None
Discussion of Diagram No. ITI.—This diagram is simply the application of the rational scientific method to the incomplete facts afforded by the present infantile state of the science of fossil plants. It does not pretend to give the exact history of plant development, but only to constitute a certain advance in this direction beyond what the fragmentary data out of which it is constructed can alone furnish. For example, it is certain that the earliest record discovered by man of the existence of any type of vegetation cannot mark the absolute origin of that type, and it is therefore necessary in every case to project the type down- ward to an unknown distance. If the real facts could be indicated we should see during these unrecorded periods the actual transformations which must also be assumed to have taken place in each case before the fully-developed type could appear. This we are unable to repre- sent, and must merely indicate the early history of each type by its downward projection to an assumed point of origin. Neither can it be supposed that the great fluctuations shown in the diagram last con- sidered are due altogether or chiefly to fluctuations in the degree of vigor, territorial expansion, or local prominence of the given form of vegetable life. They are the results of varying geological conditions or of human good fortune, while the modifications in the forms themselves take place slowly and at uniform rates either in the ascending or the descending scale. Recognizing this law of uniformity, no fluctuations in any homogeneous type have been admitted, but simply a more or less regular development in each from its assumed point of origin to its supposed period of maximum predominance, followed by an equally uni- form decline to the present epoch when its condition relative to past 452 SKETCH OF PALEOBOTANY. epochs is also indicated. The only exception to this rule has been made in the case of the Cellular Cryptogams, whose heterogeneous character has doubtless caused it to undergo considerable fluctuation. One such is assumed in the Carboniferous, in which, though one of the great pe- tiods of vegetable deposition, the actual number of Cellular Cryptogams falls below that of either preceding or subsequent periods. This seems to argue that there was a reduced representation of this form of plant life in that age, and this is shown in the figure presented for that type. The three facts which this diagram aims chiefly to bring out, not shown in either of the preceding diagrams, are, first, the true origin, or geological age of first appearance of each type of vegetation; second, the period of its maximum development; and, third, the rank it occu- pies in the living flora relative to its maximum. These are all delicate points to fix in a manner that will satisfy all the conditions of the problem. The evidence from all sides has to be cautiously weighed, care taken not to give undue weight to any nor to undervalueany. These are not ques- tions that can be hastily settled. They require to be pondered long and well. Itis by no means claimed that substantial truth has been reached in every case. No two persons, however competent, would probably exactly agree upon all the points, and I am sure that at differ- ent times with increasing evidence I have modified my own conclusions. But this is far from confessing that the attempt is valueless, and it is certain that great value should be attached to the enlarged conceptions of vegetal development that flow from such a study. Descent of plants.—But we need not stop here. The great law of de- velopment does not allow us to contemplate these types as independent of oneanother. Each class of plants must be regarded as the descend- ants of some ancestral form more or less different from it. The multiple origin of existing forms, whether of plants or animals, is repugnant to modern scientific thought. Itis the discovery of facts that has rendered itso. The multiple and varied of the present must be regarded as due to divergences in the past. The forms we have have come down to us along divergent lines from common ancestral forms. These are the lines of descent, and plants have their lines of descent as well as animals or human families. Of this we are practically certain, but just what those lines are and where they diverged—these are the great problems of phytogeny. The lines of descent in the animal kingdom have been laid down by various eminent zodlogists with considerable confidence and unanimity. In plant life they have scarcely ever been attempted. The problem is loaded with extraordinary complications and cannot be satisfactorily attacked until we shall possess far more knowledge than we possess at present. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geological forma- Cellular. Quaternary. | Mio- Pliocene. Cenozoic. Tertiary. Eocene. Cretaceous. Cryptogams. Vascular. lisetinew. | Lycopodinee. Gymnos | Cycac Phanogams. perms. FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT PUL. LVIIT Angiosperms. All vegetation. Dicotyledons. Zz =| Jura-Trias. Devonian. 5 = g a4 Silurian. Cambrian. DiaGraM No. 3. SHOWING TITE ASSUMED ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF VEGETATION IN GEOLOGIC TIME. o INDEX. Page. Accompanying papers with report of Di- TOQUE tcc tcc s sencatineducitebonsueeeeues 67-452 Adams County, Wisconsin ................ 223, 235 Adiantum, Supposed fossil ................. 402 Administrative reports ..................2. 3-66 ; Becker, G.S ...... 47-49 ; Chamberlin, T. C.. 20-24 ; Clarke, F. W ..... 59-62 ; Dutton, Capt. C. Reecattaeseeene 42-43 ; Emmons, 8. F..... 4347 ; Gannett, Henry.. 3-14 ; Gilbert, G. K ..... 30-34 ; Hague, Arnold ... 15-19 ; Hayden, Dr. F. V. 28-30 ; Irving, Prof. Rol- and D ..........-. 24-28 ; Marsh, Prof. O.C. 49-50 3; McGee, W J...... 34-41 ; Shutt, George W 64-66 ; Walcott, Charles 52-55 ; Ward, Lester F... 55-59 ; White, Dr. C. A .. 50-51 ; Williams, Albert, JP scese sien aetslaeewss 63-64 Advantages for artesian wells of low incli- nation of strata 146 Agams.............2- 429 Agawmok, Lake ..... 207 AgasslZ,; Prof. Av ccc. see cescncdnecaweeemete 54 L., an authority on glaciers... 309 ; botany...-.------..- dua 376 Agricola on petrified wood BW OR i eo iaiscicicieerersnpersie ssincicieieersccecicmsies Airy, G. B., cited ........2... 