None
3. Water-cooling. — In hotels, apartment houses, offices, and other buildings it is becoming common io install refrigerating machinery to cool the drinking water. The system consists usu- ally of a cooling-tank located in the basement near the engine- room. The water, which is cooled by submerged coils containing chloride-of-calcium brine, is circulated by a pump and passes up through risers to the drinking-f ountains. These are connected in series through the building, and the risers terminate in two mains, one located in the basement and the other in the upper story. The imconsumed water in the upper main passes into a so-called balancing-tank which is somewhat higher than the main. From this the water overflows to the cooling-tank below, and the make-up supply is there furnished by a float- valve. The faucets should be as close to the risers as possible, and of course the risers can be made as circuitous as desired. The pump should have a capacity somewhat greater than the quantity of water used, and must be kept constantly in operation. Tlie quantity of water allowed per person is about one gallon per day of 10 hours. SPECIAL APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION. 369 The water is supplied to the drinking-faucets at a tempera- ture of 35°-40° F. 4. Drying Air for Blast-furnaces.^ — ^\^arious methods of absorbing moisture from the air having proved insufficient, the Carnegie Steel Company recently installed a refrigerating plant at Etna, Pa., for the purpose of drying the air to one of its blast-furnaces. In effect, it consists of the system as described under ''Indirect Air Circulation with Brine Bunker-Coils.'' The air after passing the coils of the buker-room goes to the blowing-engines and thence to the blast-furnaces. During a period of thirteen days the moisture in the atmos- phere was 5-66 grains per cubic foot, and in the dried air 1-75 grains per cubic foot, while the amount of moisture removed per ton of iron produced was 69 lbs. In operation, this plant with ordinary atmospheric air showed a production of 358 tons of iron with 2147 U>s. of coke per ton of iron, while with the dried air it showed 447 tons of iron with a consumption of 1726 lbs. of coke per ton of iron. Before the use of refrigeration for drying the air, the horse- power for each blowing-engine was 900 I.H.P. After its use the horse-power was 671 I.H.P., or a difference of 229 I.H.P. per engine, with an aggregate saving of 687 I.H.P. for three engines. The power required on the refrigerating end for the engines driving the compressors, blowers, brine and water pumps was 535 I.H.P., showing a net saving of 152 H.P. on the power end, together with an increased output at the furnaces with a smaller consimiption of coke. The installation consists of two 225-ton refrigerating- machines, one in reserve, 90,000 lineal feet of 2.inch brine-pipe, and other auxiliary machinery. We append a table of one day's run showing the drying effects of the operation. * From a paper by Mr. James Gayley, before the Iron and Steel Institute in N. Y. City, and described in the Engineering Record of Nov. 5, 1904. 370 AMERICAN PRACTICE IN REFRIGERATION. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN THE REFRIGERATING- CHAMBER. Tempeitbture of the Air in Grains of Watei • per Cubic Foot Time. Degrees F. of Air. Inlet. Outlet. Inlet. Outlet. 6 A.M. 68 21 519 1-33 7 '' 68 20 5 02 24 8 '* 70 20 5 56 55 9 '* 73 20 5 37 46 10 '* 74 24 5 47 -81 11 '* 77 20 5 56 53 12 M 77 21 6 04 53 1 P.M. 80 21 6 04 42 2 '' 81 22 6 14 60 3 '* 81 23 5 74 60 4 *' 82 23 5 74 55 5 '' 82 22 6 04 62 6 '* 81 23 5 94 55 7 '' 80 23 5 ■74 62 8 '* 79 24 5 94 55 9 " 73 23 7 01 85 10 " 73 22 6 78 70 11 '' 73 23 6 ■78 70 12 Night 73 23 7- 01 70 1 A.M. 73 23 6 ■78 70 2 " 74 23 7- 01 70 3 '* 73 23 6 78 70 4 '* 73 23 6 •78 48 5 '' 73 23 6-78 148 5. Marine Refrigeration. — In marine work vessels in pas- senger and freight service are equipped with refrigerating machinery and chilled compartments maintained for meats and other perishable products. Tlie holds of vessels used for fruit transportation are insulated and cooled by the indirect circulation of air, thereby keeping them at a constant tempera- ture throughout the voyage. Excellent results have been obtained by this service and extensive equipment is under way for large fruit transportation companies. * Steamers for the transportation of live cattle are equipped mostly with direct piping, in order to maintain the holds at a moderate tempera- ture and prevent hea\'y loss of live stock. 6. Hotri Refrigeration. — ^The refrigerating-machine is looked upon as necessary in all large modern hotels for freezing and cooling purposes. SPECIAL APPLICATION OF RBFRtGBRATlON . 