None
There remains one other aspect of classification to be men- tioned before this chapter can be finished. Although the large genealogical groups we have been considering happen to be dis- tinguished pretty well from one another in habit, and thus con- stitute also ecological groups, the correspondence between gen- ealogy and ecology is by no means exact. Examples, indeed, of the ecological intrusion of the genealogical groups into one an- other have been given in the preceding pages; and further study only serves to increase the number of such cases. Every group is striving to expand to its utmost, and whenever it can find an unoccupied crevice in the territory of another, it is not deterred Groups into Which Plants Naturally Fall 463 Strand-plants (Balophytw) FIG. 178.— A diagram showing the mutual interrelations of the genealogical and ecological groups. The widths of the connecting bars show the approximate number of species involved. 464 The Living Plant by any genealogical courtesies from expanding to fill it. The re- sult is this, that kinds of plants genealogically related have come to acquire very different habits, and hence to belong to very different ecological groups, while the different ecological groups include many kinds having the most different genealogical rela- tionships, a matter which is brought out diagrammatically in the accompanying figure (figure 178). It is with plants as with men, who may be grouped by their blood relationships into families or clans on the one hand, or according to their occupations into trades, businesses, or professions on the other. Sometimes the two arrangements overlap, especially among primitive peoples, but often they do not, particularly in the higher civilizations. These ecological groups of plants have been characterized more or less fully in the preceding pages, and need only be summarized very briefly at this place. A SYNOPSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUPS OF PLANTS I. INDEPENDENT PLANTS, or AUTOPHYTES, the highest and most distinctive plants, making their own food by aid of chlorophyll, and in- cluding: 1. NORMAL PLANTS, or MESOPHYTES, living rooted in aerated soil sup- plying enough moisture to permit a wide spread of leaves and stems; mainly Flowering plants, but with many Fern-plants and Moss- plants, commonly massed together into forests which exhibit a canopy of trees, an undergrowth of shrubs, and a carpet of herbs. Furthermore, some kinds of Mesophytes are so strongly adapted to some particular condition of life as to rank as separate groups, — viz., Air plants, or EPIPHYTES, including members of all the genealogical groups, growing supported upon other plants, and highly adapted to that peculiar habit: CLIMBERS, mostly Flowering plants, whose very slender stems, lean, cling or twine by aid of others up to the light: TRAILERS, of all groups, which keep flat on the ground as a part of the carpet: INSECTIVOROUS Plants, wholly Flowering plants, which sup- plement the scantness of soil nitrogen in the places where they live by capturing and digesting insects through aid of remarkable adaptations: MYRMECOPHILOUS Plants, Flowering plants of the Tropics, supposed to attract ants for protection against other insect enemies, but of doubt- ful ecological status at present. 2. WATER PLANTS, or HYDROPHYTES, living largely immersed in water from which they take their minerals and gases, and therefore mostly soft-bodied and finely divided; mainly Algae, but including some Moss- plants, Fern-plants, and Flowering plants. Groups into Which Plants Naturally Fall 465 3. STRAND PLANTS, or HALOPHYTES, living along the margin of salt water, and therefore condensed and otherwise adapted to the difficult absorption thereof; a few Flowering plants only. 4. DESERT PLANTS, or XEROPHYTES, living hi places excessively dry, and therefore condensed and protected for water conservation; mainly Flowering plants, with a few Lichens. II. DEPENDENT PLANTS, sometimes called HYSTEROPHYTES, in- cluding PARASITES and SAPROPHYTES, which take their food from other organisms, either living or dead, and lack chlorophyll and leaves; mainly Fungi, but including some Flowering plants. Finally, there is one more way in which plants are classified ecologically. When considered en masse, plants constitute vege- tation, and vegetation can be