None
Oxides and Hydroxides of Cobalt. — Cobaltous hydroxide Co(OH)2 is a rose-red precipitate formed by adding caustic alkali to a solution of a cobaltous salt, and then boiling to IRON, NICKEL, AND COBALT 519 decompose the blue basic salt that is first precipitated. On igniting cobaltous hydroxide or carbonate out of contact with the air, cobaltous oxide CoO is obtained as a greenish powder. This is also formed by passing steam over red-hot cobalt. On heating cobaltous oxide in the air, cobaltous cobaltic oxide C03O4, which is analogous to magnetite, is formed as a black powder. TM9 is produced a% the final product ly igniting any oxide of cobalt in the air. It also results by calcining the nitrate. But if the latter is gently heated, cobalt sesquiozide C02O3 is first obtained as a dark brown powder, which yields oxygen and C08O4 on further ignition. Cobaltic hydroxide Co(OH)8 ^^ ^ dark powder formed by treating a solution of a cobaltous salt with hypochlorites. Cobalt dioxide CoOg is also known. Other Cobalt Compounds. — The hydrous cobaltous salts are red, which is also true, as a rule, of their solutions at ordinary temperatures. The anhydrous cobaltous salts are generally blue, as are many of their solutions at higher temperatures. But few simple cobaltic salts are known. Cobaltous chloride CoCl^ is a blue erystalline powder obtained by heating cobalt in chlorine. From aqueous solutions, it may be obtained in form of deep red, monoclinic prisms of the com- position C0CI2 • 6 H^O. The salt is also formed by dissolving cobaltous hydroxide or carbonate in hydrochloric acid. When the hydrous cobaltous chloride is heated, it turns blue, becom- ing red again as it absorbs water after cooling. So by writing on paper with a solution of cobaltous chloride (so-called sym- pathetic ink) the lines, which are at first invisible, become blue on gently heating the paper. On exposure to the air at ordi- nary temperatures, the salt again takes on water and the writ- ing fades. Cobaltous nitrate Co(N03)2 forms red, deliquescent, mono- clinic prisms. Cobaltous sulphate CoSO^-THjO is isomorphous with the other vitriols. It loses water readily on heating. The an- hydrous salt is red and is not easily decomposed, even on strong ignition. Cobaltic sulphate 002(804)3-181120 has been obtained at the anode by electrolysis of cobaltous sulphate. Cobalt silicates result when glass or silica and potash are fused with an oxide or other compound of cobalt. The blue 620 OUTLINES OF CHEMISTRY glass that results is pulverized and used as a pigment under the name smalt. It serves well in decorating porcelain and glass, where it is afterwards fired in ; but it is not satisfactory in oil or water paints. Cobaltous sulphide CoS is obtained as a black precipitate by adding alkali sulphides to solutions of cobalt salts. Like the sulphide of nickel, cobaltous sulphide is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The sulphides CojSj, CogS^, and CoSj occur in nature. Cobaltous carbonate C0CO3 is a bright red powder. By add- ing alkali carbonates to solutions of cobaltous salts, red pre- cipitates of basic carbonates form, which decompose and turn blue on boiling. Cobalt silicides CojSi and CoSi have been made in the electric furnace. They are very hard crystalline substances. Cobaltous cyanide Co(CN)2 is formed as a reddish precipitate by adding potassium cyanide to a solution of a cobaltous salt. Cobaltous cyanide is soluble in an excess of potassium cyanide, forming potassium cobaltous cyanide K^Co(CN)q, which upon oxidation yields potassium cobaltic cyanide K3Co(CN)q. These compounds are similar to those of the corresponding double cyanides of iron. Nickel does not form analogous dovhle. cyanides. Potassium cobaltic nitrite 3Co(N02)8-6KNOa.3 H^O is formed as a yellow precipitate when potassium nitrite is added to a solution of a cobaltous salt acidified with acetic acid. The precipitate separates out slowly. It is called cobalt-yellow. The reaction is used to separate cobalt from nickel. The lat- ter does not form an analogous salt. Cobalt amines are complex compounds which cobaltic salts form with ammonia. These compounds are made by treating solutions of cobaltous chloride with ammonia in sufficient amount to redissolve the cobaltous hydroxide that first forms. On standing in the air, these brown solutions absorb oxygen, thus becoming red. When hydrochloric acid is added to the red solution, brick-red crystals of roseo cobaltic chloride CoClg-SNHg- HgO are deposited. On boiling, the solution yields purpureo-cobaltic chloride CoCl8(NH8)5, which forms a bright red crystalline powder, or brownish luteo-cobaltic chlo- ride CoClg-GNHg, if much ammonium chloride is present in the strongly acid solution. Other cobaltous salts form similar IRON, NICKEL, AND COBALT 621 complicated compounds on treatment with ammonia. The three examples given must suffice here to indicate their general char- acter, though the compounds are very interesting and have in recent years received careful study in connection with the sub- ject of valence, particularly by A. Werner and S. M. Jorgensen. Analjrtical Tests for Nickel and Cobalt. — When heated in the borax bead, cobalt compounds always give a blue coloration. Nickel compounds yield a brown bead in the oxidizing flame, and a milky bead in the reducing flame, for by the latter metallic nickel is formed. The reactions of salts of nickel and cobalt with alkali hydroxides, sulphides, hypochlorites, cyanides, and nitrites, as above explained, are used in the detection and separation of nickel and cobalt. CHAPTER XXXI THE METALS OF THE PLATINUM FAMILT The metals of the platinum group and their symbols and atomic weights are : ruthenium (Ru — 101.7), rhodium (Rh— 102.9), palladium (Pd— 106.7), osmium (Os— 190.9), iridium (Ir — 193.1), and platinum (Pt — 195.0). These metals always occur together in nature in the form of alloys con- sisting of small corroded metallic bits or nuggets found in alluvial sands, chiefly in the Urals, California, Brazil, Australia, Borneo, and Sumatra. These alloys contain from 60 to 85 per cent platinum, several per cent iridium, and generally less than two per cent of each of the other members of the group. Gold, copper, iron, and other metals are also usually present. By careful washing of the sands, the particles of platinum ore are obtained as in the case of placer mining of gold. Though platinum ore usually occurs in the form of mere grains, larger nuggets weighing up to about eight kilograms have been found in rare instances. It will be observed that ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium have approximately the same atomic weight; their specific gravities are also nearly alike, being 12.3, 12.1, and 11.5, re- spectively. Again, the second three metals, osmium, iridium, and platinum, have nearly the same atomic weight, which is about 90 units higher than that of the first three members. Osmium, iridium, and platinum also