None
RAR AK Ke eKeleKeleKolaKelaGiex ya pal al tal So GS pel pita ess Vola ola’ la’ pk ola ol a od > tele Y PSP) G'ox Yrs ae SOF ae iL lie 39 LOR ar) 6 'sx ore age 7D) ots 3 ay Cth: wl” ae - 0.9 ook te ae Sar ay a ks lM Palher elles XS Orem se oF ole ay ayt. NMP a a he x9 Oe spe Se “i as eS Bit a lla “s. 9 O02, eG See) ae es \e yb ole a) PRINCIPAL Sox or W. R. TAYLOR es py COLLECTION ie XS, ae xe 1951 Giex i Sy Pai arty crt pote Ketel pe ILerel en Leet Ke Gxe Se LeR Le GA TOR cn Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation https://archive.org/details/shortgrammarofgrO00robeuoft 4 A SHORT GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW THSTAMENT. Books by Prof. A. T. Robertson CRITICAL NOTES TO BROADUS’ HAR- MONY OF THE GOSPELS LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN A. BROADUS TEACHING OF JESUS CONCERNING GOD THE FATHER THE STUDENT'S CHRONCLOGICAL NEW TESTAMENT KEYWORDS IN THE TEACHING OF JESUS SYLLABUS FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDY EPOoCHS IN THE LIFE OF JESUS A SHORT GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT EPOCHS IN THE LIFE OF PAUL COMMENTARY ON MATTHEW JOHN THE LOYAL THE GLORY OF THE MINISTR\ ler Gra ReaAaes A SHORT GRAMMAR (opi) YNeos—— REEK NEW TESTAMENT FOR STUDENTS FAMILIAR WITH THE ELEMENTS OF GREEK —BY— - e ee Aes ROBERTSON, A. M.D. Di, EL. D:,; _ Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, LOUISVILLE, \¥- Kai ra BiBrAta, padriora tas peuBpavas.—2 Tim. 4:13. 523212 30 o- ol THIRD EDITION oe HODDER & STOUGHTON NEW YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1908, By A. T. ROBERTSON. — HOW Bo ROYALL. Dp. D:, PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN - WAKE FOREST COLLEGE TRUE GREEK AND TEACHER — ' PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. The reception of the “Short Grammar’’ has been more than satisfactory. The Italian Edition has now been in use for two years in the schools of Italy. The translation was made by Prof. G. Bonaccorsi of Florence, who has added valuable notes of hisown. The German Edition is from the press of J. C. Hin- richs’sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig. The translation was made by Prof. Dr. H. Stocks, Seminar-Oberlehrer in Cottbus. The Addenda et Corrigenda of this Third Edition were put at the service of Dr. Stocks. He has, besides, worked carefully over the whole book by way of revision and enlargement. In the earlier part of the volume Dr. Stocks has added much valuable illustration and reference to German works and thus he greatly — enhances the value of the volume for German students. The French Edition is now ready also. It comes from the press of M. Paul Geuthner, Paris, and the publisher advertises it as “‘la premiere grammaire en francais du Gree du N.T.” The work of translation has been happily performed by Prof. Dr. Edouard Montet, Rector of the University of Geneva. He has also had the use of the Addenda et Corrigenda of this Edition. The Dutch Edition is proceeding under the direction of Prof. Dr. H. Bavinck, of Amsterdam. A Spanish Edition is also in prepara- tion by Prof. John S. Cheavens, D.D., Saltillo, for use in Mexico. I have to acknowledge the very great kindness of Mr. H. Scott, of Birkenhead, England, who has verified every reference in the grammar, and has made many most valuable suggestions. Prof. Walter Petersen, Ph. D., of Lindsborg, Kansas, has also laid me under special obligation by most helpful hints on points of com- vii Vill PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION, parative philology. Rev. A. R. Bond, Th. D., of Marietta, Ga.. has offered useful suggestions concerning typographical points, Among others who have done me service I mention Rev. Prof. Samuel Dickey, D.D., of MeCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago, and Rey. Dr. Gross Alexander, Book Editor of the Methodist Book Concern, Nashville. Various hints from these scholars have been incorporated into the text here and there besides the list of Addenda et Corrigenda, the Additional Bibliography, and the considerable additions to Chapter VIII. I may add in conclusion that the large grammar on the scale of Winer is nearing completion, but that it is not meant to meet the demand supplied by this volume, which has, I trust, found its place of service. I hope to keep on improving each new edi- tion by the help of many friends to whom I already owe so much. It is a joy to know how eager men are in every land and in many tongues to know the Greek New Testament. A. T. ROBERTSON. Louisville, Ky., 1912. PREFACE. I have been a teacher of the Greek New Testament for twenty years and a student of Greek for thirty. But time is a poor meas- ure of one’s real interest in the Greek tongue if he is a Greek lover, a true Philhellene. This noble tongue contains no treasure comparable to the New Testament. We could much more easily give up Plato and Demosthenes than John and Paul. I count it a privilege and a joy to help young ministers to a right apprehen- sion of the Greek New Testament. At bottom exegesis is gram- matical. That is not all of exegesis, but it is the true beginning. A few years ago I published a little Syllabus of New Testament Greek Syntax for the use of one of the Greek classes here. The book was used in a number of other institutions also, I desire now to replace it by a more extensive and comprehensive discus- sion of the field of New Testament grammar and yet not one too long. During the years, in fact quite recently, I have received numerous requests for a New Testament grammar not so element- ary as Huddilston, Green, or Harper and Weidner, and yet not so minute and exhaustive as Winer, Blass, or Moulton. The man who has studied the old Greek does not wish to take up a primer, though he may not be ready for the more critical minutiz of a book like Winer. New Testament grammar is taught the last year in most of the colleges and is begun also the first year in the theological seminaries. It is just this definite and unoccupied field (the last year in college and the first in the seminary) that this Short Grammar seeks to enter. There is here an unfilled place in American educational method. I have written a number of chapters of a larger grammar of the Greek New Testament on the scale of Winer which I shall finish as rapidly as I can. ix x PREFACE, 3ut that need will also be met by Moulton’s New Grammar, of which the brilliant Prolegomena has already appeared, not to men- tion Blass’s able work also. Schmiedel and Schwyzer are likewise at work on a complete revision of Winer, a portion of which has appeared. Winer-Moulton and Winer-Thayer still have a sale and deserve it. Rademacher also has in hand a N. T. Grammatik. The prospect therefore is good for plenty of the larger grammars in the future. But this intermediate type of grammar is a practical necessity and an urgent one. Three types of New Testament grammars are needed: a beginner’s grammar for men who haye had no Greek training, an advanced and complete grammar for scholars and more critical seminary work, an intermediate handy working grammar for men familiar with the elements of Greek both in school and in the pastorate. The busy pastor needs the Short Grammar. The text of this Grammar is that of Westcott and Hort with constant use of Nestle and Tischendorf. It is a satisfaction to note how