None
It should also be noted that large stones lying in regeneration areas often preserve moisture in the soil, and therefore their removal should be restricted to older woods, in which the cover has not been interrupted. — Tr.] The forest-owner rarely undertakes the quarrying or removal of stones at his own expense ; even if he should require the stones for buildings, walls, or road-metalling, it is better to obtain them by contract, rather than by daily labour. Hence it is usual to lease quarries. As regards the components of weathered forest soil and substrata, humus and vegetable-mould, for gardens and forest-nurseries ; sand and gravel, for roads and buildings ; clay for harbour-works and for bricks and tiles ; kaolin for porcelain, are the chief items. [In the north of India, considerable revenues are obtained by leasing the limestone-boulders in the beds of watercourses, which are dry for 8 months in the year ; lime-burning has the further advantage of causing a large demand for firewood, for which it is often difiicult otherwise to find a market. — Tr.] F.u. 8 H INDEX. A. Abnormal structure of wood, 124 Absorption of water by wood, 66 Advertising sales of wood, 479 Alburnum, 44 Alderwood, 29 Anatomy of wood, 7 Anobium sp., 108 Antiseptic treatment of wood, 509 Artificial wood, 524 Ashwood, 22 Assortments of timber, 288 Auctions of timber, 455 Autumn- wood, 66 Axes, 175 B Balata, 788 Balks, 558 Bamboos, 17, 48, 555 Bandboxes, 682 Band-saws, 496 Bark, anatomies of, 629 „ other uses besides tanning, 662 „ for tanning, 688 Barrels, 599 Bast, lime, 662 Battens, 561 Bean-sticks, 614 Beech-nut oil, 698 Beechwood, 21, 687 Bent wood for furniture, 507 Betulin, 83, 110 Bilberries, collection of, 829 Bilberry bushes for litter, 778 Billhook, 180 Birch-bark, 661 Birch oil, 662 Birchwood, 80 Birdseye maple, 181 Blasting stumps and roots, 248 Bleaching wood, 115, 508 Boards, 560 Boat-building, 577 Bogs, 790 Bole, cleanness of, 119 Booms in timber floating, 880 Boucherie, 512 Boxwood, 84 Bracken, 777 Branches for litter, 777 Briaj-wood for pipes, 624 Bridges, timber for, 574 Brooms, 609-616 Brushbacks, 609 Brushwood, 288, 261 Burrs, 182 Butchers' blocks, 598 Butts, 287, 269 C. Cabinet-making, 586 Camphor, 728 Canals, influence on timber-trans- port, 427 Caoutchouc, 781 Carbonisation of wood, 698 Carriage-poles, 592 Cart traffic, 818 Casks, 694 Cedrela wood, 589 836 INDEX. Celluloid, 664 CeHulose, 79, 551, 662 Cembran pine-wood, 39 Charcoal, 116, 527 Chemical properties of wood, 79, 154 Cherrywood, 28 Chestnut wood, 25 Children's toys, 610 Christmas trees, 619 Chutes, timber, 278 Cigarboxes, 589 Circular saws, 495 Cleanness of bole, 119 Clearing felling-area, 262 Cleaving-axe, 197 Cloven timber, 561 Coherence of wood, 65 Colour of wood, 43 Compass timber, 581 Conductivity of wood, 78 Cones, collection of, 672 Coniferous seeds, 673 Contract, sale by private, 461 Contractors, timber work by, 170, 442 Conversion of wood, 229, 482 Coopers' wood, 694 Cordwood, 285 Cork, 663 Cranberries, 829 Crate-wood, 615 Creosoting