None
 ._ z z x.a X.8 __ z z ..4 1 40 33 3W.7 1x6.4 w u »i — I 4 — z 9*4 -— z a.8 { aa 156.0 u t« u - X 6 1 — z 3;6i — z 4 ■ Less than zolbs. 52.4 It M U ... z 8 1 ._ _ .... _ .. 46. s M U tt I — «. 1 —  "~ "" "** ~~ ~~ ~ "~ Z04.7 * Vidt Treatise on Colgnet B^ton, p. aS, «/ m^. New York, zS/z. Digitized by VjOOQ IC e34 APP£NDUL Standard Dimensions op Bolts, with Hexagonal Heads AND Nuts. Diameter of bolt No. of Vthrewis per in. of length. Breadth of head. Tbickn'sB of head Breadth of nut Thickness of nut Weight of round rod per foot in pounds. Weight of head and nut •^indies. in inches. in inches. in inches. hi inches. in pounds. i 20 i "X i A •1653 .017 t'^ l8 i ^ i 4 •2583 -033 i l6 * i 1% •3720 •057 ■h 14 « iV H 4 .5063 .087 h 13 i 1 i A .6613 .128 -h 12 i T^ i 4 •8370 .190 1 II I I « I 033 .267 i lO li i| 44 1.488 -43 i 9 ^i -} i| 4* 2.025 •73 I 8 li li i-h 2.645 1. 10 li 7 1* li 1-^ 3-348 1.60 jJ 7 li '4 lA 4-133 2.14 »i 6 2* H itV S-oor 2-95 li 6 2i *i x^ 5-952 3.78 If Si 3i 2i i44 6.98s 4.70 i| s 2| H i4* 8.101 5.60 I* s 2i 24 i4l 9-300 7.00 2 4f 3 2 3 2tV 10.58 8-75 H 4i 3i 2\ 3* *A 13 -39 12.40 2i 4 3i 2i 3i 2V5r 16.53 17.00 8« 4 4i 2^ 44 24* 20.01 22.30 3 3i 4i 3 44 3tV 23.81 28.80 Digitized by Google APPENDIX. 626 General Water-works, Statistics, 1880. CiTIBS. J5 ft • si 1 ^ 9 0 h 8 0 ^ ^5 <s § d Albany, N.Y 90.903 6,363,210 $145,404 77 12 Alleghany, Pa 78.682 10,000.000 168.000 60 I Brooklyn, N. Y 566,577 30.674,761 977.703 352 1,085 Boston, Mass 362.535 35.900,000 1.044,780 500 1,219 Baltimore, Md 332.190 23,000,000 606,879 277 524 Buffalo, N.Y 154765 16,369,802 216,214 102 Cambridge, Mass. 52.669 2474,616 177.430 85 i56 Cincinnati, Ohio 255.708 19.476,739 499.857 1S9 545 Cleveland, Ohio 155^946 10,180,000 203.379 125 402 Chicago, 111 503.304 57.384.376 961.051 461 2.1 13 Columbus, Ohio 51.644 2,159.327 44.572 44 534 Detroit, Mich 116.027 15,170,000 380,684 209 29 Hartford, Conn 42,569 4,000,000 121,281 72 99 Indianapolis, Ind 75.056 4,000.000 70,940 43 25 [erseyCily, N.J ' ]x)uisville, Ky 120,728 14,916,825 249.641 153 41 126,566 6,567,141 187.708 no 228 Lawrence, Mass 39,068 I 861,363 62.670 42 272 Lowell, " 59.340 2,252,197 118,800 63 708 Lynn, " Milwaukee, Wis 38,376 1,238,290 79,899 57 121 115.578 io,6o4/x)o 129,505 86 • .. Minneapolis, Minn 48,323 3,010,591 20,819 19 Manchester, N. H 32,458 1,180,930 57264 33 280 Montreal, Canada 145.000 9.691,901 364,475 133 305 New Orleans, La 216,090 9,000,000 100.000 69 New York, N.Y 1,206,577 95,000.000 1.560,599 503 4,002 Newark.N.J 136,400 9.390,000 312,649 136 New Haven, Conn 62,861 5,100,000 131,580 98 13 Philadelphia, Pa 874.542 57,707,082 1.415.477 746 Pittsburgh, Pa 156.389 16021,624 302.000 III Poughkeepsie. N. Y 20,207 1,403,292 19.379 16 122 Providence, R. I 104,760 3,547.264 247.705 155 4401 Ouebec, P. Q ... Richmond. Va 50,000 2,500,000 91.000 2 63.243 5.718053 74.909 53 . .. Rochester, N.Y 87.057 5,607,000 72.659 113 San Francisco, Cal 233'959 13,824.000 1,300,000 178 5.180 St. Louis, Mo 333.577 25.124000 660.280 2x2 573 Syracuse, N. Y Troy, N.Y 52,210 4,000.000 68,000 42 56,747 5,000,000 61,080 40 . .. Toledo, Ohio 53.635 3.270,873 26,124 47 ♦ . • Toronto, Canada 86,445 4,787.000 169.245 "3 50 Washington, D. C 147.307 26.000,000 69.459 175 Worcester, Mass 58,040 3,000,000 84.326 80 3.791 Wilmington, Del 42,499 3,564,856 67.638 52 Yonkers, N.Y 18,892 860,000 22,162 23 402 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 626 APPENDIX. Comparative Water-works Statistics, 1880. U I nnual receipts for each million gal- lons daily water- age. u n 11 Cmn. it k 1 4 ill S 0 a MS m 111 ■< < < :S ^ 5 Galls. Albany, N.Y 70. $1.59 122,850 .847 .13 $... Alleghany, Pa 127. 2.14 16,800 .762 .0127 Brooklyn. N.Y 54.14 1.72 31.873 .621 1.92 6!38 Boston, Mass 99.02 2.88 29,102 1.37 3.36 . « « Baltimore, Md 69.24 1.83 26,386 .833 1.57 • « • Buffalo, N.Y 105 -77 '39 13,208 .659 . . * Cambridge, Mass 47. 3.18 71,700 I. 613 2.960 . . • Cincinnati, Ohio 76.16 1.95 25,664 .739 2.13 5.58 Cleveland, Ohio 65.28. 1.29 19,880 .800 2.57 4.64 Chicago, 111 114. 01* 1. 91 16,747 .915 4.19 5.42 Columbus. Ohio 41.81 0.86 20,641 .852 1. 03 8.00 Detroit, Mich 130.74 3.28 25,094 1.80 Hartford, Conn 93.96 2.84 30.320 1.69 2.32 • • ■ Indianapolis, Ind 53.3 0.94 17-735 .573 .332 ersey City, N.J :.ouisville, Ky. 123.55 2.07 16,802 1.26 .339 7.84 51.88 1.48 28.583 .869 18 5.76 Lawrence, Mass 47.65 1.60 33.669 1.07 6.94 4.71 Lowell " 37.95 2.00 52.752 1.06 11.9 5.25 Lvnn, *' Milwaukee, Wis 32.26 2.08 64,524 1.47 3.15 5.36 91.74 1. 12 12,213 .745 Minneapolis, Minn 62.30 0.43 6,915 3.93 Manchester, N. H 36.38 1.76 48,491 1. 01 8.62 Montreal, Canada 65.53 2.51 37A'7 .916 2.09 12.30 New Orleans. La 41.6 0.45 11,111 .319 • • • New York, N.Y 78.73 1.29 16,427 .416 3-31 Newark, N.J 68.63 2.28 33.306 •997 New Haven, Conn 81.13 2 09 25,800 1.56 [2^ Philadelphia, Pa 65.9 1. 61 24.528 .868 • •. 5*51 Pittsburgh, Pa 104.5 1-93 18,854 .709 . .. Poughkeepsie, N. Y 69.47 0.95 13,810 .791 6.03 Providence. R. I 33.86 2.36 69,830 1.48 42. 5^85 Quebec, P. Q Richmond, Va 50. 1.82 36^*00 .04 90.41 1. 18 13,100 .838 Rochester, N. Y 64.40 0.83 12,957 1.29 San Francisco, Cal 59- 5.56 94.047 .761 24.833 St. Louis, Mo 75-31 1.97 26,281 .635 1.7 5*35 Syracuse. N.Y 76.61 1.30 17,000 .804 Troy.N. Y 88.11 1.07 I2,2T6 .704 Toledo, Ohio 60.98 0.48 7^987 .878 5 77 Toronto, Canada 55 30 1.95 35,342 1.30 .57 Washington, D. C 176.50 0.47 2.671 1. 12 Worcester, Mass 51.68 1.45 28,107 1.37 6:53 Wilmington, Del 83.88 1.59 18,974 1.22 4;88 Yonkers, N. Y 1 1 45.52 1. 17 25,770 1. 21 21.2 6.39 Digitized by VjOOQ IC APPENDIX. 