None
i s In Centimetres. In Atmospheres Q. E u In Centimetres. In Atmospheres H H + 60° c. 14.8791 0.196 +no°C. 107.537 .415 61 15.5839 0.205 in III. 209 •463 62 16.3170 0.215 112 114.983 .513 63 17.0791 0.225 "3 118.861 .564 64 17.8714 0.235 114 122.847 .616 65 18.6945 0.246 115 126.941 .670 66 19.5496 0.257 116 I3LI47 .726 67 20.4376 0.267 117 135.466 .782 68 21.3596 0.281 118 139.902 .841 69 22.3165 0.294 119 144.455 .901 70 23.3093 0.306 120 149.128 .962 71 24-3393 0.320 121 I53.925 2.025 72 25.4073 0-334 122 158.847 2.091 73 26.5147 0-349 123 163.896 2.157 74 27.6624 0.364 124 169.076 2.225 75 28.8517 0.380 125 174.388 2.295 76 30.0838 0.396 126 179.835 2.366 77 31.3600 0.414 127 185.420 2.430 78 32.6811 0.430 128 191.147 2.515 79 34-0488 0.448 129 197.015 2.592 80 35-4643 0.466 130 203.028 2.671 81 36.9287 0.486 131 209. 194 2.753 82 38.4435 0.506 132 215.503 2.836 83 40.0101 0.526 133 221.969 2.921 84 41.6298 0.548 134 228. 592 3.008 85 43.3041 0.570 135 235.373 3.097 86 45 0344 0-593 I36 242.316 3.188 87 46.8221 0.616 137 249.423 3.282 88 48.6687 0.640 138 256.700 3.378 89 50.5759 0.665 139 264.144 3.476 90 52.5450 0.691 140 271-763 3.576 91 54.5778 0.719 141 279-557 3.678 92 56.6757 0.746 142 287.530 3.783 93 58.8406 0-774 143 295.686 3.890 94 61.0740 0.804 144 304.026 4.000 95 63.3778 0.834 145 312.555 4.1^3 96 65-7535 0.865 I46 321.274 4.227 97 68.2029 0.897 147 330.187 4-344 98 70.7280 0.931 148 4.464 99 73.3305 0.965 149 348.609 4.587 100 76.000 .000 150 358.123 4.712 101 76.7590 • 036 151 367.843 4.840 102 81.6010 .074 152 377-774 4.971 103 84.5280 . 112 153 387.918 5.104 104 87.5410 .152 154 398.277 5.240 105 90.6410 •193 155 408.856 5.380 1 06 93-8310 •235 156 419.659 5-522 107 97.1140 .278 157 430.688 5.667 1 08 100 4910 -322 I58 441-945 109 103.965 -368 159 453-436 5-966 APPENDIX. TABLE la. — Continued. 655 t II a 3 STEAM -PRESSURE. s STEAM-PRESSURE. a rt flj a a 1 In Centimetres. In Atmospheres 1 In Centimetres. In Atmospheres -f-i6o°C. 465.162 6.120 +196° C. 1074-595 14.139 161 477.128 6.278 197 1097.500 14.441 162 489-336 6.439 198 1120.982 14.749 163 501.791 6.603 199 1144.746 15.062 164 514.497 6.770 200 1168.896 I5-380 165 527-454 6.940 2OI "93-437 15.703 1 66 540.669 7.114 202 1218.369 16.031 167 554-143 7.291 203 1243.700 16.364 168 567.882 7-472 204 1269.430 16.703 169 581.890 7.656 205 1295.566 17.047 170 596.166 7.844 206 1322. 112 17.396 171 610.719 8.036 207 1349.075 17.751 172 625.548 8.231 208 1376.453 18.111 173 640.660 8.430 209 I404.252 18.477 174 656.055 8.632 210 1432.480 18.848 175 67L743 8.839 211 I46I.I32 19.226 176 687.722 9.049 212 1490.222 19.608 177 703.997 9-263 213 1519.748 19.997 178 720.572 9.481 214 I549.7I7 20.391 179 737-452 9-703 215 I580.I33 20.791 180 754.639 9.929 216 1610.994 21.197 181 772.137 10.150 217 1642.315 2 r . 690 182 789.952 10.394 218 1674.090 22.027 183 808.084 10.633 219 1706.329 22.452 184 826.540 10.876 220 1739.036 22.882 185 845.323 11.123 221 T772.2I3 23-3I9 186 864.435 11-374 222 1805.864 23-761 187 883.882 11.630 223 I839-994 24.210 188 903.668 11.885 224 1874.607 24.666 189 923.795 12.155 225 1909.704 25.128 190 944.270 12.425 226 1945.292 25.596 191 965.093 12.699 227 1981.376 26.071 192 986.271 12.977 228 2017.961 26.552 193 1007.804 13.261 229 2055.048 27.040 194 1029.701 13-549 230 2O92 . 640 27-535 T95 1051.963 13-842 656 THE STEAM-BOILER. 