None
F., 679 Nicicel steel, 28, 57, 58 liridges, limiting weights of, 64 brittle zone, 61 composition, 60 copper, 68 costs, 61 elastic limit, 59, 60, 91, 92 elongation, 92 experiments by author, 58 eye-bars, 61, 93 ferro-nickel for manufacturing, 68 fitness for bridge construction, 64 intensities of working stresses, 262, 1655, 1656 manganese, 61, 92 nickel, 92 percentage of carbon, 92 phosphorus, 92 plate-and-shape, 61, 93 price, 60 requirements for, 1771 rivets, 61 St. Louis Free Bridge, 9J sulphur, 92 ultimate strength, 92 vanadium-carbon steel, 85 vanadium-chromium steel, 85 weights, 61 working stresses, 262, 1655, 1656 "Nickel Steel for Bridges," 59, 61 Nier, John W., 1062 Nikko Bridge, Japan, 7, 8 Noble, Alfred, 598 Nobrac paint, 771 Noiseless structures, 348 Norris, George L., 82 North River Bridge, designs for, 27 Hodge, 660, 661 Lindenthal, 662 Morison, 662 iJorth Thompson River Lift Bridge near Kamloops, B. C, 743 Notary Public, 1567 Notes in field, 1478 Notice of commencement of fieldwork, 1768 Nozzles for water jets, 1018 Number of borings, 1094, 1101, 1396 Number of stringers per track, 354 Number of test pieces of steel, 1774 Number of trusses per span, 483 Nuts, 1785 Oak, 52 Oakum, 51 Observance of labor laws, 1766 Obstacles, encountering, 1860 pile driving, 1018 sinking piers, 994 Obstacles to approval of bridge plans by War Department, 1141 Obstruction of channel by piers, 1121 freedom from, 1090 Offense to landscape, 1151 Office practice, 1370 handling of, 1387 hours for employees, 1608 laying out work in, 1371 organization, 1606 Oft-repeated stresses, 255 Ohio Avenue bridge, Kansas City, 1079 Oil, Leucol, 770 Oil, Unseed, 767 Old bridges, condemnation of, 1519 live loads for testing, 1518, 1519 removal of, 1749 repairing of, 1519 stress diagrams for, 1519 Omission (temporarily) of cantilever brackets, 1073 One-hinged arch, 624, 636 Open-bracing for cylinder piers, 1056 Open-deck construction, 348, 354 compared with ballasted deck, 347 shallow floors, 353 Open-dredging process, 967, 981—997 advantages and disadvantages of, 98J caissons, 1858 description of, 981 limiting depths for, 996 maximum depth yet used, 982 where used, 982 Open-hearth steel, acid, 46 Open-hearth steel, origin of, 17 Open-spandrel arches, 940 Open-webbed, riveted-girder spans, details of design for, 1674 truss sections, 490-491 Openings required by War Department for movable spans, 1143 Operating machinery, 1726, 1727 drums for lift-spans, 1725 ropes for lift-spans, 1725, 1789-1791 ropes, supports for, 1726 Operation of mcrable bridges, cost of, 1362 electric, 1702-1708 hand, 1702 Operator's house, 1734 Ixxx INDEX Opinion, differences of, 1765 Option on project required by bankers, 1597 Order-form for blue-prints, 1402, 1403 Orders, issuing of, 1630 Oregon-Washington Railroad and Naviga- tion Company's Bridge at Port- laud, Ore., 728, 730, 732, 733 chord section, 495, 502 Organization erection, 1506, 1507 office, 1606 Origin American cantilever bridges, 25 Bessemer Process, 17 caissons, 12 deformed bars, 28 dredging machines, 12 iron railroad bridges, 16 iron stringers, 24 long-span American bridges, 24 metal arches, 27 open-hearth steel, 17 pile cut-off machines, 12 pin-connected bridges, 23 plate-girder bridges, 23 pontoon bridges, 11 reinforced concrete, 17 steel bridges, 17, 27 stress analysis, 15 structural shapes, 17 theory of stresses, 13 timber trestles, 21 truss bridges, 12 Whipple truss, 23 wooden railway trestles, 27 Ornamentation, 1152, 1154, 1162, 1176, 1177 by artistic approaches, 1178 by hand-rails, 1177 Oromocto River Lift Bridge, 743 Osborn, Frank C, G44 Osborne, Richard, 22 Other contractors' work, 1765 Outfit for borings, 1095 Outlines of bridges, 1156 Overdriving of piles, 1018 Overhang of car, 148 Overrun of angles, 430 Overtime, payment, 1608, 1609 work, 1630 Overturning moment on shoe of column, 304 Ownership of plans, 1628 Pacific Coast cedar, 52 Pacific Highway Bridge at Portland, Oregon, 086, 723, 1174, 1175 Pacific Highway Bridge at Portland, Oregon, long piles for, 1017 Packing on pins, 527, 529-531, 1682 clearance f..r, 276, 529, 530 Page and Shnable, 716 Page bascule, 708, 714 Paine, Thomas, 22 Paint and painting, 765-771, 1803 accessibility for, 277, 493 best brands of, 769, 770 best qualities of, 771 consensus f opinion concerning, 767 decoration by, 1177 function of, 765 Goheen, 771 graphite, 766, 767 guaranteeing of, 771 inspection of, 1447, 1448 Johnson's Magnetic Iron Oxide, 770 light colors for bridge, 768 Lowe Brothers, 771 National Paint Company, 771 No brae, 771 red lead, 767, 771 shedding, 765 Sherwin and Williams, 771 Toch Brothers, 771 vehicle for, 766 Paint-skins, 51 Palacio, A. de, 671 PaUadio, 12 Palmer, 15 Palmer, Timothy, 19 Panel lengths, 481 economic, 1187 skew bridges, 484—488 subdivided, 480, 481 inferior span length for, 480 unequal, 481, 493 varying of, 48 , 493, 1068 Paper, drawing, quality of, 1387 Papers, return of, 1882 Parabola of moments, 414 - 418, -^40- 443 Parabolic truss, 468, 474 Parapets, ties on, 361 Parent, 14 Parker, C. H., 24 Parker truss, 24, 468, 469 Parsons, WiUiam Barclay, 558 Parthenon, 1153 Partial payments, 1885 to contractor. 1368 Partial splices, 532 Pasadena Arch Bridge, 1164 "Passing the dollar" in contracts, 1564 Patenting, 1621 royalties, 1755 Patent-plates, 1786 Paved -floors, 1636 INDEX Ixxxi Pavang, 1806 asphalt. 370. 1809, 1817 repairing, 1817 bases. 368. 309 bitulithic, 370. 1823 brick. 370. 1825-1835 concrete. 370 curbs on embankments, 1837 drainage of. 1835, 1836 grades. 368. 370 guarantee, 1816, 1839 macadam, 1837 pitch filler, 368, 1834 plank. 365, 366 sand filler, 368 stone-block, 370 wood-block, 366-368 Payment clause in contracts, 1566 Payments. 1878, 1884 partial, to contractor, 1368 Pecos River Bridge failure, 1542 Pedestal piles, 1011 Pedestals. 1028 anchorages for. 1030 base castings for, 456 bases, 1685 batters for, 1028 elevated railroads, 562 elevation of, 278 footings, 1028 foundations, pressures on, 1030 hinging of, 539 location of. 284. 340 position of, 1856 quantities for, 1300 trestles, 542 truss spans. 1680 volumes. 1301, 1311, 1312 Pegram. Geo. H.. 477 Pegram truss, 468. 477 Penalties. 1564 Pencilling, 1394 Penetration test for asphalt, 1818 Permsylvania Railroad, lift bridges for, Chicago River. 734, 736 Calumet River, South Chicago, 734, 736 Pennsylvania Steel Company, 68 Pennsylvania truss, 25. 