have about the same spe- cific gravities, namely, 22.5, 22.4, and 21.5, respectively. It will be recalled that the atomic weights of iron, nickel, and cobalt are also nearly the same, and that these metals have specific gravities that differ but slightly from one another. Extraction of Platinum from the Ores. The ores are freed from sand and other adhering impurities, and then treated with dilute aqua regia, which dissolves the gold, copper, and iron that may be present, leaving the platinum metals behind. On adding concentrated aqua regia to this residue, platinum, pal- 622 THE METALS OF THE PLATINUM FAMILY 523 ladium, ruthenium, rhodium, and some of the iridium are dissolved. The residue left consists of osmium and iridium together with some ruthenium. From th6 solution, the plati- num and iridium are precipitated by means of ammonium chlo- ride as (NH4)2PtCle and (NH4)2lr01e. There is usually but little iridium present in this precipitate. On ignition of the latter, metallic platinum, alloyed with a little iridium, is ob- tained as a spongy mass. As platinum containing minor amounts of iridium is excellent for crucibles, dishes, and other purposes, being stronger mechanically and more resistant to- wards reagents than pure platinum, this sponge is commonly used without further attempts at purification. From the filtrate containing palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium, these metals are precipitated by means of iron and then separated by special processes which will not be described here. Ruthenium (Ru — 101.7) was discovered by Glaus in 1845. The element is named after the Ruthenians, a little Russian people in whose country the metal is found. Ruthenium occurs in the alloy of osmium and iridium, osmiridium^ remaining as a residue when platinum ores are treated with concentrated aqua regia. Ruthenium is commonly prepared from this alloy. It is a brittle metal of steel-gray color. It melts above 2000°. When heated in the air, ruthenium oxidizes. The oxides RuO, RugOg, RuOj, and RuO^ are known. They are black powders. Ruthenium is not attacked by acids ; even aqua regia acts but slowly on it, forming the trichloride RuClg. The dichloride RuCl^ is known, but the tetrachloride RuCl^ exists only in solutions. On fusing ruthenium with caustic potash and salt- peter, potassium ruthenate K2RUO4, readily soluble in water, is obtained, which fact is used in separating ruthenium from osmiridium. Rhodium (Rh— 102.9) was discovered by Wollaston in 1803. It receives its name from the red color of its chloride. The metal, is silver- white, ductile, and malleable. It melts at about 2000% and when pure it is not attacked by acids, not even by aqua regia, which, however, dissolves rhodium alloyed with platinum. By fusing rhodium with caustic potash and saltpeter and extracting the mass with nitric acid, oxides of rhodium are obtained. The oxides of rhodium are RhO, Rh^Og, and RhOg ; the hydroxides Rh(0H)3 and Rh(0H)4 are also known. The 524 OUTLINES OF CHEMISTRY red chloride RClg, formed by the action of chlorine on the metal, is the only one isolated. It is insoluble in water and acids. It forms soluble double salts with alkali chlorides. Rhodium chloride forms RhCl3(NH3)5 and other compounds analogous to cobalt amines. The double cyanide K3Rh(CN)g, which is analogous to K3Fe(CN)g, is also known. Palladium (Pd — 106.7) was also discovered by WoUaston in 1803. It is named from Pallas, an asteroid discovered in 1802. While always present in platinum ores, palladium also occurs in alloys with gold in Brazil. Silver generally contains traces of palladium. It is a silver-white, ductile, malleable metal, which melts at about 1535°. Palladium absorbs over 300 times its volume of hydrogen under ordinary conditions^ at 100° about twice as much hydrogen is absorbed. On electrolyzing water, using a palladium cathode, the latter absorbs nearly 1000 times its volume of hydrogen. The compound formed, palladium-hydrogen, is lighter than the metal ; its composition varies with the conditions under which it is prepared. It gives off its hydrogen completely when heated to redness, though evolution of the gas begins even at 100°. The hydrogen liberated effects reductions like nascent hydrogen. Palladium is soluble in nitric acid, in aqua regia, and in hot sulphuric acid. The oxides are PdO and PdOg; both are black. The dioxide yields the chloride PdClj and chlorine, when treated with hydrochloric acid, PdCl^ being unknown. The following typical salts are also well known : — Pd(N03)2; Pdl^; PdSO^; K^PdCle; PdCl2.(NH3V Osmium (Os — 190.9) was discovered in 1804 by Tennant. It is found in platinum ores, in osmiridium and iridosmium, two alloys of osmium and iridium. Osmium is a steel-gray, hard, brittle metal, which has the highest specific gravity of all known substances^ 22.5. It melts in the electric furnace above 2500°. Osmium is oxidized to OsO^ by aqua regia, nitric acid, or by ignition in the air. Osmium tetroxide forms white, monoclinic crystals that read- ily melt, and then boil at about 100°, emitting a very pungent vapor, from whose unbearable odor osmium gets its name. Osmium tetroxide is used in hardening and staining histological specimens^ being commonly called osmic acid or perosmic acid. THE METALS OF THE PLATINUM FAMILY 525 It8 use depends upon the fact that in contact with organic tissues, especially with fats, it is reduced, forming finely divided metallic osmium. The readiness with which osmium tetroxide is formed and its volatility serve in separating os- mium from iridium and ruthenium, which also occur in osmi- ridium. The chlorides OsCl,, OsjCI^, and OsCl^ are known, as are also osmates like KjOsO^ -21120. The oxides are OsO, OsaOg, OsOj and OsO^. Iridium (Ir — 198.1) was also discovered by Tennant in 18.04. It is a grayish white, rather brittle metal which melts at about 2200^. It is found in ores of platinum and in osmiridium. Its separation from osmium has been mentioned in connection with the latter. From platinum it may be separated by using the fact that the compound (NH^)2lrCl^ is readily soluble in water. Aqua regia attacks pure iridium but slowly. The oxides are IrO, IrjOj, and IrOj. The hydroxides Ir(0H)3 and Ir(OH)^ and the chlorides IrCl^, IrClg, and IrCl^ are also known. Iridium gets its name from the fact that it forms compounds of various colors. Platiniim (Pt — 195.0) is a silver- white, tenacious, malleable, and ductile metal of specific gravity 21.47. The name plati- num comes from platina, which is a diminutive of the Spanish plata^ meaning silver. Platinum melts in the oxyhydrogen flame at about 1777®. At white heat it may be welded with- out the aid of a flux, for its surface is not covered with oxide. Even at high temperatures, platinum does not oxidize in the air. Aqua regia dissolves platinum, but the latter is not attacked by hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, or nitric acid. Molten caustic alkalies and alkali nitrates^ cyanides, or sulphides attack platinum^ and it readily forms alloys with most of the heavy metals and also with silicon, boron, phosphorus, ar- senic, and antimony. These facts are of importance, for the siibstances mentioned, and also such compounds as may yield these suhstances on ignition,, must not he heated in platinum dishes. Platinum should also not be heated in a reducing flame^ for thus the metal takes up carbon and becomes brittle. ■ Platinum sponge is formed by ignition of ammonium platinic chloride; while platinum black is produced by electrolysis of platinic chloride solutions, or by adding finely divided magne- sium, iron, or zinc to the latter. In finely divided fovm, platinum 626 OUTLINES OF CHEMISTEY ahtorbs about 300 ttviet it« volume of hydrogen or about one third that volume of oxygen. The gases are said to be occluded in the metal. On ignition they escape. The catalytic oxidations and reductions effected by finely divided platiQum depend upon the fact that the latter absorbs the gases mentioned, which then act far more vigorously than when in the ordinary state. Thus Dobereiner's lamp (Fig. 155) depends upon the fact that when a jet of hydrogen is directed against a platinum sponge the latter is heated to redness and so lights the jet. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the synthesis of SOg from SOj and Oj are further typical instances of the catalytic action Via. iSB. ^^ platinum black. Besides being used for crucibles, dishes, and other utensils for chemical operations, much plati- num is required for making various electrical connections. Platinum salts are used in photography. There are two series of platinum compounds. In platinons compounds the metal is bivalent, while in platinic compounds it is quadrivalent. Platlnic chloride PtCl^ is formed by the action of chlorine on platinum at high temperatures, or by ignition of chtorplatlnlc acid HgPtClg ■ 6 H,0, which results when platinum is dissolved in aqua regia. With the exception of sodium cblorplatinate NajPtClg the alkali salts of chlor- platinic acid are insoluble in alcohol and sparingly soluble in water, hence the use of chlorplatinic acid in separating sodium from potassium in analysis. Potassium cblorplatiiiate K,PtCl,, or PtCI^.2KCl, forms a golden yellow, crystalline precipitate. The crystals are small octahedra ; they are isomorphoua with ammonium cblorplatinate (NH,)3PtC]g. When potassium chlor- platinate is ignited, potassium chloride and platinum remain ; whereas when ammonium cblorplatinate is heated, the residue consists simply of apongy platinum. Either of these salts, which are also called potassium platinic chloride and ammo- nium platinic chloride, is readily formed by adding the alkali chloride to a solution of chlorplatinic acid or platinic chloride. THE METALS OF THE PLATINUM FAMILY 627 On heating chlorplatinic acid to 300^, or on passing chlorine over platinum sponge at about 245°, platinous chloride PtCl^ is obtained as a grayish green, insoluble powder, which on igni- tion leaves platinum as a residue. Potassium platinous chloride KjPtCl^ is formed by reducing potassium platinic chloride with cuprous chloride. Platinous hydroxide Pt(0H)2 is formed by treating platinous chloride with caustic alkali. On ignition of platinous hydroxide, platinous oxide PtO is formed, and finally platinum. Platinic hydroxide Pt(OH)^ results when platinic chloride is treated with caustic alkali. By careful ignition of this hydroxide, platinic oxide may be obtained, which on strong ignition yields platinum. When platinic hydroxide is treated with an excess of caustic alkali, platinates are formed, thus : — Pt(OH)^ + 4 NaOH = Na^PtO^ + 4 H2O. Platinates also result when platinum is placed in molten caustic alkalies. Platinous sulphide PtS and platinic sulphide PtS, are black precipitates, insoluble in acids, formed by adding hydrogen sulphide to solutions of platinous and platinic compounds, respectively. These sulphides are soluble in aqua regia. They also dissolve in alkali sulphides, with which they form sulpho-salts. Analytical Tests for Platinum. — The sulphides described are characteristic. On heating any platinum compound with soda on charcoal, spongy platinum is obtained. This is soluble in aqua regia, and from the solution potassium chlorplatinate may be precipitated by adding potassium chloride. INDEX Abietic add, 264 Absorption spectrum, 368, 360 of blood, 370 Acetates, 244 Acetic acid, 242, 243 glacial, 244 Acetone, 255 Acetylene, 235 Acheson graphite, 212 Acid, definition of, 121, 125, 430 Acidimetry, 128 Acids, 120 anhydrides of, 122 basicity of, 126 strength of, 137 Acker process, 357 Actinium, 392 Adsorption, 19, 214 Affinity, chemical, 11, 134, 135 Agate, 291 Air, 143 alkaline, 150 ammonia in, 145 bacteria and microbes in, 144, 146 carbon dioxide in, 145 composition of, 143, 144 fixed, 139, 223 humidity of, 36 Uquid, 147 mephitic, 139 moisture in, 144 nature of, 143 phlogisticated, 139 Alabaster, 380 Albite, 294, 465 Albuminoids, 264 Albmnins, 264 Alchemists, 194 Alcohols, 237, 238 Aldebaranium, 470 Aldehydes, 240, 241 Algarotus, 326 Algin, 113 Alkalies, 343 Alkali metals, 343, 365 Alkalunetry, 128 Alkaline earth metals, 374 detection of, 390 Alkaloids, 263 2m AUotropism (see Allotxx>py) Allotropy, 89, 208 Alloys of copper, 439 of manganese, 496 Alumina, 460 Aluminates, 461 Aluminum, 457 acetate, 464 alloys of, 459 bromide, 463 bronze, 440 chloride, 463 fluoride, 463 hydroxide, 460 iodide, 463 oxide, 460 production of, 458 properties of, 458 silicates, 465 sulphate, 463 sulphide, 463 tests for, 467 uses of, 459 Alums, 464 Alunite, 464 Amalgamation process, 445, 452 Amalgams, 402 for filUng teeth, 474 Amethyst, 291 Amines, 262 Anunonia, 150 action of, on metals, 155, 156 combustion of, in oxygen, 154 composition of, 152, 153 concentrated, 154 liquid, 156 of crystallization, 156 preparation of, 151 properties of, 152 soda process, 360 water, 154 Ammonium, 154 alum, 464 amalgam, 403 bichromate, 489 bisulphate, 371 bromide, 371 carbamate, 372 carbonate, 372 carbonate, acid, 372 629 680 INDEX Ammonium — Continued chloride, 371 chlorplatinate, 626 hydrasoate, 160 hydrosulphide, 371 iodide, 371 molybdate, 491 nitrate, 372 nitrite, 372 persulphate, 371 phosphomolybdate, 491 platinic chloride, 373 salts, 166, 370 salts, detection of, 167, 372 sulphantimonate, 329 sulphantimonite, 329 Bulpharsenate, 323 sulpharsenite, 323 sulphate, 371 sulphide, 371 tartrate, acid, 373 Amorphous suhBtanoes, 46 Amyl acetate, 262 Anaxagoras, 68 Andalusite, 466 Anglesite, 478 Anhydrite, 380 Aniline, 262 dyes, 262 hydrochloride. 