None
OS'S a a 3 c i;;^ n 1^ "5 T 1 : o 1 0 0 ■3 03 'S^ 0 > x 0 ■3 a2 57 02 2S 0 CO 03 2 0 03 - £ ^ ■^'^ ■ _^ ^"S o a O 0 ■S 3 =- •^ =M M _tH .^ .3 g s T3 ^J %^% ^ -a 0 0 tJ MSi >3 ft (5' O^ ii a o J; «t^ i^i^ 4^ i3 i^ 13 tS ;-! <^ii 03 O  M a u ® 2 -d -C c > .9 i C _e d^ _c 01 ^ .^ 3 to >1 1 o ■a O M o 01 1- 0 II 0 c3 § hJ o H^l a l-l '^ 0 0 0 S£ • (M CO lOCC <5C ^ c 0 00 Tl< iO»^ TH rri >o ■* 60 " c c lO 01 3 W) '^ 00 r-ooo C' ■^^-2 g 1 T— r-l 10 1>- ^ "i rS i^ fcH^-N s S C3 0 •0 A h^^ g t ;: ^o '7 s 3 a "§ a 2 c i a> ." a CO ffi c? c T3f '* 0 S > 0 CD o-a 0 >. 0) m a>^ !H 4 >^ -s 33 "5 S 3= "3" = n 03 CQ B> W PC W>fi: tr > a > m ppMpq> £ >> II ^ d '^ ^ ; : >> o 3 C3 O o a 3 a o c 1 o tiO .9 c^§ l-g c a: a S f !- <^ 03 fr 3 c a D- C i P 3 o: 3 c c u 0 PL t c 3 _c C 3 c a 0 3 0 l-s W 0 a C ft OS •3.2 1 g 0 ^ 3 fl gfig a t C. 1 ffl a 1 tA 1 3 > 4J la o o 1-5 c J < C o CD a 'C a. cs 1 ) 3 c •c ta C 1 ^ ii ^ c a S & :^ r 3  ^ 1' 3 : f' T "^ x 1 §5 X a 3 0 t: CD S 1 CD ' d Ol Or- H (> J CO ^ lO CDt^ ex Q>C ^ c~ a- "^ iocot~c» CT Q ^ O O ) (> 1 o r> O )C- c^ c> c ?■ 5 C 5 c O' c^ c ^ C' e^ -^ SPRING WATERS. 193 i 8 "-^ o a'C S o S b C^ p-o & t 2 P-s fi' fc- 3 3 ♦— ' i- na So ; M •.H.H ^- M ■ ■^^ '- '-■—- Km 0.5 JS e- P J^ ^ H C O H S o re S o E.as O t« o n CT3 2 '=i Cue U a: S5 ^ 03' b ? W<g coK S"-Cc g CO M CO 6c . a 03 'O lO rH O rH ftp. ft'P. > 2 W'"?> W O^ « 1^ O - ~ cS K P.2S-0 o'~; c o' ■ I ^ bSWoQ ■ • " s ^pHfHx; 4, J-, e S O wwW M a o d"'o f= !3 o O ^ rH ^T3 o o go :^* o ^5 i2 o ftS a; o " K — -3 p.. o-So o3o 3 S z"*?; ^; ;z; :2; o 2 y. O O Ph -PS 11 ^ oico'^'OtLO r^oo CiO ro ■^ lO CD "«r>o »o Lo io»o o lO CO 05 O --H CO CO Tj^iOCD t-*00O5 O ^ CO lO iCCOCO CD CD CDcD^ CDOO t'- t^l>* 463— IRR 232—09- -13 194 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF CONNECTICUT. Q <o a. ft:; a i o & 3 ft g "S 1 •2 03 .g ;-* ft CO c3 O J CO .2 P. ft 3 m >> § 03 03 M bi *Eh ft m rtft [-. w °m 03^ ti5 I (D .g "^ 1 ■3 o g'^ p W fi c c bid .gs -g a CC _C3 o 1 ft K .2 0) 0 ft 0^ "a > OS C C M c c 1 03 a c hog 03 a 5" o3  > Pi m'S "is c ■a m ffl e c a o o 1" 1^ •^ 03 ^ § i-:i 1-1 a > S S 5 SK Q^ "Xi A 03 P © g 3 fe^ CT ^g o o 0 03 S 3 0 (MM cs a 1 c c c c S 3 _^ a o o ;c 03 03 2 S ^ ■■: 1 4 03 ? 1 1 0 :c 03 V pq H > _o. > 0 1 c o ;h O OJ O 13 H, d !  Pl P!^ k '0 >> o 1-; > IS a c c c ■.£ c f 00 .g t 3 § m a "> i PC 1 ^ 1 ^. 1 g 1 -d (=1 - ^ o c "^ ; ^ o .g m mix. "a 1 p c bi C "E c &- ' c c r: a > a 1 a ' 1 1 1 i 1 1 .g .E 1 p c c 0 0 d t 1> g a- i> c Sc s 5 oc OC S s 8E s 1 SPRING WATICHS. 195 NOTES. 8. Located at the northern ed^e of Whortleberry Hill, a rid<j;e of gneiss overlain by sandy till. It is situated in a lar<^e s(>e|)age area from which flows probably twice as much as issues from the spring;, Althouijjh rock outcrops are near at hand , it is probable that the water comes from the till and is part of an underflow draininti; the ridge to the soutli. Water rises G inches above entering point. G5). Inclosed by four sections of 3^-foot tiling sunk into the ground. W^ater comes from the fine white sand probably resting on a ledge of gneissoid granite. The yield to the bottling works is 5 gallons a minute, and the overflow is probably 10 gallons a minute, giving a total yield of about 15 gallons. The spring is located on a rather flat terrace at an elevation above the river of about 120 feet. On the hillside, 200 yards away from the Arethusa Spring and at an elevation about 25 or 30 feet higher, another spring issues from light-colored gneissoid granite, with the structure planes dipping about 4° SE. into the hillside. Both these springs maintain nearly the same flow throughout the year. 90. The water supply is obtained from three ponded areas located in a shallow valley and fed by springs. The topography is flat and the soil is porous. The run-off is accordingly small and the soil absorption large. The ground water is near the sur- face and emerges on a nearly level area at the