627 General Water-works Statistics, 1882. Crnss. Attleboro, Mass Boston, Mass Baltimore, Md Brooklyn, N. Y Buffalo. N. Y Binghamton, N. Y. . .. Chicago, HI Cambridge, Mass Cleveland, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Detroit, Mich Elmira. N. Y Fall River, Mass Fitchburg, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich... Holyoke. Mass Hoboken, N.J Jacksonville, Fla Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Lawrence, Mass. . .... Lynn, Mass Mertden, Conn Manchester, N. H Milwaukee, Wis New Haven, Conn. . .. Newton, Mass New York. N.Y Newark. N.J New Brunswick, N. J. Poughkeepsie, N. Y... Providence, R. I Pawtucket, R. I Rochester, N. Y San Francisco, Cal. . .. Salem. Miss Springfield, Mass St. Louis, Mo Toledo, Ohio Taunton, Mass . . . .. Waterbury, Conn Worcester, Mass Yonkers, N.Y 13 73 5,032 892 2,970 1,400 175 3,825 596 1,264 900 363 872 146 655 203 1,296 177 102 1,415 393 365 727 470 496 180 339 794 650 344 6,944 1,197 166 286 1,186 965 1.050 1,396 154 424 1,980 361 367 180 690 263 108 2,650 677 1,516 140 80 2,310 156 702 780 546 27 183 1,966 150 352 105 42 160 281 141 273 1,090 421 156 64 400 102 20 664 6,817 252 68 176 5.279 1,600 639 5,846 134 no 1,218 no 401 84 4,709 605 ^5 <i DOLL. 2,000 383.628 62,708 198.178 80,000 5,024 363,000 42.466 101,192 75.000 27,969 7,000 49,018 5.940 11,000 9.839 23,000 3.115 '94,737 20,640 84.390 43000 19.750 13.358 10,862 1,333 44.273 4.500 13.000 186,600 36,021 13.724 4,682 46,000 464,400 9.237 2.870 222,400 2,000 12,139 9,000 82,914 14.945 ». so o 23.06 10. 20. 25. 7- 24. 9.07 14. 10. 17.- 14. 8.^ 24. 6. 30. 48. Price of Water, per x,ooo gallons. CKNTS. 40 20 to 30 Spcl. 10.33 6 to 25 8 to 40 20 6.66 to 13.33 9 7 to 20 10 10 to 50 30 10 to 50 15 to 30 5 to 15 12 to 15 15 to 30 15 to 35 6 to 15 20 to 25 25 and Spcl 10 to 25 26.66 4.6 to 20 15 to 30 35 13.33 10 to 20 15 to 30 6 to 30 12.5 to 30 13.5 to 20 30 and Spcl. 12.5 to 30 8 to 20 12.5 to 25 5 to 30 15 to 25 16 to 40 §.S 2 380 60,000 I 64.177 13.400 1.935 78,840 7.725 12,923 24.500 2,288 26,000,'. 90o| 3,12063 1 442 1 10 1, 032 1 32 1493 3.000 250 2,788 7,947 6,200 3.653 5,441 2,000 2,140 7,974 7,000 2,371 85,000 12,676 1,330 1,436 10,357 3,000 04 36 9 2 25 20 08 .5- 3.5 21. II. S 3. 18.' 3. 28. 8. 84.5 5. • 12.2 51. 50. 12.000 5.3 23,000,20. 4,700' 2.05 3.5001 3. 28.0001 . .. 1,853.20. 2/)62 19. 2,2171 ... 6,061 77. 1,133 ..- Digitized by VjOOQ IC 628 APPENDIX. Stand-Pipe Data. {See new table, page 603,) LOCATION. Wichita, Kan Milwaukee, Wis Henderson, Ky Catasauqua, Pa Toledo, Ohio Erie, Pa Allentown, Pa Bristol, Pa New York City, High Service Joliet, 111 Mt. Pleasant, la Sandwich, 111 Lewisburgh, Pa Maquoketa, la Freeport, 111 Lincoln, Neb Charleston, S. C Yonkers, N. Y Princeton, N. J Perth Amboy, N. J Alliance, O Wilmington, N. C Dedhain, Mass South Abington, Mass Nantucket, Mass Fremont, O Atlantic City, N. J Sandusky, O Newton. Kan Springfield, O Franklin, Mass  40 40 40 Height. Feet. 150 80 80 100 224 140 80 100 130 80 88 75 76 21 60 71 80 90 103 100 132 180 i 229] 76 112 35 60 62  ■ft ■ft i t ■ft Digitized by Google APPENDIX. 629 Weights of Lead and Tin Lined Service-Pipes. CaUbre. AAA. Weight perlt AA Weight per ft. A. Weight per ft. B. Weight per ft. C. Weight perft. D. D. Light. Weight peril. E. Weight perft. E. Light. Weight perft. Inckes, Lis. Lis, Lis, Lbs, L6s. L6s Lbs. Lbs, Lbs, f 1.5 1.3 1. 12 I 1.06 0.62 — 05 — i 3 2 1.75 1.25 I 0.81 — 0.7 0.56 f 3.5 2.75 2.5 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 I 0.75 * 4.5 3.5 3 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 I I 6 4.75 4 3.25 2.5 2 — 1.5 — li 675 5.75 4.75 3.75 3 ' 2.5 — 2 — li 9 8 6.25 5 4.25 3.5 — 3.25 — 2 10.75 9 7 6 5.25 4 — — — A manufacturer' s circular states that the following quanti- ties of water will be delivered through 500 feet of their pipes, of the respective sizes named, when the fall is ten feet : Calibre Gallons per miiiute.. Gallons per 24 hours. } inch. .348 576 \ inch. .798 1150 I inch. 1. 416 2040 f inch. 2.222 3200 I inch. 4.600 6624 i^ inch. 6.944 lOOOO A |-inch clean service-pipe connected to a ^-inoh tap under a hundred feet head, will deliver at the sink, through a common compression bib, ordinarily about three pails of water, or say 8.25 gallons, or 1.1 cu. ft. of water per minute. Lead is more generally used for service-pipes than any other material, but wrought-iron pipe, lined and coated with cement, or with a vulcanized rubber composition or sundry coal-tar compositions and enamels, have been used to a nearly equal extent within a few years past. Block- tin pipe, tin-lined pipe, and galvanized iron pipe, have been used also to a limited extent. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 630 APPENDIX. Sa^e Weights of Lead Service Pipes. Gtood lead pipes have an ultimate cohesion of about 2000 lbs. per square inch. The effect of the water ram when the house faucets are suddenly shut is not quite as severe on services as it is on the risers and fixtures in the house. Fifty per cent, of the pressure is a fair allowance for the ram on services, if an additional coefficient of safety of 5 or .2^ is taken to cover the limit of elasticity and ordi- nary weaknesses. On this basis we have formulas for thickness t and weight Wj , _ 1.5pr _ 7.5pr w = (e«-f0x^X7rxl2"x.411, in which p = pressure in lbs. per sq. inch. = .434 head in ft. r = internal radius of pipe, in inches. d = internal diameter of pipe, in inches. t = thickness of pipe shell, in inches. TT = 3.1416. s = ultimate cohesion of lead, mean, 2000 lbs. per sq. in. Digitized by Google APPENDIX. 631 Weights for oiven Pressures of Water, Diameter, W Head of VSTater in Feet. 75 I loo I las I 150 1 X7S I aoo I MS I 250 I 975 I 300 Pressure of "Water in Pounds. 3a'55 I 43'4o I S4«aS i 65.10 | 75.95 | 86.80 | 97.65 | X08.50 | X19.35 I 130.90 %Areiglit9 of Lead Pipes per foot, in Pounds. % xJ4 % H » H « « 7i X H K X % X iH >^ ryi ^ H X iH i» xX XX 3 iH 154 tX a a» aX 3 3X iX aJ< a5< 3>^ 3X 4H 4X 5)4' >Hi 3^ 3« 496 5H 6 6X 7K 3X 5X 854 These weights should be increased somewhat in the honse plumbing. Digitized by Google 632 APPENDIX. RESUSCITATION FROM DEATH BY DROWNING. *' Persons may be restored fix)m apparent death by drowning, if proper means are employed, sometimes when they have been under water, and are api)arently dead, for fif teeni or even thirty minutes. To this end — 1. Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in severe weather. '2. Send with all speed for medical aid, and for articles of clothing, blankets, etc. I. To Cleab thk Theoat. 3. Place the patient gently en the fitce, with one wrist under the forehead. (All fluids, and the tongue itself, then fidl forwards, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free. n. To Excite Respibation. 4. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and (I.) Apply snuflT, or other irritant, to the nostrils ; and (II.) Dash cold water on the face, previously rubbed briskly until it is warm. If there be no success, lose no time, but m. To Imitate Respiration. 6. Replace the jmtient on the &ce. 6. Turn the body gently but completely on the side, and a little beyond, and then on the face alternately, repeating these measures deliberately, efficiently, and perse- VEEiNGLY, fifteen times in the minute only. (When the patient reposes on the chest, this cavity is Digitized by VjOOQ IC APPENDIX. 633 compressed by the weight of the body, and expibatiok takes place ; when it is turned on the side, this pressure is removed, and iisrspiEATioiir occurs.) 7. When the prone position is resumed, make equable but efllcient pressure along the spine, removing it immedi- ately before rotation on the side. (The first measure augments the expibation, and the second commences inspieation.) IV- To Induce Circulation and Warmth, continue THESE Measures. 8. Rub the limbs upwards, with firm pressure and ENERGY, using handkerchiefs, etc. 9. Replace the patient's wet covering by such other cov- ering as can be instantly procured, each bystander supply- ing a coat or a waistcoat. Meantime, and from time to time, y. Again, to Excite- Inspiration, 10. Let the sur&ce of the body be slapped briskly with the hand ; or 11. Let cold water be dashed briskly on the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm. Avoid all rough usage. Never hold up the body by the feet. Do not roll the body on casks. Do not rub the body with salts or spirits. Do not inject smoke or infusion of tobacco, though clysters of spirits and water may be used. The means employed should be persisted in for several hours, till there are signs of death." Digitized by Google INDEX. The Jigures refer to ih4 pages. Acceleration of motion, 185. Adirondack watershed, soi. Ad)astabk eiBuent pipe, i^. Advantages of water supples, 09. Air, resistance of, to a jet, 190. Air valves, 523. " vessels, 564, 565. Ajutage, an, 213. ** inward projecting, 3x8. ** vacuum, 3x4. Algae, fresh water, 139. ▲nalvses of lake, spring, and well waters, 1x7. **^ •* mineral waters, x4j. " " potable waters, taele, 1x7. '' *« river and brook wateis, xx8, tao. Analysis of impure ice, 136. Anchoring stand-pipes, 588, 589, 599. Angles ofrepose of masonry, 396. Angular force graphically represented, 175. Apertures, sluice, aoz, soz, 903. Aquadc life, purifying office of, 132. '* organisma^ X3X. Arago's preidiction at Grenelle, xo6. Ar.;as of^ sluice valves, 360. Artesian wetis, 105, xo6; xo8. ^* " temperature of, table, xa7. Artificial clarification of water, 159. ** gathering areas, xoo. ** pollution of water, 193. ;•, *^°r*?«^ ". " 84,93,95.98.99- Asphaltum bath for pipes, 475, 487, 490. Atlantic coast rainfiiU, 53. Atomic theory, 163. Attraction, capillary, 9g6. Atmospheric impurities of water, xaa. *^ pressure, 183. Average consumptfon of water, 44. B. Btalos, clear water, 55a !! ?*5?/' 53^ 537, 548, 55», 553. 555- ** infiltration, 537. " settling, s^' Batters, front of masonry, ^83, 385, 387, 434. Beams, cylindrical, strength of, 600. Bends and branches. 372, 375, 478, 485. *' coefficients for. table of, 374. Blow-off valves, 5x3. Boiler at Newport water works. 580. Boilers, 577i S78. 580. Bolts and nuts, standard dimensions, 634. Holts in ilang s, table of, 463. Bolt-holes, templet for, 460. Boyden's hook gauge, 397. Branches and bends, 372, 478, 484. composite pipe, 484. ** formula for now through, 275, British water supplies, 37. Bucket-plunger pump, 557, ^67. Building stones, strength of, 404. Bursting pressure, 332. C. Caloric, influence of, 163. Canal banks, 370. " in sid« bill, 370. •* miner's, 375. " open, 370. *' revetments and pavings, 371, 374. " slopes, 37*. 374- •* stop gates, 173, 374. Canals and channels, velocities in, 303, 300, 304, 307. 308, 310, 3r2, 314, 3x8, 3«S 3a5t Sao. 39i>i 373* Canals and rivers, observed flows in, table o^ Canals and rivers, coefficients for flow in, 308. ;; irrigation, 370, 37a, 373, 375. " water su^' 1 Cantilever, strength of eylindrical, 599,6oo,6ox. Capacity for filter beds. 552, 554. Capillary attraction, 396. Cast-iron pipes, 451. '' ** weights of, 465, 468, 469. Cast socket on wrought pipe, 483. Casting of pipes, 4^. Cement joints of pipes, 4^. •* lined pipe"=^, 479. " lining of pipes with, 481. ** mortar for lining and covering plpai» ^^ tensile strength, 683. Census statistics, 31. Central min system, ^. Chamber, effluent, 358. *' influent, 366. •• walH 369. Chandler's, Prof., remarks on wells, x4a. Channels, coefficients for, 308. ^ depths and relative volumes and velocities, 338. •* experimental flow In, 307. 309. 3x8, - 3M, 3x5. 3«7. 3a«, 3*3. 3*^ V^- ** flow m, experimental data, 306. I! , " . open, 399, 370, 373» 375. " formulas lor flow, table, 3x0, " inclination in. 30^. " influences controlling flow in, 3x6. •* mean velocities, 313, 3x4, 3x6, 3i8> 319. ** ratios of surface to mean velocity, 315- ** surface velocities, 313. ** velocity of flow In, 303, 304, 307, y^ 3io.,3i4»3i8. 32».3a8- '* velocities of given films, 3x1. ^* water supply, protection of, 43x. Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX. 635 Chumcteristlcs of jsipe metals, 470. Charcoal clarification ot water, 535, 537. " filters, 536. Check valve, 367, 595. Chemical clanfication, 539. Choice of water, 587. Cities, fiimilies in various, 39. *• persons per fiunily m various, 39. ** population of various, 33. " water supplied to, 35, 36, 37. Clarification of water, artificial, 159, 539, 535, Clanfication of water, charcoal, 535, 537. *' chemical, 533. ^t 1 ^at 1 ^ natural, 149, 53o. S3a. Cleafling of filter beds, 553. Clear water basins, S50. Climate effects, rainmll, 47. Coal required for pumping, 581. Coating (asphaitum) pipes, 475, 487, 49a Cochituate basin, rain upon, 79. Coefficients, compound tubes, 9x9, 990. " convergent tubes, 917. " </, table of, 271. " experimental, xo8. •* " table of, 937. ** for channels, Kutter's,305. ** ^ circular orifices, 196, 109, aoj, ** " current meters, 395, 390, 3060. ** ** flow in conduits. 444. •* " hydrometers, 395. •• . •* pipes, table ofj 949. •• *• rectangular onfices, 198, aoo, 90I, 903, 905, 906. •* •• service nipea, 598. ** ** short tunes, 914, 9x7, 9x8, 919, 990, 997, 9fl6. ** ** sluice apertures, 901, 90a, 903, 905, 906. •• ** various forms of tubes, 915, 9X8, 919, 990, 291. •• *' weir formulae 987, 988. •• •* wide crested weirs, 994. ** formulas for pipes, 936, 949, 967, 971. ** firom Castel, aoo. ** " Eytelwein And d^Aubuis- son, 956. « •« General EUis. 90X. * •* L'Abbe Bossut, X99. - " Lespinasse, 90I. " ** Michelotti, X98. * ** Prony, 995. ^ ** Rennie,iQ9. ** hicrease of in short tubes, 913. ** NT, 934, 947. * mean, for smooth and foul pipes, 948, 949. 367. ** of efflux, factors of, 197, 908. •• *' table of, 997. •• of entrance of jet, 967, " "" flow from channels, 305, 307, 308, 399. ** flowinpii _. ** friction 01 eai ,949,948,495, woric, 345. " table of, 495. *^ ** issue from short tubes, 9x8. " •* masonry friction. 396. • *' velocity and contraction of orifice jets. 908. " practical application of, 197. *• range of, 293. •• resistance in bends, 974. ** tables of, for pipes, 936. 949, 948, '* vana'ble values of, 910. Coffer-dams, 430 Combined reservoir and direct systems, 595. Commercial use of water, 34. Compensation flow, 86. ** to riparian owners, 94. Composite branches, pipe, 484. Composition of water, the, xi9. Compound tubes, 918, 990. " " coefficients for, 990. Compressibility and elasticity of water, t6f* Copcrete conduit, a. 438. ^* foundations, 368. " " for pipes, 487. ;; paving, 355. " proportions of, 368. ** revetments, 499, 430. " wall, «8, 348. Conduit arch, thrust of, 437. " daU, 445. ** masonry to be self-sustafaiingf 43^ " of concrete, 438. I! '♦ wood, 439, 441. ** shells, 434 Conduits and pipes. 993. *• backififlr of, J38. ** capociues of noted, 445. ** coefficients for, 444. examples of, 74, 431. 435» 438. 439»445> ** exposure to frost, 437. " formulas for flow in, 449, 443, 445. ** foundations for, 433. ** locked bricks for, 435. ** masonry. ^31. ** mean radii of, 441, 449. ** protection from frost 436. ♦• stop-gates in, 436. *'■ transmission of pressure in, 430b ** under pressure, 435, 439. ** ventilation of, 434. Confervae^ 199. Construction of embankments, 348. *• " filter beds, 548. Consumption of water, 34, 43, 503. Contents of pipes. 504. Core of an embankment, 348. Cornish pump, 557, 563. Costf* of pumping water. 574, 575. Crib-work foundations, 385. " weir, 384. GitAon basin, rainfall upon, 79. ** Dam, 04. " Aqueduct, 74, 431, 445. Curbs, stop-valve. 5x5. Current meters, 399, 395. 396, 396a, *" meter rating. 335, 395a, 306. Curved-face wall, 431. Cut-off wall embankment, 338, 348. Cycle, low, rainfalls. 69, 77, 78. Cylindrical cantilevers, strength of, 599, 60a " penstock, 440. " pressures in, 593. ** thickness of, 448, 450, 486, 488, 489^ *• tubes, 999. Dams, aprons of. 383, 387, 388. ** caps, 386. '* discharges over, 990, 998a, 378, 380, 381^ 388. '* forms of. 94, 389, 384, 391. '' ice thrust on, 386. " thickness of, 367. Darcy-Pitot tube gauge, 393. Data from existing conduits, 445. Debris, floating, 530. Decimal parts of an inch and foot, 457. Decomposing organic impurities, 197. Densities and volumes or water, relatite, i&|« Depths of pipes, 501, 509. " on weirs, 338. 390. 398a. Desmids, in fresh ponds, 139. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 636 INDEX. Details of stop-valves, 5x3. Diagonal force, 17^. Diagrams of pumping^, 42. •; " rainfall, 55, 57, 50. '* ** stand-pipe stabilities, 597. Diameter of sub-mains^ 507. *• supply -main, 500. Dimensions of existing canals, 373. ** ** filter-beds, 554. '» ** retaining walls, 4ao. Direct pressure system, 535, 590. Discharges of pipes, 498, 500. over waste-weirs, 378, 381. " '* weirs, 388, 290, 9980. Distribution pipes, 493, 495, 503, 505, 506, 508. Domestic draught of water, 14, 508. Drainage from given areas, 67, 75. Draught, variations in, 41. Drownin;;, resuscitation. 633. Duplicate pumping machinery, 590. Duplication in pipe sy^^tems, 510. Duty of pumpmg-engines, 574, 576, 580, 583. Dwellings in vanous cities, 33, 330. Dykes, canal and river, 371. Earth and rock, |>orosity of, xos. »' embankments, 333, 347, 3481 353. 3To- *' evaporation from, 89. 90. *' pressures against walls, 408. Eastern coast rain system. 50. Economy of high duty of pumping-engines, ** **• skilltul workmansliip, 369. Eddies, in weir channels, aoa. Effect, mechanical, of the efflux, 335. Effluent chambers, 358. ^' pipe, adjust .ble, 364. •• '* ice thrust upon, 358. Efflux, equation of, 3iz. *' factors of the coefficient, 197. *' from pipes, coefficients of, 196, 397. ** sluices, 30I, 203, 305, 3o6, 007. " mechanical effect of, 335. *' peculiarities of jet, 907. *' volume from short tubes, 194, axo, 3x4. Elasticity and compressibility of water, 167. Electric current meters, 336, 336a. " meter register, 335a. Elementary dimensions of pipes, 504, Elements, the vapory, 45. Embankment, a light, 353. " core materials, 339, 342, 348, 354, 359' *' cut off walls, 330, 338, 348. *' example of, 347. " failures, 334. ^' fine sand in, 353. " foundations, 335, 337, 338. ** frost covering, 350. ** gate chambers, 357, 358. " masonry faced, 35^. ** materials, coefs. oi^ friction, 345. ** " friction&l angle of, 345.. *• '* proportions of, 340, 349, •• ** weights of, 341. • pressures in, 343. ** puddle wall. 331, 354. " puddled slopes, 352, 356, 370. " revetted. 