0022-2 een ee eee 80 Alaska glaciers ~-- 348-355 Albertus Magnus the first to mention pet- rified wood.......----- on the virtus formativa. Aleutian Islands glaciers .............-.+-- Alexander ab Alexandro on the Flood as the cause of fossil remains ....-. ----.------- 391 Allan, Thomas, Contributions of, to paleo- DOAN nie ssc eases seisew ses eccieesseees 404 Alport, S...ssi6: sececeseees -. 214 Amber Flora. ......--2..--0+. 415, 418 ¢ ABO OTM wcnnnennwra - 418 ; Origin and nature of ... --- 403 , Vegetable inclusions in....-.--... 415, 418 Amber-tree .....--..-. uegeseeeee wae = 0-408, 418 ; Page. SAO weocsn ree ceri doses e cinaijoeeeakwincuuiet 255 Amphibolites studied microscopically...... 201 Ancient glaciers of the Sierra Nevada...... 327 shores, Recognition of ...... 122 Ancients; causes of their ignorance. --- 888 j Passages supposed to indicate their atquaintance with fossil WORT, O0C.or.sursenceasuueuwk ase 387 | , Knowledge and opinions of the, - relating to fossils.......... 386, 393, 398 wholly ignorant of vegetable pet- Tifactions .... 387 EE GS Oe Msi dveonieninacancaiasleg - 416 Andrews, Dr. Edmund, on wave action..... 88 Angiosperms........--.2. 00.022 sees cceees 433 , Development of the.......... 448 Animikie rocks . ..182, 187, 192, 193, 196, 197, 203-205 ~ 206, 207, 215, 218, 224 225, 226, 227, 228 series; The 222 ccceeense exceed 203-205 Annularia established by Sternberg........ 428 regarded by Lindley and Hut- ton as a dicotyledon.......-... 480 Romingeri ........2.. -.--...--- 445 sphenophylloides mistaken by Lehmann fora fossil Aster .. 396 Anthotypolithes Apetala....... Aplin, S.A .. Appalachian Division, The. -............... 48 Archean Formations of N. W. States; Prof. R. D. Irving. ...-......--.---.- 175-242 Rocks studied by Prof. R. D. TPVAN gs ioxcsie su ceinececicesuiclarte xxii Areas of adverse, doubtful, and favorable probabilities for artesian wells. ......... 172-173 Archeus, or spirit of the universe......... 389 Aristotle's doctrine of generatio equivoca.386, 389 conceptions of time limits ...... 398 Arlington Praitie, Wisconsin; St. Peter’s sandstone -. ween. 228, 224 Arnold, Theodore, on the origin of fossils.. 390 Artesian wells, Art of sinking....-......-. 169 , Chicago, Il.. , Conditions of f ; confining stratum above... 139 ;. below... 138 COstOfisccwerectusenesecace 170 , Decline of flow in - 157-165 , Denver, Col........ ~~ 45, 151 , Essential features of...... - 134 454 INDEX: Page. Page. Artesian wells, Fond du Lac, Wis ...-..-.. 143 | Benton County, Minnesota......-..---....- 200 , Increasing flow in ........ 154,155 | Berger, Reinhold, on the fruits and seeds of , Irrigation by -.----- 148 the Carboniferous formation 420, 421 , Limits to depthof ... 167 | Bernadou, John B., U.S.N .-..-.-..--.22--- 32 , Oshkosh, Wis .--.- 143 | Bernardo glacier, Alaska ..-.......----.--- 352 , Palmyra, Wis .--.....-..-- 143 | Bianconi, Giuseppe G., on the determina- ; prerequisites .....-.-. .--- 135 tion of leaves by their nervation. -+--B80, 420 , Rate of delivery in........ 154 | Bibliography of North American geology... xxx ; superiority of oil region Bibliolithi, Bibliolithes..... .......--.-426, 427, 428 methods......---------+-- 169 | Bien, Morris 5 ; typical examples a 184) Big vRork Rivers. so. ccccecuieniceeteees 206 ; use of the diamond drill... 169 | Big Stone Lake..........-.-.--22.--..02-6-- 200 , Watertown, Wis ..-....--- 143 | ‘‘ Big tree" of the Sierras. we. 448 Artificial vs. Natural systems of classifica- Bilobites rugosa ....---...-- .-222----seeeeee 444 HOD se ce dageemtee nes Heveaceecee aces wees 432 | Binney, Edward William.........-....------ 369 Artis, E. T,; ‘‘Antediluvian Phytology ”..405, 406 , Contributions of, to paleobotany ATUBIassccashohicansseeeceeheceeesnecaS -. 447 412, 415, 420, 421 Ashland County, Wisconsin ....-.. 218, 226, 232, 235 pOKOtCh Of sc ssc sicincutiees ear casan. 374 Aspleninum .......2.-...eee ee eee ee eens -- 428 | Biographical sketches of the leading paleo- Aster Amellus ...... 022.2. .ece ee ee een eee 396 BOtADISES sap e,- 532.0 Seicic a rcisiee Sicicisicisie’s wtnieieinrs montanus, Lehmann’s supposed Biology, Interrelations of Geology and POSSI sic 55 dora cee iiweienteysreseie aoa Binge, Wo Miecaaaiaircaacivinarans. okisirarsiclavertcheineters Sibiricus. Bimmoy Ds. Waseca siyelveee ss aAsteiophyliites Black Bay, Lake Superior Atking WJ: Dissecen see eesnayeesieeaos: Augite schists studied microscopically ...-. 211 Auer and Worring's invention of physioty- SPY Sowa Seeiawidna A cewehma ms eemenuieeece 380 Aura seminalis........... 3 390 Avicenna proposed vis lapidifica. --589, 390 PATONG 23 eseiac into sinsisie seem semecees 432, 438 SBAGURY OF vacas wip icicreemisalvereisisieteliciowenarat? 195, 228, 232 Ballenstedt, J.G. F., on vegetable fossils... 408 ‘Bar, Phe scncncosessscaswus we tess sees 91, 92-95 NiBhaped sectscs scone nities kinks sce 98 Barrier, The Barron County, Wisconsin ........-....-.-- 197 Barus; Dus Carl seensieiesein de sac ediacslenien XXXVI, 62 Bassett, C.C Basswood Lake -.........-.-.2.--2-26- 205, 207, 208 Bauder, F. Fr., Rational views of, on the nature of foasils.....--.........-.2.02.--- 395 BaUBINS acest soe es dele aciassiamasiese 388, 389, 390 Beach, Hon. Bendire, Capt. Chas .. ; Bentham Ji 435.655 sede cetentsedeseies sees River Falls, Wisconsin, Potsdam se- 224 187 198 Blair, H.B 6 Blake, W. P., on Stikine River glaciers ... 349, 352 Blind River ......... icc wue Juceeeece 187, 189, 227 Bloody Cafion moraines ........-..------+-- 328 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, Rational views of, on the nature of fossils. . ..394, 395, 399 Boccone. Paul, Rational views of, on the na- ture-of fossils 2.0... 052. ceceeeet ce ace: 394 Bodfish, Sumner H....-.. 0.222. -2---- XVII, 7, 8, 41 Bolam glacier .-......-....-- Hie cates sheiawre sash 333, 334 Bonneville, Lake. (See Lake Bonneville.) Bonney; D) Giexsewenccsceeecteanecescisass 221, 240 Bore, One large or several small ones, for water supply ..--.---.-----------------ee- 155 Bos latifrons beneath ancient glacier. ...... 354 Botanical systems.........-..-.202-2.-2005 433-439 Botanilithes: ...cssecseiecissseeg vesersiac sae 427 Botany and phleobotany ; independent man- ner in which they have heretofore been studied.... 