None
Adhere, 365 Adhesion of organs, 365 Aération, 530 fEstivation, 349; convolute, 369; imbricate, 349, 354; open, 371; plicate, 381; plicate-convolute, 381; valvate, 349, 354 ome Gill-mushroom Fam- ily Agaricus campestris, Field Mush- room adder- Agriculture, primitive centers, 122, 123 Air-cushions, 284 Air-plant, 508 Albumen, 316,°351, 352 Albuminous seeds, 355 Alcohol, 156 Alcoholic beverages, 156 Alcoholic fermentation, 495 Alga Subdivision, 395, 396 Algae, Seaweed Subdivision Alge, as gonidia, 509; in general, 491; of hot springs, 475 Algo-fungal air-plants, 509 Alkaloids, 150, 177, 181 Allium Cepa, Onion Allspice, 128, 130, 177; oil, 130, 297 Almond, 35, 42, 120, 124, 167, 363; kernel, 114; oil, 296; philopena, 365 Alpine Rose, 378 Alternate, floral organs, 350, 354; leaves, 342, 352 Alternation, of floral organs, 350; of generations, 485, 512 Althea ojficinalis, Marshmallow Amadou, 239, 241 Amanita muscaria, Fly-amanita phalloides, Death-cup Amarantacee, Amaranth Family Amaranth Family, 378 Amaryllidacee, Amaryllis Family Amaryllis Family, 397 Amber, 288 Amentaceous inflorescence, 373 Aments, 373 American, aspen, 264; food-plants, 124; elm, 259; laurels, 416, 417; sycamore, 267, 268; wood- anemony, 205 Ammonia, 33 577 578 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Anabolism, 84 Anabolism imitated, 563 Anacardiacee, Sumac Family Analogous organs, 321, 326 Analogues, 321, 322, 326 Analogy, 326 Ananas sativas, Pineapple Anatropous ovules, 346, 355 Ancestral forms vague, 441 Ancient food-plants, 124 Andreecium (see also stamens), 346, 347 Andropogon halepensis, Grass Sorghum, Broom-corn Anemone quinquefolia, American Wood-anemony nemerosa, Wood-anemony Pulsatilla, Pasque-flower Anemony, 328-356, 341, 404, 405 Angiosperme, (Case-seed Class), 8 Angiospermous gynoecium, 392 Angiosperms, 397; as dominating plants, 560; evolution of, 538 Aniline dyes, 290 Animal, fibers, 223; kingdom, 561, 562 Animals and plants defined, 573, 574 Animals evolved from plants, 466 Anise, 137, 142, 170, 370, 412, 413 Annual herbs, 333; rings, 253 Annuals, 352 Annulus, 529 Anther, 12, 14, 319, 550 Antheridia, 515, 516, 517, 527, 537 Antheridia-carriers, 516 Antheridiophores, 516 Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits, 354, 355; by -uplifted valves, 360; poricidal, 379; syngenesious, 384 Anthoceros levis, Horned-liverwort Anthocerotacee, Horned-liverwort Family Antiseptics, 177 Apetalous flowers, 349 Aphorism of Linnzus, 561; re- vised, 574 Apium graveolens, Celery Apocynacee, Dogbane Family Apothecium, 505 Johnson Appendages for dissemination, 560 Apple, 86, 87, 88, 121, 124, 363, 408, 409; pulp, 114; wood, 269 Aquatic ancestry of fernworts, 550 Aquifoliacee, Holly Family Aquilegia vulgaris, Columbine Arabin, 163, 164 Arabinose, 164 Aracee, Arum Family Arachis hypogea, Peanut Arales, Arum Order Araliacee, Ginseng Family Archegonia-carriers, 518 Archegonia, rudimentary, 556 Archegoniophores, 518 Archegonium, 514, 528, 537, 551 Archichlamydee, Crowfoot Series — Archichlamydeous flower, 378 Aril, 213, 393 Arrhenius, Svante, 568 Arrow-poison, 189 Artemisia Absinthium, Wormwood Artichoke, Jerusalem, 43, 61, 62, 120, 125, 385, 420, 421 Articles of dress, 284 Artificial, cell, 563; feeding, 563; lightning, 168; limbs, 245; 280; “ erygieee 446, 447, 455; silk, 224, 228; systems, 307 Arum Family, 389, 397, 422, 423: sweet-flag, 174 Arum Order, 389, 397, 422, 423 Asafetida, 170, 172, 173, 175, 287, 370, 412, 413 Ascolichenes, Spore-sac Lichens Ascomycetes, Spore-sac Fungi Ascospore, 501 Ascus, 501 Ash, in coal, 300; in foods, 114; in grains, 30; in peat, 300; in wood, 298, 300 Ash, splints, 241; white, 259; wood, 562, 259 Asparagus, 55, 64, 65, 114, 120, 124, 390, 424, 425 Asparagus “officinalis, Asparagus Aspen, American, 264 Aspidium Filix-mas, Male-fern Astragalus gummifer, Tragacanth Shrub Astringents, 154, 166 ee eS INDEX 579 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Atavism, 436 Atropa Belladonna, Belladonna Atropine, 182, 186 Attar of roses, 150 Authority, 7 Avena sativa, Oats Awn, 13 Awnings, 223 Ax handles, 286 Axil, 319 Axile placenta, 355 Bacillus subtilis, Hay Bacillus Bacteria, 492, 511 Bacteriacee, Rod-germ Family Bacterium, 574 Bacterium aceti, Vinegar Ferment acidi lactict, Milk-souring Bac- terium Bagging, 230, 232 Balls, 245, 277 Bamboo, 232, 235, 239, 274, 291, 387, 420, 421 Bambusa vulgaris, Bamboo Banana, 88, 98, 99, 121, pulp, 114 Banana Family, 397: banana, 98, 99; Manila hemp plant, 233 Banana Order, 597 Baneberry, 328-356, 334, 335, 404, 405 Barberry Family, 398 Bark, 252; origin, 254 Barley, 11, 15, 25, 120, 124, 126, 156, 235, 387, 420, 421; com- mon, 21; kernel, 114; range, 26; six-rowed, 22; two-rowed, 22 Barrels, 263 124; Base-ball bats, 245 - Basidiolichenes, Spore-base Li- chens Basidiomycetes, Spore-base Fungi Basidium, 502, 503 Basketry, 223, 235 Baskets, 241 Basswood, 263 Bast fibers, 224, 228 Bats, 245 Bayberry Family, 398 Bayberry Order, 398 Bay, Bull, 262 Bean, 40, 270, 365, 408, 409; kid- ney, 49; Lima, 51 Beard-lichen Family: beard-lichen, 507, 508 Beard, of grasses, 13 Bee plants, 303 Beech, 414, 415; European, 268; wood, 257, 268 Beech Family, 374, 398, 414, 415; chestnut, 37; cork ‘oak, 277, 278; English oak, 258; "Euro- pean beech, 268; red oak, 257 Beech Order, 376, 398, 414, 415 Beer, 156, 495 Beet, 43, 52, 53, 120, 124 Beet-sugar, 102 Beggar sores, 217 Beginnings, many, 433 bayer 186, 187, 208, 382, 416, 417 Bellflower, 384, 418, 419; creeping, 38 Bellflower Family, 384, 401, 420, 421: creeping bellflower, 381; Indian tobacco, 201 Bellflower Order, 386, 401, 420, 421 Bellflower Series, 386, 397 Belts, 223 Bent embryo, 363 Berberidacee, Barberry Family Berry, 351 Berry-like fruit, 392 Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil-nut Beta vulgaris, Beet Betula alba, White Birch Betulacee, Birch Family Beverage plants, 128 Biennial, 52, 333 Bignoniacee, Bignonia Family Bignonia Family, 401 Bilabiate calyx, 366 Billiard cues, 245 Binomial nomenclature, 4 Binders’ boards, 224 Biological botany, 10 Birch, 373, 412, 413; oil of, 297; white, 265; wood, 257, 263 Birch F amily, 373, "398, 414, 415; filbert, 36; white birch, 265 Bird’s eye maple, 263 Bisexual thallus, 514 580 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Bitter Cassava, 104, 110, 111, 121, 124 Bittersweet, 209, 212 Black, dye, 294; mustard, 133, 134; nightshade, 208, 212; pep- per, 128, 131, 136, 177; pepper oil, 130; pigments, 294; walnut, 260, 376 Bladderwort Family, 401 Bladder-wracks, 487, 488, 489 Blade, 336, 537 Blane-mange, Irish moss, 107 Blossom, 343 Blue Algze, 470, 492, 508 Bluebell