classified. A mass of vegetation which gives a distinctive aspect to a country, such as a Pine forest, or a natural meadow, is called a Formation; any group of plants commonly occurring together therein is called an Associa- tion; while the word Society is somewhat loosely used for any kind of vegetation group. This subject is one very much studied at present, and will ultimately give us a vivid method of describing causally the vegetation of any country. INDEX Figures in heavy-faced type indicate illustrations Abnormal growths, 357 Absorption, water, 165; system, 168, 268; machinery, 169; by roots, 172; cortex to ducts, 174; of minerals, 189; of gases, 190; of organic substances, 193; of salt water, 268 Acacias, 70 Acanthus, 385 Accident in growth, 369 Acclimatization, 254 Accumulation of characters, 409 Acids, 117; chemistry, 118 Adaptation, nature, vi, vii, 11, 12, 47, 60, 424 Adjustive vs. adaptive structures, 254 Adjustment of plants to light, 224; to moisture, 239; to chemical substances, 241; to touch, 242; to gravitation, 245; to minor influences, 251; in growth, 369 Aeration; system, 190, 191, 192, 206, 271; in water-plants, 194; of soils, 85 Aerial roots, 68, 382 Aerotropism, 241, 242 Aging of plants, 163 Agriculture, 3 Albumins, 127 Alcohol, formation, 97, 98 Algae, of hot springs, 265; fertilization, 304; described, 445 Algal paper, 377 Alkaloids, 103, 106, 125, 274 Alpine plants, 321 Alterability of individuals, 413 Alternation of generations, 455 Amides, 106, 120, 125 Amoeba, 380 Amygdalin, 119, 120 Anatomy, defined, 2 Anchor roots, 196, 358 Angiosperms, 460, 461 Animals, protection against, 274; pol- lination by, 309; dissemination by, 394, 461 Annuals, 366 Annual rings, 365 Anther, 281 Anthocyan, 39, 119 Antibodies, 254 Ants, and flowers, 325; and dissemina- tion, 398 Aphorisms, of Bacon, 9 Applications of science, 4, 5 Aristolochia, fertilization, 311 Ascent of sap, 213 Asparagin, 120 Association, 465 Atmospheric pressure, 215 Autophytes, 464 Autumn coloration, described and ex- plained, 40, Plates II, III; significance, 43; causes influencing, 45, 148 Autumn, vegetation in; 368 Auxograph, 329, 330 Bacteria, 4, 102, 122, 262, 273, 281, 391, 451; chemosynthetic, 448; dissemina- tion, 452 Bacteriology, 3 Barometric pressure and growth, 336 Basal food, 106 Bayberry wax, 118 Bezoars, 377 Biennials, explained, 366 Biology, defined, 3 Biotypes, 420, 423 Birds, in cross pollination, 323; in dis- semination, 395, 397 467 468 Index Birdseye Maple, 372, 373 Birth-rate in man, 302 Black-knots, 451 Bladders, on fruits, 388 Blades, of leaves, 70 Blights, 273, 451 Blue-green Algse, 380, 448 Body plasm, 415 Boston Ivy, 13, 232 Botanical study, 1 ; education, 3 Botany, defined, 2 Bracts, 70 Bracket-fungi, 451, 452 Branching, explained, 49 Bread raising, 98 Breathing, 85, 191 Brown Algae, 447 Brown in leaves, 44 Browning of evergreens, 202 Bryophytes, 454 Buds; originate stems, 61; coverings, 67; protection of, 277; development, 359, 360; position, 361 Bud sports, 437 Bulblets, 279 Burbank, 443 Burdock, 395 Bursting of pavements, 79 Butcher's Broom, 71 Cactus, 68, 70, 212, 264, 269, 277, 396 Caffeine, 125 Cambium, 155, 221, 362 Camphor, 117 Cane sugar, chemistry, 27, 108 Capillarity, 169; phenomena, 179; ex- plained, 179; diagram, 179, 180; in plant life, 181, 215 Carbohydrates, 106, 107; derivatives, 106, 116 Carbon dioxide, in atmosphere, 29; in photosynthesis, 30, 31, 35, 48; in respiration, 81 Carbonization, 113 Cardinal points, 333 Carpet plants, 454, 460 Caruncle, 398 Cell division, 284, 287, 341, 355 Cells, described, 20, 160; sugar holding, 107; conventionalized, 161; shapes, 153, 164; discovery, 158; named, 158; why exist, 161; sizes, 161; enlarge- ment, 342, 343 Cellulose, described, 111; chemistry, 113; modifications of, 113; alteration to coal, 113, 157 Cell wall, 150, 151; shapes, 153; thick- ness, 166; composition, 157 Chemosynthetic Bacteria, 448, 449 Chemotropism, 241 Chimseras, 351 Chlorophyll; distribution, 17, 18; flu- orescence, 19; properties, 19; insta- bility, 19; grains, 21, 22, 110, Plate I; and light, 32, 34; in photosynthesis, 35; why green, 37; composition, 117; origin in time, 450 Chloroplastids, 160 Chondriosomes, 159 Chromatin, 284 Chromosomes, in division, 77, 284, 287; composition, 129, 160, 162 Chrysanthemum, improvement of, 426, 427 Cion, 349 Circulation of