None
Stanton's, 228, 229 Wohler's, 225 Favourable examples, study of, 8 Feeding ingots, 295 Ferric chloride, 31 as etching reagent, 35 Ferrite, 173 before and after straining, 243 Ferro-concrete, 330 manganese, 317 Fibrous fracture, 252 Field, flatness of, 48 Fields, phase, 121 Filter, Wratten and Wainwright's, 46 Fine-grinding, 23 Finishing temperature and micro - structure, 300 Fire-clay, 81 Fissures, partial welding of, 324 Fitting by cold-working, 324 Flatness of field, 48 Floating constituents, 320 Fluid compression of steel, 296 Focus, depth of, 48, 49 " Forced solution," of iron-carbide 180 Foreign matter from mould, 323 Forging, 300 insufficient work in, 323 Formation of slip bands, 243 Fracture, cleavage, in steel, 263, 264 crystaUine, 254 " fibrous," 252 intercrystalline, abnormal, 252 of metals near melt- ing point, 260 mechanism of, 252 of iron at high tempera- tures, 259 of steel, shock, 256 types of, 263 Fractured steel shaft, 323 Fractures, alternating stress, 264 Fractures — eontirmed. section of, 252 tensile, 252, 263 microscopic study of, 16 under fatigue, 253 shock, 252 Free cementite, 278 Freedom, degree of, 120 Freezing of eutectio alloy, 86, 89 -points of metals, 81 Friend on corrosion, 329 Fringe crystals, 293 Fundamental properties, 196 Furnace, electric, and steel, 317 Fusion spots, 106 GrAlVAKISING, 330 Galvanometer, 82 G-amma iron, 163 and constitutional diagram, 167 crystals, formation of, 280 growth of, 281 decomposition of, 164 in alloy steels, 284 solid solution, 164 transformation affected by carbide, 177 twinning in, 252 phase of tin-copper alloys, 149 Garland on ancient Egyptian metal, 255 Gas cavities, 294 Gasses and molten metals, 289 influence on thermal curves, 80 Gas lamp for microscope illumina- tion, 55 liberation on freezing, 294 " Gassing " of copper, 272 Grerman silver, 305 Goerens on annealing iron and steel, 271 Gold, 112 and bismuth^ 316 annealing, 269, 270 SUBJECT INDEX 353 Gold — eontinued. , -bismuth, Arnold's experi- ments, 256 -copper alloys, conductivity curve of, 112 purest,' brittleness near melt- ing-point, 260 -sUver, 74 Grains, polygonal, 67 Graphical representation of ter- nary alloys, 124 Graphite, formation by decom- position of cementite, 163 in cast iron, 288 separation from iron, 320 Graphitic iron, 187 Grey iron as "steel plus graphite," 188 structure of, 187 Grinding wheels, 21 Groups of crystals, 276 Growth of crystals in annealing, 267 h iron crystals, 281 Gulliver, 123 Gutowsky on iron-carbon »ol%du», 163 Hadfield on ancient metal, 255 sound ingots, 296 Hammer-dressing, 324 Hammering, deformation by, 302 effect of, 301 Hannover's porous metal, 134 Hard-drawn bolts, 306 Hardened steel, amorphous iron- carbide solution in, 182 Hardening by strain and elastic limits, 247, 248 of Duralumin, 158 metaJ by straining, 247 Bteel, " amorphous" theory, 180 P.M. H ardening — continued. of steel — continued. incipient x crystals in, 181 and allotropic iron, 167 and quenching strains, 181 cracking in, 185 twinning in, 181 and constitu- tional dia- gram, 184 rules for, 184 " Hardenite," defined, 179 Hardness, defined, 218 number, Bendicks' for- mula, 219 of iron, 180 of Martensite, cause of, 180 of steel, allotropic theory of, 180 test, 218 tester. allotropy in, and decomposi- tion of y iron solid solution, 166 alloys, etching of, 31 a. 167 and steel, annealing, 270, 271 a, absence of twinning, 252 and carbon, alloys of, 131 and steel specimens kept " passive," 