None
Locomotives, narrow-gauge, 865 oil consumption of, 943 performance of high-speed, 859a petroleum>buming, 865 safe load on tires, 865 smoke-stacks, 856 q)eed of, 859a steam distribution of, 858 steam-ports, sixe of, 859 testing apparatus, 863 tractive power of, 853, 857 types of, 858 valve travel, 859 water consmnption of, 862 weight of, 857 Wootten, 855 Logarithms, 77 hyperbolic, tables of, 156-158 tables of, 129-156 use of, 127-129 Logarithmic curve, 71 sines, etc., 162 Logs, area of water required to store, 232 weight of, 232 Long measure, 17 measure, French, 21 Loops of force, 1050 Loop, steam, 676 Loss of head, 573-579 of head. Cox's formula, 575 of head, in cast-iron pipe, tables, 574, 575 of head in riveted steel pipes, 574 Low strength of steel, 392 Lowmoor iron bars, strength of, 297 Lubrication, 942-945 Lubricants, examination of oil, 943 measurement of durability, 942 oil, specifications for, 944 qualifications of good, 942 relative value of, 942 soda mixture, 945 soUd, 945 specifications for petroleum, 943 Lumber, weight of, 232 Machines, dynamo-electric, 1055- 1060 (aee Dynamo-electrio machines) Machines, efficiency of, 432 elements of, 435-440 Machine screws, table of propor- tions of, 209 screws, taps for, 970 shop, 953-978 shops, horse-power required in, 965 tools, keys for, 976 tools, power required for, 960-965 tools, proportioning of, 075 tools, soda mixture for, 945 Machinery, coal -handling, 9 12-91 2<f horse-power required to run, 964 Maclaunn's theorem, 76 Magnesia bricks, 235 Magnesium, properties of, 168 MH(o«tia boUnoe. 896 Magnetic capacity ol iron, effect of annealing, 396 circuit. 1051: units of, 1050 field, stren^h of, 1057 Magneto-motive force, 1050, 1051 Magnets, electro-. 1050-1054 Magnolia metal, composition of, 334 Mahler's calorimeter, 634 Biain-rods, steel, specifications for, 401 Malleable castings, rules for use of. 376 iron, 375 iron, strength of, 376 Malleability of metals, table, 169 Man-wheel, 434 Man, work of, tables, 433 Mandrels, standard, 972 Manganese, properties of, 168 bronae, 331 copper alloys, 331 effect of on steel, 389 effect of on cast iron, 367 plating of iron, 389 steel, 407 Manila rope, 340; weight and strength of , 304, 344 Mannesmann tubes, strength of, 296 Bianometer, ahr, 481 Marble, strength of, 302 Marine Engineering, 1001-1019 (Me Ships and Steam-engines) Marine boilers, 1015 engines, comparison of old and modem, 1017 engines, three-stage, triple-ex- pansion, 1017-1019 Mamotte's law of gases, 479, 742 Masonry, crushing strength of, 312 materials, weight and specific gravit]^ of, 166 Mass, definition of, 427 expression of, 429 Materials, 163-235 strength of, 236-346 strength of, Kirkaldy's t«8ts, 296-303 structural, stresses permissible in, 381 various, weights of, 169; table, 166 Maxima and minima, 76 without calculus, 1080 Maxwell, definition and value of, 1050 Mean effective pressures of adia- baticaUy compressed air, 601b effective pressure of compressed air, table, 502, 503, Measurements, miner's inch, 585 Measurement of air velocity, 491 of elongation. 243 of flowing water, 582-588 of vessels, 1001 weir-dam, 586 Measures, apothecaries, 18, 19 boArd, 20 IKDEX. mea-nio nil Me&sures, circular, 20 dry, 18 liquid, 18 long, 17 nautical, 17 of work, power, and duty, 27 old land, 17 shipping, 19 solid or cubic, 18 square, 18 surface, 18 time, 20 timber, 20 Measures and weights, metric eysr tem, 21-26 Mechioiics, 415-447 Mechanical equivalent of heat, 456 powers, 435 stokers, 711 Mekarski compressed-air tramway, 510 Melting-points of substances, 455^ Members, bridge, strains allowed in, 262-264 Memphis bridge, tests of steel in, 393 bridge, proportions of materials in, 381 Mensuration, 54-64 Mercurial thermometer. 448 Mercury-bath pivot, 940 Mercury, compressibility of, 164 properties of, 168 Merriman's formula for columns, 260 Mesur^ and Nouel's pyrometric tele- scope, 453 Metacentre, definition of, 550 Metaline lubricant, 945 Metals, anti-friction, 932 coefficients of expansion of, 460 coefficients of friction of, 930 electrical conductivity of, 1028 flow of, 973 beat-conducting power of, 469 life of under shocks, 240 properties of, 167-169 resistance overcome in cutting of, 960 specific heats of, 453 specific gravity of, 164 weight of, 164 table of ductility, infusibility, malleability, and tenacity, 169 tenacity of, at various tempera- tures. 382-384 Meter, Venturi, 583 Meters, water delivered through, 579 Metric conversion, tables, 23-26 measures and weights, 21, 22 screw-threads, cutting of, 956 Mil, circular, 18, 29 30 MUe-ohm. weight of wire per, 217 Mill columns. 1022 power, value of, 589 Muling cutters for gear-wheels, 892 cutters inserted teeth, 960 cutters, number of teeth in, 958 cutters, pitch of teeth, 957 cutters, spiral, 960 Milling cutters, steel for, 957 machines, cutting speed of, 958- 960 machines, feed of, 959, 960 machines, high results with, 959 machine V8. planer, 960 Miner's inch, 18 inch measurements, 585 Mines, centrifugal fans for, 521 Mine fans, experiments on, 522 ventilation 531 ventilation, equivalent orifice, 533 Modulus of elasticity, 237 of elasticity of various materials, 314 of resistance. 247 of rupture 267 Moisture in atmosphere, 483 in steam, determination of, 728- 731 Molesworth's formula, flow of water, 562 Moments, method of, for determin- ing stresses, 445 Moment of a couple, 418 of a force, 416 of friction, 938 of inertia, 247,419 of inertia of structural shapes, 248,249 statical, 417 Momentum, 428 Monobar, 9126 Morin's laws of friction, 933 Mortar, strength of, 313 Motion, acceuBrated, formulae for, 427 friction of. Nickel, properties of, 168 steal, 407 steel, tests of, 408 NozzUs lor measuring diaohariEB of pompinc-enciiiea, 584 Oats, weight of, 170 Ocean -waves, iTower ol, SW^ Oerstett, definition and value of, 10150 Ohm, definition and value of, 1024 law, applied to altematiEig eiir- reots, li.064 law, applied to parallel circuits, 1030 law. applied to series eirouits, 1029 Ott, Mno^^it tieeded for engines, 943 •o f t«&l, 646 fire-test of, 944 Hibrifotfttinc. 94^2-946 (sm Lubri- cants) parafiSne» 944 well, 944 pressure in bearings, 937 tempering ol steel forgings, 306 vft coal ft»iuel, 646 Open-hearth furnace, temperature determinations ia, 452 steel (see Steel, open-l»earth) Ordinates and abscissas, 69 Ores, wei^it of, 170 Orifice, eqidvedent, in mine ventila- twn. 53i3 flow of air through, 484, 518 flow of water through, 555 rectangular, flow of water through, table, 584 Oscillation, center of, 421 radius of, 421 Overhead ateam-pipe radiators, 537 Ox, work of, 435 Oxygen, effeot of, on strength of stuel, 391 fr, value and relations of, 57 Packing-rings of engines, 796 Paddle-wheels, 1013, 1014 Paint, 387 qoalitaes of. 388 quantity of, for a given surface, 388 Parabola, area of, by calculus, 74 construction of , 48 "^ equations of, 70 Parabolic, conoid, 63 spindle, 64 Parallel rods, steel, specifications • ibr,401 forces, 417 FaraUelo^am , area of, 54 definition of, 54 of forces, 41fi of velocities, 426 Parallelbpipedon oi forces, 416 Parentheaea in algebra, 34 Partial di£Ferential coefficient, 73 payments, 15 Payments, equation of, 14 Peat, 643 Pelton water-wheel, 597, lOSl tables of, 598, 599 Peticoyd shapes, weights and sixes, 177, 178 Pendulum, 422 conical, 423 Percussion, center of, 422 Perfect discharge elevators, dl2a Perforated plates, excess of strength of, 359 plates, strength of, 354 Permeability, mag&eiio, 1051 table, 1052 Permutation, 10 Perpetual motion, 432 Petroleum as a metaUurgieal fuel, 646 burning locomotivea, 865 cost of, as fuel, 6^6 engines, 850 Lima, 645 products of distillation of, 645 products, specifications for, 044 value of, as fuel, 645 Pewter, composition of, 336 Phoenix columns, dimensions of, a57*259. Phosphorus, influence of, on cast iroa, 366 influence of, on steel. 