substances in Nature, 133 Circumnutation, 77, 346, 348 Cladophora, 447 Classes of plants, 462 Classification, 2, 404, 445 Cleistogamous flowers, 316, 318 Clematis seed, 389 Clerodendron flowers, 316 Climbers, 242, 464 Climbing organs, 72 Clinostat, 238, 239 Close pollination, 438 Clover, fruits, 387 Club-moss, 456, 457 Clusters of flowers, explained, 321 Coal, formation, 114 Cobcea scandens, 326 Cocaine, 125 Cockscomb, 373 Cocoanut, dissemination, 394 Index 469 Color 17, 37; in seaweeds, 38, 446; in foliage plants, 38; in spring vegeta- tion, 39; screens, 39; in autumn leaves, 40; Plates II, III; in cross pollination, 308, 310, 319, 320; contrasts, 318; variegation, 321; changes, 321; of fruits, 398; in Fungi, 452 Compass Plant, 232, 264 Correlation in growth, 372 Combustion, 89, 114 Composite conceptions, 7, 9 Compounding of leaves, 59 Compromises in structure, 223 Conduction, 145; system, 168 Cone shapes of trees, 56, 58, 260 Consciousness, 255 Continuity of protoplasm, 157, 158 Conventional constants, explained, 9; 26, 28, 31 Copper beeches, 38, 436 Corallines, 447 Cork, 155 Corn, silk, 307 Cortex, 222 Cotton seed, 389 Cotyledons, 354 Cross fertilization, 294; advantage of, 295; in water plants, 303 Crossing, 437 Cross pollination, 303; vs. cross fertili- zation, 303; by water, 304; by wind, 305; by insects, 309; books on, 314; arrangements to ensure, 315; by birds, 323; by snails, 324, 438 Crystals, 134, 274 Cultivation, 429, 442 Cup leaves, 375 Curbstones lifted, 78 Cutin, 113, 157 Cut-leaf forms, 436 Cycles, in life, 163; in growth, 352 Cytase, 128 Cytology, denned, 2 Cytoplasm, 150, 159 Dandelion seed, 389 Darkness, and plants, 91, 334 Darwin; letter, 6; 11, 12, 234, 266, 294, 314, 346, 347, 349, 406, 409; biography, 411, 417, 419, 423 Date seed, 112, 156 Death; 144, 163; cause in trees, 367 Decay, described, 102 Deciduous trees, shape, 51, 261, 262 Denatured alcohol, 99 Desert plants, characters, 203, 264, 465 Development, 327, 340, 353 De Vries, 418, 420, 423 Dextrose, 27; chemistry, 107 Diagrams, nature, 9 Diastase, 110, 128 Diatoms, 380, 420, 446 Dichogamy, 315 Dicotyledons, 460 Diffusion, nature of, 175; diagram of, 176; of gases, 193, 206, 218 Digestion, 110, 218 Dimorphism, 316, 317 Diseases, 102 Dissemination, 116, 118, 279, 378; rea- sons for, 378; methods, 379; locomo- tion, 379; vs. cross pollination, 379; by growth, 381; by shortening roots, 382; by projection, 383; by hygro- scopic movements, 385; by gravita- tion, 387; by winds, 387; by reduction in size, 390; by water, 393; by animals, 394; by man, 399; minor adaptations, 401; books on, 401 Distillation, 99 Diversity of plants, 16 Division, 145, 280 Dixon and Joly, 216 Dodder, 453 Dominance, 296 Double fertilization, 300, 356 Double flowers, 375, 436 Double fruits, 273 Drainage, 87, 201 Drains, filled by roots, 241 "Drawing" of plants, 334, 431 Dreams, 357 Drowning of roots, 87 Dry-blasting of plants, 202 Dryness, protective, 266; protection against, 267 470 Index Dry weights, 344 Duckweeds, 393, 448, 459 Ducts, 155, 213, 221 Dulse, 447 Dust, and spores, 391 Ecology, denned, 3; vs. morphology, 73 Ecological groups, 463, 464 Economic Botany, 3 Edible fruits, 397 Eel grasses, 195, 306, 448 Egg cell, 281 Electricity and growth, 336 Electrolysis, 35 Electrotropism, 251 Elementary species, 420 Emaciation, 91 Embryo, 354 Embryology, denned, 2, 405 Embryo sac, 281 Endogenous, vs. exogenous, 364; 461 Endosperm, 300, 354 Energy in plants, 79; source, 80, po- tential vs. kinetic, 93 Enzymes, 106, 126; principal kinds, 128; catalyzers, 129; in digestion, 217 Eoprotista, 448 Epidermis, 155, 222; of desert plants, 269, 270 Epiphytes, 464 Erythrophyll, described, 39; uses, 39; in autumn leaves, 42; 119 Essential oils, 117 Ether and growth, 336 Ethereal oils, 117 Eucalyptus, 201 Euphorbia splendens, 68 Evergreens, shape, 68, 259 Evolution, 403; vs. special creation, 403; evidence, 404; explanations, 404; a scientific question, 405; by natural selection, 406; diagram, 410; and Darwin, 411; and Lamarck, 412; by transmission acquired characters, 413; and Weismann, 415; epochs, 417; and de Vries, 418; by mutation, 418; and Mendel, 422; new indications, 423; under experiment, 425; vs. improve- ment, 429 Excretion, of gases, 211; of minerals, 212; of root-poisons, 212; of nectar, 212; of nitrogen, 125 Exogenous vs. endogenous, 364; 460 