commonly the excellent critical text of Nestle agrees with that of Westcott and Hort. The plan of the present grammar is determined by the object in view. Condensation is practised as much as possible with clear- ness. The paradigms are not given, having been already acquired by the student, but brief discussions of the New Testament varia- tion in forms occur. Hadley and Allen’s Grammar or Goodwin’s Grammar can be used for review of the forms. There is little criti- cism of the views of different grammarians. The space is reserved chiefly for the positive presentation of the main points of New Testament grammar. The effort is made to put the chief facts in such a way as to enlist the interest of well prepared men who know Attic Greek. This grammar is written after much study of modern methods in philology and research. The author acknowledges his debt to Dr. Adolph Deissmann and Dr. J. Hope Moulton in particular who have inaugurated a new era in New Testament grammatical study. The results of modern study of comparative grammar, modern Greek, the inscriptions, the papyri, ete., are kept constantly in mind. I have not been able, for lack of space, to draw largely on PREFACE, xi these treasures by way of illustration. But my interest in the new method of grammatical study goes back to the days when I first heard John A. Broadus, ‘‘vir doctissimus’’ (Gregory, Prolegom- ena, Vol. III., Nov. Test. Graece, p. 1266), teach New Testament Greek from the point of view of comparative philology. He so taught it because of his work with Gessner Harrison, of the Uni- versity of Virginia, who was lecturing on Bopp’s ideas when they were novelties in America. I owe more to that impulse than to all else. For ten years I have been planning a Greek New Testament Grammar, and now I send this one forth as a commission in a sense from my great predecessor here. I cannot hope to have made no errors. I have said what I saw and have not hesitated to put things differently from the current grammars if truth led me on. I shall appreciate notice of errata for future editions or suggestions that will make the book more useful for the purposes had in view. I call this A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament rather than of New Testament Greek. We can no longer treat the Greek of the New Tesiament as a dialect or a patois or least of all asa sacred language unlike anything else on earth. It is merely the vernacular xow% of the first century A. D. written by men of varied culture, but all touched by the Spirit of Christ and familiar with the LXX. Greek and most of them show knowledge of the Aramaic of the time. Most of the writers were Jews. But it is not Hebrew Greek. It is the Greek of a group of books, not a separate dialect. I cannot recount here my obligations to the many writers whose works I have consulted. In the larger grammar detailed acknovwl- edgment will be made on every page, but here I must content my- self with a general statement. Where it seemed necessary I have taken pains to mention afew authors by name. I shall never forget some months in 1905 spent among the grammatical treasures of the Bodleian Library of Oxford and later in the British Museum nor the many courtesies I received. But this grammar does not claim to be wholly original. If it were, it would not be true. And yet I hold no one else responsible for the views expressed in it. It will not be in vain if students can by this means be led into xu PREPACE, a fuller and deeper knowledge of the riches of Christ. Tatra pedéra, év tovros to6e.—I. Tim. 4:15. A. T. ROBERTSON. Louisville, Ky., 1908. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. It is only seven months since the first edition of this Grammaa came from the press. It is now the text-book in many American institutions of learning and many more will introduce it in the Autumn. It is published in Great Britain by Hodder & Stough- ton. An Italian translation is in process of publication from the press of Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Florence. Scholars of the first rank in many parts of the world have welcomed the book as filling a long felt want. The errata especially in the Bibliography were more numerous than ought to have been the case. I gratefully acknowledge sug- gestions of this nature from Rey. Prof. H. A. Kennedy, D. D., of Toronto, Rev. Prof. J. H. Farmer, D. D., of Toronto, Rey. Prot: Alexander Souter, D. D., of Oxford, Rev. George Milligan, D. D., of Murthly, Scotland, Rey. Prof. Ebrard Nestle, D. D., of Maul- bronn, Germany, Rey. Prof. A. Debrunner, Germany, Rey. Prof. B. C. Deweese, of Lexington, Ky., Rev. J. C. C. Dunford and tey. Prof. W. O. Carver, D. D., of Louisville. I have tried to free this edition from errors, but I do not claim perfection. I shall still welcome notice of further errata for future editions. The general plan of the Short Grammar imposes upon it neces- sary limitations which are clearly recognized by critics. The structure of the work is justified by the purpose in view. Some minor changes occur in this edition. I take this occasion to salute with best wishes all toilers in the sphere of New Testament Grammar. May, 1909. A. T. ROBERTSON. Since completion of the plates for this edition, arrangements have been made for a German edition of the Grammar. A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Abbott, Johannine Vocabulary (1905). Abbott, Johannine Grammar (1906). Bevier, Brief Greek Syntax. Blass, Philology of the Gospels (1898). Blass, Grammar of New Testament Greek (1905). See also Kuehner-Blass. Boatti, Grammatica del greeo de] Nuevo Testamento (1908). Boisaeq, Les dialectes doriens (1891). Brugmann, Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik (1892, 1901). Brugmann, Griechische Grammatik (1900). Brugmann, Comparative Grammar (Wright’s tr., 5 vols., 1895). Brugmann, Kurze Vergleichende Grammatik der Indo-german- ischen Sprachen (1904). Burton, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of New Testament Greek (1893). Buttmann, Grammar of New Testament Greek (1880). Cary, Introduction to New Testament Greek. Claflin, Syntax of Boeotian Dialect Inscriptions (1905). Clapperton, First Steps in New Testament Greek. Clyde, Greek Syntax (1876). Conybeare and Stock, Selections from the LX X. with Grammar (1905). Croenert, Memoria Graeca Herculanensis (1903). Cremer, Biblico-Theological Lexicon of N. T. Greek (1892). Curtius, Greek Etymology (1886). Dalman, The Words of Jesus (1902). Dalman, Grammatik des juedisch-palastinischen Aramaisch (1895). xiii XiV A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY, Deissmann, Bible Studies (1901). Deissmann, Licht vom Osten (1908). Deissmann, New Light on the New Testament (1907). Deissmann, Philology of the Greek Bible (1908). Delbrueck, Die Grundlagen der Griechischen Syntax (1879). Delbrueck, The Study of Language (1882). Delbrueck, Vergl. Syntax d. indog. Sprachen (1893-1900). Dieterich, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Griechischen Sprache (1898). Donaldson, New Cratylus (1859). Farrar, Greek Syntax (1876). Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek, Part I. (1900). Part II (1911). Giles, A Short Manual of Comparative Philology (1901). Goodwin, Greek Grammar (1894). Goodwin, Greek Moods and Tenses (1889). Green, Handbook of the Grammar of the Greek New Testament (1904). Gregory, Prolegomena. ‘Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Graece (1894). Hadley and Allen, Greek Grammar (1895). Harper and Weidner, Introductory New Testament Greek Method (1888). Harrison, Greek Prepositions (1858). Hatch, Essays in Biblical Greek (1892). Hatzidakis, Einleitung in die Neugriechische Grammatik (1902) Heine, Synonomik des Neutestamentlichen Griechisch (1898). Heinrici, Der litterarische Charakter der neutest. Schriften (1908). Helbing, Grammatik der Septuaginta. Laut- und Wortlehre. (1907). Hirt, Handbuch der Greichischen Laut-und Formenlehre (1902) Hoffmann, Die Griechischen Dialekte (1891-1898). Hoole, Classical Element in the N. T. (1888). Hort, Appendix (Vol. II.) to Greek N. T A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY. XV Huddilston, Essentials of New Testament Greek. Jannaris, Historical Greek Grammar (1897). Kennedy, Sources of New Testament Greek (1895). King and Cookson, Principles of Sound and Inflexion, ete. (1888). Kroll, Geschichte der Klassischen Philologie (1908). Kuehner-Blass, Ausfuehrliche Grammatik Erste Teil 2 Bde (1890, 1892). Kuehner-Gerth, Ausfuehrliche Grammatik Zweite Teil 2 Bde, (1898, 1904). Mayser, Grammatik der Griechischen Papyri. Laut- and Wort- lehre (1906). Meillet, Introduction a |’ ‘Etude Comparative des Langues Indo- européennes (1908). Meister, Die Griechischen Dialekte (1882, 1889). Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften (1900). Meltzer, Griechische Grammatik: Bd. I., Formenlehre; Bd. IL., Bedeutungslehre und Syntax. Meyer, Jesu Muttersprache (1896). Monro, Homeric Grammar (1891). Moulton (J. H.), Grammatical Notes in Expositor (1901), and Classical Review (1901, 1904); Characteristics of N. T. Greek, Expositor (1904). Moulton and Milligan, Lexical Notes on the Papyri, Expositor (1908, ——). Moulton (J. H.), Introduction to N. T. Greek. Moulton, Prolegomena to Grammar of N. T. Greek, third edition (1908). Moulton (J. H.), The Science of Language (1903). Moulton (W. F.) and Geden, Concordance to the Greek Testa- ment (1897). Mueller, Historische Grammatik der MHellenischen Sprache (1891). Mutzbauer, Die Grundbedeutung des Konjunktiv und Optativ -und ihre Entwicklung im Griechischen (1908). XVI A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nachmanson, Laute und Formen der Magnetischen Insehriften (1903). Nigeli, Der Wortschatz des Apostels Paulus (1907). Nestle, Novum Testamentum Graece (1906). Oertel, Five Linguistie Lectures (1901). Pallis, H NEA AIAO@HKH (1902). Preuschen, Vollstiindiges griechisch-deutsches Handwoérterbuch zu den Sehriften des Neuen Testaments und der tibrigen urchristlichen Literatur (1908, ——). Reinhold, De Graecitate Patrum Apostolicorum, ete. (1898). Riemann et Goelzer, Grammaire Comparée du Gree et du Latin (1897, 1901). Rutherford, The New Phrynichus (1881). Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship, Vols. I, II, IIL (1906, 1908). Sayce, Principles of Comparative Philology. Schleicher, Vergleichende Grammatik (1876). Schmid, Der Atticismus, ete., 4 Bde (1889-1897). Schwyzer, Grammatik der Pergamenischen Insehriften (1898). Simeox, Language of the New Testament (1890). Simeox, The Writers of the New Testament. Smyth (H. W.), The Greek Dialects (1894). The Tonie. Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Period (1870). Stahl, Kritisch- historische Syntax des griechischen Verbums (1907). Sterrett, Homer’s Iliad (1907). Excellent sketch of the Dialect of Homer. Sweet, History of Language (1900). Swete, Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (1900). Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1887). Thieme, Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander und das Neue Testament (1906). Thompson, A Greek Grammar for Schools. New edition (1907). Thompson, The Greek Tenses in the New Testament (1895). A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY. XV Thumb, Die Griechische Sprache im Zeitalter des Hellenismus (1901). Thumb, Handbuch der Neugriechischen Volksprache (1895). Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Graece. 2 Vols. Editio octava (1869, 1872). Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament (1890). Vincent and Dickson, Handbook of Modern Greek (1887). Viteau, ‘Etude sur la Gree du Nouveau Testament (Le Verbe, 1893; Sujet, 1896). Voelker, Syntax d. Gr. Papyri, I. (1903). Votaw, The Use of the Infinitive in Biblical Greek (1896). Wackernagel, Die Griechische Sprache (Die Kultur der Gegen- wart. Teil 1, Abt. 8, 1897). Wellhausen, Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien (1905). Westcott and Hort, Greek New Testament. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar (1891). Winer-Moulton, many editions. Winer-Schmiedel (and Schwyzer), only partly done. Winer-Thayer, many editions. The various editions of the Greek papyri and many of the in- scriptions can be consulted in the various libraries in America and abroad. The library of this institution has a pretty full set of this ever growing line of books. The titles of the most important editions of inscriptions and papyri are given here:. Archiv ftir Papyrus forschung, Wilcken. Audollent, Defixionum Tabellae (1904). British Museum Papvri, F. G. Kenyon, (1893, 1898). Cauer, Delectus inscriptionum Graecarum (1883). Cooke, North Semitic Inscriptions (1903). Corpus Papyrorum Raineri (1895). Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (2 vols., 1893). Florence Papyri (1905). Gaertingen und Paton, Inscriptiones Maris Aegaei (1903, 1908). XVill A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY, Geneva Papyri (1896, 1900). Goodspeed, Greek Papyri from the Cairo Museum (1902). Grenfell and Hunt, Amherst Papyri (1901, 1905). Grenfell and Hunt, Fayum Towns and their Papyri (1900), Grenfeli and Hunt, Hibeh Papyri (1906). Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynechus Papyri (1898, Grenfell and Hunt, Tebtunis Papyri (1901, ——). Griechische Urkunden (Berlin Papyri, 1895, ie Hicks and Hill, Greek Historical Inseriptions (1901). Inseriptiones Graecae (Berlin) run from 1873 to 1908, XIV Vols. Kern, Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander (1900). Letronne, Recueil des inscriptions grecques et latines de ]’ ‘Egypte (1882). Mahaffy, Petrie Papyri (1891). Michel, Recueil d’ inscriptions greeques (1900). Paris Papyri (1865). Paton and Hicks, Inscriptions of Cos (1891). Solmsen, Inseriptiones Graeeae (1905). Turin Papyri (1826). For further list see Moulton, Prolegomena, p. 251 ff.; Mayser, Grammatik d. griech-Pap., S. vii. ff. Hr: ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THIRD EDITION Angus, Modern Methods in N. T. Philology (Harvard Theol. Review, Oct. 1909); The xowy, the Language of the New Testament (Princeton Theol. Review, Jan., 1910). Buck, Greek Dialects (1910). Cremer, Biblisch-theologisches Worterbuch (1902). Deissmann, Neue Britische Sept.—Arbeiten (Neue J., 1909). Deissmann, Die Urgeschichte des Christentums im Lichte der Sprachforschung (Int. Wochenschrift, Oktober, 1909). Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East (1910). Dieterich, Die prapos. Prifixe ind. griech. Sprachentwicklung (Indog. Forsch., Marz, 1909). Harnack, Sayings of Jesus (1908). Harnack, Acts of the Apostles (1909). Hawkins, Horae Synopticae (2nd Ed., 1909.) Milligan, Selections from the Greek Papyri (1910). Moulton— Dieterich, Einleitung in die Sprache des Neuen Test- aments (1911). Petersen, Greek Diminutives in -ION. A Study in Semantics (1910). Psichari, Essai sur le grec de la Septante (1908). Rademacher, Neutestamentliche Grammatik (1911). Robertson-Bonaccorsi, Breve Grammatica del Nuovo Testa- mento greco (1909). Robertson-Montet, Grammaire du grec du Nouveau Testament (1911). Robertson-Stocks, Kurzgefasste Grammatik des Neutestament- lichen Griechisch mit Berucksicktigung der Ergebnisse der xix XX ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THIRD EDITION, Vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft und der KOINH-For- schung (1911). Souter, Novum Testamentum Graece (1910). Thackeray, Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek. Vol. I (1909). Thomson, The Language of Palestine during the Time of Our Lord. Thumb, Prinzipienfragen der Koiné-Forschung (Neue Jahrb., 1906). Thumb, Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte (1909). Thumb—Angus; Handbook o: the Modern Greek Vernacular (1912). Wilcken, Die Forschungen uber die hellenistiche Sprache in den Jabren 1902-1904. TABLE OF CONTENTS. aera MLE EOP CEOL VI pele eit anche, oineo' se. e\'aje + vie) ei'ey4/'6 ale lav erele ioe: wieialle {opene/s =" 2 Chapter I.—The Modern Method of Linguistic Study ................ 3 Ino mOMimconttastedeamithy the New, eieelerj- i) 1 eis eicies tere 3 PeeVOlULIOnNALye principle. of language) 2)... oe ee 3 SARE Kat Len UN aa etatota thay etetntes cia iajois slave siete" sis s. ois/sistelcusisis f= wie cists 3 AmeOverremphasisyon the) literary, Attic! -. 00.0... - sce 4 OTICOMOLme CNG OT AMIMALIANfoyeeyelclclol eine) sie cite ier ete ratchet ore 4 G, INK@. Crass EuBNNGhOIME Sooacocccoocs duoddeucocauopue GGUS 4 Chapter II.—What is the Greek of the New Testament .............. 5 il, Whe jipyyast GINO 5 ppokncoopso6coccONoOuCONDoGNCUSID 5 PN GWaehestament minathes vernacular g).s. cielleilellerel-releare oil: 5 3. Backward light from Modern Greek vernacular ...........- 5 4, The literary and the vernacular xowy ........---------- ceo G pam thewkoryy and the older Greek ...-./.2...-.-2226+- +s 5°: 6 6. Greek of the New Testament not translation Greek, not as a MmUD.5- 6 Sodeae coe adoponD ods Comcmoic bon Upcaspmaaocooon DS 6 Mem tlie se Serniies TUNES, (a sioce oa ches) «0101 6) ole) = aioe ie] siete shale eielerein ash 6 S aNn@. Iphain simile oo55g00a000ccous00o0bDGd oD DGoGDeS args ud Pane LOhristian COntribUtlON a... < «1.15 0 = elvc/-lelaie tie erelele ol) axe 7 OMe divadnale characteristics r.-1y-l ls -)-)ecl ieee tekelta a leer: IUL— =O soeceogeuaace soe oodoUDoDDoOd Dao cobdon Ad oa sDoOUNC 9 Chapter ITI.—Orthography, Accent, Pronunciation, Punctuation ....... 11 Heme ORCENOP TAD cre rs) tein 'o sais p+ 6016 0 Foie svere = Wie wie wisaeie we © i=in w =i iH (a) Difficulties of external evidence ................-- 11 Cea) LRRD pee REE Benes nisina dae aoraaee ca ces oe 80% 11 (G}) : DONT es SAA eerie reerins oo Scsos neo o Seca bod Scorn 12 (aD) 0" COANE eee eee tel ir Ora eS ics aio Oly cn.ore Oka Rao 12 (le (Cen iArG TON ARR eB Renate oocne dno gasainUen OGccud 12 CE) atone brea Linn pyc .reie mck ele = eleva etna ia 12 (a) Prothetie vowel 2 trem «ay te perr~ tao = oc) leah lo oi 12 Gi) Nee EFOPEE QMAIICS! veers misters tela eee oe Ve (ate tatekiefehteters tote 12 (yp peltelp from’ papy hl | cicecrei cee nei ete sielota ete reheat 12 xxi XXii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Biss s- CCON by 5 cre cic ovsiai'ei custo: Gia's ove hopeny te olepotey es odeve le eTeTe- Toe Ck aetna a le} (a) “Qld -scornof accent) << sac < «5 cinerea en 15 (bh) Evidence: of ‘accent: 2.20... jo. sutton eee 13 (ce) Origin, of vaccent, .. 00. aoa. sin ot Sree 13 (dq) Significance (ob accent; Sac..).)- - 1s) -eeenei eee 14 (ec): New, Testament. situation, {7:20.02 a. cee eee 14 Se “Pronunciation: 2 isi t veieleuede se avepontss set cree ete ae eee 14 (a) Onigin’ of motlern theory, ences cre ae cceiere ean 14 (b) Erasmus ‘partly right and partly wrong ........... 15 4.. Prmnetuation: occ feeteserecinecrc tt sielotmes eee oe eee ene 15 Chapter LV.—=The Declension' of Substantives +)1..-..1-7-) ele eee 17 1. The history of the Greek declensions! 3. ..22.5-2-)- 55ers ily) (a) .Three-declensions +. 24...2.4).0 5.56 be eee 17 Cb) -Metaplasm: 3%, i)).)5)5,52:iclerau cnet sobeYo.o heres Ck eee Wy (ec) Blentline of (case-forms) e-store 18 2. special forms) in’ the first declension) .)-25 7 eels (a), Tontesand Doric genitives! erry eee 18 (b) Nominative singular’. 232235. %2 2. eee ee ee 18 (e)). Woeative: e022 54 2 wie ia Gitioneictes 2) hee eee ee 18 (d) History of genitive-ablative endings .............. 19 (e) Locative, dative, instrumental endings ............. 19 (i) eAtccusativesendine sirsrciscie iret EM OO bon 19 3. Special forms of the second declension .................... 20 (a) ‘So-ealled) Attic ‘declenston) ~e riya eee eee 20 (b)' (eds AS! VOCALIVE® ois aim yee so crsiciel ct tenet ee een 2 (€) "Tnoods +e eee eee e etc ee ee eee tence eben 20 (d) Contraction’ and “heteroclisis) aos. <i 20 (e) Distinctive forms in this declension ............... 20 4, Special forms of the third declension .........-...-2505.5 21 (a) Vocativess cmc S eco sals_ oie 4 tes ste ee 21 (b) Aveetsative | 5 :ic.2 a ivretets cele sn ctets otek ae 21 (c) Genitive-ablative forms, .. 2. 2.0.0.0... .« nen 22 (d) ‘Nominative’ forms) yee ciecreeaele ctor reuters 23 (e) Loeative, instrumental, dative ..............-...-- 23 5. Number im: substantives: 22.0 <i. c cre ojelsi<folene sieve torr eee 23 (a) Whe dual 5 0522: 2% s.. wee. ols wine eters ae et ea 23 (b) Words with one number only ..............+-.-..-: 23 (c) Neuter plurals and the verb ...:-....-.5.02ss0s55- 24 6. Gender of substantives: 2 .\././ic 2210 cle ce areleet ieee 24 (a) Proper mames: 22. sytccc coc 12ers oer sonora tenne 24 (b) -Natural and grammatical gender ................-. 24 (c) New Testament usage ..... HOA OD EOOCUS OD atG. + 24 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XX111 papier ve— lhe Declension of Adjectives ....--.-...-2-.--- eee snes 25 Mee Ene MOnivine OL ead JeCULVES |. cle cisiwiisiiss \cfels acct = stages see 20 (a) Line between substantive and adjective ........... 20 (b) Sanskrit adjectives with one ending .............. 25 (ec) Adjective variations from substantive ............ 25 (d) Specialize one use of substantives ................ 25 2, “Wag Ceesrsiain Che MCheenhe) oosoadcedneosueoos0loo0bOuUoG 26 (ey) NALS he ay IIc ae bi aoinoe SOA en eacc Geen IOee 26 Goya Wathetworsetsrob endIMgOSs=. 2... 22sec cet e ee es 26 (ym Wised@ only With tWOn so... -/iccne ce societies cee nace 26 (ch) peelDrop Ped mOner eccrine es oe nse yes « Sei wee 26 Coypuowithethreevendings!...- 75. -2-ses.e +. de-stress 26 (a) Compoundmadjectives: 2-20. 22+ --25----- Svs sh sits Petes 26 (=) Participle endings, 3: 3--.2----- 4-2 +-+ 22. - meee 26 Gi) wNew Testament usage! 2.0. 22 ewe eee ns we ie 26 Sethe comparison of adjectives ..-.-..---+-- 21-6. - +s sense Path (a) Comparison without suffixes ...............-.....- 27 (U5))) INDE GHtb GES. Sank o cea ono Conner ar ona oarceecc aor 27 (ce) Use of suffixes in the New Testament ...........-- 27 (d) * Double comparative ........-------- ees eee eee eee 27 Ce) Pee EMO ANGVCTIOS) (ace). lone sie ei cine wee eee ene 27 (f) Elative superlative in the New Testament ........