389 Phosphor-bronze, composition of, 325,334 specifications for, 327 springs. 353 strength of, 327 Pictet fluid, 982 ice-maelune, 985 Piezometer, 582 Pig iron, analysis of, 371 chemistry of, 370 charcoal,,^ strength of, 374 distribution of silicon in, 360 grading of, 365 mfluence of silicon, etc., qo, 305 tests of , 360 Pillars, strength of, 246 Pins, taper, 972 Pfaie, strength of, 300 Pines, air-bound, 579 bent, table of , 199 block-tin, weights and siaea of, table> 20a ospaoity of, 573 cast-izT>n, 185-190 oast-iron, ga», weight of, 188 cast-iron, sals pressures for, ta- bles, 189> 190 cast-iron, thickness of, for vaiioits heads, 1(88, 189 cast - iron water, transtwoe strength of, 251 oast'iron, weight of, 185» 188 cast -iron, wei^^t of 12rfoai lengths, 186 I^SfDEX. pip-pou 1113 Pipes, coiled, table of, 199 efifects of bends in, 488, 578. 672 equation of, 491 fitting, cast-iron, sizes and weights, 187 fittings, spiral-riveted, table, 198 flanges, for cast-iron pipe, table, 193 flanges, extra heavy, table, 193 flanges, table of standard. 192 flow of air in, 485, 489 flow of gas in, 657 flow of steam in, 669-673 flow of water in, 557, 566-572 for steam-heating, 540 house -servdoe, flow of water in, table. 578 lead, safe heads for, 201 lead, tin -lined, sizes and weights, table, 201 lead, weights and sizes of, table, 200 loss of air-pressure in, 487; tables, 488. 489, 490 loss of head in, 573-579 (see Loss of head) quantity of water discharged by, 573 riveted hydraulic, weights and safe heads, table, 191 riveted -iron, dimensions of, table, 197 riveted, safe pressures in,. 707 riveted -steel water, 295 spiral riveted, table' of, 198 steam («cc Steam-piped) table of capacities of, 120 threads on, 195 wrought -iron, standard, table of dimensions, 194 volume of air transmitted in, table, 486 water, relation of diameter to capacity, 566 Pipe-coverings, radiation through, 671 IHstons, steam-engine, 795 Piston-rings, steam -en^ne, 796 Piston-rods, steam-engine, 796-798 Piston -valves, steam-engine, 834, 1016 Pitch, diametral, 888 of gearing, 887 of rivets, 367-359 of screw propellers, 1012 Pitot tube gauge, 683 Pivot -bearings, 939 Pivot -bearing, mercury bath, 940 Plane, inclined, 437 (see Inclined plane) surfaces, mensuration of, 54 Planers, cutting speed of, 953 Planer, heavy work on, 960 horse-power required to run, 963 tools, forms of, 965 v». miUing-machine, 960 Plates, acid-pickled, heat transmis- sion through, 474 Plates, areas of, in square feet, table, 123 boiler, strength of. at high tem- peratures, 383 brass, weight of. Powell's screw- threatl. 975 Power, animal , 433 definition of, 429 factor of alternating currents, 1062 hydraulic, in London. 617 measure of , 27 of electric circuits. 1031 of a waterfall, 588 of ocean waves, 599 imit of 429 Powers of numbers tables, 7, 86- 102 of numbers, algebraic, 33 Pratt truss, stresses in, 443 Preservative coatinip, 387-389 Press, hydraulic, thickness of cylin- ders for, 288 Pressed fuel, 632 Presses, hydraulic, in iron works, 617 punches, etc. , 972 Pressure, collapsing, of flues. 265 collapsing, oi hollow cylinders, 264 Priming, or foaming, of stciam- boDers, 552.718 Prism, 60 Prismoid, 61 rectangular, 61 Prismoidal formula, 62 Problems, geometrical, 37-52 in circles, 39, 40 in lines and angles, 37 , 38 in polygons, 42 in triangles, 41 Producers, gas, use of steam in, 650 Producer-gas, 646-661^ (see Gas) Progression, arithmetical and geo- metrical, 11 Prony brake, 978 Propeller, screw. 1010-1013 (»ee Screw-propeller) shafts, strength ol, 299 Proportion, 5 compound, 6 Pulleys, 873-875 arrangement of, 874 arms of, 820 cone, 874 convexity of, 874 differential. 439 for rope-driving, 925 or blocks, 438 proportions of, 873 speed of, 884,891 Pulsometer, 612 tests of , 613 Pumps and pumping-engines, 601- 614 ftir, for condensers, 841 air-lift. 614 boiler- feed, 605 boiler-feed, efficiency of, 726 centrifugal. 606-609 centrifugal, as suction-dredge. 609 centrifugal, efficiency of, 608 centrifugal relation of height of lift to velocity, 606 Pumps centrifugal, siaes of. 007 centrifu^l tests of 609 circulating, for condensers 843 compressed-air mine. 511 depth of suction of. 602 direct-acting, efficiency of, 604 direct-acting , proportions of steam cylinder, 602 duplex steam , siaes of, 604 feed for marine engines, 843 horse-power of, 601 jet. 614 leakage test of , 611 lift, water raised by 602 piston speed of, 605 single steam, sises of. 603 speed of water in passages of. 602, 605 suction of, with hot water 602 theoretical capacity of 601 vacuum, 612 Pump-valves. 606 Pumping by compressed air. 505a Pumping-engines. duty triaJs of.- economy of, 782 table OI data and results of duty trials of , 611 triple-expansion, 782 use of nozzles to measure dis- charge of, 584 Punches, clearance of , 972 spiral, 972 Punched plates, strength of, 354 Punching, effect of. on structural steel, 394 and drilling of steel. 395 Purification of water, 554 Pyramid, 60 frustum of , 61 Pyrometer, air, Wiborg's, 463 copper-ball, 451 fire-clay, Seger's. 453 Hobson's hot-blast. rad-riv 1115 Radiating surface, computation of, for hot-water heating, 643 surface, computation of, for steam heat, 536 Radiation of heat, 467 of various substances, 475 table of factors for Dulong's laws of, 476 Radiators, experiments with, 545 heating value of, 477 , 534 overhead steam-pipe, 537 Radius of curvature of wire rope, 922 of gjrration, 247, 420 of gyration, graphical method for finding, 248 of gyration of structural shapes, 249 of oscillation, 421 Rails, siae of bolts for splicing 210 size of spikes for, 212 steel, maximum safe load on, 865 steel, specifications for, 398 steel, strength of, 298 Railroad axles, 384 trains, resistance of, 851 trains, speed of, 859 Railways, electric. 