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MARSHALL, ALFRED: chap, xx; measurement of utility by price, 372; onjevons, 337, n.; displaced rent as cost, 290; margins and cost, 273; long-time reckoning, 480; criticized by Hobson, 409. MARX, KARL: on money, 238; labor measure of value, 177, n.; labor as fund, 263. MENGER, ANTON:" relation to eco- nomic doctrine, 334; definition of subjective value, 327; principle of imputation, 360; capitalization, 208, n. MERCANTILISTS: value doctrine, 107; notion of productivity; see Pro- ductivity. MILL, JAMES: interest as cost, 37, 39-41; general glut — controversy, with Malthus, 118, n., 231, n. See Capital, fixed and circulating. MILL, JOHN STUART: chap, v; cost, chap, xvi; marginal cost and relative cost, 262; profit related to cost, 90; displaced rent as cost, 290. See Capital; Productivity. MONEY: its place in value theory, 217-20; function in deferred pay- ments, 217-20. See Price. MONOPOLY: cost in, 565, n. N NON-COMPETITIVE GROUPS, 71-80. O OPPORTUNITY COST. See Cost of Production. OSTENTATION: in industrial depres- sions, 529, n. See Luxury. OUTLAY COST. See Cost of Produc- tion; Entrepreneur Cost. OVERPRODUCTION, 227, n.; possi- bility of, 231, n.; in industrial de- pressions, 231, n. PAIN COST. See Cost of Production. PANICS: depression following, 231, n. PANTALEONI, MAFFEO: relation to economic doctrine, 338, n.; defini- tion of demand, 532, n.; Hedon- ism, 310, n., 311 n., on Galiani, 233, n. PATTEN, SIMON: recreation cost, 48, n.; displaced rent and cost, 290. PHYSIOCRATS: cost theory, 107. See Productivity. PIERSON, N. G. : on cost, 268, n. PLEASURE. See Utility. POPULATION: redistribution of, 486; and wages, 519. See Subsistence. PRICE: defined, 218; adjustment of, chap, xxv; peculiarities in theory of, 238, n.; normal, 279, n.; rent and price. See Rent. PRODUCTION: what is, 555. See Factors of Production. PRODUCTIVITY: defined, 121-24; productive labor, 122, n.; produc- tive consumption, 122, n.; Mer- cantilist notion, 122, n.; Physio- cratic notion, 122, n.; funded, 460; distribution by, 285; interest ac- cording to, chap. xiv. See Fac- tors of Production. PROFITS: as cost; only part are cost, 65; necessary or minimum, 90; net or competitive, 102, n.; rela- tion to cost, 89-91; Hadley's view, 89; J. S. Mill's, 58, 90; Walker's, 91; risk profit, 96-98. See Cost of Production. PROMOTION: profits of, 557, n. Q QUANTITY THEORY, 241, n. QUASI-RENTS: and costs, 395-98, 401, n. QUESNAY, FRANCOIS: laws of re- turn, 492. R RENT: various concepts, 370, 419, n.; causes of — Malthus, Ricardo, Senior, 283, 284; on labor, 399; affected by improved technique, 523, n.; incidence of tax on, 248, n.; as cost: see Cost of Produc- tion. REPRESENTATIVE FIRM, 374, n. RETURN, LAWS OF, chap, xxiii. RICARDO, DAVID: chap, iii; pain cost, 3; controversy with Say on cost, 109-13; riches vs. value, 3; INDEX cause of rent, 283. See Rent; Cost of Production; Capital, fixed, circulating, and Loan Fund. ROBERTSON, J.M. : on saving, 529, n. ROUNDABOUTNESS. See Interest. RUSKTN, JOHN: on saving, 529, n.; definition of demand, 532, n. SAVINGS: as loan fund, chap, xiii; "fallacy of," 529, n.; market for, in prosperity and in depression, 23 1 , n. ; how far desirable, 2 2 