None
1200 people were attacked and 150 died. Stampfel states that during the early spring the dejecta from a typhoid patient was thrown upon the snow lying on a hill sloping towards the source of the public water supply. A sudden thaw setting in, the impurities would be carried down with the melted snow. This occurred on 25th March, and on 10th April the epidemic commenced. Just at that time the water from this particular source was being used to an unusual extent. Those who derived water from other sources were not afl'ected. APPENDIX 421 6. Pollution of Water in Mains. Mr. M. A. Adams, F.R.C.S., Medical Officer of Health for the borough of Maidstone, in his Annual Report for 1894 (quoted in Public, Health, July 1895) states that he found iu May that the water from a particular hydrant was polluted. Upon investigating the cause, the main was found to he defective at two points near a disused drain. Mr. Adams explains the iusuction of foul matters by stating that there'was a tendency for this service pipe to empty itself iu favour of the lower placed hydrants, and when the taps at these lower places were shut off, a wave of water pressure was sent forward to the higher level ; when this wave reached the hydrant implicated, the water recoiled upon itself, and set up a sudden and strong retreating current in the opposite direction, which produced the iusuction. He adds, ' ' This seemingly small matter ought not to be lost sight of ; it teaches a, practical lesson in hydraulics of the gi'eatest sanitary importance." 7. Pollution of a Deep Well near Edinburgh. In the Edinburgh Medical Journal for November 1894, Dr. A. C. Houston gives an account of n. well at Morningside, 294 feet deep, which yielded polluted water. The pollution was apparently due to the discharge of sewage into a quarry 800 feet away, since the pollution ceased soon after the sewage was diverted into the Edinburgh sewers. 8. Typhoid Fever in the Bolan Pass. Surgeon - Captain Haynes states that in the Bolan Pass in 1877 typhoid fever was caused by drinking a few ounces of water from a well in which a dead camel was found, yet that the natives who had been drinking the water some time did not contract the disease. He also remarks that native troops can live in barracks which have had to be vacated by our men on account of the prevalence of typhoid fever and cholera. 9. Self-Purification of Streams. The effect of the sun's rays upon the organisms found in water has been studied by many observers. Dr. Prooacci exposed water in deep cylinders to the nearly vertical rays of the sun, and found that all the organisms iu the water up to a certain depth were killed. After three hours' exposure the water in the cylinders to 1 foot depth was nearly sterile, whilst at a depth of 2 feet they were unaffected. Prof. Buchner exposed gelatine plates sown with typhoid bacilli in water at various 422 WATER SUPPLIES depths for a period of four and a half hours, and found that all those plates covered with less than 5 feet of water were sterilised. Those exposed at a depth of 10 feet were not affected. Percy Frankland has proved that