371 Compartments for wines and liquors, fruits, vegetables, poultry, gajne, butter, pastry, and miscellaneous articles are chilled. In addition, freezing-tanks for ice-making, compart- ments for freezing water in caraffes, freezing apparatus for ice-cream, and a water-cooling system for the drinking-faucets throughout the building are installed. 372 AMERICAN PRACTICE IN REFRIGERATION. The availability of low-pressure steam exhausted from other apparatus, together with the necessity of machinery which shall be noiseless in operation, has led in some instances to the use of the absorption exhaust-steam system, using chlo- ride-of-calcium brine as the chilled solution for circulation. In many cases compression machines are used as shown in Fig. 268, the brine-tank often being fitted with cans for freezing ice. The ammonia condensing apparatus is necessarily the enclosed or double pipe type, and the condensing water after absorbing heat in the refrigerating-machine can be used for ' domestic service throughout the building. 7. Other Applications. — ^Refrigeration is also used extensively in candle and paraffin-oil works, butter factories and dairies, tea factories, dynamite works, in the manufacture of photo- graphic plates, wine factories, soda-water works, sugar refineries, chemical works, india-rubber works, laundries and morgues, in tunnelling and sinking shafts, together with numerous other miscellaneous smaller appHcations. Among these may be mentioned the preservation of furs from the ravages of moths, the temperature for this purpose being maintanied at 28^ F. and below. APPENDIX. Table A. CALCIUM CHLORIDE, The following table gives the properties of calcium chloride. DegreeA Baum^ at 60° Fahr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18  024 •032 •041 •049 •058 •067 •076 •085 •094 •103 • 112 121 131 • 140 150 159 Percent of Calcium. Freezing point, Degrees BaumcS Specific Gravity Per Cent of Calcium. Degrees Fahr. at 60* Fahr. ateo** Fahr. • 1 31 10 21 1169 19 2 31 38 22 179 20 3 29 •48 23 189 21 4 28 •58 24 199 22 5 27 •68 25 209 23 6 26 •60 26 219 24 7 25 52 27 -229 25 8 24 • 26 28 240 26 9 22 •82 29 250 27 10 22 •38 30 261 28 11 19 •76 31 272 29 12 18 14 32 283 30 13 16 34 33 294 31 14 14 36 34 305 32 15 12 20 35 316 33 16 10 ■04 35 5 327 34 17 7 52 36 5 338 35 18 4 •64 37 5 349 36 Freezing- point, Degrees Fahr. + 1-76 - 148 - 490 - 8^68 -11-64 -1714 -21-82 -27 04 -3262 -39-28 -46-20 -54-40 -5242 -39-28 -25-24 - 9-76 + 2-84 + 1436 In commercial chloride of calcium there is a certain amount of water and impurities, so that approximately 30 per cent more calcium than tabulated is required for solutions having the specific gravities given. 373 374 APPENDIX, Table B. SIZES OF SINGLE-ACTING AMMONIA COMPRESSORS SUCH AS ARE MANUFACTURED BY THE YORK MFG. CO., YORK, PA. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Tons Rc- fri^rat- Compressor. ing Capacity per 24 Hours. Diam- eter. Stroke. 2i 5i 6 5 5i 6 8 6i 8 12 7i 10 20 9 12 30 11 15 45 12i 18 62 i 14 21 90 16 24 125 18 28 175 20 32 225 22 i 36 300 25 42 500 30 48 Engine. Diam- eter Revolu- — tions per Minute. Stroke. 6 8 9 llj 13i 16 18 20 24 26 28i 32 36 44 8 8 10 10 12 15 18 21 24 28 32 36 42 48 126 126 110 100 95 77 73 70 67 64 63 57 53 53 Fly-wheel. Diam- eter. 2i 2i 3 4 4i 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 Weight. 1,000 1,500 2,000 3.000 4,000 5,000 7,500 10,000 12,000 15.000 20,000 32,000 40,000 60,000 Sise Pipe Connections. i Space Uequire<l for Machine. Diameter Weight Crank Machine Shaft. Suction Ex- haust. 1 Complete. and Dis- charge. Steam. Length. Width. 1 Height. A 4 li u li 6' 0" 2' 4" 5' 6" 3,600 B 4 li li 2 r 0" 2' 4" 5' 6" 4,800 C 5 11 2 21 7' 1" 3' 2" 6' 8" 8,800 D 5} li 2 3 (J/ 2" 6' 9" 8' 9" 14,200 E 6i 2 21 3i 10' 2" r 2" 9' 10" 18,000 F 7i 2i 3 3i ir 10" r 11" 11' 2" 34.(X)0 G 9 3 3J 4i 13' 8" \v 5" 12' 7" 50,000 H 10 3i 4i 6 16' 2" 12' 2" 13' 10" 65,000 I 12 4 6 7 17' 10" 14' 2" 15' 3" 88,000 J 13 4 6 7 20' 0" 14' 6" 17' 0" 105,000 K 14 5 7 8 22' 11" 15' 7" 19' 5" 140,000 L 16 5 8 10 26' 0" 17' 3" 21' 9" 185,000 M 17 6 10 12 30' 0" 20' 0" 25' 3 ' 320,000 N 18 7 12 14 34' 0" ; 20' 1" 29' 1" 425,000 APPENDIX. 375 O < Pi < y5 Oi S X c a -a e o o eS B a U3 — 85 cccoeococoocccoocoooooooooooooooo xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx oo5050i05Cox«XTr'«^oxX"^TrTfooTfoooooxX'^x cjwwwwiclo^occxxo^^www«b»cx XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX loicr^oocoocoooooococoooooopooo W -^ X X Cm. o o o V c o w o c o w IS! I-H u y, or. s 6 8s ^ r-tc*»c^c^c^c*ic^coeocc'«^^ioo;oi>-i>»t-xxocs'!rxx«oox r^ ?^ r^ ?