Experiment, use, 22, 31 Experiment greenhouse, 8 Explosion, of fruits, 384; of stamens, 323 Experimental evolution, 418, 425 Extra-floral nectar, 212 Fairy Rings, 381, 382 Fasciations, 373, 374 Female, meaning of, 291 Fermentation, described, 97; economics, 98; chemistry, 99; object, 100; relation to respiration, 100, 101; by-products, 101 Ferments, 128 Ferns, 457; fertilization of, 241, 283, 289, 290; 304 Fern-plants, described, 456 Fertilization, described, 281, 283, 285, 286, 437, 459 Fibres, 221, 222 Fibrovascular bundles, 221; 363, 364, 365; tissues, 457, 458 Fission, 280 Flesh-formers, 106, 126 Flotage of seeds, 393 Flowering Plants, described, 459 Flowers, morphology, 69; turn to light, 235; 236; protection of, 276; geotro- pism, 249; described, 281, 282; pecul- iarities explained, 310: defined, 310; correlations with insects, 317; essential parts, 362; green, 375 Flowers of tan, 141 Fluctuating variations, 423 Foliage plants, 38, 428 Food, function, 94; a storage battery, 96; reservoirs, 68; 106, 107 Forestry, 3 Fortuity of variation, 433 Fossils, 404 Freaks, 373, 436 Frost, and autumn colors, 45 Index 47* Frost weeds, 211 Fructose, 27; 108 Fruit Jellies, 115 Fruits, turn to light, 235; from light, 228, 235; protection of, 276; 378; func- tion, 391; vs. seed, 391 Fruit sugar, chemistry, 27, 107 Fungi, described, 450 Galls, 370 Gases, absorption, 190 Gelatine, 115 Genealogical, trees, 448, 449 ; groups, 463 Generalizations, 7 Generalized drawings, nature, 9 Generalized knowledge, 9 Genotypes, 298, 423 Geographical distribution, 404 Geotropism, 245; of stems, 246; of roots, 228, 245; of leaves, 248; of flowers, 248; of fruits, 250; transverse, 246, 250; lateral, 250; correlation of, 373 Germination, 358 Germ cells, 415, 421 Germ plasm, 415 Gibson, 315 Globulins, 127 Glucosides, 119, 274 Glutelins, 127 Gradations, 404 Grafting, 293, 349; effects scion on stock, 350; 437 Graft hybrids, 351 Grand period of growth, 337 Grape sugar, 27; 107 Graphs; of transpiration, 203; of growth, 330, 337 Grappling Plant, 395, 396 Gravitation, and plants, 247; as stimulus, 358, 359; in dissemination, 387 Gray, Asa, 6, 12, 71, 315 Grayness of vegetation, 263 Green AlgEe, 446, 454 Green color in plants, 17 Green-manuring, 124 Green Roses, 376 Grew, Nehemiah, 158, 220 Growth, 145; 327; operations, 327; de- velopment, 327, 340; enlargement, 327, 328; maturation, 327, 345; measure-: ment, 328; graphs of, 330, 331, 337; and temperature, 332, 333; and light, 334, 335; and transpiration, 335; and humidity, 336; and electricity, 336; and poisons, 336; and ether, 336; and barometric pressure, 336; of leaves, roots, stems, 338, 339, 340 ; shortening, 338; minor phenomena, 345; move- ments, 346; cell division, 341; water in, 343; and osmotic pressure, 342; structural phenomena, 352; cycles, 352; egg-cell to embryo, 353; germina:- tion, 358; seedling, 359; to adult, 361:; embryonic vs. permanent tissue, 362- secondary growth, 362; system, 363; and age, 366; seasonal cycles, 367; disturbance, 369; monstrous, 373; dis- semination by, 381 Guard cells, action, 207, 208 Gum arabic, 114 Gums, chemistry, 114 Guttation, 210 Gymnosperms, 460, 461 Habenaria, fertilization, 312, 313 Hairs, 389 Hales, Stephen, 5, 223 Halophytes, 464 Heat, from respiration, 90; protection against, 265 Heliotropism, 227 Hemispherical shape, explained, 50, 51 Herbaria, 2 Heredity, 408 Hildebrand, 401 Hooke, Robert, 158 Hooks on seeds, and fruits, 70, 395, 396 Horsetails, 457 Horticulture, 3 Hot springs, plants in, 265 House plants, how determined, 201 Humidity and growth, 326 Humus, 122 Huxley, 12, 141, 412 Hybridization, nature, 437, 439; practice, 441 472 Index Hybrid lilies, 440 Hybrids, characters, 440 Hydrolysis, 217 Hydrophytes, 464 Hydrotropism, 239, 240 Hygrometers and bygroscopes, 189 Hygroscopic movements, 385 Hygroscopicity, explained, 188; move- ments of, 189 Hypocotyl, 354 Hypothesis, use of, 32 Hysterophytes, 465 Imbibition, explained, 178; 187, 215 Immunity, 273 Improvement, illustration, 428; hypo- thetical case, 434 Inbreeding, 438 Incidental phenomena, 347 Indian Pipe, 453 Indigo, 119 Initial cell, 353 Insanity, 357 Insectivorous plants, 69, 194, 245, 464 Insect pollination, 309, 461 Insect traps, 69 Insects, and flowers, 317, 323; resem- bling seeds, 399 Intelligence in Man, 14; in Nature, 14 Intercellular system, 190 