type of flowers, 435 Boats, portable, 284 Body of ovule, 346 Bone substitute, 276 Boot-soles, 287. Borage Family, 401 Boraginacee, Borage Family Borecole, Garden Kale Botanical pictures, 312; tions, 1 Botany, as a study of names, 314; beginnings, 1; departments of, 8; science of, 1; systematic, 314, 315 Botrychium Lunaria, Grape-fern Botryose inflorescence, 344, 345, 352 Bottle-gourd, 275, 383, 418, 419 Bowling-alleys, 245 Boxes, 243, 263, 268, 270 Brace root, 23, 299 Bract, 18, 3438, 352, 354 Bractlet, 348, 352, 354 Braiding, 223 Branch, 428 Brandy, 159 Brassica campestris, Turnip nigra, Black Mustard oleracea, var. acephala, Garden Kale and Tree-cabbage oleracea, var. Botrytis, Cauli- flower oleracea, var. capitata, Common Cabbage oleracea, var. gemmifera, Brus- sels Sprouts oleracea, var. gongylodes, Kohl- rabi ques- oleracea, var. sabauda, Savoy Cabbage oleracea, var. Wild Kale Brazilian Rubber-tree, 281 Brazil-nut, 35, 44, 120, 125, 282; kernel, 114; shells, 282 Brazil-nut Family, 400 Bread raising, 495 Breathing-pores, 519, 529 Breeding, 430 Bridges, 270 Bromeliacee, Pineapple Family Brood-body, 514, 521 Brood-bud, 540, 542 Brood-cup, 521 Broom-corn, 232, 235, 236, 387, 420, 421 Brooms, 223, 235 Brown Alge, 485 Brushes, 223; whisk, 235 Brussels sprouts, 55, 69 Bryophyta, Bryophyte Division Bryophyte Division, 530 Bryophytes, 395, 396 Buckthorn Family, 399 Buckthorn Order, 399 Buckwheat, 11, 29, 120, 125, 126, 372, 412, 413; climbing, 556; kernel, 114 Buckwheat Family, 372, 398, 412, 413: buckwheat, 29; climbing buckwheat, 6556; garden rhu- ao 104; medicinal rhubarb, 7 Buckwheat Order, 372, 398, 412, 413 Budding, reproduction by, 495 Buds; 319, 320; reproduction by, 540, 542 Buffers, 280 Building, 222, 263 Buildings, 242 Bulb, 43; solid, 336 Bull Bay, 262 Burlap, 223, 230 sylvestris, ' Burr of chestnut, 38, 375 Butter bacteria, 494 Buttercup, 216, 443; at the sea- shore, 462; evolution of aquatic form, 467; pigmy, 444 Buttercups, 217, 328-356 = INDEX 581 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Butternut, 35, 40, 120, 125, 376; wood, 261 Button-molds, 244 Buttons, 277 Buttonwood, 267, 268 Cabbage, 55, 120, 124, 274, 406, 407; common, 69; leaves, 114 Cabbages, etc., 362 Cabinet woods, 266, 268, 274 Cabinet work, 259, 261, 266, 270 Cables, 223, 235 Cacao, 103, 107, 108, 121, 150 Cacao-butter, 167 Cactus Family, 400 Cactus Order, 400 Caffeine, 150, 153, 154 Calamites ramosus, Giant Scour- ing Rush Calamus, 170 Calamus spp., Rattans Calisaya-tree, 188 Calking, 223 Calories in foods, 114 Calory, 116 Caltha palustris, Marsh-marigold Calycanthacee, Strawberry-shrub Family Calyptra, 515, 520, 526, 528, 529 Calyx, 29; bilabiate, 366; gam- osepalous, 366 Cambium, 252, 254, 542 Campanula rapunculoides, Creep- ing Bellflower Campanulacee, Bellflower Family Campanulales, Bellflower Order Camphor, 177, 228, 360 Camphors, 177 Campylotropous ovule, 363 Canal-cells, 544 Candles, 288 Canes, 245, 268, 274 Cane seats, 235 Cane-sugar, 101, 102 Cannabis sativa, Indian Hemp Canning, 157 Canoes, paper, 224 Cantaloup, Muskmelon Canvas, 230 Caoutchouc, 280, 281 Caper-bush, 145, 146 124, Caper Family, 398: 145, 146 Capers, 13¢ Caper Spurge, 216, 217 Capitate inflorescence, 373 Capparidacee, Caper Family Capparis spinosa, Caper-bush Cap of mushroom, 502 ie aa Honeysuckle Fam- ily Caps, 239 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, herd’s Purse Capsicum annuum, Red Pepper Capsule, 351, 515; enveloped loculicidal, 379; loculicidal, 368; marginicidally septifragal, 382; poricidal, 362; septicidal, 379; septifragal, 382 Caraway, 137, 142, 170, 297, 370, 410, 411 Carbohydrates, 31, 74, 114, 115 Carbon, 570 Carbonaceous foods, 115 Carbon dioxid, 68 Carbon filaments, 228 Carbonic acid gas, 68 Carboniferous period, 299 Cardamoms, 137, 141, 170 Cardol, 218 Carpel, 346, 352, 550, 551 Carpellary leaves, 352, 555 Carpentry, 242, 256, 271 Carpets, 230 Carpospore, 490 Carrageen, 105, 112, 121, 125, 163, 165, 395, 487, 491 Carrageen Family: carrageen, 112, 491 Carriages, 259, 260, 263 Carrot, 43, 55, 56, 57, 120, 124, 219, 370, 412, 413; wild, 430 Cars, 256, 259 Carum Carui, Caraway Carving, 242, 257, 363, 269, 280 Car-wheels, paper, 224 Carya alba, Hickory, Shagbark Carya oliveformis, Pecan Caryophyllacee, Pink Family Caryopsis, 388 Case-seed Class, 8, 391, 397 Case-seedworts, Case-seed Class caper-bush, Shep- 582 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, sah type indicating illustrations. Casks, 243 Cassava, Bitter, 104, 110, 111, 124 Castanea sativa, Chestnut Castile soap, 296 Castor-oil, 167 Castor-oil plant, 172, 173, 213 Catabolism, 85; imitated, 563 Catkins, 373 Caulicle, 317, 318, 319, 557 Cauliflower, 55, 70 Cedar, Red, 273, 392; oil of, 297; wood, 270 Celery, 5B, 75, 114, 121, 124, 137, 370, 412, 413 Cell, 473, 560; artificial, 563 Cell-contents, 473 Cell-division, 510 Cell-masses, 560 Cell-multiplication, 511 Cell-plates, 560 Cell-rows, 560 Cells, mostly minute, 511; of large size, 510 Cellular cryptogams, 396 Celluloid, 224, 228 Cellulose, oa, 276, 472; products, 223, 224 Cellulose covering, protective and permeable, 575 Cell-wall, 473 Cement for leather, 287 Cements, 288 Central cylinder, 528 Cerealia munera, 11 Cereals, 11-34 (see also Grains); the principal, 15; value of, 30 Ceres, 11 Cetraria islandica, Iceland Moss Chaff, 11 Chain, family, 355 Chairs, 223 Chair seats, 241 Characteristic adaptations, 442 Characters, acquired, 443 Charcoal, 298, 300 Chart, Food, 114 Checkerberry, 203 Checkers, 245 Cheese bacteria, 494 Chemical botany, 9; composition of foods, 114 rapidity of, Chemico-physical properties of living protoplasm, 571 Chenopodiacee, Goosefoot Family Chenopodiales, Goosefoot Order Chermes abietis, Spruce Aphis Cherry, 88, 90, 121, 209, 364, 408, 409; poisoning by leaves, 203; poisoning by stones, 205; wild black, 260; wood, 263 Chessmen, 245 Chestnut, 35, 37, 38, 120, 124, 294, 374, 414, 415; kernel, 114; wood, 257 Chests, 260 Chili Pepper, 132 China-tree Family, 399 Chip, 241 Chlorophycee, Green Algee Mee as 67, 74, 471, 476, 485, 487, ; Chocclate, 102, 154 Choice, in plants and animals, 463; power of, 568; the pivotal factor in evolution, "469 Chondrus crispus, Carrageen Choosing the better way, 468, 469 Choripetalous corolla, 379 Christmas Holly, 212; Rose, 330, 331, 328-356, 404, 405 Chromatophore, 476 Chrodécoccaceae, Tint-ball Family Chroécoccus turgidus, ‘'Tint-ball Alga Cicuta maculata, Water Hem- lock Cinchona Calisaya, Calisaya-tree Cincinnobolus, 500 Cinnamomum Camphora, Laurel- camphor Tree zeylanicum, Cinnamon Cinnamon, 128, 135, 177, 360, 406, 407 Cistacee, Rock-rose Family Citrullus