469 People, weight of, 108 Per diem fees. 1604 "Percentage Method of Performing Difficult Work." 1582 Percentage reports of work. 1486 Percentages of weights of details for trusses, 1227, 1239-1241 Percentages of weights of metal in swing spans compared with those of simple soans of same length, 1249 Percolation, 975 Permanency of channel, 1088 Permanent clauses, 1742 Permissible, loadings for piles. durability of, 1013 dynamiting of, 1015 eccentric loads on, Eqs. 24 and 26, page 300 factor of safety for, 1010 falsework, number per bent, 1502 formuUe, 1009 foundations, use of, 969 Eraser River bridges, 1017 grouping, 1013 inspection, 1450 lag, 1012 loading. camber, 329, 332, 753, 754 cantilever, 418, 444 cast shoes, 454 comparison with truss spans and I-beam spans, 408-410 compression flanges, proportioning of, 431 connection angles, 444, 445 continuous girders, 418, 419, 444 cover-plates, areas, 426, 429 centres of gravity of flanges, 427 flange sections, 422-428 Plate-girders and plate-girder bridges, cover plates, full-length plates, need for, 428 lengths, determination of, 440-444 extra at ends, 440, 443, 444 rivet heads, undesiral)ility of, 428 rivet pitches, 437 weights, 426 crimping of stiffening angles for, 1203 cur\-ed flanges, rivet pitches in, 437 definition, 411 depths, limiting and economic, 410, 420 designing and detailing. See Designing of plate-girders and plate-girder bridges, also Tables and Dia- grams for designing, details of design, 1668-1671 doubling-up of old spans, 1528 durability, 408 economics, 409, 410, 1184, 1185 end bearing, 452-460 end details, 444-447, 464, 467 end stiffening angles, 446 essential elements, 411 flanges, areas, 423-426, 429, 430, 432 calculation of, 432 centres of gravity, 424, 427 cover-plate lengths, 440-444 make-up of sections, 422-430 cover-plates, 422—428 no cover-plates, 428, 430 rivet pitches, 432-441 section, determination of, 433 splices, 421 stringers, 328 unsupported lengths, 431-432 full splicing, 409 grillages, 459 half-through railway, economics, 41C laterals, 392-397 lengths of cover-plates, 440 limiting lengths, 409 maximum shear, 412, 418 moment, figuring of, 412^18 proportioning for, 421, 432 moment diagram, 414-418 origin, 23 parabola of moment, 414-418 reactions, 412—418 rivet connections, 445 rivet pitch. See Pitches of rivets, rocker ends, 453 rocker shoes, 454, 455 shears, 412-418 shipment, 409 shoes, 452-460. See also Shoes, side plates, 437 sUdiug beariuga, 458 INDEX I Plate-Kirdcrs and plate-girder bridges, spacing of girders, 409 splices in flanges, 421 splicing of webs, 301, 420, 447-452 stiff eners, 421, 1203, 1670 strap plates for splicing, 449 swing spans, details of design for, 1690, 1691 through, 465 laterals for, 394 web-plate, depths, limiting and economic, 419, 420 design, 419-421 splices, 301, 420, 447-452 design, 450-452 loads, 447, 450 types, comparison of, 447-449 weights of metal, 1221, 1222, 1250 Plate-lattice-girder spans, 411 Platforms, 1841 around pier, 999 locations on elevated railroads, 549 Pneumatic caissons, 1857 details of, 1007 founding of, 971 Pneumatic cylinder piers, 1056 Pneumatic gun, 1023 Pneumatic process, 967, 998 distinctive features of, 998, 999 Pockets, expansion, 377, 1685 Pockets of caissons, 989 Poetsch, Dr. F. H., 972 freezing process, 972 Pointing masonry, 1529, 1864 Points of contraflexure in columns, 294 Polygon, moment, 416, 417 Polygonal top chords, 479, 480, 487, 488 analytic method of computing stresses in trusses with, 159 skew spans, 487 Pons ^milius, 9 Pons Fabricius, 10 Pons Milvius, 9 Pons Salarius, 9 Pons Sublicius, 6 Pont du Gard Aqueduct, 10 Ponte Molle, 10 Ponte Quattro-Capi, 10 Ponte Rotto, 9 Pontoon bridges, 674, 675 origin of, 11 Ponts et ChaussGes, establishment of Ecole des, 14 Pony trusses, 281, 468, 479, 490, Pooling, abolition of, 1535 Pooling of competitors, 1533, 1534 Pope, Thomas, 20 Portage viaduct, 27 Portal bracing, 293, 402, 403, 1642, 1643 Portal bracing, connections, 506 skew, 403, 485-488 Portland cement, 17, 28 Portland, Oregon, Bridge, foundations of, 983 Position, gradient, and alignment, 1765 Position of caissons during sinking, 994, 1001, 1472-1475 Position of critical section for pure shear and diagonal tension in beams, 836 Position of movable span as affecting layout, 1211 Position of piers, pedestals, and abutments, 1856 "PossibiUties in Bridge Construction by the Use of High Alloy Steels," 70, 78, 1284 Post truss, 23, 468, 473 Posts of trusses, sections for, 1675, 1681 Posts, (vertical) end, 481 Pot holes, 1061 Poughkeepsie Bridge, 568, 588, 600 Poured piles, 1013 Pouring of slabs, 952 Power, bascule spans, 1701 equipment, 1702-1708 installation for movable spans, 677 lift spans, 1700 movable spans, 678, 1697-1701 swing spans, 1698-1700 Pratt, Caleb and Thomas W., 15, 21 Pratt truss, 468 stress coefficients, 171 Preambles for contracts, 1560, 1562 Precipitation formula, 1118 Precision in specifications, 1555 Preliminary investigations, 1082 Preliminary surveys, 1088, 1091 Premouldcd piles, 1012 Preparing and placing reinforcing bars, 1865 Preservation of timber, 1805 ties, 361 Pressures, abutment bases, 1030, 1031 bases of bridge piers, 964 masonry, permissible, 265 masonry, unit, 1657 pedestal foundations, 1030 soils, 964 Prices of materials, 1354, 1355, 1369, 1360, 1757 Prices of metal, 1202 Priming coat of paiiit, 766 "Principal Professional Papers," 99 Principle of least work, 214 Principles in detailing the outlines of epans for aesthetic design, 1175 Principles of design, 1662-1665 INDEX Ixxxv Probability of scour, determination of, 969 Procurable lengths, 510 Profit-shariiig witli assistants, 1609 Progress charts, 1486 Progress, rate of, 1876 Progress records, graphic method Of making, 1489 Projects, chimerical, 1624 classification of, 1592 electric railway bridges, 1692 option required by bankers on, 1597 pedestrian bridges, 1593 promotion of, 1591 rejection of by bankers, 1597 speculative, 1624 steam-railway bridges, 1592 steps in promotion of, 1593, 1594 wagon bridges, 1592 Promises of stock, 1600 Promoters, 1591 negotiating with, 1606, 1607 Promoting by engineers, 1598, 1599 Promotion, bridge projects, 1591 fees, 1607 necessity for secrecy in, 1599 steps to be taken in, 1593, 1594 Property considerations as affecting layout, 1213 Proportion of parts, 1160 Proportioning, compression members, 492 flanges of plate-girders, 421-432 piers, 1022 Proportions for concrete, 1852 Proposal, form of, 1880 Protection, banks, 1866 East Omaha Bridge, 1063 curbs, 374 draw bridges, 779-782 omission of, 779 failing masonry, 1529 metalwork, 348, 765-778 piers, 1060, 1866 piers for through spans, 364 piles, 1014 Prospectus, how to write a, 1595 Prospectus, requisites for, 1594, 1595 Pryor, J. lateral bracing for, 397 deck trusses, 403 live loads, 1646 loads, 1645-1654 main members of trusses, 1641 number of trusses, 483-484 plate-girder spans, 460-467, 1668, 1671 moments, shears, and reactions, 412, 415 pin-connected, 1681 riveted-truss spans, 1675 styles of, 1640 trestles, 1643 details for, 1683, 1684 wooden, origin of, 27 trusses, forms of, 1640 wind loads for, 1651 Railway gauge, 355 Railway profiles, estimates based on, 1361 Railways, elevated, 548-567, 1685 Rainfall and run-offs for portions of the United States, 1115, 1116 Rail type of bascule, 702-704, 714 vertical lift bridge, 743 Ram for boring outfit, 1101 Rankinc, 15 Rankinc's formula, 257, 1032 Ransome, 28 Rapid