37 iS, 167 and y, relative hardness of, 180 hardness of, 180 carbide, 162 colloidal, 183 forced solution of, 180 in solution, eSect of, 177 movement of during transformation of y soUd solution, 178 solution, amorphous, in hardened steel, 182 state of in Troostite, 183 -carbon alloys, 160 constitutional diagram of, 161 eutectoid in, 166 Uquidus of, 162 soUdus of, 163 carbon in, 75 limit of, 162 carbon, meta-stable diagram, 161 carbon system, complexity of, 160 cast, oxidising, annealing of, 189 phosphide eutectio in, 316 critical points of, 169 electrolytic, recrystallisation of. 279 etching of, 31 fracture of at high tempera- tures, 269 ▲ a2 356 SUBJECT INDEX Iroa — continued. 126 as deozidiser, 153 copper alloys, 153 influence on eutectoid point, 175 in hght alloys, 157, 333 -iron, 74 sulphide of, in steel, 317 Martens' extensometer, 204 hardness tester, 220 Mess-Dose, 201 sclerometer, 222 testing machines, 198 Martensite, 283 and twinning, 181 coarse, 326 defined, 178 nature of, 180 Martensitic alloy steel, 284 Materialprufungsamt, 201 Materials, abuse of, 327 Matter, constitution of sohd, 3 Maximum in liquidua, 101 Mazotto on lead-tin, 132 Measurement of electrical proper- ties, 116 Mechanical enclosures, impurities as, 314 properties of — alloys, 101 steel and enclo- sures, 318 testing of metals, 193 simple princi- ple in, 195 treatment, 286 Mechanism of fracture, 252 Mess-Dose, Martens', 201 358 SUBJECT INDEX Metallic compounds, brittleness of, 102 MetaUography, history of, 12 Metalloid impurities, 314 Metallurgical microscopes, 41 Metals at high temperatures, 257 freezing-points of, 81 hexagonal, 72 mechanical testing of, 193 pure, etching of, 33 temperature coeflB.- cient of, 115 simple, 33 Meta-stabihty of ancient metal, 122 metalhc state, 328 stable conditions, 121 diagram for iron-car- bon alloys, 161 equihbrium, 94 Method of residue analysis, 118 Melting losses, 320 temperature, unduly low. 322 Membranes brittle, 316 Metallic protective coatings, 329 state, meta-stabihty of, 328 Metallurgy, Physical, definition, 1 Microscope by Le Chateher, 58 Greenhough binocular, 69 Uluminants for, 63 images, interpretation of, 52 metallurgical, 38 optical system of, 44 Bosenhain's metallur- gical, 43 rules for use of, 53 simple metallurgical, 41,42 tube length, 45 Microscopes, metaUurgioal, 41 Micro-structure, affected by anneahng, 273 and anneahng, 266 Micro -structure — contmued. and critical points of iron, 171 and finishing temperature, 300 and shape of castings, 290 as evidence for constitutional diagram, 105 elongated, 303 of alloys, 74 of aluminium-copper aUoys, 166 -zinc alloys, 139 of burnt steel, 283 of eutectoid steel, 175 of grey iron, 187 of over-heated steel, 282 of pearhte, 173 of 0'2 per cent, carbon steel, 172 of 0'6 per cent, carbon steel, 174 of 0'9 per cent, carbon steel 175 of lead-tin alloys, 133 of white iron, 187 Micro-volts, 82 Mild steel, " yield-point " in, 207 Mixed crystals, 73 Mobile layers, temporary, 246, 247 Model, constitutional, of ternary system, 125 Modulus, elastic, 203 Molten alloys as solution, 73 iron, graphite from, 320 metal, chemical activity of, 289 overheating of, 289 metals and gases, 289 Monochromatic hght, 47 Mould, foreign matter from, 323 Moulds, defects arising from, 323 venting of, 323 Movement of crystal boundaries, 258, 259 iron carbide, 178 Muir on recovery of iron and steel, 271 Muntz metal, 144 SUBJECT INDEX 359 National Physical Laboratory, 334 Need for