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€nmll Wimmxi^ ^ihxm^ THE GIFT OF C-.«..^vvv4-.p|LA<u //a.<V('CtA^X<\jfcL.. ... A.,.J^..H..'ri-..0.. ^ ,. i'7'^7^^ ■ 6896-2 Cornell University Ubrary CD5348 .W26 Seal cylinders of western Asia. h 3 1924 029 803 172 olin Overs ■jp^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029803172 THE SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN BY WILLIAM HAYES WARD •■%^ASHINGTON, D. C PUBLBHBD BY THB CaKNEGIE Ij««(^TlJtION OF WASHINGTON 1 910 THE SEAL CYLINDERS OF WESTERN ASIA BY WILLIAM HAYES WARD WASHINGTON, D. C. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 1910 4^\ 1> CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Publication No. loo PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA PREFACE. For twenty years I have given a good part of the minutes or hours that could be spared from very engrossing daily office-work to the study of Oriental seal cylinders. I first hoped to be able to master the cuneiform texts, and had begun the study as far back as 1862; but the driblets of time which could be taken for it, often with long periods when nothing could be done, were not sufficient to achieve a task which needed all one's time if merely to keep in memory the forms of so complex a system of writing. Not being myself a professional Orientalist, I there- fore sought an easier task and a field which did not seem to be overmuch trodden by scholars, and yet where M. Menant and M. Heuzey might be my teachers. As it was not possible for me to study in libraries or museums, I was compelled to depend wholly on my own library for books^'^nd on my own efforts to collect cylin- ders, as far as ppssible, and casts of those in museums or in the possession of private persons. By the favor of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and of the office in which I was employed as editor, I was able to spend a part of two summers in Europe, and I hereby express the warmest thanks to M. Heuzey, of the Louvre, to M. Babelon, of the Biblioth^que Nationale, and to Professor Delitzsch and Dr. Messerschmidt, of the Berlin Museum, where I Was allowed to make careful notes of all their fine collections of cylinders and to obtain casts of all that I wished. Nothing could have been more generous than their courtesy and their help. I had been allowed a similar opportunity for study some years before at the British Museum, and was able again briefly to reexamine its fine collection of cylinders, for which favor I owe thanks to Dr. Budge. It is very ipuch to be desired that these entire collections should be published in as admirable a style as that in which M. de Clercq. published his fine collection. I am also .indebted to numerous owners of smaller collections of cylinders, among whom I may mention the late Lord Southesk, Mrs. Henry Draper, the Marquis de Vogue, and M. Schlumberger. I have also had the advantage of the fine collection which has passed into the posses- sion of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan since the text of this volume was written and which, since the de Clercq collection has gone to the Louvre, is now by far the largest collection in private hands and is particularly rich in Syro-Hittite cylinders. Of the public collections in this country the Metropolitan Museum has acquired by far the largest number of cyHnders, most of them obtained by purchase from my own collections; but I have been able to make use of its numerous Cypriote cylin- ders, gathered by the late General di Cesnola and published in his "Atlas" of Cypriote antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum, also that collected by A. P. di Cesnola and published in his "Salaminia." I have received through the kindness of Professor Lyon the privilege of taking casts of the cylinders in the Semitic Museum of Harvard University; and to the courtesy of Professor Hilprecht I owe the same privilege in connection with the collection of cylinders obtained in the expeditions to Nippur of the University of Pennsylvania. To many others, by whom I have been allowed to receive casts of cylinders in their possession, I give acknowledgment in the text of this volume. IV PREFACE. But I owe particular thanks to Prof. Ira M. Price, for his labor in translation of inscriptions on cylinders and reading the proof of the entire work; and to Professor Morris Jastrow, Prof. W. A. V. Jackson, Prof. W. Max Miiller, and Dr. Louis H. Gray for valuable suggestions and aid; also to Dr. T. G. Pinches, who has given his scholarly assistance. I have been much helped by the technical knowledge of Mr. George F. Kunz in determining the material of the cylinders; and Mr. Daniel Z. Noorian, by his acquaintance with the customs of the Orient and his skilled aid in detecting forgeries, has given me much valuable aid. In editing a public or private collection, it would be most desirable to have all cylinders represented by a phototype process, as in the case with the magnificent collection of M. de Clercq edited by M. Menant, and that of Mr. Morgan edited by myself ; but this is not possible in such a work as this, which depends on all sorts of casts, in plaster, hard or soft wax, or gutta-percha, or even on a paper squeeze or the impression on a tablet. The only practicable way was to have the impres- sions drawn by an artist under my direction; and while this method has its disad- vantages, it yet makes more distinct, especially with worn cylinders, the outlines of the figures. I have thus followed the examples of Lajard in his magnificent "Culte de Mithra" and of Menant in his " Glyptique Orientale." My purpose has been, passing by the Egyptian cylinders, as already sufficiently given to the public, to provide as complete a monograph as possible of the cylinder art of Western Asia, from Persia to Palestine and Cyprus, and to classify the cylin- ders by countries and subjects. I have especially desired to study the forms under which the gods and their emblems were worshiped, so that we may add pictorial representations to the literary material which a host of scholars have gathered. While I have given my best efforts to make this work as nearly complete as possible, yet I know there will be many points brought out which will give further sugges- tion to learned Assyriologists, who will find from the texts light which has escaped me. I may also venture to hope that the interrupted and fragmentary way in which I have been compelled to pursue this work has not too much prevented that con- sistent and harmonious discussion of the many interrelated branches of the subject which is so essential. While I have done what I could, much may have escaped me of some importance in the fields of special study which reach from the plains of Elam and the later investigations by M. de Morgan, to the Cretan discoveries of Mr. Evans. The reader will observe that in a certain number of cases a cylinder has been repeated in a succeeding chapter for comparison with those there considered. This is true especially of Chapter iii, where the cylinders which we can date by the names of kings inscribed on them are duplicated in the chapters where their designs place them. Also in Chapter lxvi, on "Altars and Sacrifices," it seemed well to gather a number of cylinders previously considered. The author regrets that the numbering of the figures is not quite consistent, but the process of revision has com- pelled occasional deviation from a regular sequence. Such as it is, I commit this work to the judgment of scholars. Of this I am satisfied, that the thousands of cyHnders that have passed under my eye have included the main Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, and Syro-Hittite types, and to no one will further explanations and better identifications of the gods and their emblems be more welcome than to myself. CONTENTS. Preface iii I. Introduction : Origin, Use, and Materials i II. Bibliography 1 1 III. Classification of Cylinders 19 •\ IV. Archaic Cylinders : The Eagle of Lagash 30 t V. Archaic Cylinders : The Seated Deities 36 r VI. Archaic Cylinders : A Deity in a Boat 40 I" VII. Archaic Cylinders : Contests with Wild Beasts 44 1^ VIII. The Winged Dragon Subdued 48 IX. The God Attacking an Enemy 53 j X. Gilgamesh, Eabani, and the Divine Bull 59 XI. Gilgamesh with Streams 76 XII. Bau-Gula 80 XIII. Shamash, The Rising Sun 87 XIV. The Seated Shamash : With Rays or Streams 96 XV. The Sun-God and the Bird-Man loz XVI. The Seated God with Approaching Figures 