None
The facts which have accumulated within recent years on the mor- phology of the cell and its physiological manifestations during the process of reproduction have, as we have seen above, been astonish- ing. Particularly the nucleus has attracted the most attention, and it has been shown very conclusively that the chromosomes of the nuclei of the sexual cells are the principal factors in transmitting the hereditary manifestations during reproduction. The most recent studies, particularly those of Conklin, have revealed the fact, how- ever, that the cytoplasm of the egg-shell also has a more highly dif- ferentiated structure than was suspected. It has been conclusively shown that many of the future organs are already mapped out in the two-cell stage and even in the unsegmented ovum. It was only natural that these new discoveries should exercise great influence upon the conception of evolution, and therefore a new theory embodying all the newest achievements could be expected to be received with favor. This new theory is suggested by De Vries REPRODUCTION. 889 as the "mutation theory," and is founded upon the phenomena of the cell-life. It is a theory cf evolution of living organisms through evolution of their germ-cells, and suggests, in the words of Conklin, that similarities in the character and localization of the material sub- stances of the egg must be the initial causes of all similarities or homologies which appear in the course of development. Modifications of this germinal organization, however produced, are probably the immediate causes of evolution; and if it is to be accepted as probable that certain types of animals have been derived from others, it is. evident that such transformations might be accomplished far more easily in the egg than in the adult. Relatively slight modifications in the germinal organization would convert one type into another. We find here the question raised, whether sudden alterations of germinal organization may not lie at the base of the origin of new types. How much nearer this new theory will bring us to the proper conception of the physiological "phenomenon of life" itself and the "phenomenon of reproduction" of living beings, as a manifestation of the preservation of energy underlying the former, remains to be seen. The solution of the ultimate and most mysterious of all problems — the question of the "origin of life" — seems to be as remote as ever. LITERATURE CONSULTED. Heisler's "Embryology." Boveri, "Das Problem der Befruchtung," 1902. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. French Measures of Length, Weight, and Volume. 1 millimeter = yio centimeter = 1/1000 meter. 1 centimeter = 1/100 meter. 1 micromillimeter ( 1 j* ) = 1/1000 millimeter. 1 liter^ 1000 centimeters cubes (1000 c.c.). Relation between Volume and Weight. 1 c.c. = 1 gramme. 1 milligramme = 1/1000 gramme. 1 kilogramme = 1000 grammes. • •. - . '". » Length. French to English. 1 centimeter = 0.39371 inch. 1 meter =39.37079 inches. 1 micromillimeter = 0.00003937 inch. (To convert centimeters into inches multiply by 13/33.) Weight. English to French. 1 grain = 0.0648 gramme. 1 ounce = 28.3495 grammes. 1 pound- 453.592 1 stone = 6.35 kilogrammes. 1 cwt. 50.8 1 ton =1016 ' " Weight. French to English. 1 gramme =15.432349 grains. 1 kilogramme == 2.2046213 pounds, or about 35 ounces. 1 milligramme = 0.015432 grain. (890) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 891 Volume. English to French. 1 cubic inch = 16.3861759 centimeters cubes. 1 fluid ounce-: 28.3495 1 pint =567 1 cubic foot : 28.3153 liters. 1 minim 0.059 c.c. Volume. French to English. 1 centimeter cube = 0.061027 cubic inch. 1 liter (1000 c.c.) =61.027 cubic inches, or 35 fluid ounces, or !3/4 pints. 1 meter cube (1000 liters) = 35.3 cubic feet. Measures of Energy. 1 kilogrammeter = about 7.24 foot-pounds. 1 foot-pound " 0.1381 KgM. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. 1 kilocalorie = 424 (or 423.985) kilogrammeters. Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales. To convert Fahrenheit into Centigrade subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9. To convert Centigrade into Fahrenheit multiply by 9/5 and add- 32. INDEX. ABDOMINAL reflex, 696 Abducent nerve, '845 distribution, 845 function, 845 origin, 845 pathology, 845 physiology, 845 Aberration, 812 chromatic, 812 spherical, 812 Absorption, 142 by blood-vessels, 170 by the skin and lungs, 171 from intestines, 151 stomach, 151 within, 142 without, 142 of alcohol, 151 carbohydrates, 152 fats, 154 proteids, 153 salts, 152 water, 152 rapidity of, 155 time of, 156 Accessory foods, 44 Accessory nucleus dentatus, 703 Accommodation of the eye, 813 act of, 812 defects of, 812 for distance, 814 mechanism of, 813 Acetic acid fermentation, 135 Acetonaemia, 131 Achromatic nuclear substance, 12 Achroodextrin, 63 Acid fermentation of urine, 477 Acid poisoning, 508 Acid sodium urate, 496 Acids in the gastric juice, 77 Acrpmegaly, 434 Action current of nerves, 610 Adam's apple, 565 Adaptation, 887 Addison's disease, 423 Adenin, 469 Adipocere, 556 Adrenal glands, 420 blood supply of, 422 choline secretion, 422 extract of, 426 function of, 423 results of extirpation of, 422 secretory nerves of, 422 structure of, 420 Adrenalin, 426 Aeroplethysmograph, 363 ^sthesiometer, 750 Afferent impulses of cerebellum, 708 After-images, 809 Age, influence on capacity of respiration, 361 Agglutinins, 222 Agraphia, 585 Aim of alimentation, 510 Air, 400 complemental, 362 compressed, 401 quantity breathed, 362 rarefied, 402 Air, reserved, 362 residual, 362 tidal, 362 vital capacity of, 362 Air cells, 349 Air passages, 345 Air tubes (see bronchi), 345 Ala cinerea, 645 Alanin, 33 Albumin, 35 acid, 35 alkali, 35 derived, 35 egg, 36 in urine, 481 native, 36 serum, 36 Albuminates, 35 Albuminoids, 35 Albuminuria, 