vulgaris, Watermelon Citrus Aurantium, Orange medica, var. Limonum, Lemon Class, 8, 428 Classes, Linnean, 308 Classification, 305; by size, 306; by uses, 306; early attempts, 306; expressing kinship, 433 Cleanliness, 494 ¥ INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Clematis, 404, 405; erect silky, 337, 328-356; evolution of, 444, 445, 449, 457; mountain, 335, nee vine-bower, 336, 328- Clematis alpina, Mountain Clem- atis Vitalba, Vine-bower Clematis Climbing Buckwheat, 556 Climbing-ferns, 299 Climbing habit, evolution of, 455 Close-fertilization, 512 Clothes-pins, 259 Cloves, 128, 129, 177 Cloves, oil of, 129, 130 Club-moss, 167, 174, 326, 394, 544 Club-mosses, 544; giant, 299, 301 Club-moss Family, 554: club- moss, 174 Coal, 298, 300, 549; age, 547 Coalescence of floral organs, 354 Coalescent floral organs, 350 Coal plants, 299, 432 Coal-tar, 290 Coca, 182, 185, 186, 187 Coca Family, 399: coca, 185, 187 Cocoa, 102 Cocoa-butter, 296. Cocoanut, see Coconut Coconut, 35, 46, 47, 120, 124, 296, 388, 422, 423; dipper, 276; ker- nel, 114; oil, 296, 297; palm, 46, 47, 235, 274 Cocos nucifera, Coconut Coffea arabica, Coffee Coffee, 150, 153, 154, 155; aroma, 154 Coffee-sacks, 230 Cogs, 245 Cohesion figures, 129, 130 Coir, 232, 235 Coke, 298, 300 Coleochetacee, Sheath-alga Family Coleochete soluta, Free-branching Sheath-alga Collodion, 224, 228 Colonies, 510 Colophony; 288 Coloring matters, 222, 290 Colors of flowers, 557 Columbine, 328-332, 333, 334- 356, 404, 405 583 Columbus, Christopher, 283 Columella, 519, 529 Column, 149 Combs, 284 Commelinacee, Spiderwort Family Common, cabbage, 69; cherry, 121, 124; currant, 94; field mushroom, 107; pea, 12¢ Companion-cells, 556. Compass plant, 73 Complete flower, 42, 349 Composite, Composites Composites, 311 Compound cyme, 344; flower, 385; inflorescence, 345, 352; leaf compared with leafy shoot, 342; leaves, 339, 352; pistil, 347 Concave torus, 355 Conceptacle, 487 Se 128; miscellaneous, 13 Conduction, 528 Cone-like fruit, 374 Cone of scouring-rushes, 543 Cones, 547 Cone-scales, 548 Conflicts destroy or test, 468 Conifere, Conifers and Pine Order Coniferales, Pine Order Conifers, 311; evolution of, 554 Conium maculatum, Poison Hem- lock Conjugating-cells, 497 Conjugation, 478 Connecting links, 402, 440, 449, 456 . Consumption, 494 Contrast of vegetable with human life, 575 Convallaria majalis, Lily-of-the- valley Convex torus, 355 Convolute estivation, 369 Convolvulacee, Morning-glory Fam- ily Cooking, 297 Cooperage, 243, 258, 259, 260, 261, 268, 270 Co-operative provision for off- spring, 511 Copal, 288, 290, 296 Copal-tree, Zanzibar, 366, 408, 409 584 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Copper sulphate for killing alge, 476 Cora pavonia, Mushroom-lichen Corchorus capsularis, Podded Jute olitorius, Pot-herb Jute Cordage, 223, 230, 232, 235 Cord-moss, 522, 526, 527, 528, 529 Cord-moss . Family: 526-529 Cords, 223 Cordaites, 299, 554 Core of pome, 365 Coriander, 137, 143, 144, 370 412, 413; oil of, 297 Coriandrum sativum, Coriander Cork, 222, 279; mother, 278, 279; oak, 277, 278 Corm, 336 Cornacee, Dogwood Family Corn, Indian (see Maize) Corolla, 438; choripetalous, 379; gamopetalous, 379; labiate, 383; papilionaceous, 366; strap- shaped, 385 Corolla, parts of, keel, 366; stand- ard, 366; wings, 366 Correlated characters, 451 Cortex, 530, 538 Corylus Avellana, Filbert Corymb, 345 Corymbose inflorescence, 345, 352 Cosmarium Botrys, Grape Des- mid Costate, 341 Cotton, 224, 225, 226, 227, 369, 410, 411; absorbent, 228; bag- ging, 230; batting, 228 Cotton-seed oil, 100, 296, 297 Cotyledon, 46, 48, 317, 318, 319, 546, 557 Courbaril-tree, 289, 290, 366, 408, 409 Coverings, waterproof, 284 Crassulacee, Orpine Family Crates, 243, 263, 270 Creation, special, 429 Creationism, 429 Creator as architect, 431 Creeping Bellflower, 381 Cremocarp, 371 Creosote, 300 cord-moss, Cricket-bats, 245 Crocus sativus, Saffron Crocus Croquet-mallets, etc., 245 Cross-fertilization, 512, 557 Cross-partitions in hyphe, 499 Crowfoot, 217, 328-356, 404, 405; white water, 467 Crowfoot Family, 328, 330, 358, 360, 398, 404, 405: baneberry, 334, 335; Christmas rose, 330, 331; columbine, 333, 334; ditch crowfoot, 216; erect silky clem- atis, 337; marsh-marigold, 198; monkshood, 191; mouse-tail, 330, 331, 332; mountain clem- atis, 335; pasque-flower, 338; peony, 329; pigmy buttercup, 444: seaside crowfoot, 463; tall buttercup, 216; vine-bower clematis, 336; white water crow- foot, 467; wood-anemony, 205 Crowfoot Order, 361, 398, 406, 407 Crowfoot Series, 377, 386, 397 Crowfoot type of flower, 435 Crown-tuber, 43 Crozier-like vernation, 537 Crucifere, Mustard Family Crude rubber, 283 Crutches, 245 Cryptogamia, Cryptogams Cryptogams, 308; cellular, 396; vascular, 396 Cryptogams and Phenogams, 550 Crystalwort Family: crystalworts, 513, 515 Crystalworts, 513, 515 Cucumber, 82, 83, 121, 124, 383, 418, 419; fruit, 114; sponge, 383 Cucumis Melo, Muskmelon sativus, Cucumber Cucurbita maxima, Hubbard Squash and Turban Squash moschata, Winter Crook-neck squash Pepo, Pumpkin, Long White Squash, Summer Crook-neck Squash, and Scallop Squash Cucurbitales, Gourd Order Cucurbitacee, Gourd Family Culture-period and native, home, 123, 125; of food-plants, 120 Cupule, 375 — INDEX 585 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations.. Curly maple, 263 Currant, 88, 94, 121, 125 Cyamophycee, Blue Algze Cycad, 558; Japanese, 555 Cycadacee, Cycad Family Cycadales, Cycad Order Cycad Family: 397; eycad, 555 Cycad Order, 397 Cycads, 554; evolution of, 558 Cycas revoluta, Japanese Cycad Cycles of life, 470 Cydonia vulgaris, Quince Cyme, 344 Cymose inflorescence, 343, 344, 345, 352 Cyperacee, Sedge Family Cypripedium hirsutum, Ladies’ Slipper parviflorum, Yellow Ladies’ Slip- Japanese Showy per Cytoplasm, 473 Daily ration, 117, 118 Dandelions, 442, 443 Daphne, 205, 209 Daphne Mezereum, Daphne Darwin, Charles, 446 Darwinism, 446, 453, 456, 457; objections to, 452 Date, 88, 100, 101, 114, 121, 124, 388, 422, 423 Date-palm, 274 Datura Stramonium, Jimson-weed Daucus Carota, Carrot Dead substances, 570 Death, 572 Death-cup, 214, 215 De Candolle, Augustin Pyrame, 316 Decay, 494, 504 Decompound leaves, 339, 352 Decoration, 223 Definite variations, 448 Degeneration, 468, 512; in ferns, 535 Dehiscence of anthers, 354; by longitudinal slits, 355; by pores, _ 379; by uplifted valves, 360 Dehiscence of fruits, 351; dorsal, 359; loculicidal, 368; margin- icidally septifragal, 382; pori- cidal, 362; septicidal, 379; septi- fragal, 382; ventral, 351 Dentists’ absorbent, 239 Departments of botany, 8 Description, early attempts, 