dynamic tests, 197 Nickel-copper, 74, 97, lU -steel, BUp-bands in, 243 zinc-copper aUoys, brittle when hot, 305 Nitric acid, 31 Nitrogen, 80 ' Nomenclature Committee, Inst. Metals, 336 Non-ferrous alloys, segregation in, 320 ingots, 296 metals, corrosion in, 330 Normal and oblique illumination of etched surface, 65 Normal illumination, 39 Notched bar impact tests, 233, 234 test-bars, 236 Nuclei in pearlite formation, 281 in transformations of iron, 169 slag enclosures as, 281 Objective, aberrations of, 46 aperture of, 46 ■image produced by, 45 Objectives, aperture of, 61 for metallurgy, 42 (microscope), 45 zones of, 47 Oblique illumination, 38 light, shp-bands under, 246 Oil paint and corrosion, 329 -quenching steel, 186 Opaque reflector, influence on resolving power, 52, 53 Optical character of slip-bands, 244 system of microscope, 44 Ordinary " poUsh," 18 Orientation, crystalline, 33 of crystals, 63 Oriented lustre, 63 explanation of, 66 Osbome-Beynold's direct alter- nating stress test, 228 Over-anneaJing duplex aUoys, 276 in brass, 276 copper, 275 Overheated steel, 325 angular structure of, 282 Overheating, 325 duplex alloys, 276 molten metal, 289, 322 of brass, bronze, aluminium copper, and steel, 277 steel, 281 Over-strain and semi-plasticity, 248 recovery from, 249 Overwork, 268 Oxidation in annealing, 272 resistance to, of heavy aluminium - copper alloys, 334 Oxide in brass and bronze, 319 copper, 152, 316 tin-copper alloys, 152 zinc-copper alloys, 152 Oxidising annealing of cast iron, 189 Paint and corrosion, 329 Pattern, etching, 33 Patterns, 323 PearUte, 167, 173 angular, 282 balling-up of, 278 formation, nuclei in, 281 in tensile fracture, 263 laminated, 278 longitudinal Unes of, 303 micro-structure of, 173 Permanence of aluminium alloys, 332 metals, 327 Personal names in metallography of steel, 172 360 SUBJECT INDEX Phase, amorphous, defined, 249 in hardened steel, 181 definition of, 119 Phase-fields in copper-tin alloys, 147 in Hoyt'sternary diagram, 151 in zinc-copper alloys, 141, 142 of aluminium-copper alloys, 155 of aluminium-zinc alloys, 138 Phase rule, 119 limitations of, 121 Phases, redundant, 121 Phosphide eutectic in cast iron, 316 of copper, 152 of iron, 315 Phosphor bronze, 152 Phosphoric banding in steel, 304 Phosphorus as deoxidiser, 152 banding in steel, 237, 315 -copper alloys, 152 in axles, 315 in ferrite, 173 in iron and steel,34,315 in rails, 315 in steel,[for machining, 312 in tyres, 315 reagent (Eosenhain and Haughton), 36 springs, 315 Photomicrography, 58 illumination for, 57 Physical equihbrium, ultimate, 274 meaning of tension tests, 197 metallurgy, definition, 1 metallurgy, practical im- portance of, 3 properties and annealing, 268 and crystal size, 274 and strength, 196 Physical — continued. properties of alloys, 102 Picrate, sodium, etching with, 325 Picric acid, 31 as etching reagent, 173 Pipe in an ingot, 295, 323 Plastic crystals, 67 extension of metals, 207 Plasticity of crystals, 247 Platinum, 70, 80 Polish attack, 33 " Polished " surfaces in hquids, 27 Polishing, 18, 23 cloths, 28, 29 powders, action of, 26, 27 test of, 30 Polygonal grains, 67 Polyhedral structure, 62 of y-iron solid solution, 174 Porous metals, Hanover, 134 Potential, electro-chemical, 117 Potentiometer, 82 Practical bearing of constitutional diagram, 146 " Predominant partner " in eutec- tic, 134 Preservation of specimens, 37 Press-forging, 302 Pressure factor in equilibrium dia- grams, 120 Prevention