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A SEC. PAGE Air, minimum, required in Fire, 77 178 Anthracite Coals, 64 155 Apparatus, forms o'f gas-analysis 265 531 Applications of Boilers 14 20 Appurtenances of Steam Boilers, 10 18 Area of Cooling Surfaces, formulas for 98 221 B Barrel Calorimeters, forms of, ....... 260 519 use of, 260 519 Bituminous Coals, 65 156 Bodies, molecular constitution of,  design of Plain Cylinder 169 350 determination of Value of, ...... 246 485 form and Location of Bridge-wall of 179 381 forming bent parts of, 190  matters of detail of, 168 346 number of, 164 340 office of the Steam, i i operation of, 212 445 parts of, defined, 168 346 selection of Type and location of, 147 300 size of, 164 340 the Locomotive, ........ 16 26 transfer of Heat in the Steam, 97 220 The older Types of, 3 4 The Scotch, 19 32 Upright and portable 175 369' Boiler-construction, controlling ideas in, 151 307 660 INDEX. SEC. PAGE Boiler-Design, details of the problem of, . . . , . 166 345 general consideration of, 167 346- principles of, ....... 150 304 problem stated, 164 340 special conditions affecting, .... 156 317 Boiler-Power 164 340 Boiler-pressure, choice of . . . 149 303 Boiler-trials, errors of, ......... 262 521 precautions observed at, 257 514 purposes of, 244 484. record-blanks for 257 514 records of,. 262 521 Boilers, appurtenances of Steam, ...... 10 18 assembling of,. ... 194 420 classification of n 19, common " Shell " stationary, 15 21 corrosion of, ......... 287 601 cost of, 152 311 covering of, .178 380 coverings of, ......... 227 456 cylindrical Tubular, 171 358 defects of construction of 286 596 design of, 285 593 deterioration of,. .57 144 developed weakness of,. ...... 287 601 drawings of construction of, ... ... 186 400 efficiency of, .... , 152 311 efficiency of the Steam, ....... 234 472 energy stored in, ........ 269 541 factors of safety for, ....... 152 311 general care of, ... ..... 222 454 general instructions in management of, ... 233 469 Horse-power of,. 145 292 inspection of, ......... 195 420 inspection and test of, ..... 56, 232 140. 466 management of, 291 612 Marine Flue, 172 361 Marine ; older-forms. ....... 17 29 Marine Sectional, ........ 21 38 Marine Tubular,. .173 362 Marine Water-tube, ....... 18 30 Methods of construction of, ... ... 186 400 corrosion in,. •. 289 606 decay in, 289 606 of locomotives ....... 177 377 periods of introduction of, .... 22 39 INDEX. 66 1 SEC. PAGE Boilers, power of 144 291 problems in the use of, ....... 25 43 processes of construction of,. .186 400 relative security of, ....... 284 592 relative strength of Shell and Sectional, ... 58 148 relative value of, ........ 250 488 repairs of, 231 465 sectional, .-......, 20 33 Sectional and Water-tube, 174 364 setting of I77 369 special forms of,. ....... 23 42 shells of, 55 I29 specification for Steam, ....... 202 427 stationary Flue, ........ 170 354 staying in, I92 413 Steam, explosions of, ....... 268 538 suspension of, ........ 177 377 testing Steam, ........ 196 422 transportation and delivery, ...... 198 424 Braced and Stayed Surfaces, ....... 60 151 Brass. 54 I27 Bridge-wall of Boiler, Form and location of, .... 179 381 Bursting,. 271 549 C Calorimeters, Theory of, 261 521 Calorimetry, .......... 92 214 •Calking and chipping, ......... 193 417 Charcoal 70 162 Chemical characteristics of Iron, ...... 