None
87 classification of iron and steel, 88 magnetic testing of. 708 micrograph ic analysis of, 725 structural constituents of, 784 Ironwood-trees of the U. 8., 288 Ke .eep's testing-machine, 880 Keep's diagrams of the strength of cast iron, 95, 96 Kennedy's shearing-test apparatus, 886 Key to wood species based on wood struc- ture, 254, 258 J_jampblack from wood, 249 Larch (tamarack) of the U. S., 272 Launhardt's and Wey ranch's formulae re-^ placed by one new formula, 545 Lateral deformation under direct stress, 5- Length of reduced section, effect of, 514 Lime, hydraulic, 182 Lime, manufacture of, 181 Lime-mortar, hardening of, 181 Limestone and marble: structure of, 630, 631 strength of, 640, 648. 645 resistance to abrasion, 650 Limit of elasticity— wtf Elastic limit. Limits of stress for indefinite number of repetitions, 541 Loading, effects of rate of, 805 Loads suddenly imposed, 81 Locust-trees of the U. S., 291 Long storage, effect of, on the strength of cement, 598 Louisville cement, strength of, 569, 570 Low red heat, effects of finishing steel at,. 499 Ma Lachines, testing, general requirements for, 804 Magnetic testing of iron and steel: magnetic properties defined, 708 permeability, 708 unit of mauetizing force, 708 unit of magnetization, 708 hysteresis, 708 Stein metz law on hysteresis^ 705 Digitized by V^OOQIC 788 INDEX. Magnetic testing of iron and steel: methods of testing, 705 mcasuretneut of permeability, 705 ring method. 706 divided bar method, 708 double bar method, 709 magnetic bridge method, 710 voltmeter method, 711 permeameter method, 712 magnetic balance. 712 measurement of hysteresis, 718 miscellaneous methods, 718 ring method, 713 E wing's hysteresis-tcsier, 714 results of tests. 716 development due to testing, 716 conditions affecting magnetic quality, 718 conductivity data, 721 importance of testing, 722 >Iagnetizalion, unit of. 703 Magnetizing force, unit of, 703 Magnolia-trees of the U. S., 300 Manganese: in cast iron, 98 in steel. 161, 162 Manganese bronze, strength of, at various temperatures, 566 Malleaible iron — see Cast iron, 112 31aple- trees of the U. S.. 291 Marshall's exteusometer, 340 Martel's law of mdeutations, 382 Mechanical properties of timber, 133 to 245 Mechanical tests in general, 802 classification of, 303 Micro-flaws in steel, 537 Micrographic analysis of iron and steel, 725 Micronieier-callipcMS, 350 Microscopic tests of stone, 635 Milwuuliee ceuient. strength of, 569 Modulus of elasticity (Young's): defined, 3 of volume under direct stress, 6 foi slieaiing stress, 8 determination of, fpom beam deflec- tions, 67, 374 of cast iron, 476 of wrought iron (Fig. 392), 488 of steel, 509 independent of other qualities in steel, 510 Modulus of elasticity (Young's) : of cement-mortars and concretes, 67S» 601, 602, 608 of timber, 670 Moisture in timber, 676 distribution of, 228 test for, 667 reabsorbed, 668 effecU of, on strength, 242, 667 Molecular structure of wrought iron and steel, 144 Moments of inertia of various forms, 48 Moments of resistance of various forms of beams, 48 Mortar, cement : hardening in air and in water, 576-7 strength of, for different proportions of sand, 579 strength of, for different sizes of sand- grains, 582 strength of. at various periods as com- l^ared with the strength at 28 days, 678 economy of coarse and fine sands, 687 with artificial compositions of sand 589 lK)rosity of, as dependent on the sand used. 591 adhesive strength of, 597 compressive strength and elasticity of, 603 economy of, 605 effects of freezing on, 618 anti-freezing mixtures, 615 rates of setting at different tempera* tures, 616 effects of salt on, 617-621 fire-resisting properties of various mix- tures. 