108 XVII. Goddess with Winged Gate and Bull 123 XVIII. The Serpent Gods 127 XIX. Deities of Agriculture 132 XX. Deities Gathering Fruit : The "Temptation" Scene 138 I XXI. Expedition Scene 14° , 'I XXII. Etana and the Eagle 142 AUatu under the Bent Tree 1 49 The Goddess and Child 152 Ishtar 155 The Naked Goddess 161 Marduk with the Scimitar 163 God with Foot on Victim 167 The Dragon Swallowing a Man 169 Adad Leading a Bull '71 Ramman and Shala '76 Thick Cylinders with Shrines and Animals I79 The Kassite Cylinders 184 The Later Babylonian Period '93 Miscellaneous Babylonian Cylinders 196 Assyrian Cylinders : Bel and the Dragon I97 Assyrian Cylinders : The Spouting Vase 213 Assyrian Cylinders: The Treeof Life 219 XXIX. Seated Assyrian Deities 239 XL. Adad and Ishtar ^+^ XLI. The Physician's Seal '55 XLII. Syro-Hittite Cylinders : General Considerations 256 VI CONTENTS. XLIII. Cylinders with Hittite Inscriptions 267 XLIV. Syro-Hittite Cylinders : Egyptian Style 270 XLV. Syro-Hittite Cylinders : Babylonian Types 274 XLVI. Syro-Hittite Cylinders : The Lower World 280 XLVII. The Hittite Vested God 284 XL VIII. Teshub 288 XLIX. The Seated Syro-Hittite Goddess 293 L. Syro-Hittite Cylinders : The Goddess with Robe Withdrawn 296 LI. Winged Figures in Syro-Hittite Cylinders 303 LII. The Bull-Altar 307 LIIl. Syro-Hittite Deity in a Chariot .' 311 LIV. Rude Syro-Hittite Cylinders 314 LV. Miscellaneous Syro-Hittite Cylinders S'^/- LVI. Objects Repeated 3234 LVII. Geometrical Designs 325 ■* LVIII. Military Scenes 327 ^ LIX. Hunting Scenes 330 LX. Persian Cylinders : Mythologic and Heraldic 336 LXI. Cylinders with Phenician Inscriptions 341 LXII. Cylinders from Cyprus 344 LXIII. Sabean Inscriptions 351 LXI V. Greek Influence 355 LXV. Susian Cylinders 357 LXVI. Altars and Sacrifices 360 LXVII. The Recognition of the Deities 368 LXVIII. Figures of Deities 372 LXIX. Emblems of Deities 389 LXX. The Animals and Plants figured on the Cylinders 414 1 LXXI. Origin of Babylonian Civilization, from Archseology 424 ! L J INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE 1. i<?. Asphalt stopper of a jar. Metropolitan Museum i 2. Pat of clay impressed with cone seal, belonging to W. H. Ward i 3. Case tablet impressed with cylinder, belonging to W. H. Ward i 4. Shell cylinder, concave 2 5. Cylinder, fully cylindrical 2 6. Cylinder with convex ends 2 7. Barrel-shaped cylinder 2 8. Imperfect cylinder or ring, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 2 9. Assyrian cone seal 2 10. Assyrian seal with octagonal section 2 1 1. Hemispherical Sassanian seal, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 2 1 2. Ring-shaped Sassanian seal, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 2 1 3. Same as above 2 1 4. Same as above .' 3 15. Tablet impressed with cone seals. University of Pennsylvania Expedition, IX, plate X, fig. 18. 3 16. 1 6a. Cylinders with handles at end 3 17. Cylinder with enlarged ends 3 1 8. Elongated archaic cylinder 3 19. 19a. Cylinders with metal handles 3 20. 21. Ornamented gold border of cylinder. University of Pennsylvania Expedition, XIV, p. I 5. 4 22. Egyptian seal-maker. Proceedings Society of Biblical Archaeology, XXVII, p. 281 9 23, 24, 25. Cylinders showing use of engraving tools 9 26. Cylinder of Sargon I., de Clercq Catalogue, No. 46 20 27. Cylinder of Bin-gani-sharali 20 28. Cylinder of Bil-gur-akhi, British Museum 20 29. Cylinder of a king of Erech, Metropolitan Museum .... 20 30. Cylinder of Ur-Engur, British Museum 21 3 1. Cylinder of Dungi, British Museum 22 32. Cylinder of Dungi, de Clercq Catalogue, 86 22 33. Cylinder of Bur-Sin, Berlin Museum, VA2720 22 34. Cylinder of Gimil-Sin, Berlin Museum, VA697 - 23 35. Cylinder of Gimil-Sin, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, p. 132 23 36. Cylinder of Ibi-Sin, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 23 37. Royal cylinder, name erased, de Clercq Catalogue, 210, 113 23 37/7. Cylinder of Kisari, Berlin, VA688 23 38. Cylinder of Gudea, de Clercq Catalogue, 84 24 39. Cylinder of Gudea, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 24 39/?. Cylinder of Urlama, Heuzey, " Sceau de Goudea," fig. 1 24 39^. Cylinder of Gudea, Heuzey, "Sceau de Goudea," fig. 6 24 40. Cylinder of Burnaburiash, Metropolitan Museum 24 40<7. Cylinder of Kurigalzu, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, fig. 124 24 41. Cylinder of Sakkanaku, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXXIV, i 24 4i<j. Cylinder of Kurigalzu, Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Suse, No. 340 24 42. Cylinder of Urzana, Museum of The Hague 25 45. 5o<j. Impression of Naram-Sin cylinder on tablet, Heuzey, Decouvertes en Chaldee, p. z86 27 5 1. Impression of Dungi cylinder on tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 27 51a. Impression of Dungi cylinder on tablet, Heuzey, Decouvertes, p. 308 27 5 ih. Impression of Dungi cylinder on tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 28 52. Same as above z8 52/j. Impression of Gimil-Sin cylinder on tablet, Heuzey, Decouvertes, p. 309 28 52^. Same as above, p. 310 28 53. Bas-relief, Heuzey, Antiquites Archeol. de Chaldee, p. 88 3° 54. Bas-relief, University of Pennsylvania, Babylonian Expedition, I, XVI, 87 3° 55. Same as above, 88 30 56. Vase of Entemena, Heuzey, Decouvertes, pis. 43, 43 bis 3° 57. Cylinder, British Museum 3 ' 58. Cylinder, Berlin, VAZI31 3' 59. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 3 ' 60. Cylinder, Louvre, AO21 30 3 ' 6 1. Cylinder from a cast 3 ' 62. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, No. 5008 3^ 6za. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 3^ 63. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 3^ 64. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, No. 12 3^ 65. Same as above, No. 10 32 66. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum ... 33 67. Cylinder, Berlin, VA550 33 68. Cylinder from a cast 33 69. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 33 70. Cylinder, Louvre 33 71. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 34 72. Cylinder, Lord Southesk's Collection, Qi 23 34 73. Bas-relief, Heuzey, Cat. des Antiquites Chaldeenes, p. 93 34 74. Same as above, p. 83 34 7 5. Same as above, p. 107 35 76. Same as above, p. 107 35 77. Cylinder from a cast 36 78. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2070 36 79. Cylinder, Berlin, VA61 7 36 80. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 719 36 8 1. Cyhnder, Metropolitan Museum 36 8 2. Same as above 37 83. Same as above 37 84. Same as above 37 85. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 724 bis 37 86. Same as above, 725 37 87. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 37 88. Cylinder, Berlin, VA530 37 89. Cylinder, Ball, Light from the East, p. I 5 I 38 90. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 38 91. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 727 38 92. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 38 93. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1902 38 94. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 38 95. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 38 96. Same as above 39 97. Cylinder, Louvre, AOi 166. 39 98. Cylinder, La Haye 39 99. Cylinder, Heuzey, Decouvertes, pi. 30, ^b 3^ 100. Cylinder, Berlin, VA21 12 jg I o I. Cylinder, from a paper impression 2 o 102. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2332 ^o 103. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 767 ^o 1 04. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum ^o 105. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library ^i INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX 1 06. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 7 41 107. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 8 41 108. Cylinder, Berlin, VAZ952 ±1 loSa. Cylinder, Fischer and Wiedermann, No. 4 42 109. Cylinder, Jeremias, Das Alte Testament, ed. 2, 436 42 no. Cylinder, The Hague 43 I io<j. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, pi. L, fig. 8 43 III. Cylinder, British Museum 44 I I 2. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 44 113. Same as above 44 1 14. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 44 115. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2401 45 1 1 6. Cylinder, from a cast 45 117. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 4; 118. Cylinder, Berlin, VA636 45 1 1 9. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 45 I zo. Cylinder, British Museum 46 121. Cylinder, Louvre, MNB 1187 46 122. Cylinder, from a paper impression 46 123. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 1 1 1 3 46 1 24. Cylinder, British Museum 46 125. Cylinder, Bibjiotheque Nationale, 434 47 1 26. Cylinder, Lord Southesk's Collection 47 1 27. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 48 128. Cylinder, Berlin, 242 49 I 29. Cylinder, British Museum 49 1 29^2. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 49 130. Cylinder, Berlin, VA61 1 49 131. Cylinder, Louvre, Crown, N8429 50 132. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 1067 50 133. Cylinder, Heuzey, Mythes Chaldeens, fig. 9 50 I 34. Cylinder, British Museum 50 135. Same as above 5° 135a. Impression on a tablet belonging to W. H. Ward ; i 135^. Cylinder, University of Chicago 51 136. Cylinder, Proceedings Society of Biblical Archaeology, Feb., 1892, fig. 7 53 1 36a. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 181 53 I 36^. Cylinder Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, CLI34 S3 I 361:. Cylinder de Clercq Catalogue, 176 54 136^'. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 720 54 137. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 178 54 137/2. Same as above, 180 • • 54 137^. Same as above, 181 iis 54 I37<-. Same as above, 179 Hj 55 138. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 888 i>is 55 138/2. Proceedings Society of Biblical Archaeology, Feb., 1892, fig. 6 55 138^. Same as above, fig. 2 55 1 38^. Same as above, fig. i ■ • 5° I 38//. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 402 5° 139. 98. Same as above, 66 ja INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xi 1 99. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, pi. XXXV, 7 74 200. Cylinder, Louvre, KLq35 - , 201. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 75 202. Cylinder, Amherst College 75 203. Cylinder, Heuzey, Revue Archeologique, V, p. 130 77 204. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 77 205. Cylinder, British Museum 77 206. Cylinder, from a cast 77 207. Cylinder, Louvre ; 77 208. Cylinder, Louvre, KLq28 78 209. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 78 210. Cylinder, Vienna Museum, Cullimore, Oriental Cylinders, 117 78 211. Cylinder, Metropohtan Museum 78 212. Cylinder, Harvard, 1882 75 213. Cylinder belonging to R. C. McMann 79 2 1 4. Cylinder, Louvre, AOD2 1 80 215. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 80 216. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 82 81 217. Cylinder, Marquis of Lome Collection 81 218. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 81 219. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXVIII, 12 81 220. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, Somerville Collection 81 Z2I. Cylinder, Berlin, VA3037 82 222. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 30, ']b 82 223. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 82 224. Same as above 82 225. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 82 226. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2666 82 227. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 753 .... 83 228. Cylinder, impression from tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 83 229. Same as above 83 230. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 83 231. Cylinder, impression from tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 83 232. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 84 233. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 84 234. Cylinder, impression on tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 84 235. Cylinder belonging to M. Schlumberger 84 236. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania 84 237. Cylinder, Berlin, VA220 84 238. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 84 239. Cylinder, from a cast 84 240. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 343 84 241. Cylinder belonging to W. Harding Smith. 85 242. Cylinder, Louvre, AC2400 85 243. Bas-relief, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 25, fig. 5 85 244. Cylinder, British Museum 88 245. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 88 246. Same as above °9 247. Same as above °9 248. Cylinder, Musee Guimet 89 249. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 89 250. Same as above °9 251. Same as above 9° 251a. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 9° 252. Cylinder, The Hague 9° 253. Cylinder, British Museum 9° 254. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 702 9° 255. Cylinder, British Museum 9° 256. Cylinder, The Hague 9° 257. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, p. 123 9° 258. 259. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, p. 121 91 260. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 91 261 . Cylinder, de Morgan, Mission Scientifique, p. 256, fig. 7 91 262. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 91 263. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 91 264. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, pi. XXXVIII, 2 91 265. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 92 266. Cylinder, Berlin, VA3 145 92 267. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 1082 92 268. Cylinder, W. Harding Smith 92 269. Pyx belonging to Metropolitan Museum 92 270. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 96 270a. Same as above 96 271. Same as above 97 272. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 721 97 273. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 97 274. Same as above 97 275. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2373 97 276. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 97 277. Cylinder, British Museum 98 278. Same as above 98 279. Same as above 98 280. Cylinder, Sir Henry Peek Collection, 12 98 281. Cylinder, MetropoUtan Museum 98 282. Cylinder, De Sarzec, Decouvertes, XXX bis, 14 98 283. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 99 284. Same as above 99 285. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2730 99 286. Cylinder, Heuzey, Origines Orientales, p. 163 99 287. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Collection 99 288. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, XXX bis, 15 99 289. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 83 bis 100 290. Cylinder, Louvre, MNBi 169 1 00 291 . Cylinder, MetropoUtan Museum 102 292. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 103 293. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 103 294. Cylinder, Berlin, VA244 1 04 295. Cylinder, Berlin, VA541 104 296. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 722 105 297. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 105 298. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum I05 299. Cylinder, Cullimore, Oriental Cylinders, 147 105 300. Cylinder, British Museum 105 300/7. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 105 300^. Same as above 106 301. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, L, 2 108. 302. Cylinder, Berlin, VA668 109 303. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 121 109 303a. Cylinder, British Museum. (See 52^) 109 304. Cylinder, Berlin, VA697 no 305. Cylinder, The Hague 1 1 1 306. Cylinder, British Museum 1 1 1 307. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 732 ill 308. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 1 1 2 309. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2374 1 12 310. Bas-relief of Abu Habba 112 311. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum ... .' 112 312. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 129. . 1 1 j 313. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 1 1 , 314. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 113 I j j 315. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2720 1 1 j INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xiii 316. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library ... 317- Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum '*' 318. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, LIV^ A 4 \\t 319- Cylinder belonging to Rev. Benjamin Labaree. ,,l 320. Cylinder, British Museum ''' 321. Cylinder belonging to Lord Southesk J J^ 322. Statuette of human -headed bull, Heuzey, Cat. des' Ant. Chaid.', p. 269 , ,1 323. Cylmder, Bibhotheque Nationale, 368 , ,5 3 24. Cylinder, Harvard Museum, 1 204 .''".' , , g 325. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 341 n6 326. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 116 327. Same as above ^ 328. Cylinder, de  117 331. Same as above 332. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 117 333. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 117 334. Cyhnder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library ............... 11- 335. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 1 07 117 336. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 336 117 337. Cylinder belonging to Mrs. J. William Clark 117 338. Cylinder, J. Kerpont Morgan Library !. ! ! 118 339. Cylinder, British Museum , jg 340. Cylinder, from a cast , , g 341. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 1 43 1 , g 342. Cylinder, Louvre, AOD30 , ,g 343. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 149 , ,g 344. Same as above, 106 , ,„ 345. Same as above, 162 j ,q 346. Same as above, 117 ,,q 347. Cylinder, The Hague , , g 348. Bas-relief, Heuzey, Cat. Ant. Chald., p. 139 121 349. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LIV, i 123 350. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 706 123 351. Cylinder, University of Chicago 123 352. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 124 353. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XVIII, 2 1 24 354. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 124 355. Cylinder, Louvre 124 356. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 30, fig. 6 125 357. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 125 358. Same as above ;25 359. Same as above 125 360. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1901 126 361. Cylinder, belonging to Rev. Dr. Zimmerman i 26 362. Cylinder, British Museum 127 363. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 127 364. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 127 365. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 718 127 366. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library i 28 367. Cylinder, Berlin, VA293 1 128 368. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 141 128 368a. Cylinder, Heuzey, Sceau de Goudea, fig. I 1 28 3681J. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library i 29 368^. Vase, Heuzey, Sceau de Goudea, fig. 371. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nadonale, 931 132 372. Cylinder, from a cast 132 373. Cylinder, Berlin, VA61Z 133 374. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 133 375. Cylinder, Amherst College 133 376. Metropolitan Museum 133 377. Cylinder, Berlin VAZ43 1 34 378. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 333 134 379. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 134 380. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 946 135 381. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 1 40. 135 382. Cylinder, Proceedings Soc. Bibl. Arch., Feb., 1 892, fig. 7 135 383. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 720 bis 135 384. American Daily Consular Reports, No. 1763 136 385. Same as above 136 386. Cylinder, De Sarzec, Decouvertes, p. 287 136 387. Cylinder, Ball, Light from the East, p. 1 5 136 388. Cylinder, British Museum. 138 389. Cylinder, The Hague 139 390. Cylinder, British Museum 140 391. Cylinder, De Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 30 bis, fig. 13 144 392. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 144 393. Cylinder, Sir Henry Peek, No. 18 144 394. Cylinder, British Museum 144 395. Cylinder, Lord Southesk 145 396. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XLI, 5 145 397. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2403 147 398. Cylinder, Louvre 1 47 399. Same as above 149 400. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library i 50 401. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 789 bis 152 402. Cylinder, British Museum 152 403. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 83 152 404. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, p. 1 66 152 405. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 153 406. Statuette, Heuzey, Origines Orientales, p. 5 154 407. Cylinder, Rich, Second Memoir, fig. 10 155 408. Cylinder, British Museum 155 409. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 155 410. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2371 155 411. Cylinder, Louvre, MNB 1 1 69 156 412. Cylinder, King, Religion of Babylonia, p. 182 1 56 413. Bas-relief, de Morgan, Mission Scientifique en Perse, IV, p. 161 I 57 414. Cylinder, British Museum 158 415. Cylinder, Lord Southesk 158 416. Cylinder, British Museum 158 417. Same as above 158 41 8. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum .... 159 418,?. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage .... i 59 419. Bas-relief, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, p. 209. 159 420. Bronze Statuette, Heuzey, Origines, pi. IX 159 421. Cylinder, Heuzey, Origines, p. 41 160 422. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 219 161 423. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 161 424. Same as above 161 425. Same as above l6l 426. Same as above 161 427. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 161 428. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 161 429. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library .... , 162 430. Same as above 162 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV 43 I. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 233 ,62 432. Same as above, 235 |};V jg^ 433. Figure of Zirbanit, de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, Vllf, p. Sg .................. .. 162 434. Perseus, Reinach, Vases Peints, I, p. 289 163 43 5. Statue of Marduk, Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, II, p]. ^2 ....................... 163 436. Cylinder, British Museum ,64 437. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 165 438. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 165 439. Cylinder, from a cast igr 440. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 165 441. Cylinder, British Museum 165 442. Cylinder, Lajard, XXXVII, 7 165 443. Cylinder, British Museum 166 444. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 157 1 66 445. Cylinder, Lajard, LIV, A5 1 66 446. Cylinder, British Museum 167 447. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 5012 167 448. Cylinder, British Museum 167 449. Same as above 167 450. Cylinder, Lajard, LIV, B5 1 67 45 I. Cylinder, British Museum 167 452. Same as above 168 453. Same as above 169 453(j. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 169 45 3^. Same as above 169 45 3^. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 169 454. Same as above 169 454i«. Same as above 1 69 4543. Same as above 169 454^. Same as above 169 455. Cylinder, British Museum 171 456. Same as above 171 457. Cylinder, from a paper impression 171 458. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 172 459. Cylinder, Lajard, XXX, i 172 460. Cylinder, from a cast 172 46 1. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 709 172 462. Same as above, 712 172 463. Cylinder, CuUimore, Oriental Cylinders, 119 172 464. Same as above, 132 i/^ 465. Cylinder,. British Museum 173 466. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 173 467. Cylinder, from a cast 1 74 468. Same as above '74 469. Same as above '74 470. Cylinder, Fischer and Wiedermann, 8 '74 4.70a. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library '74 471. Jupiter Dolichenus, Roscher Lexicon, I, col. 1 194 17 S 472. Cylinder, British Museum ' 76 473. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 1 1 1 8. ■ 176 474. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 204 '77 475. Cylinder, Nicolsky, La Deesse des Cylindres, p. 5 '77 476. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 225 '77 477. Cylinder, British Museum '77 478. Cylinder, Cullimore, Oriental Cylinders, 132 '77 479. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum '7° 480. Cylinder, British Museum '7° 481. Same as above ^ 482. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library '7» 483. 485. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 1 80 486. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, p. 51 I 80 487. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 1 80 488. Same as above 180 489. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 1 80 490. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 1 80 491. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, XXX, I 18 492. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 18 493. Cylinder, Musee Guimet, 3 144 18 494. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 18 495. Cylinder, from a cast 18 496. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 182 497. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 182 498. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum , 182 499. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library I 82 500. Cylinder, Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Suse, p. 439, fig. 337 182 50 1. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 182 502. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 183 502^2. Same as above 183 503. Same as above 183 504. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 183 505. Cylinder, Harvard Museum 183 506. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 183 507. Cylinder, Berlin, VA554 183 508. Same as above, VA634 183 509. Shrine from Latium, Chantre, Cappadoce, p. 90, fig. 82 183 510. Same as above, p. 90, fig. 83 183 511. [There is no 511.] 5 I 2. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum I 84 513. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, I, p. 193, fig. 124 184 5 1 4. Same as above, fig. 123 184 515. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 257 185 516. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 185 517. Cylinder, Princeton Museum 185 5 1 8. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 186 519. [There is no 519.] 520. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 262 186 521. Cylinder, Cullimore, Oriental Cylinders, 63 i 86 522. Cylinder, J, Pierpont Morgan Library I 86 523. Same as above 187 524. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 264 187 525. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 448 187 526. Cylinder, British Museum 187 527. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 261 .... 187 528. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 187 529. Cylinder, British Museum j 88 530. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 776 188 531. Cylinder, Chicago Field Museum 188 532. Cylinder, MetropoUtan Museum 180 533. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LVIII, 8 1 8g 534. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 266 i gn 535. Cylinder, British Museum I gg 536. Cylinder, Mrs. Hamilton Rowe ino 537. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 254 iqq 537iZ. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library. loo 538. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum iqj 539. Cylinder, Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Suse, fig. 340 loi 540. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 253 iqj 541. 555. Cylinder, from a cast 1 o r 556. Cylinder, Metropolkan Museum lor 557. Same as above lor 558. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 373 105 559. Cylinder, British Museum 1 06 560. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale 196 561. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 30 iis, 21 196 562. Cylinder, Harvard Museum, 1 195 1 96 563. Impression of cylinder on tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 197 564. Bas-relief, Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, II, pi. 5 197 565. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 197 566. Same as above 1 99 567. Cylinder, S. Williams, Am. Journ. of Archaeology, II, pi. V, fig. 8 199 568. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 932 1 99 569. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 331 199 570. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXV, 5 199 571. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 200 572. Same as above 200 573. Cylinder, Sir Henry Peek, 5 200 574. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 200 575. Cylinder belonging to W. Harding Smith 201 576. Cylinder, Louvre, KLq3 i 201 577. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 332 201 578. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 201 579. Cylinder, King, Babylonian Religion, p. 102 201 580. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 201 581. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 356 202 582. Cylinder, British Museum 202 583. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, LVIII, i 202 584. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 41 1 202 585. Cylinder, from a cast 202 586. Cylinder, Rev. Henry Fairbanks 203 587. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 203 588. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 911 203 589. Cylinder, The Hague 203 590. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 203 591. Same as above 204 592. Cylinder, from a cast 204 593. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, II, fig. 94 Z04 594. Cylinder, A. S. Hardy 204 595. Cylinder, Berhn, VA2936 204 596. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 204 597. Cylinder, British Museum 205 598. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 911 ter 205 599. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 348 205 600. Same as above, 366 205 60 1 . Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 32 205 602. Cylinder, The Hague 201; 603. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 334 206 XVlll INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 604. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 337 206 605. Same as above, 336 206 606. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 206 607. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 401 206 608. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 352... 206 609. Cylinder, from a cast 206 610. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 206 611. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXXII, 5 207 6 1 2. Same as above, LII, I 207 613. Same as above, LII, 3 207 614. Cylinder, from a cast 207 615. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 207 616. Cylinder, British Museum 207 617. Same as above 207 618. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XIII, 2 208 619. Same as above, XIII, I 208 620. Same as above, XVII, 6 208 621. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 208 622. Cylinder, from a paper impression .... , 208 623. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 208 624. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 208 625. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 335 209 626. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 209 627. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library .... 209 628. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 209 629. Cylinder, Louvre, MNB1179. 209 630. Same as above, 1909 209 631. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 210 632. Same as above. 210 633. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2667 210 634. CyHnder, Metropolitan Museum 210 635. Same as above 210 636. Same as above ... 210 637. Same as above 211 638. Same as above 211 639. Horus piercing Apep, Lenormant, Histoire Ancienne III, 192. 211 640. Pierret, Le Pantheon Egyptien, p. 72 ... 211 641. Sassanian seal, J. Pierpont Morgan Library. 211 642. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library. 211 643. Cylinder, Berlin , VA 2145 212 644. Cylinder, British Museum 212 645. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 212 646. Cylinder, British Museum .... 212 647. St. George and the Dragon ..... 212 648. Cylinder, British Museum 214 649. Cylinder, Heuzey, Sceau de Goudea, fig. C 214 650. Same as above, fig. I 215 651. Bas-relief, Heuzey, Sceau de Goudea, fig. J 215 652. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 216 653. Bas-relief, Heuzey, Origines Orientales, p. 1 54 .' 216 654. Cylinder, British Museum 216 655. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXXI, 4 217 656. Cylinder, Harvard Museum, Rich, Second Memoir, fig. 14 217 657. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LI, 4 217 658. Cylinder, MetropoHtan Museum 217 659. Assyrian cone seal, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LXII, 2 .... 217 660. Same as above, I 217 661. Assyrian cone seal, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 217 661a. Same as above 217 66za. Statue, Place, Ninive et I'Assyrie, III, pi. XXXI bis 218 66zh. Same as above ... 218 INDFX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX 663. Impression on tablet belonging to W. H. Ward 219 664. Stele of Marduk-nadin-akhi, Rawlinson, W.A.I., III, 45, I 220 665. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 220 666. Same as above 220 667. Same as above 220 668. Cylinder, Layard, Monuments, 11, pi. 69, fig. 45 220 669. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 220 670. Bas-relief, Layard, Monuments, I, pi. 6. 221 671. Same as above, pi. 7 A 221 672. Same as above, pi. 6 222 673. Same as above, pi. 25. 222 674. Same as above, pi. 5 , 223 675. Same as above, pi. 34 '. 223 676. Cylinder, Lord Southesk 224 677. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 224 678. Same as above, XVII, 5 224 679. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XLIX, 9 224 680. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum , 225 681. Cylinder, Fischer and Wiedermann, 2 , 22^ 682. Cylinder, British Museum , 225 683. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 225 684. Cylinder, Levy, Phoenische Studien, fig. 97 225 685. Cylinder, from a cast , 225 686. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum , 226 687. Same as above 226 688. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 343 226 689. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1755 .. 227 690. Cylinder, Harvard Museum, 1356. 227 691. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 227 692. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1894 ,. 227 693. Cylinder, British Museum ... 227 694. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum .... 227 69;. Cylinder, British Museum 22; 696. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania, 5042 228 697. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 443. 228 698. Cyhnder, MetropoUtan Museum ... 228 699. Cylinder, belonging to Rev. Henry Fairbanks 228 700. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 13 ,. , 229 701. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXXI, 2 ,, 229 702. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 342 iis 229 703. Cylinder, British Museum 229 704. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 326 229 705. Same as above, 327 229 706. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 230 707. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 230 708. Phenician Bowl, Clermont-Ganneau, L'Imagerie Phenicienne, pi. VI 231 709. Bas-relief from a photograph, D'Alyiella, Migration of Symbols, p. 146 231 710. Cylinder, W. G. Beatty. .•; 237 711. Cyhnder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 237 7 1 2. Same as above 237 713. Cylinder, Menant, Pierres Gravees, II, p. i I 5 238 7 1 4. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 238 715. Cylinder, Place, Ninive et I'Assyrie, III, pi. 724. Cylinder, British Museum 241 72;. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 744 241 726. Cylinder, British Museum 241 727. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 242 728. Same as above 242 729. Same as above 242 730. Cylinder from a cast 242 731. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 243 732. Cylinder, British Museum 243 733. Same as above 243 734. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 243 735. CyUnder, Louvre, crown N8379 243 736. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 243 737. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 344 bis 245 738. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 771 245 739. Cylinder, Louvre, AOD79 245 740. Cylinder, Louvre, crovs'n N8375 245 741. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 245 742. Same as above 245 743. Cylinder, Fischer and Wiedermann, 3 245 744. Cylinder, from a cast 245 745. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 245 746. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 245 747. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2923 245 747a. Cone, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 245 748. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XVH, 4 246 749. Bas-relief, Humann und Puchstein, Ausgrabungen, p. 23 246 750. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 247 751. Cyhnder, British Museum 248 752. Cylinder, Berlin, VA508 248 753. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 308 249 754. Same as above, ^zd bis 249 755. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1514 249 756. Cylinder, M. Schlumberger 249 757. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 705 249 758. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2706 249 759. Cylinder, Louvre '. 250 760. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 250 76 1. Cylinder, British Museum 250 762. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 358 250 763. Same as above, 344 250 764. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 703 251 765. Cylinder, British Museum 251 766. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXIX, 6 251 767. Same as above, XXXV, 6 252 768. Cylinder, British Museum 252 769. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XVI, I 25 770. Same as above, XXXVII, 2 252 771. Same as above, XXXV, 9 252 772. Cylinder, Louvre, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 30 bis, figs, a and b 255 773. Lenormant, Histoire Ancienne, IV, p. 196 258 774. Same as above 258 775. Pierret, La Pantheon Egyptian, p. 46 258 776. Bas-relief, Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art in Sardinia, etc., II, pi. VIII 260 777. Same as above, fig. 321 260 778. Same as above, fig. 314 260 779. Same as above, fig. 354 262 780. Same as above, fig. 320 262 781. Same as above, fig. 337 • • • 262 782. Bas-relief, von Luschan, Ausgrabungen in Sendschirii, p. 23 262 783. Same as above, pi. XXXVIII 263 2 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI 784. Bas-relief, von Luschan, Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, pi. XXXMII 263 785. Same as above. 26; 786. Same as above 26 ; 787. Same as above 26 ? 788. Same as above, pi. XL1\' 264 789. Bas-relief, Am. Journal of Archaeology, I\', pi. 4 264 790. Bas-relief, Jerabis, photograph by W. H. Ward 264 791. Bas-relief, Koldewey, Die Hettitische Inschrift, p. 3 264 792. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 266 793- Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 267 794. Same as above 267 795. Same as above 267 796. Same as above 267 797. Cylinder, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 268 798. Cylinder, Mrs. Henry Draper 268 799. From a vase, Perrot and Chipiez, Grece Primitive, fig. 487 268 800. Silver boss of Tarkondemos, Wright, Empire of the Hittites, p. 165 269 80 1. Disk, Bibliotheque Nationale 269 802. Disk belonging to W. H. Ward 269 803. Seal belonging to ^^^ H. Ward 269 804,2, b, c, d, and e. Seals belonging to ^^^ H. Ward 269 805. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 386 ^V 271 806. Same as above, 386 ter 2 " I 807. Same as above, 386 271 808. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 459. 271 809. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 271 810. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 271 811. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 271 812. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 271 813. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, YX\, i 271 814. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 272 815. Cylinder belonging to Lord Percy 272 816. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LVIH, 6 272 817. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 289 2~2 818. Same as above, 292 272 819. Same as above, 387 272 820. Same as above, 388 272 82 I. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 272 822. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 389 272 823. Cylinder, British Museum 274 824. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 274 825. Cylinder, British Museum 274 826. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 274 827. Same as above 274 828. Same as above 274 829. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, ji^ iis 275 830. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 275 831. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 898 275 832. Cylinder, from a cast 275 833. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 873 2-6 834. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 276 835. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2928 276 836. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 276 837. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 342 2~-' 8 ;8. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 27- 839. 845. Cylinder, British Museum 278 84.6. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum ... 