30 57 Chimney Draught, ......... 157 317 Forms of ......... 158 322 Flues, and Grate, relative areas of,. 160 334 size of -. .158 322 Chipping and Calking, 193 417 Coal Calorimeter, The 263 524 defined, .......... 65 153 Coals, anthracite, ......... 64 155 Bituminous, ......... Commercial efficiency, 24° 474 theory of, 242 477 Conclusions relating to explosions 295 642 Construction of Boilers, defective, 286 596 Construction, problem in Design and, 24 43 Continuous Calorimeters, The, 263 52^ Contract, 2O° 426 purpose of Specification and, 199 42S Cooling Surfaces, Area of, Formulas for, 98 221 Copper, 54 127 Corrosion, chemistry of, 223 454 method of, 224 455 methods of, in Boilers, 289 606 of Boilers . . 287 601 Critical Point, 129 265 Crystallization and Granulation, ....... 37 9° Curves of Energy, 143 289 Cylindrical Tubular Boilers, .171 35& D Dampers, location and Form of . 181 381 Decay, general, of Boilers, . 288 604. F SEC. ' PAGE Feed apparatus, ........ l84 392 Filtration, ........... I24 260 Fitting ....... ..... 188 402 Fire, minimum air required in, ....... 77 178 temperature of,. ..... 76 172 Fire-rooms, closed and open, ..... 214 448 Fire-tubes ............ 153 312 Fires, starting of ........... 207 441 the management of, ........ 208 442 Flanging and Pressing, ....... , 189 402 Flue-boilers, Marine, ......... 172 361 stationary,. .170 354 Flues, Chimney and Grate, relative areas of,. 160 334 collapsed, .......... 271 549 disposition of .......... 180 381 flanged and corrugated, ....... 61 151 setting of, .......... 192 413 Forced Draught, .......... 213 448 Forces and Work, computation of External,. .118 248 Internal,. .118 248 Form, effect of variation of, ........ 32 64 Forms of Boilers, modern standard, ...... 12 20 Fuel, adaptation of, ......... 88 206 choice of .......... 148 302 economy of, ........ 81, 249 187, 487 pulverized, .......... 71 164 test of Value of ... ..... 245 485 use of various kinds of, ........ 209 444 Fuels, ............ 63 153 analysis of, ......... 248 486 artificial, ..... ..... 74 168 commercial value of, ....... 86 201 composition of, ........ 83 192 efficiency of, ........ 249 487 evaporative Power of ........ 247 485 Gaseous ........... 73 ^7 heating effects of, ........ 84 194 heating-power of, ........ 75 !6 , .......... 72 I65 and Gaseous, ........ 210 444 solid. ..... ..... 2ii 445 Furnace, adaptation of, ........ 88 206 and grate, ......... I59 32g efficiency of ........ .80 185 management,. ....... 87 204 INDEX. 665 SEC. PAGE Fusible Plugs 185 393 Fusion and Vaporization, latent heats of, 114 214 G Galvanic Action, .......... 229 462 Gas-analysis, efficiency as indicated by, 266 535 Gases, analysis of, ......... 265 531 denned; the perfect gas,. no 241 Gaseous Fuels, .......... 73 167 Gauges, draught, 267 535 Granulation and Crystallization, ....... 37 90 Grate and Furnace, 159 227 Flues, Chimney, relative areas of, ..... 160 334 Grooving and furrowing,. 289 606 H Heat, as a form of energy, ........ 100 229 and matter; Specific heat,. .in 242 and mechanical Energy, 105 237 conduction- of, -95 217 convection of, ......... 96 219 efficiency of Transfer of, ....... 237 473 methods of Production of, 90 208 nature of, 89 207 production, transfer, and strength of, .... 7 12 quantities of,. 91 210 radiation of, ......... 