367 , Interdependence Ofsereestae'itaces 366 Boteler Wa. \we:o2 38 eesti we eiee sees 5,14 Bowerbank’s ‘' Fossil Fruits and Seeds of the London Clay”’....--......2--2----.--- 413 Braddock’s Bay, Lake Ontario, Map -...-.- 94 Brain Growth: - sc. vseteeee pecs. cay 288-294 of Dinocerata ............... 284-294 Brainerd, Minn., Geological formation at .. 197 Braun, Friedrich, Paleobotanical contribu- tons Of sseasncetade soeeusntiweesee nee es 420 Brewer, Prof.W. H., on glacial dirt bands.. 319 ; oxperiments on sediments......... 62 Brewster, Patrick, Contributions of, to paleo- Bridger series .. BOON SMITE, Doc nsivnnviews vaiccoosune INDEX. 455 Page. Page. Brongniart, A.; fossil plantsof Hér,Sweden. 404 Catlinite or pipestone ................06 =» 201 A. T.; classification of fossil Cellular cryptogams ............20.2.00005 429, 432 plants .......... 407, 428, 429 of Brongniart ......... 429 ; Contributions of, to pa- ; probable fluctuations leobotany . .404, 405, 406, 408, in development..... 452 417, 421, 424, 428 | Cerutus, B ............. 393 ; division of the geologic series ........ waldo eis 407 ; distribution of land veg- etation ............. 404, 407 ; mode of growth of coal plants .....20-....... 400 » Rank of, as a paleo- botanist ....368, 369, 406, 407 § SRO Ol eo cvnwcsnenay 372 Bronn, H.G.; Index Paleontologicus..... 420, 421 Brontotherium beds.......................- 254 Brooks, Maj. T.B ......... -190, 191, 193, 229 Brown County, Minnesota..... ........... 200, 202 Crown, Robert, on Triplosporites .......... 421 Bruce Mine Bay, Lake Huron, quartzite... 230 Briickmann, F. E., on the diluvian origin of fossil remains ...... 2.0... .cc cc cee eee ee ee 392 Brush, Prof. George J ............ wee BA Buch, L. von; mode of growth of coal plant. 400 ; nervation of leaves.......... 380 Buckland, W., Contributions of, to paleo- botany PGB OB ei § 5.56 se cman qmincoonnwas Bunbury, Sir C.D ccc etcawseuwacovences , Contributions of, to paleobotany, 419, 420 pele: OF ccerec cu eunuene osuae 379 Bittner, D. §8., on the diluvian origin of fos- BU TOMAS. ec cewacnenees 392 Calamitas o. spieseicedevasniccephiiniecece sus 426 regarded by Walch and Suckow as extinet..........-0- 2 eee eee 398 Calamites...........-.. areiceietnnnee 427, 428, 433, 445 California division, The. redwood... Call, R. E.......----. Cambrian formation Camerarius, Elias, on the origin of fossils... Campement d’ Ours Island gray wacke Canon, Twommneirca a ax: cscwecs ses ecsaeee Capeller, Maurus Antonius, on the tropical facies of fossil plants..........-.-.---.... 397 Capellint) Ge s....ce:cjocccicncouend coneccoaese 378 CardiocarpuS.....-...----------cececeenenee 447 Carl, J. F., on artesian wells of oil region.. 169 , describes packing support in bored wells ............-----. 159 , describes use of torpedo in oil a 155 , Samuel, Rational views of, on the nature Of fOSsUSs eee etewedecewece sees - 894 Carpenter, P. H.,an authority on glaciers... 309 Carpolithes .........-202.--ececceeceeeeens 427, 428 Carpolithi...........0..020. cee ee eee e cence 426 Carruthers, William ....... as -- 869 ; paleobotanicalinvestigations.. 424 Chamberlin, T. C XXI ; administrative report......... 20-24 ; geology of Wisconsin cited.... 197 ; map of Wiseonsin ........... 181, 194 ithe requisite and qualifying conditions of artesian wells. 125 Champion mine, Michigan.................. 225 Chaney, G. O.........22... Bee 56 Chaplin, J ...... 2. eee ee Sees easeisbeastad 44 Chapman, R. H...-. 2... le eeeeeee eee eee eee 6 Chase). We Siicn6 ss c.cc. orl Lecoectwen seca 10 Chatard, Dr. Thomas M............ --XXVII, 60, 61 Chauvenet, W. M......... --- 25, 26, 28, 205, 208 Chemie work ..........20...c0c2s cece cceeee XXVIT Chemical impregnations in artesian well WAT OD sects Scrsis.sccocieateinea-ckwecabeice ine 166 Chemistry, Division of; administrative re- eivinininiasuintattinisi diaiave'sta caeiee stabatie glee mies 59 --- 229 Chester, Prof. A. H., on Minnesota iron OF8 ote vecs vacezen estan acces 204, 205, 206, 208, 212 Chicago artesian stream, Section........... 133 Chioccns, Andreas, Rational views of, on the nature of fossils TOGO: . ancaadewiennnnnvend Valley. casio cha decemsctadeccecien Chlorite Schists studied microscopically... 211 Chondrites antiqnisenccss cscs udesons ues 44t Cialdi, Alessandro, cited as to waves..76, 80, 82, 88 Cincinnati group............-....0-.--..02. 182 Clarke, Prof. F. W .-...--..-.-.cecceeseanes XXVII } administrative report.............. 59 Salem, on motion of Lyell glacier... 324 Classification of archwanrocks of the North- Wests cosiseccoss ccc ceemar 209 fossil plants. . 403, 407, 422, 425-431 , Lindley & Hut- ton on the.409-409 the Cryptogams 437-439 Clathrariaisssesessccuecrcs cecessivaeedeuaee 447 Clay slate from St. Louis River, Minnesota. 233 - near Mahtowah, Minn...... 233 studied microscopically.......... 210 Clearwater Lake graywacke.....-.--.-.... Cliff of differential degradation , The Beabcvreeewscay oe re StTOAM .... 20-2 e ee eee ee eee eee Cliffs ...-....----.+-- , Comparison of... Club-mosses..-..--..----- Coal, Opinions on the origin of. plants, Mode of growth of............ 400 Collecting area of artesian wells ... - 145 Colman, E. T., ascended Mount Baker. 341 Colonoceras .-......2-0. cee cece ee nce neeenes 255 456 INDEX. Page. Colorado River modified by artesian wells... 150 Colt: Tis: Divneivstiscewiswmectioneec sensansentes 9,14 Columbia County, Wisconsin .198, 223, 224, 233, 235 River modified by artesian wells. 150 Columna, Fabius, Rational views of, on the nature of fossils......-.--..--+----2e2--++ 393 Compendium of Paleobotany, Preparation Of Bic sae scetee 363 Conifers 433 , Development of the 447 Contents of Archwan Formations of North- western States, paper on, by R. D. Irving -..----+----+--++ 177 Conditions of artesian wells, a paperon, byT.C.Chamberlin. 127 Dinocerata, a paper on, by 0. C. Marshitscnevniasiaicte rat eiimieiness 245 Glaciers of the United States, a paper on, by I. C. Russell..-. 305 Lake shores, 2 paper on, by G. K. Gilbettsc2cccencwcce seeemeceee 71 Sketch of paleobotany, by Les- ter F. Ward.-....---.-------- 859 Confining stratum above for artesian wells. 139 below for artesian wells. 138 Contrasted ratios of supply and demand of WATER eos isas sincenewiod meee etree tecelses 148 Cook, George H.; conference on map.....