1041 narrow-gauge, 865 Railway, street, compressed-air, 510, 511 Ram, hydraulic, 614 Ratio 5 Reactance of alternating currents, 1063 Reamers, taper, 972 Reaumer thermometer-scale, 448 Recalescence of steel, 402 Receiver-apace in engines, 766 Reciprocals of numbers, tables of, 80-85 use of. 85 Rectangle definition of, 54 indue of diagonal of, 54 Red lead as a preservative, 387 Reduction, ascending and descend- ing, 5 Rectangular prismoid, 61 Reese's fusing disk, 966 Reflecting power of substances, 468 Refrigerating - machines, a i r - m a - cnmes, 983 ammonia-absorption, 984, 987 ammonia-compression, 983, 986 cylinder-heating, 997 ether-machines, 983 heat-balanoe, 990 ice-melting effect, 983 liquids for, pressiures and boiling- polhts, 982 operations of, 981 pipe-coils ior, 985 performances of, 994-997 properties of brine, 994 properties of vapor, 993 relative efficiency of, 988 relative performance of ammonia- compression and absorption machines, 983 Refrigerating-machines, 8ulphur-di< oxide machine, 985 temperature range, 991 tests of, 990-992 using water vapor, 988 Refrigeration, 981-1001 means of applying the cold, 999 Registers for steam-heating, 539 Regnault's experiments on steam, 661 Reluctance, magnetic, 1050, 1051 Reservoirs, evaporation of water m, 463 Resilience, 238 elastic, 270 Resistance, elastic, to torsion, 282 electrical, 1027-1032 electrical, effect of annealing, 1029 electrical, effect of tempterature, 1029 electrical, in circuits. 1029-1031 electrical, internal, 1031 electrical, standard of, 1029 electrical, of copper wire, 1029, 1034 electrical, of steel, 403 elevation of ultimate, 238 of metals to repeated shocks, 238 modulus of, 247 of ships, 1002 of trams, 851 work of , of a material. 238 Resolution of forces, 415 Reversing-gear for steam-engines, dimensions of, 813 Retarded motion, 424 Rhomboid, definitioa and area of, 54 Rhombus, definition and area of, 54 Rivet-iron and -steel, shearing re- sistance of, 363 Rivets, bearing pressure on. table, 197 joints, 299, 354-363 joints, drilled w. punched holes^ joints, efficiencies of, 359, 361 pints, notes on, 356 joints, proportions of, 358, 359 11 L6 BiveUil JniaU nngle-nveted lap, as? iointa, calcutsUd ttiength of double-rivBt*d, 381 jointg, tests of double-riveted i.„ .r,^ buit. 360 I of, Eabte, INDEX, Rupture, modulua RuAtleaa coating Bofety, fsctar oF, : e. flow. n,574 (or. 197 RoofiDS materials. lSl-184 ■DBterialii. *eiibt ol various 184 RolUnc of st»'l effect oF HniaUni Ropes ai5dcab£i', 338-348 hemp and wire, tabic of, working loads for 33B hemp table of, utrenfth and «-rope) kia i«J I fW of 341 *1 fln table of aiioji, weight. and • r>Tifcth, 229 table of Btrenglh of ir. and hemp, 33K table of firength of f steel and hemp, 339 techi cal terms relatinc ' tension of rope, 925 vanous Bpeeds of. 924 weight of rope, BZ8 Rotary blowere, 52fl steam-engines, 701 Rotatioii, accelerated, Rubber belting, 8S7 vulrani»d, testa of, 31t Rule o( three, S 724 Salt brine, propertiea of, 464. solubility of. 464 solution, specific heat oT, 4fi8 weight of. 17Q Swid^Sast, 966 Sand, cubic feet per ton. 170 Bawins metal, 966 aealeTboiler. 716 bailer, analyaes ol, 552 Senles. thermomt ' of, 448; tabU Scantling, table of Schiele's anti-frk 939 Screw, 0 differential, efficif efficiency of. 974 (element of machine), of, 974 of. 974 propeller. coeHicients of. 1011 propeller, efficiency of, 1012 pn^jeller, slip of, 1012 . tAble oT , table of le, 206 Senegatioa in *t««l ingots, 404 S^-ihduetsnce ot lines eod c calt«, i<m ISDBX. ••]»>-»«l 1117 Separfttortr, rtmm. 72S SM-acr8fW9, Itoldinc power of » 1^7 8ta<idard« table of, 20d Sewers, gr«de of, 660 6hfeft-bearing«. 810 Shaft-gover&ors. 838 Shafts, hollow, 871 faottowf tonional stre&sih of, 282 806 steam -enHtad, 806r>-8td steel propelbi^t stivnl^h of< 309, 815 Shafting. 867-872 deflection of, 868 formafaB for, W7 horse-power transmitted by, 86^ 871 horse-power to drive « 06d laying out, 871,872 keys for, 975 Shaku-dor, Japftness eSkaf, 326 Shapes of test apeciikienn^ 243 tftruBtimdr properties gI, 272-'380 Shear and compression cotabined, 282 and tension cottibinfid, 282 polet. stresses in, 442 Shearing, effect ol, oft AtnwturM steel, 394 resistance ci rivets* 369 unit stifaine of, 379 strength of iron and steel* 306 strength of woods, table, 312 Sheavee, wire-rope. 917 < 919 Shells of steam'boilel»» mttterial for, 700 spherical, strength of, 280 Shell-plftte faittiid» for Mdam-boil- ers, 701 fllieet brass, weight of. 20a copper, weight of, 202 metal, strength of« 300 metal, weight el, by dcoimal gauge, 32 Sheets^ von and steel, weight of, 174 Shibu-ichi, Japanese Ctfloy, 32& Shingles, weights and areas of, 183 Skips, coefBttient of fineness of, 1002 coefficient of perfonnancei 1003 OoelBciMVt of water-lines, 1002 displaoemetit of, 1001, 1009 hKyne-power <^, 1009 horse-ilower for pven speeds, 1006 horse-power of, fttAn. wetted sur- face, 1005 jet propulsion of, 1014 resistance of, 1002 Tesfastasicd oiF, per horte-polrer 1006 mlae for measuring, 1001 rules for toimagfe, 1001 epeed in eanals, 1008 triaUof. 1007, 1008 twin-screw, 1017 wetted surfane of, 1005 Shipping meaeuie, 19, 1001 Shocks, resisfftace of me tale to iQ- peated, 240 stfesffes pr<xiuo8d by, 241 Shop operation by oompressed air, 509 Short circtllts, electric, 1036 Shot, American standard, siaes of. 204 Shrinkage fits, 973 of cast iroti, 368 of castings, 961 Signs, urithibeti^al. 1 Sign tA differential oodffieients, 76 of trigonometrical functions, 66 8lttcon<-aluminum-iron aUoys, 330 Silicon-bronze, 32S Silicon-btoftse wire, 225, 327 Silicon, distribution of, in pig iron 369 influence of, on cast iron, 365, 870 influence of, on st0el, 389 relation of, to strength of east iron, 369, 370 Silver-melting, teiftperattire deter- Ittifiations, 452 Sihvr, propetties of, 168 ore, cubic feet per ton, 170 Simplex gatf-engine, test of, 848 Smokestack guys, 223 Simpson'* rule. 56 Sine of an angle, 65 tables of, 169-162 Single-phase circuits, 1068 Sinking-funds, 17 Siphon, 581,582 Skin effect of alternating currents, 1065 SkyHjBht glass, siiKflB and weights, 184 Slag in cupolas, 948 in wrought iron, 377 Slate roofing, dimensions mkI areas, 183 roofiaff, weight of, 183 Slide-valVee, steam^ngine, 824-^35 {see St^im-engines) Slope, table oi, and faU in feet per mile, 558 Smoke prevention, 712^714 Smoke-stacks, locomotive, 856 sheet -iron, 741 Snow, weight of, 184, 281, 550 Soapstone lubricant, 945 strength of, 312 Soda mixture for inachine tools, 945 Softettfrs in foundry practice, 950 Softening of water, 554 Soils, resistance ol, to erosion, 565 Solder, braeing, composition of, 325 for aluminum, 319 Solders, composition of various, 338 Soldering akmiinum bronze, 329 Solid bodies, mensuration of, 60-64 measure, 18 of revolution, 62 Solubility of common salt, 463 _^ of sulphate of lime, 463 ^^ 1118 Bou-sta INDEX. Sources of energy, 432 Specific gravity, 163-165 gravity and Baume's hydrom- eter compared, table, 165 gravity of brine. 464. 