94 216 Sensible and Latent,. I SEC. PACK Improvement in Boilers, method and limit of, ... 5 i° Incrustation ........ ... 230 462 Incrustation and Deposits, effect of, ...... 99 228 Sediment, ....... 280 574 Inspections and Test of Boilers, ..... 56 140 Inspector, duties of the, ...... 205 438 Internal Pressures and Work; Total and Latent Heats,. 133 271 computation of,. 134 271 Investigations and Experimental explosions, .... 294 633 Iron, Cast and Malleableized, ....... 54 127 choice of, for various parts, ...... 44 112- preservation of, ......... 226 564 Physical and Chemical characteristics of,. .30 57 specification of quality of ........ 43 108 Iron and Steel compared ...... .. .38- 92 durability of, ....... 225 457 method of Test of, ...... 41 98 Latent and sensible heat, 112 243 Heat of Expansion, 113 243 Heats, computation of,. 138. 276 of Fusion and Vaporization,. .114 244 Lawson's and others' Experiments,. 276 561 Leakage, 228 461 Leidenfrost's and Boutigny's Experiments, .... 282 583 Lignites,. .66 158 Liquid Fuels,. .72 165 Liquids defined, .......... no 241 Location and Type of Boiler, Selection- of, .... 147 300 Locomotive Boiler, The, ........ 16 26 Boilers,. .176 371 Low-water,. .218 450 causes of, ......... 279 568 consequences of, ....... 279 568 M Marine Boilers, older Forms, ....... 17 29 Flue Boilers, 172 361 Tubular Boilers, 173 362 Water- tube Boilers, 18 30 Materials required, Quantity of,. .27 45 Metal, heated, energy stored in 277 567 loss of Strength and Ductility of, 59 149 INDEX. 667 SEC. PAGE Methods of Explosions, 274 558 Method of Treatment, effect of 33 7O Minor accessories, 185 393 Mixed applications of Boilers, 14 20 Types of Boilers, 13 20 Molecular constitution of Bodies, 109 241 N Net efficiency, 238 473 Number of Boilers, 164 340 O Operation of Boilers, safety in,. 9 18 Overstrain, method of detecting, 35 8r P Paints and Preservatives, 227 458 Peat or Turf,. ... .67 150 Physical characteristics of Iron, 30 57 State of Water, changes of, 128 265 Pipes, Steam and Water, 182 383 Plain Cylinder Boiler, design of, 169 350 Planing 188 402 Plant, efficiency of a given, ....... 243 481 Plate, Grades and Quantities of Iron in Boilers, ... 39 94 manufacture of Iron and Steel, 40 96 Plates, drilled, 50 123 punched,. 5° I23 Portable Boilers,. Products of Combustion, temperature of, 78 179 Pulverized Fuel, 71 164 Punching and Drilling,. .189 402 Q Quality of Metal, specifications of, 204 436 Quantities of Heat, 91 210 R Rate of Combustion, 79 184 Records for Boiler-trials, 257 514 Regnault's researches and methods, 140 280 tables, 141 281 Resilience, 29 56 Riveting and riveting machines,. .191 404 Rivet-iron and Steel, rivets and, ...... 47 114 Rivets and rivet-iron and Steel, -47 114 forms of, 48 115 Rivets, sizes of, 48 115 strength of, 48 115 Riveting, Steam and Hand, 51 125 S Safety Valves, 183 385 Sample specifications, ....*... 203 421 Scotch Boilers,. 19 32 Sea- water; deposits and remedies, ...... 123 256 Seams: fractured, 22O 453 Helical, 49 117 strength of riveted,. 49 117 Welded, 52 127 Sectional Boilers sees. 20, 154, 197; pp. 35, 314, 423 and Water-tube Boilers, .174 364 Security of Boilers, relative, • 284 592 Sediment, 230 462 and Incrustation, 280 574 Sensible and Latent Heat, II2 243 Setting, contact with, 228 461 Shapes, " Struck-up" or Pressed, 53 127 Shearing l88 4O2 Shell and Sectional Boilers, relative strength of, ... 