- 39 Cope, E. D.; Wyoming fossils 251 Copper Rivet ......----------+------ 217 Corda, Angust Joseph, ....-2.s-2.00 augense 369 , Contributions of, topaleobotany 412, 417,418 , Sketch of .......0--.0---eeeeeeceneee 874 Cordaianthus Soiareig Se waial palsies sialere Sreisiateiereres 447 Cordaites ..------.+---++0+- 447 Cordaites ...---------.seeenee 447 Robbii ........-...- ~. 447 Cornwall, A. B.....-.--------- eee eee nee 62 Cornwall, England, echists 2....0...1.0.4+ 240 Corpuscula salina of Kircher - 390 Corrasion, Acceleration of . 117 Coryphodon......-.--..---+ .-251, 252 POOS jasinsicissirascs deleletmeccnesces 252 Cotta, C. Bernhard von, Contributions of, to PRleOWOlADY secrneete=s cen csaeeyoeewacees Cottonwood County, Minnesota.. Coulée edge, The......-.......+ Cowlitz River runs from a glacier, Glacier cos cincesiccceecedeieewceeeease Cranial nerves, The.. Credneria -. : Cretaceous..........--- Crevasses in glaciers.......------.+----+--- Crichton, Sir Alexander; on the climate of the antediluvian world. ..........-....--- 406 Crosnier, L ........-. 220 Cross, Whitman ... - XXIV, 44, 46, 216 Cry plogaminuioencnane uaeles ee Aaceiatan sen 432, 438 , Cellular .........--..---- 429, 438, 444 , Classification of the. , Vascular - Cucumites ........ fei Cummins, R. T 2 Cup Butte, Lake Bonneville ...... masons Currents, Off-shore .......-.-.-.2--- 2 eee eens Da Costa, Emanuel Mendes, on the diluvian origin of fossil remains. ...~......++------ 392 Dall, W. H., on glaciers of Alaska...--.-.. 358-355 Dana Creek ...-.------- seeeee rene cer eee rene 316 Glacier......-----.--- +062 --- eee cece ee 322 Prof. James D., cited on terraces . ...112, 236 Mount? ns -25cs2seescss acess 314, 315, 316, 317 Prof. Edward S...--..------------ XXII, 34 Dane County, Wisconsin, sandstone . ...... 235 Daniells, Prof. W. W .---.-------- 27, 28, 194 Daphnites 426 | Darwin, C 432 Dar wins. CxO vemwirwsccacweiecdaieinciatears widens XXX Daubrée, A 220 D’ Aubuisson de Voisins on vegetable fossils. 403 Davidson County, Minnesota .......-..---- 200 , Prof. G.; Mount Rainier glacier .334, 335 found Aleutian glacier. 353 Davila, P. F., on the indigenous theory of fossil plants clam neve pcaye Sh sures re noae trates cjelehe Da Vinci, Leonardo, Rational views of, re- lating to the nature of fossils Davis: AiR swewecuncuien enews suede ecnetae ,C.D..-. Dawes, H. L...-.--- Dawson, Dr.G.M .. Dawson, Sir John William ....... ----..--. , Contributions of, to paleobotany. 416, 424 5 SketeMoly. ws: steed esau eis B17 Debey, M. H., on the fossil plants of Aachen 421 De Candolle, A. P.; geographical distribu- tion of plauts......- 366 ; nervation of leaves... 381 Decline of flow in artesian wells .......... 157-165 Defrance, Jacques Louis Marin, Ccntribu- tions of, to paleobotany.._....-..--------- 405 Degeneration theory of plants.-...-......-. 397 De la Beche; Sir Henry Thomas, Contriba- tions of, to paleobotany ..-...-.---+ -+--- 405 Delta, The.....- 2.2... cece cee nnn e wenn 87, 90, 1¢4 POSS es saescicrecintjamamiewtetommmelemeeas 107 ideal section. - seeee 107 vertical section. .............-.- 107 Deluc. (See Luc.) Deluge. (See Flood; Noachian Deluge.) hypothesis ....-.......--....-.0-- Dendrolithus --..... Descent of plants Denver, Colo., artesian ayall: bres Desor, E., cited as to wave action .....-..... Development in vegetation Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin....... Devonian, Flora of the......... Diabase defined...........--... porphyrite defined Diagrams illustrating the development of plant life ...-......... «see. -361, 442 INDEX. 457 Diagrams, Discussion of. .. Division é Page. ; fe eee See eenet of Paleontology, Administrative re- Diamond drill for artesian-wells. POPE iaiwiciecamseecvmcw sietexe 49-60 Peak glacier.... .....2..--.2..00. juaternary Ge stale: Diastrophism as Telated to topographic re- _ trative clea eee 20-24 TICS sccmaeouslneananawes dais 76 the Pacific, Administrative re- ' Metined: s-ccecov seed cde tnace 118 port Dioksonia, supposed fossil.................. 402 , The A’ppalachian. Dicotyledons....... 0... ceee cece cece eene ee 429, 433 California .. , Arrangement of the divisions Montana... Of th Oy cue wwee ek watccasele 431, 450 New England ; , Development of the.......... 448, 449 Wrenn. cscvsuaeusaqees cele 10 Diller, Ones heseccumcecamaue + +-XXIII, 42, 236, 341 | Dodge County, Wisconsin ................- 199 Dinoceras beds.........2...sceeeeeceseeeeee 252 | Dossetter, E., photographed Alaska glaciers 352 lacustre weet ee teen ee ee eee e eee 251 | Douglas, BE. M -.... 22.2 ..eec cc eeeeee ee eees 11,12 laticeps .. +--- 251 / Drifting sand; dunes ....... --99, 100 mirabile Beteenececion --++ 251 | Drift, Shore...........0.5..00004 -. 86, 87 3 lower jaw .......... ---278-277 | Drill, Diamond, for artesian wells........... 169 Skul) ..... 0... ee eee ee 256 | Drilling, Interpretation of.............-..++ 172 ; frontal bones .......... 260-262 Record of 170 3 lachrymal bones . 266 | Driven wells............ 170 ; molar bones.... 265 | Dromocyou ......-2.20.- ce ccceeeececceeecce 255 ; Maxillaries .. 266 | Dulac, Alleon, on the exotic character of the ; nasal bones............. 258 furns of Saint Etienne j occiput .........2.2.... 263-265 | Duck Point, Grand Traverse Bay ; palate ....... 267-269 | Dunes.......2-..020-000.cececneeeeceeees 7, 3 palatine bone -. 269 | Dunker, Wilhelm, Contributions of, to pale- j parietal bones . 260-262 Oot aR Yisrael base nas focus 419 ; premaxillaries.......... 266 | Dunnington, A.F ........02.20-ceeeeees eee 5 } Prenasal bones.-........ 259 Dutton, Capt. C.E.... XXUL + pterygoid bones . 270-272 ; administrative report.. 42, 43 i Squamosal bones. . 269" |! Duval Si Ripe tre ccs toswcuewnenieeen meta ats 4,14 : VomeTs ........- c 272 # TOON cuir seein smiaed coicie 277 | Eagle Harbor, Michigan, Sandstone at ... .237-240 : Baking (15. Gs oc cae ccnwesesceeecitnwiemesca. Earth augers. ; lower molars. -. shaping... ; Upper molars .. East Neebish Island. SUDO Binsin erased BX aimtlodnmmmnmenene Eau Pleine River............2. 002s eee eee ee first found Echo River quartzite..........20----eseeees , The fore limbs of.. Eccles, James; citedon Wind River glaciers 345 i Eimbeck, W.; as to Jeff Davis glacier. ... 342, 343 Dioonites .......-..