None
B., 247 Classification of animals, 608 of plants, 607 of Silurian, 404 strata, 397 of strata necessarily local, 146 of Trias, 311 Clastic rocks defined, 15 ClausUia bidens, Drap., 56 Clays, cause of colour of, 27 Clay slate, 559 ironstone of Coal-measures, 373 Cleavage in slates, 543 in beds of different hardness, 643, 645 in curved strata, 543 origin of, 645-546 experiments illustrating origin of, 574 and joints, 543 Cleveland dyke, 477 iron ore, 308, 668 aimate of Crag Period, 100 Clymenia linearis, MUnst., 377 Coal, varieties of, 31 compoedtion of, 32 rate of formation of, 63 formation on land, 37 purity of, 62 origin of, 31 underclays of, 371 trees in, 60 of Brora, 302 basins, how found, 340 measures, meaning of term, 349 in North of England, 868 in Scotland, 368 fields, 349 COBDIEB Coal-field of South Wales, 371 CocGHi, 234 Coceoliths, 60 Coccospheres, 50 Coehliodus contortus, Ag., 356 Coelaeanthus granulatm, 4-g., 846 CoHN, Prof., 24 Cole, Prof. G. A. J., 621 Collyrites (Dysaster) ringens, Ag., 303 Collyweston. slates, 301 Columnar structure in basalt, 480 in dykes, 476 in granite, 623 Comb structure in veins, 672 Comley sandstone, 428 Comparative thickness of strata cf Europe, 441 Composite dykes, 627 • of Arran, 492 Concretionary structures, 66 CONDAMINE, DE LA, 217 Congerian strata, 235 Conglomerates, 26 Connecticut valley, Newark strata of, 332 Conformability, 99 Conocoryphe striata, Emmr. sp., 423 Conrad, Mr., 334 Consolidation of strata, 64 Contact metamorphism, 538, 661 miuerals formed, by, 606 rocks formed by, 656 extent of, 563 in dykes, 477 age of rocks formed by, 678 and regional metamorphism, analogy of rocks formed by, 678 Contemporaneous erosion, 38 veins, 628 volcanic rocks, 470 age of, 485 Contorted drift, 41 Contortion of strata, 82 produced by tangential pressure, 84 of strata, illustrated by experiment, 83 Conuiaria omata, D'Arch., 377 Conus deperditus, Brug., 211 COMTBBARB, 478 Coomhola grit, 301 Cope, Prof. E., 107 Copper, Age of, 171 Coprolite of fish from Chalk, 261 * Coprolite ' beds of Crag, 187 Coral reefs, upraised, 165 rag, 294 Corals, modem and ancient types of, 851 growth on electric cables, 47 of Older Tertiarles, 194 of the Cretaceous, 260 Jurassic, 277 Trias, 311 Permian, 339 Carboniferous, 350 Devonian, 376 SUurian, 398 Ordovician, 413 Corallian, 294 Coralline OoUte, 294 or White Ong, 187 Corbulapisum, Sow., 203 OORSIER, 466 618 INDEX COBMBBJLSH Oombrash, S96 Oomwall, mineral veins of, 571 Correlation of strata in different areas, difflcolty of, 146 of Tertiaiy strata, 246-17 of Mesozic strata, 336 of Newer Palaeozoic strata, 396 of Older Palaeozoio strata, 431 Oorsite (Orbicular diorite), 614 Cosmoceras ElizabethaSy Pratt sp^ S96 /oion, Bein., 296 Cosmogony, relation to Geology, 5 Cotopaxi^ 472 Oontohiking strata, 437 Crags f relatioru qf to London Clajfy 186 Crag, origin of name, 182 fauna, relation to that of existing seas, 190 * Crag,' defined, 172 Antwerp, of Belgium, 228 - — Black, of Belgium, 228 Crcmia parisiensitj Defr., 268 attached to Ananchptes (Eehinocorys)^ 46 CraucUella sulcata. Sow., 208 Craters, nature of, 472 origin of, 472 * Craters of elevation,* 474 Crater-lakes, 474 CrcUer-lake of Oustavila, Mexico, 473 Credner, Psof. H., 247, 341 Cretaceous system, 248 flora of, 327 zones of, 266 Plutonic rocks of, 631 volcanic rocks of, 607 Orinoids of the Cretaceous, 260, 267 Oolites, 297 Lias, 307 Trias, 312 Carboniferous, 351 Devonian, 376 Silurian, 399 Crioeeras DwnOlii, Leveill^, 268 Croatia, Oligocene o^ 234 Croll, 119, 126, 593 Cromer, forest-bed of, 183 Crou-bedding, 37 Crushed and impressed pebbles, 91 Crust of globe, defined, 8 dimensions, 8 physical characters, 9 chemical oomposition, 10 Cryptodon (^Axinus') angulatum, Sow., 216 Crystals, negative, 512 skeleton, 460 Crystalline rocks defined, 16 limestone, 656 Crystallites, 460 Cuddapah system, 438 Cuilin HiUs, Skye, 621, 630 Culm facies of Carboniferous in Britain, 366 of European Carboniferous, 392 CULVERWBLL, Mr., 693 Cumberlandite, 518 Current bedding, 37 CuviER, 141, 222 Cyathoerinus caryocrinoidea, M'Ooy, 362 planus, Mill., 362 DEVUDATIOM CyathophyUutnflexuosum, Gtoldl, 361 Cyea* eireinalis, L., 291 Cyclas {Sphaerium) eomeiu. Sow., 63 " Cyclolobus Oldhami, Waagen, 340 Cyclopean Isles, dykes and contortions in, 494,496 Cyclostoma elegans, MttlL, 66 Cylindrites {Actcam) acutus, Sow^ 298 Cypridea spinigera, Fitton, 272 in Weald Clay, 272 Cyprina Morrisii, Sow., 218 Cyprus swamp of Mfiwiwrippi, 63 * Cyrena euneiformis. Sow., 217 iCorbieuUi)fiuminaiu, Miill., 149, 163 semistriata, Desh., 203 Cyrtoeeras precox. Salt., 422 Cystoidea of the Silurian, 399 Ordovician, 412 Cambrian, 421, 424 DACHSTEIN limestone, 329 Dacites, 463 Dadoxylon, EndL, fragment of, 357 Daintrse,586 Dakota group, 335 Dall, W. H., 247 * Dalradian * rocks, 434 Damuda beds of India, 396 Da\a, J. D., 74* 123, 247, 337, 410, 440, 443, 414, 468, 666, 568, 591, 592, 601 Dana, Prof. E. S., 601 Danian series, 327 Dapedius moniltfer, scales, Ag., 278 Darwih, 7, 77, 116, 123, 164, 166, 168, 318, 442, 475, 646, 649 Prof. G., 693, 694 Daubent, 542 Dacjbreb, 25, 484, 640, 549, 660 Davis, Mr. E., 426 Prof. W. H., 126 Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, 160, 171 Dawson, Sir J. W., 74, 364, 386, 394 Debet, 327 Decoan ' trap,* 601 Dbchen, Yon, 626 D*Esino beds, 329 Deep-sea deposits, 60 Deei>«water formations at great heights, 124 DSLBSSE, 113, 482, 541, 660 Deltas, formation of, 109 Denbighshire grrits, 409 Dendritic markings, 73 Density of earth, 10 of earth*s crust, 10 Denudation, 102 marine, 112 submarine, 112 subaerial, 107 aided by rise of land, 107 affected by subsidence, 107" rate of, 121 efects of on contorted strata, 82 in mountain making, 666 an action of hypogene forces, 122 compensated for by action of hypo- gene forces, 121 of Carboniferous in North America , 364 INDEX 619 DENUDATION Denudation, eftecte of in Mendips and South Wales, 109 Depositionf rate of, indicated by fosslLi, 44 vast in eubsiding areas, 118 Derbyshire, mineral veins in, 571 Derived fossils, 137 Desert sands, S5 Debmarbbt, 4 DE8N0TBB8, 142, S83 Deuterozoio strata, 128 Dkvillb, G. St. Claibe, 575 Devitrification, primary and secondary, 461 Devonian, nomenclature of, 874 classification of, 386 Brachiopoda, 876 corals, 376 Stromatoporoids, 376 TrUcbiteM, 378 Eurypteridai, 379 /^A, 380-382 plants, 383 Upper, of Devonshire, 386 Middle, of Devonshire, 386 Lower, of Devonshire, 386 strata of Brittany, 392 of the Bifel, 391 of North America, of Bussia, 392 Devonshire, volcanic rocks of Triassic age in, 503 Diabases, 518 Diabcuic itructure^ 461, 618 Diallage, characters of, 604 Diatomaoeae, formation of rocks by, 48 Diatomaeeotu earths, 52 ooee, 52 Diceras LondsdlH^ Sow., 267 Didelphys AzarcSf Temm., part of lower jaw, 300 Didymograptm geminus^ His., 412 Jfurchiioniiy Beck, 412 pristUy Hi&, 412 Didymohelix ferruginea, Ehb. sp., 49 Diestien of Belgium, 228 Dikeloeephalut minnesotensU, D. Ow., 423 Dfluvium, 112 Dimetian strata, 434 Dinotherium giganteum^ Kaup., 