262 Anions, 426 Anode, 426 Anorthite, 466 Anthracite, 216 Antichlorine, 363 Antimonic acid, 328 Antimonious acid, 327 Antimonium, Triumphal chariot of, 328 Antimony, 323 cinnabar, 330 compounds of, with halogens, 326 compounds of, with sulphur, 329 nitrate, 328 oxides and oxy-acids, 327 oxychlorides, 326 pentachloride, 326 pentafluoride, 327 pentasulphide, 329 pentiodide, 327 pentoxide, 329 sulphate, 328 tetroxide, 328 tribromide, 327 trichloride, 326 trifluoride, 326 triiodide, 327 trioxide, 327 trisulphide, 329 Antimonyl group, 327 nitrate, 328 sulphate, 328 Apatite, 304 Aqua fortia, 161 regia, 165 Arabite, 238 Aragonite, 376 Ai^gentan, 616 Argentic nitrate, 449 Argentite, 444 Aifjentum, 447 Argol, 260 Aigon, 147, 148 Argyrodite, 472 Aromatic series, 236 Arrhenius, 428, 429 Arrhenius's theory, 428, 431, 432 Arsenic, 317 acid, 321 compounds of, with halogens, 320 disulphide, 322 iodides of, 320 oxides and oxy-^acida of, 320 pentasulphide, 323 pentoxide, 322 tribromide, 320 trichloride, 320 trifluoride, 320 trioxide, 320 trisulphide, 322 white, 320 Arsenious acid, 321 Arsenites, 321 Arseniureted hydrogen, 318 ArsenoUte, 317 Arsine, 318 Asbestus, 394 Assaying, 463 Association in solution, 419 Asynunetric carbon atom, 247 Asymmetric system, 186 Atmosphere (tee Air) Atomic theory of matter, 64, 67 volumes, relation to atomic weights^ 341 weights, determination of, 74 weights, choosing of, 79, 80 weights, table of, 81 Atoms, 66, 77 Atropine, 263 Aurates, 466 Auric chloride, 464 compounds, 464 oxide, 466 sulphide, 466 Aureus chloride, 454 compounds, 464 cyanide, 465 oxide, 466 sulphide, 466 Avog^ro, 70, 74,- 77 Avogadro's hypothesis, 70, 72, 153 Azoimide, 169 Azote, 139 Azurite, 436, 444 INDEX 631 B Babbitt metal, 470 Baeyer, 05 Balard, 105 Band spectrum, 308 Barite, 387 Barium, 387 bromide, 388 carbonate, 380 chloride, 388 chromate, 400 compounds of, 388 dioxide, 388 ferrate, 510 fluoride, 388 hydroxide, 388 iodide, 388 nitrate, 388 oxide, 388 sulphate, 380 sulphide, 381, 380 tellurate, 207 Barley sugar, 257 Bases, 122, 125, 127, 137, 430 Basic open hearth process, 508 Bauxite, 457, 460 Becquerel, 300 Becquerel rays, 300 Beer, 238 Begasse, 258 Bengal lights, 387, 380 Benzene, 236 Bensine, 233 Benzoic acid, 244 Bergmann, 516 Berthelot, 270, 288 Berthollet, 53 Beryl, 303 Beryllium, 303 BerzeUus, 40, 61, 62, 63, 70, 77, 80, 125, 204, 223, 200, 200, 424, 470 Bessemer converter, 437, 507 process, 507 Bicarbonates, 210 Bichromates, 488 uses of, 480 Binary compound, 76 Bioses, 257 Birkelund and Eyde process, 163 Bismuth, 330 bromide, 331 dichloride, 331 dioxide, 332 disulphide, 333 fluoride, 331 halogen compounds of, 331 iodide, 331 nitrate, 332 oxides of, 331 oxybromide, 331 oxyfluoride, 331 oxyiodide, 331 oxynitrate, 332 pentoxide, 332 salts of oxy-acids, 332 subnitrate, 332 tetroxide, 332 trioxide, 331 trisulphide, 333 Bismuthyl sulphate, 332 Bitter almonds, oil of, 241 Black, Joseph, 223 Black ash, 350 Black-jack, 306, 308 Blast flame, 272 Blast furnace, 503 Blast furnace slag, 503 Bleach, 382 Bleaching powder, 08, 00, 382 Blood charcoal, 214 Blowpipe flame, 272 Blue cup battery, 434 Blue printing, 515 Boiling points of solutions, 417 Bonds, 83, 84, 235, 236 Bone ash, 214 Borax, 302 Borax glass, 302 Bordeaux mixture, 443 Boric acid, 300 Boric anhydride, 302 Boron, 300 ' carbide, 303 chloride, 303 fluoride, 303 hydride, 302 nitride, 303 sulphide, 303 Bort, 210 Bottger, 308 Bouronite, 478 Boussingault, 144 Boyle, 304 Brandt, 304, 518 Brandy, 238 Brass, 308, 430 Bricks, 466 Brin's process, 25 Britannia metal, 324, 474 British thermal unit, 276 Bromates, 110 Bromic acid, 100, 110 Bromine, 105, 106 oxy-acids of, 100 uses of. 111 water, 106 Bromoform, 237 Bronzes, 440, 474 Brucine, 263 Bruyn, Lobry de, 158 Bullets, 470 Bunsen, 353, 366, 360, 304 Bunsen burner, 371 582 INDEX Burnt alum, 464 Bussy, 304 BuUne, 232 Butter, 254 fat, 254, 412 of antimony, 326 of tin, 475 Butyric acid, 244 Cadaverine, 264 Cadmium, 400 bromide, 401 chloride, 400 compounds of, 400 hydroxide> 400 iodide, 401 nitrate, 401 oxide, 400 sulphate, 401 sulphide, 401 Csesium, 353 Calamine, 396 Calaverite, 452 Calcite, 376 Calcium, 375 aluminate, 462 bicarbonate, 219, 376 bromide, 382 carbide, 383 carbonate, 376 chloride, 381 chromate, 490 cyanamide, 383 fluoride, 381 hydride, 376 hydroxide, 377 iodide, 382 metaphosphate, 305 nitride, 376 oxalate, 245 oxide, 377 phosphate, 382 phosphide, 383 silicate, 383 silicide, 383 sucrate, 258 sulphate, 380 sulphide, 381 sulphite, 381 Calomel, 404 Calorie, 276 Calorimeters, 276 Cane sugar, 257 Cannizzaro, 77, 78, 79 Caoutchouc membranes, 423 Caramel, 257 Carats, 454 Carbohydrates, 255 Carbolic acid, 240 Carbon, 210 allotropic forms of, 209 amorphous, 213 atom, properties of, 217 atomic weight of, 75 chemical behavior of, 215 cycle of, 222 pyrophoric, 213 Carbonado, 210 Carbonates, 219 Carbon bisulphide, 227 Carbon bisulphide furnace, 228 Carbon dioxide, 120, 218 early work on, 223 fonnula of, 76, 216 physiological effects of, 221 properties of, 220 relations of, to life, 222 soUd, 221 uses of, 221 Carbonic acid, 120, 218 Carbon monoxide, 223 absorption of, 226, 441 formula of, 76, 225 physiological effects of, 227 properties of, 225 Carbon oxysulphide, 226 Carbon tetrachloride, 237 Carbonyl chloride, 226 group, 255 iron, 226 nickel, 226 Carborundum, 299 Carboxyl group, 242 Cariisle, 424 Camallite, 344, 394 Camelian, 291 Casciorolo, 389 Cassiopeium, 470 Cassiterite, 472, 476 Cast iron, gray, white, 505 Catalytic action of platinum, 526 Cataljrtic agents, 192 Cathode, 425 Cations, 425 Caustic soda, 357 Cavendish, 13, 33, 35, 139, 161 Celestite, 386 Celluloid, 262 Cellulose, 261 nitrates of, 261 solvent for, 439 Cement, 378 Cementite, 515 Ceric hydroxide, 470 Cerite, 469, 470 Cerium, 299, 470 Cerussite, 478 Chalcedony, 291 Chalcocite, 436 Chalcopyrite, 436 Chalk, 376 Chamber crystals, 196 Chameleon mlnend, 499 INDEX 533 Chameleon solution, 499 Chance, 359 Chancel, 308 Chaptal, 139 Charcoal, 214 Chemical change, 1, 2, 5 oauae of, 11 factors affecting same, 12, 135 rate of, 12, 23 types of, 9 Chemical compound, distinguished from solution, 6 Chemical elements, 6 distribution of, 8, 9 Chemical formula, interpretation of, 82 Chemical reactions in electrolytes, 431 in insulators, 431 Chemistry, branches of, 4, 5 organic, 217 scope of, 1 Chevreul, 253 Chili saltpeter, 113, 164, 361 Chloral, 241 Chloral hydrate, 241 Chlorates, 99 Chloraurio acid, 454 Chloric acid, 99 Chlorination process, 492 Chlorine, 52 action of, on water, 55, 136 bleaching with, 55, 99 compounds with oxygen, 56, 96 dioxide, 56, 96 elementary nature of, 121 heptoxide, 97, 101 monoxide, 96 peroxide, 56, 96 preparation of, 53 properties of, 54 reactions of, 87 uses of, 55 Chloroform, 237 Chlorous acid, 101 Chlorplatinic acid, 526 Chlorsulphonic acid, 203 Choke damp, 274 Chromates, 488 Chrome alums, 488 green, 486 iron ore, 485 steel, 486 yellow, 490 Chromic acid, 490 chloride, 487 hydroxide, 486 oxides, 486 sulphate, 488 Chromite, 485 Chromites, 487 Chromium, 485 analytical tests for, 491 properties of, 486 Chromium trioxide, 488, 490 Chromous chloride, 487 hydroxide, 486 sulphate, 487 Chromyl chloride, 486, 490 Chrysoberyl, 393, 462 Cinchonine, 263 Cinnabar, 401, 407 Citric acid, 251 CUrke, F. Consolute liquids, 411 Conaolute pairs, 412 Copper, 436, 438 analytical tests for, 444 