481 causes, 481 tests, 481 Albumoses, 85 Albumosuria, 481 Alcohol, 44 heat value of, 522 Alcoholic fermentation, 135 Aleuron granules, 35 Alexia, 585 Alimentary canal, 47 length, 47 parts of, 47 substances, 38 Alkali albumin, 35 Alteration theory of nerve currents, 612 Alternate hemiplegia, 710 Alveolus, 51 Amido acids, 34, 498 Ammonia, 33/472 Ammonium carbonate, 467 magnesium phosphate, 480 Amnion, 873 Amoeba, 9, 15 Amoeboid movement, 15 Amphipyrenin, 13 Ampulla, 787 Amylopsin, 111 Amyloses, 28, 29 Amyloses*or starches, 29 action of saliva upon, 63 pancreatic juice, 111 Anabolic processes, 490 Anatomy, 3 Animal heat, 528 estimation of, 535 extremes of temperature, 534 post-mortem rises, 549 Animals, 531 cold-blooded, 531 temperature of, 531 warm-blooded, 531 Anions, 143 Ankle clonus, 646 Anosmia, 765 Anospinal center, 138 Anterior columns, 634 pyramids, 642 root fibers, 634 Antero-lateral ascending cerebellar tract, (893) 894 INDEX. Antero-lateral ground bundle, 634 Antiferments, 88 Antipepsin, 88 Antiperistalsis, 100 Antiseptic action of hydrochloric acid, 88 Antitoxins, 221 Anus, 102, 138 Aphasia, 584 Aphemia, 585 Aphonia, 584 Apnnea, 380 Aqueductus Sylvius, 656 Aqueous humor, 806 Arachnoid, 626 Arcuate fibers, 649 deep, 649 superficial, 649 Arginine, 114 Argyll-Robertson pupil, 831 Aromatic amino acids, 33 Arterial blood, 177 Arteries (see names of), 285 bronchial, 350 coats of, 286 contractility of, 294 coronary, 253 elasticity of, 292 lymph-spaces of, 161 muscularity of, 286 nerve supply of, 287 pressure of blood in asphyxia, 381 pulmonary, 240 pulse, 294 rate of movement of blood in, 320 structure, 285 tension, 303 vasa vasorum, 286 Artery of cerebral haemorrhage, 676 Articulate sounds, classification of, 583 vowels and consonants, 583 Artificial respiration, 382 Laborde method, 384 Marshall Hall method, 382 Pieman's experiments, 383 Shafer method, 383 Sylvester method, 3&2 Arytenoid cartilages, 577 Arytenoideus muscle, 579 Ascending loop of Henle, 459 Ase, 61 Aspartic acid, 32 Asphyxia, 380 artificial respiration in, 382 causes of death in, 382 effect upon circulation, 381 stages of, 380 Aspiration of heart and thorax, 326 Association areas of Flechsig, 720 Aster, 21 Astigmatism, 816 Atmospheric air (see air). pressure in relation to respiration, 401 Atoms, 5 Atropine, effects of, on heart, 278 lacrymal gland, 832 respiration, 371 salivary glands, 65 Auditory area, 715 auricle, 768 cells, 774 external, 775 Internal, 774 center, 715 field, 769 judgment, 786 nerve, 775 sounds, 786 striae, 644 Auerbach's plexus, 72, 95, 102 Auricle of the ear, 758 Auricles of heart, 235 Auricles of heart, diastole of, 241 systole of, 241 Auriculo-ventricular valves (see heart valves). Automaton, 721 Avogadro-Van't Hoff law, 146 Axis cylinder, 618 BACILLUS coli communis, 135 Bacteria, classification of, 134 digestion by, 135 fermentation by, 135 in intestines, 135 Balance of nutritional exchange 516 Basophiles, 187 Beckman's differential thermometer 146 Beef tea, 40 Beef, toxic principles, 40 Beer, 44 Bell's law, 692 apparent contradiction, 693 palsy, 853 Bernard's puncture, 130 Betatetrahydronaphthylainin, 542 Bethe's theory of nerve-cell connections, 617 Bicuspid valve, 232 Bicycle heart, 275 Bidder's ganglion, 260 Bile, 120 acids of, 121 action of drugs on, 132 action on muscles and nerves, 126 antiseptic powers of, 126 capillaries, 118 cholesterin, 124 composition of, 121 derivatives of salts and pigments, 122 ducts, 117 mucin, 121 pigments, 122 in urine, 476 properties and constituents of, 121 quantity secreted, 120 reabsorption of salts, 127 salts, 121 specific gravity, 120 tests for, Gmelin's, 12 Hay's, 122 Pettenkofer's, 122 uses of, 125 Bilirubin, 123 Biliverdin, 123 Binaural audition, 785 Biology, 2 Biuret test, 36 Bladder, 487 Blastoderm, 844 Blind spot, 800 Blood, 173 arterial, 177 buffy coat, 211 carbon dioxide in, 207 cause of movement of, 238 circulation of, 236 schema, 290 coagulation of, 208 color of, 173 composition, 196 crystals, 197 difference between arterial and venous, 177 distribution of, 177 experiments upon, 184 fibrin of, 20 function of, 218 gases of, 207 globucidal action of, 216 haemoglobin, 195 laking, 184 medico-legal tests, 218 INDEX. 895 Blood, odor of, 175 oxygen in, 207 pigments in urine, 474 plasma, 204 plates of, 190 proteids of, 205 quantity of, 176 reaction, 174 renewal of, 215 serum, 204 specific gravity, 175 spectra, 201 taste, 175 temperature of, 175 estimation of, 176 transfusion, 216 venous, 177 viscosity of, 175 volume of, 205 Welcker's estimation, 176 Blood-corpuscles, 178 blood-platelets, 190 chemical composition of, 196 chemistry of, 204 count of, 181 destruction of, 193 . diapedesis of, 189 experiments upon, 184 of different animals, 216 parasites, 179 vitality of, 181 red corpuscles, action of inorganic sub- stances, 185 destruction of, 193 formation of, 192 in extra-uterine life, 193 in intra-uterine life, 192 function of, 218 life cycle of, 181 methods of counting, 181 number, 180 conditions affecting, 180 parasites, 179 place of destruction, 194 rouleaux, 179 shape, 178 size, 178 white corpuscles, 186 amoeboid movements of, 187 disappear when blood is drawn, 186 function of, 188 number of, 186 origin of, 190 structure of, 187 variations in number, 186 varieties, 187 where found, 188 Blood-crystals, 197 Blood-platelets, 190 Blood-pressure, 303 effect of vagus on, 375 extremes of, 314 in man, 310 measurement of, 306 pathological, 314 respiratory wave, 309 causes, 309 Traube-Hering curve of, 315 variations of, 313 venous, 316 Blood-vessels, 291 circulation in, 291 Weber's schema, 290 Body, chemical constituents of, 25 Body cavity, 6 Bony labyrinth, 771 Boveri on fertilization, 867 Bowditch staircase contraction, 280 Bowman's capsule, 458 Boyle-Van't Hoff law, 146 Brain (see cerebellum, pons, etc.). Brain, action