contact of till and the thin overlying deposit of sand. . The following notes cover a few springs that are not Hsted in the table : Granite Rock Spring, Higganum: This spring issues between two large granite bowlders on the upper slope of a high hill, but no rock outcrops are visible. The water is piped to a bottling works. The spring yields between 20,000 and 25,000 gallons a day, with a fairly constant flow, at a temperature of 49° F. when the air temperature is 77°. The output of the bottling works during 1905 was about 50,000 gallons. A second spring, recently excavated, is said to issue from a crevice one- eighth inch wide in the ledge. Ausantowea Spring, Woodmont: Has been excavated to a depth of 20 feet through hardpan, sand, and gravel, the water horizon being in gravel. Flows 100 gallons an hour and varies little in yield with seasons. The temperature is 57° when the air temperature is 88°. The water is bottled and sold. Buttress Dike Spring, Woodbridge: This "spring" is in reality a flowing well in which water rises 18 inches above the ground. It is on the side of a steep hill com- posed of chlorite schist and overlain by a thin layer of sandy till containing numerous heavy bowlders. The water appears to come from a vertical cleavage joint in the rock. Springs of T. T. Wilcox, two-fifths of a mile southeast of Highland station: Three springs, two of which are reported by Mr. Wilcox to furnish 51 barrels a day, with no seasonal variation, at a temperature of 48° to 50° F. The only contributing area at a higher level than the spring is a hill with an elevation of less than 40 feet and covered with a thin layer of till. The water apparently reaches the surface by work- ing along the bedding planes between sandstone and red shale. This requires a movement up a slope of about 15°. Spring of Charles Parker, 1 mile southeast of Meriden : This spring is located on the west side of a hill composed of sandstone dipping southeast and capped with a thin covering of glacial drift. The water comes from joints in sandstone, as illustrated on page 136. The temperature of the water is 51° F. when the air temperature is 56°. Chalybeate Spring, Litchfield: This interesting spring, which was famous in the early days of Connecticut, w^as described as follows by James Pierce:" "It issues from an extensive bed of sulphuret of iron, situated on the eastern side of Mount Prospect, 4 miles west of the village of Litchfield. The spring is copious and peren- nial, exhibiting in its course much oxide of iron and a white deposit." a Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 3, 1821, p. 235. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following is a list of papers dealing with Connecticut waters: Ellis, E. E. Occurrence of water in crystalline rocks. Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 160, 1906, pp. 19-28. Fuller, M.L. Occurrence of underground waters of eastern United States. Water- Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 114, 1905, pp. 17-10. — ■ Triassic rocks of the Connecticut Valley as a source of water supply. Water- Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 110, 1904, pp. 95-112. Gregory, H. E. Connecticut [Occurrence of water]. Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 114, 1905, pp. 76-81. Gregory, H. E., Champlin, F. A., and Grant, C. L. Connecticut well and spring records. Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 102, 1904, pp. 127-168. Pynchon, W. H. C. Drilled wells of the Triassic area of the Connecticut Valley. Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 110, 1904, pp. 65-94. Rice, W. N., and Gregory, li. E. Manual of Connecticut geology. Bull. Connecti- cut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey No. 6, 1906. 196 INDEX. A. Page. Acknowledgments to those aiding 9 Artesian conditions, figures sliowing. 48, 134, 135, 136 nature of 48-50, 133-135 occurrence of 9(>-97 Ausantowea Spring, description of 195 B. Becket gneiss, character and distribution of. . 