177 Diorite, 617 IMp, defined, 84 measurement of^ 86 Dip slopes, 101 Diplograpttu {PhpUograptus) folium. His., 412 Dirt-bed of Furbeck, 290 Disintegration of rocks, 103 Distribution of forms of life, 131 Dogger, 275 bank, 114 DolerUety 518 Dolomite, 29, 666 Dolomites of Alpine Trias, 329 Dolomitic Conglomerate, 319 reptdles, 320 Domites, 464 Double overfolding, 665 Downthrow, side of &ult, 94 Drew, F., 40, 272 Drift, 112 EHUONS DUFRENOY, 563 Duncan, Dr. P. M., 864 Dunites, 518 Dura Den, Fife, fossil fish of, 389 Durness limestone, 428 DUROCHEB, 488 DUTTON, Capt., 126 Dyas, origin of term, 338 Dykes, volcanic, 475 volcanic, connection teith lava-flows, 476 dimensions of, 477 volcanic, age of, 484 altering strata, 477 action qf denudation on, 476 columnar, structure in, 476 composite, 477, 627 of Aiiglesea, 477 o/AntHm, 477 of Arran, 476 of Cleveland, 492 of Bskdale, 492 in Madeira, 476 of Falagonia, Sicily, 496 in Skpe, 476 rocks, defined, 511 Dynamo-metamorphism, 538, 542 Dynamo>metamorphlc action, experimen- tal illustrations of, 549, 550 EABTH'S crust, defined, 7 — proportion to whole globe, 597 Earthquakes and faults, 96 Bbklmbn, 27 Echinoconus conicus, Breyn., 257 Echinocorys vulgaris ,Breyn., 267 with crania attached, 46 Echinodermata of the Cretaceous, 250 Jurassic, 277 Trias, 311 Carboniferous, 352 Silurian, 399 Ordovician, 413 Echinosphaerites balticus, Eichw., 412 Edbn, CAPr., 487 Edge-coal of Scotland, 371 Edwards, F. E., 204, 207 f MiLNic, 225 Egeln, marine clays of, 228 Eoerton, Sm P., 207, 347 Ehrexbero, 48 Eifel, Pliocene volcanoes of, 496 Eifelian, 374 Bigg, pitchatone poridiyry of, 492 Ejected fragments, volcanoes made up of 497 of Lava, 456 Elba, Tertiary granites and gabbros of, 531 Elqfhas antiquum, Falc, 151 meridionalis, Nesti, 151 primigenius, Blumenb., (Mammoth) teeth of, 151 Elevation-craters, 474 proofs of, 76 Elgin, reptiles of, 318 Elk, teeth of, 152 Etnarginula (Rimula) clathrata, Sow., 299 Emmons, 419 620 INDEX ENCBINnS EneHnui lUiiformU, Schloth., 312 Enstatite, characters of, 604 Andesites, 463 ErUomU terrcUostriata^ Sandb. sp^ 377 Eocene, defined, 144 Flora of Arctic Regions, 201 of United States, 241 of Western Territories of United States, 242 Eogene, defined, 145 * EoUthic * flint implements, 158 Eozoic strata, 437 Eozoon canadenu^ Daws., 74, 437 Eparchian strata, 437 Epidiorite, 517 Epigene rocks, defined, 15 Eppelsheim strata, 229 EquUetum arenaceum, Schimp., 315 Equus caballus, L., 152 Erect fostil tree*, 60 Erian formation, 396 Erratics near Chichester, 168 Escarpments, 101 difference from sea-cliffs, 108 Eschara dUticha^ Groldf., 259 oceanU D'Orb., 260 Estheria minuta^ Alberti sp., 317 ovaia^ Lea sp., 333 Ethsridge, 210, 386, 387 Etna, 494 Bttinghauben, Baron von, 214 Eucrite, 518 EuompheUus perUangulcUiU, Sow., 354 Eurypterida of Devonian, 378 Evans, Sir J., 171 Everett, Prop., 13 Evolution in Gheology, 596 Exogenous growth illtutrcUedy 358 Exogyra virgtUOy Defr., 293 Experimental illustration of cleavage, 546 Experiments illustrating metamorphic action, 549-550 Extinction of species, 448 Extracrinus Briareus, Mill, sp., 307 FALCONER, 160, 288, 289 Falls of Niagara, age of, 592 False-bedding^ 37 Faluns of Bordeaux, 226 of Touraine, 226 Falunian, defined, 172 Fan structurey 565 Fan-talnses, 40 Farewell rock (Millstone grit), 368 Fasdcidaria aurantium^ M. Edw., 188 Fault-rocky 94 Faults, how produced, 94 produced by repeated movements, 98 and earthquakes, connexion of, 96 amount of throw of, 97 ordinary, 94 reversed^ 94, 565 shifting veins, 570 concealed by denudation, 98 Faunas, defined, 137 Fauna of American Devonian, 394 of Lower Cambrian, 424 of Cambrian, number of species, 420 of Forest bed of Cromer, 184 FORT FavosUies eervicomiSf Blainv., 375 gotMandicUy Lam., 399 Favrb, 581 Faxoe beds, 327 Felis tigrU, L., 153 Felspars, characters of, 652 Felspathic sandstone, 26 Fdspathoids, characters of, 602 FenesteUa retiformiSy SoUoth. sp., 344 Ferro-magnesian silicates, 603 Fif eshire, volcanic rocks of, 503 Fire clay, 27 Fishes, age of, 447 Fish, classification of, by forms of tail, 346 of the Older Tertiaries, 196 Cretaceous, 260 Jurassic, 278 Trias, 314 Permian, 345 Carboniferous, 356 Devonian, 380-382 of Silurian, 403 of Ordovician (?), 415 Fissures in which veins are formed, 569 FiTTON, 266 Flagstone, 26 Flat coals of Scotland, 371 < Flecktschiefer,' 555 Flint, nature of, 255 origin of, 255 tabular, 255 implements, Neolitliic, 157 PalaBolithic, 166 Floras, defined, 137 Flora of Bear Island, 394 marine Cambrian, 421 of Devonian, 384 of Carboniferous, 357 of Permian, 341 of Cretaceous in Arctic regions, 332 of Upper Cretaceous, 327 of Newer Tertiaries, 179 of Forest bed of Cromer, 183 Flower, Sir W., 187 Fluidal structure, 460 Fiuvio-marine Crag (Norwich Crag), 185 Foliated structure, 20 Foliation, nature of, 647 Folkestone beds, 266 Footprints, 43 in Sandstone, 821 and snow-cracks in Carboniferous Sandstone, 367 of Dinosaurs (f ), Conneetieuty 332 Foraminifera of Newer Tertiaries, 176 of Older Tertiaries, 196 of Cretaceous, 250 of Carboniferous, 850 of Ordovician, 412 FoRBBFi, David, 547, 549, 587 y Edward, 7, 147, 189, 190, 202, 204, 206 212, 218, 267, 287, 530 Forest-bed of Cromer, 183 Forest marble, 296 Forfarshire, anticUnals and i^ynclinals of, 80 Formation, defined, 16 of rock basins in glaciated regions, 169 Forsyth-Major, Dr., 284 FORTIS, 481 INDEX 621 FOSSIIiISATION Fosailisation, 68 preservation of minute structures, 71 Fossils, defined, 17 derived, 137 discussions as to nature of, 5 imperfection of, 460 wood, sections of, 70 oldest known, 438, 440 variation in number of indifferent kinds of rocks, 439 in Pre-Oambrian strata, 438, 440 Poster, Db. 0. Le N., 272, 676 PouQui, Prof., 22, 466 POURNET, M., 642, 673 Fox, Rev. Darwin, 206 Fox-Hills group, 336 Fragments, derived, in Plutonio rocks, 627, 529 PRBSHTIELD, MR. D., 169 Freshwater deposits, 61 strata, comparative rarity of, 439 alternation of with' marine, 59 bivalves, 63 fish, 58 univalves, 64, 66 fossil plants, 67 Fritsch, Dr. a., 341 Froddingham ironstone 307 Frost, effects of, 104 Fucoid beds, 425, 428 Fitlgar canieulaiusy L. sp., 176 Fuller's Earth, 27 series, 301 Fundamental gneiss, 434 FungiapatellarUf Lam., 361 Fusulina cylindrical Pisch., 350 Fu»UM contrarius, Sow., 173 quadricostatiUy Say, 176 GABBROS, 618 Tertiary of Scotland and Elba, 630, 531 Oaleocerdo IcUidens^ Ag., 211 Oalerites dlbogcUeruty Lam., 257 Gallionella distanSy Ehb., 49 * Garbenschiefer,' 566 Garddtbb, Miss L, 679 Gardner, Mr. Starkie, 211, 213, 214, 491 Garnets, characters of, 606 Gfunet-bearing rocks, 666, 661 Oas-cavitieSf 612 Gastropoda of the Pleistocene, 148 Newer Tertiary, 174, 176 Older Tertiary, 208 Cretaceous, 251 Jurassic, 278 Trias, 312 Permian, 340 Carboniferous, 353, 364 Devonian, 377 Silurian, 402 Ordovician, 414 Cambrian, 421 Gaudin, 211, 234 Gaudry, Prof. A., 227, 236, 247 G«-anticlinals, 566 Geikib, Prof. J., 102, 168, 171 Sm A, 116, 120, 126, 247, 870, 874, 388, 889, 391, 434, 438, 475, 479, 492, 604. 