312; Linnzan ideal, 314; in ‘“ordi- es English,”’ 312; technical, Desert plants, 454 Desmidiacee, Desmid Family Desmid Family: grape desmid, 477 Desmids, 476 Determinate inflorescence, 343, 352 Devil’s Aprons, 485 Diadelphous stamens, 366 Diastase, 32 Dicots, 397 Dicotyledonous embryo, 386 Dicotyl Subclass, 397 Dietary standards, 117 Diet, mixed, 118; well-balanced, 118 Difference between animals and plants, 573 Digitalis purpurea, Foxglove Dicecious inflorescence, 360 Dippers, 276 Diseases due to fungi, 504 Disk, 61 Dispersal of seeds, 560; of spores, 511, 532 Dissemination, 560; organs of, 322 Distillation, 128 Distilled beverages, 159 Distinct floral organs, 350, 354 Ditch Crowfoot, 216, 328-356 Divided leaves, 339 Diving-dresses, 284 Division, 8 Division of labor, 321 Divisions of vegetable kingdom, 394, 396 Dogbane Family, 401; oleander, 206, 207 Dogwood Family, 400 Domesticated varieties, 430 Domestication, 446 Domestic utensils, 243 Door-mats, 235 Dorsal dehiscence of pericarp, 359; placenta, 346 Double flowers, 347 586 INDEX . All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Drawing-paper, 224 Drawers, 263, 268 Drugs, 163; poisonous, 176 Drupaceous, fruit, 365; nut, 376 Drupe, 364 Dry, cooperage, 243; fruits, 351; pericarp, 351, 355 Drying oils, 295 Duck, 230 Dugout canoe, 247 Dust-spore, 496, 498, 505, 511 Dust-spore-case, 496 Dyeing, 222 Dyers’ Indigo Shrub, 292, 293 Dyestuffs, 290 Early attempts at classifying, 306; at describing, 312 Ear of grain, 11 Earth-vegetables, 35, 41 Ebenales, Ebony Order Ebony Order, 491 Ebracteate inflorescence, 362 Ecological botany, 10 Economic, botany, 9, 304; impor- tance of fungi, 504; properties of plants, 575 Economics of co-operation, 468 Egg-apparatus, 556 Egg-cell, 514, 521, 551, 552, 556, 557, 560 Egg-plant, 85, 121, 124, 382 Egg-sac members, 352 Egg-sacs, 325, 326 Egg-spore Alge, Evolution of, 558 Elastic, bands, 284; gums, 999. 280, 287; springs for dissemina- tion, 560; webbing, 283 Elater, 517, 520, 526, 641, 543 Elder, 196, 197, 202, 208 Electric apparatus, 288 Elettaria cardamomum, Carda- moms Elm, 259; American, 259; bark, 163; English, 166; wood, 256, 259 Elm Family: 398; American elm, 259; English elm, 167 Elm-leaved Linden, 264 Embryo, 29, 48, 316, 317, 318, 351, 352, 514, 553, 556; bent, 363; curved, 362; dicotyledonous, 386; monocotyledonous, uncoiled, 355; of fern, 538 Embryo, parts of; cotyledon, 46, 48; plumule, 48; radicle, 48; scutellum, 388; seed-bud, 48; seed-leaf, 46, 48; seed-root, 48 Embryos, 547 Embryo-sac, 551, 556 Endogenous stems, 387 Endosperm, 551 Endospore, 478 Energy, in food, 114; measures of, 115; of vegetable foods, 116 Engler and Prantl’s classification, 394 English, elm, 165, 167; oak, 268; walnut, 261, 296 Environment, 431 Enzyme, 32, 494 Epidermis, 254, 530, 538, 640, 542 Epicalyx, 364 Epigynous flower, 365 ° Epiphyte, 508 3. Speanria Scouring-rush Fam- ily Equisetine, Scouring-rushes Equisetum arvense, Scouring-rush Erasers, 284 Erect Silky Clematis, 328-336, 337, 338-356 Ericacee, Heath Family Ericales, Heath Order Erysibe communis, Powdery-mil- dew Erythroxylacee, Coca Family Erythroxylon Coca, Coca Essence of life, 568, 569 Essences, 128, 146 Essential organs of flower, 13, 43, 319 Ethers, 159 Euphorbiacee, Spurge Family Euphorbia Lathyris, Caper Spurge marginata, Snow-on-the-moun- tain 388; European, beech, 268; grape, 88, 93, 121, 124; larch, 271; rasp- berry, 91 Evening-primrose, 457 Evening-primrose Family, 400 Evolution, 433; by choice, 461, 464; in general, 464; of clematis, INDEX 587 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. 444, 445, 449, 452, 457; of crow- foot family, 487, 438; of fern- worts, 548, 549; of flowering plants, 559, 560; of human so- ciety, 468; of mankind, 468, 469; of mossworts, 531; of ovaries, 557; of plants, 560; of scour- ing-rushes, 543; of seed-plants, 558, 559, 560; of thallophytes, 510; of the universe, 464; of vegetable kingdom, 466 Exalbuminous seed, 363, 557 Excelsior, 241 Exogenous stems, 387 Exospore, 478 Exstipulate leaf, 359 Extinct, branches, 449; types, 467 Extinction, 467, 468 Eye-spot, 482 Fabrics, 223. Factors of change, 468 Fagacee, Beech Family Fagales, Beech Order Fagopyrum — esculentum, wheat Fagus sylvatica, European Beech Fallen Stars, 473, 474 Family, 7, 403; chain, 355; tree, 436, 437 Famine, effect of, 463 Fans, palm-leaf, 388 Farm implements, 256 Fat, 34; in foods, 114 Fats, 74, 114, 115 Feeding, imitation of, 563 Feeling, 573; in plants and ani- mals, 562 Fence rails, 258 Fences, 245, 260 Fennel-flower, 328-332, 333-341, 342-356, 404, 405 Fermentation, 156, 494 Fermented beverages, 156 Fern prothallium, 536 Ferns, 308, 311, 532; climbing, 299; evolution of, 558; fossil, 534; herbaceous, 535 Fernworts, 394, 396, 548 Fertility of hybrids a test of spe- cies, 430 Fertilization, 484, 552; in angio- Buck- sperms, 555, 556; in gymno- sperms, 551-555 Ferula assa-fetida, Asafetida Plant Fiber-plants, 224 Fibers, 222, 224; animal, mineral, and vegetable, 223 Fibrils, 250 Fibrovascular bundles, 394, 533, 538, 539, 540 Ficus carica, Fig elastica, India Rubber-tree Field Mushroom, 113, 121, 125, 395, 501, 502, 503 Fig, 88, 102, 121, 124 Figwort Family, 382, 401, 416, 417: foxglove, 204 Filament, 12, 14, 319 _ Filbert, 35, 36, 120, 124, 373; ker- nel, 114 Filices, Ferns Filicine, Ferns Filling, 223 Finishing lumbers, 263 Fireworks, 168 First of living things, 466, 566, 567 Fission, 473, 560 Fission-algze, 558 Fission fungi, 492; descendants of fission-alge, 495 Fishing-rods, 274 Fish-lines, 223 Fixed mode of life in plants, 575 Fixed oil, 34; of black mustard, 134; of white mustard, 134 Fixed oils, 128, 166, 295 Fixity, in animals, 573; of species, 429, 430 Flagellum, 482 Flavoring plants, 128 Flax, 224, 229, 231, 345, 435; asa type, 316; bud, 319, 320; ger- mination, 317, 318; plant, 229, 230, 231, 334 Flax Family, 399: flax, 229, 231 Flaxseed, 163, 164, 295, 318 Fleshy, fruits, 351; pericarp, 351, 355; torus, 364 Flint in epidermis, 542 Floats, 279, 280 Floor covering, 280 Flooring, 263, 270 588 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. ceous nut, 376; drupe, 364; fleshy torus, 364; follicle, 351; hip, 364; legume, 367; nut, 374; nutlet, 364; pepo, 384; pome, 365; samara, 358; schizocarp, 370; silique, 363; stone-fruit, 364 Fruit-vegetables, 35, 85 Fucacee, Wrack Family Fucus vesiculosus, Bladder-wrack Fuels, 222, 279, 297 Fuel value of foods, 114 Funariacee, Cord-moss Family Funaria hygrometrica, Cord-moss Function, 321 Fundamental system, 539 Fungal diseases, 504 Fungi, 589 (see also Mushroom Subdivision) Fungi, in general, 503; parasitic upon parasitic fungi, 