626 Mortar, lime : hardening of, 181 Moulds for cement briquettes, 488 Muck bars, 122 Mulberry-trees of the U. Kick^l-steel, 515 o. 'ak-trees of the U. 8., 298 Olsen's testing-appliances: testing-machines, 820 Digitized by Google INDEX, 789 Olsen's testing-appliances i sti-jess-diagraci apparatus, 849 compressometers. 855 Open-heartn and Bessemer steel, com- pared. 142 Open-hcartli process of making steel, 188 Osnge-orangc trees of the U. 8., 209 Outerbridge's experiments on increasing the strength of cast iron, 480 OverstrHiniug destroys the elastic field, 522 Overstrtdned mettU restored by annealing, 518 Xr aving-brick— we Brick, vitrified. Paving-brick tests, 456 cross-breaking, 457 crushing. 457 rattler test, 457, 460 general table of results, 660 Pendulum impact testing- machines, 877 Permeability, magnetic, of iron and steel, 708 Permeability (to water), test of cement- mortars for, 452 Persimmon-trees of the U. 8., 298 Phosphor-bronze : how made, 178 strength of, 554, 556 Phosphorus: in cast iron. 97 in wrought iron and steel, 165-7 in bronze. 178, ^54, 556 Photomicrographs of steel, 786 Pig iron, grading of, 99 Pillars — Mee Columns. Pines of the Uflited States : soft, 274 hard. 275 Pine, short-leaf and long-leaf, identified by geographical distribution, 684 Pipes, cast iron, with uusymmetrical thick- ness, 481 Plastic and elastic bodies defined, 1 Plastic and viscous materials, 24 plastic materials in compression, 24 Plate girders, tests on. 518 Plates, fiat, strength of. 78 Poisson's ratio defined nnd values given, 6 Poplar-trees {see al$a Tulip). 298 Porosity of mortars as dependent on the quality of the sand used, 591 Portland cement— wd Cement, ](^ortland. Posts — ue Columns. Preservation of timber. 775 Prisms and cubes, crushing strength of, 81 Puddling process, 117 Punching and shearing, injurious efllects of, 582 Punching tests of steel not valuable, 600 Puzzolai^i cement— M0 Slag-cements. V^uenching and annealing, effects of, oa low-carbon steel, 500 Ra jails, car-wheels on, 506 Kate of applying load : effects of, in geneitd, 805 effect in cement-testing, 442 Rattler test of paving brick, 457, 460 Reduction in the rolls, effect of : on strength of wrought-iron, 181, 488 on strength of steel, 496-498 Reduction of area in tensile tests, 28 Reduction of area on steel test-specimens, 502 Regaugings after set has begun, effect of, on strength, 598 Resilience : defined, 75 stored in elastic bodies, 76 a measure of the body to resist shock, 76 areas of stress-diagrams, 82 of bodies under direct stress, 88 in cross-bending, 88, 8/2 in torsion , 85 comparative, for different stresses, 86 of cast iron, 478 Resin from wood, 249 Resonance of wood, 218 RiehU's testing-machines, 820, 827 Rivet-steel, stress-diagittm of, 496 Rodman's apparatus for testing hardness standardized, 296. Rope, wire — see Wire rope. Rosendale cement, strength of, 568 Russell's impact testing-machine, 8d0a Rusting— «^« Corrosion. I^alt, effect of. on cement-mortars, 617-621 Sand in cement-mortars ; standard to be used in cement tests, 424 effect of different sands on the strength of cement- mortar, 424 Digitized by V^OOQIC 790 INDEX. 8aQd in cement-mortan: effect of increasing proportions, 579 " " varying sizes. 582 *' " composition, 587, 589 8and-cement, strength of mortar of, 576 Sandstones : structure of, 681, 682 strength of, 689, 640, 648, 645 resistance to abrasion, 650 Bap^wood, 207. 