-.0--02-0005-- Bile Rivet <.essseccseacesteuiessese ace Diorite defined Ellis, William Diplacodon beds .......-....-..--.2.+.----- 252 | Embankments Director, Report of the. XVI-XXXvI | Emergence, Submergence and, of shores... 110 Dirt-bands in glaciers .. 319 | Emmons, 8. F.... . ibistas el wiaietatetced XVIII, XXIV, 9 Discrimination of shore features, The 112 ; administrative report .......-..-.. 43-47 Discussion of diagrams of the development quotes Gen. Kautz on glaciers..... 335 of plant life ....---...--2.--------e cece 4438-452 on glaciers, Mount Rainier. ........ 335 Distribution of wave-wrought shore feat- Empedocles on the origin of vegetable life. 393 MLCS ison Sonics esse 101-103 | Empire Biuff, Lake Michigan .............. 93, 103 wells, Advantageous .-.... 156 | Endogenites .......-...+---+-eeeeee eee eeee 408, 428 . District of Columbia, Work in ..-.......--.- 8 | Engelhardt, H., Paleobotanical work of .... 424 the Great Basin .........-......- x1x | Engler on the geographical distribution of PAG C iccsscercss xeelauaisialersiaieeg xIX PATI juieescisiwinse biel cis icin eiGinrnialate nimietetclenmreicie 366 Diversity of rock texture causes irregularity Enlargement of feldspar fragments in cer- in erosion. ....--.... 2-20-20 -- 22-2 - eee eee ee 15 tain Keweenawan sand- Division, General organization of the geo- SLOUES 5 os ok sesso ee, 237-245 ETAPNIC2 26: ccc secre soecessases 3 mineral fragments in cer- of Chemistry, Administrative re- tain detrital rocks. ...... 218 Port. coseerecwese es 59 | Eobasileus .......-....... 251 Geography, The .. ..--.-.-.-- 3-14 | Eopteris Morierii 445 Mining Statistics and Technol- ‘Eozoon Canadense 444, Ds vainiir nen kwreewnnamnns 63-64 | Ephedra antisyphilitica..............------ 433 458 INDEX. Page. Page Equalization of supply in wells.....-......- 149 | Flowers, Fossil.......-...2-0.-22-s-000 396, 404, 426 Equisetaces ...-.. 22-2. 020020 sees eeeeee = 445 | Folded Schists north and east of Lake Su- Equisetiner .-.........22202 ceceee eee eee 4°3 DOVOR ce occd cosets ed ciciccedcis we sauinetemte 205 , Development of the... 445 | Fontaine, W.M.; work in the fossil floras of EQUiS@bUID -)<aissarccicieia nase craisiainawiewiaicreloncies’s 438 VAP Bia ociciayn airs aravaten ie tarsicioton alanis arcles 424 giganteum 398 | Forbes, Prof. J. L., an authority on glaciers .309, 319 Equivalency of Penokee and Marquette Fore limbs of Dinocerata, The ............ 298-300 TOGKS? 2 ivincinas cet tosmscen sind, Seheeoeeue ¢ 195 | Fossil fauna of Eocene lake region, Wyo- Eratosthenes on the significance of fossil Ming -...-..-.- 2.2. ee eee 250 SNES: occ ds coiee me cremennmetaseumeelaone 386 Western Americaolder than Erni, Dr. Henrt..ece2: s<sceccee ctrwdncenee es 60 Eruption causes irregularity of erosion .... 76 Eruptive origin of certain Huronian rocks. 242 Escape of water at levelslower thanthe well 153 Essential features of artesian wells.-....-. 131-173 Ettingshausen, Baron Constantin von, Con- tributions of, to paleobot- any-... , Discoveries of, in phytogeog- TAPHY o- sstcagiesseien Lecce 366 , Rank of, asa paleobotanist.368, 369 OK OEGDY OF osieieeceveiwisianeterdye 380 Eureka, Nevada, sandstone......-.2--.--... 235 Existing glaciers of the United States...... 303 ExOg@enites .cccwaesccecentawesuseewesenenss 428 Exotic theory of fossil plants .. ...... 396, 397, 427 Extermination theory of fossil plants ..... 396, 398 Extinct species, Fertility of the conception Off, scseticicien aisle visiecinistoayaisicictieroisiseeueerctarste 398 Paivchild; Bilis cssceisieeanvicns ooeeevete ag 18 Farmington, Utah; view of Wasatch Mount- VATS) tes sees ete ors is att Aes ots on toate ten, 114 Faujas-de Saint Fond, Barthélemy, Contri- butions of, to paleobotany.........--... 400, 402 Fault scarp, The .......-.-.-----.2-----00- 113-115 scarps and shore lines at the base of the Wasatch ......---...-...2--06-- 114 WOTTACES qenemnsetieseeceaysl Uadeesies 118 Fauna, Fossil, Eocene lake region, Wyo- MUGS csecicdi ss beraaaetinegeimed ccm csie! 250 MOY), Mescsciain csiciacs patel avevainisheticwisrciseteiniaain een 28 Felsites and felsitic porphyries studied mi- Croscopicall y's .csccewccscserse cess eaeaees 214 Wermsc:s<cncseossseeute caus Segeder sews 432 , Development of the......-..-. 445 , Early appearance of ..........--.... 445 Ferruginous Schists of the Black River Val- ley, WisCODSi Do 6icciiccsicciic cewdumscedie ns TFicoides............-- Filices ... BCI OS scr oie Serene oie Financial statement Fissured and channeled water-bearing beds. 135 Wla bell aria: ictsinicicsrocidrcrouis aecineteelan! sisters 428 Flathead Mountains, Glaciers of .-........ 347 Bleteher. Dh: Crs aenc ecient ces cas 7 Flood plains and stream terraces........... 116 theory of fossil remains..... 390, 391, 397, 398 , Defenders of the. . . .392, 393, 402, 408 ; Different ways in which fossil plants were explained by the 395,398 Flow, Control of, in wells...--............2. 157 , Height of, in artesian wells........... 159 ;Methods of increasing, in artesian WIS. a isractasisrewnrecidiowsiste’s . seams see 154 in corresponding rocks in other hemisphere........ floras, Conditions affecting flowers fruits glaciers in Alaska........---..---- TOA VOBie ec oneeenewee ies < yoaiece plants; number of known species at different dates ..407, 416, 417, 421, 422, 424, 428 ; how preserved.........----- 439 TODS. sie Docc emicwemesGmncwmcetecs 426 BEANE ec cjidenSiciersiacacigeicaices wiecsseisei 426 UNCOS Soi eiicrcistdcecekecmdwles eceieeie 426 426 Fossils, Early theories of the origin of ... 389, 390 Foster and Whitney cited.....-..-.......-- 191 Richard: 22.25. cseeesccasceeetceices 55, 56 Fountain head of artesian wells.........-.- 144 Fracastorius, Rational views of, on the na- GUTOSOL LOSSES ect ie cnicjcsodisicreca come tale 399 Fragaria, Supposed fossil ........----..---- 395 Franklin, Sir John ..-..--..--.---.0--00- eee 354 Fremont’s Peak glacier ........-......2--- 344-347 Friction in artesian wells ........-.--...-.- 157 Fumaria, Supposed fossil ...-...----..-..-. 396 Gabbro defined ........-..- 22-22 eee eee eee 215 Gallium (=Galium), Supposed fossil....... 396 Gamopetale .........------22- see ee eee eee 433, 450 , Position of the.............. 431, 450 Gannett, Heury.....-....-. 2-22-22 .eee-. ee 35 ; administrative report..... 