of extracts of, 723 aqueduct of Sylvius, 656 artery of haemorrhage, 676 blood-supply of, 675 circulation in, 326 claustrum, 670 corpora quadrigemina, 671 corpora striata, 675 external form, 659 extirpation of, 712 fissures of, 659 fourth ventricle, 655 ganglia of, 667 gray matter of, 665 internal capsule, 671 lobes, 662 motor areas, 714 optic thalamus, 712 sensory areas, 714 structure of convolutions of, 666 tracts, cortico-pontal cerebellar, 673 motor, 673 sensory, 675 white matter, 667 Bread, 43 Bread juice, comparative value of, 81 Breathing (see respiration). Bromelin, 111 Bronchi, 349 blood-supply of, 350 unstriped muscle, 370 Bronchial system, 349 Brunner's glands, 95 Buffy coat, 207 Bulb (see medulla). Bulbar nerves, 699 Burdach's column, 638 Butter, 43 Buttermilk, 43 Butyric fermentation, 135 CACHBXIA strumipriva, 411 Caecum, 96 Caffeine, 45 Caisson paralysis, 401 Caissons and effect of compressed air, 401 Calamus scriptorius, 644 Calcium carbonate, 480 • •- oxalate, 480 phosphate, 480 Calorie, 522 Calorimeter, 536 Calyces of kidney, 457 Camera obscura, 811 Canal, alimentary, 47 external auditory, 768 function, 768 Petit's, 806 Schlemm's, 793 semi-circular, of ear, 786 Stilling's, 806 Cannon's experiments on stomach, 73 Capacity of chest, vital, 361 Capillaries, 287 anatomy of, 287 bile, 118 blood-pressure in, 316 capacity, 287 circulation in, 288 histology, 287 passage of corpuscles through walls, 301 rate of blood in, 303 size, 287 Capillary circulation, 299 blood-pressure, 316 electrometer, 601 swiftness, 303 Capsule of Bowman, 458 of Glisson, 116 of Tenon, 807 896 INDEX. Carbamid, 465 Carbohydrates, 27, 38 absorption of, 152 heat value of, 522 in metabolism, 501 Carboluria, 476 Carbon equilibrium, 515 estimation of, 515 Carbon monoxide, 199, 400 Carbon monoxide haemoglobin, 199 Carbonic acid, 399 in blood, 207 in urine, 477 Cardiac glands, 70 impulse, 243 mucous membrane, 78 pathology, 339 revolution, 241 sphincter in vomiting, 89 sympathetic, 728 Cardinal points of Gauss, 810 Cardiograms, 245 Cardiographs, 243 Sanderson's, 243 Cartilages of larynx, 576 Caseanic acid, 115 Casein (see milk), 42 Caseinogen, 42 Castration, 877 Catabolic processes, 490 Cataract, 800 Cathions, 143 Cauda equina, 625 Caudate nucleus, 668 Cell-division, 17 direct, 19 endogenous nuclear multiplication, 22 indirect, 20 Cells, 1, 7 achromatin, 12 afferent, 622 animal and vegetable, differences, o blood (see blood-corpuscles). ciliated, 15 constituents, 7 definition, 7 Deiters's, 710 efferent, 622 fatigue of, 23 gustatory, 757 Langerhans's, 107 nerve, 613 Nissl granules, 616 nuclear sap, 12 nucleolus, 13 nucleus, 12 olfactory, 762 oxyntic, 71 parietal, 71 Purkinje's, 706 selective power of, 143 tactile, 746 theory of, 5 vegetable, 6 wall, 8 Cellulifugal fibers, 622 Cellulipetal fibers, 622 Cement, 54 Center of smell, 715 Central nucleus, 653 Centrosome, 13, 21 definition, 13 division of, 14 number, 14 size, 14 staining of, 14 Cereals, 44 Cerebellum, 701 accessory nucleus dentatus, 703 afferent impulses, 708 Cerebellum, arbor vitae, 703 center of coordination, 708 corpus dentatum, 703 cortex, structure of, 704 efferent impulses, 709 experiments on, 707 function of, 707 general description, 702 internal structure, 702 median lobe, 702 nuclei of, 763 peduncles, 703, 710 physiology, 707 Purkinje cells, 706 section of, 710 spinal cord connections, 705 surface form, 702 valley of, 702 Cerebral convolutions, structure of, 666 Cerebral cortex, 666 ablation, 721 action of brain-extracts on, 723 motor centers, 714 sensory centers, 715 Cerebral detrusor center, 488 Cerebral hemispheres, experimental phys- iology of, 721 effect of destruction, 721 irritability of cortex, 723 Cerebral peduncles, 653 crusta, 654 locus niger, 654 tegmentum, 655 texture, 654 Cfjrebrins, 624 Cerebrosides, 624 Cerebrpspinal fluid, 726 action of drugs on, 727 composition, 726 differences from plasma, 726 origin, 726 Cerebrum (see brain). Cerumen, 768 Chambers of eye, 806 Champagne, 45 Charcot's artery of haemorrhage, 676 Cheirokinesthetic center, 585 Chemical composition of the body, 25 Chemotaxis, 16 Chest in respiration, 356 voice, 577 Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 385 Chlorides in urine, 476 Chloroform on electrical responses, 611 Chlorophyll, 198 Cholagogues, 132 Cholesterin, 123 Cholin, 422 Chorda tendineae (see heart). Chorda tympani, 64 Chorion, 874 Chorium frondosum, 874 Choroid coat of eye, 794 Chromatic aberration, 812 Chromatic nuclear substance, 12 Chromatolysis, 616 Chromogen, 422 Chromosomes, 21 Chyle, 166 coagulation of, 166 composition, 166 corpuscles, 166 flow, 166 quantity, 170 Chyme, 89 Cilia, 15 Ciliary movement, 15 body, 797 ganglion, 831 muscles, 796 INDEX. 897 Ciliary processes, 796 system, 797 Cilio-spinal center, 698 Circles of diffusion, 819 Circulation, 236 action of heart, 238 capillary, 299 comparative, 226 course of, 236 duration, 324 early discoveries, 288 in blood-vessels, 285 brain, 326 frog's foot, 301 lower animals, 226 portal system, 117, 236 pulmonary system, 236 renal system, 461 systemic system, 236 venous system, 325 influence of asphyxia, 381 of blood, 238 pathological conditions of, 349 rapidity, 318 Circulatory system, 236 Circumvallate papillae, 756 Clarke's column, 632 Claudius's cells, 775 Claustrum, 670 Clava, 644 Climacteric, 878 Coagulases, 62 Coagulation of blood, 208 conditions affecting, 212 factors of, 210 of milk, 42 process of, tabulated, 210 rapidity, 208 theories of, 209 why it does not in vessels, 214 Cochlea, 772 Cochlear nerve, 775 Cocoa, 45 Coffee, 45 Coffeon, 45 Cohesion of nerves, 624 Cold-blooded animals, 531 Cold spots, 751 Colloids, 149 Colon, 94 Colon bacillus, 135 Color-vision, 823 blindness, 225 phenomena of perception, 824 sensations, 824 Colostrum, 41 corpuscles, 43 Comma-tract, 638 Commissures of cord, 639 