255 Sassafras-trees of the U. 8., 800 Scarfed Joints, how to avoid, in riveted work, 588 Sea-water, elfect of, on cement-concretes, 628 Setting of cement, 189 rate of, 415 automatically recorded, 415 retanlation of, at low temperatures, 616 Shaft 16 in. dlam. forged under a light hammer, 517 Shafts, steel, drawn through dies, 518 Shearing modulus of elasticity, 8 Shearing and direct stresses, 7 Shearing and punching, injurious effects of, 588 Sheariug strength : governs crushing strength, 28 of wrought iron, 485 of steel. 525 of timber, 240 Shearing stresses : cases of, 88, 885 in beams, 52 Shearing tests. essential conditions of, 885 appliances for making, 886 of wrought iron, 485 of steel, 525 Shock- resistance measured by resilience, 76 Shrinkage of timber * explained. 227 effects of, 229 amount of, 282 Sifting cement. 410 Silicon : in cast iron, 92 influence of, on mechanical properties, 74 influence of, on shrinkage, 95 on iron and steel, 160 Silicon bronze, how made, 179 Size of wooden beams— effects of, on strength, 672 Slag-cements : described, 190 long storage, effect of , on strength, 694 effect of carbonic-acid gas on, 596 Slipping of riveted Joints, 527 Soundness test of cements. 417 Specifications for iron and steel : of American Society of Civil Engi- neers, 756 of Mr. H. H. Campbell, 756 of American steel manufacturers, 76T Specific gravity: of cements, 418 of wood, 219 of different species of timber, 222 of stone. 687 Spring and summer wood. 208 Spring testing machines. 867 Spruces of the U. S. 277 Standard tests of paving-brick, 460 Steel: methods cf manufacture, 188 the crucible process, 188 the Bessemer process, 188 the open-hearth process, 138 comparison of basic and acid open« hearth processes. 142 comparison of Bessemer and open- hearth steel. 142 molecular structure of wrought iron and steel, 144 fracture showing structure, 145 as affected by heat treatment. 146 mechanical qualities of steel of various gmdes, 147 not fully explained by its chemi- cal composition, 150 infiuencc of carbon on iron. 151 combination of carbon with Iron, 151 found in three forms, 151 change in the carbon at a low yel- low heat, 153 hardeningand tempering steel. 153 chemical analyses cannot explain mechanical effects, 154 the hardening of steel. 155 effect on the tensile strength* 156 Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX, 791 Bteel: influence of carbon on iron : auxiliary effects of phosphorus, sulphur, and maDganese, 157 effect on ductility, 158 elongation and tensile strength, 159 modulus of elasticity, 160 the compressive strength, 160 hardness and fusibility, 160 influence of silicon on iron and steel, 160 influence of manganese on Iron and steel, 161 of small percentages, 162 manganese steel, 162 inflaence of sulphur on iron and steel, 168 on red shortness, 163 on tensile strength and ductility, 164 influence of phosphorus on iron and steel, 166 conditions of phosphorus in iron, 165 effect on ductility, 166 effect on static strength, 167 limiting yalue of chemical constituents allowable, 167 hardening, tempering, and annealing, 168 heat- changes in carbon steel, 168 hardening, 160 tempering, 169 effects of hardening and temper- ing. 169 annealiug, 170 corrosion of iron and steel, 171 strength of, in tension and compres- sion, 490 as influenced by carbon, 491-495 of rivet-steel, 496 as affected by thickness of plate, 496-8 as affected by annealing, 498, 501 as affected by finishing at a low red heat, 499 as determined by punching tests, 500 as affected by quenching and an- nealing, 500 as determined by the trial- billet test, 502 Steel : elongation, how distributed in the ten- sion test, 502 reduction of area in the tension test, 502 compressive strength in the elastic limit, 502 elastic limit in compression, 504 areas of contact between car-wheela and rails, 506 elastic-limit loads of cylinders on planes, 508 moduli of elasticity In tension and compression, 509 moduli of elasticity independent of other qualities, 510 effect of stressing beyond the elastic limit. 