- 27 WepmeDevices siSed jac). Joos eee 2 22 2-1 win cussion = ale ain 27 AeeeAdyectival numerals) ..0.......- + -0 22sec eee ee ee ote eee 28 (a) Tecoapes, CECE eee ic lolatel cacois ee ce tekererhoieters 28 (b) First cardinal numbers ..........--+++--+--+--> 28 Meymether ordinals. ec... cise ee one me Sn ie 28 Chapter VI.—The Declension of Pronouns .......---+-++-++-+++0++00+ 29 il, IPRomqnmineil OS souugeooonoeueouo Go codduCo cpm oo oDOoU OOK 29 (a) “Separate roots ......:-.--.- +--+ on see ete ce 29 (b) Relation to verbs (endings) aes orcas resion OOF 29 (ec) Originally demonstrative ........---+.+++sesse+- 29 2. Brief sketch of pronominal forms ........------+++-++++++> 29 (a) First and second persons .......-+.++-+++s+++++05 29 @a)) Phird= person’... <. -< 2- ie 22 2 ee ein ei es 30 (@), POSSESSIVE 2.22. 5 oc oe Set ool tenet nt tee eee 30 (de Reflexive v.72 62 20.0. 20 waitin ie ei 30 (e) Demonstrative. ....----+.----2-ses eerste reece 30 (GO) TREE Buss accor once auese Deo. Fonseca soon Oar 31 (gz) Interrogative. ..-..-. ee sees sere eee t eee cree eees 31 (h) Reciprocal. .......eee eee e secre ec eree eee e cece 31 XXiV TABLE OF CONTENTS, Chapter VITI.—The Conjugation of the Verb) =: 22, seve nce enero 32 I. Relation of verb: forms and: noun) forms) .. 24.52 eee 32 (a) Roots’ and-stemsg) 2155.22.04 <ccle + o(syslcte ene 32 Cb) Verbal. suffixes: ccf... cisicrevscete e win aoscfe Sie eee 32 (ce) Verbal! <substantives) -2.49..s1c< = in cian erent 32 (da) “Verbal adjectives: 222). syeyeareis «ys sues ots te nee 32 (e) New Testament, forms; [oest.m «ccm cicleras erento 33 2.. The building of the werb 2. s\.5...50h+ 11 ei eles ene nO 33 (a) Dhetmain*s word of the sentence.) ..1 as) 33 (b) Original roots neither verb nor substantive ........ 33 (ec) Amalysis of, the ‘verb: «co.cc som cee Soe eee 33 (qd) Relation’ of ‘suffixes to theme) ...- +n eee 34 ‘(e) Disappearance of jc ‘verbs: -2. 20... a. eee 34 Se - The: tenses). ss. cl ssc 85 sielis ote 20 oc cue sin eter ree td eee 34 (a); “Phe: AOristy 2 .2)..Sire ors taya cere tayo eustels kel any sic vet iene 34 (b): “Lhe present-tense systems <2...) --s reir) leroney olen enceaes 35 (c) The future system: 3 2.55...5 5 s.i0)) och een eee oni (ad) The perfect: system: \.27.0 22). each ee eee 38 (e)> “Reduplication 2) 2 ee cl cas = ci Sloe ee eee ee 40 (f) Augments) fes62c Sc chcne Soe «pppoe ti eons 40 4, The Modes) oa ce ciclo via oeoaiarel eves eyelet sok yee en 41 (a), Dhe. indicative. ccc. /cccctelne 2 etch oe eee ee 41 (b) Lhe snbyunetive seer eee 7 Seis Bee 41 (ec) The -optative: <2... ..0<):ys.g. he sine 9-00 ae ee eee 42 (d)| The- imperative: co .5 22-1 min - ycia- eee nee Ad B.. Whe -WoiceS: ssi. aire a8 sorere ove eee oe ers ees oe ee 45 (a) The; active 25 ......)5 22 oleac scious lots one 45 (b). “Whe middle. 2c. cre cele lore ets etsee oer ane 45 (e@). “The: passive! ©. <1. cis: 5, syecrcteks te tekeke ro. oi eer 46 Chapter VIII.—Principal Parts of Some Important Verbs .......... 48-56 Chapter IX.—The Formation* of Words in the New Testament ........ 57 1 The vhistorysof Greeks wOndSpee aan oon eee 57 2. The kinship of Greek words with each other ............-.. 57 3. The contrasts im Greek words 22.) )5) 6 <)sco ste ote 1 wo) 2) 58 4. Compound! swords) 2% <fitic ce cise oe iss oleae ein eee ae 59 5. ‘ight. from’ other tongues’. ..0 22.20.0509 cna) oer 6. New Testament developments ....... h00520+- «6s seer 60 Part TTD. Symbax. -ujolscie whee oiale sis lacstsictshe ober o.cyoin ee te ea et eae 61 Ohapter X.—The» Sentence ©. 25-2, cits crete! <)ie ope le ai ore denen one eee en ee 63 1. Definitions) .. 2.0. ¢ eyscievapasie date fe se ane rT eee ee 63 2, Subject as center of group of words) ps. ails iste tenes 63 GOS es (2) S-) ¥2 eH = Chapter TI ot gy po G> Go) on TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXV eredicaberaSmcenbers Of oro upm ot WOLUS et iepsle eca tet ele) ove er etoell6 63 IPRACMGENe) BiG! CoE, soocoonsbcobo och ec ucuounauc baoGodeO 63 At PosiiiouwiAth subject and predicates somes sec). 63 Number amesubject. and predicate 22:5... a «ce tres oeie - 205 63 Gender with substantives and adjectives .................. 64 CASe Timea PO OSIETONG rcyor oie) sie ele ciel evesstekoreretshey-t ers Jousie = ratevore) oles 64 SUM Eman da COMPOUMAE vite). tcporelsishe eevee leases eiemieher tase oes 64 Wiordssclauses, sentences, parderaphs =... .5-.-5.00--4-< 6. 64 Na Substantive Adjective, Adverby ©: see ce © olor leler 65 ari smolts peCeCheTelabed srerers.s seis sickens Sere icasiors custo isle = Siejeanis 65 lementsg Ot See Chimie sreile. Seco stare aus ics acid cl yeas Gist aie selva els oes oe 65 (Orel tee a] COL CS Meretas shseve ar secs ieqsieutied= ores Gps <lisid fer wictie Senaiere 65 Atdiectivier ie Gneeke. -lyaoen lsc ties ae Selec see Mince es sees os 66 Wredicateworpattributive adjeebive! acces 6 oe ewes + a cr 66 linirequencya Ostheusuperlative ciscc-c sve ees ol 65 ECC CEIV CM AS ma CLVCL DY) matey clevsyems e1s eve rele nase aiaiw Rha eierece) «)eiscneyeya 9.6 66 AG eCHIVe MVM OU SMOSEANEIVES! yl. ceteris. ieee id= aries sore 66 Adjectives with the infinitive and with various eases ....... 66 (CASES MOlmea (ive OS am treyerjicioralcrevers (lic airdelslsucvotsh sh etslsi a -valora@is sisi eis ote 67 ACUTE US MAS Ma PLEPOSIULOMS! cps) i-\i-)c1ch; (eis isis) s1o1ste1eiste\ she averein 4 efelate 67 MME MAT CLO pAWHL MAC VETIOS! «crete c.02) ois 7eseldyshevsr ais neiole daeiev eevee oils 67 PNG CU Dial UEASES rye 6 sie) sicie eis !evsiis oo .cis sols) o1 st6/afersi's sis,si ete. Seer 67 AVIMGGLVEl PRNRRCHDGED 5 6 po pepo Boe op OOouG dooucds ctoGeador 67 Comparison and composition of adverbs ................4- 67 SUL =e. JNRACIE 6 bGo'5 66 GO eet OREIGCRe co oie CeIn nIOICOoIoa cic 68 emo etinitevarhiel eimeyGreeks ¢ sc sc ae) ee scielsicleleloel-l els 68 ivemoniaine othe definiteranrticles = et c.> sede + ac seisers seis 68 iemmeanin como tether article rar fess eis) lee Gicies os clo alle wie cleo ete) cle 69 (a) Individual objects from other individuals .......... 7 Oi) melassesitrom! other Classes) =|... silencio ees = lee el 70 @e Oualiitesseronmother qualities sem serie ere if Winger ang) erdri@le mis) eal Gate Gogesnscocseucoscodobauceusud 7 WWinem, Wag sinmele a6) ingin WEE Gocoso coco cdooonccudcououccNS 72 SOMemspecialmusesmotet nen AnuICLe pri sperckenseeneieiialceiercielel beliele 73 (2) me nem correlation sot the wartiCle weer trreser-leltatelrecrl te (b)ethesarticlenwathyattrilombivesierrce rrp aletleiielrliet- 73 (Gi) AN@HBGRES co cogvonc0dosauussgbemoDcocUUdEC 73 (2) WH PME Bodocasvoecoun ueoodoudseoc 73 (3) eeeWathwadjunets tae seus opto ete te oii he iers 7 @)eewherrepetitionwotethe articlesanrm cere tecietr ier 74 G) ee the! article witht predicates: < cere ner ere as. oe 75 XXV1 TABLE OF CONTENTS, (e) ‘The article with proper names ..........5.Jee. 00% 75 (f) The article with pronouns” <. <= 22.0 76 (g) The article with was -.......<.0..5 cape 76 (h) The article with pecos +... ..<so0 ene es eee Pe i (i) The article with the nominative as vocative ...:.... 77 Chapter: XTTT—Pronouns: oo .¥.0)6 0.0 6:00 artynraiers erejeleie x =e cgrateie koe ee 78 1. What is the pronoun?’ .. 2.2. 2 a2 io ee ee 78 2. Persistence; of pronouns .5)6-..eie siete oe ie eee 78 So WMphasis yo... Va swey oa sw wore col tele ca eee 78 4. Aros in predicate 2... 