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What is the length of a pendulum beating half seconds at a place where the seconds pendulum is 39.1 inches? 23. The pitch of a screw is ^ inch. The length of the lever used in turning the screw is 2 ft. What power must be applied to produce a pressure of one ton ? 24. The radius of the wheel is 2 ft. and of the axle 4 in. What weight can be raised by a power of 50 Ibs. ? 25. A body of mass 2 Ibs. is attached to the end of a string a yard long, and is whirled round at an uniform rate, making twenty revolutions in a minute. What is the tension in the string? 26. A force of 30 dynes acts for 10 seconds upon a body resting on a smooth horizontal plane, and imparts to it a veloc- ity of 100 centimetres per second. What is the mass of the body ? ' INDEX ABSOLUTE UNITS, 381, 384 Absolute zero, 139 Absorption, of ether waves by atoms, 242 of heat during change of state, 115, 116 of light, its relation to reflection, 274 to transmission, 269-275 of radiant heat, its relation to radi- ation, 279 to reflection, 276 to transmission, 275-278 Acceleration. 372 due to gravity, 373 Acid, definition of, 205 effect of on litmus, 82 Adhesion, 48 Affinity, chemical, 159 Air, density of, 17-19 transmits sound, 217 but not radiant heat or light, 237, 243 chamber, 36 gap in magnetic circuit, 321 gap in Ruhmkorff coil, 357 pressure, 5-15 pump, 28, 29 mercury air pump, 239 liquid, 139 Albumen, 83 Alcohol lamp, 50 Alkalis, 206 effect of on litmus, 82 Alphabet, code in telegraphy, 322 Alternating currents, 339-341, 347, 351, 357 discharge across spark gap, 358 Altitude, determined by barometer, 15 determined by boiling point of water, 109 Alum, 96, 276, 278 Aluminum, 173 Ammonia water, 82 Amplitude of vibration, 215, 376 Analysis, chemical, 160 of color by prism, 254, 267, 269 of sound, 229 Aneroid barometer, 16 Animals distinguished from plants, 176 Animal body, origin of heat in, 212 Antidotes, 207 Archimedes' Principle, 71 Arc light, 356 Armature, 320, 324, 328, 336, 339 Atmosphere, attracted by earth, 367 chemical composition of, 151 height of, 238 pressure of, at sea-level, 14 total pressure on human body, 19 Atomic theory, 193, 194 Atoms, explain multiple proportion in compounds, 194 weight of, 196 Attraction, capillary, 50 electric, 301 magnetic, 288-291 BAROMETER, aneroid, 16 mercurial, 15 used to measure elevations, 15 to predict changes of weather, 1 6 Base in chemistry, 205 403 404 INDEX Battery, see Cell Beam of light, 243 Bell, electric, 338 Bichromate cell, 313, 314 Black, color, 267 Boiling point, 104 effected by pressure, 108 used to determine elevation, 109 Boyle's Law, 21-24 Brass, 173 Bronze, 173 Brushes of dynamo, 341 CALORIE, 112 Camphor, 87 Capacity for heat, 125 Capillarity, 50 cause of, 53 Capillary tubes, 49, 50 Carbon dioxide, 2, 147-149, 152, 177 Caustic potash, 82 soda, 191 Cell, electric, 311 connected in parallel, 313 in series, 326 copper sulphate, crowfoot, or grav- ity, 312 potassium bichromate, 313 sal ammoniac, 312 terminals -f- and — 313 Centimetre, 399 Centre, of oscillation, 377 of suspension, 375 Centrifugal force, 382, 383 Centripetal force, 383 Charge of electricity, 305 Chemical action as source of elec- tricity, 310 action due to light, 279 affinity, 159, 194 analysis, 160 combination, 178 double decomposition, 180 Circuit, electric, 313 earth a part of, 326 magnetic, 297, 298, 315 primary and secondary, 346 Clouds, formation of, 125 Code used in telegraphy, 322 Coherer, 359 Cohesion, 48 Coil, in dynamo, 336 induction coil, 347, 351, 356 Collecting rings, 341 Colorless transparent pbjects, 268 Colors, black, 267 compound, 254, 267 depend on rate and intensity of vibration of atoms, 257-259 intensity of, 256-259, 286 of flames and other sources of light, 252-257, 264 of non-luminous objects depend on colors received from luminous objects, 265-267, 270 on colors absorbed, 272-275 on colors reflected, 265-367 on colors transmitted, 269-273 effect of thickness, 272 of