None
 \*3 \ ! \ \ \^ \1 \-s\ A \\ t \ X v \& 140 \ A \ \\ s- ri \ \ V \\ 3 \ ^ v \ \ \v A1 1 • \ ,\ \ \ \\ V | \ ? v \ _ A \\ \ M lAt \ A \ \ \ \\ 2 £ \ 1 \ \l \ v\ \\ \ g \ ^ \ N \ A, \ \\ \s \ -100 \ Vi \ \ V \v \\ \\ o \ g \  v \ N\ \N 5 \ 80 vj> \ \  ^ \ \ \ Y \s . \ \ N s\ Y sx 60 ^ \ X \ \ x Y  X \ \ sx sx \^s Y \N X vft X S. \ \ \ s X x x\ sss> Xs s^X x § vS ^ 40 ^ X x x^ \ x X \ \ \ x x^  30 \ ^ X \ "X ^N \ ''x X. ^ X ^ ^ "X^s Xx. \ <§. ^-, \ •\ ^ \ •^v^ ^ "^x ^^x. *» — __ \ ^ ~Vx, •^x. ^ ^ s ^ ^ ^ r-. 20 p-x. , *^. •^ ->. ^»«. \ •**Wliiii^  | f 1 • l ? I i r i t ! c 1 I i i f r 1 g f I I r f 5 I i t \ ! c 1 f 1 ! \ \ i \ \ \ Foot-Pounds of Energy Fig. 1. Energy of a Steam Jet in Foot-pounds, when the Steam Expands Adiabatic- ally between different  1 •S / l\ • »—t f / [ / / / 1 I 1 / ' 1 ooo'ooi i >> «J /  1 / 1 // ] § S / / / 1 / // , l« /  V / -> r  \ c > Velocities in Feet per Second Fig. 3. Velocity of a Steam Jet in Feet per Second, when Steam Expands Adia- batically between different Initial and Final Pressures. tit- 412 APPENDIX TABLE OF THE PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM. Jls <if Q <£ ^ 2 ^ J5 rC H O N-*' "Q - & fl "rt "5> /-i. 5 1 ox, °^ *c G ^ iw ° « ||'| 2 «BJ3 oi oj a *o -d -<-> °3 VM N -M O 5 If >>^ & a IP III £ .5 5" III ISr tuj l£ 3 o EH II || "SpD P m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 101.99 70 0 1043 0 1113 1 0.133 1.985 334.6 0.00299 5 162 34 130 7 1000 8 1131.5 .235 1.842 73.22 .01366 10 193 25 161.9 979 0 1140 9 .284 1.781 38.16 .02621 15 213 03 181 8 965 1 1146.9 .314 1.747 26.15 .03826 20 227.95 196.9 954 6 1151.5 .336 1 722 19.91 .05023 25 240 04 209 1 946.0 1155.1 .354 1.704 16.13 .06199 30 250 27 219 4 938 9 1158.3 .369 1.689 13.59 .07360 35 259.19 228 4 932 6 1161.0 .381 1.677 11.75 .08508 40 267.13 236 4 927.0 1163 4 .392 1 666 10.37 .09644 45 274.29 243 6 922 0 1165 6 .402 1.656 9.287 .1077 50 280.85 250 2 917.4 1167 6 .411 1.648 8 414 .1188 55 286.89 256 3 913 1 1169.4 .419 1.640 7.696 .1299 60 292.51 261 9 909 3 1171.2 .427 1.634 7.096 .1409 65 297.77 267 2 905 5 1172.7 .434 1.628 6.583 .1519 70 302.71 272 2 902 1 1174.3 .440 1.622 6.144 .1628 75 307.38 276.9 898 8 1175.7 .446 1.617 5.762 .1736 80 311.80 281 4 895.6 1177.0 .452 1.612 5.425 .1843 85 316.02 285 8 892 5 1178.3 .458 1.607 5.125 .1951 90 320 04 290 0 889 6 1179.6 .463 1 603 4.858 .2058 100 327 58 297 9 884 0 1181.9 .473 1.595 4.403 .2271 115 337.86 308.7 876.3 1185.0 .487 1.584 3.862 .2589 135 350.03 321.4 867.3 1188 7 .503 1.572 3.323 .3009 140 352.85 324 4 865.1 1189.5 .506 1.570 3.212 .3113 150 358 26 330.0 861 2 1191.2 .513 1 565 3.011 .3221 165 365.88 338 0 855.6 1193.6 .523 1.558 2.751 .3635 175 370 65 343 0 852 0 1195.0 .529 1 554 2.603 .3841 185 375 23 347.2 848.6 1196.6 .535 1 550 2.470 .4049 190 377.44 350 1 847.0 1197.1 .538 1 549 2.408 .4153 200 381 73 354 6 843.8 1198 4 543 1 544 2.294 .4359 215 387.88 361.0 839.2 1200 2 .550 1.539 2.142 .4669 Abridged from the tables of Prof. Values of the entropy of steam taken, by permission, from Heat and Heat-engines, by Prof. F. R, Hutton. Both of the foregoing are pub- lished by John Wiley and Sons, New York. INDEX Absolute velocity 2 calculation of 286 Accumulator, Rateau's steam 166 calculations for 169 tests on 171 Adiabatic flow ; see flow of steam. Air-pump, Edwards 377 Allis-Chalmers turbine 153 Angles of vanes.... 287,290-292,295 experiments on 298 Area of condenser surface 387 floor, for engines and turbines.. 332 steam nozzles 278 Arrangement of condensers 337-341 for Curtis turbine 337 for Parsons turbine 339 Balance pistons 146, 155 Balancing high-speed bodies 307 cylinders 309 locating heavy side 309 static 308 Blades, see vanes. Blowers, turbine-driven • 79 British- Westinghouse turbine, 160 Brown-Boveri turbine 150 Brownlee's experiments on flow of steam 218 Buckets, see vanes. By-pass 143, 150, 152 Care and management of turbines... 