transit on elevated railroads, 548 Rate of progress, 1876 Rates, cutting of, 1605 Rates of wages, 1756 Rattler test for brick, 1826-1831 Ray, G. J., 362, 1170 Reactions for balanced loads on rim-bearing swing spans, 690 Reactions for centre-bearing swing spans, 691 Reactions for plate-girder spans, 412, 414, 416 Reaming, 327, 338, 1200, 1782 assembled trusses, 1434 connections, 1783 necessity for, 46 templets, 328, 334 Reciprocal deflection. Maxwell's law of, 237, 246 Reconstruction of existing bridges, 1522 planning of, 1528 substructure, 1529 Records, blue-prints, 1403, 1404 drawings, 1396, 1408 field, 1475-1486 daily, 1476 final quantities, 1485 materials, 1477 pier sinking, 1479 pile driving, 1479 shop drawings, 1401 Rectangular beams and columns under flexure and direct stress 792, 793, 820-833 Rectangular beams, reinforced concrete, 795-799 moments of inertia of, 840 reinforced for compression, 799 varying depth, 815 Rectangular footings, stresses in, 860 Rectangular slabs reinforced in two direc- tions, stresses in, 851 Rectangular troughs, 349 Red lead paint, 767, 771 Red Rock Cantilever Bridge, 598 piers, 1022 Reduction of live load, 344 Reduction of secondary stresses, 201 Redundant bending strength, 213 Redundant members and reactions 213, 271 Reeves, David, 24 Refinement, degree of, 1377 Refuge bays, 361 Regularity in attendance, 1608 Reichmann, Albert F.. arch spans and piers, 940-944 cantilever beams and cross-girders, 922 column footings, 938 columns, 936-938 fundamental assumptions, 959 main girders, 924 slabs, 918-922 specifications for, 95.3-963 wall footings, 939 diagonal tension, 833-836 critical sections, 836-839, 961, 962 distribution of concentrated loads over slabs, 852-857 drawings, 1382 economic comparison of arches and girders, 1205 economic comparison with steel bridges, 1205 economics of, 1189 edge distance of bars, minimum, 962 eflfective lengths, 960 effects of changes of temperature, 957 expansion plates, main girders, 937 slabs, 921 falsework, 946 field work, 946-953 Ixxxviii INDEX Reinforced concrete and reinforced-concrete bridges, floor systems. See also Floors, design, 918-924, 943 economics of, 1205 quantities, 1321, 1322 footings, column, design, 938, 939 stresses in, 857-861 footings, wall, design, 939, 940 stresses in, 861, 862 forms, 947, 949 formulae and diagrams for designing beams and slabs, 791-836. See also Diagrams for Designing, fundamental assumptions in designing, 785 girder bridges, depths of girders and foot- ings in, 1324 girders, main, designing of, 924-938 girders, quantities of materials in, 1323 handrails, 945 highway, 1536, 1537 history, 783 impact, 955 intensities of working stresses, 264, 957- 959 loads, 954-957 manner of loading, 838, 839 minimum spacing of reinforcing bars, 962 minimum thicknesses, 962 moments of inertia of beams, columns, and arch ribs in, 839-842 monolithic structures, stresses in, 842 notation, 785 origin of, 28 piers of arch spans. See Arches, piles, 1191 principles for designing, 279, 280 quantities. See Quantities for Concrete Construction, rectangular beams, diagrams and formula for designing, 791-836. See also Diagrams for Designing, moments of inertia, 839-842 reinforcement, 950, 951. See also Rein- forcing bars, retaining walls. See Retaining walls, shear and diagonal tension, 833-836 critical sections, 836-839, 961, 962 reinforcement^ 833 slabs, 918-922 distribution of concentrated loads over, 852-857 reinforcement in two directions, 851, 852 specifications for design, 953-963 Reinforced concrete and reinforced-concrete bridges, stresses in continuous girders, 850 monolithic structures, 842 surface finish, 953 T-beams, 806, 836, 961 moments of inertia, 841 temperature effects, 212 temperature stresses, 870—872 trestles, 536 economic span lengths, 1327 economics of, 1191 wall footings, design, 939, 940 stresses in, 861, 862 web reinforcement, 833, 962 wind loads, 956 working stresses, 957-959 "Reinforced Concrete Construction," by Hool, 863 Reinforcing bars, 48, 1779 areas, 799 bends, 963 cost, 1359, 1360 preparing and placing, 1865 splices and development, 963 weights, 799 Rejection of bids, 1882 Rejection of project by bankers, 1597 Relation of the bridge engineer to his pro- fessional brethren, 1626 Reliability of boring evidence, 1099 Remodeling of substructure, 1749 Remodeling of superstructure, 1751 Remoteness from sharp bends, 1090 Removable cofferdams, 990 Removal, debris, 1769 forms from concrete, 952 old structure, 1749 Renewals, 1508 bridges, description of various, 1512, 1513 cost of, 1362 erection alongside of old bridge, 1510, 1511 gallows frames, 1512 maintaining traffic during, 1529 substructure, 1509, 1529 truss members, 1529 wooden bridges, 775 Repairing, asphalt pavement, 1817 bridges, 1519, 1522 economics of, 1525 Fort Leavenworth Bridge, 1531 Little Rock Junction Bridge, 1630 Reports, 1572 attributes of, 1573 bridge engineering, kinds of, 1672 INDEX Ixxxix Reports, contents of proper, 1B7S design, 1574 enginoor's work (another), 1627 examples of, 1574-1581 field, 1475, 1485-1488 borings, 1107 report sheet for, 1108 cement, 1487 daily, 1485 plant, 1488 speeial, 1488 weekly, 1486 integrity in, 1573 sequence in, 1573 structures, existing, 1573, 1574 structures, projected, 1574 style of, 1572, 1573 valuation and earning capacity, 1574 Requirements for carbon steel, 1770 Requirements for nickel steel, 1771 Requirements of the United States Govern- ment for bridging navigable waters, 1137 Re-railing apparatus, 1637 Re-railing frogs, 364 Resal, Jean, 1071 Resident engineer, field equipment, 1488, 1489 field office, 1768 functions, 1466 necessity for, 1466 responsibility, 1489 Resistances, 1704 Responsibilities : accidents, 1765 assuming, 1616 bridge engineer, classification of, 1611 dodging, 1616 errors, 1612, 1614 financial, 1612 legal, 1611, 1612 moral, 1612, 1613 resident engineer, 1489 Rest piers, 779 Retaining employees, 1609 Retaining walls, 535, 1031-1043 •iantilever type, 1035-1037 counterforted type, 1037-1042 design of base, 1038-1040 loads on base slabs, 1039 expansion joints, 1037, 1042 piles for, 1042 quantities, 1300, 1317, 1318 reinforced-concrete, 1035-1042 reinforcing of counterforts, 1040-1042 wall footings, 861, 862, 939, 940 design, 939 , 940 quantities, 1042 stresses, 861, 862 Retempering of mortar, 1044 Retreats, safety, 542 Return of papers, 1882 Returning of shop drawings, 1399 Revenue, estimating of, 1362, 1363 Reversal of stresses, 253 Reverse curves, 133, 1212 Reversing stresses, 1657 intensity for, 265 Revetment for shore, 1058 concrete, 1062 Revisions in calculations, 1390, 1391 Reynders, J. Roebling, John A., 21, 23 Rolled carbon steel, 45 Rolled I-beam bridges, 408 designing, 460 details of design, 1667, 1668 economics, 410 Roller bearings for swings, 1717 Roller bearing type of bascule, 701 Roller nests for swing spans, 696 Rollers, 455-458, 1786 bases, 457, 458 dust guards, 