149, 354, 370. *• sheet-piling under, 339. ** site, reconnaissance for, 347. •• slope-paving, 350, 355. " slopes, 344, 345, 350, 355. * sluices, 355,356, 358. *^ soils beneath, 337. Embankment, springs under foundation, 337W *• substructure, 336. ** siphon waste-pipe, 358. ** test borings at site, 336. *' treacherous strata under, 338. Embankments, canal, 370. *• effect 01 waves on, 388. ** Indian, 334. " reservoir, 333. Energy of jet, 335, 376. England, supply per capita, 37. Equation of motion, 186. '* ** resistance to flow, 933. Equilibrium destroyed, r7o, 300. Equivalent heads and pressures of water, 6x4. Errors m application of formulae, 253, 957. ** ** weir measurements, 296. Estimates of flow of streams, 78, 94. European infiltration, 444. •' water supplies. 36. Evaporation, effect upon storage, 93. '* examples of, 90. '* from earth, 8^ xxo. •* ** reservoirs, 94. *' water, 88, 89. ** phenomena, 87. *^ ratios oL table. 93. Evaporative power of boilers, 578, 580. Examples of conduits, 431, 438, 439. Expansion of water, 164, 166. Expansions of pipe metal, 458. Experimental channel data. 306. " coefs. for hydrometers, 325. ** 4i .* p||)es, 336, 24X. ** flow in channels, 306, 307, 309, 3", 3«4, 3»Sf 3«7, 3"i 3»3, 3*^ 3200. '* hose streams, 530. Experiments with weirs, 284, 288t, 29X, 994. '* by Fairbairn on cyliadrical beams. 600. *^ by Bailey, 240. " " Bossut, 199. ** ** Eytelvvein, 290. 229. " *' Eytelwein's coefs., 999. ** »• Castel, 200, 2x7. »* Couplet, 239. " " Darcy, 237, 240. •' Du Buat, 238, " " Ellis, 201. ** " Fanning, 238. ** " Lespinasse, 201. " *' Michelotti, X98. " Provis, X98. ** ** Rennie. 199, 239. ** Smith, 23<r " with compound tubes, ssob " ** current meter, 3950. " *' cylindrical beams, 600. ** ** orifices, 198, X99, 900, 9ox* ** ** short tubes, 9x7, 919, 990b Exposed stand-pipes, 598. Faced revetments, 499. Factors of safety, ^9. 451, 453, 4B5, 486, 593- Failures of embankments, 334. *' *• walls, 427. FaHing bodies, 187, 100. Families in various cities, 33. Fascine revetments, 371. Filter-beds, 547, 5^8, 551, 553, 554- " capacity of 55a, 554- •• cleaning of, 553, 5564 " construction ot, 548. 551, 554. ** ice upon, 556. •* protection of, 548, 555. ** temperature of, 555. Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDBX 637 Fi1ter<beds, vegetable growth in, 555. Filters, Atkin's, 536. Fire draught of water, 34, 506, 508. 5x0. '* extinguishment, reserve for, 44. *' hydrants, 510, 516, 5x9, sax, saa. " losses, effect of water upon, 36. " service, ^3,^88, 589, 591. ** head desirable for, 493. ** supplies, diameters of piiies for, 510, Fish screens, 365. Flanges, diameters of valve, 46a. " of cast-iron pipes, 46a. Flash-boards, 378. Flash V and steady streams, 71. FlexilSle pipe-joints, 463. Floats, double, gauge, 336. " maximum velocity, 338. ** mid-depth. 336. Flood flow, 65, 98. " volumes, 63, 6^, 66, 67, 75, 380, 381. *' ratios of, to rainfalls, 6a. ** seasons of. 68. Flow, available for consumption, 94. " coefficients of, in pipes, 330, 336, 343, 348, 495. , ** compensation, 86. ** equivalent to given depths of rain, 8x. ** from Croton and Cochituate basins, 73. •* " different surtiures, 77. •* " Sudbury basin, 83«r. " gauged volumes of, 277. " gravity the cause of, 399. ** m channels, experimental, 306, 307, 309, „ . 3»?. 3>4t3i5.3»7i3", 3*3. 326, 336rt. *• In pipes, tnctional head, aas, 333, 950, asa* 253, 354, 355, 366. a68, 370, 495, 508, 538. ** In pipes, velocity formulas, 349, 350, 353, 354, 359 263, 366, 3^)7, a68, 370, 373. ** in seasons ofmmimum rain, 69. ** increase and decrease of, 86. *^ influence of absorption and evaporation u|x>n, 68. ** minimum, mean and flood, 75. ** of streams and channels, 65, 399. ** " water, 184. '* over a w^eir. 380. ** per acre and per mile from given rains, 8a. ** periodic available. 69, lox. " resistance to, in cnannels, 333, 300. ** sub-surtace equalizers of, 70. ** summaries of monthly statistics of, 71. " through orifices, 194. " *' pipes, 233, 495, S08, 560. " •* short tubes, 313. ** ** sluices, pipes and channels, 161. Fluctuations of streams, 73, 83a, zox, 3x9. Flush hydrants, 5x9, 531. Foot and inch, equivalent decimal parts of, 457. Force, loss of, in pipes, 334. *' percussive, of particles, 33x. Forces, angular. 176. " equivalent, 173. " • graphically represented, 175. Formula, efflux from an orifice. 190, 309, szi. " " •* short pipes, 315. ♦• for area of bluices, 361. " " capacity of air vessel, 566. " •* coal tor pumping. 581. •* •* current meter coefficient, 336. ** " curved-face walls, 431. ** " depth upon a weir. 386. ** ** dutv of pumping-engines, 576. " •* eartli pressures upon walls, 4x0, ** 4. ^"' '♦'3j .4»5i 410. •* " energy of jets, 336. ** ** hydraulic mean depth, 935, 303, 44«. Formula for inclination in channels, 304. ** *• pipe coefficients, 236, 343, 067, 271. ** '• power consumed in pumps, 560^ 56X. *• " power to produce flow in pipes, 56X. " " pressure in pipes. 447. •* " " on submerged walls, 393« 394* ** ** relative volumes and tempera- tures of water, x66, 167. ** " resistance in channels, 30X, 303. •• " submerged orifice, 209. ** ** surcharged pressure walls, 4x4, ^16, 423. •* " thickness of walls, 399, 413, 4ax. ** ** trianf^ular notch weir, 294. •* *♦ velocity in channels, 303, 304, 307, .. 3o8»3M»3aot.335, 3=6. •* " volume at given temperature, 165. ** " weight of cast pipes, 460, 465^ ** gravity and motion due to, z86, 187, X90. *« heights and times of tailing bodies, x86, 187, 190. •* offactor of safety, 593. •• •• M. Chezy, pipes. 353. •• ** power to open sluices, 363, 364. •* •* pressure in cylinders, 448, 593. ** ** resistance of tanks, 589. M " weight of anchorage ot tanks, 589. ** " Weisbach, 357. •• " wind and force on tanks, 588. Formulas, coefficients for weir, 384, 287, 388, 280. 291, 293, 394. ** for diameters of pipes, 35X, 366, 369, 370, 498. " for flood volumef». 66, 67, 320, 380. •• " flow in conduits, 442. 