 Perspiration, 272 Pepper, use of as a food, 115 Pepsin, 157 Peptones, 157; absorption of, 167 Phalanges of fingers, 28, 51; of toes, 39, 51 Pharynx, 138, 141; absorption from, 166 Phosphate of lime, 20, 55, 57 Phrenic nerve, 313 Physiological division of labor, 17 Physiology, human, definition of, 1, 3, 17 Physiology of muscle, special and general, 80 Pia mater, 385 Pillars of the fauces, 141 Pivot joints, 64 Plain muscular tissue, 74 Plants, as food for animals, 112 374 INDEX. Pleura, 238 Pleurisy, 238 Pneumogastric nerve, 298 Poison, definition of, 116 Polygastrio muscles, 73 Pons varolii, 289 Popliteal artery, 204 Pork, nutritive value of, 119 Portal circulation, 208 Portal vein, 150, 170, 208 Posterior nares, 38 Potatoes, nutritive value of, 121 Premolars (bicuspids), 136 Primitive sheath of nerves, 296 Pronation, 65 Proteid alimentary principles, 117 Proteid substances (see Albumin- ous substances) Psychic nerve centres, 305 Pulleys in the body, 84 Pulmonary artery, 199, 212 Pulmonary circulation, 192, 208 Pulmonary veins, 199, 212 Pulp cavity of tooth, 136 Pulse, 222; disappearance of in capillaries and veins, 226; hard and soft, 223; rate of, 223 Pupil, 381 Pus, 179 Pyloric orifice of stomach, 143, 170 Pyloric sphincter, 144, 157, 158 Pyramids of Malpighi, 264, 278 Rncemose (acinous) glands, 129, 181 Radial artery, 202, 222 Radius, 28, 51 Receptive organs of the body, 105 Reception and excretion, inter- mediate steps betvreen, 106 Rectum, 149, 170 Rectus abdominis muscle, 72 Red blood corpuscles, composi- tion of, 183; function of, 178, 259; of man, 177, 190; of other animals, 177 Red-marrovF, 50 Reduced hsemoglobin, 210 Reducing dislocations, 66 Reflex centres, 808; experiments showing action of, 313; use of, 809 Refracting media of the eye, 325 Renal arteries, 202, 261 Renal secretion (urine), 266 Renal veins, 261 Respiration, 108; abdominal, 246; chemistry of, 250; costal, 246; experiments in, 248, 259; hy~ giene of, 245, 254; object of, 233 Respiratory organs, 108; anat- omy of, 283 Respiratorysounds or murmurs, 245 Retina, 317; histology of, 821 Ribs, 26, 84; action of in respira- tion, 244 Rice, nutritive value of, 121 Right phrenic nerve, 212 Rotation at joints, 63 Round ligament, 61 Running, 89 Saokum, 80, 84 Saliva, 152, chemical action of, 158, 171; influence of in diges- tion, 154; uses of, 152 Salivary glands, 140, 169 Salt, as a constituent of the body, 20, importance of as food, 118 Sarcolemma, 74 Scapula (shoulder-blade), 27, 51 Sciatic nerve, 299 Sclerotic, 821 Sebaceous glands (oil glands), 273 Sebaceous secretion, 274 Secretion, of gastric glands, 144, 156; of glands of small intes- tine, 163; of liidneys, 266; of lachrymal gland, 319; of liver, 150, 161 (see bile); of meibomi- an follicles, 318; of pancreas, 159 (see Pancreatic secretion); of salivary glands, 152 (see Saliva); of sebaceous glands, 274; of sweat glands, 272 Semicircular canals, 331 Semilunar valves, 201, 218; dem- onstration of action of, 281 Semivowels, 841 INDEX. 375 Sensations, 314; common, 315; localization of skin, 333 Senses, special, 316 Sensory (affuient) nerves, 305 Septum of heart, 197, 313 Serum (see Blood-serum) Serum albumen, 21, 113; coagu- lation of, 183, 191 Seventh pair cranial (facial) nerves, 293 Shaft of bones, 48 Short bones, 51 Short sight (myopia), 337 Shoulder girdle(see Pectoral arch) Shoulder ioint, 42, 63 Shower baths, 377 Sight, sensation of, 317; organ of, 317 Sigmoid flexure, 149 Simple fracture of bones, 57 Sinuses of Valsalva, 315 Sixth pair cranial (abducentes) nerves, 292 Skeleton, appendicular, 27; axi- al, 26; composition of, 23; of cranium, 37; of face, 37; of lower limb, 38; of upper limb, 28; peculiarities of human, 43 Skin, 266; action of alcohol on, 356; as a sense-organ, 274; glands of, 272; histology of, 266; hygiene of, 374; sensa. tions, localization of, 333 Skull, 86, 35 ; peculiarities in the position of, 43 Small intestine, 133. 145, 170; absorption from, 167; glands of, 148; lymphatics of, 147; mucous coat of, 146 ; muscular coat of, 148; villi of, 146 Smell, 333 Sounds of the heart, 330 Soiinds, respiratory, 845 Sound waves, action of on the ear, 331 Special physiology of muscles, 80 Speech, 336 Sphenoid bone, 37 Spinal accessory nerves, 893 Spinal cord, 9, 386 ; dissection of, 899 Spinal ganglia, 387 Spinal nerves, 387 Spine (see Vertebral column) Spinous process of verlebrse (neural spine), 31 Spleen, 170 Spongy (cancellated) bone, 49 Sprains, 66 Standing, 84 Stapes (stirrup bone), 331 Starch, 118; action of bile on, 161 ; of gastric juice on, 157; of pancreatic secretion on, 159, 173; of saliva on, 153, 171; sol- uble, 134 Starvation, death from, 98; in- fluence of on muscular work and animal heat, 97 Stearic acid, 81 Stearin, 31, 117 Sternum (breast bone), 37, 34 Stimulants, 115. 