None
bie ) bief e > geber gute ) ber ) bief er >■ fjeber guter ) ber i bief er \ geber guter ) bie ) bief e > iJeber gute ) 2.— THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND CORRESPONDING mexnem ) A. einen ) gg ^„ memen S N. bie 1 sit hj«"« meinej DETERMINATIVES. ^^" \ 2Baff( mexn ) " ler einem meinem ein mein }2Baff ^" laOafler texn ) " 3. — Plural, bie ] meinej exne meine einer meiner einer meiner eine meine bie biefe gute metne > iJeber igeber \ geber \ geber gebem APPENDIX. 421 G. ber T mcinerj A. bic 1 tncincj D. ben ^ Sit" h^"«« meinenj ber 1 meinerj bte biefe fiute tneine SBaffet ben biefen guten meinen Saflem ber ^ 5«^^ Sebem meinerj bie 1 metncj ben ^ 5it" h*^- meinen J 4.— THE ADJECTIVE, with preceding determinative words. N. ber gute SBater biefer mcin Quter G. bed guten Waters biefeS meineS D. bcm Quten SBater bicf em meinem A. ben biefen meinen bie gute SRutter biefe meme ber guten biefer — metner ber biefer — meiner - bie gute biefe — meine — bag gute ^inb biefeS mein guteS bed guten 5linbei^ biefed meineS bem guten ^inbe biefem meinem bad gute ^inb biefed mein guteS — lie ) liefe >• (teine ) N. bie biefe }• guten SBSter meine G. ber biefer meiner { A. bie bief meine ie ) iefe \ I D. ben biefen J- guten SSfitem meinen aWtttter guten SWiittem 5linber guten ilinbem 432 APPENDIX. 6.— N-DECLENSION OF NOUNS. N. bcr Jlnabe G. bc3 Stnabm D. bem Jlnaben A. ben 5lnaben Plural, N. bicjlnaben G. bet D. ben A. bie 7.— DECLENSION OP PROPER NAMES. ^arl, ber ^arl S^ana; ber ^ana ^arlS, beS granjenS, beS ^arl, bem Stanj; bem 9.0x1, ben Stanj, ben 3(ora, bie ^(ora gloraS, bcr glora, ber giora, bie aRarie aRarienS HRarien (or 2Rarie) aRarie S.^PERSONAL PRONOUNS. N. ic^ G. meiner D. mir A. mid^ N. wir G. unfer D. unS A. unS bu beincr bir bi4 Singular. er feiner i§m (fid^) i^n (ft(§) Plural. il^r euer eud^ euc^ fie i§rer i^r (ftc§) fte (ft«) feiner i^m (fi(5) e8 (ft*) 9.— POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, with Singular. N. masc. )mcin, bein, fein, i^r, N. neuter J my thy his her (your) N. fern. meine bcine feine il^re g! neuTer [ '"^^"^^ ^^^"^^ f^^«^^ ^^^^^ G. fern. meiner beiner feiner i^rer d' neu^ter I ^^^^^^ beinem feinem il^rem D. fern. meiner beiner feiner il^rer A. masc. meinen beinen jeinen i^ren A. neuter mein bein fein i^r A. fem. meine beine feine il^re fie i§rer i^nen (ftdj) fie (fi(§) following substantive. unfer, our unfere unfereg unferer unfer em unferer unferen unfer unfere euer, your eure eureg eurer eurem eurer euren euer eure i^r, their i^re i^reg i§rer i^rem i^rer i§ren i^r i^re APPENDIX. 423 N. masc. fem. neuter •meine beine feine G. masc. fem. neuter -tnetner 1 beiner feiner D. masc. ] fem. neuter ] -meinen beinen feinen A. masc. ] fem. neuter • ntcine 1 beine feine unfere eure i§re unferer eurcr i^rer unferen euren i^ren unfere cure il^re 10.— POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS) without following substantive. N. m. betmein(ig)e or meinet; mine A. m. ben mein(ig)en or meinen N. ) bad mein(ig)e A. J ' or meineS N. ) . bie mein(ig)e A. ) or meine ^' n.' } ^^^ mein(ig)en ber bein(ig)e or beinet; thine (yours) ben bein(ig)en or beinen bag bein(ig)e or bcineS bie bein(ig)e or beine beS bein(ig)en ber fein(ig)e or feiner, his ben fcin(ig)en or feinen boS fetn(ig)e or f eineS bie fein(ig)e or feine beS fein(ig)en P If. ber mein(ig)en bet bein(ig)en ber f ein(ig)en N. and A. m. n. ) bie mein(ig)en or meine G. m. ) D. m. ) ber mein(ig)en or meiner ben mein(ig)en or meinen Plural, bie bein(ig)en or beine ber bein(ig)en or beiner ben bein(ig)en or beinen bie fcin(ig)en or feine ber fein(ig)en or feiner ben fein(ig)en or feinen ^a§ SWeinige = my property or fortune, my duty, my share. S)ie HReinigen = my family, my relation. SBie befinben ftd^ bie Ixzhzn 3§ngen ? How are your dear ones ? ^ic HReinigen finb n)0§(, my family are well. 422 APPENDIX. 6.— N-DECLENSION OP NOUNS. N. ber Rnahe G. bed ^naben D. bem Jlnaben A. ben ^naben Plural, N. bie Jlnaben G. ber D. ben A. bie 7.^DBCLBNSION OP PROPER NAMES. itarl, ber itatl ^^anj; bet gh^on) ilarld, beg granjenS, beS — ilarl, bem granj, bem — ilarl, ben granj, ben — gtora, bie ^Jlora gioraS, ber glora, ber glora, bie aRarie 3Rarten3 HRarien (or SWarie) SRarie S.^PERSONAL PRONOUNS. N. ic^ G. meiner D. mir A. mid^ N. xsAx G. unfer D. unS A. unS bu beiner bir bi4 Singular^ er feiner i^tt (ft«) Plural. i^r euer euc^ eud^ fte i^rer i§t (M) fte (ft«) eg feiner i^m (M) eg (ft*) Pe i^rer i§nen (ft(5) fte (M) 9.— POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, with following substantive. Singular, N. masc. )mein, bein, fein, i^r, N. neuter J my thy his her (your) N. fern. meine beinc feine i§re g! ne^uter } "^^^"^^ ^^^'^^^ f^^'^^^ '^^"^^^ G. fern. meiner beiner feiner i§rer d! neu^ter [ *"^^^^"^ beinem feinem i§rem D. fern. meiner beiner feiner i^rer A. masc. meinen beinen feinen il^ren A. neuter mein bein fein i^r A. fcm. meine beine feine i^re unfer, our unfere unfereS unferer unfer em unferer unferen unfer unfere euer, your eure eureg eurer eurem eurer euren euer eure i^r, their il^re i^reg i§rer i§rem i§rer i^ren i^r i^re APPENDIX. Plural. N. masc. 1 fem. neuter ' • ttietne betne feine G. masc. ] fem. neuter ' h ttieiner betner feiner D. masc. ] fem. neuter h meinen beinen feinen A. masc. \ fem. Y tncine bcine feine 423 neuter ) unfere cure i^re unfeter eurer i^rer unferen euren i^ren unfere eure i§re 10.— POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS, without following substantive. N. m. ber mein{ig)e or meiner, mine A. m. ben mein(ig)en or meinen N. ) boS mein(ig)e A. J * or meineS N. ) J bie mein(ig)e A. J • or meine ^* n.' \ ^^^ «icin(ig)en P* ^f. ber mein(ig)en ber bein(ig)e or beiner, thine (yours) ben bein(ig)en or beinen baS bein(ig)e or beineS bie bein(ig)e or beine beg bein(ig)en ber bein(ig)en ber fein(ig)e or feiner, his ben fein(ig)en or feinen boS fein(ig)e or feineS bie fein(ig)c or feine beS fein(ig)en berfein(ig)cn N. and A. m. lY bie mein(ig)en or meine G. m. m. ) n. ) D. m. m. ) ber metn(ig)en or meiner ben mein(ig)en or meinen Plural, bie bein(ig)en or beine ber bein(ig)en or beiner ben bein(ig)en or beinen bie fein(ig)en or feine ber fein(ig)en or feiner ben fein(ig)en or feinen ^03 SWeinige = my property or fortune, my duty, my share. 3!)ie aWeinigen = my family, my relation. 2Bie befinben fic§ bie lieben S'&irtfi^w ? How are your dear ones ? ^ie 3Weinigen finb xoo^l, my family are well. 424 APPENDIX. II. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 1. Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. Plural. biefer, this biefe biefeS biefe jcncr, that jenc jeneS jene ber, that bie bad bie berjenige, that biejenigc baSjcnige biejjemgen berfclbe, the same biefelbe baSfelbe biefelben fold^er, such fold^e folc^ed fol^e 2. ^er (if followed by a noun), biefet/ folc^et/ are declined like the definite article. 3. Each component of berjjenige; berfelbC; is declined, the former like the definite articlei^ the latter like an adjective. N. berjenige biejenige baSjenige biejenigen G. bcSjlcnigen berjcnigen begjcnigen berjenigen D. bemienigen bcrienigen bemjenigen benjenigen A. benjenigen biejenige baSjenige biejenigen 4. The demonstrative bet/ bie/ ba3/ not followed by a noun, is declined : N. ber bie baS bie G. beffen (beft) beren beffen beren or berer* D. bent ber bent benen A. ben bie baS bie 12.— THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. I. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter, Plural. N. welc^er, who, which n)e(c^e n)e(cl^ed weld^e G. not used. * D. weld^em, to whom toelc^er weld^em welc^en A. roeld^en, whom roeld^e n)e(c^ed n)e(c^e N. ber, who, which bie baS bie G. beffen, whose, of which beren beffen • beren D. bent, to whom ber bem benen A. ben, whom bie bad bie N. roer. he (she) who wad, that which G. roeffen weffen D. roem went A, wen n)ad * a>erer is used when a relative clause follows ; as : 3)lc SWcinung 2)eTttf bie m!d^ ^affen^ ip mix gleiii^gflltig, 1 am indifferent to the opinion of those who hate me. APPENDIX. 425 2. As correlatives (i, e, as pronoonsHhat are not determined or com- pleted in themselves, but need a determination following) are employed in German : bet^ biCr ba^r bttietiige (bicjentfic, baSjcnige), betfet^e (biefeI5e, ba§fel5c); hence the English he (she) who, this man (these people, those) who, cannot be rendered by cr, n)e((|er, etc., but by bct (betiettige^ betfeCbe) weld^er ; as : He who told it, etc. ; %tt (or, beti jcnige) toelc^cr eS fagtc. I gave it to her whom you know ; gc^ gab eS betr or beti^ttigettf bic @ic fcnncn. Those people who still doubted it were right ; JDicjcnigcn (or, bie), n)elc§c eg no^ bearocifcltcn, gotten rc(|t. 3. The possessive pronouns refer exclusively to persons; hence, when the possessor is a thing, in place of fein/ i^r^ the demonstratives or relatives (in the genitive) are employed ; as : Xct^ §au3 ift fc^bn, obCT baS Xa^ beSfclbcn {or, beffen 3!)ac§) (not, fein 3)ac§) ift ju niebrtg. 3)tcfe SHngc ftnb mir unbclannt, ic§ fenne ben SBert berfelben {or, beren 5Bert) (not, i§ren 2Bcrt) nic^t. The demonstratives bet (bie, ba9), berfelbe (bte= felbe; baSfelbe), are also employed to avoid ambiguity or for the sake of euphony ; as : 3c§ '^ah^ Static greunb unb beffen (beS greunbeS, feinen would refer to ^arl) S3ruber gefe^en. Sei^en @ie mir ^f)xen ^agen. 3c^ lei^c ^^nttt benfelben gem (not, i^n S'&n^n)* 13— THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. SBer? wAoF n>a§? wka^F toelc^er? welc^e? welc^eg? which? waS filr ein ? roaS fiir eine ? woS f ilr eineS (einS)? what sort of a ? 2Ber ? and waS ? are declined like the relative pronoun n)er and n)a3 ; n)e(cl^er ? XOZX^Z ? Welches ? take the inflection of the definite article ; n)OS fttr ein ? — eine ? eineS ? decline only ein, eine, ein, 14.— THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 1. These are : 3ctnanb, somebody y some one ; ntemanb, nobody, no one ; Jcbermann, everybody ; einer, one ; leiner, none ; man, one {they, people); ettUaS, something ; nid^tS, nothing, 2. 3emanb and niemanb take seS in the genitive (in dat. and ace. they remain unaltered) ; jebermonn takes ^ in the genitive ; einer and leiner are inflected like the definite article. 3. WitfXi is used only in the nominative. The other cases are formed from eittet I the possessive pronoun referring to man is fein ; as : ®r fagt einem nie bie 2Bal^r§eit, he never tells one the truth. 3Wan xmx% feinen ©Item ge^ord^en, one must obey one's parents. 426 APPENDIX. 15.— NUMERALS. I* @ist followed by a noun is declined like the indefinite article; preceded by the definite article it has the inflection of an adjective : bet cine, beS einen, bem eincn, etc. 2. 3^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ *^^® '^ ^'^ *^® genitive, when they are not preceded by an article : ^ad ©efptilc^ ^xozxex j^nabett ; but, bag ©efprftd^ ber gtoei j^naben. 3. Ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives : ^cr etftc (etn etfter) ©chiller, the (a) first scholar. When ttfU and Itt^tC refer to two objects only, they take the form of the comparative ; as : ^avl unb 2|0^ann ftnb a3rilber, bcr crftete ift ^auftnann, ber le^tete Slrjt ; Charles and John are brothers, the former is a merchant, the latter is a physician. 