443. a « u " pi.PC9, »54, 257t 498. •* " '* ongin of. 339, ** 4» ♦. through bends, 373. •• " " •' branches, 375. " " " channels, 303, 304, 3071 308, 3«o. 3Mt 32o» 3251 326. '* ** gauging streams, 330. ** " head, pipes, 233, 350, 266, a66, 370 494. •• " lengths 01 pipes. 269, 370. •• ** pipes, various compared, 354. •• " resistance to flow. 230, 233, 334, 350. 354, 356, 366, 368, 370, 37a, 275, 528. •• •• shafts, 617. **■ *' thkkness of pipes, table, 466, 486, 487. ••• " thickness of cas*. pipes, 453, 454. •• •* »i »» wrought pipt-s, 448, 450, 486. " ** velocity, pipes, 248, 349, 950, a59, a66, 307, 368, 270, 373, 498. •• •• velocities in channels, 30s, 303, 3<H. 307» 308. 3x0, 313, 314, 3ao, 325, 336, 330. ** *' volume, pipes, 350, 354, 366, 498. *• •• water ram, 449 •• " ** storage ratios, 95. 97. ** ** weir volumes. 283, 38-^, 384, 386, 387, 393, 3q8<i. 379, 380, •* ** wide-crested weirs, 393. ** manv incomplete. 353. *• misapplication of, 316. ^ of thickness of sUnd-pipes, 593, S9% ** sUbiiity of masonry, 395, 397, 3981 Digitized by VjOOQ IC 638 INDEX. Pormulfts, velocities und times of MOag bod- ies, i66, 187, 190. Foundation, concrete, 986. *' embankment, 335. '* for pipesj 487. ** of conduits, A33. " " gate-chambers, 367. " " walls, 395, 406, 407. ** under water, 430. Foundations, angfles, 396, 433. »* frictions on, 39(6. " of stand>pipe?, 586. Fountain, use of water, 34. Francis, Jas. B., experiments with weirs, 184. " tubes. 317. Franktand's den .ition of poRuted water, 137. Friction, coefficient of masonry, 396. " in pipes, 230, 234, 250, 495, 508, 528. " of ice on canals, 37a. " " pumping; machmery, 578. Frictional head, Tormulas for, 235, 233, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 266. 268, 270, 495, 508, 528. Frost curtain. 367* " disintegration o mortar bjr, 436. ** protection of conduits from, 431s. Fuel, expense for pumping, 582. ** required for pumping, 575. Fungi, microscopic, 129. Galleries, infiltration, C39, 540^ Gate chambers, 357, 367. •• hydrants, 52a. Gates^ stop, canals, 371. Gauge, Darcy-Pitot tube, 322. ** Darcy's double lube, 399. " double float, 396. " formulas, 319. " hook, Boyden's, 996, 997. ** maximum velocity float, 308. *' mid-depth float, 326. *' Pitot tube, 320. ** rain, 63. " rule, for weixs, 298. " tube, 317. " tube and scale, weirs, 298. ** Woltman*s, 322. Gauges and weights of plate iron^ 487, 4I Gauging, hydrometer, 316, 321. oi mountain streams, 296. " rainfall, 62. ** *' rivers. 318, 319. Gears for sluice-gates, 359. General rainfall, 46. Geol'^ical science, application, zo6, zo8. Granular stability of masonry, 40*. Graphical representation of force, 175, 40 Gravitation system, 588, 590. Gravity, 185, 187, X89, 190, 230, 299^ ^* centre of, 177, 391, 402. Great rain-storms, 61. Grouped rainfall statistics, 59. Grouting, 353, 369. H, Hardening impurities, 125. Hardness of water. 125. Head, desirable for fire-service, 493. '* effective in pipe-system, 493. '* how to economize, 276. " loss by friction. 493. '* subdivisions of, 225. " value of, 49^. Heat, units of, utifized, 578. Heights, falling bodies, 187, 190. ^* of waves, 388. Hirsch*s sugar test of water, 150. Helpful influence of water supplies, 27. Hook gauge. Hoyden's, 296. '' ** use to detect fluctuations, 3191 Horse-power of effluent jet, 295. " " to produce flow, 561. Hose streams, 510, 590. •* use of water, 34. Hudson river basin, 101. " valley luinfall in, 53. Hydrants, pid, 517, 5*9. 5aa» ^* high pressures, 599. " streams, 520, 585. Hydraulic, excavation, 376. ** masonry, 369. " mean deoth, 935, 303, 441. " " raaius, 236, 445. •* power pumping, 589, 591. " proof of pipes, 477. Hydronetifs, Casteilis' and others, 396, ^* coefficients, 325, 396, 3961s. " gauging with, 316, 395, 396. Ice oovering of canals, 379, 386. " impure, in drinking water, 135, •• thrust, 358, 386. Impounders, flow to, 86. Impounding ot water. 144. Impregnation of water, 141, 152. Ililpuncies of water, 112.* M »» a agricultural, 134, •• " atmospheric, 129. *• •* *• manufacturing, 134. " ** " mineral, 115, 133. ** " '• organic, xi6, 127, 130* " " " sewage, 134* ** ** " sub-surfiu;e, 123. " ** deep wells, 125. Inch And ibot, decimal parts of, 457. Incidental advantages of water suppUes, 99. Inclination in channels, 235, 304, 371, 379, 373. Increase in use of water, 39. Indian embankments, 334. Indicator, stop-valve. 361. iBfittftitlon, 537, 540, 543, 544, 546. Influent chamoer, 366. Infusoria, 130. InhaMtant, supply per, 40. Inspections of stana>pipe materials, 590, (Sox. Intercefrting well, X02, ^6. Interchangeable pipe-joints, 469. Introduction of filters, 551. Insurance schedule, 99. Investment, value of water supplies as an, S9. Iron, gauges and weights, 488. " sluice valves, 360. " work, varnishes for, 474, 476, 489. Irrigation canals. 370, 379, 373. Isolated weirs^ 383. Jets, 911, 267. " coeffictents of velocity and contraxAlQi^ 196, ig8, 908. ** contraction, 908. *' varying forms o(, 9ix. " velocity, 908. Joints, mortar for pipes, 487. " of cast pipes, 457, 461, 463, 469. K. Kutter*s coefficients for channels, 305. Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX. esd Lake walen, 14a. Lakes, 150. Laying of wroug^ht-pipes, 483. Lead, joint, 468. Lead-pipes, 609, 63o» 631. Lengths of waste-weirs, 381. Level, use of, in gauging, 319. Leverage of water-pressure, 397. '* resistance of walls, 402. *' stability of masonry, 397. Life of dams, 388. Limiting pressure in masonry, 686. Lining^ of pipes, cement, 481. Logarithms of ratios, laz. Loss by evaporation, 87. " from reservoirs. 84. ** of liead by friction, 276, 493. M. Miiins and distribution pipes, ^46. " power CO produce flow In, 561. Masonry, angles of repose, 396. ** coefficients of friction, 396. " concrete, 439, 430. " conduits, 431, 437. ^* coverings of waste pipes, 357. *^ examples of pressure in, 399, 397, 403, 406, 412. ** faced embankment, 354, 409, 4x8, 423, 425' *• frictional stability of, 40a. ** granular stability of, 40a. " hydraulic. 