132, 343 Stomach, 8 143, 170; absorption from, 167; action of alcohol on, 350, 356; digestion in, 157, 171; glands of, 144; muscular coat of, 144 Striped muscular tissue, 73, 74 Sub-clavian artery, 302 Sublingual gland, 141, 169 Sub-maxillar}' gland, 140, 169 Succus entericus (intestinal juice), 163 Sudoriparous glands (sweat- glands), 131, 272 Suffocation, 104, 253 Sugar, cane, 118; grape (see Grape-sugar) Sugar of milk (lactose), 32, 118 Superior maxillary bone, 38 Superior maxillary nerve, 393 Supination, 64 Swallowing (deglutition), 154; as a reflex action, 309 Sweat, 372 Sweat (sudoriparous) glands, 131, 272 Sweetbread (see Pancreas) Sympathetic nerve centres, 9, 13, '384; ganglia of, 293 Synovial fluid, 61 Synovial meml)rane, 61 Syntonin, 77, 117 376 INDEX. Systemic circulation, 192, 208 Systole of lieart-beat, 216 Tabtjlak bones, 51 Tarsal bones, 29, 51; joints be- tween, 65 Tarsus, benefits of peculiar str\icture of, 45 Taste, 334 Taurocliolic acid, 161 Tea, 123 Tears, 319 Teeth, characteristics of Indi- vidual, 135; general structure of, 134; hygiene of, 137; kinds of, 134 Temperature changes in respired air, 251, 259 Temperature of the body, 96; regulation of, 97; regulation by means of sweat glands, 274 (foot-note) Temperature sense, 333 Temporal artery, 222 Temporal bone, 37 Tendons, 24, 67, 69 Tenth pair cranial (pneumogas- tric) nerves, 293 Thein, 115 Thigh bone (femur), 28 Third pair cranial (motores oculi) nerves, 291 Thirst, 316 Thoracic aorta, 202 Thorax, contents of, 11; dorso- ventral enlargement of, 244; structure of, 242; vertical en- largement of, 242 Thyroid cartilage, 888 Tibia, 28, 51 Tibial artery, 204 Tight lacing, evil effecis of, 247 Tissues, classification of, 4 (foot- note); connective, 24; nerve, 294; non-vascular, 175; plain muscular, 74; striped muscular, 74; subcutaneous areolar, 268: ultimate structure of, 15 Tobacco, 363 Tongue, 139; furred, 140 Tonsils, 141 Touch, 331 Trachea (windpipe), 8, 235; dia section of, 247; structure of, 286 Transverse ligament of the atlas, 32, 64 Triceps muscle, 72 Triceps muscles, definition of, 71 Trichina, 120 Tricuspid valve, 201 , 214 Trigeminal nerves, 292 Trvpsin, 160 Tubular glands, 129, 131 Turbinate bones, 88, 333 Turnips, nutritive valve of, 121 Twelfth pair cranial (hypoglos- sal) nerves, 293 Tympanic membrane, 830 Tympanum, 330 Ulna, 28, 51 Ulnar artery, 202 Unstriped muscle cells, 76 Upper jaw bone, 38 Upper limb, comparison of upper and lower limbs, 38; skeleton of, 28 Urea, 105, 111, 266; useless as food, 112 Ureters, 263, 278 Urethra, 263 Urinary bladder, 263. 278 Urine, "266 Uriniferous tubules, 265 Uvula, 134 Vagi, 293 Valsalva, sinuses of, 215 Valves, auriculo-ventricular, 201, 214, 217, 232; ileocolic, 149; of the heart, demonstration of their action, 231; of the veins, 206; semilunar, 201, 215, 218, 231 Valvulse conniventes, 146 Vascular system, function of the diflferent parts of, 193 Veins, 194, 205; absence of pulse in, 226; circulation in, 224; valves of the, 206 Veins, coronary, 199, 213; he- patic, 209, 212; hollow (venre cavffi), 199, 212; portal, 150, INDEX. 377 Veins (Continued). 170,208; pulmonary, 199, 213; renal, 261 Vegetable casein, 117 Venae cavee (hollow veins), 199, 212 Venous blood, 178, 211 Ventilation, 253; methods of, 256 Ventral (hsemal) cavity, 6; con- tents of, 8, 13 Ventricles, 197 Ventricular contraction, 218 Vermiform appendix, 148 Vertebrse, 30, 51; structure of, 30 Vertebral column, (spine, back- bone), 7, 26, 30, 34; curvatures of, 33; mechanism of, 33; pecu- liarities of human, 44 Vertebrate animals, characteris- tics of, 7; classification of, 11 (foot-note) Vestibule of ear, 331 Villi of small intestine, 146, 170 Visual apparatus, 317 Visual centre, 317 Visual purple, 328 Vitreous humor, 325 Vocal cords, 338 Voice, 335; range of human, 340 Voluntary muscles, 75 (see also foot-note) Vomer, 37 Vowels, 340 Walking, 87 Warm baths, 277 Wastes of the body, 105; removal of, 175 Water, as a constituent of the body, 20; as a food, 113, 118; as a force regulator, 115; as a ■waste product, 105; quantity of lost through the kidneys, 266; through the lungs, 251; through the skin, 273 Wheat, nutritive valve of, 120 Whipped (defibrinated) blood, 181 White blood corpuscles, 179, 190 White nerve fibres, 295 Windpipe (see Trachea) Wisdom teeth, 135 Work, daily, of heart, 221; in- fluence of starvation upon muscular, 97; power of the body to do, 93. 