4. Fractional numbers : ^, §alb, ber, bie, baS l^olbe, etn ^alber, eine f)albe, etn fjalbeS ; i, etn bnttel, but, etn SJtittel beS ©etoinneS ; f , brei t)iertel ; i, t)ter fiinftel ; li, onbcrt^olb ; 2^, britte^olb ; 3i, Dierte^alb. 5. Cinnal, cnce; jjoeintal, iwice; breimal; 3 times , etc. 6. ©rftenS, /rst, in the first place; jweitenS, secondly; britteng, thirdly, 7* ©inerlei, of one kind; jweierlei, of two kinds; breierleii etc. 16.— INDEFINITE NUMERALS. 1. SlQer, aUe, aUeS, when followed by a determinative word, are with- out termination ; as : SlUer SBein, but, (xV^ mein 2Bein, an ber SBein ; aHeS Oetb, but, an mein ®elb ; aHe Sutter, but, all bie a3utter. 2. 3^^^^?/ V^^i jebeS, are used in the singular, except in aUe unb jebe, all and every one ; as : 3ebeS Sllter §at feine SSergnUgungen, every age has its pleasures. ^t\izt §at e3 gel^ort, every one has heard it. The English any in affirmative clauses answers to the German itg^b eitiet (eine, eineS), j[ebet (jebe, jebeS); j[ebet (jebe, JebeS) htWtU^t, strongly accented ; as : You may come at any time, ©te fonnen gu Jeber, or, 3U j[ebet htlithi^tn 3eit f ommen. This man is capable of any crime, 2)iefer aWenfc^ ift j[ebe^ SSerbred^eng fS^ig. SWand^er (mand^e, ntand^eg), many a ; the plural, ttiand^e, is rendered by some, ^z\izxmOLnn, everybody^ is only used substantively. 3^^^)^<t>^>^ rou^tc e§, every one knew it. ©iniger (etnige, eintgeS), etlid^er (etlic^e, etlic^eS), are used in the sin- gular before abstract nouns ; as : 3c§ \^(xhz noc§ einige ©OffttUng, I have still some hope. APPENDIX. 427 3. Mark! All the town, ble ganjc ©tabt; all the year round, 3a^r au^, Zaf)v cin ; all of us, toir aHe ; after all, im ®runbe, am Gnbe. 4* SBenig, little, vielf much, signify quantity, and are not declined ; as: much, little sugar, mel; toenig 3^^^^ (masc); much, little milk, Did, toenig SJUldJ (fem.); much, little meat, vkl, tocnig glcifc^ (neut.). SBenigc, few, mclc, many, signify number : joentgc 2^age, few days ; t)teic Scute, many people. 5, The indefinite numerals of quantity : etroaS, somethings nid^td, nothings are not declined ; ganj, whoU^ and §alb, halfy are not declined before names of countries and places of the neuter gender, when no determinative precedes; as: ganj (^X^qf.ax(^f all England; ^alb $arid, the half of Paris; but, bag gattjC (cin ganjeS) ©tttcf, the{a)whole J>iece; etn §albed ?funb, half abound, 17.— AUXILIARY VERBS OF TENSE. a, f^cibtn, to have. PRESENT. Indicative, Subjunctive, id^ \^Q!bti I have td^ (cr, ftc, e§) %oiiti I (he, she, it) cr (fie, e§) §at may have wir (©ie, fie) l^aBen roir (©ie, fte) §aben bu l^aft bu i^abeft i^r §abt i^r ()abet IMPERFECT. id^ (er, fie, eS) ^atte, I had ic§ (er, fie, e§) ^atte, I might have Toir (©ie, fie) fatten roir (©ie, fie) ptten bu l&atteft bu ^atteft i^r ^attet i^r ^ttet PERFECT. td^ \)(ybt ge^abt, I have had id^ \)Qi^>t ge^abt, I may have had er (fie, e§) l^at 1 er (fie, e§) \^(xht "I «nr^(|ie, f.e) ^aben L,^^,^ »MSie, fie) ^«6e„ . ,^„,, i^r l^abt J i§r §abet J PLUPERFECT. id| (er, fie, e§) l^atte, I had had^j id^ (er, fie, e§) ^atte tpir (©le, fie) fatten I ge^abt roir (©ie, fie) fatten bu^atteft I had bul^atteft i^ ^attet J i^r ^attet gel^abt, >-I might have had 428 APPENDIX. Indicative, ic§ rocrbc l^aben, I shall have er (fie, eS) toirb "] i^r TOcrbet J FUTURE. Subjunctive, i(| (er, Jte, eS) toerbc T wir {©te, fte) toerben I ^a^wt^ 00 I bu werbeft f shall have i§r werbet J FUTURE PAST. had ic§ werbe er (fie, e§) wirb wir (©ie, fie) werben bu roirft i^r toerbet Present ic§ (er, fie, e§) wiirbe l&aBen, I should have wir (©ie, fie) roiirben ) bu wUrbeft >• l^aBen i^r roilrbet ) ic§ (er, fie, e§,)n)erbe1 ^^c^txt^A^ ge^abt^aben, wir (©ie,rte) werben l^ffffiJuai? CONDITIONAL. Past. \fyc roilrbet J have had IMPERATIVE. f^CthtXl ©te, have (you) §obe, have (thou) ^obt, have {j€) Present, f^CibtXi, to have INFINITIVE. Perfect, ge^abt ^aben, to have had PARTICIPLES. Present, ^abenb, having Perfect, ge^abt, had Indicative, ic§ bin, I am er (fie, e§) ift wir (©ie, fte) ftnb bu bift i^r feib ic§ (er, fie, e§) toar/Iwas roir (©ie, fie) waren bu toarft V^r wavi b, feltir to be. PRESENT. Subjunctive, ic§ (er, fte, e§)fet, (if^Ibe wir (©ie, fie) feien bu feiefl i^r feiet IMPERFECT. ic§ (er, fie, eS) wftre (if) I were toir (©ie, fie) toSren bu toareft tl^r toarei APPENDIX. 4*9 Indicative. ic^ bin er (fie, cS) ip roir (Sic, ftc) ftnb bu 5ift I i§r fcib J 1 geiD^fflt/ r I have PERFECT, Subjunctive, i(| (er, fie, e^) fei 1 wir (©ie, fie) f eien I gewefen, been )>" i".^? f ^*0 ^ ^^ve been x§r f etet J ic^ (er, fte, eS) war 1 wir (©xe, fxe) warcn 1 gewefen, bu warft I I had been i^r toart rr PLUPERFECT. id^ (er, fie, eS) wdre wir (©te, fie) wftren bu toareft i§r n>(iret oeroefen, (if) I had been FUTURE. id^ roerbe er (fie, eS) wirb wir (©ie, fie) roerben bu roirft il^r iDerbet id^ (cr, fie, e§) wcrbe ' fcin rotr(©ie,f rotr (©ie, fie) werben I fein, r(iOIshallbe FUTURE PAST. ic^ werbe er (fie, eg n)ir (©ie, fie) roerben bu wirft i^r werbet er (fie, eS) wirb I gewefen fein, roir (©ie, fie) roerben {./jA^i'^hall V I shall have bu werbeft ( ^ J^^l ^^^, been ic^ (er, fte, e§) werbe 1 ^^^^t^^ t^^ have been i^r iDerbet CONDITIONAL. Present. Past, id^ (er, fie, eS) roilrbe "j id| (er, fie, e§) roiirbc ^ n)ir (©ie, fie) wiirben I fein, roir (©ie, fie) roiirben ! aewefen fein, bu wiirbcft i I should be bu roilrbeft j i should have i§r wiirbet J i^r roiirbet J been feien ©ie, be (you) IMPERATIVE, fei, be (thou) feib, be (ye) Present, fein, to be INFINITIVE. Perfect, geroef en fein, to have been Present, fetenb, being PARTICIPLES. Perfect, gcwefen, been 430 APPENDIX. €. tPetbeitf to become. PRESENT. Indicative, Subjunctive, tc§ wetbc, I become t(| (er, fie, cS) toetbc, (if) I become