501 Fungus Subdivision, 395, 396 Funicle, 346 Furniture, 243, 257, 259, 263, 276 Gamboge, 290, 291 Gamboge Family, 400 Gamboge-tree, Siamese, 290, 291 Gametangium, 484 Gamete, 478, 512 Gametophyte, 485, 514, 515 Gamopetalous corolla, 379 Gamosepalous calyx, 366 Gaps, 449; limiting groups, 440 Garcinia Hanburyi, Siamese gam- boge-tree Garden, currant, 125; kale, 55, 68; rhubarb, 91, 104, 121 Garments, paper, 224; waterproof; 284 Gas, illuminating, 298 Gaultheria procumbens, green Winter- Gelatinous, substances, 163; ma- , terial, 472 Genus, 6, 428 Gentianacee, Gentian Family Gentianales, Gentian Order Gentian Family, 401 Gentian Order, 401 Geographical botany, 10 Geraniacee, Geranium Family Geraniales, Geranium Order Geranium Family, 399 Geranium Order, 399 Germ, 316, 352 aint carried from plant to plant, Germination of flax, 317, 318 Giant, club-mosses or lycopods, 299, 301, 547; scouring rush, 299 Gigartinacee, Carrageen Family Giglio-Tos, E., 563 Gill-mushroom Family: death-cup, 215; field mushroom, 113; fly- amanita, 215 Gills of mushroom, 502, 503 Gin, 159 Gin, cotton, 228 Ginger, 128, 134, 136, 170; oil, 130 Ginger Family, 397: cardamoms, 141; ginger, 136 Ginkgoacee, Ginkgo Family Ginkgo Family, 397 Ginkgo Order, 397 Ginkgoales, Ginkgo Order Ginseng Family, 400 Girths, 223 Glabrous, 343 Gliadin, 33, 34 Glucose, 31, 102 Glucosides, 292 Glumaceous perianth, 390 Glumes, 387 Glumiflore, Grass Order Gluten, 33 Glutin, 33 Glycerides, 296 Glycerin, 296 Glycyrrhiza globra, Licorice God, immanence of, 569 Goethe’s theory of flowers, 325 Golf, balls, 287; clubs, 245 Gonidium, 507 Goodyear, Charles, 283 Goosefoot Family: beet, 52, 53; spinach, 71, 72 Goosefoot Order, 398 Gossypium barbadense, Sea-island Cotton; herbaceuwm, Upland Cot- ton Gourd, 121, 275, 276 Gourd Family, 383, 398, 401, 418, 419: bottle-gourd, 275; 590 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. cucumber, 82, 83; hubbard squash, 81; long white squash, 79; muskmelon, 95; pumpkin, 76, 77, 78; scallop squash, 80; summer crook-neck squash, 79; turban squash, 81; vegetable sponge, 240; watermelon, 96; winter crook-neck squash, 81, 82 Gourd Order, 401 Grains (see also Cereals) 11, 12; earliest use, 20; in ancient times, leg Gramina, Grasses Graminales, Grass Order Graminee, Grass Family Grape, European, 88, 121, 124; northern fox, 88, 93, 125; pulp, 114; sugar, 31 Grape Desmid, 477, 479 Grape Family, 399: grapes, 93 Grape-fern, 532, 533 Grapes, 88, 93, 121, 157 Grasses, 11, 311 Grass Family, 387, 397, 422, 423: bamboo, 239; barley, common, 21; barley, six-rowed, 22; Barley, two-rowed, 22; broom-corn, 236; maize, 23, 24; oat, 12, 13, 14; rice, 16, 17; rye, 18; sugar-— cane, 106; wheat, 19, 20 Grass Order, 388, 397, 422, 423 Gravitation and evolution, 441 Greek origin of terms, 313 Green Alge, 476, 508 Growing-points, 254 Growth, 561, 572; a slow behavior, 442 Guitars, 245, 270 Gum, 32, 287 Gum arabic, 163, 164 Gum Arabic Tree, 163, 163, 366, 408, 409 Gum-resins, 287 Gum tragacanth, 164 Guncotton, 224, 228 Gunny bagging, 223 Gunpowder, 300 Gun-stocks, 261, 245 Gutta-percha, 280, 285 Gymnosperme, Naked-seed Class Gymnospermous gynoecium, 392 Gymnosperms, 397, 550 Gyneecium, 346; angiospermous, 392; gymnospermous, 392; naked-seeded, 392 Habit of plant, 359 ' Habits, 572 Hematein, 292 Hematoxylin, 292 Hematoxylon campecheanum, Log- wood-tree Hair-like outgrowths, 538 Half-inferior ovary, 350 Ha = melidaceee, Witch-hazel Fam- ily Hamamelis virginica, Witch-hazel Hames, 244 Hammocks, 223 Hampers, 223 Handles, 245, 280, 284 irr pine, 270; rubber, 284; soap, 96 Harmful plants, 302 Harness, 244, 259, 260 Hashish, 181 Hat linings, 280 Hats, 223, 238; chip, 241; straw, 235 Haustorium, 499 Hay Bacillus, 492 Hazel, 373, 412, 413 Hazelnut, 36 Head, 373; of grain, 11 Heart-wood, 246 Heath Family, 378, 401, 416, 417: mountain laurel, 202; sheep laurel, 202; wintergreen, 148 Heath Order, 379, 401, 416, 417 ‘Heating, 297 Helianthus tuberosus, Artichoke Heliopsis scabra, Oxeye Helleborus niger, Christmas Rose Jerusalem _ Helminthocladiacee, Thread-weed Family ; Hemlock, 273, 294, 392, 426, 427; poison, 194, 195, 209, 370; water, 193, 370; wood, 271 Hemp, 224, 230 Hemp, Indian, 193 Hemp, Manila, 232, 233 Hepatice, Liverworts INDEX 591 | All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Hepatics, 513 Herb, 330 Herbaceous, 333 Herbaceous Ferns, 535 Herbage-vegetables, 35, 53 Herbs, 306 Heredity, 572 Heterocyst, 474 Hevea = guyanensis, Rubber-tree Hickory, 376, 414, 415; nut, 35, 120, 125; shagbark, 41; splints, 241; wood, 260 Higher dicots, 397, 401 Hip, 364 Hippocastanacee, Horse-chestnut Family Hockey-sticks, 245 Holly, 212 Holly Family, 399: Christmas holly, 212 Holophyte, 495 Homologies, 326, 327 Homologous parts, 326 Homologues, 326, 327 Homology, 326 Honey, 303 Honeysuckle Family, 401: elder 197 Hoops, 259 Hops, 156, 157, 170 Hordeum sativum, var. distichon, Barley, Two-rowed; var. hexas- tichon, Barley, Six-rowed ; var. vulgare, Barley, Common Hormogonia, 475, 510 Horned-liverwort, 517, 522, 523 558 Brazilian Horned-liverwort Family: horned- liverwort, 522, 523, 558 Horn substitute, 284 Horsechestnut Family, 399 Horseradish, 137, 141, 144, 177, 362 Horticultural hybrids, 430 Hose, 284 Host, 211, 494 Hot springs 475 House-furnishing, 223 Hubbard Squash, 81 Hubs, 259, 263 containing alge, Human life contrasted with plant life, 575 Human welfare dependent. upon a knowledge of plants, 575 Humulus Lupulus, Hops Husk, 11, 235 Hybrids, 430 Hydrocarbon, 287 Hydrogen, 570 Hymenea_ Courbaril, tree Hymenium, 503 Hypha, 496 Hypogenous floral organs, 350, 355 Hysterophyte, 495 284; oxidized, 285, Courbaril- Ice age, 432 Iceland Moss, 163, 165, 504, 505, 506, 507 Ignorance not to be argued from, 453 Ilex Aquifolium, Christmas Holly Illicium anisatum, Star Anise Illuminating gas, 298, 301 Illuminants, 295, 297 Imbricate estivation, 349, 354 Imitation of feeding, 563; of vital processes, 564 Immanence of God, 569 Imperfect flowers, 13, 347 Implements, 245, 259, 260, 263. Incandescent lamp filaments, 228 Indehiscent fruits, 351 Indeterminate inflorescence, 344, 352 India ink, 294 Indian, corn (see Maize); hemp, 180, 181; poke, 199, 390, 424, 425; tobacco, 201, 202, 384, 418, 419° India-rubber, 283 India-rubber tree, 282 Indican, 292 Indigestible seeds for dissemina- tion, 560 Indigo, peal 291, 562; blue, 292; - white, 2 Indigofera elt Dyer’s Indigo Shrub Indigo Shrub, Dyer’s, 292, 293, 366, 408, 409 169, 395, 592 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Knobs, 269, 277 Kohlrabi, 55, 69 Labiate, Mint Family Labiate, corolla, 383 Lace, 223, 230 Lacquer, 291 Lactuca