— i ^H CO ^ ''}* '>.V*V«.KVVKVVVNVVVNVS.>.VVVKVVNV 0ii:0<:0OOO:C;0C0«;005OCiOOOCO<O«0«DOC05OC0W;0 ^c^wr^b»xxooO'-*--Micicoo?b^^cot^»o XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX NXNVVVVVV VVVVVNVX V V N S V ^ «. coococcooco<©«ccococcoocoo;c;coo?o^coooo «oxxo5050500o*-^c^^c^^ccc^^occ^^'^cc'»t^lC'^»c»0(:oxo50 .5 *^ S3 XXX "^ ^  CO OOOOOOOOOw;C«:0C0OQt>-r^t>-QQt^r^QQ»0»CiC»C i C<lXC0t>-QXXQ»0«CC0C0'^-t"-t";0»C»Ci0i0QXOQQQ^CQ ^— <wc^wcoco»Cic»o;D?oxoiOaOi— ^CMC«<»?5xwxxcoc^i?5 N s o o WC^WC«IC^C^ICN|C0C0C0?0C0C0C0C0"^'^T}<iOiC»C»O»O<O«O«O<©l>» XXX ^ rr -^ 'I' •fltaC'Cjw •oho iistaei <«»"^*H ^H* *«j kj ^( kj ^^^^^^^„C^C^lCS(N(NCO^<?5cOCOC^COCOCOCOtOTroOXX QO K^ 6^ ■<r "^ rfi uneter of inder. chea. ^ W IC *o. ntor^ C«< CM (N icxxosoaoo— <^i^CMCMco'r>c»o»ocx'^xOi-!'^^***^'*^ ■M ^-^ ^r^^^^^^^^^^^^^^CsiC^CMCM^CvJiO P u^ CMCMCM • SPr^.'- c « oci O M 08 u COCM^OXO^iCCOOOQQiOiO^CiCQO CMC0'^'^»OiO;Ot^l^X05ai i~i ri i-H CM CM OOO»0iCiCQPO OCM»Cr^CVIC^liCOC i-ii-irHr^CMCM^»Cw 376 APPENDIX. Table D. RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR, PER CENT, FAHRENHEIT TEMPERATI^RE, PRESSURE 30 INCHES. Taken from the Weather Bulletin No. 235, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1900. Wet- bulb leter. Air Temperature. Difference Between and Dry- Thermoir -20** -10° 0*» 10*' 20** 30«» 1 32« 40* 50« 60« 70° SO** 90* 100*» 01 0-2 82 90 93 96 97 0-3 73 84 90 93 95 0-4 63 78 87 91 94 0-5 54 73 83 89 92 94 95 96 96 97 98 98 0-6 45 68 80 87 91 0-7 37 62 76 84 89 0-8 28 57 73 82 88 0-9 19 51 70 80 86 10 10 46 67 78 85 89 89 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 1-5 20 50 67 77 83 84 87 90 91 93 94 20 33 17 1 56 45 34 24 13 70 62 5 48 40 33 26 19 12 5 78 73 67 62 56 51 46 41 36 31 26 27 16 11 6 79 74 69 64 59 54 49 44 39 35 30 25 20 16 11 83 79 75 71 68 64 60 56 52 48 45 41 37 87 83 80 77 74 71 67 64 61 58 55 52 4Q 89 86 83 81 78 75 73 70 68 65 63 60 58 55 53 90 88 86 83 81 79 77 74 72 70 68 66 64 61 59 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 75 74 72 70 68 66 64 92 89 85 81 78 74 71 68 93 2-5 30 89 3-5 40 86 4-5 50 83 5-5 60 80 6-5 .... 70 77 75 8-0 73 8-5 ^ • 1 - - 33 4fi 90 29 43 70 9-5 7 26 22 18 15 11 7 41 38 35 32 29 27 24 21 18 50 48 46 43 41 39 37 34 32 57 55 53 51 49 48 46 44 42 62 61 59 57 55 54 52 50 49 65 61 58 55 100 68 10-5 110 65 11. 5 120 62 125 130 59 13 5 ( APPENDIX. 377 Table D — Continued. DUfereDoe Between Wet- and Dry-Bulb Thermometer. Air Temperature. -20" -10* 0* 10* 20* 30* 32* 40* 50* 16 13 10 8 60* 30 28 26 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 70* 40 38 36 34 33 31 29 27 25 24 22 19 15 12 9 8 6 80* 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 36 35 33 32 30 26 23 20 18 15 90* 52 49 47 44 41 39 36 34  49 17 • • • " 18- 46 18 19 1 44 20 41 21- 39 22 37 23 35 24 33 25 30 Table E. SPECIFIC HEAT AND COMPOSITION OF VICTUALS. From ''Compend. of Mechanical Refrig." — Siebel. Lean beef, Fat *'. Veal Fat pork. Eggs Potato. .. Cabbage.. Carrots. .. Cream. .. Milk Oysters.. Whitefish. Eels Lobster.. Pigeon. .. Chicken.. Water. 72 51 63 39 70 74 91 83  61 30 26 9 17 30 12 19 22 37 23 27 26 •00 0^ •00 0- •00 0^ •00 0- 00 0- •00 0- •00 0- •00 0- 75 0- •50 0- •62 0- •00 0- 93 0- •38 0^ •60 0^ •30 0. Specific Heat Above Freeaing, Degrees F. 77 60 70 51 76 80 93 87 68 90 84 82 69 81 78 80 Specific Heat Below Frceainir, F. 41 •34 •39 •30 •40 .42 •48 45 38 •47 •44 •43 •38 •42 •41 •42 Latent Heat of Freexing. 102 72 90 55 100 105 129 118 84 124 114 111 88 108 378 APPENDIX. Table F. TEMPERATURES ADAPTED FOR THE COIJ> STORAGE OF VARI- OUS ARTICLES, FROM *' REFRIGERATION, COLD STORAGE, AND ICE-MAKING," BY A. J. WALLIS THAYER. Article. 1^ • 1 00 • .-2 J Getty. 1 111 Ice and Cotd Storage. i Madison Cooper. Ale 33-42 33 32-36 32 32-36 33-36 38^42 32-35 Apples * * * vsummer) 32-36 31 *' (winter) AoDle- and peach-butter. .. 40 34 35 32-34 37-39 42 AsDarairus 34 40-45 32-40 34 34-36 34-35 34 34 40^5 35 40-45 32-40 34 33 I^ananas 36 Beans, dried 40 Beef (fresh) 35 " (dried) 36-45 35 32-42 45 33-40 45 36-40 40 25-30 35 35 40 35 35 32-33 33 35-40 35 Beer in casks or barrels . .. *' '* bottles 33-42 45 36-40 40 32-38 33-42 45 33-35 45 45 Berries, fresh (10 days) Buckwheat flour 40 42 Butter 32-35 18-25 32-35 20 32-38 14 * * to freeze Butterine 35 34 40 34 32-34 32-33 33 40 30-40 35 20 Cabbaces 33 32 Cantalooes 40 Carrots 34 34 31-32 33 ' 35 ' 32-34 32-33 30-40 33 Celery Chestnuts 33-35 32-33 34-35 28-34 32 35 40 Chocolate (to cool) Cider 30-10 30-35 32 Ciears 42 (Clarets 45-50 Corn meal 42 '^ (dried) 35 34-36 35 ***** 35 35 34-36 38^0 45 Cranberries 33 Cream CHicurnbers 38 Currents 32 Dates 55 55 33-35 45 Eggs 33-35 32-33 SI -3.