Internodes, explained, 61 Invertase, 129 Iodine test for starch, 23, 109 Iris, flower, 316 Irish Moss, 447 Irritability, 145, 148; nature of, 224; 227; elements in, 227; nature of re- sponses, 229; stimulus, 229; localized perception, 234; motor mechanism, 228; vs. heredity, 237; in plant im- provement, 431 Isolation of biotypes, 432 Ivory Palm, 112, 156; cellulose of, 113 Japanese Air-plant, 458 Juvenescence, 301 Kelps, 447 Kerner, 314, 401 Knuth, 314 Laboratory methods, value of, 138 Lamarck, biography, 412 Lathyrus Aphaca, 68 Leaf fall, 40 Leaves, anatomy, 19, 21, Plate I; weight, 25; why exist, 50; characteristics, 51; parts, 52 ; typical, 53 ; variety of shapes, 53, 54; typical shapes, 55, 66; con- ventionalizations, 57; terminology of shapes, 58; emarginations, 59; com- pounding, 59; lobing, 60; gas move- ments in, 84; sizes, 65, 258; compound- ing, 259; thickness, 259 Leaf mosaics, 233; 235 Lecithins, 117 Lenticels, 191 Leucoplastids, 160 Lichens, 451 Life, nature, viii, 13, 14; characteristics of, 95; in relation to carbon, 96; energy changes, 104, 134; two elements in, 144; origin of, 96, 149; cycles, 163; rejuvenation, 163 Life in relation to carbon, 96; all earth can support, 104 Life-plants, 392 Light, nature, 32; use in photosynthesis, 34, 48, 50; on autumn color, 148; ad- justment to, 224, 225, 235; protec- tion against, 256, 261; and growth, 334 Light screens, 39, 43, 262, 455 Lignin, 113, 157 Linaria Cymbalaria, 237 Linden, fruits, 389 Linnsea, 326 Linnaeus, quoted, 1 1 Lipase, 128 Liquors, origin, 98 Liverworts, 393, 454 Living Oats, 385 Living plant, an energy station, 198 Living protoplasm, chemistry, 106, 130 Locomotion of plants, 304, 379 Index 473 Long Moss, 456 Lotus, 394 Lubbock, 315 Machinery of photosynthesis, 36, 37; of respiration, 89; of absorption, 169; 356 Macrocystis, 445 Madder, 119 Malaria, 201 Male, meaning of, 291 Malpighi, 158 Manuals, 2 Manufacture of sugar, 35 Maple, sugar, 108; fruits, 388 Margins of leaves, 59 Maturation, 327, 345 Mechanical causation, vi, 65; responses, 245 Mechanism, viii, 13 Medullary rays, 222, 365 Membranes, nature of, 173, 176, dia- grams of, 177 Mendel, 295; his Law, 295; diagram, 297; work, 417; in evolution, 422, 439 Meristem, 340, 362 Mesophytes, 464 Metabolism, 105, 145 Methods of study, 1 Micellae, explained, 146, 176; diagrams of, 177 Microbes, 451 Micropyle, 281 Mildews, 273, 451 Mimicry, 275, 399 Mind, in research, 10 Minerals, in photosynthesis, 48; in plants, 134, 136; absorption by plants, 189; as excretions, 212 Mistletoe, 397, 453 Mitochondria, 159 Mobility, 145 Mohl, H. von, 156, 158, 159 Molds, 273, 451 Molecular vs. molar forces, 194 Molecules, 175 Monocotyledons, 461 Monstrosities, 357, 373, 375, 436 Morphine, 125 Morphology, defined, 2, 67; vs. ecology, 73; diagram, 74; 404 Mosses, 454 Moss-plants, 454 Moth, pollinator, 314 Mucilage; 157; on seeds, 396, 400 Mucilaginous modification, 113 Muehlenbeckia, 71 Miiller, 314 Multiplication, 301 Mummy seeds, 355 Muscarine, 125 Mushrooms, 451 Mutants, 419, 432 Mutation, explained, 419 Mycelia, 381, 452 Mycorhiza; absorption by, 193; 451 Myrmecophila, 464 Nastic movements, 252 Natural History of Plants, 3 Natural Selection, 257; explained, 406 Navel oranges, 375, 436 Nectar, use, 309; 322; glands, 310 Nectaries, extra-floral, 325 Nectarines, 436 Nelumbium, 396 Nepenthes,69 New organs, origin, 73 Nicotine, 125 Nitrification of soils, 121, 123 Nitrifying Bacteria, 122, 123 Nitrogen; assimilates, 106, 120; in at- mosphere, 120; in plants, 120; ex- cretion, 125; activity, 126 Nodes, explained, 61, 381 Nodules of Leguminossp, 123, 124 Non-adaptive features, 13 Non-green plants, 17 Nucleo-proteins, 127 Nucleolus, 150 Nucleus, structure, 142; 150 Oak tree, 52 Observation, use of, 18, 31 Odor, in flowers, 321 ; vs. color, 322 (Edema, 186 (Enothera Lamarckiana, 418, 419, 423 474 Index Oil gland, 118 Oils, 274 Optical sections, 19 Orchid seeds, 389 Origin of protoplasm, 148 Osmoscope, 171 Osmosis, experiment, 170; permeable and semi-permeable membranes, 173; pressures, 182; explained, 184; dia- gram of, 184; phenomena, 185, 186 Osmotic absorption, 173, 268; turgcs- cence, 52; pressures, amount, 182; ex- planations, 183; phenomena, 185 Ovary, 281 Overproduction, 407 Ovules, 281, 283; changed to leaves, 375 Oxygen, in photosynthesis, 30, 31; in respiration, 82 Pangenesis, 415, 417 Parasites, 