456 expansion, for truss spans, 1679 Rollers, plate-girder spans, 455-458, 1671, 1673 round, 456 segmental 337, 455, 456 swing-spans, 1714, 1716 Rolling brick pa\^ng, 1832 Rolling lift type of bascule, 701 erection, 335 Roman, arch sewers, 10 bridges, 6, 10 cements, 55 masonry arches, 9 substructure, 12 Roof of working chamber, 1048 Rope. See also Tables for Designing, dressing, 1791 operating, 1725 sockets, 312, 313, 1719, 1789 supports, 1725 wirfe, 49. See also Tables for Designing. swing spans, 1718 tables, 310, 311 Roper, Oscar, 717 Rosendale cement, 55 Rostoff (Russia), Lift Bridge, 740, 742 Rotating cantilever draws, 665, 666 Rotating draws, 1686, 1687 Rouen Bridge, 673 Round bars, weights and areas of, 7W Round-ended girders, 333 Round rollers, 456 Routing of freight, 1754 Royalties, 1755 Ruhrort (Germany) Bridge, 598 Running-plates for rails, 353 Run-off, author's recommendation concerning, 1136 average, for the United States, 1117 formula, divergence of results of, 1110 methods of figuring, 1118, 1119 records, 1115 various portions of the United States, 1115, 1116 Runways, 1769, 1841 Rust joints, 688 Rusting, 1517 bridges, 1522 steel, 765 St. Charles (Missouri), Bridge failure, 1641 St. John & Quebec Ry. Vertical Lift Bridge, 743, 745 St. Louis Free Bridge, 91 nickel steel for, 91 Safety in pier designing, 972 Safety retreats, 542 INDEX XCl Sags in Krado, 1091 Sags in track, 1212 Saiut^Venaiit, 14 Salcni, Falls City, and Western Ry. Lift Hridno at Saleni, Ore., 7.'37, 741 Salesmanship, 1591, 1592 Salt in concrete, effect of, 1044 Samples of asphalt paving, 1812, 1818, 1822, 1823 Sand, asphalt pavement, 1811 concrete, 54 specifications, 1851 washing, 1044 Sand-bars, making borings on, 1105 Sand blast, 768 Sand cushion, 368 Sand filler, 368 Sand Point (Idaho) , Lift Bridge, 724 San Francisco Bay, proposed cantilever bridge, 608-610, 614, 616 Scaffolding for borings, 1104 Scale or proportion of parts, 1160 Scales for drawings, 1380 Schedule prices, 1885 Schedules of charges, 1602-1604 Scherzer Rolling Lift bascules, 701—703, 714, 716 Schneider, C. C, 30, 120, 608, 642, 679, 683, 686, 687, 1412 formula for impact, 120 Schuylkill River Bridge, Philadelphia, 21 Schwedler truss, 468. 476 Scioto^'ille Bridge over the Ohio River, 25, 26, 31, 471, 482 Scope of contract, 1869, 1870 Scouring, 995, 1128 determination of probability of, 969 river beds, 1120 Scows for borings, 1097, 1104 Screens, 342 bridge floors, 386 Screw, 1730 piles, 1012 spikes, 362, 363 Sea worms, effect of, 780 Seals, 1886 Seaman, Henr>- B., 127 Seats for shoes, 459 Second-class masonry, 1863 Second coat of paint. 766 Second Narrows Bridge, at Vancouver, B. C, 343, 1076 Secondary stresses, 178-210, 217-226 avoidance of, 200 cantilevering, effect of, 202 classification of, 179 .^ correction of, 203, 1784 f J history of, 16 Secondary stresses, K-system of trussing, 194 Petit trusses, J 94 pins, effect of on, 200 reduction of, 201 short method of computation for, 181, 185 Secrecy, 1629 promotion, 1599 Sections, arches, 618 metal, 47 net, riveted tension members, 29.5-298 truss members, 489-503, 526-530 unusual, 48 Securities, guaranteeing of, 1599 Seepage, 975, 1059 injury to metal by, 769 Segmental rollers, 337, 455, 456 Selection of layout, 1088 Selection of type of cofferdam, 980 Seltzer, H. K., 1463, 1513 Semaphore lights, 1800 Semi-cantilevering, 574, 575, 577 camber for, 759 method of erection, 1074 secondary stresses due to, 202 Semi-circular stone arches, 10 Sense of fitness, inherent, 268 Service lights and roadway lights, 1797 Service of bridge engineer, value of, 37 Settlement by court, 1617 Sewers, maintenance of, 1752 Sewickley Bridge, 596 Seymour, Silas, 27 Shafts and shafting, steel, 1728, 1779 cold-rolled, 337 forged, 337 tower-sheaves, 1721, Shafts of piers and pedestals, batters of, 1051 designing of, 1024 piers, 1020, 1023, 1051 reinforced-concrete bridges, 954 Shallow floors, 349, 353, 493 Shallow foundations, allowable pressures on, 966 Shapes, structural, origin of, 17 Shear, intensities for, 257 lacing, 290 maximum, criterion for, 162, 164 ■ plate-girders, 412, 418 pins, 264, 1658 plate-girders, 412-416 reinforced-concrete beams and slabs, 1657 rivets, tables of, 325 timber beams, 302 xcu INDEX Shear and diagonjiJ tension in reinforced concrete, 961 Shear, bond, and web reinforcement, 833 Shear-pole draw bridge, 665 Sheared edges, 339, 1780 planing of, 328 Sheathing. 1048 Sheave, deflecting, 1726 hoods, 1722 tower, 1720, 1721 bearings, 1722, 1789 shafts, 1721 Shedding pigment, 765 Sheet pihng, 974, 1011, 1013 steel, 977 Shelf angles on floor-beams, 377 Shelter houses, 1840, 1841 Shelves, erection, 330 Sherwin and WilUams paints, 771 Shifting of channel as affecting layout, 1215 Shimming of ties, 360 Shims, 1731 ShingHng, 518 Shipping, 1766 boring tools, 1105 plate-girder spans, 409 Ships, loading metal on, 1766 Shock of falling span, 1077 Shoes, 452-460, 532, 533, 1680 eccentric loads on, 304-309 plate-girder spans, 452-460 adjustment, 459, 460 fox-bolts, 453, 454, 457 grillages, 459 grouting, 459, 460 masonry plates, 453 roller and rocker shoes, 455-458 size of base required, 457 sliding bearings, plain, 454, 458 sliding rocker shoes, 454, 459 types of bearings, 453 truss spans, 532, 533, 1680 Shogun's Bridge at Nikko, Japan, 7, 8 Shop drawings, checking, 1385, 1396, 1398, 1402 filing, 1402, 1411 record, 1401, 1409 returning, 1399 Shopwork, 327 affecting bridge design, 326 inspection, 1422 Shore protection and mattress work, 1058, 1866 Short-leaf yellow pine, 52 Shortening of arches, 864 Shortening of stringers, 209 Shrinkage of timber, 772 Shrubbery, 1156 Shunk, Major F. R., 947 Side friction on caissons, 964, 967, 906 Side plates, 328, 329 plate-girders, 437 truss members, 495 Side-tracks, 1753 Sidewalks, 372 concrete, 1836 drainage, 372 flooring, 372, 1836 Siemens-Martin process, 17 Signals, bells, 1802 bridge traffic, 1707, 1708 hghts, 1800 na\T[gation, 1707, 1708 vessel, 1801 Signatures, witnesses to, 1886 Silicon, steel, 28, 88, 1265 economics of, 89 excess cost of, 88 Simple truss bridges, 468 cambering of, 754, 755 converted into a cantilever structure, 1079 longest, 25 Mayari steel, 71 Simplicity, 267 Single-angle connections, 293 Single-concentration method, 170 Single-intersection triangular truss, 468, 470, 471 Sink-fascines, 1061 Sinking caissons, 999 bed-rock, 1026 boulders, 992 clay, 993, 995 cost of, 982 limiting amount of per day, 982 record of, 1479 Sinking piles by water jets, 1015 Sioux City Bridge triangulation, 1463 Siren, electric, 1801 Skew bridges, 271, 333, 334 arrangement of panels and trusses, 484— 488 number of trusses in, 484 polygonal top chords, 487 portals, 403, 485 squaring ends of in floor system, 354 Skew crossings, 1212 Skid girders, 533 Skiff for borings, 1105 Skinner, F. driUing, 334 rib arches, 636 spandrel arches, 940 webs, 331 Solitary bents, 211 Soundings, 1147 Sources of