31 Bedding planes, occurrence and character of 107-108 water in lO^-lOg Bibliography of Coiuiecticut waters 196 Bran ford Point, coast near, map of 163 coast near, water supply of 162-164 Buttress Dyke Spring, description of 96, 195 C. Chalybeate Spring, description of 195 Catchment basins, figures showing 141 Chlorine, distribution of 168 distribution of, map showing 168 Circulation. See Water. Climate, description of 20-27 Coast line, description of 17 Coast region, town in, water supply of 162-164 Conglomerate, water in 106 Connecticut River, flow of. 29 Comiecticut Valley, description of 17, 19 Contamination, causes of 53 Core drilling, description of 183 Cream Hill, precipitation at 24 precipitation at, chart showing 23 temperature at 25 Crystalline rocks, character and distribution of 35-37, 54,56-60 distribution of, map showing 57 faults in 38, 65 joints in 37-38, 61-64 literature of 54-56 types of 54, 56-59 water in 37, 54-103 circulation and storage of 65-77 conditions affecting 60-65 wells in 92-103 contamination of 173-174 depth of 92-94, 100-103 limit of 93-94 flow of 96-97 locating of 92, 94-95, 101-102 pollution of 92 records of 77-91 figures showing 77 notes on 90-91 Page. Crystalline rocks, wells in, success and fail- ure of 91-92 wells in, water of, analyses of 176 water of, quality of 92, 94, 166, 176 temperature of 94 yield of 92-94, 95-96, 100-103 See also Igneous rocks; Metamorphic rocks; Granite; Gneiss, etc. D. Daubr^e, A., on ground water 55-56 Davis, W. M., on Connecticut geology 39-40 Drainage, description of 17-20 Drift. See Pleistocene drift. Drilled wells, construction of 182-184 Drillings, character of 59 Driven wells, construction of 181-182 Dug wells, construction of 180-181 E. Elevations, data on 12, 13, 14, 16, 17 Ellis, E. E., on ground water in crystalline rocks 54-103 on occurrence and recovery of ground water 44-t53 work of 9 Erosion, work of 33-34 F. Farmington River, description of 19 Farmington Valley, description of 15, 17 Faults, figure showing 114 occurrence and character of 33, 38, 41-42, 65 relation of, to water 38, 114-115, 135 figure showing 135 springs from 187 Fissility, effect of, on ground water 67 Flowing wells, occurrence and character of 96-97, 133-135 view of 9() Forests, description of 20 relation of, to run-off 27-28 Fractures. See Joints. Fuller, M. L., on artesian conditions 49-50 on ground water ,53 on wells in trap 129-130 G. Gaylordsville, flow at 29 Geography', description of 11-30 Geologic history, outline of 31-34 Geologic map of Connecticut 57 197 198 INDEX. Page. Geology, descriptive, account of 34-43 See also Crystalline rocks: Triassic rocks; Pleistocene drift. Glacial drift. See Pleistocene drift. Glaciation, topographic modeling by 11,34 Gneiss, character and distribution of 36-37,58 jointsin 98-99 water in 37 wells in 98-99, 100-103 Gneissoid banding, nature of 63 Granite, character and distribution of 57- 58 joints in 64, 9S views of , 60 weathering of 96 wells in 97-98,100-103 Granite Rock Spring, description of 195 Granodiorite, joints in 63-64 wells in 100-103 Grant, C. L., well records by 88, 126 Gregory, H. E., on wells in Connecticut 55 Gregory, H. K., and Rice, W. N., on Con- necticut geology 32 Ground, humidity of 27 Ground water. See Water, underground. H. Hardness, causes of 166-167 Hartford, flow at 29 Highlands, description of 12-16 rocks of 32 streams of 18 town of, water supply of 157-160 History, geologic, outline of 31-34 Hobbs, W. H., on joints 63 on rivers of Connecticut 16 Holmes, J. A ., on ground water 55 Hoosac schist, character and relations of 36,38 Housatonic River, fall on 18 flow of 29 Housatonic Valley, description of 15, 19 Humidity, records of 25-27 I. Ice. See Glaciation. Igneous rocks, character and distribution of. 35 intrusion of , 31-32 water in 1 Industries, data on 30 Intermittent springs, description of 188 figure showing : 188 J. Joints, continuity of 66-67 direction of 63-64, 11 2 intcr-ieotion of . 