606, 608,647,549,666 GRANITES Gbinitz, 342 Gelinden, flora of, 220 Geumbllaro, 838 Generalised types, 449 Greognosy, use of term, 14 Geology, origin of name of science, 1 and Cosmogony, 600 and qistory, 600 Geological enquiiy, limits of, 596, 600 history, supposed limitation of period covered by, 698 ; and supposed Primaeval state of globe, 699 periods, relative duration of, 591 absolute duration of, 692 attempt to correlate with astro- nomical cycles, 593 time, duration of, 589 measures of, 592 record, imperfections of, 139 map, first of England and Wales, 136 of world, 432 Georgian strata, 420 Geo-synclinals, 566 Germany, Baltic Provinces, zoic rocks of, 430 QervUlan anceps, Desh., 266 {Avicuid) sodaZis, Schloth., Gilbert, G. K., 125, 169, 692 Girvan district, Cambrian of, 428 Ordovician strata of, Glacial deposits, 112 of North America, 245 of Russia, 237 epoch, time since, 693 Period, 166 sands and gravels, 168 Glaris, slates of, 679 Glass-cavitieSy 512 Glauconie grossi^e, 221 Glauconite sands, 27 Glenkiln shales, 419 Glen Tiltf Scotland^ granite veins of, 524 Globiform pitchstone of Ponza Island^ 483 Globigerina ooze^ 60 Globular structure in lavas, 482, 483 GlobulUes, 460 GlyptoUrobus europceuSy Heer., 183 GneUs, 561 augen^ 661 granites, 515 homhlendie, 661 micaeeoiUf 662 pyroxene^ 562 structure o/, 647 GoDWIN-AnSTEN, 138, 168, 267, 267, 690 Gold deposited by hot springs of Nevada, 669 origin of, in South America, 686 in California, 686 Goniatites erenistria, Phil., 356 Idsteri, Mart., 366 GOppebt, 71, 372, 394 Gothlandian, 898 Graham's IsU, 234, 474, 499 Grand Canary, volcanic rocks of, 500 GraniteSy with two micaSy 616, 516 muscovite, 515 pyroxene, 615 hyi)ersthene, 515 graphic^ 514 622 INDEX OBAinTES Onmitei^ tnieropegmatUic^ 616 mode of wecUhejHng, 622 of Arran, 622 of Land's End, Cornwall^ 523 micropegmatitio, of Monrne Momi' tains, 491 of Skye, 622 Tertiary, of Skye, Mull, Ac^, 491 of Tertiary age in Hebrides and Antrim, 491 Tertiary of Scotland and BIba, 530, 531 Junction off wUh Silurian Norway ^ 634 hornblende, 615 Granitic ' structure, defined, 613 Granitic veins, 524, 626, 526 sand, 26 Granitite, 616 * Oranophyre, 516 Granuiite, 661 Graphic structure^ 614 Graphite, formation of, 568 Graptolites of Silurian, 398 of Ordovician, 412 of Cambrian, 421 Gravels, 26 Great Oolite, 296 Gkebn, Pbov. a. H., 63, 102, 116, 374 Green Biver series, 242 Greenland, sinking of west coast of, 77 cretaceous strata of, 332 Greensand, 27 Upper, 264 of Cambridge, 262 of New Jersey, 334 * Greenstone,' 517 Grbbkwoop, Col., 116 Gr^s bigarr^, 326 de Beauchamp, 222 de Fontainebleau, 223 GreywaclDfe, 26 Grey-wethers, 27 Gbiffith, SibB., 391 Grits, 26 Gryllacris litJianthracaj Gtoldenb., 366 Grypfusa incurvoy Sow. {G. areuatay Lam.), 54,306 with Serpulae attached, 45 GUMBKL, 247, 617 GuNN, Mrs., 256 GUTBIER, Von, 342, 347 GUTHBIS, Dr., 550 Gwalior system, 438 Gyps bengalensis, Gm., tail, 286 Gypseous series of Montmartre, 222 Gypsum, fountain of, 31 HADE, defined, 94 Hague, Mb. Abnold, 501 Hakea (f ) salicina, Heer, 182 salignoy B. Brown, 182 Hall, Capt. Basil, 476 , SiB James, 81 HaUstadt beds, 328 and St. Cassian areas, 328 Halysites eatentUaricet L. sp., 399 Hamilton, Sib W., 473 Hamites ^niger. Sow., 264 Hampshire Basin, 270 HOOKE Hampshire and London Basiii, table of strata in, 194 Hamstead (Hempstead) series, 203 Habkxb, Mb. a., 22, 466, 627, 636, 554^ 663 Habkness, 322, 347, 438 Harlech grits, 427 Harp€ictor maculipes, Heer, 183 Habpb, De la, 211 Habbib, Mb. D., 247 , Majob, 322 Habtung, 600, 601 Hastings sands, 272 Hatch, Db., 22, 466, 636 Haueb, Von, 247, 337 Haughton, Db. S., 74 Haliyne baralts, 466 Headon series, 206 HiSEBT, 220, 221, 247, 275 Hebrides, Tertiary Plutonic rocks in the, 630 Heeb, 63, 178, 201, 202, 211, 213, 231, 232, 394, 491, 600 Heersian of Belgium, 220 Hbim, Pbof. a., 102, 665, 682 ffeliolites porosa, Goldf., 375 Heliophylltan Halli, £. and H., 375 Helix hitpida, MUIL, 162 Idbyrinthica, Sow., 206 ocdusa, F. Edw., 205 turonensiSy Desh., 66 Helvetian series, 247 Hemare, meaning of term, 326 Hemicidaris purbeckenHs, E. Forbes, 287 *Hemicrystalline rocks,' defined, 613 Hemiptera of Newer Tertiaries, 182 Hemitelites Brownii, GK)pp., 302 Hempstead (Hamstead) series, 203 Henby, Db., 641 Henslow, 187, 290, 477 Hesperornis regalis. Marsh, 262 Heterocereal and ffomocercal flsh, 346 Hicks, Db. H., 409, 418, 419, 426, 426, 427, 428, 434, 437, 536 High-level gravels, 161 plateau graves, 163 Hildoeeras bifrons, Brug. sp., 304 Walcottiiy Sow. sp., 304 Hils-thon, 268 Himalaya, fan-taluses of, 40 HiNDE, Db. G., 419 HiSE, Mb. 0. E. VAN, 437 Hipparion of Pliocene, 178 Hippqpodium ponderosum. Sow., 306 Hippopotamus nuyor, Nesti, 162 Hippurite Limestone, 330, 331 Hippurites organisans, Desmoulins, 330 Histioderma hibernicay Kin., 422 History of Geology, 5 compared to Gwlogy, 1 HoLL, 436 Holland, Mb. T. H., 516 Hollybush sandstone, 425 HolocrystaUine structure, defined, 510 Holoptyehius nobilisstmus, Ag., scale o/, 382 restored, 381 Homalonotus armatus, Bunn., 378 delphinocephalut. Green sp., 403 Homocercai and Heterocereal /bA, 846 Homotaxy, defined, 138 HOOKE, 406 INDEX 623 HOOSEB HOOKXEl, Sm J., 214 Hoplitet Deihayetil, Leym. sp., 368 norieus^ Schloth. sp., 269 Horizons, geological, 186 Hornblende, characters of, 601 Hornblende-Andentes, 468 HoRNE, Mb. J., 438, 438, 566 H6RNES, Prof., 235 Homstones, 462 Horse, ancestors of, 178 teeth of, 152 Howell, Mr. H. H., 374 Hubbard, Prof., 530 Hudleston, Mr. W. H., 438 Huqhes, Prof. T. McK., 427, 543 Hull, Prof., 322, 369, 374 < Hmnan period,* 147 Humboldt, 473 Hums, Dr. W. P., 276 Humphreys and Abbott, 120, 125 Hunstanton, Bed Chalk of, 263 Hunt, Robert, 373 , Sterry, 540 Hnronian strata, 436 HuTTON, 6, 596 Huxley, 14, 61, 138, 146, 281, 318, 322, 347, 381, 382, 383, 595, 596 Bgcena spelcea, Goldf., 153 ffffbodtu retieuUUtUt Ag., spine of, 279 teeth of, 279 Hydrothermal action, 538, 540 Hymenoearis vermieaudOy Salt., 424 Hypersthene, characters of, 604 Hypersthenite (Hyperite), 618 Hyperodapedon Oordoni^ Huxley, 818, 319 HypocrystaUine stmcture, defined, 513 Hypogene rocks, defined, 15 uniformity of character in, 584 HypHprimntu (^Potorous)^ tooth, 288 Hythe beds, 266 ICE-SCBATCHED surfaces, 167 Ichthyodorulites, 279 IchthyornU victor^ Marsh, 253 Ichthyosaurus communiSy Oonyb., skeleton restored, 280 IDDINGS, Prof., 490, 601, 601 Igneous rocks, analyses of, 536 Iguanodon BemissartensiSy Boulenger, skeleton, 271 Mantelliy Meyer, teeth, 270 nfracombe group, 386 Impressed and crushed pebbles, 91 Inehnadan^fTt Sutfierlandy section near, 436 Included fragments in strata, 133 as a test of age in volcanic rocks, 487 Inclusions in Plutonic rocks, segregative, 537 Incompleteness of the geological record, 442 Incrustations, 72 India, glaciers of, 241 Pre-Otunbrian of, 438 Tertiary strata o^ 236 Inferior Oolite, 301 of Yorkshire, 302 Inland sea cliffs, 115 Inliers^lOl KEUFEB Inner Hebrides, volcanic phenomena of, 490 Inoeeramus Lamarckii, Park., 258 Insects of Newer Tertiaries, 183 of Older Tertiaries, 201 Jurassic, 