17; and growth, 370; 450, 465 Parthenogenesis, 299 Partridge Berry, 317 Pasteur, 148 Pathology, defined, 3 Pavements burst, 78, 79 Pectins, 115 Peptones, 127 Perception, 229 Perennials, explained, 366 Personification of Nature, 326 Petioles, 52, 70; function, 258 Pfeffer's cell, 182 Phamotypes, 423 Pharmacology, 3 Philosophy of nature, 403 Phosphoproteins, 127 Phosphorus in plants, 126, 128 Photonasty, 252 Photosynthate, defined, 24; quantities, 25 Photosynthesis; defined, 24; product, 24; 27; materials used, 28; carbon dioxide, 29; water, 29; oxygen, 30; equation, 31; quantities, 26, 26, 31; and chlo- rophyll, 32; and light, 32, 34; as manu- facture, 35; visualization, 36; machin- ery, 36, 37, Plate I; adaptations thereto, 47, 50; the four essentials, 48; effects on plant form, 48 Photosynthetic, equation, 31; tree, 61; sugar, 106; its fate, 132 Phototropism, explained, 226, 226; ex- periment, 226; negative and trans- verse, 227, 232; of leaves, 225; of stems, 225; of roots, 226; of flowers, 234; of fruits, 235 Phyllotaxy, described, 62; systems, 62, 63; explanation, 64, 360 Physiological method, 203 Physiology, defined, 2 Pineapple, fasciated, 374 Pistils, open, 375 Pitcher leaves, 69, 375 Pitcher Plants, 68, 69, 194 Pith, 222 Plant breeding, defined, 3; 273; 404, 426; products, 426; by selection, 429; pres- ervation of sports, 435; crossing and hybridization, 437; cultivation, 442; theory, 443 Plant fats, 116 Plant Industry, defined, 3 Plant improvement, methods, 428 Plant oils, 116; in seeds, 116 Plants, kinds of, 1 Plasomen, 146 Plastids, 110, 150, 160 Pleasures of Botany, 5, 6, 7, 46; of science, 204, 217 Pleurococcus, 446 Plumes, 389 Plumule, 354 Poison Ivy, 117, 275 Poisons, 106, 125; and growth, 336 Pollen, damaged by water, 272; 281; male cell, 282, 284; grains, described, 306; protection of, 324; projected, 323; tube, guided, 241; growth, 282, 291 Pollination, 282 Poppy pods, 387 Potash in plants, 135, 136 Potential vs. kinetic energy, 93 Potted plants, care of, 87 Pressure by roots, 78 Index 475 Projection of seeds, 383, 384, 385 Prolamins, 127 Proliferation, 374, 376 Propulsion, of water up stems, 215 Protease, 128 Protection, 256; adaptations, 257; against winds, 257; against light, 261; against weight of snow and ice, 259; against heat, 265; against dryness, 267; against too much water, 271; against parasitic plants, 273; against animals, 274 Proteins, 106, 126; chemistry, 126; grains, 127 Proteoses, 127 Prothallia, 458 Protista, 448 Protoplasm; in cells, 22; a real sub- stance, 138; appearance, 139, 140, 143; 146; streaming, 140, 141; texture, 141; pictures of, 142; chemistry of, 142, 144, 147; lability of, 143; par excel- lence, 143; regulatory power in, 144; physiological properties of, 145; af- fected by external conditions, 147; origin of, 148; organization of, 149; identity in animals and plants, 153, continuity of, 157; named, 159; why separated into cells, 161 ; rejuvenation of, 163; vitality suspended, 164; pro- tection of, 257 Protoplasmic streaming, 77 Pteridophytes, 456 Ptomaines, 103 Puff-balls, 451 Pulp of fruits, 398 Purity of germ cells, 298 Purposefulness, vii, 11, 12 Quartered oak, 365 Quinine, 125 Radial structure, 49 Radium, effects on plants, 251 Rain, protection, 324 Rancification, 101 Reason, 255 Red Alga;, 289, 447 Red Snow, 447 Redness of spring vegetation, 263 Reduction; in size, 390; division, 285, 298, 422; of surface, 271 Reflex action, 255 Regulatory power in life, 144 Regulators of metabolism, 106, 128 Reindeer Moss, 456 Rejuvenescence, 163, 367 Reproduction, 278; asexual described, 279; sexual described, 281; in relation to sex, 286; structures, 286; in relation to characters, 293; Mendelian basis, 295; balance with vegetation, 301 Resins, 274 Respiration; balance, 31; nature, 80; experiment, 81, 82; release of carbon dioxide, 81; absorption of oxygen, 82; vs. photosynthesis, 83, 94, 95; quan- tities, 83; vitiates air, 84; balance with photosynthesis, 84, 85; vs. breathing, 85; chemistry, 88; equation, 88; ob- ject, 88; vs. Rose of Jericho, 392 Rots, 273, 451 Rubber, 119 476 Index Rudimentary structures, 405 Runners, 381 Rusts, 273, 451 Sachs, 32, 215 Salt marshes, 271 Salvia, fertilization, 312 Sand Box, 384 Sap-cavities, 150, 161; growth, 342 Saprophytes, 17, 450, 465 Sargassum, 447 Scientific procedure, 31 Scion, or cion, 349 Scorpiurus, 