of segregation, 298 " Primitive " elastic hmit, 203 Principle, simple, in mechanical testing, 195 Prism reflector, 41 Process, metallurgy, definition of, 1 Projection apparatus, 58 eye-piece, 58 Projections of ternary models, 126 Prolonged annealing, 268, 272 Properties, machining, of alloys, 311 Proportionality, limit of, 205 Protection against corrosion, 329, 331 SUBJECT INDEX 361 Protective coating, cement as, 330 Protectors for thermo-couples, 81 Punched holes, brittleness near, 310 Punching tests, 216 Pure metal, cooling-curve of, 85 structure of, 61 Pure metals, temperature co-effi- cient of, 115 under oblique light, 63 Purity, " excessive " difilculties of, 313 Quantity of heat evolved, arrest , points, 103 Quenched steel, 177 Martensite in, 179 transition products in, 178 Quenching, 102 bath, 326 cracks, 326 and enclosures, 318 defects arising in, 326 for determination of iron- carbon solidus, 163 pure iron, defects of, 171 tin-copper alloys, 149 unequal, and warping, 326 Radial crystals ia tin plate, 293 structure and isothermals, 291 Kails, phosphorus in, 315 Bange of alternating stress, safe, 226 Eapid list working, 301 Bate of cooling and structure ia castings, 287 straining and resistance, 259 Bazors, steaming of, 271 Be-appearanoe of scratchiog on etching, 28 Reaumur malleable castings, 190 " Becalescence " curves, 175 Becalesceuce of eutectoid steel, 175 Recovery from over-strain, 249 Becrystallisatiou and annealing, 266 spontaneous, 308 Be-entrant angle in castings, 292 isothermals at, 292 Beflector, opaque, 41 plain glass, 40 Befractory metals in alloys, 319 Be-heatiag, defects arising in, 325 of white iron, 189 Belief polishing, 30 Repeated blow impact tests, 236 impact, Stanton's test, 236 Research on aluminium alloys, 334 Residue analysis in compounds, 118 Resistance and rate of straioing, 259 to abrasion of man- ganese - aluminium- copper alloys, 157 to corrosion of man- ganese - aluminium - copper alloys, 157 to impact, nature of, 232 Eesolving power, 52 Bhodium, 80 " Biser," 295 Bokes, 324 Boiling, 300 deformation by, 302 liquid core ingots, 296 Bontgeni rays, use of, 17 Bose, on annealing gold, 270 Bosenhain and Ewen on annealing lead, 269 on fracture of metals at high temperatures, 260 362 SUBJECT INDEX Eosenhain and Haughton on phos- phorus in steel, 304 Bosenhain and Humfrey on Arj, 170 on relative hardness of $ and y-iron, 180 on straining iron at high temperatures, 258, 259 Rosenhain and Tucker on lead-tin alloys, 133 microscope, 43 Bosenhain's apparatus for thermal curves, 79 levelling device, 59 quenching apparatus, 102 Eotation efieot, 63 Rouge, 29 Rxiles for hardening steel, 185 Rupture, work of, 234 Safe range of alternating stress, 226 Samter on hot-etching of steel, 174 Sankey's testing machine, 231 Sauveur on crystal growth, 267 Scale of structure, 69 rolled into surface, 324 Sclerometer, Martens', 222 Turner's, 222 Scleroscope, Shaw's, 222 Scratches, re-appearance on etch- ing. defined, 243 dimensions of, 246 formation of, 243 in croas-section, 246 in entectic alloys, 261 in iron, 243 in lead, 243 in nickel steel, 243 in twinned metal, 261 optical character of, 244 tinder oblique light, 246 Sodium picrate, etching with, 326 Softening temperature, 266 Soldering heavy copper-aluminium alloys, 336 Solders, lead-tin alloys, 134 Solid matter, metals simplest form, 3 solubility, limit of, 73 solution, cooling-curve of, 97 freezing of, 96 y-iron, 164 impurities in, 314 saturated, 99 solutions, 73 conductivity of. 111 cores in, 96 dendritic cores in, 74 diffusion in, 96 limit of, 105 Kquidut of, 97, 98 tolidua of, 97 Solidification, rate of, 287 " Solidus." 