in the Thames and Lea there are often twenty times more organisms present in the water in winter than in summer, but this he thinks may in part bo due to the greater proportion of spring water contained in the streams in summer, since spring water contains comparatively few organisms. When a little common salt is added to water the sterilising effect of the sun's rays is said to be increased. With reference to the great variation in the number of bacteria in river water during the course of the year. Prof. E. Frankland, in his Report on Metropolitan Water Supply, 1894, says, "that the number of microbes in Thames water is determined mainly by the rate of the flow of the river, or, in other words, by the rainfall, and but slightly, if at all, by either the presence or absence of sunshine, or a high or low temperature." Dr. D. Harvey Attfield {Brit. Med. Journ., 17th June 1893) describes the results of a series of experiments undertaken by him in Munich to ascertain the effect of Infusoria upon the bacteria in polluted water. 164 specific organisms, 130 Distillation of water, 12, 254, 257 sea water, 254 Distributing mains, 371 Distribution of water, 369 Divining rod, 290 Domestic consumption of water, 277 filters, 247 dangers of, 251 high pressure, 247 low pressure, 247 limited utility of, 251 self-supplying, 250 Domestic purification of water, 247 Drainage area, 295 Drinking water, qualities of, 104 Dual supply, 303 Duties of Sanitary Authority to supply water, 395 Dysentery, outbreaks due to impure water 125. 184 Eaeth, living, action of, 47 Eels in water mains, 111 Electricity, decomposition of water by, 1 Engines, pumping gas, 353 oil, 352 steam, 353 water, 344 wind, 341 Enteric fever vricle Typhoid fever Entozoa, affecting man, 155 Evaporation, loss of water by, 297 rate of, 12 from the ocean, 12 Expansion of water when freezing, 3 Faotoes influencing amount of water available, 91 Ferrule machine, 373 Filter beds, 236, 242 area of, 237 area of, to calculate, 238 cleansing of, 236, 239 construction of, 235, 245 effect of scraping, 230 polarite, 242, 253 Filters, cottage, 252 domestic, 247 high pressure, 247 low pressure, 247 limited utility of, 251 self-supplying, 250 Filtration and cholera, 190 GENERAL INDEX 425 Filtration at Altona, 232 by machinery, 240 nitrification during, 234 rapidity, 232 removal of colour by, 235 efficiency of, 227, 233 Finding, water, 290 Fire extinction, "vvater reserve for, 365 Plow of water through mains, 371 Formulae, Pole's, for yield of catch- ment area, 297 storage, 299 Eytelwein's, for velocity, 370 Burton's, for fire reserve, 365 Freezing point of water, 3 Kriction, loss of head by, 371 Frost, action on mains, 375 Galvanised iron cisterns, 205 pipes, 257 Gauging of springs and streams, 95, 287 wells, 292 Goitre, 126 alleged causes of, 127 localities in which prevalent, 126 Granite, water held by, 44 Gravel, pocket of, 41 Gravitation works, 360 Ground water vide Subsoil water Hard water, 7 cost of softening, 257, 261, 266, 268 influence on health, 117 softening processes, 256 waste caused by, 119 Hazel twig, effect of water upon, 290 Head