supply for materials, 1756 Southern Pacific Lift Bridge, 728, 731 South Halsted Street Lift Bridge, Chicago, 718-720 Spacing, columns, economics of, 1194 counterforts, 1042 girders, 409, 1637 reinforcing bars, minimum, 962 stringers, etc., 1637 ties, 360 towers, 541, 542, 1644 tracks, 355, 1639 trusses, 483, 1638 Span lengths, determination of, 1371 Span lengths, economic, 1187 Span-locks and buffers, 1724 Span renewal by barges, 1610 Spandrel, girders and coluinns, (luantities for, 1329 walls, quantities in, 1330, 1331 Spandrel-braced arches, 636 Special material, 332 Special reports, 1488 Specialists, 41 Specialization, 36 Specialty of bridge engineering, 36 Specific clauses in specifications, 1650, 1651 Specific gravity test for asphalt, 1821 Specifications for design and construction, asphalt, 1809 bridges and subways, by Seaman, 127 manufacture and erection, 1741-1891 piers, abutments, and retaining walls, design, 1045-1057 reinforced-concrete bridges, design, 953- 963 steel superstructures, design, 1632-1740 Specifications in general, 1548 adherence to in bidding, 1869 common sense in interpreting, 1556 contracts, dividing line with, 1557 definition, 1548 designing, 1556 favoritism, avoidance of, 1554 filing of, 1386 first printed, 29 function of, true, 1551, 1552 general clauses of, 1548, 1549, 1550 importance of, 1549 language in, 1553 manufacture and construction, 1556 necessity of, 1550 objects of, 1548 precision in, 1555 salient features of good, 1552 specific clauses of, 1550, 1551 spirit of the, 1757 without plans, 1551 writing, foundation of, 1549 writing, teaching of, 1549 Specimens for testing, 1773 Speed of train, 133 critical, 124, 126 Spikes, 362, 363, 1050 Spilsbury, E. Gybbon, 662 Spiral, 355 Spiral approach to Havana Harbor Bridge, 1076, 1157 Spirit of the specifications, 1757 SpUces, 507-512, 517, 518 columns, 338 compression chords, 292 development of reinforcing bars, 963 flanges of plate-girders, 421 INDEX Splices, location of, 508, 510 panel points, 517 partial, 532 plate-girders, field, 409 flanges, 421 web, 420, 447-452 design, 450-452 loads, 447, 450 types, 447-449 plates, bending stresses in, 448 rail, 356 rivet-spacing in, 511 timber, 772 truss, analysis of, 507 bottom chord splice, O.-W. R.R. & N. Go's bridge, 517 butt, 508, 510-512 compression, 518 lap, 508, 510-517 design of tension lap splice, 512- 517 location, 508-510 number, 508-510 field, 508-509 shop, 509 panel points, 517 plates, arrangement of, 511 rivets, 511 arrangements, 511, 512 compression, 511 tension, 511-512 net section, 511 table of holes out, 511, 512 types, 508 webs of plate-girders, 420, 447-452 Spread, footings, 1028 spans, 1074 tracks, 537 Springs, encountering of, 979 Spur dykes, 1058 Squad bosses, 1391-1393 Squad work, 1391-1393 Square bars, weights of, 799 Square-column footings, 838 Square-ended girders, 333 Square ends, 331 Squaring ends of skewed structures, 354 Stadia, use of, for hydrographic surveys, 1147 Staging, 1769 pier location, 1471 Stairways, 1734, 1841 Standard, dimensions, 332 gauge, 355 sections, economics in using, 1201 Standard, sheets, 1396 widths for bridges, 332 Star struts, 279 Starting work, 1884 State bridge engineers, 1535 State Highway Commissions, 30 Statham, H. Heathcote, 1163 Stations of elevated railroads, 549 Status of bridge engineering, 1601, 1602 highway bridge building, 1532 Stay plates, 274, 285, 493, 505 Steam hammer, 1015 Steel, acid open-hearth, 46 alloy, 28, 57 maximum strength of, 58 aluminum, 82 arch piers and abutments, 1344 arches, cambering of, 760 bending tests, 1774 Bessemer, 46 bridges, life of, 37 origin of, 17, 27 cables, weights of, 96 caissons, 990 carbon, 45 content in, 46 requirements for, 1770 castings, 48, 1777 annealing, 338 chrome, 58 chrome-nickel, 58 corrosion in salt water, 986 drifting tests, 1775 erection, 1848 error, limits of, 1784 finish of, 1776 fracture of, 1775 hand-rails, 1786 Hay, 57 high, 45 intensities for, 257 manganese, 57 Mayari, G8. See also MayarJ steel, medium, 45 nickel, 28, 57, 58 brittle zone, 61 composition, 60 elastic limit, 59, 60, 91 experiments by author, 58 eye-bars, 61, 93 manganese, 61 plate-and-shape, 61, 93 price, 60 requirements, 1771 rivets, 61 weights, 61 number of test pieces, 1774 INDEX XCV Steel, open-hoarth, origin, 17 piles, 1013 purified, 72 excess cost of, 73 rails, inspection of, 1440-1442, 1447 reinforcing, cost of, 1369, 1360 rusting, 765 sheet piling, 977 shells for piers, 1025 maintaining form of, 1859 silicon, 28, SS, 265 soft, 45 stringers for highway floors, 365 superstructures, specifications for de- signing, 1632 tapes, 1786 triangulation -n-ith, 1456 testing, methods of, 1772 ties, 363, 370 trestles, 536 heights of, 542 vanadium-carbon, 89 weight of, 96 weights of, in superstructures, 1219 working stresses for, 1655, 1756 Steinman, Dr. D. B., 655, 656, 659, 1207 Stenographic work, 1388 Stephenson, Robert, 17, 23 Steubenville Bridge, Ohio, 24 Stewart, L. S., 1513 Stiffeners, crimping of, 328, 421, 1203 end, 444^47, 464, 467, 1670 I-beam spans, 301 intermediate, 421, 430, 1670 tight fit for, 331, 339, 421 Stiffening of long struts, 390 Stiffening trusses of suspension bridges, alloy steel in, 655 ambiguity in, 659 economic depths of, 655 intermediate hinges in, 655 spacing of, 656 weights of, 650-653 Stock, amount of, 1598 bonus, 1607 promises, 1600 Stock material, inspection of, 1437 Stock-ramming, 976 Stone, 53 arches, semi-circular, 10 asphalt pavement, 1811 block pavement, 370 broken, specifications for, 1851 concrete, 53 dust, 53 masonry, inspection of, 1453 masonry piers, 1020 Stone, testing at crusher, 1470 weight of compacted, 96 Stopping leaks in cofferdams, 97G Storage facilities, 1753 Storing materials, 1886 Straightening, 332, 1781 channels, 1090 metal in rolls, 1431 Strait of Canso, proposed cantilever bridge for, 593, 1160 Strap-plates for cantilever beams, 379, 380 plate-girder splices, 449 Strauss, J. H., 716 trunnion bascule, 704, 705, 714, 715 heel-truiniion bascule, 706 vertical lift bridge, 743 Stream conditions as affecting layout, 1215 Stream meanders, 1091 Stream, slope of, 1120 Street railroad tracks, 1635 Strength of timber, 772 Strengthening cylinder piers, 1530 Stresses, alternating, 255 analysis, origin of, 15 arch ribs with fixed ends, 862 bearing, 255 bending, 203 cantilever bridges, 570—572 coefficients for trusses, 171-177 combinations of, 250, 960, 1376, 1658, 1659 swing spans, 1689, 1690 computation, coefficients for trusses, 171-177 concentrated-wheel-load, method of, 160, 161 equivalent uniform load method of, 164, 165 methods of, 158 diagrams, 1379 old bridges, 1519 frequency of application of, 275 indeterminate, avoidance of, 217, 226 locations of, 223 lateral systems, 175—177, 387 longitudinal deformation of chords, 208 monolithic structures, 842, 961 oft-repeated, 255 reversal of, 253, 1657 temperature, 210 theory, origin of, 13 trusses, coefficients