399 Sea-mosses, 447 Secondary sexual characters, 288, 291 Secretions, 106, 116, 220 Sedentary habit, 49, 378 Seedling, described, 359, 361 Seed-plants, described, 459 Seeds, 364; vitality, 355; from mummies, 355; protection o.", 276; animal car- riage, 394; dissemination, 378; pro- jection, 383; waftage, 387; wings, 388; notation, 393; vs. fruit, 391 Seed sports, 437 Selection of variations, 429 Self-planting, 400 Semi-permeable membranes, 173 Sense organs, 234 Sensitive Plant, 237, 243, 244, 251 Sensitivity, 145 Sex, 278; meaning of, 286, 291; origin of, 288; prominence of, 292 Sexual reproduction, significance, 286; superior to asexual, 293 Sexual cells, 280, 288 Shapes of leaves, 53 Shoot and root explained, 49 Sieve tubes, described, 155, 219, 221 Skeleton of plants, 106, 107, 152, 257 Sleep movements, 236, 238, 244, 266 Sleeping rooms, plants in, 87 Slime, or jelly, of plants, 273 Slime molds, 141, 449 Slowness of plant actions, 76 Smilax, 67, 71 Smuts, 273, 451 Snails, in cross pollination, 324 Society, plant, 465 Soils, aeration, 85; structure, 86, 122; drainage, 87 Spanish Moss, 455 Special Creation, 403 Spectroscope, described, 33 Spermatozoids, 283, 290 Spermatophytes, described, 459 Sphagnum, 455 Spines, 68; use, 275 Spirogyra, 304, 446 Spongiole, 169 Spontaneity of variation, 432 Spontaneous generation, 148 Spores, colors, 263, asexual, 280, 281 ; in air, 391; 446, 453, 455, 457 Sports, preservation, 435 Spots, 451 Sprengel, 314 Spring, coloraton, 39; vegetation in, 368 Spruce tree, 59 Squirting Cucumber, 384, 386 Stamens, sensitive, 323 Starch, in leaves, 23, tests, 23, chemistry, 27, 108, 110; iodine test, 109; as reserve food, 109; food for man, 109; grains, structure, 110, 112; digestion of, 110; individuality of, 111; in potato, 111 Stems, characteristics, 61; with func- tion of foliage, 70, 71; generalized, 214; two typos, 364; cellular anatomy, 220, 221; construction, 222. 258 Sterilization methods, 103 Stigma, 281; sensitive, 323 Stimulus, 229; perception of, 229; dif- ferential responses, 230, 231 ; action of, 242, 247, 248, 253, 255; in growth, 355, 358 Stipa pinnata, 400 Stipules, 53, 70 Stolons, 381 Stomata, 22; number, 207, size, 207; use of, 269, 273 Stomatal chambers, 271 Storage battery, 93, 96 Strains, adjustments to, 252 Strand plants, 465 Index 477 Streaming of protoplasm, 140, 141 Struggle for existence, 407 Strychnine, 125 Style, 281 Suberin, 157 Substances made by plants, 105 Substitution foliage, 70 Succulent plants, 269 Suckers, 381 Sucrose, 108 Sugar, in leaves, 24, 27; various, 108 Sulphur in plants, 126, 128 Sulphur showers, 309 Summer, vegetation in, 368 Sundew, 245 Super-vitalism, 14, 96 Survival of fittest, 408 Suspensor, 353 Symmetry; in form, 238; 250; in growth, 369 Systematic Botany, defined, 2 Tannins, 118, 274 Taxis, 252 Teleology, nature, 12 Temperature, and growth, 332 Tendrils, 67, 68, 243 Thermonasty, 252 Thermotropism, 251 Thigmotropism, 242, 243 Thought in nature, 147, 402 Tissues, 157 Toadstools, 451 Tone, 253 Torsions, 374 Toxicodendrol, 117 Traction, of water up stems, 216 Trailers, 464 Translocation of food, 217; in bark, 219 Transmission of acquired characters, 413 Transpiration, described, 199; Experi- ment, 199; quantity, 200; determines phenomena, 202; variations in amount, 203; effect of heat, 204, of light, 206, 208, of dryness, 206, of wind, 206; graph, 205; meaning, 209; and growth, 335 Transpirograph, 203, 204 Traumatropism, 251 Tree forms, 51, 58, 262 Tree of ascent, 449 Tropisms, 251 Tulip Tree, stipules, 67 Tumble-weeds, 392 Tumors, 371 Turf, 382 Turgescence, 384 Twin flower, 326, 397 Twisted stems, 374 Typical, meaning of, 9 Undergrowth plants, 456, 460 Unicorn Plant, 396 Unit characters, 421 Unity of science, 7 Uroglsena, 446 Useless vs. The primary object of the new series is to answer the questions which the contemplation of Nature is constantly arousing in the mind of the unscientific intelligent person. But a collateral object will be to give some intelligent notion of the "causes of things." While the co-operation of foreign scholars will not be declined, the books will be under the guarantee of American experts, and generally from the American point of view ; and where material crowds space, preference will be given to American facts over others of not more than equal interest. The series will be in six divisions : I. NATURAL HISTORY This division will consist of two sections. Section A. A large popular Natural History in several volumes, with the topics treated in due proportion, by authors of unquestioned authority. 