*^ 32-35 30 ■■ p>© Ferns 28 Figs '55 " 2.5-30 35 25 25-30 25-30 Fish (fre-sh) 2.5-30 20 28 " (fresh-water, frozen).. 17 '* (salt-water frozen)... 14 * * (canned) 35 36 35 35 ** dried) 35 35 35-36 40 ' ' to freeze 5 Flour, etc 40 36-40 40 38 35 35 25-32 40 *35 ' 25-32 35-40 35 Fruits 26-55 35-40 " (dried) 40 *' (canned) 35 35 25-32 30 Furs (undressed) 35 25-32 28-35 35 *' (dressed) 35 1 25 * ' (long storage) 1 1 10 APPENDIX, 379 Table F — Continued. Article. 1 1 Grapes Ginger ale Hams Hogs ■ Hops '^ (frozen) Honey Lard Lemons Liver Maple-syrup sugar Margarine Meat (brined) (canned) (fresh) Melons (3 or 4 weeks). . .. MUk Mutton '' (frozen) Nuts in shells Oatmeat Oleomargarine Oil Onions Oranges Oysters '* (in tubs) " (in shells) Ox-tails Parsnips Peaches Pears (dried) Plums Porter Pork Potatoes Poultry (frozen) " (to freeze) " (long storage) Sardines (canned) Sauerkrout Sausage (casings) Sugar, etc Svrup Tenderloin butts, ribs, etc. Tomatoes Tobacco Veal Vegetables Watermelons Wheat flour Wines Woollens 36-38 36 33^0 32-40 36 45 36-40 35 34 25-28 35 40 35 35 34-40 45-50 33-35 25 33 34 45-55 40 34 36-40 28-30 18-22 35 35-38 40-45 35 35 34-40 34 40 40-45 25-32 33-36 36-40 36-^5 35 35 35-38 32-33 36 35-45 33-42 34-36 28-30 34-35 ita 40-45 25-32 1 34-36 32^0 45 33-36 18-25 35-40 5 32-40  35-38 35 32 35-36 35 40 32 34 35-45 40 20-28 38-42 40-45 28-35 35 29 5-10 36-38 30-^5 35 30-35 35 35 32-36 25-32 36-38 33-40 45 36-^0 35 34 35 34-40 45-50 45-55 c2 S 36-80 35 35-40 28 45 36-40 35 35 35 40 35 35 35-40 45-50 33-35 25 30 35 45-55 40 36-40|36-40 28-30i28-30 .... 18-22 40-45 25-32 35 35-38 40-45 35 35 35 35 40 45-50 25-30 38-40 34-40 36-38 38^6 36-40 38-42 .s o Is 34 36 20 35 45 38 45 30 35 40 42 20 45 32 34 33 35 43 32 36 45 32 34 28 10 40 38 20 45 45 42 42 40 42 42 380 APPENDIX. C ^8 OQ0>0 1-1 50 eo S3§ 00 O^O) ooo X 00 X XO&i-i lib t>.Xi-i 1-4 1-^ »-^ »-^ 1-4 C4 'S^ -^ ;o t>. CO CO CO 000 w ^ ^ CO ^ ^^-njl WCMC^ C^1C^1C4 000 000 000 3 5'Or® (j coco«o '<j<25oo COr-i O I lis I life 1 ►5 H K as .C S * ** X _W O " 4S.S t.rjcQjf WRH uj3 as e lis CO K B 5 cool at CO04X OC^CO »-l X Tf CON M tC iC o rHXTt< Oi r^ f^ r-i X Tj* »o S «5 i-iX-'if OOOa COX t>. CDXt^ OCOCO O) 1-H X Ca coco ^ CO CO X»^ CO XXX ^ ^ '^ Oi Oi Gi ^i '^ ""^ 0500 Tp iC »c CO CO CO Od CO CO Xt^'^ CO CO CO • • • t^ccco i-H COQ «0 lOiO • • • 1-i X»C ^ iC o kQ tC iO co»oco -^cooi »0 iftift 05 1-1 CO CO CO 1-1 1-1 ""I* OS ocor^ X CS CO t^'^CO »^C0O5 ON "^ COXO 1-1 1-tN CO coo NNCO "^XN CO CO ^ o coo Sb- CO t^o 1-t 1-IN Ot^CM xr^co N»CN CMt^r* CO COQ CSNCO ■^ X CO CO CO ^ ONCM 8 NX -^ lOCO 000 NO5C0 -^COCD XNt^ CO"^N 1-tOOi Xt>»« ICUJ-^ 35 CO^ NO 1-1 X"^ oxx tJ* ^* ^j* f-H o »^ COXO 1-4 »-N »CCON ^00 NOCO COOCO STp CO »CCO»-i o ^ ^ t>.coo b-CDX »C»OiC ON»« »ON"^ CO N  cot^t^ ■^ ^ '^ X06 o ^ ^ '^ §"^ CO I aCOO 0>^0 >QO>C O^O  the Weights of Air, Vapour op Water, and Saturated Mixtures of Air and Vapour op Dipperent Temperatures, under the Ordinary Atmospheric Pressure op 29.921 Inches op Mercury. • Volume of Dry Air at Dif- ferent Temperatures, the Volume at 32'' being 1000. Weight of a Cubic Foot of Dry Air at Different Tem- peratures in Pounds. 'apour in 1 Mixtures of Air Saturated with Vapour. i Elastic Force of \ Inches uf Mercu nault). Eh Force Air i Mixt Air Vap< Incl Mer 1 istic of the in the iirf» nf 1 Weight of 1 1 Cubic Foot of the Mixture. a e2 and , Dur in Weight of Weight of Total \e» of the Air the Vapour Weight of cury. in in Mixture in Pounds'. Pounds. Pounds. 1 2 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 •935 ■0864 0-044 29^877 •0863 •000079 •086379 12 •960 -0842 •074 29 •849 ■0840 •000130 -084130 22 •980 •0824 -118 29 803 •0821 000202 -082302 32 1-000 ■0807 -181 29 •740 •0802 0304 • 080504 42 1020 -0791 -267 29 •654 •0784 000440 . 078840 52 1-041 ■0776 •388 29 533 ■0766 •000627 ■077227 60 1-057 •0764 •522 29 •399 •0751 •000830 ■075252 62 1061 0761 •556 29 •365 •0747 •000881 •075581 70 1078 •0750 754 29 •182 ■0731 001153 073509 72 1082 0747 ■785 29 136 0727 001221 073921 82 1-102 •0733 1 •092 28 •829 ■0706 001667 072267 92 1122 •0720 1 •501 28 420 0684 002250 070717 100 1-139 ■0710 1 •929 27 992 0664 002848 069261 102 1-143 ■0707 2 •036 27- 885 0659 002997 ■ 068897 112 1163 0694 2 731 27 190 0631 003946 • 067042 122 1184 0682 3 621 26 300 0599 005142. 065046 132 1204 0671 4 752 25- 169 0564 006639 ■ 063039 142 1224 0660 6 165 23 756 0524 008473 • 060873 152 1-245 0649 7- 930 21- 991 0477 010716 ■ 058416 162 1-265 0638 10 099 19- 822 0423 013415 ■ 055715 172 1-285 0628 12 758 17- 163 0360 016682 ■ 052682 182 1306 0618 15- 960 13- 961 0288 020536 ■ 049336 192 1-326 0609 • 19 • 828 10- 093 0205 025142 • 045642 202 1347 0600 24. 