Complemental air, 362 Complementary colors, 825 Compounds, 25 inorganic, 25, 26 organic, 25, 26 Compressed air of caisson, 401 Cones, 756 Conjugate deviation, 846 Conjugated sulphates, 476 Conjunctiva, 791 Conklin's discoveries, 888 Connective-tissue spaces, 161 Contractility of muscle, 559 Contraction of pupil, 799 Convolutions of brain, 662 Cord, spinal (see spinal cord). Corium, 745 Cornea, 791 Corona radiata, 671 Coronary arteries, 253 Corpora quadragemina, 671 Corpora striata, 667 Corpus callosum, 659 Corpus dentatum, 703 Corpus luteum, 437, 880 of menstruation, 880 of pregnancy, 880 spougiosum, 877 Corpus striatum, 667 CorpusQles (see names of). Corti arches, 774 canal, 774 membrane, 775 organ of, 774 Cortical epilepsy, 717 Cortico-pontal-cerebellar tract, 654 Coughing, 385 Cranial ganglia, 667 Cranial nerves, 838 decussations, 838 origin, 840 spinal nerves, comparison with, 839 Creatinin, 472 Cremasteric reflex, 697 Cresol, 131 Cretinism, 411 Crico-arytenoid muscle, 579 Cricoid cartilage, 576 Crista acousticae, 644 Crossed pyramidal tract, 636 Crowbar case, 722 Cruciate centers, 543 Crusta, 654 Crusta petrosa, 54 Cryoscopy, 146 Crystalline lens, 799 Crystalloids, 149 Cuneate nucleus, 645 Cuneus, 716 Cupola, 772 Curdling ferments, 78 Currents, nerve, 605 Cutis vera, 745 Cystic duct, 119 Cystine, 480 Cytotoxins, 223 DALAND'S haematocrit, 183 Daltonism, 825 Darwin on evolution, 887 Decidua reflexa, 874 Decidua serotina, 874 Defecation, 138 center, 139 mechanism of, 138 Degeneration of nerves, 693 Deglutition, 58 of fluids, 59 of solids, 58 (See swallowing.) Dehydration, 490 Deiters's process, 617 nucleus, 710, 777 Demarcation current, 610 Demodex folliculorum, 752 Dendrons, 617 Depressor nerve, 273 Dermis, 743 Descemet's membrane, 792 Descending tubule of Henle, 459 Development and growth, 886 Devries's mutation theory, 888 Dextrins, 29 achroodextrin, 29 erythrodextrin, 29 Dextrose in urine, 482 Diabetes, 129 adrenalin, 129, 420 experimental, 129 inhalation, 130 irritation of vagus and depressor, 131 57 898 INDEX. Diabetes, pancreatic, 114 phloridzin, 126 section of cord, 130 Diabetic puncture, 130 Diamino acids, 32, 497 Diapedesis, 189 Diaphragm in respiration, 355 Diastase, 29 Diaster, 22 Diastole of heart, 241 Dibasic acids, 114 Dicrotic wave, 298 Diet, 520 Chittenden's experiments, 524 energy table, Hall, 524 Atwater, 515 Diffusion, 144 changes in the mouth, 64 digestion, 46 divisions of, 48 gastric, 81 in large intestines, 135 intestinal, 132 mechanism of, 135 Dioptrics, 811 Diphtheria toxin (immunity), 220 Diplopia, 823 Direct cell-division, 19 Direct cerebellar tract, 636 Direct pyramidal tract, 634 Discus proligerus, 865 D'Jelitzin's artificial respiration, 384 Double vision, 828 Dropsy, 151 Drug pigments in urine, 476 Dubois-Reymond coil, 594 Ductless glands (see names of). Ductus arteriosus, 885 Ductus cochlearis, 773 Ductus communis choledochus, 119 Duodenum, 89 Duplication, 490 Dura mater, 6261 Dynamometer, 570 EAR, 767 anatomy, 767 bones, 770 description, 770 external, 768 function, 768 internal, 771 function, 784 middle, 769 transmission by air of, 779 transmission in, 779 Eck's fistula, 467 Ectoderm, 5, 11, 872 Efferent fibers of sympathetic, 731 Eggs, 39 Ehrlich's theory of immunity, 221 Ejaculation, 876 Elasticity, 568 Elastin, 38 Electrocardiogram, 506 Electrodes, non-polarizable, 591 Electrolytes, 142 Electrometer, 601 Electromotivity, 599 Electrophonogram, 610 Electrophysiology, 587 Dubois-Reymond coil, 595 electrical phenomena of contracting muscle, 601 negative variation of nerve-currents, 610 nerve-muscle preparation, 599 physiological rheoscope, 600 Electrotonic variations, 687 Electrotonus, 683 Electrotonus, Loeb's theory of, 685 phenomena, 1 Elements, 5 in body, 25 Embryology, 863 Emetics, 90 Emmentia teres, 656 Emmetropic eye, 814 Emulsification, 30 Enamel, 54 End-bulbs, 747 Endocardiac pressure, 246 Endocardium, 232 Endogenous nuclear multiplication, 22 Endolymph, 783 Endoneurium, 621 Energy, 528 kinetic, 456 potential, 529 Enterokinase, 133 Entoderm, 5, 11, 874 Enuresis, 697 Enzymes, 62 classification of, 62 hydrolytic action -of, 62 Eosinophiles, 187 Epiblast, 873 Epidermis, 743 Epigastric reflex, 696 Epiglottis, 577 Epineurium, 620 Epiphysis, 437 Erection, 875 Erepsin, 132 Ergograph, 571 Erythroblasts, 179 Erythrodextrin, 29 Esophoria, 829 Ether on electrical responses, 611 Eustachian tube, 780 Evolution, 887 Exercise, effect on temperature, 533 Exophoria. 829 Exophthalmic goiter, 413 Expiration, 357 center, 371 complex, 357 effect on blood-movement, 367 movements of, 351 muscles of, 352 simple, 352 External auditory meatus, 767 capsule, 670 secretions, 442 Eye, 790 accommodation for distance, 814 after-images, 827 blood-vessels, 793 coats, 790 coordinated movements; 827 general description, 790 imperfections and corrections, 815 lymphatics, 808 measurements, 809 movements, 830 muscles, 830 nerves, 798 phosphenes, 803 structure, 790 FACIAL nerve, 852 Bell's palsy, 853 chorda tympani, 852 distribution, 853 function, 853 origin, 852 pathology, 853 physiology, 853 Faeces, 136 amount, 136 INDEX. sviy Faeces, color, 137 composition, 136 variations, 136 Falsetto voice, 583 Fasciculi, 551 Fasting, 517 Fatigue of cells, 23 Fats, 29, 43 absorption, 154 composition, 29, 30 heat value, 522 human fat, 30 in metabolism, 503 olein, 30 origin, 30, 503 palmatin, 29, 30 stearin, 30 Fauces, 50 Fechner's law, 743 Fehling's test, 482 Female pronucleus, 867 Fenestra ovale, 770 rotundum, 770 Fermentation, 135 acetic, 135 alcoholic, 135 butyric, 135 lactic, 42, 135 oxalic, 135 tests for sugar, 482 Ferments (see blood, milk, digestive juices), 61 definition of, 62 Fertilization, 860 Fever, 548 metabolism in, 526 Fibers, muscular, 551 length of, 551 Fibrin, 206 Fibrin ferment, 206, 210 Fibrinogen, 37, 205, 209 Fifth cranial nerve (see