arsenite, 444 carbonates, 443 extraction of, from ores, 437 ferrocyanide, 442 ferrocyanide membrane, 421 glance, 436 in plants and animals, 436 matte, 437 nitrate, 443 pyrites, 436 refining, 438 salts of oxy-acids, 442 sulphate, 442 sulphate, basic, 443 sulphate, double salts with, 443 Copperas, 512 Corpuscles, 432 Corrosive sublimate, 405 Corundum, 460 Cotton-seed oil, 252 Courtois, 111 Crawford, 390 Cream of tartar, 250 Creosote, 240 Crocoisite, 478, 485 Cronstedt, 516 Crookes, 468 Crookesite, 468 CryoUte, 102, 457 Crystalline substances, 45 Crystalloids, 295 Crystals, 180 Crystal systems, 180 CuUinan diamond, 211 Cupellation, 446 Cup grease, 234 Cuprammonium sulphate, 443 Cupric ammonium chloride, 441 bromide, 442 chloride, 441 chloride, hydrolysis of, 132, 133 compounds, 436 cyanide, 442 fluoride, 442 hydroxide, 441 oxide, 440 sulphide, 444 Cuprous bromide, 441 chloride, 441 compounds, 436 cyanide, 442 fluoride, 442 iodide, 441 oxide, 440 sulphide, 444 Curie, M. and Mme., 391, 392 Curtius, 151, 159 Cyanates, 230 Cyanic acid, 231 Cyanide process, 452 Cyanides, 229 of copper, 442 of iron, 513 Cyanogen, 229 Cjrmogene, 233 Dalton, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74 Davy, 53, 111, 274, 344, 354, 424 Deacon process, 53 Debieme, 392 Decomposition, double, 0, 415, 430 hydrolytic, 131 Definite proportions, law of, 4, 58 Delafontaine, 471 d'Elhujar brothers, 493 Deliquescence, 46 Del Rio, 335 Democritus, 68 Desiccator, 46 DeveloDers 449 Deville, H/Sainte>Claire, 52, 137, 166 Dextrine, 259, 261 Dextrose, 256 Dewar, 103, 146 Dialysis, 294, 295 Diamond, 210 Diaspore, 460 Diastase, 258, 259 Didymium, 471 Dilution, heat of, 281 Dimorphism, 179, 185 Dioxogen, 95 Diphosphorus tetraiodide, 312 Dissociation, 109, 137 in solutions, 419 Disthen, 465 Distillation, destructive, 150, 215 Disulphuric acid, 201 Dobereiner, 337 Dobereiner's lamp, 526 Dolomite, 376, 394 Dulong, 40, 79, 160 Dulong and Petit, law of, 78 Dumas, 40, 144, 223 Dutch metal, 439 Dutch process, 483 Dyeing of cotton, 462 of wool and silk, 463 Dynamite, 254 Dysprosium, 471 E Earth, infusorial, 293 Earthenware, 466 Earths, alkaline, 374 metals of, 455 Efflorescence, 46 INDEX 685 Ekaraluminum, 340, 467 Eka-boron, 340, 369 Eka^silicon, 340, 472 Elastine, 264 Electric batteries, 432, 434 Electric furnaces, 212 Electrochemical series of the metals, 435 Electrodes, 425 Electrolysis, 423, 425 Electrolytes, 423, 424 migration in, 429 Electrolytic dissociation, 428 process, 483 soda process, 361 solution tensions, 435 theories, 426 Electromotive force, 433 Electrons, 432 Electron theory, 432 Elements, acid-forming, 123, 125 base-forming, 123, 125 chemical, list of, 7 classification of, 337 groups of, 7, 339 transmutation of, 392 Emanations from radium, 6tc., 392 Emerald, 393 Emery, 460 Emulsin, 259 Emulsion, 412 Enantiomorphism, 251 Energy, 1 conservation of, 11 electrical, 433 free, 281 total, 281 transformation of, 11 Ending ide, 76 Endings and prefixes, 102 Endothermic changes, 275 Enzymes, 259 Epicurus, 68 Epsom salt, 46, 396 Equations, chemical, 76, 85 Equilibrium, chemical, 132, 134, 153 Equivalents, chemical, 22, 61, 67 Erbium, 471 Erythrite, 238 Esters, 252 Ethane, 232, 235 Ethers, 254 Ethyl amine, 262 borate, 301 chloride, 237 ether, 254 nitrate, 252 nitrite, 252 silicate, 299 sulphide, 255 Ethylene, 235 bromide, 235 Europium, 471 Euxenite, 469 Exothermic changes, 275 Facts relative to laws and theories, 68 Faraday, 424, 425, 426, 429 Faraday's law, 426 view on electrolysis, 427 Fats, 252 solubility of, 47, 412 Fatty series, 236 Fehling's solution, 256 Fermentation and ferments, 259 Ferric acetates, 515 acid, 510 ammonium alum, 465 bromide, 511 chloride, 511 ferrocyanide, 514 hydroxide, 509 nitrate, 515 oxide, 509 oxides, hydrated, 510 phosphate, 515 sulphate, 513 sulphide, 512 Ferrioyanic acid, 514 Ferrochromiiun, 486 Ferrocyanic acid, 514 Ferromanganese, 496 Ferrous ammonium sulphate, 513 bicarbonate, 513 bromide, 511 carbonate, 513 chloride, 510 ferric cyanide, 514 ferric oxide, 510 hydroxide, 509 iodide, 511 nitrate, 515 oxide, 509 phosphate, 515 sulphate, 512 sulphide, 512 Fertilizer from slag, 507 Fertilizers, 198 Fire brick, 395 Fire damp, 274 Fischer, Emil, 264 Flame, 268 hydrogen, 20 luminosity of, 270 oxidizing, 273 reducing, 273 reverse, 269 singing, 20 structure of, 272 Flash light powder, 394 Flash point, 233 Flint, 291 Flores zinci, 398 Flour, wheat, 261 536 INDEX Fluorine, 102, 103 Fluorspctr, 102 FluosiUcates, 298 FluosilicSc add, 298 Flux, 504 Food values, 288 Force, 2 Formaldehyde, 241 Formaline, 241 Formation, heat of, 281 Formic acid, 242 Formic aldehyde fumigation, 500 Franklin, E. Hematite, 502 Henry, 411 Heptane, 232 Hermann, 400 Hesiod, 503 Hess, 277 Hess, law of, 278 Hexagonal system, 183 Hexane, 232 Hippuric acid, 244 Hisinger, 424, 470 Hjelm, 492 Hjelmite, 469 Hoffman apparatus, 40 Homer, 503 Homologous series, 233 Hornblende, 394 Horn silver, 444 Human body, composition of, 9 Hydrargyrum, 401 Hydrates, 47 Hydrazine, 157 Hydrazoic acid, 159 Hydriodic acid, 114, 115 Hydrogel, 295 Hydrobromic acid, 107, 108, 109 Hydrocarbons, 232 general behavior of, 236 halogen substitution products of, 237 preparation of, 234 Hydrocarboxylic acids, 245 Hydrochloric acid, 49 chemical behavior of, 51 composition of, 50, 52 electrolysis of, 51 preparation of, 87 solutions of, 50 Hydrocyanic acid, 230 Hydrofluoric acid, 104 Hydrofluosilicic acid, 298 Hydrogen, 13 absorption of, by palladium, 524 ; adsorption of, by solids, 19 1 antimonide, 324 diffusion of, 18 dioxide, 91 history and occurrence of, 13 in the air, 146 occlusion of, by platinum, 526 preparation of, 14, 15, 16, 85, 86 properties of, 17 uses of, 22 Hydrogen peroxide, 91 bleaching with, 95 formula of, 94 properties of, 92 usee of, 95 Hydrogen persulphide^ 188 selenide, 204 silicide, 296 sulphide, 185, 188 Hydrolysis, 130, 131 irreversible, 130 reversible, 132 Hydronitric acid, 159 Hydroquinone, 240 Hydrosol, 295 Hydroxides, 47 Hydroxylamine, 158 Hygroscopicity, 46 Hypo, 363 Hypobromites, 109 Hypobromous acid, 109 Hypochlorites, 07 Hypochlorous acid, 97 HypoioditeSy 116 Hypoiodous acid, 116 Hyponitrous acid, 170 Hypophosphoric acid, 313 Hypophosphorous acid, 313 Hyposulphite of soda, C02, 363 Hypothesis (see Theory) Ice, action of, on salt, 5 crystalline nature of, 45 machines, 156 Iceland spar, 376 lUuminants, 267 Incandescent lamp filaments, 493 Indicators, 130 neutrality toward, 131 Indium, 468 Ingots, 507 Ink, India, 215 ordinary, 513 S3rmpathetic, 519 "white," 515 Insulators, 424 Inulin, 257 Inversion of sugar, 250 Invertase, 257, 259 lodates, 117 Iodic acid, 116 Iodides, 116 Iodine, 111 monobromide, 118 monochloride, 118 oxide of, 116 oxy-acids of, 116 538 INDEX Iodine — Continued pentafluoride, 118 preparation of, 111, 112, 113 properties of, 113 tincture of, 113 trichloride, 118 uses of, 114 lodocrol, 114 Iodoform, 114, 237 Ion, 432 Ionic theory, 428 Ions, 426, 429, 430 Iridium, 525 Iridosmium, 624 Iron, 502 action of, on sulphur, 