of water, 239 loss by friction, 371 Health, effect of impure water upon, 122 "Health" pipe, 130, 374 Heat, effect on water, 214 latent, of water, 3 Horse-power, definition, 354 equivalent in water raised, 355 Hourly variation in supply, 277 consumption, inequality of, 364 House cisterns, 204, 369 Hydrants, ball, dangers of, 212 Hydraulic rams, 344 efficiency of, 346 Imbibition, 42 Impervious strata, 41 Impounding reservoirs, 257, 358 Impure water, effect upon animals, 157 effect upon health, 122 Incompressibility of water, 2 Inequality of hourly consumption, 364 Influence of soil on cholera and typhoid organisms, 309 lusuction at water joints, 210 Interlacing system of mains, 373 Intermittent pollution, 174, 192 supply, dangers, 211 to various towns, 274, 369 Tnterpretatiou of water analyses, 160 Iron in water, 8, 10 Is water analysis a failure ? 175 Isolated houses, supply for, 285 Joints of water mains, 372 fouling by hemp stuffing, 372 Joints, insuction at, 211 Lakes, 33 as reservoirs, 33, 35 Laws relating to water supplies, 381 Lands Clauses Consolidation Acts, 381 Limited Owners Reservoir, etc. depth of, 372, 374 diameter of, 370 distributing, 371 eels in. 111 flow of water through, 371 house service, 371, 374 insuction of lilth by, 211 interlacing system of, 373 joints of, 372 tnmk, 371 velocity of water in, 370 Malaria, 131 decrease in England, 131 outbreak on board ship, 132 where prevalent, 132 Maximum consumption of water, 365 density of water, 4 rainfall, 92 Mean consumption of water, 365 Metallic impurities in water, 8, 10, 128, 210 Metropolitan Water Supply, Koyal Commission report on, 72, 88, 89, 94, 191, 238, 277 Mineral waters, classification of, 11 Minimum rainfall, 92 Moisture in atmosphere, 13 Moorland waters, 27 Movements of subsoil water, 44, 200 Natural water, constituents of, 7 classification of, 11, 27 Nitrates and nitrites, how formed, 196 in chalk waters, 166 reduction of, 168 signiHcation of, 164 \ Nitrification during filtration, 234 process of, 196 Nitrogen, organic, 171 Nitrogenous organic matter, 171 Nostoc, 109 Odour of water, 2, 106 caused by Asterionelia, 108 Beggiatoa alba, 110 Bur Sana gastris, 108 Charafoetida, 102, 109 Conferva Bmiibycirm, 109 Crenothri:,:, 108, 364, 418 Gryptomoiias, 108 Lynghya muralis, 110 Nostoc, 109 Oscillatoria^, 110 Spoiigilla fluviatilis, 108 Taiellaria, 108 Uroglena Americana, 107, 108 hemp joints, 207 tar varnish, 372 due to dead animals. 111 sulphuretted hydrogen, 106 Odours of water, classification of 107 Oolite, water held by, 44, 74, 302 Organic matter in water, 170 Organisms in water, 113 bacteria, 113, 185 higher fungi, 114 low forms of animal and vegetable life, 115 Oriental boils, 154 Oscillatoriai, 110 Oxidation in running water, 21 7 GENERAL INDEX 427 Oxidising effects produced liy sand filtration, 236 Oxygen in water, 6, 217, 219 absorbed by water, 173 Palatabilitt of water. 