wood, 516 Cryptomeria wood, 41 Cup-shake, 189 Curls, 132 Curved timber, 151, 681 Cylindrical shape of bole, 120 Cypress wood, 40, 42 D. Damage to wood by fungi, 145 „ „ „ insects, 103 Dammar, 731 Dams for timber floating, 368 Dead wood, 617 Deals, 660 Defects in wood, 148 Depots for timber, 429 Dimensions of trees, 117 Discolouration of wood, 145 Disposal of wood, 440 Distillation of wood, 625 Douglas fir wood, 87 Drums, wood for, 603 Dry fallen wood, 617 Dry rot, 105 Durability of timber, 97, 507, 664 Dyes, 7-29 Dynamite tor splitting stumps and roots. 250 Ebony, 35 Elasticity of wood, 88 Elm wood, 24, 593 Even-grained wood, 8c F. Faggots, 251 Fascines, 615 Felling rules, 223 „ trees, 205, 211 Ferns, 337 Field-crops in forests, 749 Fineness of grain, 83 Firewood, 238, 261, 285, 617 Fissibility of wood, 86 Flexibility of wood, 95 Floating wood, 853 Flutes, wood for, 610 Forest devil, 201, 218 „ litter, 768 „ roads, 301 „ tramways, 334 Forked trees, 152 Frost-crack, 140 Fruit, edible forest, 329 „ of forest trees, 666 Fungi, destructive, 105, 138 INDEX. 887 G. Galls, oak, 685 Glaziers' wood, 607 Grass-cutting in forests, 746 Grass-seeds, 824 Gravel, 881 Grazing, forest, 787 Grubbing up stumps, 217 Guaiacum wood, 84, 87 Gums, 780 Gunpowder for blasting stumps and roots, 248 Gunstocks, wood for, 610 Gutta-percha, 788 Handles of tools, 588 Hardness of wood, 48, 111 Haskenising wood, 509 Hawkeye machine, 282 Hazelwood, 199 Heartshake, 188 Heartwood, 44 Heather, 772 Heating-power of wood, 107 Hemlock spruce, 41 Herbage in forests, 787 Hickory wood, 698 Hook-lever, 267 Hoops for barrels, 600 Hop-poles, 614 Hornbeam wood, 29 Horse-chestnut wood, 81 Humus, 759 Hurdle wood, 615 Hygroscopicity of wood, 67 I. Implements, felling, 174 Injection of wood, 116, 512 Insects, destructive to wood, 108 Instruments, action of, on wood, 111 Internal bark, 187 J. Jacaranda wood, 85 Jarraii wood, 679 Jhuming, 749 Joiners* wood, 585 Juniper wood, 42 K. Knee -pieces, 682 Knoppern-galls, 635 Knottiness, 183 Krempe, 268 Kyanising wood, 519 Lac, 781 Ladders, wood for, 598 Lamp-black, 550 Land -transport, 800 Larch bark, 661 Larch wood, 87 Laths, 560 Lead-pencils, 606 Leaf-fodder, 694 Length of stem, 117 Lignin, 79 Lime-bast, 668 Litter, forest, 758 Logs, 286, 257, 556 Lopping branches, 694 Lucifer matches, 605 „ ,, boxes for, 602 M. Machines for converting wood, 499 „ for uprooting stumps, 199 Machine saws, 488 Mahogany, 82 Maimal labour, 156 Maple wood, sugar, 27 Markets for timber, 447 Mast, oak and beech, 698 Masts for ships, 579 838 INDEX. Matches, lucifer, 608 Measures, wood for, 608 Merulius lacrimans, 105 Mining timber, 578 Minor forest produce, 629 Mistleto, damage by, 188 Model-making, 588 Mosses, 769, 828 Moss-litter, 769 Myrobalans, 685 N. Non-inflammable wood, 524 Numbering hammers, 291 O. Oak-bark, 636 Oakwood, 20 Oars, wood for, 601 Oil of turpentine, 699, 728 Oils, 784 Olive wood, 84 Optimum climate, 56 Oxalic acid, 555 P. Packing-cases, wood for, 589 Padauk, 86 Palmwood, 16 Paper-pulp, 160, 501, 551 Park-palings, 615 