3-14 SiS sucinccisce nahaourteieistecinteaed 4, 5,12 Gannister of Yorkshire .--............... 219, 222 . Marquette, Mich............. 225 Gardner, T.C., on ice blades - Garlick: SAvocsccsacd caretcawlagees _ Garrett, LeRoy M......-.......--..00.0---- Geiger; HiR: ce enscsseaeiweevercee sc cses RAVI BD Geiit6) Ween occ: acenaes 210, 227, 228, 236 , on terraces....... 112 Geinitz, Hans Bruno 369 , Contributions of, to paleobotany.. 412 se SE cece seca ease ale apes 374 General organization of the geographic di- WISIOM Soca cre cse cisions serene Speed ks nie eset 3 Generatio equivoca, Doctrine of ........... 386 Genetic problems in Notthwest Archwan.. 185 Geognostico-botanical view of the plant-life OL TG SONG x cohyenukn kee twennwnsieidinemw 439 Geographical distribution of plants ........ 366 Geography, Division of ............2....22. 3-14 Geologic map of Northwest, Preliminary .. 187 the United States, Prelim-. ALY wv cccenmn amie lemned XXVIII INDEX, Page. Geologic record, Defectiveness of the, in fos- sil plants ............ 22.00.04. 439, 450 WOPK? so scteateacciseies aa Seciaescieciace XX Geological report of Wisconsin, cited ...... 199 Geology and biology, Interrelations of ..... 3638 OE Canada, P1060 eos ce isew een eco 187 , Origin of the science of strati- graphical «- 898 Gerhard, C. A... 2.22... cece ence eee 219 Germar, E. F., on the Carboniferous flora of Wettin and Libejiin -... 2.2.2.2 .2.2.. 22. 416 Germ-theory of the origin of fossils . - 389, 390 Gesner on petrified wood........-. - 888, 391 Gibraltar Bluff, Wisconsin. ... sister 224 GING A NE esos oe nis bisa KXVI, 53 Gigantic mammals of the Dinocerata....... 243 UO, Gi Re eres wees ace ner sd aawaadaes XXII ; administrative report....... 30-34 . as to Jeff Davis glaciers .... 343 ; the topographic features of lake shores ............-.. 69, 123 ; Visited glaciers of U.S...... 315 Glacial motion; Muir cited ...... 22.0.2... 324 Glacial phenomena....._........22...-206. 317-323 3 Prof.T.C.Chamberlin. xxt records, Natwre Of oc scss.004 cesses. 313 Glaciated surfaces 322 Glaciation causes irregularity of erosion ... 76 Glacier, Bolten... 2.2.2. caneevacevee: 333, 334 movements measured MUG wees cceetewewseeeues PADIS eho wer eure uate vanes pelmas ; largest found ......-...-.... on Parker Creek glacier. 319 oy WS 18:8 occcrcicceacesees Glaciers, Alaska ..... , Aleutian PAIPING «oon js csi acseOeeeceseeee dan , Ancient, of the Sierra Nevada. 327 , Characteristics of 309 , Continental. .... 309 Crevasses of..........0.--ceceesee 318 Definition of........2....022.-..-5 311 , Dirt bands on... 319 ; Elevation of, in the High Sierra.. 315 , Existing, of the Sierra Nevada... 314 , Fossil, in Alaska.................- 859 in the Wind River Mountains.... .826 , Mount Jefferson Shasta the Cascade Mountains.....-.. Sierra Nevada.-....-....... 319 United States, Existing. . 303-355 Glossopteris Phillipsii .......-...........-. 417 Gneisses studied microscopically -......... 213 Gnetacese ....---cccee cccae cere ce cee ec eene 433, 448 Gogebic formation ........22. -1.-eeseeeeeee 193 Lake .....- - -194, 195, 196 Gooch, Dr. F. A., ....-.------- -- XXVII, 19, 60 Goppert, Heinrich Robert, Contributions of, to paleobotany. ...412, 414, 415, 416, 418, 419, 421, 422, 423 , Rank of, as a paleobotanist . .368, 369, 411 pOROtch Of 28 ccicjcceswaciekiceiecerccu 373 Page. Gore, Prof. J. Howard....... esaeteceseeeee XVII, 6 Grand Cafion of the Colorado ... 118, 234 Marais ...........000.0...., sss 207 Portage Bay, Lake Superior ........ 203 Rapids, Wis., Potsdam sandstone.... 224 TORY SG esas vaeceae'aeacticd. comseaccas 397 ; investigations into the Car- boniferous floraof France. 424 Grandfather Bull Falls.......... Baciacisicciimbe 194 Granger, E., on coal plants at Zanesville, OWI0 ee ceria aie eas alisnicrevant cencenterardiocien es 404 Granites studied microscopically... - 213 Grant County, Wisconsin, sandstone....... 255 Gray, Asa, on the geographical distribution Of Plantes cose cece sensimacetieuceeuvaes 366, 436 Gray wackes ... 210, 231, 232, 234 Great Basin, Glaciers on mountains of -. 842 Salt Lake, Sheep Rock............... 84 Green River series ......-.........- 2. 249, 252; 254 Greenstones studied miscroscopically...-.. 214 Greywackes. (See Graywackes .) Grisebach, A. H. R., on the geographical dis- tribution of plants ..................... -. 866 Griswold, W. T Guy 06, Ae ec eaielone de baeeie niacin ersistonec Gymmosperms .........2...00000ceeeeeseeee Hackett, Merrille........22.....0.000. c20e 7 Hagen, K. G., on the origin of amber...... 403 Hague, Arnold................2002.--- XX, 216, 221 , cited on Mount Hood glacier ...... 339 ; Yellowstone National Park Survey. 15-19 fag hits D Wee c anion saewiewsmetis onsejccsnsicer oes 28 Hall, C.W .-.... t eateie eieiSaiciatis 26, 28, 197, 201, 202, 208 , Prof. James; conference on map..... 39 , Report of,on fossil plants of Fremont’sexpedition 417 , W. H., on artesian wells............-. 151 Hallock, Dr. William............. XXVIII, 15, 16, 62 Happer, John §..... -... cece eee cen e ee eee 7 TIA OS, 2G Wiscnccte sarin sania vine wevectan isis 214, 236 Hayden, E. E., U. 8. N., Diagrams prepared DY sepiet sex Ree Hoc eete su 42, 58, 442 DPR Vi seca cecedeeicse cess XXJ, 202, 377 ; administrative report... 28-30 » on glaciers..........-.-. 344 Heer, Oswald, Contributions of, to paleo- ; botany ........2..0. wen. 419, 424 ; geographical distribution of plants.. 366 , Rank of, as a paleobotanist......... 368, 369 » Sketeh Of: cccewcwsvcecwaicee 378 Heliobatis beds .. 252 Helaletes 2scexe seen seoeesege cess - 255 Henry Mountain sandstone, Utah...-...... 235 Herodotus on the meaning of fossil shells 386,398 Hester, W. B ......---..-. wibelwichp clara ieiaceemets 13 Heyl, A.B. 14 Highter.......---------.. 413 Hillebrand, W. F ......-..0-.0..02. 20-0 XXIV. 46 Hillera, SK ccc scncceccinnisweteeweseveedens §8 Hind limbs of Dinocerata. . - -300-302 Hippuris, Supposed fossil 396, 401 460 INDEX. Page. Page. Historical review of paleobotanical dis- Irving, Prof. R. D., on an investigation of CONOR Y -<iccinlasuinednisiaitiestasaewcoaee sae 368 the Archean formations of the North- Hiteheoek; Pre. Th cc cnwakonensccnenes XXVIII, 35 western States .......-..-22.-0-eeeeeeee: 175-242 , E., on terraces 112 | Ishpeming .-..... Hoff, K. E. A. von, on petrified wood --.-..