450 5- 471 0109 030545 ■ 041445 212 1-367 0591 29-921 0000 0000 036820 • 036820 382 APPENDIX, Table H — Continued, PROPERTIES OF AIR. i 9 ■♦» K a e2 12 22 32 42 52 60 62 70 72 82 92 100 102 112 122 132 142 152 162 172 182 192 202 212 Mixture of Air Satu- rated with Vapor. S5^ «^ a: g 3.5-^ 9 10 00092 1092-4 00115 646 1 00245 406 4 00379 263 81 00561 178< 18 00819 122 17 01251 92 27 01179 84- 79 01780 64 59 01680 59 54 02361 42. 35 03289 30. 40 04495 23 66 04547 21 98 06253 15 99 08584 11 65 11771 8- 49 16170 6 18 22465 4 45 31713 3 15 46338 2 16 71300 1 402 1 22643 •815 2 80230 ■357 Ir 1 ifinite •000 Cubic Feet of Vap« One Pound of \ Pretwure as in C B.T.U. Ab«orbe<l Cubic Foot Dry Degree Fahr. 11 12 « • • • 02056 • • • ■ 02004 • • • • 01961 3289 01921 2252 01882 1595 01847 1227 01818 1135 •01811 882 •01777 819 01777 600 01744 444 01710 356 01690 334 01682 253 01651 194 01623 151 01596 118 01571 93-3 01544 74-5 •01518 59. 2 01494 48. 6 01471 39-8 •01449 32-7 01466 27- 1 01406 t, u u u %m k S< <1 <fL AbPorbed by Foot Saturated gree Fahr. Feet Dry ed One Degree eet Saturated ed One Degree • B.T.U. Cubic ] per De Cubic Warra B.T.U Cubic F Warm B.T.U 13 14 15 •02054 48-5 48 • 02006 50- 1 50^ •01963 51- 1 51 • •01924 52- 51- .01884 53- 2 52. •01848 54- 53 •01822 55 54. •01812 56 2 55- •01794 57 3 56- •01790 58- 5 56- •01770 57. 2 56- •01751 58- 5 57- •01735 59 1 57. •01731 59 5 57- •01711 60 6 58. 01691 61 •7 59- •01670 62 5 59. •01652 63 7 60^ •01654 65 60^ •01656 62 2 60- •01658 67 1 60. •01687 68 59. 68 -9 68 5 71 ■4 •7 •0 •0 •8 8 •8 .9 ■7 5 ■8 5 1 •8 •8 •5 •1 •9 •6 •5 4 3 •5 APPENDIX. 383 Table I. WrEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF AQUEOUS VAPOUR AT DIFFER- ENT TEMPERATURES AND PERCENTAGES OF SATURATION. Temp., Percentage of Saturation. 1 10 20  0-133 0-149 0-166 -19 0017 0-035 0-052 070 0-087 104 0-122 0-139 0-157 0-174 -18 0-018 0-037 0-055 074 0-092 0-110 0-129 0-147 0-16t 0184 -17 0-020 0-039 0-059 0-078 0-098 0118 0-137 0157 0-176 0-196 -16 021 0-041 0-062 083 0-104 0-124 0-145 0-166 0-186 0-207 -15 022 0-044 065 087 0-109 0-131 0-153 0-174 0-196 0-218 -14 0-023 046 069 0-092 0-116 0-139 0-162 0-185 0-208 0-231 -13 0-024 0-049 093 097 0-122 0-146 0-170 0-194 0-219 0-243 -12 0-026!0-051 077 - 103 128 0-154 180 0-206 0-231 0-257 -11 027 0-054 0-081 108 135 0-162 0-189 0-216 0-243 0-270 -10 028 0-057 0-086 0-114 142 0-171 0-200 0-228 0-256 0-285 - 9 0-030,0-060 0090 0-120 0-150 0-180 0-210 0-240 0-270 0-300 - 8 0-032 0-063 095 0-126 0-158 0-190' 0-221 0-253 0-284 0-316 - 7 0033 0-066 0-100 0-133 0-166 0-199 0-232 0-266 0-299 0-332 - 6 0035 0-070 0-105 0-140 0-175 0-210 0-245 0-280 0-315 • 350 - 5 0037 0-074 0-111 0-148 0-185 0-222 0-259 0-296 0-333 0-370 - 4 0-0390078 0117 0156 0-194 0-233 0-272 0-311 0-350 0-389 - 3 00410-082 0-123 0-164 0-206 0-247 0-288 0-329 0-370 0411 - 2 043 0-087 0-130 0174 0-217 0-260 0-304 0-347 0-391 0-434 - 1 0-046 091 0-137 0-183 0-228 0-274 0-320 0-366 0-411 0-457 0-048 0096 144 0192 0-240 0-289 0-337 0-385 0-433 0-481 + 1 0050 0-101 0-152 0-202 0-252 0-303 0-354 0-404 0-454 0-505 2 0-053 • 10(5 0-159 0-212 0-264 0-317 0-370 0-423 0-476 - 529 3 0-055 0-111 0-166 0-222 0-277 0-332 0-388 0-443 0-499 - 554 4 058 0-116 0175 0-233 0-291 0-349 0-407 0-466 0-524 0-582 5 0-061 0-122 0-183 0-244 0-305 0-366 0-427 0-488 0-549 0-610 6 0064 0-128 0-192 0-256 0-320 0-383 0-447 0-511 0-575 0-639 7 0-067 0-134 0-201 0-268 0-336 0-403 0-470 0-537 0-604 0-671 8 0070 0-141 0-211 0-282 0-352 0-422 0-493 0-563 0-634 0-704 9 0-074 0-148 0-222 0-296 0-370 0-443 0-517 0-591 0-665 0-739 10 0-078 0-155 0233 0-310 0-388 0-466 0-543 0-621 0-698 0-776 11 0-082 0-163 0-245 0-326 0-408 0-490 0-571 0-653 0-734 0-816 12 0-086 0-171 0-257 0-342 0-428 0-514 0-599 0-685 0-770 0-856 13 0090 0-180 0-269 0-359 0-449 0-539 0-629 0-718 0-808 0-898 14 0-094 188 0-282 0-3^6 0-470 0-565 0-659 0-753 0-847 0-941 16 0-099 197 0-296 0-394 0-493 0-592 0-690 0-789 0-887 0-986 16 0-103 0-206 0-310 0-413 0-516 0-619 0-722 0-826 0-929 1-132 17 0-108 0-216 0-324 0-432 0-540 0-648 0-756 0-864 0-972 1-080 18 0-113 0226 0-338 0-451 0-564 0-677 0-790 0-902 1-015 1-128 19 0-118 0-236 0-354 0472 0-590 0-709 0-827 0-945 1063 1-181 * Taken from Weather Bulletin No. 384 APPENDIX. Table I — Coniiniied. Percentage of Saturation. Temp., O p 10 20  0-988 1-112 1235 21 0129 - 259 0-388 0-518 0-647 0-776 0-906 1 035 1-165 1-294 22 0-136 0-271 0-406 0-542 0-678 0-813 0-948 1-084 1-220 1-355 23 0-142 0-284 0-425 - 567 0-709 0-851 0-993 1-134 1-276 1-418 24 0-148 0-297 0-445 0-593 0-742 0-890 1-038 1-186 1-335 1-483 25 0-155 0-310 0-465 0-620 0-776 0-931 1-086 1-241 1-396 1-551 26 0-162 - 325 0-487 0-649 0-812 0-974 1-13G 1-298 1-461 1-623 27 0-170 0-339 0-509 0-679 