994 gravity of cast iron, 374 gravity of copper-tin alloys, 320 gravity of copper-tin-zinc alloys, 323 gravity of gases, 166 gravity of ice, 650 gravity of metals, table, 164 gravity of liquids, table, 164 gravity of steel, 403 gravity of stones, brick, etc., 166 Specific heat. 457-459 heat, determination of, 457 heat of air, 484 heat of ammonia, 992 heats of gases, 458 heat of ice, 550 heat of iron and steel, 459 heat of liquids, 457 heats of metals, 458 heat of saturated steam, 660 heat of superheated steam, 661 heat of water, 550 heats of solids, 457, 458 heat of woods, 458 Specifications for boiler-plate, 399 for car-wheel iron, 375 for cast iron, 374 for chains, 307^ for elliptical steel springs, 352 for helical steel springs, 353 for incandescent lamps, 1043 for oils, 945 for petroleum lubricants, 943 for phosphor-bronze, 327 for spring steel, 401 for steel axles, 397 for steel billets, 401 for steel castings, 397, 406 for steel crank-pins, 401 for steel for^ngs, 397 for steel mam-roda, 401 for steel parallel rods, 401 for steel rails, 398 for steel rivets, 399, 401 for steel splice-bars, 398 for steel tires, 398 for steel in Memphis bridge, 382 for structural steel, 400 for structural steel for bridges, 399 for structural steel for buildings, 398 for structural steel for ships, 399 for tin and teme-plate, 1088 for wrought iron, 378, 379 Speed of cutting-tools, 953, 954 of vessels, 1006-1009 Sphere, measures of , 61 Spheres of different materials, table for calculating weight of, 169 table of volumes and areas, 118 Spherical segment, area and vol- ume of, 2 Spherical polygon area of. 61 triangle area and volume (»f , 61 zone, aiea and volume of 62 shells, strength of, 286 shell, thickness of, to resist a given pressure, 286 Spheroid, 63 Spikes, boat, sizes and weights of, 212 holding power of, 289 street-railway, 212 track. 212 wire 213 wrought. 213 Spindle, surface and volume of, 63 Spiral. 50, 60 conical, 60 construction of, 50 plane, 60 ^ears. 897 Spiral-riveted pipe, table of, 198 riveted pipe-fittings, table, 198 Splice-bars, steel, specifications for, 398 Splicing of ropes, 341 of wire rope, 346 Spring steel, strength of, 299 Springs, 347-353 elliptical, 347 elliptical, sizes of. Bt»-8te 1119 Stay-bolt iron, 370 Stayed surfaces, streni^h of,. 286 Stays, steam-boiler, loads on, 703 steam-boiler, material for, 703 Stay-bolts in steam-boilers, 710 Steam, 659-676 determining moisture in, 728- 731 dry, definition, 659 dry, identification of , 730 expansion of, 742, 743 flow of, 668-674 («ee Flow of steiun) gaseous, 661 generation of, from waste heat of coke-ovens, 638 beat required to generate 1 pound of. 660 latent heat of, 659 loss of pressure in pipes, 671 mean pressure of expanded, 743 moisture in, 728 properties of, as applied to steam- heating, 540 Regnaulvs experiments on, 661 relative volume of, 660 saturated, definition, 659 saturated, density, volume, and latent heat of, 660 satiu'ated, properties of, table, 663-668 saturated, specific heat of, 660 saturated, temperature and pres- sure of, 659 saturated, total heat of, 659 superheated, definition, 659 superheated, economy of steam- engines with, 783 superheated, properties of , 661 superheated, ^^ecific heat of, 661 temperature of, 659 weight of, per cubic foot, table, 662 wet, definition, 659 work of, in single cylinder, 746- 753 Steam-boiler, 677-731 Steam-boilers, bumped heads, rules for, 706 conditions to secure economy of, 682 construction of, 700-711, 1085 construction of. United States merchant- vessel rules, 705-708 corrosion of, 386, 716-721 dangerous, 720 domes on, 711 down-draught furnace for, 712 e£Fect of heating air for furnaces of, 687 efficiency of, 683 explosive energy of, 720 factors of evaporation, 696-699 factors of safety of, 700 feed-pumps for, efficiency of, 720 feed-water heaters for, 727 feed-water, saving duo to heat- ing of. Steam-boilers, taniutte of soda con^ pound in, 718 tests of, 685-699 tttsta ol, at Oentenfliai Exhibition, 685 testa of, hydmtiHc, 700 tests,, rules for, 090^-6956 tubes, holding power of. 704 tubes, iron vt. steel. 704 tubes, matetiaf for, 704, 709 tube plitteft, raled for, 70i use of keroi^e in, 71S use of zinc in, 720 using waste gases, 689, 690 Steam-calorimeters, 72S-731 fkeam-domes on boilers, 7 11 Steam-engines, 742^-847 advantages of eompounc&ig. 762 at Columbian Exposition, 774 bearings, si2e of. 810-813 bed-plates, dimensions of, 817 capacity oi, 748 cleamnce in, 751 compoimd, 761-768 compound, best cylinder ratios, 768 compound, calculation of cylin- ders of, 768 compound, combined indicator diagrams, 764 compound, condensing, 788 compound, cylinder prc^ortions in, 765 compound, economy of, 780 compound, efficiency of, 784 compound, expansions in two- cylinder. 765 compound, formulfi for expan- sion ana work in, 767 compound, high-speed, perfor- mances of, 778, 779 compound, high-speed, sizes of, 778,779 compound marine, approximate horse-power of, 766 cornpound marine, cyfinder ra- tios of, 766 compound, non-condensing, effi- ciency of, 784 compound, preastires in two cylinders, 765 compound, receiver type, 76J^ compound, receiver, ideal dia- grank, 763 oompotmd. receiver space in, 766 compound, steam- jacketed,, per- formances of r 778 compound, steam-jacketed, test of, 788 compound, Sulsei", water con- sumption of, 783 compoimd, two V9. three cylin- ders, 781 compound, velocity of steftm in passages of, 772 compound, water consmnption of, 777 Steam-engines, ocmpdund, Wolff type, 762 compound, Wolff. Ideal diagram. 763 compression « best periods of, 752 compression, effect of, 751 condensers » 839-847 (see Con- densers) connecting-rods, dimenaona of, 799 connecting-rod Mids, 800 Corhss, 773, 780 cost of, 1085 counterbalancing of, 788 cranks, dimensions of, 805 crank-pins, dlmenraons of, 801- 804 crank-pins, pressure on, 804 crank-pins, strwigth of, 803 crank-shafts, cBmensions of. 813 crank-shafts for torsion and flex- ure, 814 crank-shafts for triple-eXpanslon, 815 crank-shafts, three-throw, 815 crosshead trnd crank, relative motion of, 831 crosshead-pin, dimensions of, 804 cut-on, most economical point of, 777 cylinder conden/Ation, experi- ments on, 753 cylinder condensation. loss by, 752 cylinders, dimensions of, 792 cylinder-heads, dimensions of, 794 cylinder-head bolts, site of.795 (fimensions of parts of, 792-817 eccentrics, dimensions of. 816 eccentric-rods, dimensions of. 816 economic performance of ,775^791 economy at various speeds. 786 economy, effect on, of wet steam, 781 •oonomy of compound V8. triple- expansion, 781 economy of, in central Stations, 785 economy of, sfmpTe and com- pound comparea, 780 economy under variable loads, 784 economy with superheated steam, 783 effect of moisture hi. steam, 781 estimating I.H.P. of compcrund, 755 estimating I.H.P. of single-cylin- der, 755 efficiency in thenna! units per minute, 749 exhaust steam tisecf for hflAtin^ 780 expansions !n, table, 750 expansive Working of steam Ittrta* ble, 747 flywheels, 817-82^4 flywheels, arms of ^ 820 II^DBX. ste 1131 Steam-enKine, flywheels, centrifugal force in, 820 flsrwheels, diameters of, 821 flsrwheels, formulse for, 817 flywheels, thickness of rim of, 823 flsrwheels, speed variation in, 817 flywheels, strains in, 822 flywheels, weight of, 818, 819 flywheels, wire-wound, 824 flywheels, wooden rim, 823 foundations embedded in air, 789 frames, dimensions of, 817 friction of, 941 governors, fly-ball, 836 governors, flywheel, 838 governors, shaft, 838 governors, springs for, 838 EiideSj size of, 798 gh piston speed in, 787 high-speed Corliss, 787 high-speed, performances of, 