trigeminus). Filiform papillae, 755 Fillets, 657 Filtration secretion, 405 theory of lymph,- 168 Filum terminale, 625 Fistula, gastric, 83 Flechsig's association areas, 718, 720 frontal, 720 insular, 720 parieto-occipito-frontal, 720 Flour, wheat as a food, 44 Foetal circulation, 885 Foods, 43, 44 accessory, 44 caloric value, 522 chemical constituents, 24 daily amount, 39 definition, 24, 510 vegetable, 43 Formatio reticularis, 646 Fourth cranial nerve (see trochlear). Fourth ventricle, 650, 655 boundaries, 650 floor, 650 Fovea centralis, 804 Fovea hemielliptica, 772 Fovea hemispherica, 772 Fovea posterior, 656 Freezing point, 146 Function, 4 Fungiform papillae, 755 Funiculus cuneatus, 645 gracilis, 645 teres, 656 GALL-BLADDER, 119 Galvanometer, 600 -string, 605 Ganglia of heart, 258 Gases of intestines, 136 Gastraea theory of Haeckel, 888 Gastric digestion, 84 Gastric juice, 76 action of, 84, 86 action of bacteria, 88 chemical analysis, 77 composition of, 77 effects of bitters, 84 excitants of flow, 76, 82 fat-splitting ferment, 86 fistula for, 76 flow of, 80 function, 86 methods of securing, 83 mixed, 86 pepsin of, 85 reaction of, 76 secretion of, 76 specific gravity, 76 theory of non-digestion of stomach, 88 varies in composition and rate of se- cretion, 80, 81 Gastrula, 869 Gay-Lussac-Van't Hoff law, 146 Gelatin, 38 Geniculate bodies, 667 Genito-spinal center, 697 urinary apparatus, 487 Genu, 671 Germinal cells, 859 epithelium, 861 Germplasm, 859 Giantism, 434 Glands (see names of). Glands of intestines, 95 Glass-blower's pulse, 399 Gliadin, 44 Glisson's capsule, 117 Globulins, 36, 37 Glomerules of kidney, 459 Glossokinesthetic center^ 585 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 68, 853 distribution, 852 function, 852 origin, 852 pathology, 852 physiology, 852 Glottis, 580 Glucose, 28 secretion, 130, 701 Gluten, 44 Glutenin, 44 Glycocholic acid, 122 Glycogen, 127, 128, 129 Glycosamin, 115 Glycosuria, 129 Gmelin's test for bile, 123 Goiter, 413 Golgi stain, 618 Goll's column, 648 Gower's column, 636 Graafian follicle, 865, 880 Gram calorie, 535 Gram molecule solution, 147 Grandry corpuscles, 747 Gray matter (see cerebellum, etc.). Great longitudinal fissure, 659 Great transverse fissure, 659 Growth and development, 886 Guaiac test for blood, 218 Gullet (see oesophagus). Giinsberg's test for hydrochloric acid, 89 Gustometer, Sternberg's, 758 Gyrus, fornicatus, 664 hippocampus, 665 HABENULA, 667 Haemacytometers, 181 Thoma-Zeiss, 182 Haematachometer, 321 900 INDEX. Haematin, 197 Haematoblasts, 190 Haematocrit, 184 Daland's, 184 Hsematoidin, 198 Haematoporphyrin, 198 Haemianopsia, 837 Haemin, 198 chemical properties of, 198 crystals, 197 tests for, 198 Haemochromogen, 201 spectrum, 201 Haemoglobin, 195 amount, 201 characteristics, 195 composition, 195 crystallization, 194 estimation of percentage, 202 reduced, 197 variations in amount, 197, 201 Hsemoglobinuria, 473 Haemolysins, 185 physiological analogy, 185 Haemometer, 202 Dare's, 204 Von Fleischl's, 202 Haemorrhage, 215 effects of, 215 quantity of blood in, 215 Hair, 752 chemical composition, 753 function, 753 general description, 753 Hale's blood-pressure experiments, 306 Hay's test for bile, 122 Hearing, 767 anatomy of organ of, 767 auditory nerve, 775 binaural audition, 785 Eustachian tube, 780 general description, 767, 768 organ of Corti, 774 semi-circular canals, 786 sense of, 743 » theory of, 784 Heart, 228 accelerator center, 276 action of vagus on, 268 areas of audibility, 252 arteries, 254 auricles, 255 causes of sounds, 251 changes in shape and position, 240 chordae tendineae, 232 course of blood in, 236 diphasic variation of, 610 effects of drugs on, 278 endocardium, 232 foramen ovale, 229 foramina Thebesii, 229 frequency, 255 ganglia of, 258 His's muscular bundle, 262 histology of, 233 innervation of, 258 lymphatics of, 229 minimal stimuli, 279 moderator center, 268 movements of, 238 to clinicians, 238 persistence of, 248 muscles of, 228 musculi pectinati, 229 myocardium, 231 nerves of, 267 nutrition of, 254 papillary muscle, 231 position of valves, 252 refractory period of, 280 revolution of, 241 Heart, rhythm of, 259 sinus of Valsalva, 232 size and shape of, 228 sounds of, 249, 250, 251 staircase contraction, 280 Stannius's experiments, 279 stimuli, 279 structure of, 232 sympathetic fibers to, 276 valves of, 232 mitral, 232 position, 252 semilunar, 232 tricuspid, 231 ventricles of, 236 work of, 256 Heat (see temperature). animal, 528 estimation of, 535 latent, 529 other sources, 530 radiant, 529 theory of, 529 Heat-spots, 751 Heat unit, 535 calorie, 535 calorimeter, 536 Heat value of food, 522 Heidenhain's lymphagogues, 169 theory of secretion, 169 Height, relation to lung capacity, 361 Helicotrema, 773 Heller's nitric acid test, 481 Hematoporphyrin, 198 Hemianopsia, 836 Hensen's cells, 775 Hensen's disk, 551 Heredity, 887 Hering's theory of color, 825 Hiatus, 775. Hibernation, 532 Hiccough, 385 Hippuric acid, 471 formation of, 471 where secreted, 471 His's muscular bundle of heart, 262 Histology, 3 Histones, 38 Hoarseness, 584 Hormone, 82, 108 Horopter, 821 Hunger, 139 Hyaloplasm, 9, 613 Hydraemia, 218 Hydrochloric acid, 71 ion theory of, 79 stimuli for secretion, 79 test for (Giinsberg), 89 Hydroxamino acids, 115 Hypermetropia, 814 Hyperosmia, 765 Hyperphoria, 829 Hyperpyrexia, cause of death, 549 Hypoblast, 874 Hypoglossal nerve, 858 anastomoses, 858 origin, 858 pathology, 858 physiology, 858 Hypophysis, 428 Hypoxanthin in urine, 472 IGNOTIN, 40 Ileocaecal valve, 95 Ilium, 91 Image, formation on retina, 821 Immunity, 220 Inanition or starvation, 517 Incus, 771 Indican, 475 test for, 475 INDEX. 