309 of Carboniferous, 365 Devonian, 385 Interbedded volcanic rockSf 479 age o^ 485 Intermediate lavas, 462 Plutonic rocks, 516 International Geological Congress, scheme of nomenclature of strata, 146 Intrusions, volcanic, age of, 484 Inversion of stratOy 92 Invertebrata, Age of, 447 Iron, Age of, 171 Iron and nickel in rocks, 519 Irving, Prof. B. D., 437 Isastroea oblonga, M. Edw., and J. Haime, 293 Ischia, volcanoes of, 493 Isle of Portland, dirt-bed in, 291 of Wight, Upper Greensand of, 264 Isoclinal overfolding, 566 Isogeothermal lines, 13 Italy, Tertiary volcanic rocks of, 496 JOINTS, nature, 67 mode of formation, 68 Jointed basaltic columns, 480 Jukes, 68, 510 Jukbs-Browne, Mr. A. J., 37, 275 Jura, Alpine blocks on, 239 structure of 87 Jurassic, origin of name, 275 subdivisions of, 276 zones of, 325, 326 fauna, 277 fish, 278, 279 flora, 286 of Arctic Regions, 332 strata of Central Europe, 325 of Russia, 331 Plutonic rocks, 532 life-province, 328, 331 KAOLINISATION of felspars, 616 Karoo beds of South Africa, 331 Karpiksky, Prof., 338, 396 Karrer, 236 Kdsegrottey Bertrich-Badeny basaltic co- lumns of, 482 Kaup, 320 Eayser, 235, 247, 431 Eeewatin strata, 437 EsTLHAU, 547, 561 Kellaways Rock, 296 Keller, Dr. F., 240 Kelvin, Lord (Sm W. Thomson), 12, 693 Kentish Bag, 266 Kent's Hole Cavern, 160 Kersantite (Kersantone), 517 Keuper, origin of name, 310 of Britain, 317 of Germany, 324 624 IKDEX KEWEENAWAN Keweenawan strata, 437 Kbtserlino, Yokt, 686 KUtorcan beds, 891 Klmeridge Clay, 393 Kino, 847 Kitchen-middens, 158, Klein-Spatiwen beds, 229 KOBNBN, Von, 207 KONINCK, Db, 229 Koninekia Leonhardi, Wissm., 312 KSssen beds, 329 Koto, B., 96 Krakatoa, eruption of, 467 Knpferschiefer as an ore deposit, 668 LABBADOB series, 437 Labradorite, characters of, 64, 603 LabyrifUhodon, tooth of, 314 Jtugeriy Ow., section of tooth, 814 liACROix, M. A^ 22 Lagena Moorei, Bar., 307 Lake-District, Ordovioian strata in, 418 Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, 240 Lake-ores of Sweden, 668 origin of, 48 Lakes in glaciated regions, 169 Lamarck, 57, 269 Lamellibranchiata of the Pleistocene, 148 Newer Tertiary, 174 Older Tertiary, 208-18 Cretaceous, 261 Jurassic, 277 Trias, 312 Permian, 340 Oarboniferous, 863 Devonian, 376 Silurian, 402 Ordoyidan, 412 Cambrian, 421 Lamination of rocks, 35 Lamflugh, 268, 275 Lamprophyres, 617 Land, arerage height of, 122 — -— barrier of Central England in Carboni- ferous times, 368 surfaces, ancient, 390 plants, order of appearance of, 448 Lapilli, 467 Lapparent, Prov. a. de, 247, 337, 398, 411 Lapworth, Prop. C, 410, 411, 419, 420, 434, 427, 428, 429, 437, 438, 649, 659, 666 Laramie formation, 336, 338 Lariosaurus BeUsamiy Curioni, skeleton, 316 Lartbt, 221, 227, 240 Labaulx, Yon, 23, 621 Lastcera itiiHacOy IJng., 199 Laurentian strata, 436 Upper, 437 Lower, 437 Lavas, nature of, 466 structure of, 469 chemical composition of, 468 acid, 461 intermediate, 463 basic, 464 Bolfataric action on, 468 — ^reanUt repp surface off 466 LODES Lava-oones, nature of, 471 Lawson, Prof., 637 Leaf bedjs of Antrim, 213 of Mull, 212 Lb Contb, 684 Leda amygdaHoideay Sow., 316 Dahayesiancty Dncbu, 336 UmeeolatOj Sow., 148 tntneatOy Brown, 149 Lee, J. E., 407 Lehmann, J., 660 Lbidt, 197 Lentiadar form of ttraJta, 39 LeperdUia infkUOy Murch. sp., 356 Lepidodendron eorrugatuniy 384 OriffUJuii, Brong., 388 Stembergiiy Brong., 362 Lepidostrobus omatusy Brong., 363 Lqpidottu gigas^ Ag., scales, 278 Mcmtelli, Ag., 273 Leptcena depressay Sow., 401 Leucite, characters of, 608 basalts, 466 Leueitite, 466 Levy, M. Michel, 22, 466 Lewisian strata, 434 Lias, Upper, 304 Middle, 304 Lower, 306 White, 308 LlBBIQ, 31 Life forms, accident in discovery of, 444 order of appearance of, 443 predondnance at different periods, 446 provinces of past times, 449 Lignite, composition of, 32 Lignitic formation, 836, 337 Lima gigantea, Sow., 306 Hoperi, Sow., 263 Limettone^ alteration of by Oranite, 562 limestones, 28 limnasa caudatOy F. Edw., 206 fusiformis, Sow., 206 longiscata, Brong., 64 LindstbOm, Prof., 410 Lingtila Credneriiy Oein., 346 Dumortieri, Nyst., 189 LetpiHi, Sow., 402 flags, 426 Lingulella Davisii, M'Coy, 421 ellay H. and W., 424 Link, M., 321 LipariteSy 461 Liquidanibar europwumt var. trUobatuniy A. Brong., 181 Liquid cavitiesy 612 LUhoiditeSy 461 Uthottrotion basaitiforme^ Phil, sp^ 351 Littoral deposits, 113 Idtuites giganteuSy J. Sow., 403 Living tree ferns allied to those of Car- boniferouSy 369 Llanberis slates, 437 Llandeilo beds of England, 417 IJandovery formation, 404 Upper, 409 Lower, 409 Loch Coruisk, Skye, 631 Lodes or metalliferous veins, 66 INDEX 625 LODGE LODOS, Pkof. 0^ 694 Loess of Northern Asia, 164 of Rhine, &c^ 163 LOGAX, Sir W., 393, 436, 437 London Basin^ section o/j 193 London Clay, 214 flora of, 214 marine shells of, 216 and Hampshire Basins, table of strata in, 194 Longmyndian strata, 436 Lonsdale, 136, 244, 374 LomdaieiafloriformUj Mart, sp., 361 LoBSBN, 682 LOTTI, SlONGR, 630 Low-level gravels, 161 Lower Greensand, 249, 266 Lower Lias Clay and Limestone, 306 Lower London Tertiaries, 194 Lueina terratOt Sow., 211 Lndian series, 247 Ludlow formation, 403 Upper, 406 Lower, 406 Lnstre-mottling, 461 Lutetian (Parisian) series, 247 Luxullianite, 616 Ltcett, Dr., 298 Lycopods, composition of, 33 Lycopod spores, composition of, 33 Lycopodium densum^ Labill., 362 Lydian stone (Lydite), 28 Lynton group, 387 MAABE of Eifel, 497 Macculloch, Dr. John, 436, 626, 630 McCuLLocH, Mr. James, 437 McG-EB, 692 MgMahon, Gen., 636 Madeira, dykes in, 476 leaf beds of, 499 volcanic rocks of, 499 Alagcu pumila. Sow., 267 Magdalenean Period, 246 Magma basalts, 466 Magnesian limestone, 29, 343 concretionary structures in, 66 fossils of, 344 Magnetite, characters of, 606 Maj^LBT, R., 466, 667 Malm, 276 ' Malvemian * rocks, 436 • Mamelon * in Bourbon, 471 internal structure of, 471 Mammals, Age of, 447 of Older Tertiaries, 197 of Purbeck, 288 of Stonesfleld slate, 300 Mammalian fauna of Pikermi, 236 of the SivAlik HiUs, 236 of the Western Territories of the United States, 242-246 of the Limagne, 224 of Montmartre, 223 of the Mesozoic, 334 Mammoth, Age of, 170 Manfrbdi, 119 Mantell, Dr., 305, 269, 272 Mantellia nidiformis, Brong., 291 MICAS Map of Eocene areas in North^Western Europe, 192 Marcou, 326, 419, 432 Margarites, 460 Marine beds of the Coal-measures, 373 currents, effects of, 114 denudation, 112 strata more frequently preserved than freshwater, 439 Marl-slate, 346 fossils of, 345 Marlstone, 304 rock-bed, 304 Mames Irishes, 811 Marnes k virgules, 294 Marr, Mr., 419, 426, 429 Marsh, Prof. 0. C, 197, 242, 244, 261, 262 253, 264, 283, 284, 335, 337 Marshall, Prof., 63 Marsupites Milleri, Mant., 257 Mastodon arvernensis, Croiz. et Job., 177 Mastodonsaurus Jaegeri, Meyer, 314 Mayence basin, Oligocene of, 229 Klein Spauwen, 229 Mayer, Earl, 600 May-HQl series, 404 Measures of geological time, 692 Mechanically formed aqueous rocks, 24 Mediterranean life-province, 328, 331 series, 247 Medlicottia Wynnei, Waagen, 340 Megalodon