777- 780 high-speed, si«s of, 777-780 horae-power constants, 756-758 indicated horse-power (I.H.P.) of single-cylinder, 765-761 indicator diagrams, 754 indicator diagrams, to draw clearance line on, 759 indicator diagrams, to draw ex- pansion curve, 759 indicators, effect of leakage, 761 indicators, errors of , 756 indicator rigs, 759 limitation of speed of, 787 links, size of, 815 link motions, 834-836 mean and terminal pressures, 743 marine, 1015-1019 mean effective pressure, calcula- tion of , 744 measures of duty of, 748 non-condensing, 776, 778« 779 ofl required for, 943 pipes for, 673 pistons, clearance of, 792 pistons, dimensions of , 795 piston-rings, size of, 796 piston-rods, fit of, 796 piston-rods, size of. 797 piston-rod guides, size of, 798 piston-valves, 834 prevention of vibration in, 789 progress in, 773 proportions of, 792-817, 1086 quaidruple expansion, 772, 773 ratio of expansion of steam, 745 reversing gear, dimensions of. 816 rotary, 791,792 shafts, bearings for, 810-813 shafts, bending resistance of, 808 shafts, dimensions of, 806-813 shafts, eguivalent twisting mo- ment of, 808 shafts, flywheel, 809 fthafts, twisting resistance of, 806 single-cylinder, economy of, 775 Steam-engines, single-cylinder, water , consumption of, 776 nngle-oylinder, highnspeed, sizes and performances of, 778 slide-valves, crank-angles, table, .830 slide-valves, cut-off for vlirious lap and travel, tables 831, 832 slide-valve, definitions, 824 dide- valve diagrams. Sweet's, 826 slide-valve diagrams, Zeundr's, .827 slide-valve, diagram of port open- ing, cut-off. and travel, 833. slide-valve, effect of changing lap, lead, etc., 829 slide-valve, effect of lap and lead 825 slide-valve, lead, 829 slide-valve, port opening, 828 slide-valve, ratio of lap to travel, .829, 831 slide-valves, relative motion of crosshead and crank, 831 slide- valve, setting of, 834 small, coal consumption of, 786 small, water consumption of, 786 steam consumption per horse- power-hour, 750 steam-jackets, influence of, 787 superheated steam in, 783 three-cylinder, 815 to change Speed of, 837 to put on center, 834 triple-expansion, 769-772, 1017- .1019 triple-expansion and e(»apound, relative economy, 781 triple-expansion, orank-shi^ts for, .815 triple-expansion, cylinder pro- portions, 769 triple-expansion, cylinder pro- portion formulse, 769-771 triple-expansion, cylinder diame- ters, 773 triple-expansion, cylinder ratios, 771 triple-expansion, high-^)eed, sizes and performances of, 779, 780 triple-expansion, nozt->eondensing, 779 triple-expansion, sequence of cranks in, 772 triple-expansion, steam-jacketed, performances of, 779, 780 triple>expanAion{ Sulzer^ water consumption of, 783 triple-expansidn, theoretical mean effective pressures, 770 , .. triple-edtpansion, types of. 771. triple-expansion, water oonstimp- tion of. 777 valve-rods, dimensio&s of, 81^ 1132 ■te IKDEX. Steam-engines, water consumption of. 763, 776. 777, 783, 785, 786 water consumption from indica- tor-cards, 760 work of one pound of steam, 749 work of steam in single-cylinder, 746-763 wrist-pin, dimensions of, 804 Steam heat, storage of, 789 heating, 634-641 heating, diameter of supply mains, 639 heating, indirect, 637 heating, indirect, size of registers and ducts, 639 heating of greenhouses, 641 heating, pipes for, 640 heating, properties of steam and condensed water, 640 jackets on engines, 787 jet blower, 627 jet exhauster, 627 jet ventilator, 627 loop, 676 -metal, composition of, 326 pipes, 674-676 pipes, copper, strength of, 676 pipes, copper, tests of, 674 pipes, failures of, 676 pipes for engines, 673 pipes for marine engines, 674, 1016 pipes, riveted-steel, 676 pipes, uncovered, loss from, 676 pipes, valves in, 676 pipes, wire-wound, 676 pipe coverings, tests of, 471 power, cost of, 790 power, cost of coal for, 789 separators, 728 turbines, 790 vessels (tee Ships) Steel, 389-414 aluminum, 409 analyses and properties of, 389 and iron, classification of, 364 annealing of, 412, 413 axles, specifications for, 397 axles, strength 9f . 299 bars, effect of nicking, 402 beams, safe load on, 269 Bessemer basic, ultimate strength of, 390 Bessemer, range of strength of, .391.392 billets, specifications for, 401 blooms, weight of, table, 176 brids^e-links, strength of, 297 bummg carbon out of, 4<)2 castings, 406 castings, «pecifications for, 397, 406 castings, strength of, 299 chrome, 409 old-drawn, tests of, 305 cold-rolled, tests of, 305 color-scale for tempering, 414 columns, 266-261 Steel coluinns, Merriman's tables of 261. crank-pins, specifications for, 401 crucible, 410-414 crucible, analyses of, 411 crucible, effect of heat treatment, 411 crucible, selection of grades of, 410 crucible, specific gravities of, 411 effect of annealing on grain of, 392 effect of annealing on magnetic capacity, 396 effect of cold on strength of, 383 effect of finishing temperature in rolling, 392 effect ofheat on grain, 412 effect of oxygen on strength of, 391 electrical conductivity of, 403 ej^bars, test of, 304 failures of, 403 fluid-compressed, 410 for car-axles, specifications, 401 for rails, specifications. 401 for milling cutters, 967 forgings, annealing of, 396 forgings, oil-tempering of, 396 forgings, specifications for, 397 haraening of, 393 heating of ^ for forging, 413 in Memphis bridge, tests of, 393 ingots, segregation in, 404 kinds of, for different uses, 397 life of, under shock, 240 low strength of ^ 392 , main-rods, specifications for, 401 manganese, ^7 manganese, abrasion of, 407 mixture of, with cast iron, 376 Mushet, 409 nickel, 407 nickel, tests of, 408 open-hearth, range of strength of. 391.392 open-hearth structural, strength of. 391 parallel-rods, specifications, 401 plates (see Plates, steel) rails, specifications for, 398 rails, strength of, 298 range of strength in, 391, 392 recalescence of, 402 relation Between chemical com- position and physical charac- ter of, 389 rivet, shearing resistance of, 363 rivet, specifications for, 399 rivets, specifications for, 401 rope, table of strength of, 338 rope, flat, table of strength of 339 shearing strength of, 306 sheets, weight of, 174 specific gravity of, 403, 411 specifications for, 397-402 splioe-bars, speeificationa for, 398 F INDEX, ■te-ttr 1128 Steel,^ spring, strength of, 299 springs (see Springs, steel) strength of, 297-303 strength of, variation in, 398 structural, annealing of, 394, 395 structural, drilling of, 395 structural, earliest uses of, 405 structural, effect of punching and shearing, 394 structural, for bridges, specifica- tions of, 399 structural, for buildings, specifi- cations of, 398 structural, for ships, specifications of, 399 structural, properties of, 272-280 structural, punching of, 395 structural, riveting of, 394 structural, specifications for, 400 structural, size and weights, 177- 180 structural, treatment of, 394-396. structural, upsetting of, 394 structural, welding of, 394 struts, 259 tempering of, 414 tensile strength of, at high tem- peratures, 382 tensile strength of pure, 392 tires, specifications for, 398 tires, strength of, 298 tool, heating of, 412 tungsten, 409 water-pipe, 295 welding of, 396 wire ^uge, tables, 29 working of, at blue heat, 395 working stresses in bridge mem- bers, 262 Stevedore rope, 340 Stokers, mechanical for steam- boilers, 711 under-feed, 712 Stone-cutting with wire, 966 Stone, specific gravity of, table, 166 weight of, table, 166 strength of, 302, 312 Storai^-batteries, 1045-1048 efficiency of, 1048 Storage of steam heat, 789 Storms, pressure of wind in, 494 Stoves, compressed-air heatmg, efii- ciency of, 507 Stove foundries, cupola charges in, 949 Strain, 236 Strains, formuls for unit, in iron and steel in structures, 379 Straw as fuel, 643 Stream, open, measurement of flow, 584-588 Streams, fire. 579-581 (see Fire- streams) running, horse-power of, 589 Strength, compressive. 