cr (fie, eS) mrb toir (@ie, fie) werben TOtr (Sie, fie) wetben bu werbeft bu toirft i^r toerbet i^r toerbet IMPERFECT, ic^ (er, fie, eS) warb (rourbe), I be- ic§ (er, fie, eS) rotirbe, (if) I became wir (©ie, fie) wurben bu warbft (wurbeft) i^r tourbet [came toir (©ie, fie) wiirben bu toiirbeft i^r toilrbet id^ bin er (fie, eS) ift wir (©ie, fie) finb bu Mft i^r feib PERFECT. - geroorben, I have become \^ (er, fie, eS) fei ] toir (©ie, fie) feien ! getuorben, (if) I bu feieft I have become i^r feiet I PLUPERFECT. ic^ (er, fie, e§) roar 1 tc§ (er, fie, e§) roare ] roir (©ie, fie) roaren 1 geroorben, I roir (©ie, fie) roftren I geroorbcn, bu roarft | had become bu roareft f (iQ ^ ^*d i^r roart J i^r roSret J become id^ roerbe er (fie, e§) roirb roir (©ie, fie) roerben bu roirft i^r roerbet id^ roerbe er (fie, e§) roirb roir (©ie, fie) roerben bu roirft il^r roerbet FUTURE. roerben, I shall become id| (er, fie, e§) roerbe 1 roir (©ie, fie) roerben I roerben, bu roerbeft f (»f) I shall i^r roerbet J become FUTURE PAST. id^ (er, fie, e§) roerbe] geroorben geroorben fein, roir (©ie, fie) roerben ! f ein, I shall have bu roerbeft ( (if) I shall become i^r roerbet J have become Present. td| (er, fie, c§) roiirbe roir (©ie, fie) roiirben bu roilrbefl i^r roilrbet CONDITIONAL. Past, ic§ (er, fie, e§) roilrbc T geroorben roerben, roir (©ie, fie) roiirben I fein, I should bu roilrbcft j I should become i^r roUrbet J have become APPENDIX. 431 IMPERATIVE, loerben @ic, become (you) wcrbe, become (thou) toerbet, become (ye) Present, toerben; to become Present, toerbenb; becoming INFINITIVE. Perfect, geroorben feln, to have become PARTICIPLES. Perfect, gcroorbcn, become 18. lo^ettf to praise. a, ACTIVE VOICE. PRESENT. Indicative, Subjunctive, id^ loBe, I praise id^ (er, ftc, eS) loBc, (iO I praise er (fie, c3) lobt toir (©ie, fie) loben roir (©ie, fie) loben bu lob eft bu lobft i^r (obet i^r (obt IMPERFECT. id^ (er, fie, e§) lobte, I praised ic§ (er, fie, eS) lobte, (if) I praised toir (©ie, fie) lobten loir (©ie, fie) lobten bu lobteft bu lobteft i^r lobtet il^r lobtet PERFECT. tc§ (er, fie, eg) l^abe "I toir (©ie, fte) \)(i,\izxi I gelobt, (if) I * gelobt, I have bu ^abeft j have praised praised i^r ^abet J PLUPERFECT. id^ (er, fie, e§) l^atte 1 id^ (er, fie, e§) ^Stte ] toir (©ie, fie) l^attett I gelobt, I had toir (©ic, fie) l^attett I gelobt, (if) I bu l^atteft I praised bu l^atteft [ had praised t^rl^attet J i^r ^ftttet J id^ l^abe er (fie, e§) |^at toir (©ie, fie) ^aben bu l^aft ii)r l)abt id^ toerbe er (fie, e§) toirb toir (©ie, fie) toerbeti bu toirft i^r loerbet FUTURE. id| (er, fie, e§) toerbe 1 loben, I shall Jf^^ (®|f'>) '^^''^^^ U*^^^"; ^'^} praise ^" werbeft [ shall praise ^ i§r toerbet J 432 APPENDIX. Indicative, id^ toerbe cr (fie, eS) wirb toir (@ie, fie) werben bu wirft i^r werbct Present, idj (cr, fie, eS) wiirbe ' mx (@ic, fie) wiirben bu wUrbeft i^r toilrbet FUTURE PAST. Subjunctive, id^ (er, fie, eS) werbe ' gelobt |aben, toir (@ie, fie) toevben I shall have bu toerbeft praised i^r toetbet gelobt ^^ahtn, > (if) I shall have praised CONDITIONAL. Past. (oben, >- I should praise loben ©ie, praise (you) IMPERATIVE, lobe, praise (thou) lobet, praise (ye) Present, loben, to praise INFINITIVE. Perfect, gelobt 5aben, to have praised Present, (obenb, praising PARTICIPLES. Perfect, gelobt, praised b, PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, td^ loerbe gelobt, I am praised er (fie, e§) wirb roir (@ie, fie) roerben bu tDirft i^r roerbet 1 gelobt PRESENT. Subjunctive, id| (er, fie, e§) roerbe "I toir (@ie, fie) toerben I gelobt, (if) I bu toerbeft | be praised il^r toerbet I IMPERFECT. ic§ (er, fie, e§) toarb (rourbe) ] ^^[^.5* idl (er, fie, eS) wiirbel toir (@ie, fie) lourben I ? «?.« w« (©i«f fie) toilrbcn I gelobt, (if) I bu toarbft (lourbeft) \ r^y.^\^^A ^w roiirbeft f were praise i^r tourbet J P^*^^^^ ii^r roiirbet J PERFECT. id^ bin er (fie, eS) ift toir (©ie, fie) ftnb bu bift i^r f eib t id^ (er, fie, e§) fei gelobt toorben, roir (©ie, fte) feien bu feiefl i^r f eiet ' I have been praised ^«1«S\* n)orben, , ^ have been praised APPENDIX. 433 PLUPERFECT. Ituiicaiioi, mx (@ie, fte) tooresi L**! had heen ^^^ (©le/fte) butoarft f t^r^^A bu wcireft i^toart J P"^^ i^rtottrct Subjunctive, ed) toftrel toftren gclobt toorben, > (if) I had been praised id^ toetbe er (fxe, eS) toirb toir (@ie, fie) soevbeit bu wirft il^r loerbet id^ toetbe cr (fie, cS) wirb roir (©ie, fie) iDerbcn bu wirft i^r toetbet FUTURE. idj (er, fte, e^) werbe gelobt loerben xoxx (8te, fte) toetben I shall be bu roerbeft praised i^r tuerbet FUTURE PAST. oetobt xott* ben, (if) I shall be praised feitt I shaH "'^^ (®^^' f*^) roerben I fetn, (if) I Ifi*^' w„ bu roerbeft f shall have praUed ^^^^ w^^^* J been praised CONDITIONAL. Present, Past. ic5 (er, fie, eS) tuilrbe ^ gelobt wer* id^ (er, fte, eS) wilrbe " tpir (@ie, fie) wilrben 1 ben, tuir (@ie, fie) wilrben bu TOiirbeft (I should be bu toilrbeft i^r tuUrbet J praised i^r wilrbet gelobt wou oen fein, I "should have been praised IMPERATIVE. feien @ie gelobt, be (you) praised fei gelobt, be (thou) praised feib gelobt, be (ye) praised INFINITIVE. Present. Perfect, gelobt toerben, to be praised gelobt toorben fein, to have been praised 19* fommettr to come. Indicative, ic^ lomme, I come er (fie, eS) fommt wir (©ie, fie) lommen bu !ommft i|r lommt PRESENT. Subjunctive, idj (er, fie, eS) lomme, (if) I come loir (©ie, fie) lommen bu lommeft il^r fommet 434 APPENDIX. Indicative, id^ (er, fie, cS) lam, I came toir (©ie, fte) fomen bu famft il^r !amt IMPERFECT. Subjunctive, i4 (^/ f^^/ ^) ^^^^/ 00 ^ <^^^^ toir (@ie, fie) Iftmen bu Iftmeft i§r !