cucullaius. Sow., 377 Megalosaurus Bueklandi, Meyer, skeleton restored, 282 Melania (Melanatria) inquinata, Defr.,217 turritissima, Forbes, 204 Melanopsis buceinoidea, Fer., 66 Melaphyres, 466 Melbourne rock, 261 Meimte, 603 basalts, 466 Menevian beds, 426 Mesozoic, defined, 127 strata, correlation of, 336 Messinian series, 247 Metamorphic rocks, 21 nature of, 637 derived from aqueous, 663 — derived from igneous, 563 disturbed condition of, 578 analyses of, 688 order of succession of, 683 tests of age of, 677 different ages of, 677 of Pre-Cambrian age, 683 of Older Palaeozoic age, 683 of Newer Palaeozoic age, 682 of Mesozoic age, 682 of Tertiary age, 581 Metamorphiam, different kinds of, 638 contact, extent of, 563 produced by dykes, 477 general or regional, 638 Metasomatic changes in rocks, 564 Meteorites, 619 Meudon, chalk of, 327 marls of, 220 Meyer, Hermann yon, 326, 366 ' MiALL, Prof., 63 Micas, 603 S S 626 INDEX MICA Ifica ande^iteB, 463 schUt, 561 slate, 661 syenite, 617 traps, 617 Micaceous minerals, 606 sandstone, 36 sandstones and shales, formation of, 36 Miercuter eor'anguinumy Leeke, 367 with Serpuia attached. 46 Microcline, characters of, 603 Microconehia (SpirorhU) carbonariiu, March., 366 Microlestes antiqutu, Flien., 309 Ifierolites, 460 *MicrolUic/elt; 461, 463 Middle (or marine) molasse, 331 Lias, 304 Permian of Britain, 343 Midford sands, 301 Miliolina teminvlas L. sp., 196 Miliolite limestone of Paris Basin, 332 Mill, Dr. H., 14 Miller, Huoh, 333, 383, 383, 389, 391, 393, 493 Millet-seed sands, 36 Millstone grit of Sonth Wales, 368 in Staffordshire, 369 in Derbyshire and Yorkshire, 369 of Scotland, 369 MiLNB, Prof. J., 104 Minerals which replace substance of fossils, 73 produced by contact metamorphism, 564 of heavy metals, 606 occurring as ores, 606 rock-forming, 601 secondary, 606 Mineral composition as a test of age in volcanic rocks, 487 veins, different kinds of, 668 infllUng of, 573 varying width of, 573 oaiue of varying width cf^ 674 * riders ' and * horses ' in, 674 relative ages of, 586 age of, in Ireland, 685 Cornwall, 586 Glamorganshire, 686 Somersetshire, 686 Bohemia, 586 Minette, 517 Minute organisms building up rocks, 48 Miocene, defined, 144 absence in England, 191 of Italy, 338 of Vienna Basin, 336 of Western Territories, 343 Mississippi, material brought down by, 130, 131 Mitchell, S., 313 Rev. Hugh, 384 Sir T., 241 MUra seabrOf Bow., 308 Modiola aeutnincUOy Sow., 344 Mod Tryfaen deposits, 168 MojBisovios, Prof., 338, 331, 337 Molasse, Upper, 331 Lower, 380 NEOOBNS Molasse, Lower, flora of, 3S1 Mollusca in high-level glaoial deposits, 168 fossil, value of to geologist 143 of Mediterranean and Bed Seas, 183 * Monian * rocks, 436 Monoclinal folds, 81 mountain chains, 564 Monogre^us priodon, Gein^ 398 Monte Ntiavo, near Ifaples, 468, 493 Montian strata, 380 Montmartre, gypseous aeries of, 833 Monts Ddme, Auvergne, volcanoes of, 474 Moore, Charles, 571 Moor-rock, 369 Morea, Cretaceous volcanic rooks in, 607 Mortillbt, 346 Morton, Dr., 334 Moss-agates, 73 Mountain-chains, different kinds of, 564 origin of, 666 sculptured by denudation, 567 age of, 584 of Archaean age, 586 of Palaeozoic age, 686 of Mesozoic age, 684 of Tertiary age, 684 Mountain limestone, 869 meal, 48 MouRLON, M., 337 Moume-Mountain granite, 531 Mousterian Period, 346 Mudstones, 38 Mull, granites e(hd gabbros of, 630 leaf-beds of, 313 plant-beds of, 491 Tertiary volcano of, 490 MURCHISON, 7, 136, 146, 317, 333, 338, 343, 388, 390, 393, 397, 398, 406, 406, 407, 410, 411, 434, 436, 438, 499, 608, 644, 447, 649, 666, 681, 686 Murchisonian, 398 Murchitonia gracilis^ Hall, 414 Murex vaginatuSy Jan., 174 Murray, Dr. J., 63 Muschelkalk, 311 of Germany, 334 Muscovite, characters of, 603 Musical sands, 36 Mutability of continents and ooeans, 133 Myliobaies EdioardH^ Diz., palatal teeth of, 310 Mylonites, 569 Mylothrites ( Vanesta) Pluto, Heer, 301 Myriapoda of Carboniferous, 364 Mytaut geptifer, King, 844 NATHORST, Prof., 73 Natica clausoy Brod. & Sow., 148 Natiea helieoides, Johnst., 176 Nature of fossils, 6 Natural gas, 373 oils, 373 Nautilus eentraliSy Sow., 316 danieut, Schloth., 338 plicatus. Sow., 366 truncatuSy Sow., 306 ' Needles,' formation of, 116 Neocene, defined, 145 INDEX 627 NBOOSNS Neooene of Western Territories, S44 Neooomian, 849 Upper, S65 Middle, 268 Lower, 368 strata of Alps, 330 Neogene defined, 145 NeolitUc Period, 340 implements, 157 Kepheline, charaoters of, 603 basalts, 465 syenite, 518 Nerincea Ooodhattii, Sow., 394 Nerinsean limestone, 396 yerita eonatdea^ Lam., 331 coatuUUa, Desh., 299 granuloMOy Desh., 55 Neritina coneavOy Sow., 306 globtdtUf Defr., 55 Neumayr, 386, 831, 337 NeuTopterous insect, wing of, from Liaa, 309 Nevada, hot springs in depositing gold, 569 Nevadites, 461 (and Bhyolites) of Tardree, Antrim, 491 Newark strata of New England, 333 Newberry, Dr., 213, 335 Newer groups should be studied first, 141 Tertiariea defined, 148 strata, nomenclature, 171 classification,.173 ■fauna, 178 flora, 179 PalffioUthic Age, 170, 339 Pliocene of Sicily, 333 of Val d'Amo, 334 Newfoundland bank, 115 New Bed Maris, 317 Sandstone, 317 Newton, E. T., 153, 184, 318, 318^ 333 New Zealand, glaciers of, 341 NiCHOi^ON, Prof. H. A., 419 NiGOL, Jambs, 436, 438, 565, 583 NipadiUt elliptietu^ Bow., 314 Noeggerathia euneifoliat Brong., 843 NoETLiNa, Dr., 438 No Man's Lands, formation of, 115 Nomenclature of Pleistocene deposits, 147 of Trias, 310 of Silurian strata, 397 of Ordovician strata, 411 Norian series, 437 Norite, 518 North Downs, Pliocoie strata of, 189 North-West Highlands of Sa^land, sections <n,436 Cambrian of, 438 Norwich Crag (Fluvio-marine drag), 185 Novaculite, 38 Nueuia Cobboldice, 178 Nummnlitic formation, 329 Ifummtaitet Uevigaius^ Lam., 809 PuseM, D'Arch., 194 variolariuSf Lam., 308 OBEBMITTWEIDA Conglomerate, 436 (M)lique lamination^ 37 OboMla erastOf Hall sp., 434 OBB Obolus ApolUniSt Eichw., 413 Obsidian, 460, 461, 463 OdorUopteryx tolitgHeus, Ow., 19 Oeningen strata, flora of, 333 strata of, 331 Orynhausbn, Von, 535 Ogygia Buehii, Bumu, 414 OU shales, 28, 373 Old Bed Sandstone, general characters, 388 of England, 390 of Scotland, 388 Upper, of Scotland, 389 of Scotland, Middle and Lower, 389 of Ireland, 390 Older Tertiarles defined, 145 Tertiary Strata, Nomenclature of, 191 Classification of, 191 Faunas, 194 insects, 301 Floras, 199 Palfeolithio period, 170 Pliocene, flora of, 333 of Italy, 332 of Greece, 336 Oldhamia antigtut, Forbes, 73 radiatay Forbes, 73 OWuimina deeipiens^ De Eon., 339 Oldhaven Beds, 316 Olenellus Beds, 437 armaitusy Peach, 434 Ca2totw<, Lapw.,434 LaptDorthiy Peaoh, 434 Olenus beds, 435 micrurusy Salt., 423 Oligooene, defined, 144 origin of term, 238 strata of the Hampshire Basin, 202 of Italy, 233 of Croatia, 334 of Western Territories, 343 Oligroclase, characters of, 603 OlivaflammulatOf Lam., 174 Olivine, 604 gabbro, 518 rock, 518 Omphyma turbinatOy L. sp., 399 Onehtu tenuistriatusy Ag., ^ine, 403 Oolite (roestone), 39 Oolites, Upper, 386 Middle, 394 Lower, 296 Great, 