22.055 Lees cb ee 79 Ds BOsttion: 2... 265 Ss aiars. Se oe Sete si chele oes ce Aen PL 79 G.. (OMISSION “iF sie Species isis epeieks sdoee stiles tot ee fi @ Third ‘personal pronoun’ | 2. 2 .%~ 2 .j201s,.'0s | 79 8. The reflexive <1. <Sdicst th ewics cnc at nels bee 79 9:. .Possessive. 6 Sede sreie's fait infe or tiwcae'o oeteim ats seats een ee 80 10... Demonstrative... 2. Sete no y+ cin 80 VA. Relative. esc cosets cota Ses » estos ae er 81 12. Correlative pronouns -% <2. es. oc. m ose eee 82 13: ‘The indefinite*pronoun’ 2... 2.%2e fees eee 82 14. The interrogative, pronouns: <<...) ©. 421 ee 83 15.. Reciprocal pronouns. ..).%.ic.2.)c1)-.< e120 85 16. Alternative expressions). .\-13- - se - ee eai i» be ciate Cee eee 85 Chapter XTV— ~The: Cases ix.is!-) <)s.6 sys «eres e's) ace easy steele ee ei ee ee 86 J. Cases\in the Indo-germanic tongues’ 26) oe eens 86 (a) Hight cases in the: Sanskwit <7. 2c. 7 =e 86 (b) ‘Varied ‘history, of the eight cases * 22 -1-)- 1 etree 86 (c) “Sanskrit ‘case endings -.5-4 2). scree 87 2. ‘The: origin and’ usevo£ the! cases \i-setes ters) 88 (a), Thefword ‘case. 2.) seaiec oe te oe eee 88 (b): - Objectof£ ‘cases 2-05 eieeck- ee eee to SPR 88 (ec) Origin of the use of prepositions with the cases .... 88 (d) ‘Blending case forms) 225 .. ~ -cnts cielo <i foil 88 (e) Distinctive idea of the cases retained ............. 89 (f) Origin: of the case endings) -.03 32045. - 4 eee 89 (g) Interchange of cases .-...0. 05.00. cence eee 89 3,. The» Mominative < «<j csccisrsseciels este (ol states hat ee 90 (a) Boing oo ohe's 05 oie ere len oes eeeenely (oleae = shee 90 (b) Original use not subject -~... 2.2.0 6220-0 90 (ec) Properly appositional ................-.«-- php sane 90 (d) In apposition with other cases ........+..:s6-.08 90 (e) Nominative independent ..-4....-5..--...ss0+ 050s 91 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXVIi PU OMRVOGALV Gu wat- St islets Sates ai he he ia ce afl sicues wisi ao cie wielive bs 91 (a) ee CaSerio ferad dress scene. ayts cere cite ce ciel nee a avec 91 Cae byttseles Or with Oi. ae sacer 2aeee caw Sie ces 91 EPO Te! TOLMS! G s-.0.5 sicleee alice Kine os Soka! o.5 91 Ka) e the article with the ‘vocative .. 5: is. 25.28. .06.0% 92 jee putereally VOCatives: <<. cote satis. (Ch) With verbs” ccc 5 en ccc 00s tee cre eee enna 102 (1) Predicate genitive <... 1:. 0. eee 102 (2) ‘Verbs’ of ‘sensation -....5...-encce eon 102 (3) -Werbs of anxiety <.... ... c. Scmtcw scien enenets 103 (4) Verbs of more objective meaning ........... 103 (5): -Genitive absolutes 2.02... <e 2 neigh eee 1038 fT. The ablativecccs. x csc 00s cre siciee's o/6,010/0) Oboe. oteiene te teaen mene 104 (a) The case of separation or source <- -.3 eit 104 (b) Ablative: with adjectives: .. <6. clei eenonere 104 (c) With adverbs and prepositions ...........ss.sscas 105 (d), Wath’ “verbs. t.) foi... cies ciove ofe rc ciate sole 105 8. The locative co. 52s tips oo. foie cts © sieieletere locke ane eeenen 105 (a) Space 2 sce 5 oe oe ce wee petelore oleae aetna 106 (DB): Rimes Scones i ec ose eye che oye clolels egeber kote ene 107 (ec) Without and ‘with €y sic c6 oa. ocicier eater emer 107 (ad) ‘With: other” prepositions) (3-101 1-- eee 107 (e) Pregnant construction of éy and €is ...........- 108 9: ‘The: instrumental (case 27.)..< <1 cteleo.s © cielo clone) ote 108 (a) ‘Expressions of time! <2.) ctreieiel =) ete eet ee 109 (b) Association or accompaniment .................... 109 (ec) Words of likeness « .. 2... .6...i5. suo eee eee 109 (Cd) Manner’ 5. 25,520,500 sate 2 ress 2 opener 109 (e) Canse-or ground ....< 02022 cecn. «0 nee 110 (£) Means. or, instrument ~~.5.7.- ..4--ee ee eee 110 (g)= Measure: o- ..cicve cc oeyascie atein o/n1= hol etal = eee 110 (h)) Iwo prepositions: with) <2). <).c-t retell 110 10.. The dative 2. c<c cre wenn tice sr eels 1s oe iblit (a) Indireet object’ of verbs .. <<)... 24) 4-7 ee 112 (b) Direet’ object of some verbs .........)..ueeoepiie 112 (e) With. intransitive verbs..........2 >... cee 112 (d). Possession 2 2fiieiepelins) torus ee vere atten ee 112 (e) Bthieal dative: 25 < caicn veces steele ile ee 112 (f) Dative of the agent :.).)0 << ol -- core sl teen 113 (g) With substantives: 2 .2...--% ort. tei1- sence ee 113 (h) dnfinitives im the dative 2. oc... secures 113 (i) Sometimes the ease is ambiguous ................. 113 Chapter XV.— Prepositions. -. 0 cnc seas © qnivinyn oy etry role = tele ee 115 1.. Reasons for use Of 22 2.5 2 aeie cles sine ole) ele o1¥)- tape ene 115 2. What are prepositions: 22. 02/e(50 fe 6 es nlne)e ele = + ole ig ee ae 115 3. So-called improper prepositions .........-.+--++-e+eeeeee 116 4, Cases with prepositions <. 2)... < cose = <2 3 co © se aes ee 117 5; Proper method of studying -:-..-..22\.2« + «sce pee 118 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SKORIK 6 "Api. Ao SOOT OBOOOD ODS OOO Ua DOO COD OOD OOD DUMOD OO OOOO 118 To Nero tks Sects ate CS enter ee eon Aree res en 118 Sy ARS ARSS BE pio ates oppo Onn Erich? fis Cae 118 RRA Arr ETERS ache SES te eto Tene ore MT ee ean TRE totter’ 119 MLC SECRETS Kersh See Tavoree ale a voravesovs Vove iolate tite Aisashal sie my SLar Siar senate Valens 119 HAUT MEAN ASN oY ooo eed sc las ay cy ss avraell ovayaias suet ete Chavon BiSeNeIeLn Sees sel eaueis 119 HEL MEETS LES ea esis tee 1a ES WG BEIRUT eons ele ol atol Iie e ais 120 UWB. Ge. ao da Sie Sec crree evone oR NCR eae ae Den ee sere 121 Teh Bo 508 dd R ORE DC ea tare OE Pt eter inate 121 TH, page cine 6 Bo pO ITO OIC Oe RELI ORI es EE ee 121 win (Gh Soe cd poa6 ge Slope auoBBRamcoocoresnsaueS son choeresdc 121 “ls GRUTH > co aope ese cpe 268 Sue CORO me PepeUdamo spac Shao oosooK 122 18. mept $8 G0 DOO A's ORC OSES CREO NE STM DER EATEN ai eo renee my Stes 122 US. edo Heo dbeoboes ceases a F0De enn OU Condo oS coe cendos or 122 4s Tastes oo S80 6Goo0 Coos BE NO EoUOaneodee GaSb oonuOoeeescuone cc 123 Zin GE Ags Gloincie SSSI Seni Ce ee ae 12 22. tarép 5 SO BS DOSS DIS OO COCO OCIS rei Hee uP ASIP crtets Ares 123 2B, Gah Sod soos CHS SOIT CIRM ICRAIR In CRE ieee ea 124 Chapter XVI.—General Remarks about the Verb. .................00: 125 ee bhesname snot Gistinchiver asa sel ce <icrnieies sisieied ores ors oes 125 nHemLunction) Of ther verb: «es 27\<s ocho cccie cis eenes ese eer 125 BELGE WO! aby PES Of “VELDS®: wt. cn. joe sceveess sec esses scaees 125 4, Infinitive and participle not pure verbs .................. 125 cmtlowsthesverb) isi made! 22s ccies aoe te © c orseeeeieeia 5 arc a esu edeiele 126 feemopectticuidea IM each: process’ .is.c. c's «sis s s ole ec ve alee ss 'eis 126 Eee NLL OUSAT Lye cater fee ees Cesare neon SPIO ie iis Fee oe 126 8. Simultaneous development of mode, voice, tense ........... 126 Omemvariavions an) difterent verbs’ 4.>..4s040cese+ sere. ceces 127 N(uTVvivalot athe: fittest: ...<. 2: ses. aeesscecee ae ce uescee 127, MRPESTODADIOMOLUCT: kisisccie store srs oe 66 hee rie a OSes nae 127 Solera elle The MOMES ~ ieiec ioe é.cs.0.0:5s os oo c-clv Cojsie soles seb adieaee 128 Ui Serotvaphwathi the MOS: tavoes cs selec sieeve aes ae ceierge se 128 MMU VELL UG MeL SIRIN OGLE Pea ai fats, -s “ose foray are aileee ot Susrareva titi teeeine een ese 128 SmPEOsILIVenStatement——indicativel. 6/cacceeesceeenccecenees 129 4. Doubtful statement—-subjunctive and optative ............ 129 5. Commanding statement—imperative ...................0. 