(lmet PERFECT. id^ bin er (fie, e§) ift wir (©ie, fie) finb bu bift i^r f etb I gelomtnen, I have come idj (cr, fie, eS) fei "1 TOtr (Sie, fie) feien I gefomtnen, (if) bu fw.^ft I I have come i^r f eiet J PLUPERFECT. idj (er, fie, eS) war wir (@ie, fie) waren I gelommen, bu roarft l I had come i^r n)art ic^ (er, fie, eS) toSre 1 roir (©ie, fte) wftren I gef onunen, (if) bu TOftreii I I had come i^r tociret J FUTURE. id^ werbe er (fie, eS) wirb iDir (©ie, fie) werben bu roirft i^r iperbet id^ iDcrbe er (fie, eg) roirb toir (©ie, fie) roerben bu roirft i^r loerbet id^ (er, fie, eS) werbe t^^^i.^ T w^i? (®^^/ PO werben I lontmen, (if) I ^ thi^irdp butoerbeft f shall come r shall come .^^ ^^^^^^ FUTURE PAST. id| (er, fie, eS) werbe "l ge!ommen ge!ommen roir (©ie, fie) werben ! fein, (if) I fein, I shall bu werbeft | shall have have come i^r toerbet CONDITIONAL. come Present. Past, id^ (er, fie, eS) roiirbe ] id^ (er, fie, eS) wiirbe ' wir (©ie, fie) roiirben 1 !ommen, I toir (©ie, fie) tottrben hit mitrVipft I shniilrl rom** \\\\ rtt<tr»Soft f bu tpiirbeft i^r loilrbet should come bu TOiirbeft i^r n)Urbet gelommen fein, I should have come lommen ©ie, come (you) IMPERATIVE. !omm, come (thou) fommt, come (ye) APPENDIX. 4 Present, tovxxMXif to come INFINITIVE. Perfect gelommen fein, to have come Present. lomtnenb; coming PARTICIPI-KS. Perfect. gcfontntett/ oano 20.— AUXILIARY VERBS OP MOODS. Indicative, id^ (cr, fte, c§) tnag, I may roir (@ic, fie) mdgen bu tnagft i^r in50(e)t id^ (et; ftC; e3) mod^te XDxx (©ic, fie) mod^tcn bu tnod^teft i^r tnoc^tet id^ l^aSe gemod^t (§110) bu §aft fiemoc^t, etc. id^ ^atte gemoc^t; etc. id^ toerbe tnbgen bu roirft mbgcn, etc. a, mdgett^ may. PRESENT. Subjunctive. i(| (er, flc, cS) mbgc toir (©ic, ftc) mbgcn bu mbgeft i^r tnbget IMPERFECT. ic§ (cr, ftc, eS) mb(|te toir (@ie, fie) tnbd^ten bu mbc^tejt i§r mb^tei PERFECT. i4 ^(t^e gemod^t bu §a6eft gemoc^t, etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ ^fttte gemoc^t, eto FUTURE. td^ toerbe ntbgen bu toetbeft tndgen, etc FUTURE PAST. id^ toerbe gemod^t ^al^n bu tpirft gemod^t l^aben, etc. i(| toerbe gemoc^t f^ahzn bu loerbeft gemod^t §aben, etc. 436 APPENDIX, Present. CONDITIONAL. Past. id^ toilrbe ntbgett; etc. \^ toUrbe gemod^t (aben, etc. Present, mogen INFINITIVE. Perfect. gemod^t \^(x^tx{, 99tdgett expresses the liking of the subject, to like to, to be likely to : 3«i^ mag nid^t me§r trinlen, I do not like to drink any more. ®r mag gu §aufe feitt/ he is likely to be at home. 3R5gen may also express what the speaker allows ; as : @r mag ^U ^aufe bleiben. The imperfect sub- junctive is equivalent to should, would, might and ought, gc^ mdd^te toiffen/ I should like to know. I should like much to know, id^ mi)C§te tPOl^t miffen. b. tOOttettr to will, to wish. Indicative. td^ (cr, fte, c§) toiH mx (@ic, fie) tooUcn bu roiUft i^r tooUt id^ (er, fic, e§) rooUte tpir (©ic, fie) wottten bu IDOtttcft i^r wotttet id^ l^oBe gerooUt (§iio) bu l^aft getooUt, etc. ic^ ^atte getDoUt, etc. id^ roerbe woUcn bu wirft woUen, etc. id^ toerbe getooSt ^aben bu toirft getooUt l^aben, etc. PRESENT. Subjunctive. id^ (er, fte; eg) tooUe loir (@te, fte) tooQen bu rooQeft i^r tDoUet IMPERFECT. id^ (er, fte, e§) mottte wir (@ie, fie) tooHten bu tooQteft il^r iDoUtet PERFECT. ic^ \)o!bz getDoUt bu l^abeft getooUt, etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ ptte getooUt, etc. FUTURE. id^ toerbe tooUen bu werbeft wottcn, etc. FUTURE PAST. td^ loerbe gemoQt ^aben bu iDerbeft getooUt ^aben, etc. APPENDIX. 437 Present. CONDITIONAU Past, id^ loiltbe lOoSen, etc. ic§ ipilrbe getooQt ^aben, etc. Present. INFINITIVE. Perfect, tooQen geiooUt §aben SBottttt expresses the will of the subject, to be willing to^ to be going tOy to wish, to want to: SBann IDtUft bu ge^en? when do you wish (intend) to go ? In the phrase : "Will you have a glass of wine ? and similar locutions, the verb have is usually dropped : SBoUen @ic txx^, ®lod SBcin ? The phrase : What do you mean ? cither : SBoS tDoUen ©ie fagen ? or only : 2Ba§ tooUen ©ic? 3^1 woUtc cben auSgc^en, ol3 cr lam; I was just going out when he came. (St tOOUte auSreiten; he was about to take a ride. SBir n)oUen Je^t gc§cn ; let us go now. IVouldj in the sense of used, is rendered by |lflegett or tOOl^f t Thus he would sit and talk for hours ; fo pflcgtc er ju ft^cn unb ftunbcniong ju fd^ioaten. c. fottett^ shaU. PRESENT. Indicative. Subjunctive. id^ (et, fte^ c3) foU, I shall, I ought, id^ (cr, fie, eg) foUe I am to toir (©ie, fie) foUen roir (©ie, fie) foUen bu folleft bu fottft i§r foUet i^r foUt IMPERFECT. ic§ (er, fte, eS) foUte, etc. idj (er, fie, e8) foUte, etc PERFECT. ic^ ^abe gefoUt (§iio) \^ ^abe gefoUt bu ^aft gefoUt, etc. bu ^obeft gefoUt, etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ l^atte gefoUt, etc. id^ ^Stte gefoQt, etc. FUTURE. id^ toerbe foUen id^ toerbe foUen bu wirft fotten, etc. bu toerbeft foUen, etc. 438 APPENDIX. id^ toerbe gefoQt f^ahm bu toirft gefoUt f^abtn, etc. FUTURE PAST. id^ toerbe (^efoUt l^aben bu toerbefi gef o0t ^aheti, etc. Present, CONDITIONAL. Past, id^ tofirbe foQen; etc. td^ toUtbe gefoQt l^aben, Present, INFINITIVE. Perfect, foQen gefoQt l^aben !• ^Ottett expresses ^i/^y, obligation^ to be bidden to: ^u foQfi ntd^t falfd^eS 3^U9^i^ reben, thou shalt not bear false witness. SBer foQ bad t^un ? who is (bidden) to do that ? 2. To be saidy reported: ®r foU teidj feitt; he is said to be rich. 3. The imperfect expresses a condition, either with the conjunction mettttr if, or without it : 2Benn er fotntnen foUte, or follte er fommen, if he should come, should he come. 4. It is often used elliptically, an infinitive being understood : SBad foU er (t^utt understood)? what is he to do? SBad foUett btefe SBorte (l^eifeen) ? what is the meaning of these words ? 