Parquetry, 585 Pasture, 737 Pavements, wood for street, 568 Pea- sticks, 614 Peat, digging, 790 „ litter, 821 Pianofortes, wood for, 590 Pigs in forests, 698 Pitch pine, 106, 625 Pit-props, 574 Planing machines, 500 Planks, 498 Pliability of wood, 95, 507 Poles, 287, 260 Pony saws, 494 Poplar wood, 81 Potash, 550 Private contract, sale by, 461, 467 Q. Quarrying stone, etc., 881 Quebracho wood, 624, 684 Quinine, 784 R. Rafting timber, 407 Railway-carriages, wood used for^ 594 „ sleepers, 570 Red deal, 579 Redwood, 41 Resin-galls, 125 „ in wood, 704 „ tappin, 706 Resinosis, 155 Resistance to strains, 88, 568 Rhytidome, 681 Roads, 801 Robinia wood, 26, 595 Rolling wood from felling-area, 276 Rose wood, 85 Rosin, 704 Royalty on wood, 451, 462 Sabots, 609 Sale-lots, 291 Sales of wood, 447 Salicin, 784 Sand, pits for, 881 Sapwood, 44 Saws, 181 „ resistance of wood to, 11^ Saw-dust, 616 „ mills, 488 „ sets, 192 Sawn timber, 559 Scantlings, 110 INDEX. 889 Scent of wood, 47 Scots pine wood, 37 Sealed tenders for wood, 461 Season for felling, 204 Seasoning wood, 506 Seeds of conifers, 667, 673 „ „ other forest trees, 666 Seed-kilns, 623 Sequoia wood, 41 Shingles for roofs, 601 Ship-building, 677 Shoemakers' pegs, 606 Shrinkage of wood, 72 Silver fir- wood, 40 ,, grain, 559 Slack barrels, 599 Sledge-roads, 306 Sledges, 270 Slides, timber, 316 Sliding logs, 275 Sorting wood, 254, 281 Sounding boards, 590 Spars, 584 Specific weight, 50 Spokes for wheels, 592 Spruce wood, 37 Stacking wood, 254, 285, 437 Stakes, 614 Staves for casks, 594 Steaming wood, 96 Stone quarries, 831 Storing seed, 687 Straightness of stem, 121 Street pavement, 568 Strength of timber, 88, 563 Stumps, 217 Sugar in trees, 82, 728 Sumach, 624 Summer wood, 15 Superstructures, 561 Swelling of wood, 72 T. Tanning bark, 633 ,, extracts, 635 Tar, 546 Taxodium wood, 41 Teak wood, 578 Telegraph-posts, 260 Teredo, 105 Termites, 104 Thuya wood, 42 Timber-assortments, 257 „ chutes, 278 „ slides, 316 „ trade, 447 Tools, wood for handles of, 588 Toys, children's, 610 Tramways, forest, 334 „ wire, 346 Transport, 300 Transverse strength of wood, 93 Tree- props, 615 Trenails, 606 Truffles, 828 Tulip wood, 36, 587 Turnery, 611 Turpentine, oil of, 699, 723 Twisted fibre, 128 U. Uprooting trees, 219 Uses of woods, 620 Valonea, 624 Vanillin, 728 Veneer, 499, 587 Venetian blinds, 590, 605 Vine-stakes, 615 Violet wood, 36 Violins, 607 Vulcanising wood, 509 W. Wages, 164 Warping of timber, 72 Water-pipes, 567 „ transport, 358 840 INDEX. Wavy wood, 129 Wedges, 194 Weight of wood, 50 Weirs, 872 Weymouth pine wood, 39 Wheels, 691 Wheelwrights' work, 691 White ants, 108 Willow wood, 31 Winter felling, 209 Wire-tramways, 346 Withes, 618, 616 Wohmann's machine, 202 Wood -assortments, 254 Wood-carbonisation, 627 carving, 608, 610 depots, 429 engraving, 611 gas, 626 paving, 508 plaiting, 618 ljulp, 601 tapestry, 602 transport, 300 „ by water, 868 wool, 500, 604 Woodcutters' implements, 174 Wooden shoes, 609 BRADBURY, AOKEW, ft CO. LD., PRI2rrBRS, LONDON AXD TONBBIDOC 4 .A ;[: t. 