296 Bath, 396 Inferior, 301 Oolitic grains^ forming eU present day^ 30 strtieturef 30 OjmI, characters of, 603 Ophites, 518 Ophitic structure, 461, 518 Oppel, 335 Orbici:dar structure, 515 Orbignt, a. D', 349, 376, 397, 411 Orbitoidal limestone of United States, 24 Ordovician, origin of name, 411 of Bohemia, 439, 481 of Scandinavia, 430, 431 of North America, 430, 431 Plutonic rocks, 638 Ore deposits, nature of, 568 SS3 628 INDEX ORE Ore deposits, olassification of, 676 hypogene origin of, 668 theories of origin of, 676 Ores, minerals occurring as, 606 Oreodaphne Heerii^ Gaud., 181 Organic remains, 130 that have died out do not appear again, 180 used in identifying strata, 136 in volcanic deposits, 486 Organically formed aqueous rocks, 24 Origin of Forest bed of Cromer, 184 Orohippui {Hyraeotherium) of Eocene, 178 Orthit elegantula^ Dalm., 401 tricenaria, Oonrad, 413 vespertilio^ Sow., 413 Orthocercu duplex^ Wahlenb., 414 lateraU, PhiL, 364 ludense. Sow., 402 Orthoclase porphyry, 617 Orthophyre, 617 * Osborne and St. Helen's Series,' 306 OsteolepU restored^ 381 Ostraeion^ defensive spine of, 210 Ostrea acuminata. Sow., 301 earinatc^ Lam., 263 columba. Lam., 263 deltoidea^ Sow., 293 dUtorta, Sow., 287 expatua^ Sow., 293 gregariOy Sow., 294 Marsha^ Sow., 304 vesiaUariSf Lam., 268 Otodus obliquuSf Ag., 211 Ottrelite slate, 666 Outcrop defined^ 87 Outliers, 101 Ova of Crustaceans teith plants from Devonian, 380 Overfolded strata, 666 Overf aiding of strata, 92 Overlap, 41, 100 of Chalk on lower strata, 102 Over Hep of strata, 100 Overthrusts, 666 Owen, 7, 164, 210, 218, 221, 286, 289, 299, 321, 324, 331 Ox, teeth of, 163 Oxford clay, 296 Oxfordian, 296 Oxides found as rock-forming minerals, 606 PAGE, D., 380 PalcBcuter asperrimus. Salt., 413 Palatehinus gigas, M'Coy, 362 Palceocoma (Ophioderma) tenuibranehiata, E. Forbes, 306 Pakeolithic Period in Western Europe, 239 implements, different types of, 166 valley graves, 161 alluvial deposits, 161 PaUeoniscus eomptus, Ag., 346 elegans, Sedgw., 346 glaphyrus, Ag., 346 restored, 346 Palaeontological evidence of duration of Geological time. 690 methods, Umlts of, 138 PHUtLIPS Palaeontological method, cautions In use of, 136 history, summary of, 448 PaJceophis typhosus, Ow., 209 Palceopteris hibemieus, Schimp., 383 Palaeozoic, defined, 127 Palagonia, dykes of, 496, 496 Palagonite tuffs, 466 Paleocene beds, 220 Paludina lenta. Brand., 203 orbicularis; v. Bdw., 206 vitipara. Brand., 64 ' Pan * of gravels and peat, 48 Pander, 381 Paradoxides beds, 426 bohemicus, Barr., 423 Davidis, Salt., 423 Paramoudra of Chalk, 256 ParasmUia centralis, Mont, sp., 361 Parka deeipiens, Flem., 379 Parry, Sir E., 148 Patella rugosa^ Sow., 299 Pavlov, Prof., 272 Peach, Mr. B., 428, 438, 666 Pea-grit, 29 Peat, composition of, 32 rate of growth of, 63 mosses, 158 Pebidian strata, 434 Pecopteris elliptica, Bunb., 360 Peeten Beaveri, Sow., 258 cinctus. Sow., 268 crassitesta, B^m., 268 islandicxu, MUIL, 148 Ja^obanis, L., 175 (Jcmird) quinquecostatus. Sow., 263 Pegmatite, 616 Pelt's Hair of Hawaii, 477, 466 Pelites, 27 Penarth beds, 308 Peneroplis cylindraceus. Lam. sp., 195 Pengklly, 160, 212 Pentaerinus Briareus, Mill., 807 Pentamerus Knightii, Sow., 400 dblongus. Sow., 400 Pentremites ellipticus, Sow., 352 Peridotites, 618 Periods, geological, relative duration of, 443 Perlitic structure, 460 Permian, origin of term, 338 classification of, 338 marine fauna and flora, 888 strata of Central Europe, 393 of Ural Mountains, 893 of Alpine district and Sicily, 393 Permo-Carboniferous, 339 Perna Mtdleti, Desh., 267 Perry, Prop. J., 593 Persistence of ooeanic areas, 123 Persistent types, 449 Petrographical provinces, 490 PetrophHoides Richardsoni, Bowerb., 215 Phacops (Asaphui) caudatus, Brong., 403 latifrons, Bronn., 378 Phascolotherium Bucklandi, Brod. sp., lower jaw, 300 Phillips, Prop. J., 10, 127, 309, 369, 408, 507, 644 J. A., 25, 527, 669, 576, 687 INDEX 629 PHLEBOPTEBIS PMebopteris contiguOy Lind. et Hutt., 308 Pholadomya euneatOy Sow., 218 fldieidaf Sow., 302 PhonolUe, 463 of Wolfs Bock, 464, 491 Phorui exterutUy Sow., 215 Phosphatio nodules of Crag, 187 Phragmoeeras ventrieasum, J. Sow., 402 Phyllites, 29, 560 Physa BrUtoviiy E. Forbes, 287 columnarUy Desh., 55 hifpnorumf L., 54 Physical evidence of duration of geological time, 589 PUsrUes, 518 Pikermi strata, 236 mammalian fauna of, 336 PiNGEL, 77 Pipe-clays, 27 Pisolite, 29 Pitchstones, 462 Pitchstone porphyry of Sandy Braes, Antrim, 491 Placodiu gigas, Ag., 316 Plaisancian series, 246 Plixgiaulax BeckUsii, Falc, tooth, 288 FalCy lower jaw, 288 Planorbis euomphaluSf Sow., 206 dUeuSy F. of North America, 245 Post Tertiary, deflned, 147 Potamides einetus. Sow., 55 Potsdamian strata, 430 Potstones, 225 POWILIB,384 Pratt, 205 Pre-Gambrian strata. Nomenclature of, 433 period, proofs of existence of life in,432 fossils in, 438 strata, 432 area occupied by, 432 of Brittany, 438 Plutonic rocks, 535 Pre-Qlacial period, 171 Pressure, distribution of, in earth's crust, 14 in earth's crust at great depths, 539 efEects of, in producing consolidation, 67 Prestwich, Sir J., 13, 111, 125, 156, 167, 163, 171, 187, 189, 190, 191, 216, 218, 221, 247, 595 Priabonian series, 247 Price, Mr., 264 Primsval state of globe a question not within limits of geological enquiry, 599 680 INDEX • nOMABT * PrimAry * rocks, 137 ' Primordial ' strata, 419 Pbinz,584 Productus limestone of the Salt Bange, India, 396 horridus. Sow., 346 temireticulatuSf Mart, sp., 353 Propylltes, 464 Proteaceous plants (?) of Eocene, 215 * Proterozoio^ strata, 1S8, 437 Paammites, 25 Ptammodtu porosuSf Ag., 856 Pseodo-bombe, 467 fossils, 72 Pieudoerinitei bifaseiatuSy Peaece, 399 PsUophytonprincepty Daws., 384 Pteranodon longieqn^ Marsh, 251 Pteriehthys restored^ 282 Pterodaetylus antiquutf S5mm., 284 Pterygotus anglietu, Ag., 379 portion of badty 879 Ptyehodus deeurreru, Ag., 260 Pi^monata of Oarbonif erous, 364 Pamioe,462 Pnmioeous stractnre, 460 Punfleld series, 274 Pupa mtaeorum, MttlL, 162 tridenSf Drap., 56 vettuta^ Daw., 364 Purbeck, dirt-bed of, 290 Upper, 287 Middle, 287 Purpura tetragona^ Sow., 173 Purpuroidea noduUUOj Y. and B., 298 Puy de Ofime, Auvergne, 494 de Tartaret, Auvergne, 493 *Puys' of the Western Ides of Scotland, 492 Pygope (JTerebratvla) diphya^ GoL, 329 FifreneeSy foliated rocks <n, 548 local metamorphism in, 663 Pyromerides, 461 lyroxene granuUte, 561. Pyroxenes, 604 Pyroxenites, 518 Pyrvla reticulata^ Lam., 189 QUARTZ, characters of, 601 andesites, 463 diorite^ 617 felsite, 516 felsites, 461 pantellerites, 462 * Quartz porphyr,* 516 Quartz rock, 655 trachytes, 461 Quartzitef 666 * Quaternary,* defined, 147 QUENSTBDT, PROF., 326 Quicksands, 26 RADIOLARIAN ooze^ 61 Radiolitesfoliaceus, D'Orb., 330 M<yrtoni, Mant., 859 radiosa, D'Orb., 330 Bain, effects of, 104 — - and hatl prints, 48 BOCK Rain prints and easts in Carboniferous^ 368 Baised beaches, 123 Rambay, 7, 97, 108, 109, 116, 134, 169, 822, 347, 390, 417, 426, 438, 489, 503 Banob, Mb. De, 264 Range of Animals and Plants in