5. The English shall, expressing mere futurity, must be rendered by tttetbem I shall do it, id^ roerbe cS t^un ; but he shall (= is to) do it, er foil eS tl^un ; I am to do it, (from some reason), id^ foil ed tl^un. d. f dttttettr can, to be able. Indicative. id^ (er, fie, eS) lann roir (@ie, fie) Ibnnen bu lannft il^r fount id^ lonnte, etc. id^ l^abe ge!onnt (§1 10) bu l^aft gefonnt, etc. id^ l^atte gefonnt, etc. PRESENT. Subjunctive, idj (er, fie, eS) fonne roir (©ie, fie) fbnnen bu fbnneft i^r fdnnet IMPERFECT. id^ fbnnte, etc. PERFECT. id^ ^abe gefonnt bu ^abeft gefonnt^ etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ l^atte gdonnt, etc APPENDIX. 439 FUTURE. Indieatiot, id^ toerbe {dnnen bu iDttft {bnneti; etc. Subjunctivi. td^ toerbe !5nnen bu toevbeft fdnnen, etc. FUTURE PAST. id^ tuerbe gelonnt ^aben id^ toerbe gefonni ^abeit bu toirft ge!onnt l^abeit; etc. bu toerbeft gefonnt ^abett, etc. Present, td^ toilrbe !ditnen; etc. • Present, idnitett CONDITIONAL. Past. id^ tofirbe gefonitt ^abeit; etc. INFINITIVE. Perfect, gefonnt l^aben Stdtttt^tt expresses possibility, ability and power, to be able to : ®r !ann toieber ge^eU/ be can go again. When it signifies an ability or power acquired by study or exertion^ it is employed for the English to know : Rann\i bu bie S'legetn ? do you know (to say) tke rules ? It is used elliptically, an infinitive (as here, to say) being understood. 3dJ fann 2)eutfd^, StonabfifdJ, I know German, French (fprcd^en, fd^reibeu; ©erftc^en, understood). ®g !ann fein, it is possible, it may be ; i(§ fann i^n gefe^en l^abeU/ I may have seen him (it is probable). ^- bfttfettf to dare, be allov^ed. Indicative, id^ (er, fie, c8) barf TOtr (©ie, fie) bttrfen bu barfft i^r bttrft id^ burfte, etc id^ ^abc gcburft (§iio) bu ^aft geburft, etc. idj §atte geburft, etc. PRESENT. Subjunctive, id^ (er, fie, eS) bflrfe toir (©ie, fte) bttrfen bu bilrfeft i^r biirfet IMPERFECT. idj bttrfte, etc. PERFECT. id^ f^alz geburft bu ^abeft geburft; etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ ^(itte geburft, etc. 440 APPENDIX. FUTURE. Indicative, Subjunctwe, \6) roerbe bflrfcti id^ werbe bilrfcn bu roirft biirfcn, etc. bu werbeft bilrfcn, etc. FUTURE PAST. id^ iDerbe ^eburft ^aben id^ toetbe geburft f^altn bu wirft geburft ^aben, etc. bu rocrbeft gcburft §obcn, etc. Present. CONDITIONAL. Past. id^ tDUrbe bUrfen, etc. id^ loilrbe geburft j^aben, etc. Present, INFINITIVE. Perfect. bfitfen geburft f^afizn !• SfttfCtt expresses liberty , to be at liberty to^to be permitted to : 3)tttf Id^ !otnmen ? may I come ? SDu barf ft cS i^m fagen, you may tell it him. 2. In connection with ttttt^ only, tmtlltf scarcely, ttid^tf not, it de- notes to need; as : 3)u barfft cS lautn crwa^ncn, you scarcely need men- tion it. 3)iirfen is also used to express an assertion with deference : ®S bilrftc regncn, it might rain. /. mftffettr must, to be obliged. PRESENT. Indicative. Subjunctive. idj (cr, fie, eS) tnu^ i<^ (er, fie, eS) tniifje roir (@ie, fie) tnilflen roir (@ic, fie) milffen bu mufet bu milf[eft i^r miifet i^r miijfet IMPERFECT. id^ mugte, etc. id^ tniigtc, etc. PERFECT. ic§ ^obe gemugt (§iio) id^ l^abe gemugt bu %o\i gemufet, etc. bu l^abeft getnujt, etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ §atte gemugt, etc. id^ ^atte gemujt, etc. FUTURE. id^ roerbe miif[en id^ roerbe miiflen bu wirft milffen, etc. bu werbeft milficn, etc. APPENDIX. 441 FUTURE PAST. Indicative. Subjunctrue, td^ toerbe gemu^t ^aben id^ toerbe gentugt ^^(x^iZ'^ bu toivft gemu^t ^aben, etc. bu toerbeft getnugt ^aben, etc. Present, id^ wilrbe tniiflcn; etc. Present, tnttflcn CONDITIONAL. • Past. td^ loUrbe getnugi ^abeit; etc. INFINITIVE. Perfect. getnugt l^aben 1. SPtiiffftt denotes : a) physical y b) morale c) logical necessity : S(Qe SRenfd^en milf[ctt fkerbcn, all men must die ; j^inber tnilf[en bcfdjeiben fcin, children ought to be modest ; et mu| ftan! fein, he must be sick (other- wise he would have written). It is used elliptically : 2(d^ mu^ fott (ge^en understood), I am obliged to go ; id^ mtt^te (ad^ett/ I could not but laugh, I could not help laughing. 2. The English must not is often rendered by ntd^t bfitfen; as : It must not be touched, ed butf nid^t angerill^rt iDerben ; children must not hear everything, J?inber ^iitfett nid^t aUed Pren. g- laffeitr to let. Indicative. id^ (affe cr (fte, eS) IS^t wir (©ic, pe) Iaf[en bu tftff ep, <?r la^t il^r lafjct id^ [te^, etc. id^ ^abege(af[en(§iio) bu l^ajl gclaf[cn, etc. id^ l^atie gelaffett; etc. id^ toerbe (af[en bu toirft lof[en, etc. PRESENT. Subjunctive, idj (er, fie, eS) laffe roir (©ic, fie) lafjen bu Iaf[eft i^r (ajfet IMPERFECT. id^ liege, etc. PERFECT. id^ l^abe ge(af|en bu ^abefi gelaffett; etc. PLUPERFECT. id^ l^dtte gelaffen, etc. FUTURE. id^ toerbe (affett bu toerbep laf[ett, etc. 44^ APPENDIX. FUTURE PAST. Indicative. Subjunctroe* id^ toetbe gelaffen \:iQibt'^ \^ toerbe gelaffen ^a(en bu loirft ge(af(en ^aben, etc. bu toerbeft gelaffen ^abert; etc. CONDITIONAL. Present, Past, id^ loilrbe (affen, etc. id^ loilrbe ge(af|en |aben, etc. INFINITIVE. Present, Perfect. (af(en gelaffen ^aben X. Sufftlt indicates either ^ossidilityf to leave , let^ allows permit^ suffer , or necessity t to order ^ command^ cause , make^ get: QdJ Jfttttt S^nen baS 9ud^ bis tnorgen (affett/ I can leave you the book until to-morrow ; id^ taf|c i^n laufcn, I let him go (run away); id^ laf[e tnid^ ntd^t bctocgcn, I will not allow myself to be moved ; Iaf[en ©ic i^n bodj crft feinc 5lufgabe (Seftion) lernen, pray make him learn his lesson first; bet 9lid^ter ^at ben 3)icb arretieren (oerl^aftcn) laf[cn, the judge has ordered the thief to be arrested (seized). 