-- 402 | Isoetes........ Hotfmian; Ce¥ esscenceesasaceossesdeceveces Ives’s expedition .--..........2..-----0-2-- 382 OUD): veleie sie han tesrconadseine? s Holman, age cee 0 RNS GCE Sans ¥>) Jackson County, Wisconsin, sandstone.... 235 Holmes, W. H., on glaciers - cs aE nd ee a 15,16 Bole rccrs as : al Si ie Foaacth Taco; Hrm est aciscasevecswasse snr seescences 43 Hook, Robert, sete Peete ven neme 393 Jaeger, Georg Friedrich, Contributions of, ure Oo oar ee ee eS t GOD OtANY eocnmrasenirieen Geese We 406 Hooked Spits, The, produced by wave ac- ee SMa kcke eae 998 999 HON esis tee i fe oo 95-96 | se Davis Peak MLACIOR: co cee sonia seiaes 842, 343 Hookers: 3: D., = a geographic distribu- gna Jefferson County, Wisconsin...........-.-. 199 jas on ja ones ib it cee f ae 41 John, Dr. J. F., on amber .-.-...--.--.------ 403 a8 Pa eobotanica contributions of ... 2 TOL MGOH LAG peck tect actremie te aeteea it XXxvI, 51 Hopkins, W., cited as to current power -..- 89 W.D X1x, 30, 31,32 34, 315 SPN a ihe in einsmimietesminie sate 9 BU, U1, Oey OF, Hornblende-gabbro Motined onsinkchaseatias Jukes, Prof. J. B., cited on schist........--. 241 er ae cic tge een car Saad sig | Julien, A. A., clted.-........-....----.102, 244, 215 Min PRG Ny MOUND seaie ve stats steve as Juneau County, Wisconsin...........-.---- 223 Hunt, T.S., on geologic formations ....188, 196, 203 Haron, Lake..181, 185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 196, 204, 210, 216, 218, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237 Huronian areas, Investigations in .-.. -.-.. 187 ; The original, of Murray and Logan --- 187 formation ......... 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, _ 188, 190, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 2:0, 211, 212, 215, 216, 218, 220, 222, 228, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, 236, 237 .Metamorphism in.... 241 Hutton, J.; Plutonian theory.. Hyatt, Prof. Alpheus ..-.--.....-..2-----.. 54 Hydro-mica-schists studied microscopically. 212 HS Ops0ds: anieceencsucecocesceecuseeaaecs 255 FISTaAch US sce cnecssencrseccincnwece scien 255 Ice pyramids, Glacial ..........---2..----- 320, 321 TONLUCS .--- eee eee cece eee cence ce nes 323 Ice-work the shore wall.....-..,.....-----+ 109 Iddings, J.P .-15,18, 19, 216, 221 Tllustrations accompanying sketch of paleo- Dotan ns. cjsiswaricseacoeuunierstcnnise serpent 361 Imperatus on the diluvian origin of fossil re- mains 391 Indigenous theory of fossil plants. .395, 396, 426, 427 Interdependence of botany andpaleobotany. 366 parts in beach forma- iO saceneyoweecisetuas 83, 87 Tnterrelations of geology and biology ...... 363 Invertebrate paleontology.....---.....-.--+ 363 Investigation of Northwestern Archean formations, Scope of ...--.....2..---.25.- 181 Iron River silver belt ......--..--.--.s0--06 228 Trrigation by artesian wells ...... .-....... Irving, Prof. R. Di cccscsvercvecwistsceseeses xxIt ; administrative report... 24-28 Jussieu, Adrien de, mothod of... -423, 431, 435 ,A.L., Method of.......-..---. 423, 431, 434 Antoine de, on the exotic character of the coal plants of Saint ts Chaumont ... 397 possible extinc- tion of plants. 398 Jussieu, Bernard de, Arrangement by, of the plants in the garden of the Trianon...-.. 425 Kame, The, or Osar, contrasted with shore THUG OS vp jacs 2 cisheisiew cacinssiarawe: pesleciocciniceisGaeiinicie 121 Karl, Anton ............-.---.+--XVIU, 9, 44, 45, 46 Kautz, General August V., found glaciers on Mount Rainier ...-..........-222---.. 334, 335 Keller, H., cited on formation of beaches .-. 77 Kentmann, Johannes, on leaf-incrustations TD TULA o se canisicececeesiane: sacieesemeenjecee 389 Kerr, Mark B... raat 13 . -- XVI, 4,5 Kettle River sevseess 197 Keweenaw Point, Michigan ...... 223, 228, 234, 235 Keweenawan rocks .-.... 182, 184, 185, 195, 201, 202, 203, 218, 214, 215 Kieser, Dietrich Georg, on the structure of coniferous W00d....-.....0.-..200- ee eee ee 402 King, Clarence 47 ; Mount Shasta glacier -.... 329 pe MOUN Gs soe.cc5-tereisaisinte teedenacindce’ ale 314 Kingfisher Lake.............. 186, 207, 208, 210, 234 Kircher, A.; theory of the origin of fossils. 390 Kirehner Dik eesenceeceewesesteenaacccecs 382 Klein, Balthasar, on petrified wood........ 389 , Rational views of ....... 393 Knife Lako..........--... Kéchlin-Schlumberger Konwakiton glacier.......--.....2.2..2.025 Kotzebue Sound glaciers --.............-... 354 Kriiger, Johann Gottlob, on vegetable fos- i 403 Kundmann J. C., Rational views of, on the nature of fossils..............0.. 02. c0ee 394 INDEX. 461 Page. Page. Kurr, Johann Gottlob, on the Jurassic flora Leibnitz, G. W., on the nature of fossils.... 394 of Wiirttemberg .............0...000..... 416 , The “Protogwa” of .............. 399 Kutorga, S.; contributions to paleobotany. 415 | Leidy, J., Wyoming fossils +251, 255 Lemuravis: yepcsiis ee vos ve dc .c: wpedcoweates 255 Lachmund, F., on the cause of petrifaction. 390 Leonhard, K.C. von .........22..eecceceeeee 400 Lake, Agamok ....... 222... ..c eee eee eee 207 | Lepidodendron.............22. 0. c2..2.e 433, 438 , Basswood. 205, 207, 208 established by Sternberg.... 428 , Big Stone. § PRR cece ccccmenn doom 421 Bonneville ........... Lepidophytes ..........2...2.cccceeseeee eee 438 ; An island of .. Lepidosteus...... 2... ....22.002 cece sees 255 , cliffs and terraces of .-.98, 99,110 | Lesley, J. Peter; conference on map....... 39 3 Cup Butto .....2... 2.22... 96 | Lesquereus, Leo, Collection from........... 57 # PIE OF a dada de wcdadarmn 98 , Contributions of, to paleo- shore; map........... 20000. 95 botany..... 416, 420, 424, 445, 446 Clear Water ......-.....2..ccceeceeeee 234 , Rank of, as a’ paleobotan- AUIS scrcrcnina vaio Lew rauaiy ewetrces 223 ISte: cesweescusensearsned 368, 369 Gogebie .........00. 0c eee 194, 195, 196 Sketch of ..........2.22-. 3768 , Great Salt, Sheep Rock...... eaters 84 | Lesser, Friedrich Christ., on the tropical Huron - 181, 185, 186, 189, 190, 195, 196, 204, 210, facies of fossil plants .............-...2..- 397 216, 218, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237 | Lherozite defined ........-..-..ee-e--ecee0- 217 , Kingfisher.............. 186, 207, 208, 210, 234 | Lhwyd, Edward, on fossil plants .......... 389, 425 gp RDO: erent sees 186, 207, 208, 210, 227, 234 , on the origin of fossils... 