358 condensing apparatus. .360, 363, 369 Carmania, turbines of 398 compared with Coronia 400 Cavitation 405 Chart for power units 193 adiabatic expansion : velocity of flow 408 energy of flow 410 condensation during 270 loss of superheat during 275 Commercial aspect of the turbine... 327 Comparison of turbines and engines: advantages of 329, 209 calculations for 176 care of 358 cost of 342 economy of 196, 329 under variable loads 205,206 with overloads 209 field of 327, 328 floor area for 332 Comparison of turbines and engines: maintenance of 345 marine 393, 400, 403 Composition of blades 357 Compound turbine, principle of.... 16,21 Condensing surface, area of 387 Cooling water, quantity of 387 Condensers and auxiliaries: Alberger 380 arrangement of 337-341 for Curtis turbine 337 for Parsons turbine 339 calculations on 389 care of 360, 363, 369 cost of 343 injector and jet 385 list of auxiliaries 375,380,382 marine 400 power for 391 space required for 337 surface 375 vs. Enlargement of plant 341 Entropy 254 of saturated steam 256 of superheated steam 257 of water ,. 255 Erosion of blades 352 cause of 352 in De Laval turbines 353 in Parsons turbines 353 experience with Westinghouse turbines 355 in Curtis turbines 356 Experiments with nozzles ; see flow of steam. upon vanes 297 upon tubes and channels 302 Floor area for engines and tur- bines 332 comparison of 500 Kw. units... 332 Flow of steam : calculations on 266-276 saturated 266 superheated 272 condensation during. . . .260, 267, 270 expansion incomplete 269 carried too far 225,279 experiments on 217-246 Napier's rules for 217 pressure at which superheated steam loses superheat 273 principles of 9-11, 218, 219, 225 shape of jets 9 simplified formula for 269 through cylindrical nozzles, Brownlee 219 Kunhardt 219 Kneass 224 Gutermuth 240 through converging nozzles, Rateau 236 Gutermuth 240 through diverging nozzles, Kneass 221 Rosenhain 228 Gutermuth 240 Lucke 243 through orifice in flat plate, Rateau 236 Rosenhain 228 weight of steam flowing, 217, 238, 271 Friction of steam engines 179 losses in nozzles 281 Gears, data upon De Laval 74 Generators, efficiency of 177 encased 148, 330 Glands, water-packed 140 Governors, turbine: De Laval 75 Hamilton-Holzwarth 112 Zoelly 107 Curtis 128 Greissmann's tests on specific heat.. 263 Grindley's tests on specific heat 263 INDEX 415 Guide vanes, Hamilton-Holz- warth 109-112 angles of 287, 290-292, 295 Rateau 96, 100 Zoelly 104 Hamilton-Holzwarth turbine 109-112 details of construction 110 governor 112 Heat diagram 253 applied to design 320 Heat unit 249 Heat, mechanical equivalent of 249 specific 249 to laise temperature of water... 251 in superheated steam 252 in wet steam 252 latent 251 total 251 of liquid 251 High-speed bodies 305 critical speed of 305 settling of 307 balancing 307 stresses in 310 High vacuum, see vacuum. Horse-power, conversion of to kilo- watts 173 internal, or indicated 173 conversion table for kilowatts to 174 Hydraulic turbines, principle of 1 governing 107, 125 Impulse turbines: and reaction, combined 159 British- Westinghouse 160 Crocker- Warren 159 Sulzer Bros 161 compound : Hamilton-Holzwarth 109 Kerr 93 Rateau 95 Zoelly 102 distinguished from reaction 12 shape of vanes 15 simple : De Laval 67-79 Rateau 52, 81 Riedler-Stumpf 81 Injection water, see cooling water. lets, impulse and reaction of 3 steam, shape of 9 measuring reaction of 228 Kerr turbine 93 Kilowatts, conversion of to horse- power 173 King Edward, first turbine steamer.. 