2. ^i^affen with the infinitive of the main verb (without )U) is always in the active voice, as is the case in English whenever the object is mentioned ; as : Let him bring the book, (af[en @ie il^tt ba§ Sud^ bringen. When the object, however, is omitted, the passive construc- tion is preferred in English ; as : Let the book be brought ; in German, (affen @ie (jetnanb, irgenb eitt/ somebody, is understood) ba§ Sud^ bringen. 3. Saflcn is often used cUiptically : gd^ X\z% ben 3Wantt nidjt |ierein (!ommen understood), I did not suffer the man to enter. 21.— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE STRONG VERBS. Abbreviations, — pr. = present indie. 2d and 3d p. sing.; s. = subjunc- tive ; f. = fcin (auxiliary) ; % = §oben (auxiliary) ; % or f. = ^aben or fein. bodfen, bake (pr. a or ft) badte (bud) gebadPen befe^len, command (pr. ie) befall (s. 5) befo^Ien fid^ beflei^cn, apply one's self beflig beflif[en beginnen, begin begann (s. 5) begonnen APPENDIX. 443 hexiettf bite bcrgcn, hide (p. i) ficrftcn, burst (p. i) htixHqen, cheat ktocgcn, induce Mcgcn, bow, bend 5teten, o£Eer Mnben, bind bitten, beg blafcn, blow (p. ft) bleibcn, f. stay blcidjcn, f. grow pale bratett; roast (p. ft) brec^en, break (p. i) brenncn, bum bringen/ bring benfen, think bingcn, hire brcfdjen, thrash (p. i) bringen, f. press forward entpfe^lcn (p. ie), recommend erloj(|cn, f. (p. i) be extin- guished erfd^rcclcn, f.(p. i) be fright- ened ef|cn, eat (p. i) fa^rcn, drive, ^. or f. (p. ft) faUen, f. (p. ft) fall fangen (p. ft), catch fcd^ten, fight (p. i) finben, find flec^ten (p. i), plait fliegen, f), or f. fly flie^en, 1^. or f. flee fliegen, 1^. or f. flow freffen (p. i), eat (of animals) frieren, freeze gftren, ferment btB barg (s. bilrge or ft) barft, borp (s. d) betrog (s. 5) benog (s. d) bog (s. '6) bot (s. 5) banb (s. ft) bat (s. ft) blied Mieb blic^ (bteic^te) brief bta(| (s. ft) brannte (s. brennte) btad^te (s. ft) bac^te (s. ft) bang (bingte) brofdj (s. 5) brang (s. ft) cmpfa^l (s. 5) erlofd^ (s. 5) erf d^ra! (s. ft) a J (s. ft) fu§r (s. il) fiel fod^t (s. 5) fanb (s. 0) fiod^t (s. b) flog (s. b) fio^ (s. b) flog (s. 5) frag (s. ft) fror (s. b) gor (gftrte) gebiffen geborgen geborften betrogen beiDogen gebogen geboten gebunben gebeien geblafen geblieben gebtid^en (ge> b(eid^t) gebraten gebrod^en gebrannt gebrad^t gebac^t gebungen (ge^ bingt gebrofd^en gebrungen empfo^len erlofd^en erfc^rotfen gegeflen gefa^ren gefaUen gefangen gefod^ten gefunben geflod^ten geflogen geflol^en geflojfen gefrejfen gefroren gegoren (ge^ gftrt) 444 APPENDIX. gcbftren, bring forth (p. ic) gcbar (s. ft) geboten gebcn (p. ic), give gab (s. ft) gegcbcn gebci^cn, f. thrive gcbic§ gebie^cn giC^en, f. go fiing gegangcn gelingcii; f. succeed gclang (s. ft) gelungen gcltcn (p. i), cost gait (s. 5) gegoltcn %ene\en, f. recover gcnad (s. ft) gencfen gcnicfecn, enjoy gcnoB (b) genojfen gefd^c^en, f. (p. ic) happen gcft^a^ (s. fi) gcfdjc^en gcwinncn, win gctoann (s. 5) gewonncn gicgcn, pour go6 (s. 5) gegoffen glcid^cit; resemble glidj geglic^en glcitcn, f. slide, slip glitt geglitten grabcn (p. ft), dig grub (s. fi) gegtaben gtcifcti/ seize griff gegtiffen fatten (p. ft); hold ^iclt ge^alten l^angcn (p. ft), hang 5tng gegangcn l^aucn, hew §icb ge^auen ^cbcn, raise ^ob (s. 5) gc^oben ^cifecn, be called §ic6 gc^ciften ^clfcn (p. i), help §alf (s. fi) ge^olfen Icnncn, know (by the sense£ i) lanntc (s. Icnntc) gc!annt Ilingcn, sound Hang (s. ft) gcHungen Inctfcn, pinch fniff gclniffen !ommcn, f. come !atn (s. ft) gcloimncti fricc^cn, §. or f. creep frod^ (s. 5) gcfroc^en labcn (p. ft), lade lub (s. il), labctc (s. idem) gclabctt laufcn, 1^. or f. run (p. ftu) lief gclaufen Icibcn, suffer att gclittcn Ici^cn, lend lic^ gelicl^en Icfcn (p. ic), read las (s. ft) gelcfen licgcn, lie, be situated lag (s. ft) gelegcn liigcn, lie, tell a lie log (s. 5) gelogctt ma^lcn, grind, mill reg. gema^len meibcn, avoid tnieb gcmicben mclfcn, milk ntellte, tnoH (s. reg. or mbHc) getnclft (ge« tnol!cn) meffcn, measure (p. i) ntaS (s. ft) gctncffcn nel^mcn, take (p. i) naf)m (s. ft) gcnotnmcn nenncn, name nanntc (s. ncnnte) genannt pfeifcn, whistle Pfiff gcpfiffen APPENDIX. YMretfetl, praise queUen, f. (p. i) spring forth^ raten (p. ft), advise vtiben, rub rei^enr tear veittn, i. or f. ride renncn, 4* or f. run ried^en, smell ringen, wring rinnen, f. flow tufcn, call falsen, salt, pickle faufen, drink (of animals) (p. ftu) faugen, suck fc^affen, do, make, create fd^aQen, sound fd^eibett; separate fc^einen, shine jc^eltctt, chide (p. i) fc^crcn, shear jdjicbcn, shove fc^icjctt, shoot fc^inben, skin fc^lafctt (p. ft), sleep fd^lagen (p. ft), beat fc^(etc|en, sneak fd^leifcn, grind jc^ticgen, lock fc^lingcn, sling fd^meigcn, smite fdjmeljcn, melt (p. i) jd^nciben, cut f d^rciben, write fd^rcien, cry fd^rcitcn, stride fc^wcigcn, be silent fc^roellen, f. swell jd^roimmen, f. or §. swiitf fd^roittbcn, f. disappear ptiei quoU (9. 