sativa, Lettuce scariola, Wild Lettuce Ladies’ slippers, 218, 219, 220, 391, 424, 425 Lagenaria vulgaris, Bottle-gourd Lamarckism, 445, 453, 456, 457 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 445 Laminariacee, Sea-tangle Family Laminaria spp., Sea-tangles Lampblack, 290, 294 Larch, 294, 392, 424, 425; Euro- pean, 271; wood, 270 Larix decidua, European Larch Latin terms, 313 Lauracee, Laurel Family Laurel Camphor, 177, 228 Laurel-camphor Tree, 178 Laurel Family, 360, 398, 406, 407: cinnamon, 135; laurel-camphor tree, 178; sassafras, 168 Laurel, American, 416, 417; moun- tain, 203, 379; sheep, 202, 379 Laurels, 208 Laurinol, 177 Law of recapitulation, 435, 560 Lead-pencils, 270 Leaf, 324, 336, 538 Leaf-buds, 323 Leaflets, 339, 342, 352 Leaf-member, 326, 327, 348 Leaf-part, 323, 325 ; Leaf, parts of, ligule, 16; rain- guard, 16; ocrea, 372; stipule, 358 ' Leaf-stalk, 336 Leafy shoot compared with com- pound leaf, 342 Leather, 295 Leather-finishing, 294 Leaves, ‘352, 533; alternate, 342, 352; carpellary, 352; compound, 342, 352; decompound, 352; ex- stipulate, 359; ocreate, 372; of the flower, 324; opposite, 342, 352; palmate, 352; parallel- veined, 387; pinnate, 352; pri- mary, 318, 319; rosette, 342; secondary, 318, 319; sessile, simple, 342; stipulate, 358; ternate, 352; verticillate, 342; whorled, 342 Legume, 367 Leguminose, Pulse Family Lemon, 88, 97, 121, 124, 146, 170 Lemonade, 150 Lentibulacee, Bladderwort Family Lepidodendracee, Scale-tree Fam- 1 Lepidodendron (see also Giant Club-mosses, and Scale-tree), 547, 554 Lettuce, 55, 72, 73, 74, 121, 124, 385, 420, 421; leaves, 114; wild, 73 Lichen, 165 Lichenes, Lichen Subdivision Lichenin, 165 Lichens, 504 Lichens as Nature’s pioneers, 506 Lichen-starch, 165 Lichen Subdivision, 395, 396, 508 Licorice, 163, 166, 169, 366, 410, 411 Lid of capsule, 526 Life, always existed, 568; essence of, 568, 569; test of, 568, 569 Life-cycles, 559 Life-histories, 470 Life-history of a molecule, 563 Lifeless substances, 570 Lifeless things versus living things, 569 Life-preservers, 280, 284 Lignin, 247 Ligule, 16, 547 Likeness a measure of kinship, 433 Liliacee, Lily Family Liliales, Lily Order Liliiflore, Lily Order Lily Family, 390, 397, 424, 425: asparagus, 64, 65; Indian poke, 199; lily-of-the-valley, 204; on- ion, 63, 64 Lily-of-the-valley, 204, 208, 390, 424, 425 Lily Order, 390, 397, 424, 425 Lima bean, 51, 120, 124 594 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Lime in grains, 31 Linacee, Flax Family Linden, 263, 367, 410, 411 Linden, 362, 367, 410, 411; elm- leaved, 204 Linden Family, 367, 399, 410, 411: elm-leaved linden, 264; jutes, 232 Linen, 230 Linnean, reform in terminology, 313; Society, 446; system, 308 Linneus, 3, 308, 311, 312, 313; aphorism of, 561; revised, 574 Linoleic acid, 296 Linolein, 296 Linseed-oil, 280, 295, 296 Linum usitatissimum, Flax Liqueurs, 159 Liquors, 159 Liriodendron Whitewood Liverworts, 513, 530; evolution of, 558 Living beings, 562 Living substance, 570 Living versus lifeless things, 563 Lobelia inflata, Indian Tobacco Lobewort Division, 395, 396 Lobeworts, 509, 510 Locomotion of desmids, 478 Loculicidal dehiscence of capsule, 368 Locust, 196, 197, 208, 366, 408, 409; wood, 259; yellow, 259 Lodicule, 13 Loganiacee, Logania Family Logania Family: nux vomica, 189, 190 Logwood, 290, 292 Logwood-tree, 294, 366, 408, 409 Long life of plants, 575 Long White Squash, 79 Loranthacee, Mistletoe Family Lower dicots, 397, 398, 399, 400 Lubricants, 295, 297 Luffa egyptiaca, Vegetable Sponge Lycopodiacee, Club-moss Family Lycopodine, Club-mosses Lycopodium, 167 Lycopodium sp., Club-moss Lycopods, Giant, 547 Tulipifera, Tulip Macaroni, 33 Mace, 128, 134 Machinery, 257, 260, 263 Machines, 245, 259 Macrosporangium, 545 Macrospore, 545, 547 Madder Family, 401: calisaya-tree, 188; coffee, 153, 154, 155 Madder Order, 401 Madder-red, 562 Magnesia in grains, 31 Magnolia, 358, 262, 406, 407; wood, 263 Magnoliacee, Magnolia Family Magnolia Family, 358, 398, 406, 407: magnolia, 262; star anise, 143; tulip whitewood, 261 Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia Mahogany, 266 Maize, 11, 15, 28, 24, 25, 28, 120, 122, 126, 159, 232, 235, 387, 420, 421; kernel, 114; range, 28 Malaria, 188 po aia 179, 180, 394, 536, 539, 4 Male protoplasts, motile, 560 Mallet-heads, 269 Mallow Family, 369, 399, 410, 411: marshmallow, 166; sea-island cotton, 227; upland cotton, 225 Mallow Order, 376, 399, 410, 411 Malt, 156; liquors, 156; sugar, 32 Malting, 32 Maltose, 32 Malvacee, Mallow Family Malvales, Mallow Order Manihot utilissima, Bitter Cassava Manila, 224, 232; hemp, 232; paper, 232 Manila Hemp Plant, 233 Maple, 261; stem, 254; sugar, 101; wood, 263 Maple Family, 399: sugar-maple, 261 Marchantia polymorpha, Umbrella Liverwort. Marginicidally septifragal dehis- cence, 382 Mariopteris, Climbing Ferns Marjoram, 418, 419; oil of, 297; sweet, 137, 140, 383 Market baskets, 241 INDEX 595 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Marshmallow, 163, 164, 166, 369, 410, 411 Marsh-marigold, 198, 199, 208, 328-356, 404, 405, 558 Mastery through choosing the better way, 468 Masts, 270 Matches, 245 Mats, 232, 235, 239 Matting, 223, 235; straw, 235 Mattress filling, 235 Meadow Rue, 339, 328-356 Mechanical causes in evolution,. 453 Mechanical equivalent of heat, 116 Medicinal plants, 162, 163; plas- ters, 288; rhubarb, 170 Medicines, 162 Mediterranean food-plants, 124 Megaphyton, Tree-ferns Meliacee, Melia Family Melia Family: mahogany, 266 Members, 323, 324, 326; of flower- ing plant, 327 Menispermacee, Moonseed Family Mentha piperita, Peppermint; spicata, Spearmint Menthol, 178 Meristem, 487 Meristematic tissue, 487 Metabolism, 84 Metachlamydee, Bellflower Series Metachlamydeous flowers, 386 Metallurgy, 300 Metal polishing, 542 Metroxylon leve, Smooth Palm Metroxylon Rumphii, Prickly Sago Palm ao Family, 400: daphne, 205 Microbes, 494 Micro-organisms, 494 Micropyle, 346, 552, 556 Microsperme, Orchid Order Microsporangium, 545 Microspore, 545, 546 Migrations, 468 Mildews, 499 Milk-souring Bacterium, 493 Milkweed Family, 401 Sago Milky juice, 361 Mineral fibers, 223; kingdom, 561, 562; substances, 321 Mineral matter in grains, 31 Mine timbering, 245 Mint, 418, 419 Mint Family, 383, 401, 418, 419: peppermint, 147, 148; sage, 138; spearmint, 139; summer savory, 139; sweet marjoram, 140; thyme, 139 Miscellaneous condiments, 137; food-plants, 35; food-products, 1 Misconceptions of evolution, 439, 440 Mistletoe, 210, 211, 212 Mistletoe Family, 398: mistletoe, 210, 211 Mixed diet, 118 Mixed fibers, 225, 231 Models, 280 Modern food-plants, 124 Molasses, 101 Molded ornaments, 