for, 171-177 working, 1654, 1657 Stretch of ropes, 1719 Strictness of inspection, 1764 XCVl INDEX Stringers, arrangement, 375, 376 bracing, 294, 395, 405 brackets, 376 connection angles, 376 connections, 329 connections to laterals, 399, 400 continuity, 210 coping, 375 equivalent live loads, 166 fillers under ends, 302, 376, 377 fitting, 376 flanges, 328 framing in, 329 iron, origin of, 24. lengths, 376 milling, 376, 1783 number per track, 354 pile trestles, 774 railway truss spans, 1676, 1677 shortening, 209 spacing, 1637 timber, 369, 774 Strobel Steel Construction Co., 716 Structural, hand-rails, 383, 384 shapes, origin of, 17 steel, limits of error in, 1784 supports for machinery, 1697 Structure, layout of, 1372 Structures, noiseless, 348 Strut connections, lateral, 293 Struts stiffening of long, 390 star, 279 Styles of highway bridges, 1640 Styles of railway bridges, 1640 Subdivided panels, 480, 481 Subdivided triangular truss, 471 Subletting of contract, 1566, 1882, 1885 Submission of plans by bidders, 1629 Submitting plans on approval, 1623 Sub-punching, accuracy of, 1436 Sub-punching and reaming, 327, 338, 1782 Substructure, construction expenses, 1366, 1367 reconstruction, 1529 reinforcod-concrete arches, 941 remodeling of, 1749 renewal, 1509, 1529 Roman, 12 Successors and assigns, 1563 Suggestions to contractor, 1470, 1471 Sukkur Bridge, India, 1179 Sumps, 978 Sunday contracts illegal, 1571 Superelevation, 355 crowned roadways, 372, 373 curves, 1637 effects of, 132-134 Superelevation, electric railway lines, 134 shallow floors, 353 Superstructure, remodeling, 1751 specifications for designing steel, 1632 weights of, steel in, 1219 Supply cables for swing spans, 1706 Supply shaft, 1006 Supports, machinery, 1697 operating ropes, 1726 Surcharge, 1032 Surety consent, 1885 Surface finish of reinforced-concrete work, 953 Surface of concrete, method of forming, 1853 Survey, preliminary, 1088, 1091 hydrographical, 1091 navigable waters, bridging of, 1147 topographical, 1091 Suspended span, economic length of, 1198 Suspending cables for vertical-lift spans, 1718, 1719 Suspending of caissons, 994, 1000 Suspension bridges, 647, 649 American, principal, 21, 23 anchored ends, 654 backstays, 658 camber, 752, 761 cantilever bridges, economic comparison with, 1206, 1207 conditions calling for, 659 detail for suspended spans, 1077 development, 648 economic cable rise, 656 erection, 1506 greatest practicable span length, 656 hoisting, 1077 iron chains, 6 longest, 659 origin, 6 prototypes, 3 stiffening trusses, 648 maxinuim bending, 650 maximum shear, 650 stresses in towers, 658 study, 662 suspension detail, 1077 towers, 658 weights of material in, 656, 657 Wheeling, 21 Sway bracing, 387 connections, 506 deck bridge, 1642, 1643 Swelling of timber, 773 Swensson, Eric, 669 INDEX XCVll Swing spans, 66 l. 6t«4-699, 1686, 1687 adjust ins, 695 anohorii.K. 154, 693, 1075, 1693 bearing-blocks under drums, 1694 bol>tailed, 66-1 Boiler's formula for i>o\ver, 089 camber, 75.'i, 701, 1692 centre-lieariiiK, G9('), 1695 centre wedfies, 1717 distribution of load, 087 pivot, tracks, rack. 1670 radii of gyration, approximate, 504 reinforced-concrete. Sec concrete, rivet holes deducted from built-up mem- bers, 512 roller shoes, dimension of, 457 stresses in trusses, coefficients for chords of lateral system, 177 diagonals of lateral system. 170 live-load reactions, 169 Pratt trusses, 171 triangular or Warren trusses, 172-174 XCVIU INDEX Tables tor designing and detailing, swing bridges, ratio of uplift to dead load, 1650 ties, railway, allowable span lengths, 360 sizes for various loadings and span lengths, 359 timber, unit stresses for, 776 trusses, spacing for railway deck bridges, 1638 weights, formuljB for, 1287 unit stresses, bearing on carbon steel pins, 323 bending on carbon and nickel steel pins, 324 compression for carbon steel, 322, 323 concrete, 958 coefficient of elasticity, 959 strengths of mixtures, 957 increases in intensities for combina- tions of loadings, 960 shear and bearing values for carbon steel rivets, 325 wire ropes, 310, 311 waterways required for drainage areas, 1112 weights of reinforcing rods, 799 Tacoma City Waterway Vertical Lift Bridge, 734, 735 Talbot, A. N., 836, 857, 858, 860 formula for discharge area, 1113 precipitation formula, 1118 Tap-bolts, 1731 Tapes, steel, 1786 temperature effect on, 1457 testing of, 1457 triangulation, 1456 Targets, 1467 Tar paper for plank floors, 368 Tees, 48 Tehama Lift Bridge, 728 Telescoping connections, 508 Telescoping of cylinder piers, 1026 Temperature, changes in reinforced-concrete bridges, 957 eflFects, 1654 reinforced-concrete, 212 arches, 864 tapes, 1457 stresses, 210 hingeless and two-hinged arches, 212 reinforced-concrete bridges, 870-872, 882, 957 Templates "I Templets / reaming to, 334 Temporary bridge, 1748 Temporary lay-out for East Omaha Bridge, 1073 , 1422 Temporary omission of cantilever brackets, 1073 Tenders, 1879, 1880 weights of locomotive, 100 withdrawal of, 1881 Tension-chord joint, designing of, 527 Tension lap-splice, designing of, 512-515, 517 Tension members. See Trusses, members. net section of, 295-298, 1658 Tension straps, 380 Teredo navalis, 780, 970 Terms, meaning of, 1882 Testimony, expert, 1624, 1625 Tests, asphalt, 1809, 1818 brick, 1826, 1831 broken stone, 1470 concrete, 946, 1468 eye-bars, full-sized, 1775 foundations, 1518 full-sized built members or details, 1776 hardness of concrete, 953 impact, 121-123, 1518 materials in existing bridges, 1516, 1617 methods of, 1772 old masonry, 1518 old timber, 1518 paving, 1818, 1823 percentage of voids, 1467, 1468 piles, 1009 rivets, 1432 spans, 1518 specimens, 1773 steel, 1772-1777 number of test-pieces, 1774 steel tapes, 1457 Thatcher, Edwin, 15, 28, 258, 1065 formula for columns, 258 Thebes Bridge, 569, 598, 1067, ll56 Theorem of four moments, 215 Theorem of three moments, 215 Theory of stresses, origin of, 13 Thickening of webs, 333 Thickness of concrete arch ribs, equation for, 867 Thickness of metal, minimum, 1661, 1680 Thickness of web-plates of compresaion- members, 1677 Third coat of paint, 766 Thompson River (B. C.) Bridges, 577, 678 Threads, 1785 Three-hinged arches, 626, 627, 636 Three moments, theorem of, 215 Three-truss bridges, 484 Through plate-girder spans, 465 laterals for, 394 ties supported on bottom flange, 353 Through truss spans, weights of metal in, 1223-1225 Thrust angles for cantilever beams, 380, 400 INDEX XCIX Thrust castings (centring castings), 1723 Thrust of earth, 1034 Thrust of trains, 277, 400, 541 bracing to resist, 1677 detaihng for. 283 Thurlow Street Bridge, design for, Vancouver, B. C, 1175 Tidal action, utilization of, 1510 Tidewater Railway formula, 1113 Tie plates, 329, 331, .362, 1634 A. R. E. A. curvature, 479, 480, 487, 488, 1176 examples, 480 curved, 479, 480 span length to change from parallel chords, 479 skew spans, 487 heating of, 212 polygonal, 