149, 164, 166, 169, 171-207, 209, 256, 274, 282 Ponds, 32 Potable water, definition of, 121 classification of, 11, 27 Previous sewage contamination, 166 Public Health Act, 381, 390, 392, 394, 397 Public Health Water Act, 381, 391, 394, 401 water supplies, description of, 404 Pumping from bore tube, 316 mains, velocity of water in, 370 Pumps and pumping machinery, 332, 339 amount of water raised by, 337 efficiency of, 333 varieties of, 332 Purchase of land and water rights, 381 Pure water, definition of, 2 Purificatiou of water by sedimenta- tion, 225, 227 filtration, 228 fermentation, 255 softening process, 271 alum, 255 permanganate of potash, 255 How of river, 215 nitrification, 48, 196, 234 Purification of water, domestic, 247 Koch's remarks on, 231 Massachusetts, experiments on, 228 Purposes for which water is required, 273 428 WATER SUPPLIES Quality of drinking water, 104 Quantity of water obtainable from different soiirces, 295 required for domestic and other purposes, 272 supplied in different towns, 276 used in towns witli constant supply, 274 intermittent supply, 274 tropical climates, 282 by cattle, 283 Rain, causes of, 13 Rain-bearing winds, 14, 15 Rainfall, 14, 15, 34, 92 at equator, 15 Kew, Greenwich, Massachu- setts, 16 available supply of water from, 26, 294 collected by rivers, 92 how estimated, 16 in gallons per acre, 19 Rain-gauge, 16 position, 17 mountain, 18 Rain water, 12, 19 action on lead, 21 cisterns, 21 collection of, 25 filtration of, 25 how polluted, 21 impurities in, 20 separator, 23 storage of, 21, 26, 367 Ram, hydraulic, 344, 346 Regulations under Metropolis Act, 375 Reserve for fire extinction, 365 Reservoirs, 33, 366 impounding, 357 natural, 362 service, 359, 362 settling, 359 River water, 27, 86 revolving purifier, 242 suitability of, for public supplies, 90, 220 towns supplied by, 101 Rivers and watercourses, amount of water available from, 92 origin of, 86 Rivers and watercourses, laws relat- ing to, 383, 384 percentage of rainfall collected in, 93 pollution of, 87 pollution, Royal Commission on, 27, 40, 67, 69, 74, 88, 117, 149, 164, 166, 169, 171, 207, 209, 256, 274, 282 self- purification of, 88, 215 subterranean, 46 velocity of flow, 95 Roofs, water collected from, 25 Rural water supplies, 400 law relating to, 381 Sand, water held by, 44 filtration, experiments on, 228 requisites for efficiency, 231, 233, 239 washing, 236, 246 Sandstone, water held by, 44, 74, 301 Saturation of rock, 42 Scrubbers, 240 Sea water, distillation of, 254 for sewer flushing, 104 Search for water, 289 Selection of source of snisply, 284 Self-puriflcation of rivers, 88, 215, 421 effect of bacteria, 223 infusoria, 422 oxidation, 219 sedimentation, 220 sunlight, 223, 421 Separator, rain-water, 23 Service pipes, 374, 376 unsuitable, 285 reservoirs, 359 Settling reservoirs, 359 Shallow wells, 46 pollution of, 198 Slime on filter beds, action of, 231 Soft water, 7 advantages and disadvantages of, 120 Softening of water, 256 by addition of lime, 257 Archbutt and Deeley's process 263 Atkins' process, 259 GENERAL INDEX 429 Softening of water, by boiling, 256 distillation, 257 Gittens' process, 263 Howatson's process, 263 Maignen's process, 267 Porter-Clark's process, 259 Staubope's process, 261 cost of, 257, 261, 265, 268 purification effected by, 271 saving effected by, 259, 268 Soil, undisturbed, as