Oeoloffical r<m«,446 Bannoch, Moor of, granite, 622 Rastrites peregrinuSf Barr., 412 Beads, T. Mellabd, 125 * Recent period,* 147 Beoord, geological, imperfection of, 189, 440 Bed Crag, 185 unconformity to White Crag. 188 Sandstones, origin of, 321 Redruth^ Copper lode at, 672 Begional metamorphism, 638 rocks formed by, 567-569 age of rocks formed by, 579 BxiCHSB,549 Bbid, 0., 184, 218 Reindeer Period, 170, 239 Relative duration of Q«ologioal periods, 591 Benard, Prof. A., 68 Beneyier, Prof. E., 582 Reptiles, Age of, 447 Beptilla of Permian, 342 of Trias, 316 of Jurassic, 279 of Cretaceous, 264 of Eocene, 196 Betinites, 462 Beubch, Prof., 660, 680 Rhabdoliths, 60 Rhdbdospheres, 50 BhsBtic strata, 308 Rhamplwrhynchus Muemteri, Qoldf., re- stored, 284 Bhine, Prussia, volcanoes of, 497 Rhinoceros leptorhinus, Cuv., 162 megarhinus, Christol, 162 tichorhinus. Guv., 162 Rhynehonella navieula. Sow., 401 octoplieata. Sow., 267 pUcatttiSy Sow., 267 spinosa. Sow., 302 WHsoni, Sow., 401 KhyolUes, 461 of Arran, &c., 492 of Tardree, 621 Richmond, Virginia, coal-beds of, 333 BiCHTHOFEN, VoN, 164, 488, 490 Richthofenia Lawrenciana, De Kon. sp^ SS9 Ripple marks, 42 Rissoa Chastelii, Nyst., 203 BoBERTS, Dr. R. D., 440 Rocks, defined, 8 classification of, 16 chronology of, 126 produced by contact metamorphism, 565 formed by regional metamorphism, 667-569 Rock-forming minerals, 601-606 classification of, 514 Rock-salt, origin of, 322 INDEX 681 BOCK Bock-seotionB, use of, 22 method of making, 22 BoGERS, H. D^ 33, 84, 564, 666 , W. B., 664, 666 Ropy iurfcuxt <tf lava streaau, 466 Bosk, Gustav, 616 BoSENBUBCH, Prof., 22, 423, 614, 616, 616, 617, 618, 621, 636 Bostellaria (Hippocrenet) ampla. Brand., 216 Rotalia artnata^ D*Orb. sp., 184 Both, 236, 636 bothflbtz, 30 Both-todt-liegende, origin of team, 838 BtycKKR, Prof. A., 63 Budistes in Chalk, 269 Bum, granites and gabbros of, 630 Bunning water, action of, 106 Bupelian of Belgium, 226 BuBSELL, Prof. J. C, 337 Bussia, glacial deposits of, 237 Jurassic strata of, 831 Older Palaeozoic rocks in, 480 BUTLBY, Mr. p., 22, 466, 636 SABAL rnajor^ TJng., 200 Sacchar(^d limestone, 30, 666 Saddles and troughs^ 81 St. Abb's Head, curved strata of, 81 St. Gassian and Hallstadt areas, 328 beds, 829 St. Davids, Cambrian of, 426 St. Erth's, Cornwall, Pliocene strata of, 190 St. Kilda, Tertiary volcano of, 490 granites and gabbros of, 630 Saliferous system, 310 Salter, 418, 426 SeOterella grit, 428 pulchella. Bill., 424 Salt-Bange (India) formation, 396 Samotherium BoUtieri, Forsyth Major, 179 Sandberger, Dr. F., 229 Sands, composition of, 26 rare minerals in, 26 Sandstones, induration of, 26 Sandy Braes, Antrim, pitchstone porphyry of, 491 Sao hirtuta, Barr., 423 Sarmatian series, 246 Sarsen stones, 27 Saubbure, De, 79 Saxieava rugoMy Lam., 148 Scandinavia, glacial deposits of, 237 Cambrian of, 430, 481 OrdoTician of, 430, 431 SUurian of, 430, 481 Seaphites CBqualU, Sow., 262 Seelidomurtu Harritoni, Ow., skeleton re- stored, 281 Scelidotherium leptocephaiumj On., 166 SCHEEBER, 641 SCHEUCHZER, 231 Schiller Urveture, 460 SehUH^foliation <n, 648 Schistose structure, 20 Schizodus Schlotheimiy Gein., 344 hinge of, 344 Schladebach boring, 18 SCHMERLINO, 160 SODA Seoliostomaj 318 SeoricBy 467, 468 Scoria-cones, nature of, 470 on lava streanu, 470 Scotland, Ordovlcian strata of, 418 Scott, Dr. D., 243, 609 SCOTT-BUSSELL, 113 SCROPE, 116, 472, 473, 474, 483, 4M, 488, 647 ScDDDBR, Prof. S., 386 Sea olills, difference from escarpments, 108 inland, 116 Secondary minerals, 606 rocks, 127 Section of London Basin, 193 Sedgwick, 7, 66, 136, 338, 397, 409, 411, 416, 418, 419, 426, 486, 477, 642, 643 Seeley, Prof. H. G., 263, 317, 331, 334, 387 * Segregation veins,' 628 Segregative action in Plutonic rocks, 627 S^KARMONT, 641 Senonian, 267 Septaria, 66 Septarien-Thon of Germany, 228 Sequence of volcanic rocks, 488 Sequoia Langtdorfli, Ad. Brong., 200 Serpentine, 604 rock, 519 Serptda attached to Mieratter, 46 ' Serpulite grit,' 428 Shale, defined, 28 Sharp Tor, ComtooU, granite of, 622 Sharpe, D., 644, 647 Sheets, volcanic, 476 age of, 484 Shell mounds, 168 beds of the Canaries, 500 of Madeu», 600 Shifting of veins by faults, 670 ShLaeton shales, 426 Sicilian series, 246 Sicily, Newer Pliocene of, 234 Siebengebirge, 497 SigiUaria laevigatus, Brong., 368 Silica minerals, forms of, 601 * Sills,' volcanic, 476 Silurian strata, nomenclature of, 396 Upper, 898 Lower, 411 ' of Bohemia, 429, 431 of Scandinavia, 430, 481 of North America, 430, 481 Siluro-Oambrian, 411 Siphonotreta unguicutatOy Eichw., 413 Sivatherium giganteum, Falc. et Oautl., 179 Skaptar Jokul, eruption of, 467 Skeleton crystals, 460 SkelgiU shales, 40& Skye, dykes in, 476 granite of, 622 granites and gabbros of, 630 Tertiary volcano of, 490 Slaty cleavage, nature of, 543 Slickensides, 91, 98 Small isles (Bum,Eigg, Muck, and Cauna)t Tertiary volcanoes of, 490 SmUax sagittifera, Heer, 182 Smith, Wiujam, 7, 186, 286, 296, 308, 909, 826, 397 Snowdon, volcanic rocks of, 606 Soda rbyolites, 462 682 INDEX SOISSOHNAIS Soissonnais, Lignites of, 221 Solenastrcea eeUtdotOt Dane, 195 Solenhofen date, 283, 285, 286 Solfatara, near Naples, metamorphic action at, 542 SoLLAB, Prof. W. J., 73, 528 Solmb-Laubach, Prof., 74 SOPWITH, 88 Sopwith*s models, 88, 89. 90 SORBT, H. C, 33, 512, 541, 544, 545, 546,548 South America, rise of land in, 77 Wales coalfield, 33, 371 Sparagmites, 430 Sparmacian aeries, 247 Specialised types, 449 Species, appearance of new, 448 rapidity of change in, 449 extinction of, 448 Speeton clay, 268, 269 Spbnckr, Prop. J. W., 125, 169, 592 Sperenberg boring, 13 Sphcerexochus muruty Beyr., 403 Sphcertdites agarie\formis, Blainv., 330 Sphenophylluniy erosuniy Lindl. et Hutt., 361 SphenopterU gradlU, Fritton, 274 Spherulitie gtructure, 460 incipient^ 461 Spirifera alcUay Schloth., 345 disjuncta, Sow., 376 glabra. Mart, sp,, 363 mueronata. Hall, 376 trigondlis, Mart, sp., 363 SpondyluB tpinosuSy Sow., 258 Sponge infiinty 260 Spore coiJs, 31 microscopie structure of, 61 Spotted slates, 28, 555 Spring, Prof. W., 67, 549, 550 StafEa, columns o^ 481 Stalactites, 24 Stalagmite, 24 Statical and dynamical pressure, 540 Statuary marble, 556 Stauria astrceiformis, M. Edw., 351 Steam-coal, composition of, 32 Step-faultSy 96 Stqphanoeercu Braikenridgii, Sow. sp., 304 Humphriesianus, Sow. sp., 303 nuxcroeeptudiu, Schloth, sp., 298 Stevenson, 113 Stigmaria flcoides, Brong., 363 attached to Sigillaria, 363 surface of, 364 Stiper-stones. 