3 alloys, 508 analytical tests for, 515 carbide, 515 cast, gray, white, 505 chlorides of, 510 dialysed, 510 disulphide, 512 electrolytic, 508 metallurgy of, 503 occurrence of, 502 ore, 502 ore, bog, 510 ore, brown, 510 ore, chrome, 485 ore, titaniferous, 299 oxides of, 28, 509 passive, 509 phosphides of, 515 production of, 508 properties of, 508 silicides of, 515 wrought, 505 Isomers, 10, 248 Isometric system, 182 Isomorphism, law of, 80, 185 Isosmotic solutions, 423 Isotonic solutions, 423 Javelle water, 99 Jorgensen, 521 Kahlenberg, 423, 426 Kainite, 344, 394 Kaolin, 465 Kelp, 111 Keratine, 264 Kermes mineral, 330 Kerosene, 233 Ketones, 255 Kieserite, 394 Kindling temperature, 27 Kipp apparatus, 219 Kircbboff, 366, 369 Kjeldahl's method, 151 Klaproth, 205, 299, 470, 492, 493 Kreosol, 240 Krypton, 149 Kunkel, 304 Lactates, 246 Lactic acid, 245 bacteria, 246 Lactose, 258 Ladenburg, 90 Lffivulose, 256 Lakes, 462 Land plaster, 381 Lapis infemis, 450 lazuli, 467 Lampblack, 214 Lamy, 468 Lana philosophica, 398 Lanthanum, 469 Laplace, 277 Latent heat, of fusion, 275 of vaporisation, 275 Laughing gas, 171 Laundry blue, 467 Laurent, 77 Lavoisier, 33, 34, 35, 58, 68, 139, 161, 223, 277 Law and theory, difference between. 6S Law defined, 4 Law of Henry, 411 Hess, 278 Lavoisier and Laplaoe, 277 maximum work, 279 octaves, 338 thermoneutrality, 430 Lead, 478 acetates, 482 alloys of, 479 analytical testa for, 484 arsenate, 482 bromide, 481 carbonate, 482 chamber process, 194 chloride, 481 chromate, 490 hydroxide, 480 iodide, 481 nitrate, 482 oxides, 29, 480 oxybromide, 481 oxychloride, 481 peroxide, 480 pipes, 479 production of, 478 properties of, 478 sesquioxide, 480 sulphate, 482 sulphide, 482 tetrachloride, 481 INDEX 539 licad — Continued tree, 479 uses of, 479 water, 482 Le Bel, 247 Le Blanc soda process, 368 Le Chatelier, principle of, 45 LecithJne, 304 Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 467, 471 Lenssen, 337 Leucippus, 68 Lewes, 271 L'Hermite, 421 Liebig, 394 Ligroin, 233 Lime, 377 chloride of (see Bleaching powder) feldspar, 465 Limekiln, 377 Limestone, 376 Limewater, 377 Limonite, 502, 510 Liquid air, 147 Litharge, 480 Lithium, 364 compounds of, 364, 365 nitride, 156 Lithosphere, composition of, 8 Litmus, 130 Liver of sulphur, 352 Lodestone, 510 Lossen, 158 Lubricating oils, 233 Lunar caustic, 450 Lunge, 195 Lutecium, 470 Luteocobaltic chloride, 520 M Magenta, 262 Magnalium, 459 Magnesia, 394 alba, 395 calcined, 394 usta, 394 Magnesite, 394, 395 Magnesium, 393 amalgam, 403 ammonium arsenate, 396 ammonium chloride, 395 ammonium phosphate, 314, 396 carbonates, 395 chloride, 395 chromate, 490 group, general remarks about, 409 group, metals of, 393 hydroxide, 394 metallic, 394 nitride, 156, 394 oxide, 394 phosphates, 396 pyroaraenate, 396 pyrophosphate, 396 silicide, 290 sulphate, 396 tests for, 396 Magnetic iron ore, 510 Magnetite, 502, 510 Malachite, 436, 443 Malic acid, 250 Malleable iron, 506 Malonic acid, 245 Maltose. 258 Manganates, 498 Manganese, 495 analytical tests for, 501 blende, 495 bronze, 496 carbonate, 498 chloride, 498 dioxide (peroxide), 496 heptoxide, 497 monoxide, 496 nitrate, 498 properties of, 495 protosesquioxide, 496 salta of, 497 sesquioxide, 496 spar, 495 sulphate, 497 trioxide, 497 Manganic acid, 498 chloride, 498 compounds, 495, 498 sulphate, 498 Macganine, 516 Manganite, 495 Manganites, 497 Manganous carbonate, 498 chloride, 497 compounds, 495, 496, 497, 498 hydroxide, 496 nitrate, 498 Mannite, 238 Marine acid air, 49 Mari, 376, 465 Marsh's test, 319 Mass action, 132 illustrations of, 134 law of, 134 Mass, conservation of, 10 Matches, 308 Matter, 1 McBride, 223 Meerschaum, 394 Membrane, semipermeable, 420, 423 Mendel^eff, 338, 340, 469, 472 Mendel^ff's view of Arrhenius's theory, 432 Mercuric ammonium chloride, 408 bromide, 406 chloride, 405 cyanide, 229, 406 diammonium chloride, 408 640 INDEX Mercuric fulminate, 407 iodide, 406 nitrate, 406 oxide, 404 sulphate, 407 sulphide, black, red, 407 Mercurous ammonium chloride, 408 ammonium nitrate, 408 bromide, 405 chloride, 404 chromate, 490 iodide, 405 nitrate, 406 oxide, 404 sulphide, 407 Mercury, 401 compounds of, 403 compounds, physiological properties of, 408 halides of, 404 lamp, 402 oxides of, 404 salts, compounds of, with ammonia, 408 tests for, 408 '^ Meta-aluminates, 462 Meta-aluminic acid, 461 Meta^arsenates, 321, 322 Meta-arsenic acid, 322 Metaborates, 302 Metaboric acid, 301 Metaformaldehyde, 248 Metalloids, 7 Metals of the earths, 457 Metamerism, 240 Metantimonious acid, 327 Metaphosphoric acid, 313, 315 Metaplumbic acid, 481 Metastannates, 476 Metastannic acid, 476 Metathesis, 9 Methane, 232 Methyl, amine, 262 butyrate, 252 chloride, 237 formate, 252 hydrogen sulphate, 252 iodide, 252 orange, 130 salicylate, 252 silicate, 299 sulphide, 255 Meyer, Lothar, 51, 338, 342 Meyer, Victor, 189, 318 Microcosmic salt, 314 Milk of lime, 377 Milk sugar, 258 Millon's reagent, 407 Minium, 480 Mirrors, 403 Mispickel, 317 Mitscheriich, 80, 185 Mixture, 410 Mohr's salt, 513 Moissan, 102, 103, 211, 299, 336 Molasses, 258 Molecular theory, basis of, 72 Molecular weight, determinations of, 72 determinations of, in solutions, 417 in solutions, discussion of, 419 Molecules, 70, 77 Molybdates, 491 Molybdenite, 491 Molybdenum, 485, 491 compounds of, 492 trioxide, 491 Molybdic acid, 492 Monasite, 300, 469, 470 Monocalcium phosphate, 305 Monoclinic system, 184 Monoses, 255 Monosymmetrio system, 184 Mordants, 462 Morphine, 263 Mortar, 377 Mosaic gold, 477 Mosander, 469 Moth balls, 236 MUUer von Reichenstein, 205 Multiple proportions, law of, 30, 58 Muntz metal, 439 Muriatic acid, 49 Mycoderma aceti, 242 N Naphtha, 233 Naphthalene, 236 Narootine, 263 Nascent state, 87 Negatives, 499 Neodymium, 471 Neon, 149 Neoytterbium, 470 Nemst lamp, 471 Nessler's reagent, 157, 406 Neutralisation, act of, 122 Arrhenius's view of, 430 heat of, 282, 287 Newlands, 338 Newton's metal, 331 Nicholson, 424 Nickel, 502, 516 alloys of, 516 ammonium sulphate, 517 analytical tests for, 621 carbonyl, 517 coins, 516 glance, 516 plating, 517 salts of, 51 7 steel, 516 Nickelic hydroxide, 517 oxide, 517 INDEX 541 Nickelous chloride, 517 cyanide, 517 hydroxide, 516 nitrate, 517 oxide, 517 sulphate, 517 sulphide, 517 Nicollite, 516 Nicotine, 263 Nilson, 469 Niobium, 336 Niter, 161 Nitrates, of mercury, 406 test for, 167 Nitric acid, 161 properties of, 164 red, fuming, 163 Nitric oxide, 166 Nitrides, 142 Nitrobenzene, 262 Nitrocellulose, 262 Nitrogen, 139 assimilation of, 145 compounds, general considerations, 172 compounds of, with halogens, 159 dioxide, 167 distribution of, 140 in rain water, 146 iodide, 160 molecular formula of, 143 oxides, composition of, 59 pentoxide, 165 preparation of, 140, 141 properties of, 142 tetroxide, 167 tribromide, 160 trichloride, 159, 160 trioxide, 170 valence of, 157 Nitroglycerine, 254 Nitrosyl chloride, 165 Nitrosyl sulphuric acid, 195, 196 Nitrous acid, 169 Nitrous oxide, 171 Nomenclature, 84, 