a filter, 197 influence on typhoid and cholera organisms, 309 Solvent power of water, 5 Sources of supply, 26, 284 Spmujilla fiuviatilis, 108 Spongy iron, 242, 253 Spring water, 27, 55, 65, 285 Springs, how formed, 57 character of water from, 65 utilisation of, 60 varieties of, 56, 286 yield of, 59, 286 law relating to, 383, 384 Stand pipes, 391 Staudai'ds of purity, 191 Stool taps, dangers of, 211 Storage of water, 357 amount of, 298, 360, 366 eflect of, 363 of rain water, 21 Strata, chief water-bearing, 72 Streams, vide Rivers Subsoil, permeability of, 42 percolation into, 43 pollution of, 197 by gas, 202 saturation of, 42 water level in, 43 yield of water from, 45, 239, 288, 300 Subsoil water, 27, 41 towns suiiplied by, 49 movement of, 44 effect upon health, 199 law relating to, 383, 386 Subterranean water, cistern theory, 72 river theory, 72 Sunlight, effect on organisms, 223 Supply, dual, 303 Surface water, 28 Surface water affected by nature of soil, 31 from uplands, 26, 28 cultivated ground, 27, 31 yield of, 34, 294 Tabdlaria, 108 Tables- Amount of water raised by pumps, 337, 341 nitrates in chalk waters, 166 Analyses of rain waters, 27 deep-well waters, 84, 85 river and other waters, 178 spring waters, 68, 69 subsoil waters, 52, 54 surface waters, 38, 39, 40 Area of filter beds and rate of filtration, 237 Artesian tube wells, yield, etc., 323, 324, 326 Bacteria removed by sand filtra- tion, 228 Cholera death - rate, effect of changed water supply upon, 150 Cost of boring wells, 321 tube wells, 314 Discharge of water from pipes, 355 Effect of subsidence on number of micro-organisms, 227 Efficiency of hydraulic rams, 346 Filtration, rapidity of, 241 Flow of water over notched boards, 288 Force required to work pumps, 340 Quantity of water raised by water wheel, 351 by windmill, 343 per stroke of pump, 337 supplied daily per head, in various towns, 276, 278 by various London Com- panies, 278 yielded by Artesian wells, 323, 326 tube wells, 312, 313 Eainfall, 16 percentage collected in rivers, 93, 94 43° WATER SUPPLIES Tables- Water rateSj 416 Well sections around London, 79, 80 Tanks, rain-water, 366, 367 for storage, 367 Taste of water, 2, 111 Temperature of deep -well waters, 322 effect on water in exposed reser- voirs, 363 Towus supplied by lake water, 33, 38 river water, 101 spring water, 68 subsoil water, 49 surface water, 38 deep-well water, 84 Trade winds, 13 Trunk mains, 370, 371 Tube wells, 313, 325 Turbidity of water, 112 Turbines, 347 Typhoid bacilli, influence of soil on, 309 influence of water, etc., on, 191, 223 in drinking water, 186, 187, 191 removal by filtration, 228 Typhoid fever, outbreaks of — Ashton-in-Makerfleld, 203 Bangor, 134 Beverley, 135, 177 Bolan Pass, 421 Buckingham, 177 Caius College, 136 Caterham, 134 Chester-le-Street, 138 Croydon, 211, 213 Hougliton-le-Spring, 180 Lausen, 133 Massachusetts, 139, 183 Mountain Ash, 136, 182 Nabburg, 135 Newark, 146, 224 New Herrington, 137 Nunney, 133 Over Darweu, 134 Paisley, 420 Pennsylvania, 212 Sherborne, 136 Tees Valley, 142, 180 Terling, 137 Typhoid fever, outbreaks of — Trent Valley, 145, 177 