392 Kneass' experiments on flow of steam 221 Knoblauch, Linde and Klebe tests on specific heat 263 Kunhardt's experiments on flow of steam 220 Latent heat 251 Leakage of steam 304 in engines 352 Lindmark turbine 162 Losses in a turbine, analyzing 315 in 1,250 Kw. turbine 317 Low-pressure turbines 166 Curtis 171 steam consumption of 171 Lubrication, of De Laval turbine... 74 Parsons turbine 141 quantity of oil required 330 Lusitania, largest turbine vessel 400 Maintenance and operation 345 labor required 358 Marine turbines 392-405 advantages and disadvantages... 405 Atlantic liners with 394 Carmania, turbines of 398 compared with Coronia 400 cavitation 405 King Edward, turbines of 392 trials of Heysham line boats.... 403 of Amethyst and Topaz 393 Mechanical equivalent of heat 249 Motion, absolute and relative 2 Multicellular turbines : explanation of 20 Hamilton-Holzwarth 109-1 12 tests on 187 Rateau 95-102 Zoelly 102-109 Victorian, turbines of 394 performance of 396 Napier's rules for flow of steam 217 National Electric Light Association report 347 Noise made by turbines. 330 Notation 247 Nozzles : area of 278 converging and diverging. .10, 11, 277 cylindrical 10 design of 276 effect upon steam flowing 10 of maximum efficiency 225,235 taper of De Laval 71, 230 types of 9 see flow of steam. Oiling system, De Laval 74 Parsons 141 quantity oil required 330 Operation of turbines: accumulator system 369 416 INDEX Operation of turbines : condensing apparatus. . .360, 363, 367 directions by engineers 364, 366 general care 362, 364, 365 directions 359 notes of experience 369 oiling system 368, 365, 362 operating Curtis turbine ,. . . 365 De Laval turbine 361 Parsons turbine 363 synchronizing 368, 369 warming up 358, 359, 368 Orifice in thin plate, effect upon jet 12 Orrok's formulas for specific heat... 263 Overloads, effect on turbine economy, 210 Parsons turbines 135-158 care and operation 359, 363, 364 condenser arrangements for ...339, 380, 382 cost of 343 dimensions of 335 history 135 patents on 36, 42, 43, 54, 144 principles of 20, 136 tests on 185, 189, 190,210-212 vanes, diagrams for 294 Patents, early steam turbine 22 Altham 45 Babbitt 41 Bollmann 62 Breguet 48 Curtis 58-61 Cutler 39 De Ferranti 55 De Laval 41, 47 Delonchant 31 Dow 46 Foster and Avery 24 Hartman 34 Hoehl, Brakell and Gunther. ... 36 Imray 40 Kerr 93 Last 42 Leroy 25 Levin 91 McElroy 51 Monson 35 Moorhouse 37 Parsons 36, 42, 43, 54 Perrigault and Farcot 36 Pilbrow 27 Rateau 52, 96 Real and Pichon 23 Richards 90 Seger 49 Tournaire 32 Wilson 29 Patents, early steam turbine: Von Rathen 57 Zoelly 88 Pelton type, turbines of 80-94 Kerr turbine 93 Levin's experimental wheel 92 Rateau 81 Richards' design 90 Riedler-Stumpf 81 Zoelly wheel 88 Performance, thermal unit basis of.. 181 of engines and turbines ; see economy of. Plant, enlargement of... 341 Pressure, atmospheric 248 absolute 248 critical 218, 277 gauge 248 in throat of nozzles, 220, 221, 224, 227 specific 250 Pumps, turbine-driven 77 Reaction of jets, how measured 228 Rateau turbines : multicellular 95-102 patents on 52, 96 simple impulse 81 test on 187 Reaction turbines : distinguished from impulse 14 shape of vanes 16 Reduction of rotative speed 16 in Curtis turbine 115 in reaction turbine : 21 in Riedler-Stumpf system 84 see also patents of Pilbrow, Wil- son, Hartmann, Moorhouse, Breguet and Ferranti, Chap- ter II. Relative velocity 2 calculation of 286 Riedler-Stumpf turbines : compound 129 patents on 83 principle of 17 simple impulse 81 Rosenhain's tests on flow of steam.. 228 Rotation at high speed 305 balancing for 307 stresses caused by 310 Seger turbine 49 Space for condensing apparatus 337 Space occupied by engines and tur- bines 332 Speciric heat 249 of superheated steam 261 see tests on Specific pressure 250 volume . , . 