131 baer GVA" Phe” VOICES! .c.6.0.0.0< occ siore'd viele Bepacias oMab cele eee 133 MM Vi cib RISE VOLCES) 2, sors ore.c cites e Beets cheese cee re ee eee 133 PP NAMES MOLE tHE tVOICES cic seers sel treacle ie Ru niais EASIER se 3, Voice not transitive nor intransitive .. ..............e0. 133 XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS, A. “ACEIVE “VOICC 6 5:6: o.6:0v5 6 os o,08o ro bole tote re cele itare erat een 133 5. Middle Voice: 2. cc. c oie ue oe 05.0: oie e srere ese ee 134 G. Passive VOICE... 61 o.0.5 sc e,cye'sm occ «5-5 wiblnl toe ene 134 7. History of middle and pagsive ........ 1.6 <0 eee 134 8 The term deponent. 2.225.022. k re arco este eee 135 Chapter XTX.—The- Tenses cco... os eieic wie «fo elec creieache od terete ten 136 Teo The: MAME.) a sevecs, arsccteperela wleboreleseteqeic eh chertte veloket spent one aan 136 2. Fundamental idea: 2... cc. cs wire niente eae eee 136 3. <hree ideas’ as to; duration) of ‘action’ =~.) 1 seen 136 4. Greek standpoint in tense ~.:..0).05-6).00~+> - se ei eee 137 5, Undefinite ‘action—daorist... 35. -\e.. = i eee eee 137 G. Incompleted action’... Fe oie ys oyeinie ole eet ee 139 (a) “‘Dhe- ‘present ni... 2j5 ieee eleieseis ie oo) ene ek te eee 140 (b) "The ‘imperfect. -. <1. 0s../5 5 sisi s1o0s orc cic oi see 141 (ce): “The future. s.s% 5.26 ch wesc ne OO a een 141 7. Completed action (present perfect, past perfect, future per- i ee er err reer oer So Anis c 143 (a) ‘The present perfect... s..2-2) =). -11- ie 144 (b) ‘The past perfect © ..7 2% 6. ch sone see ee 145 (ec) The:future ‘perfect. 2.220. ose cicie lee eeeee 146 Chapter XX.—Co-ordinate and subordinate Clauses. Conjunctions ....147 1. What is a sentence? o 2.0.5.0 sccm © ooisie eee 147 2. ‘The simple sentence?. 305. 20 -moe si-lereis see eee 147 3. Go-ordination of clauses) 52...) -s1ey1ce i cen Perr So ccs 147 4, Contrast by conjunctions ....... 42-1... 6-40 eee 148 5. Disjunetive conjunctions ~~ 2-).02- 2 sae 2 een eee 148 6: Inferential ‘conjunctions’ 523.324. - 5 +) -lmi- ile ee 149 i.) ssubordinatinyg conjunctions) jer ee eee Sica isa 149 8. Modes, tenses, voices in subordinate sentences ............ 150 9. Character of subordinate clauses ........... “ssa afeintin see eEe 150 10. Connection between sentences and paragraphs ............. 151 Chapter XX1.—Fimal: Clauses < <5... so. :s « wiele wicto ol ctolelele cle aenenae 152 I. Pure final: ‘clauses—adverbial 0s ye 2 icv +o eiektetl een nee 152 2... Final conjunctions: <<)... 60-0. 2 «belo cetera nee ee 152 3.. Non-final’ (clauses, <) Jcceis ois. o tate: « oetate oie eicroee ote iets 152 4, Other methods for expressing design ..............+--+++. 153 5. “Absence ofthe principal verb) ~. -ltcieone eet 154 6. Absence: of tpn. so 6 vos vdiewis <a oetsnis «ie io ye ee 154 Chapter XXII.—Clanses of Resulf «..--2 5.0.5 tec bio cteu-ia store ee 155 1. Meager development in Greek ...#.......2--+-cossasopess 155 @. rae ganal “ns TNGHORIEY booovscoownnecns bdouneupaousnod 155 STi yeh in Mitr ge eee eo eee en RO Gr MAE On cere ener 155 4. Use of wore at beginning of sentences .................. 155 Z, OGitiny 0.2 ti imened dees aa boom coce sud eds Donbodang oer 155 Gueelaatinitivesalone not) Consecutive rss <eieieisyele clei) o nero ole ers 155 7. “Ed ore not in the New Testament....................-- 156 S, WS. OF (ARO A Le Sees Ars Arcsin ny enn. cna omiaA rere 156 Ei, TR OIE GG Gio Ra era ee eis ar ora Pera 156 OMMMAUIS EMO MMO LATIVE) cero) -vers 21 <50:% 5 s\n ors 0 eis) « 210 peneieile soley ole! sPsustsierezoioone 156 iret em Se SOLOISTS VAST OSD taco cc's, <)s c's: s!chaie > vie artic eralers a's ele + o'e win alain ole) 157 eNO LVL OS cs NVASHIN ON ye cele eare) = loc: suse sess stalin sel ureuege sieiedetiens 157 2. "Odedov..... mio Gig: Seno S OO aCe REE CRC E ie ibe 157 3, JED SagSIN. 6 -cl6. caCORE OIC cee IE eio inictol ater 157 AMMEMISTES OT baa Wil Slimee menor sirsas fay ailerons: sisceleuerais io ese) \edeitells easre elle secenavareteltty ene 157 COMME LTTE TS © MS WILS Mliguret ta: oop ach sh s,m ccis. elle erate o/s susie’ citaadse)s euaas ayia erayieliers sretaite 157 Grete me mwas ran COMMA Cl ya. e.cce «ais larere ajc ceils) 2 a)-ner8e oiecel == 157 (Ph emso-calledm potential Optativel cl cit «es cles lacie F 157 SCOURS eOtet men imperfect: LENSE. 2. icin. 1a. «ies cris «1+ e's «9s 157 EgpemePneminye “Causal Sentences: ©... -----ecansec see sees cone 159 il. (WSS OL Sip) Sc bcccc sou dues egr gnuncore oon oenpeeonnosoor 159 S, “Sigs, qintel Saat So ee Sale eRe 159° Demmbiner mem etoy sand emeLOnmep 62-0 - hee ce one lea eee aie 159 LENSE EGRET" Go Solk SG: Oc cea ene re eae eo oe 159 CNC TOMER Sed ica oor ooo has Secs eod ncaa beg Rio maaue tea oe eens 159 Spmplernivrsa fan SVEN OCG \sie-<: « aesecn o/Sio. eo) c.a's a'v.c,b0si@ Biaye ote wiasenieee ese 160 7. ChuRRul eioIOlS Sho aooseneocmpomo coco boc omucb Dood 160 Semeelarivenwithei@earOt CAUSE <..5.c se celesiele Ses Glue ote aicrerelers is 160 SEMEL OMS OLOMT CECH A ora. 5 sit oe S}ois siare's aisle) yh oie. 9 us BS sn sleelage 160 Chaprereory.——Conditional Sentences ......... 0620 - e ee eee ee cee 161 MPM LENO TCMOALKG pe, as ci o.9 014) sais: sheis-snysis dtd aia ae nie ryiens he iete 161 2. First class condition determined as fulfilled .............. 161 3. Second class condition determined as unfulfilled .......... 162 4. Third class condition undetermined with expectation of ful- fall Omi thes, sonesihsseray aie oc earke cata amie leconakee ier ae 163 5. Fourth class condition undetermined with little expectation Otsu fitment. 9. Conditions in indirect discourse <....- 1 sei iene 166 10. Goncessive clauses 2.5 666 feeds ee crc + Mamiciele choke tere tentie enters 167 11, Negative*in the. protasis. ©... ..% 0.) 02. ac skeen 167 Chapter XXVI.—Relative Clauses 2.000 00.0. 2 cs cs ohn ols icles) eee 168 1. Eunetion of the relative with clauses’ <j2-) 3. .1-1eeieenernte 168 2. Two kinds of relative clauses, adjectival and adverbial ....168 3. Relative. adverbs. cic css sieve cctslevets ors cieie och katate renee eee neem 168 4, Mode in the relative clause \ycicemc-.c eye tr nernerenenene 168 5: Definite and indefinite: relatives) + qc. eee tei ene 168 6. The so-called ‘‘conditional’’ relative .............4 PC eraeiae 169 7. Use of ay in relative clauses! ...c nsec oe etter eine 169 8. Negative of the relative clause ....... PPR OGD Owe oc 170 9 Relative! of desion or result sein ter iee ere eee 170 10. Use of :édy with relatives: 5.0 .(02% sc s.42i- 0 eee 170 Chapter XX VIl-—Temporal Clauses: 0.5). {ioe ...0 00 alee eee 171 1) List of temporal! (congunctions|e-)--neleet- ike eee 7A "2. The group with sense of until and before ..............-- 171 (a) "Axpe © a0, ee 0 000 © 0 ceicie eb ep cles sie s cle 000 0 oss oloholsiemsienels 171 (BD)! "Ble 0:5 5 elects nce Stans waar ole 0d Bee ee eee l(t (e) Méypt. - 222. c ee eine cee a 172 (d) I piv © a4 e600 0.0 0 ¢.0\s 6 0 006 0:0, 0)\0\ 0) = = 6) ele) s| »| ove) oll=)siialp elie si alesiyns 172 (e) Ilpo-r30 and infinitive ........-. 3.2. 433 2ee eee 172 (f) "Ev & scjua elas aie iavdieie’e. s eisiets Seale’ byaie Stes ere eee 172 (8) AD. OU ia oi elev iepole oie eletey slo cic) che cncre = eee 1! 