244-246 compressive, of woods, 311 loss of, in punched plates, 353 Strength, range of, in steel, 391, 392 shearing, of iron and steel, 306 shearing, of woods, table, 312 tensile, 242 tensile, of iron and steel at high temperatures, 382 torsional, 281 transverse, 266-271 of aluminum, 318 of aluminum-copper alloys, 328, 329 of anchor-forgings, 297 of basic Bessemer steel, 390 of belting, 302 of blocks, 906 of boUer-heads, 285 of boiler-plate at high tempera- tures, 383 of bolts, 292 of brick, 302, 312 of bridge-links, 298 of bronse, 300. 319-332 of canvas, 302 of cast iron, 370, 374 of cast iron, relation of, to sili- con, 369 of cast-iron columns, 250-254 of cast-iron water-pipe, 251 of chains, table, 307 of chain cables, table, 340 of castings, 297 of cement mortar, 313 of chalk, 312 of columns, 246, 250-261 of columns. Strength of materials, Kirkaldjr's testa, 296-303 of perforated plates, 353 of phosphor-bronze, 327 of Portland cement, 302 of riveted joints, 299, 354-362 of roofs, 446, 1019 of rope, 301,338, 339 of sandstone, 312 of sheet metal, 300 of silicon-bronze wire, 327 of soapstone, 312 of spring steel, 299 of spruce timber, 310 of stayed surfaces, 286 of steam-boilers, 700-711 of steel axles, 299 of steel castings, 299 of steel, open-hearth structural, 391 of steel prppeller-riUifts, 299 of steel rails, 298 of steel tires, 298 of stone, 312 of structural shapes, 272-280 of timber. 309-312, 1079 of twisted iron, 241 of unstayed surfaces, 284 of yellow pine, 309 of welds, 300, 308 of wire, 301, 303 of wire and hemp rope, 301, 340 of wrought-iron columUs, 255 tensile, of pure steel, 392 Stress and strain, 236 Stress due to temperature, 283 Stresses allowed in bridge members, 262-264 combined, 282 effect of, 236 in framed structures, 440-447 in steel plating due to water pressure, 287 permissible in structural mate- rials, 381 produced by shocks, 241 Structural shapes, elements of, 248 shapes, moment of inertia of, 248, 273-280 shapes, properties of, 272-280 shapes, radius of gyration of, 248 ■ shapes, sizes and weights. 177-180 steel (see Steely structural) Structures, fdrmulrp for unit strains in iron and steel iu, 379 Strut, moving, 436 Struts, steel, formulsB for, 259 strength of, 246 wrought -iron, formulsb for, 259 Sugar hiailufacture, 643 solution^, edneentration of, 465 Sulphate of litne^ sohibility of, 464 Sulphur diosfeide and ammonia-gas , ^ properties of, 992 dioxide refrigerating-machine, 985 influence of, on cast iron, 367, 370 Sulphur, influence of, on steel, 389 Sum and difference of angles, func- tions of, 66 Superheated steam, economy of steam-engines with, 783 Surface condensers, 840-844 Surfaces, unstayed flat, 284 Suspension cableways, 915 Sweet's slide-valve diagram, 826 Symbols, chemical, 163 electrical, 1078 Synchronous motor, 1071 T shapes, properties of Carnegie steel, table, 279 Tail-rope system of haulage, 913 Tanbark as fuel, 643 Tangent of an angle, 65 table of 159-162 Tanks, plating and framing for, 287. capacities of, tables, 121, 125, 126 Tannato of soda boiler compound. 718 Taps for machine screws, 970 formulfie and table for screw- threads of, 207 Tap-drills, sizes of, 208 table of, 970, 971 Taper, to set in a lathe, 956 pins, 972 Tapered wire rope, 916 Taylor's rules for belting, 880-882 theorem, 76 Tees, Pencoyd steel, weights and sizes, 179 Teeth of gears, forms of, 893 of gears, proportions of, 889, 890 Telegraph-wire, copper, tabic of size.weight and reastance of, 221 joints iti, 217 testa of, table, 217 TelesQope, Mesur^ and Nouel's byrometric, 453 Temperature, aosolute, 461 determination by color. 454 determinations of melting-points, 452 of fire, 622 rise of, in combustion of gases, 623 stress due to, 283 effect of, on strength. 309, 382 Tempering, effect or, on iteel, 412 of steel, 414 oil, of steel fornngs. 396 Tenacity of metals. 169 of metals at vatioua tempem- tures, 309 382-384 Tensile strength. 242-244 strength, hldrease bf, by twiit. ing, 241. Strength of iron and ited at faig^ temperatures, 382 strength of pure steel, 992 tests, shapes of qMeiment tat, 243 INDEX. ieB-tm 1125 Tension sad fltsme, eombmed, 382 and shear, cosftbmed, 282 Terne-plate, 182 specifioAtionB for, 1088 Terra-cott*. weight of , 181 Test-pieces, comparison of hurgo and small.393 Tests of aluminum alloys, 330 of aluminum brass, 329 of cast iron, 369 calorimetric. of eoal, 636 cotDpreesive, of wrought - iron bars, 304 compressive, sfMcknens for, 246 tensile^ precautions in, 243 tensife-, specimens for, 243 tensile, table of, 242 of brick, 812 of cast-iron columns,. 260-2&4 of centrifugal pumps, 609 of cfaaukSt table, 307 of chain eablee, 308 of cold-drawn steel. 305 of cold-rolled steel, 306 of fans, 514, 522, 524 of gaa-engines, 849 of petrolnim-engines, 851 of hydraulic ram, 616 of lap and butt riveted joints, 360 of materials, Kirkaldys, 296- 303 of nickel^stdel, 408 of pine timber, 309 of ptilsometers, 613 of pumping-migines. 611 of riveted joints, table, 303 of steam-boilers, 685H999 of steam-boilers, rules for, 690- 6956 of steel eye-bars, 304 of steel piate, 390 of steel m Memphis bridge, 393 of turbine wheels, 596 of woods, 306 of wrought-iron columns, 305 of vulcanized rubber, 316 Theory of exponents, 36 Thermal capacity, defioition of, 457 units, 455. 660 units, comparison of British and French, 455 Thermodynamics, 478 Thermometers, 448 Thermometer, air, 454 scales, comparison of, 448 scales, comparison of, table, 449 Tkffeads. pipe, 195 Three-phase circuits, 1068 Toothed-wheel gearing, 439, 887- 906 (see Gearing) Tidal-power, utiiisation of, 600 Tie^rods for brick arches, 281 TUes, weight of, 181 Timber b«Buns, safe loads, 1023 expansicm of, 311 measure, 20 properties of, table, 310 resistance of drilt>bolt8 in, 290 Timber befuns strength of , 300-21», 1079 tttble of coQt^ts in feet, 21 weight of, table, 310 Time, measure of, 20 Tm, properties of, 168 ^alummum alloys, 330 -copper alloys, 319, 320 -copper-aluminum alloys, 330 -cc^fer-pnc alloys, 322, 323, lined pipe, sizes and weights, table, 201 pipe, weights and aiies of, 200 plate, 182 plate, specifiostioas for, 1088 plate, American paokages of 182 platC; comparison of gauges ftnd weights, table, 282 Tires, steel, frietion of, <m rails,. 