Worthing, 187 UNDEKQKOnND sources of water, 41, 386 water, advantages of, 78 tanks, 367 Unufecessary consumption, 279 Upland surface waters, 26 Uroglatia, Ameritxtna, 107-108 Vakiatioh in daily consumption of water, 283 in hourly consumption of water, 277 Velocity of rivers, estimation of, 95 of water in pumping mains, 370 in mains, Eytelwein's formula, 370 Volume of water held by various rocks, 44 Waste of water, amount of, 280 causes of, 279 detection of, 279 prevention of, 279, 282, 373 Waste preventers, 279, 373 Water finders, 290 mains {vide Mains) rates, 392, 416 law relating thereto, 390 supplies, Eoyal Commission Ee- port on, 54, 117, 144, 145 208, 216 wheels, 351 works, classification of, 360 Watercourses, vide Rivers Watersheds, 295 available water from, 295, 297 Well sinkers, 306 waters, temperature of, 322 analyses of, 52, 54, 84, 85 pollution of, 49, 197, 203, 305, 421 Wells, Abyssinian, 310 Artesian, 70 cost of, 312 yield from, 312 Wells, construction of, 305 deep, 27, 70, 80 boring and lining, 319 GENERAL INDEX 43' Wells, deep, cost of boring, 320 effect of pumping on, 78, 293 pollution of, 203, 421 yield of, 80, 82, 292, 303, 325, 326 drainage area of, 44, 289 public, 399 shallow, 46 drainage area of, 44, 293 improved construction of, 306 pollution of, 49, 197, 203 Windmills, 341 Yellow fever, 153 Yield of water from various sources 285 Zinc in water, 8-10 cisterns, 205-206 effect upon health, 210, 418 Zoo-parasitic diseases, 154 INDEX OF PEOPER NAMES Abbots Langley, 319, 3z!.3 Abel, Sir F., 219 Abergavenny, 68 Aberystwitli, 33, 34, 38 Abyssinia, 155 Adams, 109, 421 Africa, 156 Agra, 24'zi Aldersbot, 318, 323 Algeria, 330 Alnwicli, 323 Altona, 232 {vide Hamburg) Anderson, W., 242 Anstead, 13 Antwerp, 242 Argentine, 15, 330 Aristotle, 1 Armstrong, Dr., 277 Artois, 71 Asbby, Dr., 412 Asliton-in-MalverKeld, 203 Asliton-nnder-Lyne, 415 Assam, 15 Aston, 324 Atlierstone, 69, 276 Attfield, J., 57 AUIield, D. H., 422 Australia, 15, 157 Australia, South, 326 IJADDOW, Great, 414 Ballard, 133 Bangor, 134 Barldug, 276 Barnstaple, 39 Barrow-in-Fiirness, 415 Barry, Dr., 90, 103, 129, 142, Batenian, 14, 297 Batli, 59, 165, 415 419 Batley, 39 Beardmore, 94, 96, 97 Beccles, 313 Bedford, 276 Berlin, 44, 233, 303 Berwick', 275 Beverley, 135, 177 Birkenhead, 84, 415 Birmingham, 278, 415 Bishop-Stortford, 53 Blaclibnru, 415 Blacltston, 15 Blackwell, Mr., 99 Blaxall, Dr., 136 Bolan Pass, 421 Bolton, 108, 415 Bombay, 282 Boston, 39 Boston, U.S.A., 108 Bouluois, P., 2S2 Boulogne, 242 Bourn, 82, 324 Bradford, 237, 27S, 388, 4] 5 Brain tree, 166 Brazil, 157 Bridlington, 276 Brighton, 85, 415 Bristol, 60, 65, 68, 276 Broadbent v. Ramsbottoni, 386 Brodie, Sir B., 89 Brompton, New, 69 Brussels, 303 Buchanan, Sir G., 136, 175 Buchuer, Prof., 421 Buclcingham, 177 Buda Pesth, 44, 200 Buruham, 52 Burnley, 415 Burton, 313, 318 434 WATER SUPPLIES Burton, 356, 360 Bury, 415 Buxton, 2, 38, 59, 165 Calcutta, 214, 282 Calkins, J. N., 107 Cambridge, 136, 211, 288 Camden, 263 Canterbury, 85 Cape of Good Hope, 155, 244, 328 Cardiff, 323, 416 Carlisle, 101, 237, 416 Carnforth, 38 Castle Doniugton, 80, 84 