418 Stone, Age of, 170 Stone-eaoUies, 512 Stonesfield slate, 299 mammals of, 299 plants of, 301 Stoppani, Prof., 329 Strachey, Sir R., 18 SiHAHAN, Mr. a., 218 Strangways, Mr. C. Fox, 309 Strata, mineral characters of, 129 superposition of, 128 lenticular forms of, 39 thinning out qf, 124 consolidation of, 64 }}ending of, 90 fraxAure of, 93-95 TACHYLITE Strata, inversion of, 92 overf olding of, 92 eor^formabilitp of, 99 unconformabUity of, 99, 134 overstqp of, 100 overlap of^ 100 tests of age of, 128 included fragments in, 133 age of, 128 equivalent, 135 identified by organic remains, 136 characterised by fossils, 130 chronological sequence, 135 groups of, 133 breaks in succession of, 133 Stratification, defined, 17 forms of, 34 irregularities in, 35 Stratum (pi. strata), defined, 16 Striation of rocks by ice, 167 Strickland, 317 Strickhmdinia lirata, Sow., 401 lens, Sow., 401 Strike, defined, 85 measurement of, 86 StringocepTialus Burtini, Defr., 377 Stromatopora of Silurian, 398 of Devonian, 375 Strcphomena depressa. Sow., 401 grandis. Sow., 413 Structure, azioUtic, 461 handed, 460 columnar, 480 ball-and-socket in basaltic columns, 480 diabasic, 461, 518 fluidal, 460 jointed columnar, 480 ophUic, 461, 518 orbicular, 515 perlitic, 460 pumiceous, 460 porphyritic, 469 spherulitic, 460, 461 of lavas, 469 Studer, 581 Subapennine strata, 232 Sub-Oarboniferous, 396 Submarine denudation, 113 volcanoes, 474 Subsidence, necessary, for formation of thick deposits, 116 Succinea amphibia, Drap. (S. putris, L.), 54 dblonga, Drap., 162 Sdess, Prof., 235 Sun, action of, in disintegrating rocks, 105 Sun-cracks, casts of, from Wealden, 273 Superga, strata of, 232 Sussex marble, 271 Sweden, rise of land in, 77 SyenUe, 516-517 Syenite-porphyry, 517 Synclinal strata, 79 — — forming ridges, 90 Synthetic types, 449 TABLE of strata, abridged, 145 of Fossiliferous strata, British and Foreign, 450-454 Tachylyte, 465 INDEX 633 TACONIC *Taoonic * strata, 419, 420 Tatt, Prof., 593 Talc schist, 561 slate, 661 Talchir beds of India, 396 Tarannon shale, 408 Tardree, Antrim, rhyolites of, 491, 521 Tealby series, 268 Teau., Mr. J. J. R, 22, 466, 536 Tellina bcUthicay L., 149 eoZcarea, Chem., 149 d^liqiMy Sow., 173 Temneehinus excavatui^ Forbes, 189 Temperature of Earth's crust, 11 at great depths, 639 TentaetUUes annularis, Schloth., 402 Tephrites, 464 Terebellumftuiforme, Lam., 208 sapita, Brand., 208 Ter^atula bipHeata^ Brocchi, 258 cameo. Sow., 267 digona. Sow., 298 (,Py90P*) diphya, Ool., 329 flmbria. Sow., 302 sella. Sow., 267 Terthratviina ttriata, Wahlenb., 267 TerebriroUra lyra^ Sow., 263 Teredina borings in fossil wood, 47 personata. Lam. sp., shell and cal- careous tube, 47 Teredo borings in wood, 47 navalU, L., shell and calcareous tube, 47 Terraces in valleys. 111 Terrestrial deposits, 59 between Tertiary lavas of West- em Isles of Scotland, 491 shells, 56 Tertiary rocks, 127 strata, classification of, 144 groups, discovery of, 142 volcanoes in British Isles, 490 in Europe, 492 Plutonic rocks in Western Isles of Scotland, 630 granites and gabbros of Western Isles of Scotland, 630 granite of Antrim, Mull, and Skye, 491 granites and gabbros of Elba, 530 granites, supposed, of Alps, 531 (?) metamorphic rocks, 581 Thamnastrcea arachnoides, Park, 294 Thanet sands, 218 Theea (Cleidotheca) operculata,8alt., 422 Thecodontosauriu, tooth of, 320 Thecodus parvidens, Ag., scales, 403 Thecosmilia annularis, Milne-Edw., 294 TheraUte, 518 Thermo-metamorphism, 538 Thermometers for determining under- ground temperatures, 12 Thicknesses of strata of different ages in Europe, 441 Thomson, Sib W. (Lord Kblyin), 12, 593 , Dr. 1?., 280 Thorfb, Prof., 32, 63 Throw of fault, 94 * Thrusts ' and * Thrust-planes,* 665 TBOnOHS Thrust-planes in North- Weit Highlands of Scotland, 436 T/^Uuotherium Prevostii, Yalenc, lower jaw and molar, 300 Tiger, teeth of, 163 Tilestones, 405 Till, nature and distribution of, 166 Time, geological measures of, 592 length of, 593 Tinoeercu (Uintatherium) ingens. Marsh 198 TithoDian strata, 329 Toadstone of Derbyshire, 505 Tongrian of Belgium, 225 Torbanite, 28, 373 ToRELL, Dr. 0., 148 Torquay limestone, 887 Tonddon sandstones, 435 Torridonian strata, 435 Tors <if granite, formation of, 523, 538 Tortonian series, 347 Totternhoe stone, 262 Touraine, Miocene strata of, 226 Trachyceras Aon, Mttnst. sp., 313 Trachytes, 463 * Trachytic * structure defined, 513 Tracks and burrows, 43 * Transition ' rocks, 127 Transport of rock materials, 106 * Trap rooks,* 20 Traquair, Dr. R. H., 384 Trass, nature and origin of, 497 Travertine, 24 Tremadoc slates, 425 Trias, origin of name, 310 of Gennany, 324 of the Alps, 328 of India, 331 of South Africa, 331 Plutonic rocks of, 533 TriehUes, 460 Trigonia caudata, Ag., 266 gibbosa. Sow., 298 Trigonocarpum olivoeforme, Lindl., 357 owUum, LindL et HnU., 357 7*rildbUa of Middle and Upper Cambrian, of Lower Cambrian, 424 Trilobites, organisation o^ 416 appendages of, 417 stages of growth in, 423 larvai forms of, 433 of Permian, 343 of the Carbontforons, 356 of the Devonian, 378 of Silurian, 403 of the Ordovician, 414 Trinudeus eonoentrieus, Eaton, 414 young forms of, 414 7*rionyx, fragment of carapace of. 204 Tripoli, 48 TrUylodon FrastU, Lyd., 316 Umgcevus, Ow., 317 Trochoeeras gigamteus, J. Sow. 489 487 bombs, 467. dust, distance to which it is carriea. tuffs, 468 »ash' with trunks of trees, Arran, 604 dykes, 476 * necks,* 476 sheets, 476 intrusive character of, 488, 486 mountains, origfin of, 467 form of, 487 rocks, contemporaneous, 479 interbedded, 479 order of appearance of, 488 rocks, 18. relation to other classes, 458 analyses of, 636 consanguinity of, 490 ■ age of, 486 of Newer Pliocene age, 494 of Older Pliocene age, 496 of Miocene agie, 498. of Ollgocene age, 497, 498 of Eocene age, 499 of Tertiary age in Umted States, - in Australia, 601 of Secondary age, absence of, in Britain and Western Europe, 607 of Cretaceous age m Greeo^ 507 of Jurassic age in Italy, 608 in Greece, 608 in India, 608 of Triassic age, 602 of PermiMi age in Scotland, 803 of Carboniferous age in Derby- in Ireland, 506 in Scotland, 508 of Devonian age in Ireland, 606 in Scotland, 606 of Silurian age in Ireland, 606 of Ordovician age in North ^^^^^ in Lake Diitriot, 606 in Scotland and Ire- land, 506 _ ., , _— of Pateoaolc age in Central Europe, 608 INDEX 635 VOLCANIC Volcanic rooks of Cambrian age in West of England, 507 of Pre-Gambrian age, 507 in Canada, 608 phenomena, age of, 483 tests of age of, 484 succession of, in Western Isles of Scotland, 490 activity in British Isles, latest manifestations o^ 488 in Tertiary times, 490 in Tertiary times in Europe, 492 Volcanoes^ internal tinteture of^ 469 basal wrecks of, 476 submarine, 474 of Autfergne^ 469 Voltzia fteteropkyllOy Brong., 816 VoltUa ambigua, Sol., SOS alhletOf SoU 208 Lambertiy Sow., 174 nodosa^ Sow., 216 seltiensiif F. Edw., 211 WAAGEN, Dr. W., 338, 347, 396, 438 Wadhurst Clay, 272 Waqnbb, 236 Wahsatch Gionp, 242 Walchiapiniformis, Sohloth., 341 Walcott, Me. C, 407, 417, 431, 438, 692 Wallace, Mb. A. B., 696 Warminster beds, 264 Water of Ayr stone, 666 Watts, Mr. W. W., 410 Weald clay, 270 Wealden Formation, 268 Weathering of rocks, 104 ofgranitey 622 Webster, 142 Wemmelian of Belgium, 222 Wenlock formation, 404 limestone, 407, 408 Werner, 4, 127, 478, 572 Western Isles of Scotland, Archaean Plu- tonic rocks of, 636 relation of Plutonic to Volcanic rocks in, 620 Wheeling (West Virginia) boring, 13 ZOOLOGICAL Whetstones, 28, 666 Whitaker, 108, 191, 218 White or Coralline Crag, 187 Jura, 275 Lias, 308 White, Dr. C. 