928 steel, speoifieations for, 398 steel, strength of, 298 Tobin bron«e, analyses and proper- ties of, 325, 325 Toggle-joint. 436 Tons per mile, e<mivalent at, 27 Tonnage of vessels,. TranamMdon. rope, 922-027 ( Rope-drivinc) wiiv-rope. 917*^22 (tee Wire rope) TrADflnianon-rope* 340 Traxufwrting power of water, 565 Triple-expansion engine, 769-772 (tee Steam-encpnes) TranaverBe strengtn, 266-271 strength of beams, fonnube for, 268 tiTeD0th, ooeflicient of, 267 Trapenum. 54 Trapezoid. 54 Trapesoidal rule, 56 Triangle, mensuration of, 54 proDleinB in, 41 spherical, 61 trigonometrical solution of, 68 Trigonometiy, 65-68 Trigonometrical forrouUe, 66 funcdons, relations of, 65 functions, signs of, 66 functions, table of natural, 159- 161 functions, table of logarithmic, 162 Triple-effect evaporatdr|.463 Trough plates, propertm of steel, table, 274 Troy weight, 20 Trusses. Burr. 443 Fink roof. 446 Howe, 445 King-post, 442 Pratt, 443 Queen -post, 442 roof. 446 Warren girder. 445 Whipple, 443 Tubes, boiler, table, 196 boiler, table of areas of, 197 condenser, 840 horse-power of water flowing in, 589 of different materials, table for calculating weights of , 169 expanded! boiler, holding power of, 307 iron, collapsing pressure of, 265 Mannesmann, strength of, 296 seamless brass, table, 198 steam-boiler, holding power of, 704 steam-boiler, iron va. steel, 704 steam-boiler, material for, 704, 709 strength of small, 266 welded solid -drawn steel, 199 wrought -iron, extra-strong, 196 Tube plates, steam-boiler, rules for, 704 Tubing, brass, weight of, table, 200 oopT)er, weight of, table, 200 lead and tin, 200 zinc, weight of, table, 200 Tung-sten-amminum alloys, 3,30 Tungsten steel, 400 Tiirhmes. steam. 790, 1065 steam, bearings for, 941 Turbine wheels. 591-509 wheels, dimensions of. 507 wheels, efficiency of, 504 wfaeeb, FdtoD, 507 wheels, proportions of, 501 wheels, table, 505 wheels, teste of, 506 Turf as fud, 643 Tumbuckles, 211 Turret lathee, cnUing-speed of. 054 Tuyeres for cupolas, 948 Twin-screw veaseis, 1017 Twist -driO gauge, tables. 20 Twist-drills, siaes and speeds. 057 Twisted iron bars, 241 Two-phase currente, 1068 Type metal. 336 Uehling-Steinbart pyrometer. 453 Unequal arms on baJanees, 10 Units, electrical, 1024 equivalent value of electrical and mechanical, 1026 of the magnetic circuit, 1050 Unit of evaporation, 677 of force, 415 of power, 429 of heat, 455, 660 of work, 428 Unstas^ed surfaces, strength <tf , 284 Upsetting of structural steel, 304 United States, population of. 12 standard gauge, sheet -metal. 30 standard gauge, sheet-metal, ta- ble, 31 Vacuum, drsring in, 466 pumps, 612 Valve-gears, steam-en^e, 824-836 Valve-rods, steam-engme, 815 (aee Steam-engines) Valves, marine-engine, 1016 pump, 606 m steam-pipes, 675, Vapors, saturation-point of, 480 Vapor water, weight of, 484 and gas mixtures, laws of. 480 for refrigerating-machines, 982 Varnish. ▼en- win 1127 Ventilation, efficiency of fans and chimneys, 533 head of air, 533 of large buildings, 534 of mines, 531 Ventilators, centrifugal, for. mines, 521 Ventilator, steam-jet, 527 Venturi meter, 583 Versed sine of an angle, 65 ^ sine, relations of, in circle, 58 Verticals, formula for strains in, Vertical high-speed engines, 777 Vessels (»ee Ships) Vibration of steam-engines, 789 Vis-viva, 428 Volt. 1024 Vulcanized rubber, tests of, 316 Walls of buildings, 1019 Warehouse floors, 1019 Warren girders, stresses in, 445 Washers, sizes and weights of, 212 Washing of coal. 638 Water, 547-555 abrading power of, 565 analyses of, 553, 554 boiling-point of, 550 boiling-point at various baro- metric pressures, 483 comparison of head, in feet, with various units, 548 compressibility of, 164. 551 consumption of locomotives, 862 consumption of steam-engines, 753.776,777.783,785 erosion by flowing, 565 evaporation of. in reservoirs and channels. 463 expansion of. 547 fall, efficiencv of. 588 fall, power of, 588 flow of. 565-588 (see Flow of water) flowing in tube, horse-power of, 589 flowing, measurement of, 582- 688 freezing-point of. 550 hardness of 553 head of, 557 head of. equivalent to pounds per square inch table. 649 •heat-units per pound, 548 , horse-power required to raise, 601 impurities of 661 jets, 579 meters 579 power 588-620, power plants, high-pressure, 1081 power value of. 590 pressure due to weight of. 549 pressure of one inch, 27. 549 pressure of one foot 27. 649 price of 579 pumpinf^ by compreMeci lur, 606a Water, quantity discharged from pipes, 573 relation of diameter of pipe to capacity, 666 softening of, 554 specific heat of, 550 transportinjpr power of, 565 velocity of, in cast -iron pipe, 667 velocity of, in open channels, 564 weight of, 27,547,548 gas, 648 gas, analyses of, 653 gas, manufacture of, 652 gas plant, efficiency of, 654 gas plant, space required for, 656 lines, coefficient of, 1002 pipes, riveted-steel, 295 pipe, cast-iron, transverse strength of, 251 pipe, ca.st-iron, weight of, 188 tower (see Stand-pipe) vapor and air mixture, weight of, 484 vapor, weight of, table, 484 wheel, 591-599 wheel, Pelton, 597, 1081 wheels, power of, 1082 Watt, definition and value of, 1024 Waves, ocean, power of, 599 Weathering of coal, 637 Wedge. 437 volume of , 61 Weighing on incorrect balance, 19 Weights and measures, 17-27 and measures, Metric, 22-26 Weight and pressure per unit area. Metric eauivalents of, 27 of materials, 164-166 (see also material in question) Weir-dam measurement, 586 Weirs, flow of water over, 555, 586 Bazin's exF>eriments. 587 Weir formulae, Francis's, 586 table, 587,588 Welding, electric 1044 of steel. 394, 396 Welds, strength of . 300. 308 Wetted surface of ships, 1005 Wheat, weight of, 170 Wheel and axle, 439 Wheels emery, 967-970 («c« Emery wheels) polishing, speed of. 968 turbine. 691-599 (see Turbine , wheels) Whipple truss, stresses in. 443 White-metal allays. 336 composition of. 335 Whitworth process of fluid com- pressed steel. 410 Wiborg's air-pyrometer. 453 Wind. 492-494 force of, 492 pressure of, in storms, 494 "^ Strain on stanc) -pipes. 2^3 1188 wi»-- eflicieiwy of, 494 horBe-power of, 4fl7 'Wlndiiu-engJnes, OOO Wira.KJumiauai. propertleg of, 325 telegr*ph, fdje. electric, fuaion of, 1032 electric, heatln; of. llXa electric, iiiHUlalinn nf, 1033 iJectric, table, 1034-1035 ■»lvaiu»ed iron, Hpeeificatioiu for, 224 galvBniied iron , tor (elegraph end telephone linea, 217 gsivaniied neel Mnnd, 323 nails. 214, 215 pfauspbor-broiue. eCrenfftb o1 piuio. >d>e and etrenith of. '. pluugh-ateel. 224 phosphor-broDM , Bilicoa bnmBS, e(ren«th of, 3Z7 Btnnded feed, table of aiiee ani toiecrapb, weight p«r niUe-ohm. wound Bywheels, 824 ropee, 296-231 rope, benciini curvatore. B2I rope, bending >ti«» of, OlS n>pe, care oT 231 rape, elastic limit of. table, 017 rope for ^uys and rigging, 228 strength, and properties, 227 Tope, galvanited Hteel, dimen- sions. strength, and proper^ rope, looked. 231 popo. plougb-Btool. 