369. ** limiting pressures in, 403, 404, 586. " step and curve batters, 383, 385, 387, ** wei{^t leverage of, 398. •. " . . V P^' 395i 397, 404, 4ao. Materials, embankment, 339, 341, 34a, 345, 348, 351,354.. " of stand-pipes. 590*. Maximum velocities of flow, 508. Mechanical energy of effluent water, 225. Metal plates, tests of, 590, 591. Metals for stand-pipes thickness, 595, 596, 597, 598, 601. " pipe, 470, 47a. '* tenacities of wrought, 451, 454* 4^* 49'* Meters, current, 323, 325, 326, 326a. Metric weights and measures, 61 x. Microscopical examination of metals, 471. Mineral impurities, 1x5, 530. springs, 14a, X43. Miners* canals, 375. Misapplication of fc Mississippi valley, rainfall in, 54. Misapplication of formulae, 316. Molecular theories, i6a, 296. Molecules. X85. Moment of earth leverage, 413. Monads, 130. Monthly and hourly variations in the draught, 4>* ** fluctuations In rainfaU, «6. Mortar for lining and covering pipes, 487. Motion, acceleration of, 185. '* equations of, x86. " Ota piston, 563. ** of water, 184^ 194. ** parabolic, of a jet, 187, Moulding of pipes. 451. Moulinets, 323, 320. Municipal control of water supplies, aS. N. Natural clarification, 149, 532. " laws, uniform effects of, 6x. Necessity of water supplies, as. Noctos, 129. O. Ohio river valley, rainfall in, 54. Open canals, 370. Ordinary flow of streams, 80. Organic impurities, 80, 1x3, xx6, 531, 53a. Orpmisms, X29, 13X, 133. Onfice, submerged, 309. " volume of eflSux, axi. Orifices, classes of, 194. " coefficients for circular, X96, 298, 199, *' coemcienis for rectangular, 198, soo, aoi, 202, 305, 306. " convergent, 212. ** '* path toward, 194. ** cylindrical and divenrent, axa. '* experiments with, X98, 199, 200, aoi. " flow of water through, X94, axo.. Orifice-jet, form of submerged, 195. ** peculiarities, 207. '* ratios of minimum section, 295. " variations, 204. " velocity, X96, 208, 209. Pacific coast rainfall. 5^. Paintinsr iron worlc. 476, 478. 489. Parabolic path of jet, X87. '* segment, application to weir vol- umes. 282. Partitions and retaining walls, 390. Paving, concrete, 355. " embanlcment slope, 348, 350, 354, 355 356, 358. Peculiar water sheds, 71. Penstock, cylindrical wood, 439. 44c. Percentages of rain&U on nver oasin, 73, 835. Percolation from reservoirs. 85. 94. ** of rain, xcu, X05, XXX. " under retaining walls. 406. Permanence of water supply essential, 585. Persons per family, 32. 33^. Physiological effects of tne impurities of watei^ XX4. •* office of water, 25. Pipe, adjustable efiluem, 364. ''^ and conduit, 223. ^* branches, composite, 484. '* coverings, 48X, 487, 489, 501, 50a. " distribution. 493, 495, 503* 5o5» So6» S08. " joints, cast, 457^ 46*, 403, 40?> 483. »* " »» hub, on wrought, 483. ** *' dimensions of. 45X, 459, 46a. ** *' flexible, 463, 464. ** *^ interchangeable, 469. ^ metals, 470, 472. ** " wrought strength of, 451, 454, 468, 490, 491. ** resistance at entrance to, 2a6. *^ shells, wrought, thickness of, 448, 4859 486. ** systems, duplication in, 5x0. ** *' illustrations, 493. 510. ** testing press, 477. *' walls, resistances of. 227, 228. Pipes and sluices, embankment, 355. " casting uf, 453. " cast-iron, 447, 451, 45a. *♦ " thickness of, 453, 454, 455, 466^ " weights of, 465, 468, 469. ** cement-ioints, 48a. •♦ ** lined, 479, .48X. ** coefficients of tnction, 93/6, 34a, 348, 495. Digitized by VjOOQ IC MO INDEX Pipes, concrete foundations for, 487. '^ contents of, 504. ** direct pressure systems, 535. " depths of, 50Z. soa. ** ** sockets, 459, 461. ** diameters for fire supplies, 510. ** elementary dimensions of, 504. '* expansions of, 458. *' flanges, table of, 462. ** formulas for thickness of cast, 453, 466. •• *• velocity, head, volume and diameter, 3241 366, 368, 370, 408. ** formulas for weights of cast, 405. ** friction in, sas, 495. 508. •* hydraulic, proof ot, 477. ** lead In joints, 468. ** mains and distribution, 446. ** molding of cast-iron, 451. ** plan o( a system, 505. ** preservation of sur&ces, 473, 480, 489, 491. •• proof tests. 476. ** relative capacities of, 498, 500. •• service, 537, 538. •• short 323. ** square roots of fifth powers of diam- eters, 499, soo- ** static pressure m, aa6. ** sub-coefficients of flow (^, 371. •• temperatures of water In, 50*. •• thickness of cast, 4S3, 455, 45*. •• " wrought, 447, 450, 486, 488. ** tuberculated, 247. 348. ** volumes of flow from, 333, 395, 495. •* water-ram in, 448, 449. •• wood, 491. ** wrought-iron, 479. •• •* pUtes tor, 490. Plpitig and water supplied, 38. " ratio to population,* 35. Piston motion, 569. " pump, 557, 558- Pitot tube gauge, 330. Plant and mscct agencies, 147. ♦* growth in reservoirs, 145. Plates for wrought pipes, 490. Plunger pump, 557, 563. Pluvfometer, 63. Polluted water, definition of, 137. Polluting liquitis, inadmissible, 154. Pollution question, 156. ** oif water, artificial, 153. Population, and relation of supply per capita, 40- *• of various cities, 33, 33a, 33^. Portland cement for joint mortar, 487. Porositv of earths and rocks, xoo. Post hydrants, 517. Power consumed by variable flow in a main, 560. ** consumed in pumpA, k6o, 561. ** required to open a valve, 361, 364. Practical construction of water-worl<s, 333. Precautions for triangular weirs. 395. Precipitation, influence of elevation upon, 50. Preservation of pipe surfaces, 473, 480^ 489, 49Z. Press for testing pipes, 477. Pressure, a line a measure of, 174. conduits under, 435, 439, ^o. conversion into inecnanical 330. cal effect, conversion of velocity Into. 337. direction ol maximum effect, 176. in stand^pioes, 593. leverage of water, 397. of earth against walls, 408, 4x0, 4x3, 4»5. iifi. of water, z68, 173, 446. Pressure of water in a conduit. 437. " propunional to depth, 169, 179. ** resultants, 391, 400, 411. 4x8, 493. ** sustaining u^wn floating bodies, 179 " transmission ot, 183. ** upon a unit of sur&ce, X7X. ** upon surface.