512, 522 over- stressed metal restored by anneal- ing, 518 effect of varying the length of speci- men. 514 nickel-steel, 515 effect of forging and rolling, 517 steel welded tubes, 518 I beams and plate girders, 518 variation of moduli with size of I beam, 520 shearing strength, 525 frictionalresistanceof riveted joints,525 friction per sq. Steel : photomicrographs of steel, 786 specificatioDS for : by Ainericau Society of Civil En- gineers, 756 by Mr. H. H. Campbell, 766 by American steel manufacturers, 767 Steel and concrete in combination, strength computed, 72 Steel uxles drawn through dies and tested in cold bending, 618 Steiumetz law on magnetic hysteresis, 706 Stiffness of timber, 284 Stooe: crushing test of, 24, 29, 81. 866, 466 crushiug strength of, 637-645 elastic properties of, 642 structure of building, 680 microscopic views of , 631 study of, 685 weathering of, 682 freezing tests of, 633 sulphate-ofsoda test, 684 chemical tests of, 635 absorption test of, 686 specific-gravity test, 687 abrasion, results of tests of. 645 Bnuschinger's abrasion apparatus, 649 Stone's tests of wire and wire rope, 698 Storage, long, effect of, on the strength of cement. 593 Stniin defined as deformation, 2 Strength moduli of I beams and plate gir- dci-s, 520 Strength of timber, 670-685 Stress and deformation defined, 2 proportional inside elastic limit, 2 various kinds of, 4 Stress-diagrams : indicate resistance to shock, 81 for imi)act and for static loads com- pared, 79 autographic apparatus for taking, 844 Stressing steel beyond the clastic limit, effect of, 512 Stresses from impact and from static loads for equal deformations, 79 Structure of steel, 150, 728 Structureof wood, 205, 209, 212, 214, 254, 265 Structure of wrought iron and steel com- pared, 144. 728 Sulphate-of-soda test of stone, 684 Sulphur : : in cast iron, 97 in wrought iron and steel, 168-4 Sycamore-trees of the U. S., 800 X amarack (larch) of the U. S., 272 Tannin from wood, 249 Temperature, e^ect of, on the time of set- ^ ting of cements, 408 Temperature effects on the mechanical properties of metals : as shown by stress-diagrams, on steel, 557 on iron and steel, 557-565 on copper and bronze, 565 on delta-metal, 567 Tensile and compressive strength of cement-mortars compared, 419 Tensile tests. general phenomena concerning, 10 represented by stress-diagrams. 10 significant points of stress-diagrams, xi the elastic limit in, 11. 18, 306 the apparent elastic limit, 12, 18, 809 theyield-point, 12, 18 significant results of, 17, 312 modulus of elasticity, 17 elastic limit, 18, 806 " apparent elastic limit," 18, 809 ultimate strength, 21 pei*centage of elongation, 21, 81'* reduction of area of cross-section, 23 selection of the test -specimen, 818 preparation of the test-specimen, ZV^ standard dimensions of test-specimens, 815 time-function in, 820 machines for, 820 Emery machines, 828 Olseu machines, 3C0, 827 Riehle machines, 320. 827 cement-testing machines, 440 gripping devices, 824, 694 extensometers, 840 autographic stress-diagram apparatus, 344 micrometer callipers, 850 gauging implements, 853 compared with those frpm cold bend- ing. 408 Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX. 7D3 Tensile tests of cast iron, 110, 400 of wroaght iron, 481 of steel. 