901 Indigestible residue of faeces, 137 Indirect cell-division, 20 Indol, 135, 137, 475 Inferior vermiform process, V02 Infundibulurn, 349 Inheritance, 887 Inoculation (see immunity). Inorganic salts of faeces, 137 Inosite, 555 Insalivation, 58, 63 Inspiration, 353 expansion of chest in, 355 extraordinary, 356 movements of, 355 movements of blood in, 365 muscles of, 355 Inspiratory center, 372, 682 Intensity of sound, 575 Intermedio-lateral column, 632 Intermittent afflux apparatus, 293 Internal capsule, 671 secretions, 407 correlation of glands with, 437 metabolism of, 440 pluriglandular action of, 438 Interpeduncular space, 654 Interstitial slits, 161 Intestinal digestion, 133 Intestine, 91, 95 blood-supply, 94, 95 coats, 92, 96 digestion in, 133 gases, 136 glands, 95 large, 95, 96 length, 91 movements of, 96 nerve-supply of, 97, 102 small, 91 structure, 92 Intracellular ferments, 28 Intraocular pressure, 808 Intrapleural pressure, 366 Intrathoracic pressure, 365 Inunction, 171 Inverted images, 821 Invertin, 28 lodothyrin, 413 Ions, 142 necessary for solution, 143 system of naming, 143 Iris, 797 ciliary processes, 795 nerves, 798 pigment, 798 reflex, 701, 798 reflex movement of, 798 uses, 798 Iron, 27 Irradiation, 826 Irritability of muscle, 550 of nerve, 550, 750 Ischuria, 464 Islets of Langerhans, 101, 113 Isotonic solution, 147, 185, 282 JACOBSON'S nerve, 836 Jaundice, 132 Jecorin, 124 Jejunum, 91 Juices (see names of). KARYOKINESIS, 20 stages of, 22 time of, 22 Kephir, 42 Kerasin, 624 Keratin, 38 Kidney, 453 blood-vessels of, 461 calyces of, 35 Kidney, capillaries of, 462 capsule of, 455 cavity of, 456 cortex of, 458 extirpation of, 484 general description of, 455 glomerules, 459, 461 hilus, 454 lymphatics, 452 Malpighian corpuscles of, 461 pyramids of Ferrein, 461 medulla of, 458 minute anatomy of, 458 parenchyma of, 458 position of, 453 sinus of, 455 structure of, 455 urinary tubules of, 459 Kjeldahl process, 465 Knee-jerk or patellar reflex, 696 Krause's end-bulbs, 747 membrane, 551 Kumyss, 42 Kymograph, 307 Kyrines, 37 LABYRINTH of ear, 771 Lacrymal gland, 830 Lacrymal secretion, 832 Lactalbumin, 42 Lacteals, 94, 155, 156 Lactic acid, 42, 471 Uffelman's test, 89 Lactic acid bacillus, 42 Lactic fermentation, 42, 135 Lactose, 28, 42 Lamina denticulatum, 627 spiralis, 752 Lamper eel, '2 Langerhans's cells, 101, 113 Lantanin, 12 Lanterman's incisures, 620 Large intestine, 47, 95, 96 Laryngoscope, 580 Larynx, 576 anatomy of, 576 cartilages of, 577 cavity of, 580 condition of, 580 muscles of, 578 f nerves of, 580 pathology of, 584 vocal cords of, 580 Lateral chain theory of Ehrlich, 221 Lateral columns, 635 Lateritious deposits, 470 Laughing, 385 Law of Fechner, 743 Laws of sensation, 742 Lecithin, 124 Lemniscus, 657 Lens, crystalline, 799 Lenses, 816 Lenticular nucleus, 668 Leucine, 110, 114 Leucocytes, 186 eosinophiles, 187 mononuclear, 187 polymorphonuclear, 187 transitional, 187 Leukocytosis, 187 Levulose, 28 Lieberkiihn's glands, 95 Life period, 1 Ligamentum denticulatum, 627 Light, 739 perception of, 810 theory of, 789 transmission of, 789 Lime salts in metabolism, 509 Linin, 12 902 INDEX. Lipase, 62 reversible action of, 62, 112 Liquor sanguinis, 173 Lissauer's tract, 638 Liver, 116 antitoxic function of, 127 blood-supply of, 117 daily secretion, 120 diastase of, 129 extirpation of, 127 function of, 119 gall-bladder, 119 internal secretion of, 127 reaction of, 120 specific gravity of, 120 structure of, 118 Locus coeruleus, 656 Locus niger, 654, 711 Ludwig's theory of lymph, 168 strohmur, 320 Lungs, 347 air-pressure in, 366 air sacs, 349 blood-supply, 350 color, 348 coverings, 351 diffusion of gases within, 389 lobes, 347 lymphatics, 351 medico-legal test, 348 nerves, 351 roots, 347 structure, 349 vital capacity, 362 Luxus consumption, 496 Lymph, 164 coagulation, 164 composition, 165 flow of, 166 formation of, 168 quantity of, 170 relation to nervous system, 167 theories of secretion, 168 Lymphagogues, 169 Lymphatic glands, 163 Lymphatic system, 161 Lymphatic trunk, etc., 159 Lymphatic vessels, 158, 163 capillaries, 160 coats of, 160 , development of, 161 distribution of, 159 origin of, 161 structure of, 159 valves of, 160 Lymphocytes, 178, 187 large non-nuclear, 187 small non-nuclear, 187 MACULAE, 803 Macula lutea, 803 Magnesium salts in metabolism, 509 Male pronucleus, 867 Malleus, 771 Malpighian corpuscles, 3 of kidney, 461 of spleen, 418 Maltase, 62 Maltose, 28, 29 Maly's theory of gastric secretion, 79 Mammary glands, 442 arteries of, 444 during pregnancy, 884 extracts of uterine contraction, 881 general description, 443 lymphatics, 444 nerves, 444 results of dried. 444, 861 structure of, 443 Manometer, 306 Marey's Intermittent afflux apparatus, 293 Marey's tympanum, 770 Mast cells, 187 Mastication, 57 Mastoid cells, 770 Matter, 1 living, 1 Maturation of ovum, 865 Matzoon, 42 Meat, 39 Meconium, 137 Medico-legal tests for blood, 218 Medulla oblongata, 640 ala cinerea, 645 anterior pyramids, 642 arcuate fibers, 649 auditory striae, 644 bulbar nerves, 699 calamus scriptorius, 639 centers of, 699 clava, 644 double conduction, 698 external form, 641 fillets, 657 formatio reticularis, 646 fourth ventricle, 655 funiculus cuneatus, 645 gracilis, 645 general description, 641 internal structure, 646 lateral columns, 648 nucleus lateralis, 646 olives, 642 parts added, 649 posterior columns, 648 raphe of Stilling, 646 restiform body, 642, 644 trigonum hypoglossi, 645 weight, 641 white columns, 647 white substance, 647 Meissner's plexus, 72, 95, 102 Melanin, 745, 823 Membrana basilaFis, 773, 784 granulosa, 865 tympani, 778 Membranes of cord and brain, 626 Membranes, mucous (see names of). Membranous labyrinth, 773 Memory center, 720 , Menopause, 878 Menstruation, 878 theory of, 879 Mesoblast, 874 Mesoderm, 874 Mesoporphyrin, 198 Metabolism, 489, 496 anabolic processes, 689 balance of, 511 catabolic, 689 effect of starvation on, 517 effect of work on, 494 equilibrium, 512 general explanation, 489 of carbohydrates, 501 fats, 503 proteids, 499 salts, 507 tabulated exchange, 515 Meta-proteins, 35 Metazoa, 862 Methaemoglobin, 199 Metric system, 890, 891 Mett proteid method, 79 Micro-organisms of faeces, 137 Microscopic test for blood, 218 Microspectroscope, 200 Sorby-Browning's, 200 Micturition, 488 Midcerebellar peduncles, 651, 710 Middle ear, 769 Milk, 41 INDEX. 