-, 391, 393. ** weight a measure of, 173. Pressures, artificial, 171. ** at given depths, table, 17a, ^ atmospheric, x83. " centres of, 177. ** convertible into motion, 184. ** examples in walls, 403, 404. ** from inclined columas of watei^ X70. ** great, in hydrants, 593. M horizontal and vertical effects, X77« ** in embankments. 343. ** limiting in masonry, 403, 404, ** static in pipes, 446, 448. ** total of water, 176. ** upon circular areas, 179, 446. •• ** curved surfaces, 178, 446. '* upward upon submerged lintal^ z8x. Prism of weir volumes. 38s. Processes for preserving iron, 474, 476, 489. Profile across the United States, 48. '* of retaining walls, 407. Properties of water. 1x3. *' ^* embankment materials, 343. Proportions of ** "'* 349. Protection of filter beds, ^48, 555. ** *'■ water supply channels, 431. Protective value of stand-pipes, 586. Prony^s analysis of experiments, ass* Proving press, hydraulic, 477. Puddled canal bank, 370. Puddle-wall, 351, 354. " slope. 35a, 356, 370. ^ ^ Pump, bucket-plunger, 557, 567, 603. ** Cornish. 557. 563. " piston, 557, 558. '* plunger. 557, 563. " rotary, 558, '• ^ valves, 558, 563. 566, 568. 5C»» ST©* Sn» Pumpmg ot water, 5^7. " ** diagram of, 43. *; engines, 557* 567. 573» 577. •• »* adaptability of, 584. " " cost of supplies, 575, 589. '* " *• attendance, 575, 58a, ;• •; duties, 574, 579, 580, 581, 583. " ** fuel expenses. 581, 583. •' " principal divisions, 577. " " special trial duties. 580, •* '* values compared, 583. ** machinery, 591, ^qa. 603. ** '^ contmgencies, 586. ** *' duplicate, 608. ** *^ for direct pressure, 590^ S9X. " " Manchester, 603, ^ ** system, 607, 608. " water, cost of, W4. 575- Pumps, power consumed m, 56CX 561. " types of, <57. ** variable now throut[[b, 559. Purity of water, chief requisites for. X44. ** '* fff-eservatlon of, 148. Purification of water, natural, 134, 157, 158. Quality of water, sugar test of, 159. R. Radii, mean of conduits, 44X, 443. Digitized by VjOOQ IC INDEX. 641 ftainfall along river courses, 51. ** and equivalent flow, 8a. " diagrams o», 55, 57, 59. ** gauging, 6a. ** generaF, 46 *' in the United SUtes, 53. ** influences afiecUng, 60. ** low cycle, 69, 77. 78. ** monthly fluctuations in, 56. ** on Cocnituate Basin. 7a, 73. ** •* Crotou Basin, 83*1. •* ratio of floods to, 6a. •* ratios, 7a. 100, loi. ** secular fluctuations in, 60. ** sections of maximum, 47. " statistics, review cf. 46, 7a, 83a. ** volumes of given, 6a, 83a. Rainfalls, flow from given, per acre and per mile, 8a. Rain-gauge, 63. Rains, river basin, 50, 7a. Rain, water in pipes, 449. Rates of fire supplies. 506. Rating of current meters, 3a5, 336, 3380. Ratios of evaporation, 91. *' ** monthly consumption, 43. •* ** *• flow in streams, 76, xoi. ** ** qualification of deduced, 99. ** ** rainfall, flow, etc, table, 73, iocs xoz. ** ** standard gallons, xao. ** ** surfiice to mean velocities in chan- nels, 315. ** ** variable delivery of water, 564. •* *• water storage, 95, 9^. Reaction and gravity, opposition of, 330. Reconnaissance for embankment site, 346. *' of a water-shed, 78. Rectangular and trapezoidal walls, moments of. 399- Rectangular weirs. 377. Reducer, pipe, 478. Register, electric current meter, 3a5a. ReUition of supply per capita to total popuUu tion, 40. Relative values of A, A\ h" 353. '* discharging capacities of pipes, 498, 500. ** rates of domestic and fire draughts, 508. Repulsion, molecular, 396. Reserve for fire service, 44. Reservoir, coverings, 556. ;* distributing, 334, 353, 354, 356, 358. ♦• embankments, 333.335»34i. 345» 348, 353* ^' storage, survejrs for, 3^7. ** strata conditions in, Z46. ** S3rstem, 598. •* revetments, 354. Reservoirs, failure of, 334. ** Indian, 334. »| storage, 84, 87, 93, 95, 97, lox, 347. " subterranean, 105. '* waves upon, 388. Resistance of the air to a >et, 190. '* at entrance to a pipe, a66. *• of masonry revetments, 417. " to flow, measure of, 230, 331. Resistances to flow within a pipe, 337, 339, 330, 333, 348, 354, 356, 366, 373, 493. Resistances to flow m channels, 3iKx>, 304, 307, 3x0, 3x3. Resultant effect of rain and evaporation. 93. Retaining wall , 390. 395, ^7, 399, 406, 4x7, 430, 42 '» ^V'. •* »• effect of traffic on, 435. " " tor earth, Uble. 430. •• *• front batters, 424- ** ** percolation under, 406. Retaining walls, sections of. 354, 407. ** " top breadtns, 434. Remltants in stand-pipes, 597, " of pressure, 391, 400, 4XX, 4x8, 493. Revetted conduits, 431. ** embankment, 149, 354, 370, 499. Revetments, faced and concrete, 439. ** final resultants, 4x8. ^* resistance of, ai7. " trapezoidal, table of, 430^ Riparian rights, 85, 86. Rip-rap, siope^ 37X. River basin rams, 51 . So» basins of Maine, 84. ** courses, rainfall along, 51. " pollution committee, 154. •* waters, 15X. Rivers and canals, table of flows, 307. Rivets, joints, 59X, 59a. " table of, 593. Riveting, Ml, 593. Roof for filter beds and reservoirs, 548, 555. Roury pump, 558. Rubble, grouted, 353. ** masonry, 253. " priming walls, 353. S. Safetv, factors of, 449, 45X, 453* 48St 4^, 5«i ^ 5^1 595» 59?. 600. Sand in embankments, 353. Sanitary discussions, 152. ^* improvements, 36. " oflSce of water^ 36. ** views, precautionary, X54. Schussler*s process of coating pipes, 48$^ Screens, fish, 36<. Seasons of floods, 68. Sections of maximum rainfall. 47. Secular fluctuations in rainfall, 60. Sediments, 530, 531. Service pipes, frictions in, table, 538. Services, hi^h and low, 534. Settling basins, (^50. Sewage impurities, 134. ** " dilution o£i XS3, 155. Shells of conduits, 434. Sheet-iron, gauges and weights, 488. Sheet-piles, 37X. *' under embankment, 339. Short-tubes, 315, 316. Showers, source of. 45. Sines of slopes, table, 359. Siphon, i8a. x8i. Site for embankment, reconnoissance for, 34^ Skillful workmanship required, 369. Sleeves, pipe, 479. 482. Slope, earthwork,' 344, 345. *' of channels, 30a, 307, 308, 3x0, 339. " paving, 348, 354f 355, 356> 358. " puddled, 35a. " " embankment. 356. 5Qopes, velocities for given, 358. Sluice areas. 360. ** apertures, c: efficients for, aox, soa, sosi SOS, 206. " gate areas, 359. '* temporary stop-gate, 359. 