227, 228 a! Bplicing of. 34 e. nrength and table, CDpper.21S-220,10S4, 1038- Wiring-tables, 1037 Wohler's experiments, on Btrencth of materials 238 Wood as a fuel. 639, 640 compel tiun of, 640 comprea^ve strengths of. 311 expanuoQ of, 311 h^t required to expel wbI«t . fromr640 beating value of, 030 ite of, 27 ait of, 27.428 Id's Fair buildin( lione of wrought ■ra-^earing.Sa?. 101 at-pins. ateam-encine, lu^t iron, 377-370 1,257 INDEX. WTO— zon 1129 Wrought iron , influence of rolling on, 377 iron pipe, standard, table of dimensions, 194 iron, slag in, 377 iron, specifications for, 378 iron, strength of, 245, 297, 300, 304,378 iron, strength of, at high temper- atures, 383 iron tubes, extra-strong, table, 196 Xylolith, properties of, 316 Y connection for alternating cur- rents, 1068 Yield-point, 237 determination of, 237 Z bars, Carnegie steel, properties of, table. 280 weights and sizes, 178 Zero, absolute, 461 Zeuner's slide-valve diagram, 827 Zinc, properties of, 168 aluminum alloys, 330 -copper alloys, strength of, 323 ^ -copper alloys, table of composi- tion and properties, 321 -copper-iron alloys, 326^ -copper-tin alloys, specific gravi- ties of, 323 -copper-tin alloys, table of proper- ties and composition, 322 -copper-tin alloys variation in strength of, graphic representa- tion, 323 -copper-tin alloys, variation in strength of, 324 tubing, weight of, table, 200 use of, in boilers, 720 Zone, spherical, 62 of spheroid, 63 of spindle, 63 ILFEIBmCU mEI TO ISTERTISEIEK rCTION CO.;. .'theV. ■.■.;■,. IPANY,. THE ■HE WORKS UID INSURANCE CO PANY, THE.. MPANY.V."."^! NEW'VoitK'iN'BULATED 'wire COMPANY.' '.[".'.'.'.'.".'. NORTON EMERY WHEEL COMPANY NORWALK IRON WORKS COMPANY, THE PRATT A WHITNEY COMPANY QUEEN i COMPANY, INCORPORATED RAND DRILL COMPANY. RANDOLPH-CLOWESiCOMPANY RIDER-ERICSSON ENGINE COMPANY ROBBLING-S SONS COMPANY, JOHN A SELLERS A COUPANY. INCORPORATED, WILLIAM 8IUHON8 OOHPANY, JOHN SKINITEB CHUCK COMPANY, THE. 8NIDER-HUQHE8 COMPANY. THK BTIItUNG fX>MPAHY, THE , TRENTON IRON COMPANY. UNIVERSAL DRAFTING MACHINE (COMPANY WALWORTH MANUFACTURING OlMPANY WARREN FOUNDRY A MACHINE COMPANY. WILEY. JOHN, 4 SONS YALE 4 TOWNE MANUFALTURING COMPANY, THE. .. CLASSIFIED INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. Bblting and Hose. page Boston Belting Co 15 Jewell Belting Co 15 Blowers. Boston Blower Co 20 BoiL£R Inspection and Insurance. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co 16 B011.ER Tubes. National Tube Co 3 BoiusR Tubes (Brass). Randolph-Clowes Co 23 Boiler Water, Softening and Purification, Kennicott Water Softener Co 10 Boilers, Steam. Stirling Co.. The 8 Books. John Wiley & Sons 26 Brass Rods, Sheets, Tubes, Wire, etc. Randolph-Clowes Co 23 Bridges. American Bridge Co 3 Castings. Warren Foundry & Machine Co 23 Cement, American Portland. Atlas Portland Cement Co 24 Cement Machinery — Rotary Kilns, Ball and Tube Mills, Mixers, etc. Bonnot Co., The 24 Chain. Bridgeport Chain Co 21 Chain Hoists. Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., The 1 Chimneys. Alphona Custodis Chimney Construction Co 22 Chucks, Milling Cutters, "Reamers, Spring Cutters, Taps, etc. Morse Twist Drill and Machine Co 17 Skinner Chuck Co., The 20 Compressors — Air, Gas, etc. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co 4 Norwalk Iron Works Co., The 5 Rand Drill Co 5 Condensers, Water Tube Heaters, etc. Snider-Hughes Co., The 20 Crushers — Ore, Rock, Stone. Geo. V. Creason Co 14 Drafting Machines. Universal Drafting Machine Co 21 Dredging Engineers and Contractors. Atlantic, Gulf ife Pacific Co 26 Drills, Power and Hand. Norwalk Iron Works Co., The 5 Rand Drill Co 5 Drills, Twist. Morse Twist Drill and Machine Co. 17 Dryer Cylinders. Warren Foundry & Machine Co.' 23 Electrical Generators, Motors, Arc and Incandescent Lamps, FTC General Electric Co., The 2 Emery and Corundum Wheels. Norton Emery Wheel Co 10 Engineers and Contractors. Allis-Chalmers Co 7 American Bridge Co 3 Engines. Allis-Chalmers Co 7 American Engine Co 6 Harrisburg Foundry and Machine Wo ks 6 Rider-Ericsson Engine Co 10 Engines, Blowing. Lajxibert Hoisting Engine Co 11 Lidgerwood Mfg. Co 11 Feed-Water Heaters, Separators, Traps, Exhaust Heads, etc. Goubert Manufacturing Co 9 Fire Brick, Tiuics, Slabw, Cupola Linings, Clay Retorts, kt<'. Maurer A Son, Henry 22 CLASSIFIED INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. _ „ PAQB FUELrEcONOMIZEBS AND FuRNACES. Green Fuel-Economizer Co., The 8 Hoisting Machinery — Elevators, ConVetors, etc. Lambert Hoisting Engine Co 11 Lidgerwood Mfg. Co 11 Hydrants. Chapman Valve Mfg. Co 17 Insulated Wires and Cables. New York Insulated Wire Co 21 Ix>coMOTrvES. Baldwin Locomoti^kre Works 2 Meters. National Meter Co 25 Milling Machines, Shapers, Planers, Punches, Rolls, Shears, Lathes, Machine Tools, Bolts, etc. Garvin Machine Co 18 Hendey Machine Co 19 Lodge & Shipley Machine Tool Co., The 20 Pratt A Whitney Co 18 Sellers & Co., William (Incorporated) 19 Mining and Quarrying Machinery. Allis-Chalmers Co 7 Norwalk Iron Works 5 Rand Drill Co 5 Packing — Piston, Valve, Joint. Boston Belting Co 15 Pipe, Water & Gas. National Tube Co .3 Simmons Co. , John 25 Walworth Mfg. Co 28 Warren Foundry & Machine Oo 23 Pneumatic Tools. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co 4 Pumping Machinery. Allis-Chalmers Co 7 Epping-Carpenter Co 4 National Meter Co 25 Rider-Ericsson Engine Co 10 Snidei^Hughes Co., The 20 Rubber Goods. Boston Belting Co 15 Scale-prevention. Kennicott Water Softener Co 10 Sheet Steel, Tin Plate, Galvanized Iron, etc. American Sheet & Tin Plate Co 28 Steam Specialties, and Engineering Appliances. Goubert Manufacturing Co 9 Walworth Mfg. Co 28 Steel and Iron Construction. American Bridge Co 3 Surveying Instrttments. KeuflFel & Esser Co 27 Queen & Co., Incorporated 27 Tool Grinders. Norton Emery Wheel Co 16 Tramways — Wire Rope. Trenton Iron Co 12 Transmission Rope. American Manufacturing Co 13 Geo. B. Carpenter & Co w; •. • '^-v 'A li Valves — Gas, Water, and Steam. Chapman Valve Mfg. Co 17 Water-Supply. Rider-Ericsson Engine Co. .. .^. 10 Wire Rope and Telegraph, Telephone, and Trolley Wire. Roebling's Sons Co., John A 12 Trenton Iron Co • • 12 for hoisting have won the friendship of the man who pulls the chain as well as the man who pays the bill. They save hard work by cutting out friction. We invite your inquiries and offer a Block on trial. Write for our Chain Block Book, BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS. Bumham, Williams 4 Co., PUIadelplaa, U. S. A. LOCOMOTIVES of all descriptions. Mine and Furnace Locomotives operated by Steam, Compressed Air, and Electricity. Tbe General Electric Company's Type M Control (Sprasue-Qeneral Electric Syston) FOR ELECTRIC TRAINS HAS BEEN ADOPTED EXCLU- SIVELY BY THE NEW YORK UNDERGROUND RAILWAY. (Interborough Rapid Tran^t Company) ALL ELECTRIC TRAINS ON MANHATTAN ISLAND ARE EQUIPPED WITH THE SPRAGUE-GENERAL ELECTRIC SYSTEM OF CONTROL. General Office: SCHENECTADY, N. V. Nn Y«k Office : 44 Broad Streit. Sales Offices In all large dtles Eni^neers and Contractors. Structural Steel "n^ Iron« Buildings, Bridges, Roofs, Trusses. Branch Offices ; KanxsBCity. Uo. l.afaye«e,lnd, Lanslne, Hich. 