490-603 of wire and wire rope, 008 Testiug-machioes, general requirements for, 804 Tests : mechanical, in general, 802 classification of, 808 requirements of machines for, 804 effect of rate of loading, 805 significant limits of deformation, 806 limits of elastidtj, 806 all absolute elastic limits unsatis- factory, 808 the *' apparent elastic limit," 809 tensile— «M Tensile tests, compression— M0 Compression tests, cross beudiug— Me Cross bending tests, impact— ^tf Impact tests, harduess — ue Hardness tests shearing — 9ee Shearing tests, torsion — see Torsion tests, cold-bending— «« Cold-bending tests, on cement — 9ee Cement tests, on stone and brick — eee Stone and. brick tests. on timber— ««0 Timber tests, on cast iron— «M Cast iron, on wrought iron — see Wrought iron, on steel- M« Steel, on wire — ue Wire and wire rope, magnetic— «M Magnetic testing of iron and steel. Test specimens : selection uud preparation of, 818 standard forms of, 815 Tetmajer*s compressometer. 859 Thickness of rolled forms, influence of, on strength qualities, 496-498 Threads on screw-bolts, influence of the form of, 538 Timber : structure of wood, 205. 209, 212, 214 classification of timber-trees, 206 sapwood and heartwood, 207 annual rings, 207 spring and summer wood, 208 grains of wood, 215 resonance, 218 Timber. -f ■. ' speciflc gravity or weighty 219 > ▼ariation of weight In a singie trunks 220 weights of different species, 222 moisture distribution, 228. 676 drying timber, 224 dry kiln used, 226 ^rinkage of timber explained, 227 effects of shrinkage, 229 amounts of shrinkage, 282 mechanical properties of, 288 stiffness, or modulus of elasticity, 284 crost-bending strength, 286. 468a, 678 tension and compression, 288, 468a shearing, 240 methods of failure shown, 241 influence of weight and moisture on strength, 242, 667, 677 hardness, 243 cleavability. 248 flexibility, 244 toughness, 244 practical conclusions, 245 chemical composition of wood, 246 wood as a fuel, 247 charcoal, 248 products of wood distillation, 248 cellulose, 249 resin, turpentine, and lampblack. 249 tannin, 249 durability and decay of wood, 250 all decay produced by fungus- growth, 250 prevention of decay, 252 relative durability of different species, 253 identiflcatiou of different species of wood, 264, 684 examination of the structure essen- tial, 254 a structural key to species. 264 chanicleristic structurol features, 266 the use of the key, 257 key to identification of species, 258 descriptive list of the more important woods of the U. S., 267 coniferous woods, 267 cedar, 267, 670 Digitized by v^oogle 794 INDEX, Timber descriptive list of 17. S. woods: coniferous trees : cypress. 269, 670 fir. 269 liemlock, 271 lurcii or tamarack, 273 pine. 273 soft, 274, ?70 hard, 275, 670, 684 redwood, 177 spruce, 277 bnstard spruce, 278 yew, 279 broad- leaved woods (deciduous): asli, 279, 670 tispen («<f0 also Poplar), 281 basswood. 281 beecli. 283 birch, 282 blue beech, 283 bais d'nrc— ««« Osage orange. buckeye, or horse-chestnut, 283 butternut, 284 catalnpa, 284 cherry, 285 chestnut, 285 coffee-tree, 286 Cottonwood— «etf Poplar, cucumber-tree — see Tulip, elm, 286, 670 gum. 288, 670 hackberry. 289 hickory, 289, 670 holly. 291 horse-chestnut — see Buckeye, ironwood— ««« Blue beech, locust, 291 magnolia— ««« Tulip, maple, 291 mulberry, 293 oak, 293. 670 osAge orange, 298 persimmon, 298 poplar and Cottonwood {see also Tulip). 298 sassafras. 300 sycamore, 300 tulip. wood, 300 iupe\o—see Gum walnut, 301 Timber: descriptive list of U. S. woods : broad -leaved woods (deciduous) : whitewood— «M Tulip, yellow poplar— «M Tulip, testa of the strength of: the U. S. timber tests, 463, 664. 