94 Solidus determined by quenching, 106 of iron-carbon alloys, 163 of partly eutectiferous sys- tem, 100 Solubility of carbide in u, ;3 and y-iron, 167 of cementite in y-iron, 164 Solubility — continued. of copper in solid aluminium, 166 of tin in lead, 132 Sorbite, defined, 184 Sound ingots, Hadfield's process, 296 Soundness of ingots, 294 Special steels, 192 Specification of impurities by analysis, 314 Specific heat, 117 tenacity, 13 volume of alloys, 108 amalgams, 108 Specimens, drying, 36 for microscopic exami- nation, methods of cutting, 20, 21 preservation of, 37 washing of, 36 Spherulites of eutectic, 134 Spontaneous annealing and re- crystaUisation, 308 disintegration in alu- minium alloys, 168, 333 Springs, phosphorus in, 316 Stable equilibrium, 94 Stage of microscope, movable, 42 Stanton and Bairstow on alternat- ing Stress fractures, 264 Stanton's direct alternating stress test, 228, 229 repeated impact test, 236 State, metallic meta-stabUity of, 328 Statical tests, defined, 213 Stead and Carpenter on crystal- lisation of electrolytic iron, 279 Stead on cleavage in steel sheets, 276 heat -tinting, 304 Steel, 75, 80, 121 alloy, Austenitic, 284 aluminium in, 295 364 SUBJECT INDEX Steel — contmu ed. and cast iron, distinction between, 186 and iron, annealing of, 271 annealing above Aca, 279 annealiag below Ari, 277 arrest-pointa of, names of, 172 balled-up cementite in, 325 behaviour under tensile test, 207 " burnt," 283 carbon, as duplex alloy, 263 case-hardening of, 190 castings, heat refining of, 294 sulphides in, 294 cementation of, 191 cementite and micro -structure of, 176 cleavage fracture in, 263, 264 containing 0-2 per cent, car- bon, 171 0*2 per cent, oar- bon,micro-struc- ture of, 172 0'6 per cent, car- bon, 174 0*9 per cent, car- bon,micro-struc- ture of, 175 critical range and heat treat- ment, 277 " dead melted," 295 decarburisation of, 320 eutectoid, micro -structure of, 175 recalescenoe of, 175 fluid compression of, 296 for automatic machines, 312 fractures, types of, 256, 263 hardened, amorphous iron- carbide solution in, 182 hardening of and twinning, 181 practice and the constitutional diagram, 184 Steel — continued. hardening, rules for, 185 hardness of, and allotropic iron, 167 heat refining of, 282 heatjtreatment of, 277 hot-etching of, 174 hypereutectoid, quenched, 176 hypo-eutectoid, 183 in electric furnace, 317 large castings in, 287 mechanical properties of and enclosures, 318 mild, stress-strain diagram of, 210 yield-point in, 207 nickel, slip-bands in, 243 of eutectoid composition, 175 oil quenching of, 186 over-heated, 281, 325 angular structure of, 282 phosphide bands in, 237, 304, 312, 315 quenched, 173, 177 Martensite in, 179 transition products in, 178 semi - plasticity in over- strained, 248 sheets, cleavage in, 275 silicate of manganese in, 317 soft, temperature tenacity curve of, 179 strained at 1,000° C, 259 tempered, troostite in, 183 surface decarburisation of, 272 Steels, alloy, 192 heat treatment of, 284 special, 192, 322 sulphide of manganese in, 317 Stopping down, 47, 49, 51 Strain and crystal growth, 273 effect on crystal boundaries, 266 SUBJECT INDEX 365 Strain — continued. effect on stracture, 241 -hardened metal, 250, 300 -hardening and elastic limits, 247, 248 local, 247, 325 -hardness