340, 391 ; Michigan; rectification of coast- ‘map. 103 | Libavius, Germ theory of, for the formation pM OTROS ec5s icc peinsoe Visecroceisios aanslstaed 197 of fossils 389, 390 4 MONO: coavadactaxasss 314, 315, 316,317 | Library ....2. 2.2.2. 0-20 ee cece ee cece eceeeee XXIV pMOO8C we cea denies earecimsnice ce ccsees 213) |) Toigulatae s.2csc.0c evade earns ieeces cn 433, 438, 446 DAN suing en vedo waserenrenw nd 233 | Limbs of Dinocerata, The fore ........... 298-300 SNotthitecs: cha scuccucer ecanecowees 204 , The hind.. 300-302 Numakagon. .:.ci0ccessccesvacsescecs 198 | LapOStOn68).cccceccdeneneewe : 218 of the Woods....... ae 182, 205,208 | Limnohyus...-.......-00-seeeeee 255 ,Ogishkiemuncie .................... 207: | Tot vOFelis cates:acats crersrcap, oa seaweueenaye ees ale 255 Ontario, Map of Braddock’s Bay...... ~94 | Lincoln Peak; Newadac. Page, Page. Loop, The, in wave action....-.......----- 91,95 | Martins, C. ¥., Contributions of, to paleo- Los Angeles County, California; artesian DOtany:: ss vecceceese esses 405, 428 PONS ay veered eaeaee eae ewes Hee 151 ; Classification of fossil plants .... 428 Loss of flow in wells (see Decline of flow).157-165 | Maryland, work in 8 Levene, Dt Bo ven qewws aeeeescy 40 | Massalongo, Abrams, Contributions of, to Loxalophodon........----+--+-- 251 paleobotany......- 423 Luc, J. A. dO ..2 eee e cece eee eee ee cere e ee 219 , Rank of, as a paleobotanist. .368, 369 Luidius (see Lhwyd.) , Sketch of.... ... --.-.-.-..-- 379 Luther, Martin, the first to assign the flood Matthiolus on petrified wood .---888, 390, 391 as the cause of petrifactions......--...-.. 391 | Measurement of flow in artesian wells ...-.. 159 Lycopodiacem........-...-.-.-- 3 AEG: | Med WNOS i ood tain aosecioe aeeee wish 446 Lycopodines ...-.....--+---+-- = 433 | Meehan, Thomas; cited on Alaskan glaciers 353 Lycopodinesw, Development of the --- 446 | Melville, Dr. W. H -...-0---2. 22-02 XXV, 48 Lycopodiolithes.....-..-.---------00-----+ 427,428 | Menominee, Marquette and, iron-bearing Lycopodites: .-.-0<cc<ssseewsciseesscseeeis 428 POSION srsdscccwccueees 189-194, 234 Lycopodium ...-...---.----.-+--20- 2. eee eee 438 190 Lyell glacier ......---..--. 0. sees eee eee 322 rocks... 183, 187, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 323 203, 204, 207, 210, 211, 218, 228 LOUIE ccaiicienacaatmiitnt tak dese $14 .815|, Merced River. oc caiscedsincaieciardiacagmeeidondk 315 ptr Charles visciccteisas wevederstieed eee 879 | Merret, Christopher, Rational views of, on the nature of fosslls......-----.----.----- 394 McGee, W J...- -+-.+-XVIII, XXIU, XXVIII, 417 | Merriam, W.N .----..--.--- 24, 25, 27, 28, 188, 197, , Administ ative report ....-.. 34-41 201, 202, 203, 205 McKays Mountain, Lake Superior ......... 203 | Mesabi Range ...---.....-.-.2-24- 197, 204, 205, 206 MeWinney, Rei ©: ances cccecciacieccean-ceccncees 5 | Metamorphism in the Huronian .........-. 241 McLaughlan, Maj. J....--- 23 | Mica schists studied microscopically....... 212 McLennan’s Landing .......- 225 | Microscopic studies --... Macomb’s Expedition .... 382 | Michigamme Lake ....... MEAMIS ONY WASH ic « ceisineintens ssi el eioiacpuaiaiotostes 223 MIHO)sc sede AGS ee Ssake ees Malitowah, Minn .....-... .22.2-2---..----- 233 | Mille Lacs County, Minnesota Major, Johann Daniel, first to mention true Tak Guscseiud: oer odsse Sstvlaces leaf impressions in Miller, Hugh TOCK o2e.s seteeses 389,425 | Mineral production of the United States...-xxvll , Rational views of ..389, 393 | Mining districts, Survey of ....-.......---- XXIV Mammals, Gigantic Dinocerata ............ 243 statistics and technology, Division Mankato, Minn ...........2....00e00e0eeee 202 OO Becta dre tepioecoe enc otar tart Reet oheals tee Ae Mantell, G. A.; ‘Fossils of the South Minnesota River .....-. DOWNS cnccseecinsroedats ieeiseewemeehes te 405 Valley .... Manuscript geologic map United States... . 35 | Miohippus series..-.............-..-------. maps used in forming United Miquel, F. A. G.; monograph of the Cyca- States geological map.... ... 38 CACC eo:e sees retrevaincieteeiete vemnaeeee ees 415 Maps, Canadian......-.....2..-..-..--22225 182 | Mississaugi River ...... 2... -.-------..- 182, 197 used in forming United States geolo- Mississippi River......-...2..-2-. 187, 197, 205, 210 @ical Map scscessscs ce cesses eee 37 | Missouri River modified by artesian wells.. 150 Marathon County, Wisconsin ..........-... 194 | Mitchell, Dakota..--.......-...-0 2.2.2.0 -- 280 Marcou,.J 2B ssecie sicnigiePageis scaceaGiatsices 50 , Prof. Henry, cited on tide-lands... 77 jPROE: DF cwieinneice ve been Shdcdeaetoeee 54,378 | Modified system of botanical classification Mare’s tail (Hippuris), supposed fossil .-... 396 PHOPOSEd) se cwcsSessnses saws semen. Bese 436-437 Marion, Prof. A.F 3841 | Moering, Paul Gerard, on the indigenous Marck, W. von de 424 theory of fossil plants ..........2..2-2-..- 396 Marquette .and Menominee iron-bearing Mono Basin 328 BOTLCO 2c aweseaseecnsscseees 189-194 Dake glacier 2:2). icecesasieceteeaecss 314, 315 County, Michigan..............- 235 | Monochlamydew.........-..--.....--. 433 Rogion....183, 187, 189,190, 192, 193,195, | Moenocotyledone ..s0.+ o2ccccensaew eu cena re 429, 433 196, 198, 203, 204, 207, 210, 211, , Development of the 448 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 224, | Monopetala .....-.-...2.. 002 ee ee eee 433 225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 285 | Montana Division, The .....-.............-. 9 Marsh, Prof. 0, C..-.-.--.-.062-2--20-- XXv, 11,12 | Montaniri first announced potency of cur- ; administrative report. ..49-50 rents with waves.......----..--0--eeeeeee 88 ; gigantic dinocerata.. 243-302 | Montreal River.........-...-...-. 195 Marshall Hill, Wis... -.--..------------2-- 228 | Moody County, Dakota 200 Marsh Valley, Idaho, landslipsin ........-. 120 | Moose Lake, Wisconsin .......-..- .2-.222.. 213 MAT IIG: sisesejascercsorcisioe tiers Aaisie diane de 432, 438,446 | Moraines .......--..----...-----0-- 120, 121, 312, 321 WON di Obevienscamrereasercinatsinnarecconaien 446 | Morand,J.F.C., Rational views of, on the Martin, William; ‘'Petrificata Derbiensia” 402 HAturciof fossils: oo cscs ec aeas dsccwmmeses 394 ~ INDEX. 463 Page. 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