479, 480, 487, 488 Top flange bracing, 395 Top-lateral system, 400, 405 Topographical survey, 1091 Tops of pier bases, elevations of, 1051 Tops of viaduct columns, 339 Torsion, 255 on members, 272 Tower Bridge, London, 701, 1164 Tower sheaves, 1720 bearing connections, 1789 journal-bearings, 1722 shafts, 1721 Towers, anchoring, 210 bracing, 539 columns, batter for, 540 girders in, 338, 339 INDEX Towers, spacing, 541, 542, 1644 vertical lift spans, cambering of, 762-764 viaducts, 329 Town, Ithiel, 15, 20 Town truss, 20, 772 Tracing cloth, 1387 Tracing file, index for, 1410 Tracings, filing of, 1396, 1409, 1410 Track, adjustment of, for curvature, 138 breaking, 357 crowning of roadways, 372, 373 curvature, clearance diagrams for, 147 effects of, 132 on chords, 145 on deck spans, 144 on floor-beams, 141 equalizing stresses for, 146 driver for piles, 1015 elevation, floors for, 348, 349 fanning of, 537 gauge, 355 guard rails, 363, 364 humps, 1212 protection piers, 364 rails and their connections. See Rails. refuge laays, 361 rerailing frogs, 364, sags, 1212 spacing, 355, 1639 spikes, 362, 363 spreading of, 537 street railroads, 1635 superelevation, 355 swing spans, 1713, 1716 tie-plates. .See Tie plates. ties. >See Ties. timber, quality of, 361 vertical curves, 356 walkways, 361 Traction bracing, 391, 1677 Traction engine, 108 weights of, 118 Traction frames, 209 Traction loads, 149, 156, 157, 1653 reinforced-concrete bridges, 956 trestle towers, effect of, 157 Traffic, classes of, 341 falsework for carrying, 1849 maintenance of, 1508, 1752 Trail Bridge over the Coluniliia River, B. C, 736, 1026 Train, falsework for carrying, 1849 loads, 34 service, frequency of, 1508 speed of, 133 Train, thrust, 277, 541 velocities, 132, 134 Train sheds, arches for, 618 cantilevers for, 569 Training dykes, 1060 Tramways for construction, 999 direct measurements from, 1466 Transbordeurs, 670, 671 author's proposed improvements in, 674 Transferred load, 1652 Transformation formula for weights of bridges, 1276 Transportation methods, 34 Transportation over Purchasers' lines, 1754 Transporter bridges, 670, 671 author's proposed improvements in, 674 Transverse lateral strut connections, 293 Transverse loads, bending due to, 205 Trap box, use of, 978 Traveler, 1502 Traverse lines, 1147 TreadwoU, Lee, 1463 Treated timber, 775 for floors, 366 Treatment of employees, 1607 Treatment of track timber, 361 Tredgold, Thomas, 14 Tremie, use of, 978 Trestles, 534 anchoring of towers, 210 approaches, 1866 bents, intermediate columns in, 541 columns, stresses in, 1659 combination of stresses, 250 costs of, 777 curves, sharp, 540 definition, 534 designing, 251 details, 1683, 1684 double-track railway, weights of metal in, 1266-1268 economic layouts, 1259, 1270 economics of, 1189 electric railways, weights of metal in, 1269 framed, 773, 775 guard rails, 774 highway, 1644 inspection, 1450 laying out, 537 location of expansion points, 539 pedestals, 542 pile. 773 railway, 1643 origin, 27 reinforced-concrete, 536 economic span lengths, 1327 single-track railway, weights of metal in, 1257-1263 INDEX CI Trestles. slidiiiR joints, 539 steel, 53G economic span lengths, 1259, 1270 timber for, 536, 773, 776 timber, origin, 21 towers, bracing, 539 connecting of by girders, 538, 539 effect of traction loading upon, 157 weights. Sec \\'eights of Steel Super- structures. wooden, 536, 772, 773, 776 Triangular-lattice truss, 474, 475 Triangular trusses, 24, 470, 471 doublc-inter.^ection, 468, 471 stress coefficients, 172-174 Triangulation, 1456 checking, 1462 correction of angles, 1461 hubs, 1458, 1459 ideal system, 1459 locating piers, 1464 records, 1461 Trolley poles, 384-386 Trolleys for lift spans, 1707 Troubles in bridge maintenance, 1523 Trough floors, 330, 349, 1634 Trough plates, 47 Trough sections, milling of, 333 TroweUng, 1023 Trumbull, Earl, 22 Truncated cones of piers, 1300 Trunnion type of bascules, 701 Truss depths, economic, 1184 excessive, 1176 Trusses and truss bridges, 468 batten plates, 505 cambering, 333, 754, 755 chords. See members. chords of lateral systems, 175 continuous, 25, 482 curved in plan, 1071 curved top chords, 479, 480, 487, 488 deflection, 238 depths for cantilever bridges, 589 description, 489 detailing, 492, 503-526 diagonals. See members. diagonals of lateral systems, 176, 177 diaphragms. See Diaphragms. elements, 489 end post. See members. equivalent live loads, 168 formula for weights, 1281 gravity axes, 491 gusset-plates. See Gusset-platea. hangers. See members. hybrid, 482 Trusses and truss bridges, lacitig, 285-292, 503-505, 1678. 1679 lateral connections, 503, 527, 532 members (pin-connected trusses), 526-531 bottom chord. 527 bottom lateral coimections, 527 built, 526 chord sections, 527, 529, 530 diagonals, 527 eye-bars, 526, 527 pin-packing, 527-529 riveted connections, 527 web-plates, 527-529 end, 528, 529 multiple, 527, 528 members (riveted trusses), 490 angles for box sections. 498, 499 building up, 500-503 central diaphragms, 498 channel sections, 495, 496, 502 built, 495, 496 rolled, 495 cover-plate, 498, 499 depth, 494 details at joints, 518 determination, 502, 503 approximate radii gyration (table), 504 net section (table), 512 point of contraflexure (diagram), 298 diaphragms, 498, 506, 507, 531 four-angle box section, laced, 498 I-section, 493, 494, 495 lacing. <See Lacing, lateral connections, 503 multiple punching, 503 sections, 490-493, 502 arrangement, 491, 492 arrangement of angles, 492, 493 deck spans, 492 through spans, 493 factors determining, 492, 496 open- web riveted girders, 490, 491 pony trusses, 490, 491 typical, 490 top chord and end post, 498-500 angles, 499 box-section, 499 centre of gravity, equality in two directions, 499 cover-plate, 498, 499 radius of gyration, approximate, 504 t5T)ical sections, 490 web-plates, 496-498 between angles, 496, 497 full depth, 496 number, 497 sizes, 497, 498 widths, 493, 498 cu INDEX Trusses and truss bridges, multiple punching, 503 number of trusses per span, 483, 484 open-web riveted girders, 490, 491 origin of, 12 panel length, 481, 493 percentage of details, 1227, 1239-1241 pins, 530, 531 pony trusses, 490, 491 posts. <See members. Pratt, stress coefficients, 171 riveted, 31 rivets. -See Rivets. shoes, 532, 533 simple, longest, 25 skew spans, 484-488 skid girder, 533 spacing of trusses, 483, 1638 span length, 468 splices. See Splices. stay-plates, 505, 506 stress coefficients, 171, 177 subdivided panels, 480, 481 swing-spans, details of design for, 1691 top chord. See members. triangular, stress coefficients, 172, 174 vertical end posts for through spans, 481, 486 Warren, stress coefficients, 172-174 web members. See members. weights of metal. See Weight of steel superstructures. Trusses, types of, "A" (Waddell's), 468, 477 Baltimore, 24, 468, 469 Bollman, 468, 472 Burr, 19 Camel-back, 468, 477, 478 double-intersection triangular, 468, 471 Fink, 468, 