101 Nonane, 232 Nordhausen sulphuric acid, 201 Nucleoproteins, 264 Nux vomica, 263 Occlusion, 19 Ocean, composition of, 8 Octane, 232 Oil gas, 267 Oil of mirbane, 262 Oleic acid, 244 Olefiant gas, 235 Olivine, 293 Olive oil, 252 Onnes, Kammerlingh, 149 Opal, 291 Open hearth process, 508 Opium, 263 Optical activity, 246 Organic acids, 241 Organisms in water, 146 Orpiment, 317 Orthite, 469 Orthoclase, 294, 465 Orthophosphoric acid, 313 Orthorhombic system, 184 Osmates, 525 Osmic acid, 524 Osmiridium, 524 Osmium, 524 compounds of, 524 Osmosis, 419 Osmotic pressure, 419, 421 OxaUc acid, 244 Oxamide, 230 Oxidation, 21, 86 stages of, 28 Oxides, acid-forming, 120 Oxides of cobalt, 518 copper, 440 iron, 509 lead, 479 manganese, 496 nickel, 516 nitrogen, 161 silver, 447 tin, 475 Oximes, 159 Oxy-acids of nitrogen, 161 Oxygen, 24 atomic weight of, 71, 74 history, occurrence, i24 preparation, 86 properties, 25 Oxyhydrogen blowpipe, 31 Ozone, 88 in the air, 146 properties of, 90 relation of, to oxygen, 89 Ozonic acid, 95 Packfong, 516 Paint, 483 Painter's colic, 484 Palladium, 524 Palladium compounds, 524 Palladium-hydrogen, 524 Palmitic acid, 244 Paper, 261 sizing of, 464 Paracelsus, 13, 408 Parafhn, 233 Paraffin series, 232, 233 Paraformaldehyde, 248 Pararosaniline, 262 Paris green, 321 542 INDEX Parke's procefis, 445 Parting, 453 Pasaive btote, 500, 516 Pasteur, 251 Pattinson's process, 446 Pattinson's white lead, 481 Pearlash, 350 Peligot, 493, 494 Pentane, 232 Pepsin, 259 Peptones, 264 Perchlorates, 100 Perchloric acid, 100 Percussion caps, 407 Periodates, 117 Periodic acid, 117 Periodic law, 342 Periodic system, 337, 330 Permanent white, 3^ Permanganates, 498 uses of, 500 Permanganic acid, 499 Persulphates, 202 Persulphuric acid, 202 Petit, 79 Petroleum, 232 Petroleum ether, 233 Petxite, 452 Pewter, 474 Pfeffer, 422 Phenacite, 393 Phenolates, 240 Phenolphthalein, 130 Phenols, 240 Phenyl hydrazine, 158 Phlogistic theory, 33 Phlogiston, 33, 53 Phosgene, 226 Phosphate rock, 382 Phosphine, liquid, 311 solid, 311 Phosphines, 309 Phosphomolybdic acid, 492 Phosphonium compounds, 310 iodide, 310 Phosphor bronze, 440 Phosphoric acid, 120, 313 glacial, 315 Phosphorous acid, 316 Phosphorus, 304 compounds of, with sulphur, 317 group, general considerations of, in iron, 505 oxides and acids of, 312, 316 oxybromide, 312 oxychloride, 312 oxy fluoride, 312 pentabromidc, 312 pentafluoride, 312 pentasulphide, 317 pentoxide, 120, 313 preparation of, 305 333 red, amorphous, 307 sulphoehloride, 317 tribromide, 312 trichloride, 311 trifluoride, 312 triiodide, 312 uses of, 307 yellow or white, 306 Phosphotungstic acid, 493 Photography, 448 Physical change, 1, 2, 5 Physical mixture, 3 Pig iron, 504 Pineapple oil, 252 Pink salt, 475 Pintsch gas, 267 Pitchblende, 390, 493 Plants, nitrogen supply of, 145 Plaster of Paris, 380 Platinates, 527 Platinic chloride, 526 hydroxide, 527 oxide, 527 sulphide, 527 Platinous hydroxide, 527 oxide, 527 sulphide, 527 Platinum, 525 analytical tests for, 527 black, 525 care of, 526 catalytic action of, 526 extraction of, from ores, 522 family, 522 sponge, 525 use of, 526 Pleonast, 462 Pliny, 479 Plumbago, 211 Plumbates, 481 Plumbic acid, 480 oxide, 480 Plumbites, 480 Plumbum, 478 candidiun, 472 nigrum, 472 Polariscope, 249 Pollux, 353 Polonium, 392 Polymerization, 248 Polymorphism, 179 Polysulphides, 188 Polythionic acids, 202 Porcelain, 466 Portland cement, 378, 379 Positives, 449 Potash, 350 Potash, caustic, 346 Potash, feldspar, 465 Potassium, 343 alum, 464 amalgam, 347 INDEX 543 Potassium — Continued amide, 155 antimonate, 328 antimonyl tartrate, 327 arseuyl tartrate, 328 auric cyanide, 455 aureus cyanide, 455 bicarbonate, 351 bichromate, 488 bisulphate, 352 bisulphite, 352 boryl tartrate, 328 bromate, 348 bromide, 345 carbonate, 350 chlorate, 99, 347 chlorite, 101 chlorplatinate, 520 chromate, 488 chrome alum, 465, 488 citrate, 251 cobaltic cyanide, 520 cobaltic nitrite, 520 cobaltous cyanide, 520 compounds with halogens, 345 cyanate, 349 cyanide, 229, 230, 349 diuranate, 494 ferrate, 510 ferricyanide, 514 ferrocyanide, 230, 513 fluoride, 346 fluosilicate, 351 hydride, 344 hydroxide, 346 iodate, 348 iodide, 345 iodide, uses of, 114 ma&ganate, 498 metantimonate, 328 metantimonite, 327 nitrate, 348 nitrite, 349 oxide, 347 perchlorate, 100, 348 permanganate, 499 peroxide, 347 persulphate, 202 phosphates, 351 platinic chloride, 353 platinous chloride, 527 polysulphides, 352 pyroantimonate, 328 pyrosulphate, 352 ruthenate, 523 silicate, 351. silver cyanide, 451 stannite, 475 sulphate, 351 sulphides of, 352 sulphite, 352 sulphocyanate, 231, 350 sulphophosphate, 317 sulphydrate, 352 tellurate, 207 tellurite, 207 tests for, 353 thiosulphate, 352 water glass, 351 xlncate, 125 Pottery, 466 Powder of algaroth, 326 Praseodymiimi, 471 Precipitation, 415, 430 Prefixes and endings, 102 Preparing salt, 476 Preservation of railroad ties, 234 Priestley, 24, 33, 34, 49, 139, 150, 166^ 223 Producer gas, 224 Propane, 232 Properties, chemical, 12 Propionic acid, 244 Propyl amine, 262 chloride, 237 iodide, 237 tartrate, 252 Proteins, or proteids, 263 Proust, 68 Proustite, 444 Prussian blue, 514 Prussiate of potash, red, 514 yellow, 230, 514 Prussic acid, 230 Ptomaines, 264 Puddling, 505 Purple of Cassius, 455 Purpureo-cobaltic chloride, 520 Putrescine, 264 Putty, 377 Pyrargyrite, 444 Pyridine, 263 use of, in osmosis, 423 Pyrite, 502, 512 Pyroantimonic acid, 328 Pyroarsenates, 322 Pyroarsenic acid, 322 Pyroboric acid, 301 Pyrogallol, or pyrogalUc acid, 240 P3rTolusite, 495 Pyromorphite, 304, 478 Pyrophosphoric acid, 313, 315 Pyrosulphates, 201 Pyrosulphuric acid, 201 Q Quadratic system, 183 Quartation, 453 Quarts, 291 Quarts glass, 291 Quartzite, 291 Quicklime, 377 Quinine, 263 Quinoline, 263 544 INDEX R Radicals, alkyl, 237 Radio-activity, 390 Radium, 390 rays, 392 salts of, 391 Ramsay, 139, 147, 148, 149 Rare-earth elements, 469 Rayleigh, 139, 1*46, 147 Reaction, heat of, 281 irreversible, 135 reversible, 135 Realgar, 317 Reciprocal proportions, I^w of, 56, 60 Red lead, 480 Red ocher, 509 Red precipitate, 404 Red prussiate of potash, 514 Red zinc ore, 396 Reducing agent, 21 Reduction, 21, 87 Refrigeration, artificial, 156 Regnault, 18 Regular system, 182 Reich, 468 Resin soap, 464 Respiration of plants, 31 Respiration, rdle of oxygen in, 30, 31 Rhigolene, 233 Rhodium, 523 compounds of, 523 Rhodochrosite, 495 Rhombic system, 184 Rhombohedral crystals, 184 Richter, J. 318, 389, 492, 493, 496 Scheele's green, 321, 444 Scheelite, 492 Schlippe's salt, 330 Schonbein, 88 Schonite, 351, 394 Schrotter, 307 Schweinfurt green, 321 Schweitzer's reagent, 261, 439 Sefstrom, 336 Selenic acid, 205 Selenious acid, 205 Selenite, 380 Selenium, 203, 209 compounds of, 204, 205 Serpentine, 294, 394 Setterberg, 353 Shot, 479 Siderite, 502 Siemens-Martin process, 508 Silica, 291 Silicates, action of, on water, 296 decomposition of, 296 SiUcic acids, 293, 296 Silicic add, esters of, 299 Silico-ethane, 297 