67-68 number of 70 occurrence and character of. . 37-38, 40-41, 61-64 relation of, to water 47-48, 65-70,109-114,141-142 to water, figures showing 135, 136 to wells 93 figure showing 61 spacing of 65-66, 112-113 springs from 187 views of 60, 62, 106 width of .' . 69-70, 113 water in, storage of ,74-76 See also .Fissility; Schistosity; Triassic rocks; Crystalline rocks. K. Page. King, P. H., on ground water 51 L. Lakes, area of 19 Lava, flows of 16,33 flows of, occurrence and character of 38-40 Leakage, effect of, on water table 105 effect of, on water table, figure showing. . 105 Limestone, character and dis tribution of 59 distribution of, map showing 57 joints in 64, 99-100 wells in 99-100 Long Island Sound, streams entering 18 Lowland, description of 16-17 streams of 19 town of, water supply of 160-162 M. , Map of Connecticut, showing distribution of chlorine • 168 showing distribution of rocks 57 Marble, character and distribution of 36 Metamorphic rocks, character and distribu- tion of 35-37 jointing in, view of 62 Metamorphism, occurrence of 32 Mineral springs, natxu-e of 189 N. Naugatuck VaUey, description of 15 New Haven, humidity at 25-26 precipitation at 22-23, 147 chart showing 22 temperature at 25 winds at 26 water level at, fluctuations of 147 Nordenskiold, A. E., on weUs in Sweden 56 Noroton Heights, flowing well at 97 flowing well at, view of 96 North Haven, map of 161 water supply of. 160-162 Pegmatite, character and distribution of 59 Peneplatp, formation of 33 Percival, J. G., on Connecticut topography. . 13 Permeability, relation of, to wells 46-47 Phyllite, character and distribution of 36 wells in 99 Physiographic provinces, description of 12-17 map showing 13 Pleistocene drift, analysis of 138 character of 42-43, 60, 138-139 clay in 140 contact of, with rock 142 water horizon at 142-144 figures showing 142, 143 grains in, size of 140 stratification of 139-140 water-holding capacity of 139 water in 138-156 quality of 145 storage of 140-142 wells in 142-143 cost of 147 depth of 144-145 INDEX, 199 Page. Pleistocene drift . wells in, figures showing. 142, 143 wells in. notes on 151,156 l)olIut ion of 172-173 records of 147-151, 151-155 water in, analyses of 178 height of 146-147 yield of 144-145 Scf also 'Pill ; Stratified drift. Pleistocene epoch, land modeling in 11,34 l'o])nlation, d;»la on 30 Porosity, nature of 45-46,60-01 Precipitation, amount of 74 charts showing 21,22,23 records of 21-24 relation of, to water level 146-147 Pynchon, W. U. C, on wells in trap 129-130 Q. Quartzite, character and distribution of.. 36,58-59 wells in 99, 100-103 Quinnebaug Valley, description of 15 Qninnipiac Valley, description of 17 R. Railroads, routes of 11-12 Rainfall. See Precipitation. Rice, W. N., on Connecticut topography 14 Rice, W. N.,and Gregory, II. E., on Connecti- cut geology 32 Rocks, permeability of .• 4G-48 porosity of 4G relation of, to ground water 34 to jointing 62-63 to well digging 34-35 Run-off, rate of 28 relation of, to rainfall 27-28 S. Saltonstall, Lake, water supply of 27 Sandstones, Triassic, distribution of, map showing 57 faults in, figure showing 114 water in 114-115 joints in 109-114 direction of 112 spacing of 112-113 view of 106 width of 113 occurrence and character of 39-40 quarries in 39 water in 104-105 leaking of 105 figure showing 105 quality of 132 temperature of 132 wells in 115-128 contamination of 173 depth of 131-132 flow of 133, 135 locating of 135-136 records of 116-123, 126-128 notes on 124-126, 128 water in, analyses of 177 heightof 132 yield of 130-131 Page. Schist, character and dislrilmtion of 36,58 joints in 98-99 views of 02 water in 37 wells in 98-99, 100-103 Schistosity, effect of, on ground water 07 nature of 63 Sea water, wells contaminated by 92, 174 wells contaminated by, figure showing... 