0-848 0-018 1-188 1-358 1-527 1697 28 0-177 0-355 0-532 0-709 0-886 1-064 1-241 1-418 1-596 1-773 29 0-185 0.371 0-556 0-741 0-926 1-112 1-297 1-482 1-668 1-853 30 0-194 0-387 0-580 0-774 0-968 1-161 1-354 1-548 1742 1-935 31 0-202 0-404 0-607 0-809 1-011 1213 1-415 1-618 1-820 2-022 32 0-211 0-422 634 - 845 1-056 1-268 1-479 1-690 1-902 2-113 33 0-219 0-439 0-658 0-878 1-097 1-316 1-536 1755 1-975 2- 194 34 0-228 0-456 0-684 0-912 1-140 1-367 1-595 1-823 2-051 2-279 35 0-237 0-473 0-710 0-946 1-183 1-420 1-656 1-893 2-129 2-366 36 0-246 0-491 0-737 0-983 1228 1-474 1-720 1-966 2-211 2-457 37 0-255 0-510 0-765 1-020 1-275 1 • 530 1 - 785 2-040 2-295 2-550 38 0-265 0-529 0-794 1-058 1-323 1-588 1-852 2-117 2- 381 2-646 39 0-275 0-549 0-824 1-098 1-373 1-648 1-922 2-197 2-471 2- 746 40 0-285 0-570 - 855 1-140 1424 1-709 1-994 2-279 2-564 2- 849 41 0-296 - 591 0-886 1-182 1-478 1-773 2-068 2- 364 2-660 2- 955 42 0-306 0613 0-919 1226 1-532 1-838 2-145 2-451 2-758 3-064 43 0318 - 635 - 953 1271 1-588 1-906 2- 224 2-542 2-859 3-177 44 0-329 0-659 0-988 1-318 1-647 1-976 2-306 2-635 2-965 3-294 45 0-341 0-683 1-024 1-366 1-707 2-048 2-390 2-731 3-073 3-414 46 ,0-354 0-708 1-062 1-416 1-770 2-123 2- 477 2-831 3-185 3-539 47 '0-367 0-733 1-100 1-467 1-834 2-200 2-567 2- 934 3-300 3-667 48 0-380 0-760 1-140 1 - 520 1-900 2-280 2 - 660 3 040 3-420 3-800 49 0-394 1 0-787 1-181 1-574 1-968 2-362 2- 755 3-149 3-542 3-936 50 0-408 0-815 1-223 1-630 2-038 2-446 2-853 3-261 3-668 4-076 51 0-422 0-844 1-267 1-689 2111 2 - 533 2-955 3-378 3-800 4-222 62 0-437 0-874 1-312; 1-749 2-186 2-623 3-060 3-498 3-935 4-372 53 0453 0-905 1-358 1-810 2-263 2-716 3-168 3-621 4-073 4526 54 0-468 0-937 1-406 1-874 2-342 2-811 3-280 3-748 4-216 4-685 55 - 485 0-970 1-455 1-940 2-424 2-909 3-394 3-879 4-364 4-849 56 0-502 1-003 1 - 505 2-006 2-508 3-010 3-511 4013 4-514 5-016 57 0-519 1-038 1-557 2-076 2 - 596 3-115 3 • 634 4-153 4-672 5-191 58 0-537 1-074 1-611 2-148 2-685 3-222 3-759 4-296 4- 833 5-370 59 - 556 1-111 1-666 2-222 2-778 3-333 3-888 4-444 5-000 5-555 60 - 574 1-149 1-724 2-298 2-872 3-447 4-022 4-596 5-170 5-745 61. 385 Table I — Continued, Percentage of Saturation. Tsmp., • F. 10 20 Grains 30  4-0(9 4-747, 5-426 6-104 6-782 66 0-701 1-402 2-103 2. 804 3-504 4-205 4-906 5-607 6-308 7-009 67 0-724 1-448 2- 172 2-89: 3-620 4-345 5-069 5- 793 6-517 7-241 68 0-748 1-496 2. 244 2-992 3-740 4-488 5-236 5-984 6-732 7-480 69 0-773 1-545 2-318 3-090 3-863 4-636 5-408 6-181 6-953 7-726 70 0-798 1-596 2. 394 3-192 3-990 4-788 5-586 6-384 7-182 7-980 71 0-824 1-648 2-472 3-296 4-120 4-944 5 768 6. 592 7-416 8-240 72 0-851 1-702 2-552 3-403 4-254 5- 105 5-956 6 806 7-657 8-508 73 0-878 1-756 2-635 3-513 4-391 5-269 6-147 7-026 7-904 8-782 74 0-907 1-813 2-720 3-626 4-533 5-440 6-346 7-253 8-159 9-066 75 0-936 1-871 2-807 3-742 4-678 5-614 6549 7-485 8-420 9-356 76 0-9(56 1-931 2-896 3-862 4-828 5-793 6-758 7-724 8-690 9-655 77 0-996 1-992 2-989 3-985 4-981 5-977 6-973 7-970 8-966 9-962 78 1-028 2-055! 3-083 4-111 5-138 6-166 7-194 8-222 9-249:10-277 79 1-060 2-120 3-180 4-240 5-300 6-361 7-421 8-481 9-541 « 10-601 80 1-093 2-187 3-280 4-374 5-467 6-560 7-654' 8-747 9-841 10-934 81 1-128 2-25,5 3 - 382 4-510 5-638 6 - 765 7-892 9 020 10-148 11-275 82 1.163 2-325 3-488 4-650 5-813 6-976 8-138 9301 10-463 11-626 83 1-199 2- 397 3-596 4 - 795 5-994 7-192 8-391 9-590 10-788ill. Absorber, 21, 154. Absorption; heat of — , 20, 45; — of heat-rays, 15. Absorption machines, 17, 41, 53, 150; construction of American , 330; operation of American , 334. Absorptive capacity of air for water- vapour, 113. Adiabatic compression, 12, 32. After-cooling and — apparatus, 126. Agitators; — for condensers and evaporators, 19, 37, 52, 116; — for ice- cells, 212. Air; bubbles of — in ice, 211; — channels, 39, 181; critical data of — , 224; — cushion (in valves), 63, 107; drying of — , 172; — jet appa- ratus, 37; liquefaction of — ,222; moisture of — , 112, 170; proper- ties of — , 381, 382; renewal of — ,195; — space in walls of cold stores* 192. Air-chamber, 79. Air-circulation; indirect — with direct-expansion bunker coils, 280; indi- rect — with brine bunker coils, 280; natural and artificial, 176, 180. Air-cooling, 39, 170, 175, 346; coil-room for — , 348; Linde system of — , 350; sheet system of — , 350. Alum; addition of — to water for freezing, 212. • Ammonia, 17, 23, 41, 43, 223; action of — on copper and bronze, 23, 66; — distributor, 73; — heater, 150; — machines, 17, 58; properties of saturated — vapour, 380; — pumps, 157. Ammonia comprescors, 58; sizes of double-acting , 375; sizes of single- acting , 374 Aqueous vapour; weight of cubic foot of at different temperatures and degrees of saturation, 383-385. Ashes as insulating material, 191. Asphalt pitch, 191. Atmospheric pressure, 2, 6, 7. Attacking of metals, 23. Auditoriimi cooling, 350; refrigeration required for , 351. Back expansion from clearance, 106. Bafile-plat« coolers, 168. 