472 Howe, 19, 20, 468, 472, 772 hybrid, 482 "K," 16, 478 Kellogg, 468, 477 lattice, 474 with polygonal top chord, 468, 476 lenticular, 468, 474 Long, 20 Murphy- Whipple, 23 parabolic, 468, 474 Parker, 24, 469 Pegram, 468, 477 Pennsylvania, 25, 469 Petit, 25, 268, 469, 470 pony, 468, 479 Post, 23, 468, 473 Pratt, 468 radial, 468 Schwedler, 468, 476 single-intersection triangular, 468,470,471 Trusses, types of subdivided triangular, 471 Town lattice, 20, 772 triangular, 24, 470, 471 triangular lattice, 474, 475 Warren, 24, 468, 472 Whipple, 23, 468, 476 Truth, 1155 Tsinanfu (China) Bridge, 603 Tubular bridges, 17, 23 Tuileries Bridge, 12 TuUock, A. J., 770 Tunkhannock Creek Viaduct, 1169, 1171 Turnbuckles, nuts, threads, and washers, 1785 Turned bolts, 337, 1731, 1785 Turned-in flanges of channels, 339 Turning drill pipe, 1102 Turntable designing, 691 Twelfth Street Trafficway in Kansas City, 848, 865, 924, 936, 942, 1169 Twisted bars, 48 Two-hinged arch, 626, 636 temperature stresses in, 212 Two-rivet connections, 276 Tyrone Bridge, 605 Tyrrell, Henry Grattan, 716 U Ugliness of bridges, 1155 Ultimate strength, 265 Unclassified work, 1484, 1878, 1884 bills of, 1482 Underpinning, 1530 Uniform loads, plate girder spans, lengths of cover-plates, 443 moments, shears, and reactions, 42, 414 Union Bridge and Construction Company, 1072, 1513 Unit prices of materials, 1354, 1355, 1359, 1360 Unit reaction method of computing live-load stresses, 169 Unit stresses, 255, 1654, 1657. See also Tables for Designing, columns, 322 forked ends or jaw plates, 323 machinery, 1709-1712 pins, bearing, and bending, 323, 324 rivets, bearing and shear, 325 timber, 1046, 1047 weights of materials, 1649 United States Army Engineers' hearings, 1142 United States Government requirements for bridging navigable waters, 1137 United States map showing the annual rain- fall and record run-offs, 1115 INDEX Clll United States Steel Corporation, 76 Universal mill plates, straifihtness of, 1426 Unnecessary rivets, 50;i Unsupported lengths of columns, Otit) Unsupported lengths of plate-girder flanges, 431 Uplift loads, 97, 1650 Upper lateral systems, 405 Use of piles for foundations, 969 Vacation, annual, 1608 Valuation of materials furnished, 1480 Valuation of work done, 1480 Value of bridge engineers' services, 37 " \'alue of English to the Technical Man," 1573 Value of pigment, 766 Van Brunt, Henry, 1150 Van Ornum, Professor, 1059 Vanadium-carbon steel, 82, 89 nickel in, 85 Vanadium-chromium steel, 82 Vanadium steel, 84, 86 bridges, costs of, 85 bridges, economics of, 86 heat-treated, 84 possibilities of, 90 strength of, 82 titanium in, 85 Variable clauses, 1741 Variation, permissible, in weight and gauge, 1779 Varying of panel lengths, 1068 Vehicle for paint, 766 Velocities of current, determination of, 1148 Velocities of trains, 132, 134 Vera Cruz and Pacific Railway Bridge, foundations, 983 Vertical curves, 356, 374 Vertical end posts for through spans, 481 Vertical Hft bridges, 717-746 advantages of, 746 cambering of, 753, 761 cambering of towers for, 762, 763, 764 comparison with bascules, 1208 comparison with swing spans722, 1208 counterbal ancing chains, grouping of, 744, 745 guides for, 1722 history of, 717 hydraulic buffers for, 723 longest movable span of, 737 machinery for, 1789 Pennsylvania Railroad Company at Chicago, 734, 736 provision for cantilever bracket loading, 746 RaU, 743 Vertical lift bridges, Strauss, 743 tabulation of, 744 unbalanced loads on, 722 wind loads for, 155 Vertical loads on girder flanges, rivet pitches for, 436 Vertical splice plates, main, design of, 451 Vertical sway bracing, 401, 402, 404 Vessel signals, 1801 Vessels, loading metal on, 1766 Viaducts, 338, 534 columns, tops of, 339 cross-frames, 338 definition, 534 girder depths, 329 highway, 1686 tower-girders, 339 towers, 329 Viaur Viaduct (France), 631, 632 Vibration, effect of, 256 formula, Robinson's, 124 loads, 149, 155, 1653 Victoria bridge, 23 Void drawings, 1390, 1396 Voids, percentage of, 1467, 1468 Volatilization test for asphalt, 1820 "Volume of Layout," 1338 Von Emperger, F., 18, 28 w Waddell, J. "A" truss, 468, 477 formula for impact, 122 Waddell, Montgomery, tj^es of bascules, 711, 712, 715 Waddell, N. Everett, 783, 1893 Waddell, R. W., 1893 Waddell & Harrington bascule, 709—711 Wages, rates of, 1756 Wagner, Samuel Tobias, 351 Wagons, weights of, 118 Waikato River Arch Bridge at Cambridge, New Zealand, 630, 638 Waikato River Arch Bridge at Hamilton, New Zealand, 627, 629, 638 Wakefield sheet piling, 975, 1013 Walker. W. R., 76 Walkways, 361 Walkways and stairs, 1734 Walls, double-shaft piers, 1052 footings, 837 calculation of stresses in, 861 designing of, 939 retaining, 1031, 1032. See Retaining walls. Wandipore, Tibet, cantilever bridge, 7 CIV INDEX War Department, approval of bridge plans, 1140 requirements for clear headway, 1143 requirements for openings of movable spans, 1143 War, effect of upon contracts, 1562 Warning contractors, 1615 Warren truss, 24, 468, 472 stress coefficients, 172-174 Wash borings, 1093 equipment for, 1094 Washing of sand, 1044 Washout, danger of, 749 Washout of falsework, 1201 Watchman for boring outfit, 1105 Water, weight of, 96 Water-jets, 1015 driving piles, data for, 1018 nozzles for, 1018 Water-pipes, carrying of, 1076, 1843 Waterford Bridge over the Hudson, 19 Waterproofing, 769, 847, 1848 floors, 351, 352, 369 Waterway, areas, determination of, 1109 example of, 1122 formulae, 1113 Wattled piling, 1063 Wave action, 1059 Wayss, 18 Wearing floor, 366 Wearing of joints in pin-connected bridges, 749, 750 Wearing surfaces, asphalt pavement, 1814 plank floors, 366 wood-block floors, 368 Web, compound, 500 dumb-bell piers, 1052 plates, plate-girders, 419—421 depth of, 419, 420 design of, 419-421 splices, 420 stress distribution, 420 epUces, plate-girders, 301, 447-452 design, 450-452 loads, 447, 450 types, comparison of, 447-449 chickening of, 333 Web reinforcement for reinforced-concrete constructions, 962 Wedges for swing spans, 696, 1717 machinery for, 1724 Weekly charts of progress, 1486 Weekly reports, 1486 Weepers, 1032 Weights, asphalt pavement, 95 Weights, brick pavement, 95 bridges, illustrative examples for finding, 1292 broken stone, 96 cattle, 117 compacted stone, 96 concrete, 95 deformed bars, 799 details of steel bridges, 283 earth, 96 material in stiffening trusses of Buspen' sion bridges, 656, 657 materials, 1649 member, bending due to weight of, 205, 252 metal, computation of, 1377 metal, estimates of, 279 metal in cantilever bridges, 581-583 nickel steel in bridges, 61 people, 108 permissible variation in, 1779 rails, 95 road rollers, 118 round and square bars, 799 steel, 96 steel cables, 96 steel superstructures. See Weights of steel superstructures, carbon steel and nickel and alloy steels, swing spans, 698 tenders, 100 timber, 95 traction engines, 118 truss members, bending due to weight of. 