174 Seepage, figure showing ; 45 nature of 45 Seepage springs, character of 185-186 Sewage, contamination by 171-174,182 Seyoms, G. II., work of 9,169-170 Shale, water in 106-107 Shale, black, influence of, on water occur- rence 39. 109 position of 39 Shetucket River, flow of 28 Siphons, use of 95 Smith, G. 0., on water in crystalline rocks... 55 Smith, II. E., analyses by 9 Softness, causes of 166-167 South Willington, well at, diagram of 143 Springs, conditions for 49. 185 conditions for, figure showing 50 fluctuations in 51, 188 list of 190 notes on 195 records of 190-194 relation of, to joints 135-13G, 187 figure showing 136 tM)es of 50-51, 185-187 figures showing 50, 136 water of, analyses of 179 temperature of 187 uses of 189-190 volume of 189 yield of 190 Steam boilers, water for 169-170 Still River, description of 19 Stockbridge limestone, deposition of 31 Storrs, precipitation at 21 precipitation at, chart showing 21 temperature at 24 Stratified drift, character of 139-140 wells in, notes on 156 records of 151-155 water from, analyses of 178 Stratum springs, character of 186-187 figure showing 50 Streams, growth of, figure showing 45 Structure planes, nature of 63, 67 Surface water supply. See Water supply, surface. Swamps, areas of 19 T. Temperature, records of 24-25 Thames Valley, description of 15 Tide, effect of, on water table 52, 146 effect of, on water table, figure showing. . 51 Till, wells in, notes on 156 wells in, records of 147-151 water of, analyses of 178 u 200 INDEX. Topography, description of .-. 11-17 formation of 33-34 relation of, to water level 71-72 to water level, figure showing 71 to wells 100-103, 136-137 Trap, character and distribution of 59 joints in 113 view of 106 ridges of, formation of 33-34 wells in 128-130 water in 107 Triassic rocks, bedding planes in 107-108 bedding planes in, water in 108-109 character of 33 distribution of 38 fossils in 33 faults in 41-42 water in 114r-115 joints in 40-41, 109-114 direction of 112 spacing of 112-113 width of 113 stratigraphy of 38-40 water in 104-137 conditions of 1 104 wells in 115-130 records of 116-123, 126-128 figures showing 110, 111 notes on 124-126, 128, 129-130 See also Sandstone; Shale; Conglomerate; Trap. Typhoid fever, cause of 170-171 V. Valleys, descriptions of 15-16 Van Hise, C. R., on ground water 54-55 W. Warren, map of 158 water supply of 157-lCO Water, underground, amount of 51, 52 analyses of 168,176-179 character of 165-179 circulation of 44-51, 72-74 decomposition by 73-74 direction of '. 72-73 figure showing 45 composition of 166-168 contamination of 53, 165-168, 170-175 Page. Water, underground, depth of 55,93-94,95-96 horizon of 142-144 figures showing 143, 144 materials dissolved in 167-168 quality of, 94, 132, 145, 165, 166, 176, 179 relation of, to geology 34-35 storage of 74-76 temperature of 52, 94, 133, 187 uses of. 169-170 weathering by 96 Water supply, surface, quantity available of. 28-29 source and character of 27-28 Water table, effect of leakage on 105 effect of leakage on, figure showing 105 effect of tide on 52 figure showing 51 position of 44-45, 70-72, 146-147 figure showlug 143 relation of, to rainfall ' 146-147 to topography 70-71 figure showing ; 71 Wells, contamination of 53, 92, 165-168, 170-175, 180-184 construction of 172, 180-184 depth of 92-94, 100-103, 131-132, 136-137, 144-145, 172 fiow of 98-97, 133-135 fluctuations in 52, 92-94, 95-96 locatmg of 92, 94-95, 135-136, 171-172 pollution of 53, 92 records of ' 77-91 figures showing 77 notes on 90-91 relation of, to geology 34-35, 97-100 to joints 74-76 figure showing 61 to permeability of rocks 46-47 success and failure of 91-92 water of, quality of 92, 94, 116, 176 temperature of 62, 94 water in, height of 133, 143-144 quality of 132 temperature of 132 yield of 74-76,92-94, 95-96, 100-103, 130-131, 136-137, 144-145 Willimantic, flow at 28 Wniimantic Valley, description of 15 o yjRARY OF CONGRESS 0 019 953 662 A ito. 