287 Monadelphous stamens, 366 Monkshood, 189, 191, 196, 208, 328-356, 404, 405 Monocots, 377 Monocotyledones, Monocotyl Sub- class Monocotyledonous, 388 Monocoty! Subclass, 391, 397 Moneecious, 374 Montgomerie, Dr. W., 286 Moonseed Family, 398 Moracee, Mulberry Family Mordant, 294, 295 Morning-glory Family, 379, 401, 416, 417: sweet potato, 58, 59 Morphine, 182 Morphological, botany, 10; differ- entiation, 322, 572; units, 323 Moss, 395, 519, 544; Iceland, 395; Irish, 105; Peat, 394 Mosses, 308 Mosswort Division, 395, 396 Mossworts, 530 Mother of vinegar, 155 Motile gametes in cycads, 554; protoplasts, 560 Motion in plants, 573 596 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Mountain, clematis, 335, 328-356; laurel, 202, 379; seiaginella, 545 Mouse-tail, 330, 331, 332, 328- 340, 356, 404, 405 Mucilaginous material, 485; sub- stances, 163 Mucoracee, Pin-mold Family Mucor Mucedo, Pin-mold Mulberry Family, 378: fig, 102; hops, 157; Indian hemp, 180, 181; India rubber-tree, 282 Musacee, Banana F amily Musa sapientum, Banana; teztilis, 233, Manila Hemp Plant Musci, True Mosses Mushroom, 125; field, 107, 113, 395 Mushroom Division, 503 Mushroom Subdivision, 395, 396 Mushroom-lichen, 508, 509 Mushroom-lichen Family: mush- room-lichen, 509 Mushrooms, 111, 308, 501; poi- sonous, 213 Musical instruments, 245, 263 Muskmelon, 88, 95, 121, 124, 283 Must, 155 Mustard, 128,. 183, 177; oil: of, 133; volatile oil of, 173 Mustard Family, 362, 398, 406, 407: black mustard, 133; Brus- sels sprouts, 69; cauliflower, 70; common cabbage, 69; garden kale, 68; horseradish, 144; kohl- rabi, 69; radish, 55; Savoy cab- bage, 69; shepherd’s purse, 556; tree-cabbage, 274; watercress, 70, 71; white mustard, 133; wild kale, 66, 67 Mustards, 362 Mutant, 458 Mutation, 458 Mutationism, 458 Mutations like ean creations, 460 Mutual help, 469; support, 531 Mycelium, 497, 496 Myosurus minimus, Mouse-tail Myricacee, Bayberry Family Myricales, Bayberry Order Myristica fragrans, Nutmeg Myristicacee, Nutmeg Family Myrtacee, Myrtle Family Myrtales, Myrtle Order Myrtle Family, 400: allspice, 130; Brazil-nut, 44; clove, 129 Myrtle Order, 400 Mystery of life, 567 Naked-seed class, 393, 397 Naked-seeded gynoecium, 392 N ae objects not diagrammatic, 2 Natural orders, 310, 311 Names of plants, early, 3 Napkins, paper, 224 Nasturtium Armoracia, radish officinale, Watercress Native home and culture-period, 123 Native homes of food-plants, 120, 121 Natural, classification, 308; selec- tion, 447, 460; system, 310, 311, 328, 433 Nature, 562 Nebula hypothesis, 464, 465 Neck of archegonium, 521, 528, 551 Nectar, 29, 346; in flowers, 557 Nectar-gland, 29 Nectar-leaves, 348 Nemalion multifidum, weed Neo-Darwinism, 448, 449 Neo-Lamarckism, 445, 449 Nerium Oleander, Oleander Nervation, 337 Net floats, 280 Nets, 223 Netted-veined, 337 Netting, 223 Nettle Family, 398 Nettle Order, 398 Neutral flower, 371 Nicotiana rustica, Turkish To- bacco Tobacum, Virginia Tobacco Nicotine, 184 Nigella spp., Fennel-flowers Nightshade, black, 208 Nightshade Family, 382, 401, 416, 417: belladonna, 187; bitter. Horse- Thread- INDEX 597 All numbers refer to pages, heavy tyye indicating illustrations. sweet, 209; black nightshade, 208; egg plant, 85; jimson-weed, 200; red pepper, 131, 132; to- baccos, 184; tomato, 83, 84; white potato, 59, 60 Nine-pins, 245 Nitrocellulose, 228 Nitrogen, 570; need of, 115 Nitrogenous food, 114 Node, 23, 317, 318 Nomenclature, 314; binomial, 4 Non-alcoholic beverages, 150 Non-motile spores, 490 Non-nitrogenous foods, 115 Non-nutrients, 31 Non-sexual, generation; 560; re- production, 480, 483, 512; spores, 511 Northern Fox-grape, 88, 93, 125 Norway Spruce, 272, 551, 552, 553 Nostoc, 522, 574 Nostoc spp., Fallen Stars Nucellus, 551, 556 Nucleus, 473 Nurse-plants, 512, 548, 560 Nursing by mosswort gameto- phyte, 531 Nut, 374; drupaceous, 376 Nutlets, 364 Nutmeg, 128, 134, 177; oil of, 130, 297 - Nutmeg Family, 398: nutmeg, 134 Nut-oils, 101, 296 Nutrients, 31 Nutrition, organs of, 321 Nuts, 35 Nux vomica, 188, 189, 190 Nymphecee, Water-lily Family.. Oak, 294, 414, 415; cork, 277, 278; English, 258; red, 257 Oaks, 374 Oak wood, 256 Oakum, 231 Oars, 259 Oats, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25, 120, 124, 126, 235, 387, 420, 421; kernel, 114; range, 27 Ocrea, 372 Ocreate stipules, 372 Odors of flowers, 557 (cology, 10 (Enothera spp., Evening Primrose (Enotheracee, Evening Primrose Family Offensive odors caused by blue alge, 475 Offspring, of two parents, 512; well-endowed, 510 Oil finish, 296 Oil, of almond, 167; of cacao, 167; of cloves, 129, 130; of mustard, 173; of nutmeg, 130; of saffron, 175; of turpentine, 288, 296; of wintergreen, 147 Oil reservoirs, 360 Oil-cloth, 230 Oils, 222, 295; drying, 295; fixed, 34, 128; non-drying, 297; vola- tile, 128 Ointments, 288 Old age, 571 Oleacee, Olive Family Olea europea, Olive Oleander, 206, 207, 209 Oleic acid, 296 Olein, 296 Oleoresins, 287 Olive, 100, 105, 124, 167, 296; oil, 101, 167, 296, 297; wood, 269 Olive Family, 401: olive, 105; white ash, 259 Once-compound, 339 Onion, 43, 63, 64, 120, 124, 146, 390, 424, 425; bulb, 114 Ontogeny, 435, 560 Oomycetes, Nater-mold Fungi Odspore, 484 Open estivation, 371 Ophioglossum vulgatum, tongue Opium, 182 Opium Poppy, 182, 183, 296, 361 Opposite, floral organs, 368; leaves, 342, 352 Opuntiales, Cactus Order Orange, 88, 97, 121, 124; pulp, 114; wood, 266 Orange-flower oil, 297 Orange-peel oil, 297 Orchidacee, Orchid Family Orchidales, Orchid Order Orchideew, Orchids Orchid Family, 391, 397, 424, 425: Adder- 598 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. showy ladies’ slipper, 220; yel- low ladies’ slipper, 220; vanilla, 149 Orchid Order, 391, 397, 424, 425 Orchids, 218, 219, 311 Order, 8, 428 Orderly progress, 469 Orders, Linnean, 309; natural, 310, 311 Ordinary English in describing, 312 Organic, compounds, 562; evolu- tion, 431, 572; materials, 570; realm, 562, 569; substances, 321 Organisms, 321, 562; as self-build- ing boats, 569 Organs, 321; adhesion of, 365; analogous, 321 Oriental food-plants, 124 Origanum Majorana, Sweet Mar- jorum Origin, of adaptations, 442; of life, 566; of life in the sea, 491; of species, 441 Origins, the problem of, 428 Ornamental, flowers, 303; woods, 268, 269 Ornaments, 268, 276 Orpine Family, 399 Orthotropous ovule, 372 Oryza sativa, Rice Osiers, 241 Osmunda, 537 Osmundacee, Royal-fern Family Ovaries, inferior, 350, 365, 380; half-inferior, 350; superior, 350 Ovary, 12, 14, 319, 345, 556 Overproduction of offspring, 447 Overshoes, 283 Overstimulation, 159, 160 Ovulary cavity, 345; divided by partition, 363 Ovule, 