1-25 ; upkeep, 435, n. See Capital; In- terest; Abstinence. SAY, J. B.: chap, ix; on capitaliza- tion, 208, n.; controversy with Ricardo on cost, 109-13; loi de debouchees, 238, n. SEAGER, H. R. : expenses and oppor- tunity cost, 383, n.; profit related to cost, 99, n., 104, n.; on Hedon- ism, 309, n.; definition of demand, 532, n.; laws of return, 495, n. SELIGMAN, E. R. A.: social-organ- ism doctrine, 443, n.; expenses and opportunity cost, 383, n.; profit related to cost, 100, n., 103, n.; displaced rent and cost, 292, n.; on Hedonism, 309, n.; utility and marginal utility confused, 315, n.; laws of return, 496, n. SENIOR, W. N.: chap, iv; definition of wealth, 314, n.; abstinence as pain cost, 45; opportunity cost, 48; causes of rent, 284, n.; utility, 317, n. See Capital; Factors of Production. SEWALL, H. R., 107. SEDGWICK, H., 225, n. SINGLE TAX, 248, n. SKILL: related to cost, 75. SMITH, ADAM: chap, ii; various cost doctrines, 2; capital concept, 148; rent and cost, 27. See Capital. SOCIAL DIVIDEND: defined, 121, chap. xxvi. SOCIAL ORGANISM: chap, xxii, 441, n., 458. STANDARD OF DEFERRED PAYMENTS : chap, xiii; labor, utility, or value, 15-18, chap. xiii. STANDARD OF LIVING, 518, 529, n. SUBJECTIVE EXCHANGE VALUE, 330. SUBJECTIVE VALUE: chap. xvii. SUBJECTIVE WORTH, 347; a cost concept, 354. See Subjective Value. SUBSISTENCE: relation to wages, 435, n.; goods as capital, 208-10. SUPPLY: defined, 532, n.; curves of, chap. xxv. TAXATION: incidence of, on land and rent, 248, n. THACKERAY, W. M., 300, n. TRANSFERABILITY, 314, n. TRANSPORTATION: an agricultural process, 486; effect of improve- ments on rent, 523, n.; chap. xxiv. TURGOT, A. R. J., 107. TUTTLE, C. A.: capital concept, 154, n. U UNDERCONSUMPTION. See Overpro- duction. UPKEEP: of land and of labor, 435. See Interest. UTILITY: displaced as cost; see Cost of Production, Opportunity Cost; curves of, chap, xxv; intrinsic or extrinsic, 317, n.; absolute and relative, 3 1 7, n. ; relative marginal , 299; comparability, 300, 302-14; vs. cost, 339-51. See Marginal Utility; Subjective Value; Cost of Production. VALUE: real and exchange, 31, 34; vs. riches, 33 ; can it be measured ? 177, 178, 181, n.; views of social- ists, 177, n.; Marx's, 177, n., 181, n.; Laughlin's, 181, n.; Carver's, 181, n.; Walsh's, 188, n.; natural value, 358. See Subjective Value; Price. VEBLEN, T. B. : profits and time, 97, n. ; credit related to price, interest, and profit, 255, n.; profits of pro- motion, 567, n.; saving, 529, n. 582 VALUE AND DISTRIBUTION W WAGES: subsistence minimum, 435, n. See Labor; Cost of Produc- tion; Subsistence. WALKER, FRANCIS: profit related to cost, 91; marginal cost, 265; rent of labor, 400. WALRAS, LEON: relation to eco- nomic doctrine, 334, n. WALSH, C. M. : standard of deferred payments, 188, n. WEALTH: defined, 314, n. WEISSMANN, A., 308, n. WHITTAKER, A. C. : on Adam Smith, 23, 25, n.; Malthus, 56, n.; Ri- cardo, 34, n.; Mill, 59, n.; Senior, 52, n. WIESER, FRIEDRICH, v.: chaps, xvii, xix; interest, 199, 200; capi- talization, 208, n.; principle of imputation, 360-62; demand for productive goods, 512. WORK: defined, 556. Z ZONES OF INDIFFERENCE, 472. ZUCKERKANDL, R., 339, 341. 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