8vo. TjxlO^ in. The books so far publisht in this section are: FISHES, by DAVID STARR JORDAN, President of the Leland Stanford Junior University. $6.00 net; carriage extra. AMERICAN INSECTS, by VERNON L. KELLOGG, Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University. $5.00 net; carriage extra. BIRDS OF THE WORLD. A popular account by FRANK H. KNOWLTON, M.S., Ph.D., Member American Ornithologists Union, President Biological Society of Washington, etc., etc., with Chapter on Anat- omy of Birds by FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Chief Curator Brooklyn Muse- um of Arts and Sciences, and edited by ROBERT RIDGWAY, Curator of Birds, U. S. National Museum. $7.00 net; carriage extra. Section B. A Shorter Natural History, mainly by the Authors of Section A, preserving its popular character, its proportional treatment, and its authority so far as that can be preserved without its fullness. Size not yet ietermined. II. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURE Section A. Library Series, very full descriptions. 8vo. 7|xlOiin. Already publisht; NORTH AMERICAN TREES, by N. L. BRITTON, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. $7.00 net; carriage extra. FERNS, by CAMPBELL E. WATERS, of Johns Hopkins University. 8vo, pp. xi+362. Price $3.00 net; by mail, $3.30. Section B. Pocket Series, Identification Books— " How to Know," brief and in portable shape. AMERICAN NATURE SERIES (Continued) III. FUNCTIONS OF NATURE These books will treat of the relation of facts to causes and effects — of heredity and the relations of organism to environment. 6§ x8& in. THE BIRD: ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by C. W. BEEBE, Curator of Birds in the N. Y. Zoological Park. 496 pp. $3. 50 net ; by mail, $3. 80. THE LIVING PLANT, by WILLIAM F. GANONG, Professor in Smith College. $3.50 net; by mail, $3.80. IV. WORKING WITH NATURE How to propagate, develop, care for and depict the plants and animals. The volumes in this group cover such a range of subjects that it is impracticable to make them of uniform size. NATURE AND HEALTH, by EDWARD CURTIS, Professor Emeritus in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.37. THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER, by CHARLES H. STERNBERG. Large 12mo, $1.60 net; by mail, $1.72. THE FRESHWATER AQUARIUM AND ITS INHABITANTS. A Guide for the Amateur Aquarist, by OTTO EGGELING and FREDERICK EHRENBERG. Large 12mo, $2. 00 net; by mail, $2.19. THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRIES, by JAMES L. KELLOGG, Professor in Williams College. Large 12mo, $1.75 net; by mail, $1.93. THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK, by B. E. FERNOW, Professor of Forestry in the University of Toronto. Large 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.17. HARDY PLANTS FOR COTTAGE GARDENS, by HELEN R. ALBEE. Large 12mo, $1.60 net; by mail, $1.73. INSECTS AND DISEASE, by RENNIE W. DOANE, Assistant Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62. V. DIVERSIONS FROM NATURE This division will include a wide range of writings not rigidly system- atic or formal, but written only by authorities of standing. Large 12mo. 5i\8i in. INSECT STORIES, by VERNON L. KELLOGG. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62. FISH STORIES, by CHARLES F. HOLDER and DAVID STARR JORDAN. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.87. VI. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE A Series of volumes by President JORDAN, of Stanford University, and Professors BROOKS of Johns Hopkins, LULL of Yale, THOMSON of Aber- deen, PRZIBRAM of Austria, ZUR STRASSEN of Germany, and others. Edited by Professor KELLOGG of Leland Stanford. 12mo. 5^x7^ in. THE STABILITY OF TRUTH, by DAVID STARR JORDAN. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.33. PLANT LIFE AND EVOLUTION, by D. H. CAMPBELL. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.92. Arranged for: THE CONTROL OF LIFE, by J. ARTHUR THOMSON. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY, NEW YORK MAR. '13. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY iiillllili A 000033953 1. 