Caterhani, 134, 268 Caterham Springs, 57 Cavendish, 1 Chadwell Springs, 78, 288 Cliasemore c. Richards, 387, 389 Cliatham, 85, 166, 324 Chaux-de-Fonds, 350 Chelmsford, 64, 276 Cheltenham, 59, 68, 103, 109, 416 Chepstow, 68, 276 Cherraponjee, 15 Cheshunt, 79 Chester, 416 Chester-le-Street, 138 Chewton Mcndip, 60 Chicopee Falls, 142 Chili, 196 China, 15, 70 Cirencester, 323 Clark, Dr., 257 Clark, Professor, 120 Clifton, 59 Clown, 52 Clutton, 384 Colchester, 85, 166 Collins, E., 280 Connecticut, 108 Cornwall, 29 Coventry, 84 Cressbrook, 408 Crookshank, B., 187 Croydon, 136, 200, 210, 213, 301, 387 Cumberland, 14, 29, 118 Dalton, 45 Diiubury, 69, 389, 406 ', Daienth, 269 Darlington, 101, 181, 416 Dauben See, 56 D'Aubuisson, 97 Dawkins, Boyd, 83 Day, Justice, 398 Deacon, 279 Demerara, 244 Denny, 399 Denton, B., 25, 366 Derby, 416 Derbyshire, 30, 87, 126 Devonshire, 14, 29 Dewsbury, 38, 416 Dibden, 219 Dicl^enson, 45 Doncaster, 102, 416 Dudley, 416 Dumfries, 237 Duncanson, 278, 375 Dupre, Dr., 190, 219, 270 Durham, 101 East Ham, 276 Eaton, 14 Egypt, 155, 157 Elbourne, 62 Ely, 102 Essex, 10, 106, 111, 116, 131, 163, 183, 289, 302 Eton, 158 Eytelwein, 97 Evans, Sir G., 72, 73 Evesham, 52 Exeter, 282, 416 Faelow, 10 Fedschenko, 155 Fodor, 44, 200 Forschammer, 172 Fraenkel, 48 Frankland, E., 173, 238, 422 Frankland, P., 114, 159, 189, 196, 218, 223, 225, 227, 253, 422 Gakkett, J. H., 9, 109 Gateshead, 416 Geradin, M., 219 Germany, 157 Gilbert and Lawes, 45 Ginman, 279 Glasgow, 33, 38, 116, 150, 208, 225, 278 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 435 Gloucester, 102, 110 Gobi, Desert of, 15 Golden Square, 148 Gooche, Dr., 168 Grantham, 68, 276 Gravesend, 313 Grays Thurrock, 288 Greenwicli, 15, 16 Crenelle, 71 Gustrow, 221 Halifax, 39, 416 Halsbury, Lord, 388 Halstead, 85, 276 Hamburg, 151, 187, 233 Hamilton, 150 Hampshire, 126 Hauley, 84 Harwich, 77, 85 Hassall, 115 Hawksley, 297, 298, 299 Haynes, Surg. -Capt. , 421 Heaton, Dr. H., 210 Heckmoudwike, 38 Hemel Hempstead, 45 Hendon, 158 Henley-on-Thames, 240 Heunell, 238 Hereford, 313 Herrington, New, 137, 198 Hertford, 318, 323 Heybridge, 85 Hey wood, 275 Hicks, Dr., 158 Hirsch, 127, 156 Hodson, 6., 77, 78, 80 Holland, Dr., 120 Holmfirth, 397 Houghton-le-Spring, 180 Houston, Dr., 421 Huddei-sfield, 275, 416 Hull, 416 Humber, Mr., 298 Hunter, 128 Iceland, 157 India, 151, 156 Ingatestone, 52, 242 Isler and Company, 80, 312, 323 Japan, 155 Jessel, M. R., 384 Johnston, Dr., 249 Kalakan, 15 Katrine, Loch, 33, 35, 225 Keighley, 41 G Kelly, Dr., 212 Kempster, Dr. R., 309 Kennedy, 279 Kent, 77 Kentish Town, 77 Kew, 15, 16 Kingsdown, Lord, 385 King's Heath, 323 King's Langley, 45 King's Lynn, 61, 62, 69 Knaresborougli, 102 Koch, 48, 49, 51, 151, 190, 196, 198, 229, 231, 233, 309 Lancashire, 8, 30 Lancaster, 416 Latham, Baldwin, 72, 73, 125, 200 Lausen, 133 Laverau, 131 Lawrence, 140 Leamington, 84, 102 Lea Valley {mde Rivers), 79, 82, 223, 226, 238 Le Chapelle, 324 Lechlade, 313, 409 Leeds, 38, 102, 235, 237, 415 Le Grand and Sutcliff, 80, 312, 313, 322 Leicester, 237, 415 Leipsic, 303 Leuckart, 156 Lincoln, 124, 313 Lincolnshire, 131 Liverpool, 33, 39, 75, 79, 225, 261, 278, 281, 283, 325, 415 Llannelly, 210 London, 77, 80, 82, 149, 191,' 207, 227, 237, 278, 324 Long Eaton, 80, 84, 124 Low, Bruce, 145 Lowell, 140 Lulworth, West, 350, 411 Macclesfield, 415 Macnaughton, Lord, 389 Madras, 132 Maidstone, 421 436 WATER SUPPLIES M.ildon, 85 Manchester, 33, 38, 45, 150, 278, 415 M.