58 148 Shell Boilers, ^ 3I4 common stationary, !g 21 Shells of Boilers, 55 I29 INDEX. 669 SEC. PAGE Size of Boiler, 164 340 Sizes of Tube, standard, ........ 165 341 Solid Fuels,. .211 445 Solids defined * no 241 Solution of Problems, general methods of, .... 26 43 Spacing of Tubes, ........ 165 341 Specific Volumes of Steam and Water, 135 272 Specifications and contract, purpose of, ..... 199 425 generally, form of, ...... 201 427 Spheroidal State. 130 268 of Water,. 282 583 Standard Boilers, Marine, 21 38 Forms of Boiler, development of, .... 2 2 modern 12 20 method, instructions and Rules for, .... 256 491 Stayed and Braced Surfaces, ....... 60 151 Staying in Boilers, ......... 192 413 Steam alone, energy of, ........ 270 548 gauges,. 185 393 generation and application. ...... 119 252 getting up of,. ,. ;. 207 441 stored energy in; Tables 142 285 superheating, ... ..... 131 269 quantity of, 259 517 and efficiency,. .163 338 and Water pipes, 182 383 specific Heats of, 137 275 volumes of, ..... T SEC. PAGE Technical uses of Water, 124 260 Temperature, differences of 290 609 effects of 36 83 Heat energy as related to, 102 235 of Fire, 7° 172 of products of combustion, 78 179 Temperatures 9* 210 relations of, 136 273 Tenacity 29 56 Test, apparatus and Method of, 254 489 of Boilers, inspection and, 56 140 of Iron and Steel, method of, 41 98 Tests of Metal, specification of, 204 436 results of, 42 104 Test-trials, results of, 258 504 Standard 255 491 Theory of Calorimeters, 261 521 explosions, Colburn's, ...... 275 559 Theories of explosions, ........ 274 558 Thermal and Thermodynamic relation, 132 270 Thermodynamic relation, Thermal and, ..... 132 270 Thermodynamics, 116 245 defined, 106 238 first law of, 107 239 second law of, 108 240 application of 117 247 Thermometry,. .92 214 Time, effect of, .......... 34 74 Total Heats, computation of, 138 276 Transfer of Heat, efficiency of, 0. , 237 473 Transportation of Boilers, 198 424 Tubes, leaky, .......... 220 453 setting of, 192 413 standard sizes of, 165 341 spacing of, 165 341 Tubular Marine Boilers,. 173 362 Type and Location of Boiler, selection of, .... 147 300 Types of Boilers, mixed, 13 20 special purposes and modern, 4 7 U Upright Boilers, 175 369 INDEX. 671 V SEC. PAGE Value of Boilers, determination of 246 485 Valves, deranged safety, ........ 221 454 Vaporization, 131 269 Latent Heats of Fusion and, 114 244 Variation of Form, effect of, ....... 32 64 Volumes, relations of, 136 273 W Water analysis, 125 261 and Steam pipes, 182 383 Specific Heats of, ..... 137 275 changes of Physical states of, 128 265 composition and chemistry of,. 121 254 de-aeration, 281 578 low, causes of, 279 568 consequences of, 279 568 Physical characteristics of, ...... 127 263 properties of; Water as a Solvent, ..... 120 253 purification of, 126 262 sources and purity of "fresh," 122 255 specific Volumes of Steam and, 135 272 Spheroidal State of, 282 583 superheated, ......... 130 268 energy stored in, ..... 281 578 Technical uses of, 124 260 Water-supply, regulation of, 216 449 Water-tubes, 153 314 and Sectional Boilers, ...... 174 364 Weather waste of fuel,. .82 191 Weakness, developed, of Boilers, ...... 287 601 Welded Seams, -52 127 Welding, 191 404 Wood,. 68 159 Work, internal pressure and, ....... 133 271 Working iron, method of,. ,. 