12, 14, 319, 325, 352, 550, 551; parts of, 346 Ovules, anatropous, 346, 355; campylotropous, 363; ortho- tropous, 372 Ozxalidacee, Oxalis Family Oxalis Family, 399 Oxeye, 380, 435 Oxidized hydrocarbons, 285, 287 Oxygen, 570; in grains, 31 Packing, 223, 235, 279, 280 Packing material, 239 Peonia officinalis, Peony Pails, 243; paper, 224 Painting, 222, 296 Paints, 295 Palaquium Gutta, Taban-tree Palmacee, Palm Family Palme, Palms Palmales, Palm Order Palm, oils, 296, 297, 389, 397, 422, 423; sago, 388; seeds, 282; stem, 255 Palm Family, 388, 397, 422, 423: coconut, 46, 47; date, 100, 101; rattans, 237, 238; sago palms, 109, 110; vegetable ivory, 275, 276 Palm Order, 389, 397, 422, 423 Palmatic acid, 296 Palmatin, 296, 297 Palmate nervation, 340, 352 Palmately compound, 340; di- vided, 340; ribbed, 337 Palm-leaf fans, 388 Palms, 311, 389 Paneling, 263 Paniculate inflorescence, 345, 352 Panspermia, 567 Papaveracee, Poppy Family Papaverales, Poppy Order Papaver somniferum, Opium Poppy. Paper, 223, 224, 228, 230, 235, 241; boxes, 224; canoes, 224; car- wheels, 224; making of, 222; manila, 232; napkins, 224; pails, 224 Papier-maché, 224 Papilionaceous corolla, 366 Pappus, 386 Parallel-veined leaves, 387 Paraphyses, 487, 503 Parasite, 303, 494 Parasitic fungi, 504 Parchment, vegetable, 230 Parenchyma, 530 Parietal placenta, 362 Parmeliacee, Shield-lichen Family Parsley, 137, 140, 370, 410, 411 Parsley Family, 370, 400, 412, 413: anise, 142; asafetida plant, 175; caraway, 142; carrot, 55, 66, 57; INDEX 599 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Pine grove illustrating mutual ac- commodation, 453, 454 Pine Order, 393, 397, 426, 427 Pines, 550 Pineapple, 88, 103, 121, 124, 233; fiber, 232; gall, 272 Pineapple-cloth, 234 Pineapple Family, 397: pineapple, 103; southern moss, 234 Pin-mold, 495, 496, 497 Pin-mold Family: pin-mold, 496, 497 Pin-mold Fungi, 495 Pink Family, 398 Pinnate, 341; nervation, 352 Pinnately, compound, 341; nerved, 341 Pinus sylvestris, Scotch Pine Piperacee, Pepper Family Piperales, Pepper Order Piper nigrum, Black Pepper Piping, 287 Pistil, 11, 14, 308, 319, 345; com- pound, 347; simple, 347 Pistillate flowers, 347 Pistil, parts of, ovary, 345; ovule, 346; placenta, 346; stigma, 345; style, 345 Pisum sativum, Pea Pith, 250, 254 Pith-rays, 250, 253, 254 Pivotal place of plants in economy of nature, 574 Placenta, 346; axile, 355; dorsal, 346; parietal, 362; ventral, 346 Plaiting, 223, 235 Planetesimal hypothesis, 465 Plane-tree, 267, 268 Plane-tree Family, 399: American sycamore, 267 Planks, 270 Plantaginacee, Plantain Family Plantaginales, Plantain Order Plantain Family, 401 Plantain Order, 401 Plant, formulas, 352; groups, 358; names, early, 3 , Plant life and human life, 575 Plants, annual, 11; biennial, 52; compass, 73; dicecious, 360; habit of, 359; monoecious, 374; ocreate, 372; perennial, 58; polygamous, 347; shrub, 36; tree, 36; glabrous, 343; pubes- cent, 343 ee and animals defined, 573, 574 Plants, how named, 2; in general, 574; our dependence upon, 1; needs of, 2 ; Plant’s place in Nature, 561 Plants poisonous, to eat, 192; to handle, 217 Plant segment, 324 Platanacee, Plane-tree Family Platanus occidentalis, American Sycamore Pleurococcacee, Wall-stain Algae Pleuroccus vulgaris, Waill-stain Alga Plicate zestivation, 381 Plicate-convolute xstivation, 381 Plum, 88, 90, 121, 124, 364; wood, 357, 263 ae 48, 317, 318, 319, 546, 5 Podded Jute, 232 Poison, Dogwood, see Poison- sumac; Hemlock, 194, 195, 209, 370, 410, 411 Poison-ivy, 217, 218, 219 Poison-oak, see Poison-ivy Poisonous bark, 196; drugs, 176; flowers, 205, 208; fruits and seeds, 209; herbage, 199; honey, 205, 207, 208; mushrooms, 111, 213; juice, 357; plants, 112, 162, 163, 192, 219; substances, 302; underground parts, 192; volatile oils, 177 Poisons, 162; as by-products, 192 Poison-sumac, 217, 220 Poke, Indian, 390, 424, 425 Pokeweed, 195, 196, 208, 209 Pokeweed Family, 398: pokeweed, 195, 196 Polemoniales, Phlox Order Poles, 245, 270 Pollen, 12, 14, 319; grain, 550, 551, 556 Pollen-sacs, 325, 326 Pollen-tube, 551, 555, 556 Pollination, 557 Polygamous flowers, 347, 354 INDEX 601 All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. Polygonacee, Buckwheat Family Polygonales, Buckwheat Order Polygonum Convolvulus, Climbing Buckwheat Polypodiacee, Polypody Family Polypody Family: male-fern, 179; pteris, 537 Polyporacee, Pore-mushroom Family Pome, 365 ee aes 478, 479, 480, 499, 55 Pond-scum Family: pond-scum, 479, 480 Poplar, 241, 263, 264, 377, 414, 415; wood, 263 Poppy, 208, 406, 407 Poppy Family, 361, 398, 406, 407: opium poppy, 182, 183 Poppy-oil, 296 Poppy, Opium, see Opium Poppy Poppy Order, 363, 398, 408, 409 Populus tremuloides, Poplar Porcupine-wood, 272 Pore-mushroom Family: amadou, 241 Pores of wood, 252, 538 Poricidal dehiscence, 362; of an- thers, 379 Portable boats, 284 Portulacacee, Portulaca Family Posts, 258, 270 Potash in grains, 31 Potassium, 74 Potato berries, poisonous, 210 Potato, sweet, 43, 58, 59, 379, 416, 417; white, 43, 59, 60, 210, 382, 416, 417 Potentialities of protoplasm, 572 Pot-herb Jute, 232 Pot-herbs, 55 Powdery mildew, 499, 500 Powdery-mildew Family: powdery mildew, 500 Preference, power of, 569 Prehistoric food-plants, 124 Prickly Sago Palm, 109, 110 Primary leaves, 318, 319; tissue, 542 Primitive centers of agriculture, 122, 123 Primitive man, 302 Primitive versus degenerate forms, 549 Primrose Family, 401 Primrose Order, 401 Primulacee, Primrose Family Primulales, Primrose Order Princes of the Vegetable Kingdom, 389 Principes, Palm Order Printing-ink, 294, 295 Printing-paper, 224 Progress and peace, 468; in evolu- tion, 466; made in spite of com- petition, 468 Progressive fixity of growing struc- tures, 571 Prolific multiplication, 512 Prosenchyma, 530 Protection, organs of, 321, 538 Proteid, 33, 74, 114, 115, 471 Protein in foods, 114 (see also Pro- teid) Prothallial cells, 556 Prothallus, 533, 536, 551 Prothallus-cell, 546 Protonema, 523, 526 Protoplasm, 471; artificial, 562; fundamental properties of, 571; potentialities of, 572 Protoplast, 473 Protoplasts, artificial, 564; fusion of, 560 Prunus Amygdalus, Almond Cerasus, Sour Cherry domestica, Plum Persica, Peach serotina, Wild Black Cherry Prussic acid in cherry leaves, 204; in cherry stones, 205 Pseudo-fibers, 225, 239 Pseudopodium, 525 Pseudo-root, 481, 521, 536 Pseudo-shoot, 481 Pseudo-woods, 256, 272 Pteridophyta, Pteridophyte Divi- sion -Pteridophyte Division, 548 Pteridophytes, 394, 396 Pteris, 537 Pubescent, 343 Pulse, 35, 40 Pulse Family, 365, 398, 399, 410, 602 INDEX All numbers refer to pages, heavy type indicating illustrations. 