-inson, Dr., 155 Marseilles, 132 Martin. Baron, 384 Massachusetts, 16, 31, 32, 33, 89, 49, 53, 65, 92, 107, 108, 139, 162, 170, 172, 183, 190, 216, 222, 228, 234, 363 Matlock, 59 M'Cleunan, 126 Melbourne, 80, 84 Melrose, 68, 276 Melton Mowbray, 313 Melville Island, 5 Mendip Hills, 65 Merthyr Tydfil, 39 Mexico, 123 Middlesborough, 101, 180, 276, 415 Miers and Crosskey, 42 Miguel, 20 Millbank Prison, 125 Miller, 208 Mills, 138 Millwall, 313 Milner v. Gilmour, 385 Mistley, 156 Moleswortb, 340 Monte Video, 242 Montsouris, 20 Moruingside, 421 Mountain Ash, 136, 182, 212 Munich, 44, 199, 218, 422 Munro, Dr., 420 Musselburgh, 313 Myelins, 418 Nabburg, 135 Nantwich R.S.A., 404 Natal, 15 Newark, 102, 146, 224 Newburyport, 141 Newcastle, 277 New Cross, 313 New South Wales, 327 Newton, 49 Northampton, 415 Northumberland, 30 Norton, Cold, 85 Norwich, 52, 76, 85, 166 Nottingham, 126, 176, 415 Nunney, 133 Oldino, Prof., 219 Okehanipton, 39 Oldham, 415 Oude, 126 Over Darweu, 134 Page, Dr., 135, 137 Paisley, 150 Paris, 89, 156, 219, 350 Parkes, Dr., 132, 273, 289 Parry, J., 364 Patricroft, 323 Pennine Chain, 14 Pennsylvania, 420 Peru, 196 Pettenkoffer, 44, 199, 200 Plymouth, 38, 102, 416 Plynlimmon, 33, 34 Pole, Dr., 297, 298, 299 Poncelet et Lesbros, 100 Pontefract, 84 Poole, 52 Porter, Dr., 298 Portsmouth, 202 Power, W. R., 9, 419 Preston, 38, 416 Procacci, Dr., 421 Pudsey, 127, 208 Purfleet, 313 Queensland, 322, 325 Rafter, 108 Rankine, Prof., 273 Rawlinson, Sir R., 314, 320, 358 llawteustall, 52 Reading, 14, 264 Redhill, 134 Eemson, 107 Richardson, Sir B. W., 118 Ripon, 101 Rivers — Aire, 56 Bourue, 57 Calder, 102 Chelt, 102 Colne, 324 Danube, 49 Don, 102 Eden, 101 Elbe, 156 Exe, 30 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 437 Rivers — Hamps, 56 Harre, 303 Hooglily, 244 Irwell, 216 Isar, 44, 218 Kennet, 99 Lawrence, 140 Leam, 102 Loddon, 94 Loiretj 56 Manifold, 56 Medway, 94 Merrimac, 106, 141-234 Mersey, 30, 216 Mew, 102 Mimram, 94 Nene, 94 Nid, 102 Ouse, 101, 102, 177 Pleisse, 300 Potomac, 242 Scliwarza, 303 Seine, 89, 219 Severn, 94, 102 Sorgue, 56 Spree, 44, 303 Sudbury, 93, 94 Tees, 30, 90, 101, 142, 180 Thames, 14, 88, 89, 94, 102, 115, 117, 216, 219, 222, 223, 256 Trent, 102, 145, 177 Ure, 101 Wandle, 94, 387 "Washburn, 102 Weir, 101 Wharfe, 102 Yare, 102 Rochdale, 15, 416 Rochester, 325 Rome, 132 Rosooe, Sir H., 4 Rostock, 221 Rotherhithe, 313 Rotterdam, 418 SAFruoN Walden, 52, 85, 166, 276 Sahara, Desert of, 15 St. Albans, 319, 323 St. Austell, 68, 276 St. Helens, 278, 416 Salford, 123, 150 Sandown, 102 Scarborough, 416 Sclienectady, 124 Scott, 15 Sedgewick, Dr., 142, 418 Sedgley Park, 124 Sheffield, 9, 297, 416 Sherborne, 136 Shields, 14 Shrewsbury, 102 Sleaford, 80, 324 Smith, Angus, 20, 286 Smith, Prof. W. K., 190 Smith V. 