387 388 INDEX. Baku oil, 67. Balancing of compressors, 48. Barometric height, 2. Base-ring, 67, 87. Bed-plate, 60. BlaBt-fumaces; drying air for — , 369. Block ice and its production, 200. Boiler apparatus, 159. Boilers, 20, 150. Boiling-point, 2, 224. Breaking limit of materials, 95. Bricks and brickwork, 194. Brine, 4, 11, 133; — air-cooling apparatus, 185; — pumps, 38. Brine-circulation, 38; — with brine-cooler, 279; — with brine-tank, 278. Brine-coolers, 38, 341; Frick — , 343; Hendricks — , 342; "York" con- centric tube — , 342. British Thermal Unit, 4. Calcium chloride; specific gra\-ities and freezing-points of solutions of — , 373 Calorimeter, 141. Calorimetric test , 24 1. Can ice-making, 311; American practice and economy in , 314; purify- ing water for , 314; sizes of cans for , 311. Capacity of cold-stores, 282. C^arbon bisulphide, 26 Carbon dioxide, 17, 24, 233; machines, 17, 83. Camot's cycle, 12, 232. Cascade coolers, 188. Casing, 91. Cast-iron plates for safety-valves, 96. Ceiling; fastening of cooling-pipes to — , 178. Cells; — for ice, 201 ; — in cold stores, 183. Cement phistering of cold stores, 192. C<?ntrifugal pumps, 140. Chamber-coolers, 1.30. Charging of the air-current in air-coolers, 185. Charcoal filter for freezing-water, 212. Charge of cold stores, 190. Chemical actions and properties of cooling-agents, 22. Chlorides of sodium, magnesium, and calcium, 133, 134, 141. Chocolate factories; refrigeration in — , 354. Chronometer, 263. Circulation; — apparatus, 159; — pumps, 38, 140 Circulation of cold air; combined induced and indirect — , 348 r indirect — , 346; induced — , 346. Clearance, 65, 106. , Clear ice and its production, 211. autching; — of valves, 90, 107; — of the indicator, 107. INDEX. 389 Coating of cold chambers, 192. Cock; measuring — , 116, 141; rotating — , 73. Coefficient; — of heat conduction, 14; — of radiation, 15. Coke powder and coke ash, 191, 194. Cold; production of — , 1, 6, 11, 16; losses of — , 142, 195, 200, 231, 244; yield of — , 12, 26, 55. Cold-air machines, 16. Cold-air pipes or mains, 177. Cold used; in cooling air, 173, 198; in ice-production, 202; ^ — in skating-rinks, 222; in the freezing process for shaft-boring, 219. Cold- vapour machines, 17. Collecting oi^ans, 142. Combined compression, 71, 226, 238. Combined machines, 17. Compensating weight, 48. Compound compression, 71, 226, 238. (^/ompression, 3, 12, 17; heat of — , 235. Compression machines, 17; economy of , 321; lubrication of , 345; types of , 322. Compressor, 12, 16, 18, 58. 83, 97, 102; — action (wet or dry), 32, 72; Linde — , 328; —oil, 24; —work, 31, 105. Concrete, 191. Condensable gases, 224, 232. Condensation, 3, 5, 251. Condenser, 17, 110. C\)r.nection for indicators, 102. Cooling; — of compressors, 80, 97; — of gases flowing from an aperture, 233; — of oil, 81; — of stuffing-boxes, 67, 100. C^ooling-agent, 11. Cooling-apparatus, 16, 159; see also Air-cooling apparatus. Cooling-jacket for compressors, 97. Cooling-method for testing cooling machines, 244. Cooling-mixture (carbon dioxide and ether), 233. Cooling- tubes, 36, 177. Cooling-water, 11, 17, 36, 45, 111; — pumps, 37. Cork and cork chippings as insulating material, 192, 194 Corrugated plate for surface-cooling, 186. Cotton packing, 67, 157. Counter-current and — apparatus, 120j 161, 235; — in interchangers 21; — of cooling-water, 54, 116. Coupling of compressors, 46. Cranks; crossing of — , 49. Cream-cooler, 160. Critical data, 224. Cross-head and — path, 58, 97. Cycle, 9, 12, 80; Carnot's — , 12, 232; polytropic — , 11. Cylinder, 60, 83, 99; cooling of — 97; — cover, 61, 84; diameter of — , 65, 93, 99; — feet, 61. 390 INDEX, De-aeration of water for freezing, 214. Decomposition processes, 170. Destruction of work, 6, 39. Deviations from the gas laws, 3, 232. Dew-point, 114. Diaphragm indicators, 103. Direct expansion, 277. Dirt-catcher or dirt-sieve, 79, 94. Disc air-pumpe, 226. Disc-coolers, 131, 186. Disgorging process, 209. Distillation of water for making clear ice, 212. Distributing organs, 142. Distributing trough; for brine, 186; for cooling-water, 124. Distribution of refrigeration by pipes, 357; general design for , 364; power equipment for , 365. Distributors, 73. Doors for cold stores, 197. Double compressor, 47, 58. Double spiral (Linde's), 237. Drawn tubes, 147. Drip-tray; — for air-^soolers, 186; — for bed-plate of