249 INDEX 417 Specific pressure : of superheated steam 265 of wet steam 252 Speed of turbines, effect on economy, 216 Curtis turbines 120, 124 De Laval turbines 70 see reduction of rotative. Stage turbines, definition of 19 Curtis 114 Steam, flow of 9,217-246,266-276 generation of 250 saturated 250 superheated 250 specific volume of 265 total heat of 252 wet, heat in 251 specific volume of 252 Steam accumulator system of Rateau, 166 Steam engines: advantages of 329 compared with steam turbines 7, 8, 176, 196, 205, 206, 209, 329, 342 cost of 343 dimensions of 336 field of 328 friction tests of 179 leakage in 352 mechanical efficiency of 178, 180 performance of, average 194 best 194 how turbines improve upon... 209 in street railway plants 209 under variable loads 204 with varying superheat 195 Steam turbines: advantages of 329 cost of 343 commercial aspect of 327 compared with steam engines, 7, 8, 176, 196, 205, 206, 209, 329, 342 water turbines 6 compound impulse 16, 95, 113 compound reaction 21, 135 description of A. E. G 132 Allis-Chalmers 153 Avery 24 British-Westinghouse 160 Brown-Boveri 150 Curtis 17,58,113 De Laval 17,41,47,67 Hamilton-Holzwarth 109 Kerr 93 Lindmark 162 multicellular 95 Parsons 20, 36, 42, 43, 54, 135 Rateau 81,95 Steam turbines : Riedler-Stumpf 81, 129 Seger 49 stage 19,95,114 Sulzer Bros 160 Westinghouse 137 Zoelly 102 deterioration of 352 dimensions of 335 electric generating, for 327, 330 field of 327 limitations of 327 principles of 1, 16 simple impulse 16, 67, 80 troubles of 346 danger from water 349 distortion of casing 349 erosion of blades 352 minor difficulties 347 stripping the blades 350 Step bearing of Curtis turbine 123 Stresses in rotating bodies 310 in rotating ring 311 in rotating disk 312 Sulzer Brothers turbine 161 Superheated steam 250 engine operating with 195 specific heat of 261 specific volume of 265 velocity of flow 273-275 total heat of 252 Surface condensing plants 375 Taper of De Laval nozzles 71,230 most efficient nozzles 225,235 Temperature-entropy diagram 253 for finding condensation 260 showing reevaporation 322 for stage turbine 320 for superheated steam 259 for water and steam 257 Temperature, reference points of. ... 247 absolute 248 conversion of Fahr. to Cent. 248 of steam in expanding nozzle... Vanes : impulse and reaction upon 4 Kerr's 93 Rateau, Pelton type 52 regular type 97 Richards' design 88 shape of 15 tests upon 297 Westinghouse 138 Zoelly 89 Variable loads, characteristics under, 198 steam-rate curve for Parsons tur- bine 199 Rateau turbine 200 Curtis turbine 202 De Laval turbine 203 Velocity of steam flowing: calculation of 266, 269 for superheated steam 272-275 experiments on, Kneass 223,227 Rosenhain 233-235 see charts in appendix. Volume, specific 249 of superheated steam 265 of wet steam 252 Westinghouse-Parsons turbines 137 bearings 139 care and operation of. . .359, 363, 364 condenser arrangement. .339, 380, 382 governing arrangement 141 indicator diagram 142 lubrication 141, 365 secondary admission valve 143 separate high- and low-pressure cylinders 148 sectional view 146 tests on 189, 190, 210-212, 216 water-packed glands 140 with encased generator 148 vanes, construction of 138 diagram for 294 Weight of steam discharged: Napier's rules for 217 calculation of 71 orifice in flat plate 232, 239 cylindrical nozzles 220, 241 converging nozzles. .232, 237, 241, 242 diverging nozzles 232, 241, 242 Willans and Robinson turbine 158 Zoelly turbine : tests on 187 patents on 88 Pelton type, vanes of 89 multicellular 102 guides and vanes 104 wheels and disks 107 governor 107 sectional view 105 AN HUTIW- __—--== ' It UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 