279 847. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 279 848. Same as above .... 279 849. Cylinder, British Museum 279 850. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 279 85 I. Cylinder, British Museum 279 852. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 392 279 853. Cylinder, Mrs. Henry Draper 279 854. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 770 280 855. a, and b. Cylinders, Louvre 281 856. Bronze plaque, Clermont-Ganneau, Revue Arch., XXXVIII, pi. XXV 282 857. Cyhnder, Boston Museum 283 8;8. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXXVI, 13 283 859. Cylinder belonging to T. E. H. Curtis 283 860. Same as above 283 861. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 716 284 862. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library , 284 863. Cylinder, British Museum. 284 864. Same as above 284 86;. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 789 284 866. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 284 867. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 285 868. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania 286 869. Cylinder, British Museum 286 870. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum - 286 871. Cylinder belonging to Edward A. Bowen 286 872. Cylinder, Princeton University , 286 873. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXXV, 4. 287 874. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 715. 287 875. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 395 287 876. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXXVI, II 287 877. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library .... 287 878. Cylinder, Berlin, VA518 288 879. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 288 880. Cylinder, Louvre 289 881. Same as above .... 289 882. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 289 883. Cylinder, from a cast 289 884. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum , 289 885. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXVII, i 289 886. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum ... 290 887. Cylinder belonging to T. E. H. Curtis. 290 888. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 290 889. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 290 890. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXXVI, 8 , - , 290 891. Same as above, LXII, 4. 290 892. Cyhnder, Berlin, VA2291 291 893. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 715. 291 894. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 291 895. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, de la Chapelle, 15 291 896. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 291 897. Cylinder, British Museum 291 898. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXXVI, 10 293 899. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library ... 293 900. Cylinder belonging to Miss Isabel F. Dodd 294 901. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library ... 294 902. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XV, i. 294 903. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 294 904. 964. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 306 965. Same as above 307 966. Cylinder, Louvre, AO1522 .' ,. 307 967. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 307 968. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 308 969. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 309 970. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 309 97 1. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 3^9 972. Same as above 309 973. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 309 974. Same as above 309 975. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 310 976. Cylinder, British Museum 310 977. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 310 978. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 284 311 979. Cylinder, British Museum 312 980. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 312 98 1. Cylinder, M. Schlumberger 312 982. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 457 312 983. Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, II, p. 279 312 984. Cylinder, Louvre 314 985. Cylinder, from a cast 314 986. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 314 987. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 315 988. Same as above 315 989. Same as above 315 990. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 315 99 1. Same as above 315 992. Same as above 315 993. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 315 994. Cylinder, University of Pennsylvania. 315 995. Same as above 315 996. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 315 997. Cylinder, British Museum 316 998. Cylinder belonging to Lord Percy .... 316 999. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 316 1 000. Cylinder belonging to Mrs. Henry Draper 316 1 00 1. Cylinder, Louvre 316 1 002. Cylinder, British Museum 317 1 00 3. Same as above 317 1004. Cylinder, Berlin, VA2921 318 1005. CyHnder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XLIX, 5 318 1 006. Same as above, XXVIII, 2 318 1 007. Cylinder belonging to Mrs. Henry Draper 318 1 008. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 318 1 009. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 789 318 10 10. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 315 I o 1 1. Cylinder, Louvre 319 1012. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 310 1013. Cylinder, British Museum 315 I o 1 4. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 3 i ^ I o 1 5. Same as above 319 I o I 5(7. Cylinder, from a cast 3 I p 1016. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XLIX, 4 310 1017. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 310 loi 8. Cylinder, from a cast 320 1019. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, L, 3 320 1020. Same as above, XLIX, 5 320 I o 2 1. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 321 1022. Cylinder belonging to W. Harding Smith 321 1023. Cylinder, J. 082. Cylinder, Lajard, XXV, 4 332 083. Cylinder, from a cast .- 332 084. Cylinder, Berlin, VA553 ...... 332 085. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 333 086. Same as above ,. 333 087. Cylinder, Liverpool Museum 333 088. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 333 089. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 444 ... 333 090. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 333 091. Cylinder, Louvre, MNBigo7 333 092. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 333 093. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, de la Chapelle, 18 334 094. Cylinder, British Museum 334 095. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 334 096. Same as above 334 097. Same as above 334 09712. Cylinder, St. Petersburg, The Hermitage 334 098. Cylinder, Lord Lome. T 334 099. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 335 00. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 335 01. Same as above 335 02. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum - 335 03. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 369. 335 04. Cylinder, British Museum 336 05. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library .... 336 06. Cylinder, Metropohtan Museum. 336 07. Same as above. 336 08. CyHnder, from a cast. .. 336 09. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 337 10. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, LI, 7 337 1 1. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 337 12. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 337 13. Cylinder, from a cast 337 14. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LIV, A13 337 I 5. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. ... 337 16. Cylinder, from a cast 337 17. Cylinder, Culte de Mithra, LII, ja. 338 18. Cylinder, British Museum 338 19. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2405 338 20. Cylinder, British Museum .. .. 338 21. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 338 22. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 338 23. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LVII, 6 338 24. Cylinder, from a cast 339 25. Cylinder, British Museum 339 26. Cylinder, from a cast 339 27. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XV, 4... 339 28. Same as above, XIX, 3.. 339 29. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 339 30. Same as above 339 31. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, XXV, i 339 32. Cylinder, British Museum 339 33. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 339 34. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum. 339 3 4i». Same as above ,. 339 35. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 408. 339 36. Cylinder, Berlin, VA3022. 340 37. Cylinder, British Museum. 340 38. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2700. 340 39. Cylinder, from a cast 340 40. Cylinder, M. Schlumberger 340 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXvii 41. Cylinder, Dieulafoy. L'Acropole de Suse, fig. 338 ... 340 42. Cylinder, Lajard, Cu'.te de Mithra, LVJl, 2. 62. Cylinder, A^ P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, fig. 1 39 344 63. Same as above, pi. XIV, 39 ^aa 64. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cypriote Antiquities, III, pi. CXVIII, 4 344 65. Cylinder, Proceedings Society Bibliotheque Archaeology, XXVII, p. 254 345 66. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXXII, fig. i 2 345 67. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 39 345 68. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, XXX, 31 345 69. Same as above, XXXII, 13 345 70. Same as above, L. P. di Cesnola, Cypriote Antiquiiies, III, CXX, 10 347 7 I . Same as above, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, pi. XII, 6 347 72. Same as above, pi. XII, 5 347 73. Same as above, pi. XIV, 43 347 74. Same as above, pi. XII, 7 347 75. Same as above, 8 347 76. Same as above, 2 347 77. Same as above, 4 347 78. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, XXXIII, 25 347 79. Cylinder, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia fig. 138 347 80. Same as above, pi. XIV, fig. 41 348 81. Same as above, fig. 38 348 8 2. Same as above, fig. 40 348 83. Same as above, fig. 45 348 84. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXXI, 9 348 8 5. Same as above, pi. XXXIII, 28 348 86. Same as above, pi. XXII, 18 348 87. Cylinder, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, pi. XIV, 46 348 88. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, XXXI, 5 348 89. Same as above, pi. XXXIII, 24 348 90. Cylinder, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, fig. I 30 348 91. Same as above, pi. XII, 22 348 92. Same as above, pi. XIII, 20 349 93. Same as above, pi. XIII, 28 349 94. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, Cyprus, pi. XXXII, 15 349 9 5 . Same as above, 21 3 49 96. Same as above, pi. XXXIII, 30 349 97. Cylinder, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, pi. XII, 10 . 349 98. Same as above, 11 349 99. Same as above, 15 349 200. Same as above, 1 6 3 49 201. Same as above, p. i 20, fig. 134 349 ^^"V^n INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 202. Cylinder, A. P. di Cesnola, Salaminia, p. 1 20, fig. 1 3 i 350 203. Same as above, p. 120, fig. 136 350 204. Same as above, pi. XIII, 18 350 205. Same as above, pi. XIII, 19 350 206. Cylinder, L. P. di Cesnola, XXXII, 1^ ......................... 350 207. Cylinder, British Museum 351 208. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 352 209. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 353 210. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXXIII, 8 353 211. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 353 212. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 418 353 213. Cylinder, Tassie, Catalogue of Gems, pi. IX, 2 355 214. Cylinder, Dieulafoy, L'Acropole de Suse, fig. 341 355 215. Cylinder, Victoria and Albert Museum 355 216. Cylinder, from a cast 35^ 217. Cylinder, de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, VIII, fig. i 2 357 218. Same as above, fig. 13 357 219. Same as above, fig. 19 357 220. Same as above, fig. 20 , 357 221. Same as above, fig. 22 35^ 222. Same as above, fig. 33 35^ 223. Same as above, fig. 41. 358 224. Same as above, fig. 46 358 225. Same as above, pi. I, fig. i 35^ 226. Same as above, pi. I, fig. 2 358 227. Same as above, pi. VIII, fig. 54 358 228. Same as above, fig. 59 3 59 228^. Impression on tablet, de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, VI, pi. 24. 359 229. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 360 230. Same as above 360 231. Same as above 360 232. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 360 233. Cylinder, Rich, Second Memoir, fig. 10 360 234. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 360 235. Bas-relief, de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, I, p. 102 361 236. Cylinder, Proc. Society Biblical Archaeology, Feb., 1882, fig. i 361 237. Cylinder, Louvre, AO2371 361 238. Cylinder, Louvre, MNBl 20; 361 2^9. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 362 240. Cylinder, Heuzey, Origines Orientales, p. 41 362 241. Cylinder, British Museum 362 242. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 86 362 243. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, XXVIII, 12 362 244. Cylinder, MetropoHtan Museum 362 245. Bas-relief, Hilprecht, Exploration in Bible Lands, p. 475 362 246. Cylinder, Harvard Museum, i 195 363 247. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 363 248. Cylinder, Berlin, VA293 i 363 249. Cylinder, de Clercq Catalogue, 141 364 250. Cylinder, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 1 30 iis 364 251. Bas-relief, Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, I, pi. X, fig. 37 364 252. Bas-relief, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. IV 364 253. Altar, Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, II, pi. 4 364 254. Cylinder, British Museum 365 255. Same as above 365 256. Cvlinder, Louvre, crown NB379 365 257. Gates of Balawat, B, 1 , 2 , 366 258. Altar, Botta, Monuments de Ninive, V, p. i 52 366 259. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, LIV, A9 366 260. Cylinder, British Museum 366 26 1. Cylinder, Metropolitan Museum 367 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXIX 262. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, de la Chapelle, 116 367 263. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 367 264. Cylinder, Lajard, Cuke de Mithra, LIV, C2 367 265. Cylinder, British Museum 367 266. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 367 267. Same as above ^67 268. Same as above 367 269. Cylinder, British Museum 367 270. Bas-relief, Stele of Abu-habba 368 27 1. Bas-relief, Stele of Hammurabi 368 272. Cylinder, Bibliotheque Nationale, 353 369 273. Bas-relief, Weissbach, Miscellen, frontispiece 369 274. Same as above, p. 16 369 275. Same as above, p. 17 369 276. Cylinder, Nicolsky, La Deesse des Cylindres, p. 5 369 277. Bas-relief, de Sarzec, Decouvertes, pi. 25, fig. 5 369 278. Cylinder, British Museum 371 279. Stele of Asarhaddop, Von Luschan, Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, p. 1 8 389 280. Stele of Assurnazirpal 389 281. Stele of Asarhaddon, Maspero, Passing of the Empires, p. ; i 389 282. Bas-relief of Bavian, Von Luschan, Ausgrabungen, p. 2 1 390 283. Bas-relief of Maltaya, Von Luschan, Ausgrabungen, p. 23 390 284. Kudurru, de Morgan, Delegation en Perse, I, p. 168 390 285. Same as above, pi. XIV ._ 390 zS^a. Same as above, pi. XV 390 286. Same as above, pi. XVI 391 287. Kudurru, Rawhnson, W.A.I., V, pi. 57 391 288. Same as above, IV, pi. 43 392 289. Same as above. III, pi. 45, i ... 393 290. Same as above. III, pi. 45, 2 ... 393 291. Kudurru, the Michaux Stone, Lichtenstein, Tentamen, pi. \' 393 291/7. Same as above, pi. VI. 393 292. Kudurru of Nabu-ukin-aplu, from a photograph 393 293. Cylinder, British Museum 393 294. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 393 295. Cylinder, Lajard, Culte de Mithra, LIV, B16 395 296. Bowl of Palestrina, after Clermont-Ganneau. 397 297. Cylinder, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 399 298. Cone seal, J. Pierpont Morgan Library 400 299. Same as above 4°° 300. Dragon of Marduk, Heuzey, Revue d'Assyriologie, VI, p. BY WILLIAM HAYES WARD. INTROD' "^w the ev'-^ CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: ORIGIN. USE, AND MATERIALS. The earliest method by which, so far as we know, proprietary rights were recorded in the East was by the use of a seal in the shape of a cyhnder, or an ap- proximation to the cyhnder, engraved with some special device pecuhar to the owner. We find it in use in the very earhest period in Babylonia and also in Egypt, although in the latter country it was after the twelfth dynasty mostly superseded by the scarab. Its use, as an archaism, was not wholly discarded there as late as the twenty-second dynasty. 