3. Other constructions 4 << 6.c5. cscs sucess een Renee 173 (a). “Hpdicae o's + 050 wie nin ale oitoinye eens eoetege tn Re ee ies (D) "Bred. 6.08 vec hein aces also eee bee eee re eee 173 (ec) ‘OndTe:2 6s sc ceded os oe ees, 15 ae eee 173 (a) “Ore and ‘Gray: ¢ 28 cee oiiwsn- ean eee 173 (e) ‘Os OOOO UO OO MOO OTOOICMn OOD CUO OC OSC COS ae 173 (£) “Ooror, Cte, co.cc irene simon «gle itr 174 (g) Mera. 7é and infinitive ~....7.%2..- 540s 174 4. Participles. with temporal idea’ ..:.,..:3..--.0- eee 174 Chapter XXVIII—Comparative Clauses ............--5++++-snseoss 175 1. YFnadequate treatment 6 2s oi5265 ieee es swine cies ieee 175 2. KaOo, xabd, xabdrep----- +202 cece cece eee tee cnseeee 175 A (0:1 Re ene nn moaantAGioAbscot one 175 : Feed 0): EI Seas AGcdon bboideoaoccs’sons 175 Dd. ‘Os, Kaus, Kabuoren, OOTEP, DOE, WOTEPEL «+++ vee e eens 175 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXill rapier <<tx.—Interrogative Sentences 2.2... 6... ce cee eect ns Writs ee Micinicero teri erro atlomy cataracts ici ool yersie caevergictes oe che ays UE 2, MMogy Tenaole Gre Chinaee CWAMOs OS. soccooagucuod codon eS eoe ode 177 Sh, IkGunGl aie BWR Gheyorrdl” obs oe ooo cosodGdon sob oco ma mconn WHA Pee LErEO SALLY es PrONOUNS, USCC saa /e osie:s sbewela)aic cyeleieyeis shevedene sas os 178 5. Confusion between interrogative and relative proncuns ....178 GMEPLNLETLOSALIVEMCOMJUNCEIONS /.— 20sjsy.cay2/2 «sas eeeloveisuahe)s's os, clots Shale 179 eee lliptical phrases like viva ti, Te OTe, €l2 6-22-20 282s 179 SEP NU LELN ALIVE MOMEStIONS® (5) «ave eye. cio steels iesaieciciens oir cies creo eeiebereraas 179 G), IBSolkeimipiAlons 5, Geo o os SoS DOU an Conoco onEE Or ene Goa c GC euOe 179 em ra era] © CLUOMS mraimreye pokes sis cus sisi svesais ay eitehsiodsieve cues oi arses miereaieeeeere 179 BaeHO ONG INGIrech DISCOUTSE (2... os oes aisisleie so lete wwe ciclo eee ae oles 181 Hee Dinectmaiscoursemmore: COMMON) =) 1+ esi ele esi iels cle cine ole 181 Den seeasmaerulew unchanged. 5; ostecies\y sie alors sors ol nielaveyeisi este 181 Dee eecrsonsoterhenverpsmays, Werchangedun. aaeiie se cee sar ci eters 181 PEDO HINOGG SIAY § PEN CHANGE. 0. <.-). osteo cis «eres oloic ess 25 sens 182 De Lircomkindsmoreandirect GiSCOULSe! mesic sacle eaclecls 182 @, IMnCtinGGs BEKeRRIOUS 5 fonoduGeon ooo Don ooomogedGabdaccedor 182 (a) the? construction with the infinitive” ....2. 2.0.52... 182 Ub) pe Dherconsinuction with OTe soc ace secre eerily 183 (ce) ‘ The construction with the participle .... .......... 184 (a) The construction with xat €yevero.....--..-..-...-. 184 MeMMUTICIEE ClMUCStIONS tee. ac sisis co ve, << eels mleie ane asic eles es mmila e 185 CP lbestensesas. a rule unchanged 2. <1... «eee ccs s oie 185 (0d) ee hownGacabive MOC? oc:..r. 51.4 ors ac. oie wle yor ins stars 185 Cie whe rembyaunetive model <2 sic .)c\sjees o1e.< co See « eset 185 Coe bbemoptatives MOde> 60. 5.2. a sis cis ee os0s ols ioino eis aise oe 185 (e)) Indirect’ deliberative questions -.............0s..5. 185 (i) Lhevarticles with the indirect) question’ 2-2-0...» 186 Ke) Wag bin (GN) Bisse cous oouospaccopcemscuinec 186 SRE CC TMC OMNINANGS! ctl. /c1es 1s, sye1sisl ois eberoiciareioial= cl) semis loiere sets 186 (@)) “ing: mnie & Soopmoeoo dood suhobo poe cvuaudomodcc 186 (oy): COMmiPACBCIK 5 Sagenoopacopacocbanacmonaouacogcor 186 (e)@ indirect, deliberative. question’ 2200. \occe.<- aman 186 93) Mixture of direct and indirect discourse -...-........0...-. 186 Pie GE ST DGEGINALC CLAUSE. <3 «0 </aie)clors[ous) 6 (cr e1e a aloleisiorclaieloiciensioielcys 186 Ser ATP NOONE —— ENG LETUINILIVE sia. ocleeisieie'+ olele ois/ele/olele ele ain) sielele)elele = «is 187 i. Ositorn, Chaar mibiiohah en peandoactocoe Bacobols docooEGoCnad 187 par doaoratheintinigivelin! Greek) 5... clei = «oss oiei oie teters ns oe-1 oie 187 SeEIIstory Of the infinitiver.: s\5,5 0 sie \srclsclwiedais ic elaine <0 eretehcs “lt 187 APL HORATLicle: Withe LEGoINTINULLVO rats ale qaleletelely clelsl iia eisteldieie 10 sie 4 188 XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS, 5.. ‘Cases of the infinitive 2. i..c.ki on cece to. mcie ei teen 188 6. Common use of vod and the infinitive .................-.. 189 ( he infinitive with verbs 00)... <c: sc oiler eee eee 189 8. The infinitive with prepositions! .......... .. 3a.% ose 189 9. The infinitive in indirect discourse ~..~ 345.50 110s eee 190 10. The infinitive limited in use by ore and va ............. 191 Ji. The infinitive. for purpose: < ciclo ses sero ree oh gee tom 12; "Ogre and the infinitive: ...%< - +s 6 Jen ele ee 191 13. The negative of the-infinifive 2.5%). 2. s.-<. ene 191 4. The periphrastiesinfinitives.,. 22% .-e is cies ot eee 192 15. ‘The voices of the: infinitive’. <....<.2¢005.- eee 192 16. “The tenses.of the infinitive: <<< .)5ch:-wec « «ci etn 192 1%. WWpocefero. and the infinitive 2... 2. cee 192 Chapter XXX TL—The. Participle. <5. s.cichis cn iteeae oe 193 1. Most perfect development in Greek ........5....-.5.ceme 193 2.. “A. verbal ad jective. sci)... /ecverels bye we 01s ee oe meee 193 3. Other verbal jadjéctives. cs... eo oo eee eee 193 4, Differences between participle and infinitive .............. 194 0. Warficiple and) the article; attributive - se aoe ete 194 6. Predicate- participle <. \. ....cis = sites = «-atetalcls dap ee 195 7. Supplementary. participle 2... .m:s.0c <1 oi ts ee eee 195 &: © Circumstantial> participles. 5. oe oni retets Sis onde eet 195 9:. Genitive absolutes.). 2.5.02... os.» ose ees ee eee 196 10. Participle in LXX for Hebrew infinitive absolute ......... 196 11. Adjuncts with the circumstantial participle ............... 197 12; Participle: an) indirect discourse! 22). ee ie eee 197 13: Voice im» the participle “5.1. -25 «aco eee eee iM 14.. ‘Tense: inthe participle \< .). 3.0.5... Jo cities eee eee Ue \ry 15. Negative of the participle 2.0.5.0 sec- 9 <e) eee 198 16. Participle asa substantive’ .. oi... oc. 2 ote ee eee 198 Chapter XXXIII.—Negative. Particles... 0... 22<,.1+.00- «0 siiele eee 199 1: ‘Two negatives-in Greek 4 oi ac once eee ee =. LOD 2. New: ‘Testament: idiom! <j.) %.0.- 0. isso see eens 199 3. With the imperative: 0.252% «Sei...» Susieiesre. 6 eos 199 4, ‘With, the subjunctive’ .. 026 =e)... - = hie eee eee 200 5. With the optative: <:.<.-... crs => «thei ene ele 200 6. With’ the infinitive .:..\-\::...: 2s.hspie eee eee oe eee. 200 7. With the participle 22:22 4a. donee -mne se ee 201 8. With the indicative <7... 2-42-40. seb eee eee 201 (a) Declarative sentences. ........,..--- le. nglgintene ee 201 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXKV Gb)eeiGasnalasentencess.- sree ceiicieeres eiaiele ala. v's) e's ee OL (me Conditronallsentencesy qari -iaseie ae aes = 201 (Ca eelativemsentences samara eiyelererciarts co tsretsholei cir 202 (OQ) Clauses Hof purpose hee iiek cit Sees cheetecne wee cis wes 202 (GE) Verbstotpearing.: ects enor foracrerecuctsl mrerehona suet ects 202 (23) (QUESICTEN Or aehcR Poe Te erclen OLA tbe, scum secs Hie oh eaa 202 Gh) eB rolioitions o scri vedas cecanr eet, tie cickas ers widapee falas 202 (Gi) plindlineet Adiscourses <) mer scntae se cet ieie cie.cye cree cuclerens 203 (Giewouccession of negatives | .c522 5 sca: mmc asd aero. « 203 (k) When the second negative is a single negative ......203 (UD) 07) 7. (CAP OO GOB EOE MOn eer penn Sorbo sao Osman acrr 203 (yee hedundarittamecativeryas scciactadacme eis ee eaiecio:s 203 (DM) OOYE «eee eee ee ce eee ee eee 204 (0) ODY OTL. ++ eee ee eee eee 204 arpceree exe). —— Intensive: Particles (.).5.. 