Silico-methane, 297 Silicon, 290 amorphbus, 291 carbide, 299 chloroform, 298 compounds of, with halogens, 297 crystalline, 291 dioxide, 291 tetrabromide, 298 tetrachloride, 298 tetrafluoride, 297 tetraiodide, 298 Silver, 436, 444 analytical testa for, 451 INDEX 545 Silver — CorUinusd bromide, 448 carbonate, 450 chromate, 451, 400 chloride, 448 cyanide, 450 extraction of, from ores, 445 fluoride, 448 fulminate, 461 glance, 444 iodide, 448 mirrors, 451 nitrate, 449 nitrite, 450 oxide, 448 peroxide, 448 phosphate, 315, 450 ' plating, 451 properties of, 447 pyrophosphate, 315 refining of, 446 solvent for, 447 sterling, 447 suboxide, 448 sulphate, 450 Smalt, 520 Smaltite, 518 Smithsonite, 390 Soap, 253 Soapstone, 394 Soda, 358 baking, 361 calcined, 359 caustic, 357 crystallized, 359 feldspar, 465 wasliing, 359 water, 221 Sodium, 354 alcoholate, 238 alum, 464 amalgam, 354, 403 amide, 155 bicarbonate, 361 bichromate, 489 bisulphate, 363 bisulphite, 363 benzoate, 244 borate, 364 bromide, 356 carbonate, 358 chloraurate, 455 chloride, 354 chlorplatinate, 526 chromate, 489 cyanide, 364 diuranate, 494 fluoride, 356 ibrmate, 242 hydride, 354 hydroxide, 357 hydrosulphide, 364 * 2n iodide, 356 manganese alum, 465 metaphosphate, 314 nitrate, 316 nitrite, 316 oleate, 253 oxide, 356 perchlorate, 100 permanganate, 500 peroxide, 356 persulphate, 202 phosphates, 361, 362 pyroantimonate, 320 pyrophosphate, 314 silicate, 294, 364 stannite, 475 sulphate, 362 sulphides, 364 sulphite, 363 thiosulphate, 202, 363 tungstate, 492 water glass, 364 Soffioni, 300 Soil, nitrogen in, 150 organisms in, 146 Solder, 474 Solid solution, 410, 415 Solubility curve of, ferric chloride, 511 magnesium chloride, 395 sodium sulphate, 362 Solubility curves, 413 Soluble Prussian blue, 514 Solution, distinguished from chemical compound, 6, 410 heat of, 281 .normalj 129 saturated, 414 standard, 129 supersaturated, 363, 415 unsaturated, 414 Solutions, 410 coUoidal, 295, 416 nature and kinds of, 410 of liquids in liquids, 411 of solids in liquids, 412 solid, 410, 415 Solvay, 360 Solvay process, 360 Sonnenschein's reagent, 492 Soot, 214 Spark spectra, 369 Specific heats, table of, 78 Spectra of metals, 367 Spectroscope, 366 Spectrum analysis, 365 Spectnmi, continuous, 368 reversed, 369 spark, 369 Spelter, 397 Spiegeleisen, 496, 507 Spinels, 462 Spiritus fumans Llbavii, 475 546 INDEX Stahl, 33, 53 Stannates, 476 Stannic acid, 475, 476 chloride, 475 hydroxide, 476 oxide, 476 sulphide, 477 Stannous chloride, 474 hydroxide, 475 oxide, 475 sulphide, 477 Starch, 259 paste, 260 production of, 222 soluble, 260 Stas, 223 Stearic acid, 244 Steel, mild, structural, tool, 506 Stereochemistry, 248 Stereoisomerism, 248 Stibine, 324 Stibnite, 323 Stohmann, 289 Stoichiometry, laws of, 60 Stolzite, 492 Stoneware, 466 Storage battery, 434 Strohmeyer, 400 Strontianite, 386 Strontium, 386 carbonate, 387 chloride, 387 compounds of, 386 dioxide, 387 hydroxide, 387 nitrate, 387 oxide, 387 sucrate, 258 sulphate, 387 sulphide, 381 Structural formulae, 82 Strychnine, 263 Sublimate, corrosive, 405 Sublimation, 112 Substance, definition of, 2 Succinic acid, 245 Sucrose, 257 Sugar of lead, 482 Sugars, 255 Sulphates of, iron, 512 mercury, 407 Sulphides of, copper, 444 : iron, 512 ; tin, 477 Sulphites, 191 Sulphocyanates, 230 Sulphostannates, 477 Sulphur, 176 allotropic forms of, 179 amorphous, 179 auratum, 330 bleaching with, 190 compounds with halogens, 188 dichloride, 189 dioxide, 189 ethers, 254 flowers of, 178 group, general considerations of, 207 hexafluoride, 188 hexaiodide, 189 in iron, 505 milk of, 179 monobromide, 189 monochloride, 189 monoclinic, 189 monoiodide, 189 occurrence of, 176 peroxide, 202 plastic, 179 precipitated, 179 preparation of, 178 properties of, 178 rhombic, 178 roll, 178 sesquioxide, 192 tetrachloride, 189 trioxide, 120, 192, 194 uses of, 180 Sulphuric acid, 120 action of, on salt, 136 contact process, 193 factory, 197 hydrates of, 201 lead chamber process, 194 monohydrate of, 200 properties of, 199 uses of, 199 Sulphuric ether, 254 Sulphurous acid, 120, 191 Sulphury! chloride, 203 Superphosphate, 198, 305 Superphosphate of lime, 382 Sylvanite, 452 Sylvite, 344 Symbob, chemical, 63 Talc, 394 Tank waste, 359 Tanning, chrome, 489 Tantalites, 336 Tantalum, 336 Tartar emetic, 327 Tartaric acid, 250 Taylor, E. R., 227 Tellurium, 205, 209 compounds of, 206, 207 Tempering, 506 Tennant, 525 Terbium, 471 Ternary ^compound, 85 Tetraboric acid, 301 Tetragonal system, 183 Thallium, 468 compounds of, 468 INDEX 647 Thtoard, 53, 91 Thtoard's blue, 467 Th^nard's method, 483 Theory and law, difference between, 68 Theory of electrolytic dissociation, 428 Theory, use of, 68 Thermite, 460 Thermochemical data, 283 uses of, 287 Thermochemical equations, 278, 279 Thermochemistry, 275 laws of, 277 Thionyl chloride, 203 Thiosulphates, 201 Thiosulphuric acid, 202 Thomas-Gilchrist process, 607 Thomas slag, 507 Thomsen, Julius, 279, 288, 432 Thorium, 299 Thorium X, 392 Thouldt's solution, 406 Thulium, 471 Tin, 472 amalgam, 403 analytical tests for, 477 Banca, 473 block, 473 chlorides of, 474 cry, 473 pest, 473 recovery of, from tin cans, 474 stone, 472 tetrabromide, 475 tetrachloride, conductivity of, 424, 425 tetraiodide, 475 uses of, 474 Tinned iron, 474 Titanium, 299 Titration, 130 Tombac, 439 Toning bath, 455 Triads, 337 Triasoic acid, 159 Triazoiodide, 160 Triclinic system, 185 Tridymite, 291 Trigonal system, 184 Trioleine, 252 Tripalmitine, 252 Tristearine, 252 Trithiocarbonates, 229 Trithiocarbonic acid, 229 Trypsin, 259 Tungsten, 485, 492 compounds of, 492, 493 Turmeric paper, 130 TumbuU's blue, 514 Turpeth mineral, 407 Type meUl, 324 Ultramarine, 466 Uranium, 485, 493 compounds of, 493, 494 glass, 494 rays, 390 yellow, 494 Uranium X, 392 Urbain, 470 Urea, estimation of, 142 Valence, 82, 83 Valentine, Basil, 194, 328, 330 Vanadium, 335 compounds of, 336 Van Heknont, 223 Van Marum, 88 van't Hoff, 247, 422 Varech, 111 Vaseline, 233 Vauquelin, 393, 485 Venetian red, 509 Verdigris, 438, 444 Vermilion, 408 Villiger, 95 Vinegar, 242 Vitriol, blue, 442 green, 512 oil of, 194 white, 399 Vivianite, 304 W Wanklyn, 111 Water, 36 action of, on rocks, 47 as solvent, 47 clarifying of, 462 comparison of, with hydrogen sulphide 188 composition of, 40 compounds with, 46 contaminated, 39 disUUed, 37 formula of, 71 gas, 224 germs in, 39 glass, 294 hard, 220 hardness of, 376 in animals, 36 in plants, 36 metastable condition of, 44 mineral, 39 natural, 37 of crystallization, 46, 150 pipes, bursting of, 43 potable, 38 properties of, 42 purification of, 39 648 INDEX Water — ConHntied supercooled, 44 thermal, 40 Wavellite, 506 Welding, 506 Weldon process, 497 Welsbach, Auer von, 470, 471 Welsbach light, 272, 470 Werner, 521 Wheels, grinding, 299 Whetstones, 299 Whisky, 238 White lead, 483 adulterants of, 483 White precipitate, 408 Whiting, 377 Wine, 238 spirit of, 238 Winkler, 472 Wintergreen, oil of, 252 Withering, 390 Witherite, 387 Wohler, 217 Wolframite, 492 Wollaston. 