and fatigue, 306 not reliable, 309 uses of, 306 plastic and semi-plasticity, 248 Strained metal, amorphous layers in, 246 stracture of, 246 Strained Swedish iron, 241 Straining at high temperatures, 259 duplex alloys, 260 effects of tool cut, 310 ferrite before and after, 243 of eutectics, 261 machine (Ewing and Bosenhain's), 242 steel at 1,000° C, 259 sudden, at high tempera- tures, 259 Strength and crystal boundaries, 274 " Strength " and physical proper- ties, 195 Strength of tin-copper alloys, 148 ultimate of duplex aUoys, 262 Stresses, alternating, 224 Stress-strain diagram, 202, 207, 210,211 torsional, 214 indicator, Dalby's, 202 Stretching of metal, elastic, 203 Structure and annealing, 266 and rate of cooUng a casting, 287 and shape of castings, 290 Structure — continued. angular of over -heated steel, 282 banded, and crystal cores, 304 effect of straiit on, 241 longitudinal, in hot- rolled metal, 303 of severely strained metal, 246 radial, and isothermals, 291 scale of, 69 Sulphides in steel castings, 294 Sulphuric acid, 32 Sulphur-prints, 318 Surface deoarburisation of steel, 272 " Surface energy," 273 Surface flow in metals, 25 liquid/us, of ternary alloys, 126 " Surface tension," 273 Surfaces in constitutional model of ternary system, 125 Swedish iron, 61 strained, 241 System, crystallographio, 71 Tabulation of defects, 322 Talbot on sound ingots, 296 Temperature and season cracking, 309 annealing, 266, 270 casting, 288, 323 00 -efficient and constitutional diagram, 115 electrical conduc- tivity, 110, 115 finishing, and micro -structure, 300 measurement, 80 softening, 266 tenacity curve for soft steel, 179 Temperatures, critical, 322 366 SUBJECT INDEX Temper-carbon, 189 Tempering, defects arising in, 326 of steel, 183 unequal, 326 Temporary mobile layers, 246, 247 condition of metal, 25 Tensile machine, English type, 199 testing, local contraction in, 207 machine, Amsler's 201 pressure gauge type, 200 machines, 198 tests, data derived from, 203 Tension, fracture under, 252 internal, 324 surface, 273 tests, 197 comparison with tor- sion, 215 physical meaning of, 197 Ternary alloys, 123 as modifications of binary, 127 derived from lead-tin, 135 graphical representation of, 124 of tin, zinc and copper, 150 BimpMcation of, 127 Ternary investigations, difiioulty of, 128 models, projections of' 126 sections of, 126 Test, Arnold's, 231, 239 -bars, notched, 236 Charpy's, 233 compression, 211 Testing by bending, 217 by punching, 216 hardness, 218 in shear, 215 Testing — continued. in torsion, 213 machine, Emery's, 198, 199 Izod's, 233 lever, 200 Martens', 198 mechanical, simple prin- ciple in, 195 methods, compared, 237, 238 of materials, history of, 13 of metals, mechanical, 193 Tests, alternating shear and tor- sion, 229, 230 comparative on zinc-alumi- nium alloys, 238 direct alternating stress, Stan- ton's, 228, 229 dynamic, 223 imitative, conditions for, 194 impact, 232 repeated blow impact, 236 results in service, correlation of, 196 shearing impact, 235 single blow impact, 233 torsion impact, 235 Wohler's, 226, 254 Thallium, polishing of, 24 Theory, allotropic, of hardness of steel, 180 amorphous, 180, 246, 266 chemical, or corrosion, 328 of amorphous cement, 257 phase, 250 of corrosion, electrolytic, 328 Thermal analysis, 104 of aluminium - zina alloys, 139 arrest at freezing point, 86 conductivity, 117 SUBJECT INDEX 367 Thermal— continued. curve and constitutional diagram, 92 curves of 0*6 per cent. 