903 Milk, clotting of, 42 colostrum of, 43, 446 cow's, 41 fats of, 43 fermentation of. 42 functional variations of, 43, 446 mat/nun, 42 microscopically, 41 proteids of, 42 quantitative, 41 quantity secreted, 43 reaction, 41 salts of, 43 secretion of, 43, 445 specific gravity, 41 theory of Ottolenghi, 446 woman's, 43 Milk-curdling ferments, 42 globules, 41 sugar, 42 teeth, 50 Mitosis, 20 stages of, 22 Modiolus, 754 Mol. solution, 149 Molars, 51 Molecular theory of nerve currents, 612 Molecules, 5 Monamino acids, 32, 114 Mononuclear leucocytes, 187 Monosaccharides, 28 Morphology, 2 Morula, 867 Motion, 1 Motor area, extirpation of, 717 Motor areas, 714 impulses transmitted, 679 speech-center, 585 tract, 672 writing center, 585 Motor oculi nerve, 841 diplopia, 843 distribution, 841 drugs, action upon, 843 function of, 841 origin of, 841 pathology of, 843 Mouth, 47, 48 Movement in a circle, 710 of intestine, 96, 98 of protoplasm, 15 of stomach, 72 Mucin, 36 Mucous membranes (see names of). Muller's law, 740 Murexid test, 471 Muscarine, 278 action on heart, 278 on respiration, 371 Muscle-curve, 559 effect of stimuli upon, 561 summations of stimuli, 564, 565 tetanus, 566 Muscles, 550 as perfect machines, 570 blood-vessels of, 550 carbohydrates of, 554 cardiac, 550 changes in contraction, 560 chemistry of, 554 constituents of, 554 contractility of, 550 contraction period,. 559 curve, 559 elasticity of, 568 electrical phenomena of, 602 extractives, 555 fatigue, 561 ferments, 555 general description, 551 influence of blood upon, 552 Muscles, involuntary, 561 latent period, 559 nerve-stimuli, 553 chemical, 553 electrical, 553 mechanical, 553 thermal, 553 nerve-supply, 553 proteids of, 554 rate of contraction of, 562 reaction of, 554 relaxation period, 560 resting and acting, 562 rigor mortis, 556 serum, 555 sounds of, 567 structure, 550 tension of, 568 tetanus of, 566 theories of currents, 612 tonus, 567 unstriped, 550 urea in, 554 varieties of, 550 voluntary, 550 voluntary contractions of, 567 wave, 562 work of, 569 Muscular labor and urea excretion, 558 Muscular sense, 741 center of, 719 Mutation theory, 889 Myelin, 619 Myogram, 559 Myograph, pendulum, 557 Myohaematin, 554 Myopia, 814 Myosin, 554 Myosinogen, 554 Myxcedema, 412 NAILS, 753 function, 754 general description, 753 Narcotics, 726 Near point of eye, 814 Neosin, 40 Neovitalists, school of, 168 Nerve, comparison with muscle, 676 effects of anemia upon, 691 electricity upon, 683 temperature upon, 677 electrical potential of, 610 current, theories of, 612 electrotonus, 683 excitability of, 676 excitability and conductivity, 680 excitants, 680 chemical, 680 electrical, 685 mechanical, 680 influence of blood upon, 691 irritability of, 677 Kuhne's experiment, 679 Pflueger's contraction laws, 683 regeneration, 621 roots of, 639 stable equilibrium of, 677 table of degenerations, 639 ascending, 639 descending, 639 Nerve-cell, 613 classification of, 622 dendrons of, 617 dimensions of, 618 fibrils, 617 neurite, 617 Nissl's granules, 616 nucleolus of, 616 nucleus of, 616 prolongations of, 617 904 INDEX. Nerve-cell, staining, 618 structure, 613 Nerve-centers, 624 common points of, 625 Nerve currents, negative variations, 610 theories of, 612 Nerve-fibers, 620 centrifugal, 694 centripetal, 694 chemical properties of, 623 fatigue of, 572, 678 mechanical properties of, 624 medullated, 620 myelin, 619 neurilemma, 620 nodes of Ranvier, 620 non-medullated, 620 reaction of, 624 terminations of, 621 Nerve metabolism, 624 Nerve-muscle preparation, 599 Nerve-tissue, 623 composition, 623 gray, 622 reaction of, 624 structure of, 624 trunks, 620 white, 623 Nerve-wave, transmission of, 678 swiftness of, 680 Nerves of deglutition, 60 heart, 258, 267 intestines, 102 Jacobson, 854 larynx, 580 respiration, 371 salivary glands, 56 sweat glands, 451 taste, 756 tongue, 756 vasomotor system, 327 Nervous system, 613 anatomy of, 613 chemistry of, 623 extra-cardiac, 258 lecithin, 623, 624 metabolism of, 624 neuroglia, 631 Neurilernma, 620 Neurites, 617 Neuroglia, 631 Neurokeratin, 623 Neutral fats, 29 Neutrophiles, 187 Ninsen's globules, 446 Nissl bodies, 616 Nitrogen eliminated, 515 equilibrium, 512 estimation, 515 in blood, 392 in respiration, 389 Nodal points of eye, 810 Nodes of Ranvier, 620 Non-sexual reproduction, 862 Nose (see smell). Novain, 40 Nuclear membrane, 13 sap, 12 spindle, 21 substance, 12 Nuclei of cerebellum, 703 Nuclei pontis, 652 Nuclein, 13 Nucleolus, 12 Nucleoproteids, 36 Nucleus, 7, 11, 13 composition, 13 form, 12 number, 12 relative importance of, 11 size, 12 Nucleus, structure, 12 Nucleus, Deiters's, 777, 788 emboliformis, 703 fastigii, 703 globosus, 703 lateralis, 646 Nutrition, 1 of heart, 281 Xuttall's guinea-pig foetus, 135 Nystagmus, 843 OBESITY, 527 Banting's method, 527 Oertel's method, 527 Oblitin, 40 Oculomotor, 841 diplopia, 843 effect of drugs on, 843 function of, 841, 842 pathology of, 843 Odors, 764 (Esophagus, 47, 57 anatomy, 57 length, 57 nerves, 57 CEstrus, 880 Olein, 30 Olfactory bulb, 763 cells, 763 mucous membrane, 761 nerve, 762 organ, 762 sensations, 763 Olives, 642, 653 Oncometer, 339, 484 Open pores, 162 Ophthalmoscope, 832 Opsonins, 225 Optic angle (eye), 821 axis, 820 commissure of Gudden, 809 nerve, 804 thalamus, 667, 712 Organ of Corti, 774 taste, 755 voice, 576 Organic compounds in body, 25 Organs, 4 Origin of species, 886 of life, 889 Orthophoria, 783 Osmosis, 142 Osmotic pressure, 144 determination of, 145 of lymph, 147 physiological application, 149 proteids, 149 Osseous labyrinth, 772 Ossicles, 771, 781 Otic ganglia, 730 Otitis media, 769 Ovary, 436, 860 internal secretion, 436, 860 Ovists, 861 Ovum, 847 Oxalic acid, 471 fermentation, 135 Oxidation, 395 seat of, 390 Oxybutyric acid, 131 Oxygen in blood, 392 Oxyhaemoglobin, 196 Oxyntic glands, 71 PACINIAN corpuscles, 747 Pain, 749 Palate, 49 Palmatin, 43 Pancreas, 105 blood-supply of, 106 composition of, 109 INDEX. 