compressors, 61; — for condensers, 124; — for stuffing-box, 81 Driving engines, 46. Driving-work; — of compressors, 31 ; — of stirring apparatus and pumps, 37. Drying of air, 173, 236. Drying tower for ammonia, 152. Efficiency, 48, 232. Electric motor, 51. Emptying-cock, 83. Enamel paint for cold stores, 192. Endless jscrew, 51. Energy, 6; — of gases, 7; radiant — , 15; — requirements, 12, 16, 41. Entropy, 12. Elqui valence of heat and work, 6. Ether, 26, 228. Ethylene, 224, 228. Ethyl ether, 26. Evaporation, 5, 16; — condensers, 112, 123; direct and indirect — , 175; heat of — ,5, 26. Evaporator and evaporation apparatus, 17, 132, 159, 226. Expansion, 7, 16; coefficient of — ,3; — cylinder, 16. Explosion of compressor cylinders, 23. Extraction of ice, 203. Failure of machines, 29. Felt packing, 71, 87. INDEX. 391 Felt strips for doors of cold stores, 189. Fermenting- vats; cooling of — , 38, 167. Filling; — of absorption machines, 157; — of ice-cells, 206. Filtration; — of oil, 81; — of salt solutions, 135. Final temperature of condenser water, HI. Fish-freezing, 365. Fitting strips, 61,84. Flanges and flange-tightening, 147, 180, 343, 344. Ry-wheel, 49. Foot-pound, 6. Foot- valves in filling tubes for ice-cells, 218. Frames for ice-cells, 205. Freezers; holding — , 281, 282; sharp — , 281, 282. Freezing, 199; duration of — , 201, 220; — elements, 211; — in stuffing- boxes, 67; — process for shaft-boring, 214; — tubes, 215. Freezing-points of salt solutions, 134. Fresh-water cooling and circulation, 38. Frictional work and losses, 16, 30, 37, 48. Frosting of cooling-pipes, 175, 180. Frothing of brine, 262. Fruit; investigations of U. S. Department of Agriculture on preservation of — , 285. Gas, 3; — law (Mariotte and Gay-Lussac), 3, 7, 232; — motor, 51. Gauge-glass; — for absorbers, 156; — for boilers, 152; — for condensers, 116. Generator; ice — , 38, 206. Germ-free ice, 212. Glycerine, 24; — lubrication and — chamber, 86. Graduating-apparatus, 130. Grinding of valves, 93. Gross cooling-effect, 244. Guides and guiding of cross-head, 58. Heat, 3; balance of — , 9, 42, 45; capacity for absolving — , 16; — con- duction, 14; equivalent of — , 6, 9; — exchange, 196; — of expulsion of ammonia, 44; flow of — , 14; — losses in absorption machines, 152; — radiation, 14, 39, 232; — transference, 14, 117, 122, 131, 141; unit of — ,4; weight of — , 10. Heating; — of boilers, 150; — surface and its utilisation, 117, 122, 136, 141; — test for cooling machines, 247. High-pressure compressor, 71. Hood, 123, 128. Horse-power, 12. Hotel refrigeration, 370. Howaldt packing for stuffing-boxes, 70. Humidity; relative — of the air, 376. Hydrogen, 224. 392 INDEX, Hydrometer, 141. Hygrometer and hygrometric difference, 174. Ice; — cans, 311; — cells, 201; cooling of — , 171, 200; production of — , 199, 311, 317. Ice-generator, 38, 206; — for ships, 209. Ice-replacement, 55. Impregnation of wooden channels, 181. Indicated work, 31. Indicator, 32, 102; — cock, 103; — diagram, 105; — piston, 104; — sup- ports, 102. Insulation and insulating materials, 14, 22, 138, 191, 287, 293, 300. Insulation; design of — , 292 et seq.; types of — , 288-292, 295. Intermediate chamber; for cold stores, 189; for compound compressors, 71. Intermediate vessel for compression machines, 98. Iron vitriol (green vitriol) for impregnating walls of air-passages, 181. Isotherms, 7. Joints; De la Vergne pipe — , 343; gland pipe — , 343; pipe — , 343. Kieselguhr as insulating material, 192, 194. Lantern, see Stuffing-box. Latent heat, 5. Laws of heat, 1, 6, 10. Lead tightenings, 96, 148. Leaf charcoal as insulating material, 192. Leakage; internal — ,34; — of pistons, 108; — of valves, 108; — of waUff of cold stores, 189. Leather collars; for stuffing-boxes and pistons, 36, 89, 157; for , 89. Linde's methods for liquefying gases, 232. Liquefaction; temperature of — , 17, 45; — of gases, 222. Liquid; volatile — , 16. Liquid-coolers, 36, 118. Liquid heat, 26. Liquid interchangers, 21. Loading of valves, 107. Low-pressure compressor, 71. Lubricating material, 17, 24, 67, 86, 102. Lubricator, 70. Mammoth pumps, 37. Manometer, 52, 72. Marine refrigeration, 370. Measuring-cock, 116, 141. Measuring- vessel 141, 257. Meat; cooling of — , 190. Melting; —losses, 200; —water, 172, 178. INDEX. 395 Metallic packing for stuffing-boxes, 70. Meteorological effects on evaporation condensers, 114» Methyl chloride, 26. Methyl ether, 26. Mica packing for stuffing-boxes, 100. Micro-organisms; destruction of — by cold, 160. Milk-coolers, 160. Moisture, 17; absolute and relative content of — of the ear, 112, 170, 173. Natural ice; application of , 172, 199. Net production of cold, 243. 