666 — ^ important conclusions drawn from, 462, 672, 677 list of species tested, 463, 665 method of cutting up logs, 4<M cross-bending lest, 465 crushing endwise test, 467 crushing across the grain, 468 shearing test, 468 tension test, 468 moisture test, 667, 676 strength of— results of tests, 664 as affected by moisture, 667 tables of strength moduli, 670-675 effect of bleeding. 672 effect of time, 468a effect of sif e, 6^2 '* '* reabsorbed moisture, 676 ** ** hot-air drying. 676 effect of very high temperatures and pressures. 677 effect of long immersion. 677 effect of varying specilSc gravity, or weight, 677 factors of safety, 680 tables of safe loads for wooden beams, 468a, 681, 682 strength of wooden columns, 468<i, 682-689 identification of short-leaf and long* leaf pine, 684 holding- force of nails in wood, 689 preservation of. 775 Timber-trees of the U. 8., Ibt and descrip-' ' tion of the most important. 267 Time-function in timber tests, 468a Tin, general properties of. 173 Tobin bronze : how made. 177 strength of. 554, 556 Torsion : deformation from, 40 moment of, 39 resilience of, 85 tests by, 887 Digitized by Google INDEX. 795 Torsion tests : contrasted with shearing tests, 887 machines for making, 887 Toughness of wood. 244 Tubes, welded steel, 518 Tulip-wood trees of the U. S., 800 Turner's diagrams of the properties of cost iron, 94 Turner's appanilus for testing hardness, 884 Turpentine from wood, 249 u. I Itimate strength in tension, 21 Use of cement-mortars after set has begun, 598 V. 8. timber tests : described. 462, 664 species tested, 463. 665 conclusions from, 462. 670-680 mechanical tests, 465, 664 TJtica cement, strength of, 569 V. icat's needle for testing the rate of set* ting of cements, 416 Yitritied brick~wd Brick, vitrified. Volumetric deformation, 5 Volumetric modulus of elasticity, 6 Volume variation in cement-mortars, 451 Vulcanizing process of treating timber, ef- fects of, on strength, 677 Wa aluut-trees of the U. 8., 801 Water, effect of varying quantities of, on the strength of cement, 420 Weathering of building-stones, 638 Weight, specific, of timber, 219, 223 effect of. on strength, 242, 677 Welded steel tubes. 518 Welding of wrought iron, 128 Wey ranch's and Laimbardt's formulae re- placed by a new one, 545 Wheels (car) on rails, areas of contact of, 506 Wliitewood— ««« Tulip-tree. Wire: tesU of, 697 machines for testing, 828, 892, 697, 698,699 strength of. 309, 691, 693, 695 Wire : Stone's tests of, 698 Wire rope : tests of, 693 strength of, 695, 700 methods of laying wire in, 701 WObler's 'tests and appliances on fatigue of metals, 539 Wood— we Timber. Wooden beams— ««tf Beams, wooden. Woods of the U. S., list and description of most important, 267 Wrought iron ; defined, 117 methods of manufacture, 117 the puddling process, 117 oxidation in puddling, 119 details of the puddling process, 120 production of muck-bars, 122 piling and reheating, 123 the rolls, 123 effect of numerous pilings and rollings, 128 finished sections. 124 imperfections iu finished iron, 125 mechanical properties of, 125 crystalline fractures, the causes of, 125 welding of, 128 effect of reduction in the rolls on the strength, 131 tensile strength, 482 across the grain, 482 as affected by pulling speedy 484 compressive strength, 484 shearing strength, 485 effect of stressing beyond the elas- tic limit. 486 chains, strength of, 489 magnetic testing of, 703 X ellow poplar trees of the U. 8., 800 Yew of the U. S., 279 iLiinc, general properties of, 172 Digitized By > V s Digitized by Google Digitized by Google M «^ ON THE tABf "^"^ DAY AMD TO _====*=^ OVERDUE =="^ Digitized by ' YD 02933 , eENERAL UBRARY-UX. BERKELEY B00071*1kia y I :■ k UNIVERSITY OF CAWfORNIA LIBRARY \3r Digitized by Google. 