905 Pancreas, daily amount, 109 effects of removal, 112 injection of extract, 115 methods of obtaining the juice, nerve-supply of, 106 reaction of, 109 removal of, 112 secretion of, 106, 107, 108 adaptation of, 108 excitants of, 108. secretory nerves of, 108 specific gravity, 109 structure of, 105 Pancreatic juice, 109 composition of, 109 ferments, 110 quantity, 109 reaction, 109 specific gravity of, 109 Papain, 110 Papillae of tongue, 50, 756 Paracerebellar nuclei, 708 Paraglobulin, 37 Paranuclein, 13 Parasympathetic, 729 Parathyroid gland, 415 Parietal cells, 78 Parieto-occipital fissure, 660 Parotid gland, 55 Parthenogenesis, 860 Pathetic nerve, 843 distribution, 843 function, 844 origin, 844 pathology, 844 Pawlow's stomach, 83 Peduncles of cerebellum, 710 Pelvis of kidney, 456 Pendular movements, 94 Pendulum myograph, 557 Pepsin, 76, 77 Pepsinogen, 78 Peptic digestion, 86 Peptone, 37, 110 Peptonuria, 480 Perception time, 727 Pericardium, 234 Perilymph, 783 Perimeter, 833 Peristalsis, 96 influence of drugs on, 104 of intestines, 96 pendular movement, 99 Perivascular space of His, 161 Permanent teeth (see teeth). Perspiration, 450 acidity of, 450 constituents, 450 effect of drugs upon, 451 function of, 452 insensible, 448 nerve-centers, 452 nerves of, 451 pathological, 452 relation to lung excretion, 452 role of, 452 sensible, 448 suppression by cold, 452 Petit, canal of, 806 Petrosal nerves, 852 great, 852 small, 852 Pettenkofer's test for bile, 122 Peyer's patches, 95 Pfeiffer's phenomenon, 223 Pflitger's contraction laws, 683 Phagocytes, 16, 189 Pharynx, 56 anatomy, 56, 57 openings. 56 Phenol, 137 109 Phenomena of life, 1 Phenylhydrazin test for sugar, 483 Phloridzin, 130 diabetes, 130 Phosphenes, 827 Phosphoric acid, 476 sediments, 480 Phrenic nerve, 355 Phrenosin, 624 Phylloporphyrin, 198 Phylogenesis, 888 Physical heat, 528 Physiology, 2 Pia mater, 626 Picrocarmin spectrum, 201 Pilomotor nerves, 734 Pineal gland, 437 Pitch, 582 Pituitary body, 428 extirpation of, 431 extracts of, 430 galactagogue action of, 434 histology, 428 lobes of, 428 metabolism, 434 position, 428 size, 428 structure, 428 Placenta, 885 Plantar reflex, 695 Plasma of blood, 204 chemical properties of, 204, 205 gases of, 207, 392 inorganic constituents of, 205 method of examining, 205 organic constituents of, 204 physical properties of, 204 Plasmodium malarias, 179 Plasmon, 42 Plethora, 217 Plethysmograph, 338 Pleura, 351 Plexus (see names of). Pneumogastric nerve (see vagus), 261, 855 branches of, 855 function of, 856 > influence on deglutition, 60 gastric secretion, 79 heart, 268 lungs, 373 pancreatic juice, 108 vomiting, 90 pathology of, 856 physiology of, 856 Pneumograph, 358 Poiseuille's still space, 302 Polar bodies, 867 Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 187 Polypeptids, 32 groups, 33 'Oil Polypnoea, 545 Polysaccharides, 28 Pons Varolii, 649 center of epileptiform convolutions, 710 central nucleus, 653 faces, 649 general description, 649 stratum complexium, 651 profundum, 651 zonale, 652 structure, 651 trapezoid body, 651 Portal circulation, 117 Portal vein, 117 Posterior columns, 637 Posterior fovea, 656 Posterior perforated spaces, 654 Posterior root-fibers, 639 Postganglionic fibers, 728 Precipitin test for blood, 219 Precipitins, 223 906 INDEX. Seminiferous tubules, 863 Sensation of color, 824 Sense spots, 748 Sensibility, 1 Sensory centers, 714 Sensory relay centers, 712 Sensory tract, 675 » Serum albumin, 35, 207 globulin, 35, 207 normal, 207 of bacteriolytic cholera, 223 of blood, 207 Sham feeding, 82 Shock, 215 Side-chain theory, 221 Sighing, 384 Sight, 789 Sigmoid flexure, 96 Sinus of Valsalva, 232 Sixth cranial nerve, 845 Skatol, 137, 475 Skin, 743 action of liquids on, 750 action of solids on, 749 cold spots, 751 corium, 745 epidermis, 743 hot spots, 751 Krause's end bulbs, 747 layers of, 744 radiation and conduction, 546 reflexes, 695 rete Malpighii, 745 stratum corneum, 745 granulosum, 743 lucidum, 743 touch corpuscles of, 746 Sleep, 723 theories of, 724 Small intestine, 91 innervation of, 95, 97 Smell, sense of, 760' anosmia, 765 center of, 715 general description of, 761 hyperosmia, 765 mechanism of, 764 nerves of, 762 olfactory organ, 762 olfactory sensation, 763 proper stimulus of, 763 secondary sensations, 764 subjective sensations, 764 uses of, 765 Snoring. 385 Soap, 30 908 INDEX. Sobbing, 385 Sodium chloride, 27 in blood, 205 in urine, 476 substitutes for, 27 Solitary glands, 95 Solutions, gram molecule, 149 Somatopleure, 873 Somatose, 86 Somites, 872 Sound, 581 height of, 581 intensity of, 582 production and modification of, 575 resonance of, 582 timbre, 582 Sound-waves, course of, 783 conduction of, 780 ' Sounds of heart, 249 variation in, 252 Special cell-constituents, 7 sensation, laws of, 743 senses, 741 Spectra of blood, 201 Spectroscope, 199 Spectroscopic test for blood, 201, 218 Speech, 583 aphonia, 584 center of, 585 defects of, 584 hoarseness, 584 stammering, 584 « stuttering, 584 ventriloquy, 583 Spermatogenic cells, 863 Spermatozoon, 864 chemical constituents, 874 structure of, 864 Sphenopalatine ganglion, 849 Spherical aberration, 812 Sphincter ani, 138 Sphygmogram, 297 Sphymograph, 297 Dudgeon's, 297 Marey's, 296 Sphygmomanometers, 310 Sphygmometers, 310 Erlanger's, 311 Mosso's, 311 Riva-Rocci's, 310 Spinal accessory, 857 distribution, 857 function, 858 origin, 857 pathology, 858 physiology, 858 Spinal cord. 