5) riet rieb ri( rlU rannte (s. rennte) rod^(s b) tang (s. ft) rann (s. b or ft) rief reg. foff (s. b) fog (s. b) fd^uf (s. ft) fc^aUte (or fd^oO) fc^ieb fc^ien fc^alt (s. b) f(^or (s. b) f(^ob (s. b) fd^o^ (s. b) fc^unb (fd^tnbctc) fc^Hef fd^lug (s. ii) WHff fd^log (s. b) f Chiang (s. ft) fd^tnig fc^mol) (s. b) fc^nitt fd^rieb fd^ric jc^ritt fc^wieg fd^tDoU (s. b) fd^ioamm (s. b) fc^toanb (s. ft) g€|)nfffit gequoQen geraten gerieben gerif[en gctittcti gerannt gerod^en gentngen geronnen gentfen gefalaen gefoffen gefogen gcfc^affcn gefd^aUt (or gefd^oQen) gefc^ieben gefd^ienen gefd^olten gefd^oren gefd^oben gefd^oflen gefdi)unben gefd^lafen gcfc^lagcn gefd^ltc^en gcfc^tiffen gcfc^Iofjcn gefd^lungen gefc§mif[en gefc^tnolsen gefc^nitten gefd^deben gefd^riccn gefd^rittcn gefc^toiegen gefc^iooOen gefd^tDomtner gefd^tounben 446 APPENDIX. fd^toingen, swing f4n)5ren, swear fc^cn (p. it), see fcnbcn, send ftebett; seethe fingcn, sing ftnfcn, f. sink finnen/ meditate fi^en, sit fpaltcn, cleave fpeicn, spit fpinnen, spin fprcdjctt, speak (p. i) fpricfeen, sprout, f. fpringen, §. or f. spring ftcdjcn (p. i), sting ftc^cn, stand ftc^lcn (p. ic), steal ftcigen, f. mount ftcrben, f. die fticben, f. disperse quickly ftogen, push (p. 5) ftreid^en, stroke ftreiten, dispute tl^un, do tragen (p. d), carry treffen (p. i), hit treibcn, f), or f. drive treten, 1^. or f. tread tricfen, drip trinfcn, drink t)crbcrben, f. decay oerbrie^en, fret, vex oergcfjcn, forget (p. i) ocrlieren, lose road^fen, f. grow (p. fi) rocLQtn or tDtegeit; weigh roaf d^cn (p. &), wash toebcn, weave fd^toang (s. S) fd^iour (s. il) djfiToot) \a^ (8. a) fanbte (fcnbete) (s. fenbetc) ftebctc (fott) (s. id.) fang (s. ft) fan! (s. ft) fann (s. 5 or ft) faS (s. ft) reg. fpte fpann (s. 3) fprad^ (s. ft) fpro6 (s. 5) fpvang (s. ft) ftad^ (s. ft) fianb (s. ft and il) fta^l (s. 6) fticg ftarb (s. ft) fto6 (s. b) ftrid^ ftritt t^at (s. ft) trug (s. ft) traf (s. ft) trieb trat (s. ft) tricfte (troff) tran! (s. ft) Derbarb (s. ft) Dcrbrofe (s. 5) Derga^ (s. ft) t)ertor (s. 5) n)ttd^3 (s. ft) roog (s. 5) wufd^ (s. ft) webte (wob) (s. id.) gefd^nmngen gefc^noten gefe^en gefanbt (ge^ fcnbet) gcfiebet (gc* fotten) gefungen gefun!en gefonnen gefcflcn gefpalten gefpieen gefponnen gefprod^en gcfproffcn gcfprungcn geftod^en geftanben gefto^Cen gcfttcgen geftorben gefto ben gcftogen gcftric^en geftritten getl^an getragen gctroffcn getrieben getreten gctrieft getrun!en t)crborbcn Dcrbr often oergeffen t)erloren gewad^fen gen)ogen genafd^en gen)oben APPENDIX. 447 toctdjen, f. yield wi(5 flcwic^en toeifen, point out, show n>ied geiDtefen loenben, turn toanbte (loenbete) (s. loenbete) geioanbt (qt- wcnbct) Tocrben (p. i), enlist toarb (s. fl) gcroorben roerfcn (p. i), throw toarf (s. il) gcroorfcn toinben, wind toanb (s. ft) gcrounben totf[en, know (by the mind) toujte (s. fi) geiougt (p. sing, toeig) jet^en, tax with jic^ fiejic^en jie^cn, §. or f. draw ^og (s. 5) geaogen jmngen, force g^ang (s. ft) gejioungen 22.— ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PREPOSITIONS, WITH THEIR CASES AND IDIOMATIC USE. fHU w. dat. and ace, §91. It expresses: a) proximity^ immediate contact; as : an bcr %\)^x, at the door ; er trat att'S genftcr, he stepped to the window ; ber S'ltng an mcinem Singer, the ring on my finger. b) Definite time and date ; as : am ©onntag, on Sunday ; am 2tcn Cctobet/ on the 2d of October. c) Cause (Eng. from, by, of)\ as : 3cl^ fannte i^n an bcr ©timme, I knew him by the voi6e ; ic§ leibc am gieber, I suffer from fever ; er ftarb an ber ©d^winbfud^t, he died of consumption. d) With the dative as object with verbs expressing delight (fidj l^cluftts gen, erge^en, to divert one's self), want (eg fcl^lt, mangclt mir, I am in want, deficient of), doubt (jroeifein; to doubt ; t)erjn)eifc(n, to despair), increase and decrease (june^men, abne^men), and with corresponding adjectives ; as : arm, poor ; rei(§, rich ; grog, great ; flein, small ; Irani, sick; leer, empty; ftarl, strong; fd^mac^, weak; fruc^tbar, fertile, and others. e) With the accusative as object with verbs expressing remembrance (benlen, to think, bear in mind) : erinncm, to remind; ftc§ erinnern, to remember, recollect (the reflective also with genitive). Slttftutt w. genitive, instead of ; sometimes separated by the insertion of the case ; as : 2ln meineS SBruberS ftatt, instead of my brother. SIttf w. dat. and ace : i. upon, on the top. It refers to elevated objects, or to open and public places, especially in connection with the words ber 2WarIt ; bie ©tra^e ; bie ^romenabe, promenade ; ber S3aU (for dancing) ; bie 3agb, hunt ; ber SBeg ; bie ^oft ; bie 855rfe, exchange ; 44^ APPENDIX. bad 9iat$aud, city hall ; bie ^atabe, parade ; bad ^e(b ; bie 9Be(t (bnt, in bet t)ome^tnen 98elt; in the fashionable world). 2. With accusative, for^ during ^ the space of time through which an action extends ; as : auf t)iclc S^^l^^/ ^^"^ many years ; auf Jtoci Sage, for two days; er lam piinltlic^ auf bie SRitmte, he came punctual to the minute ; bie SSorlefung ift auf SRontag Derfdjoben, the lecture has been postponed till Monday. 3. With the accus., cause; as : 2luf biefe 9lacl^nc|t befd^lo^ ic|, on this piece of news I resolved; er ti^at ed auf tnettten 2Bunfc|, he did it at my wish. 4. With the accus. to express manner; as: auf beutfd^/ in German; auf biefen SBeg, in this way; auf biefe Slrt unb SBeife, in this manner. Hence with the absolute superlative ; as : auf '3 befte, in the best manner; auf*S fc^neUfte, as quick as possible; ouf'S genaueftc, most accurately. For the relative superlative om is used ; as : J?atl fc^teibt f(|5n, Suife fc^dnet, abet ^einric^ fd^reibt wsx fd^onften. 5. With the accus. as object with verbs expressing hope (^offett auf), confidence (t)ertrauen auf, ftdj t)erlaf|en auf, fldj ftil^en auf, to rest one's self upon; rcd^tten auf, to reckon, count upon; toarten auf, to wait upon; etc.). 9Cttd with dative, out of ^ from ; indicating a) a departure /r^w toithin^ from an enclosed place ; as : auS bem §aufe, auS' bem ilcUer, au8 bet l^ird^e. b) Origin^ descent, after the verbs entfte^ett, to arise ; roeden, to rouse from sleep. c) Motive of an action ; as : auS 9Mitletb, through S3rmpathy. d) Material of a object; as: auS ^olj, (made) of wood; aud ®ifen, of iron. 