opaque objects, 365-267, 273 of pigments, 274 of transparent objects, 269-272 prismatic, 255 simple, 255 tint, 256-259 white, 254, 255, 266 Commutator, 341 Compass, 293 used to determine direction of elec- tric current, 316 Component tones of notes, 239, 230 Compound colors, 254 Compounds, 159 classification of, 205 formulas of, 199 how named, 207 inorganic, 175 organic, 175 new — , formed by substitution, 180 Concave surface, 51 Concussion produces heat, 126 Condensation, change of volume, 105 phase of sound waves, 219 Conduction, of electricity, 305-309, 354 INDEX 405 Conduction, of heat, 130, 236 of magnetic force, 299 Conservation, of energy, 386 of mass, 183 Controller, 355 Convex surface, 51 Convection, cause of, 136 of gases, 135 of liquids, 134 Cooling, during evaporation, 123 during expansion, 124 Copper plate of cell, negative plate with positive terminal, 313 Copper sulphate cell, 312 Core, soft iron, 319, 320 Crooke's tube, 361, 362 Crystallization, 94 Crystals, alum, 96 how produced, 94 quartz, 96 salt, 95 sugar, 96 Current of electricity, 310 direction of, 313 due to" chemical action, 310 due to fluctuation of current in neighboring wire, 345 due to motion of wire across mag- netic field, 335, 336 fluctuation in strength, 336 induced, 343 momentary, 335 primary and secondary, 346 Curvilinear motion, 381 DECLINATION, 293 Decoherer, 360 Decomposition of water by electrol- ysis, 154 Deep-sea fish, phosphorescent, 19 Definite proportions by weight, 183, 186 Delivery tube, 143 Demagnetization, 304 Density, of air, 17-19 of ether, 240 Diaphragm of lens in camera, 283 Difference of potential, 308-310 Diffusion of liquids, 82 Direct current dynamos, 342 Direction of needle in magnetic field, 294-297, 314, 315 Direction of strain in the ether, affect- ed by soft iron, 299-301 around a wire carrying a current, 315 around a wire moving across a mag- netic field, 333 around a wire while current in neigh- boring wire fluctuates, 345 in an electromagnet, 318 in field around a magnet, 295-298 within a loop carrying a current, 31 7 Distance, action at a, 240, 296 Distance of object, determines position of image, 280 determines size of image, 282 Dogs, scent of, 90 Double substitution, 180 Dynamo, 335-337 Dyne, 381 EARTH, attracted by sun, 367 as a magnet, 291, 292 south-seeking pole at north end of, 292 part of circuit in telegraphy, 326 Ebullition, 105 Electric, arc, 356 bell 328 cell, 311-314 charge, 305 circuit, 313 conduction, 305-309, 354 current, 307, 310, 332, 345 light, 355, 356 potential, 308-311 waves, 356, 361 Electricity, a phenomenon of the ether, 364 current — ,310 induced — 343 static — , 304 406 INDEX Electrification, by contact and separa- tion, 309, 310 by contact with electrified body, 304 by chemical action, 310, 311 by induction, 343 by motion of wire across magnetic field, 332 by fluctuation of current in neigh- boring wire, 345 by rubbing, 304, 309 Electrolysis of water, 154 Electromagnet, 318 armature of, 320 comparative strength of, 320, 324 Electromotive force, 308 Electroscope, 305 Elements, 172 inert, 177 in animal body, 174 in plants, 173 chief — present in earth, 173 usually found combined in nature, 177 symbols of, 197 Energy, 385 conservation of, 386 dissipation of, 388 formula for, 386 how measured, 385 kinetic, 385 potential, 385 Equations, 203 Erg, 384 Ether, chemical, evaporation of, 123 Ether, a theoretical substance, 240 transmission of heat and light, 240- 243, 278 magnetic strain of, 296, 315, 333, 364 waves in, 241, 248, 356, 361 Evaporation, 87 cooling due to, 123 effect of pressure on, 1 10 of camphor, 87 of ice, 88 of solids, 87 of syrups, 110 effect of on crystallization, 97-99 Expansion due to heat, 106 to cold water on cooling below 39.2° F., 126 water on freezing, 105 Extent of atmosphere, 238 Eye, structure of, 284 FALLING BODIES, 373, 374 Field of magnet, 294, 296 ; see Mag- netic field Field magnet, 336 Film, soap bubble, thickness of, 80 Fire-engine, 36 Fish, deep-sea, luminosity of, 19 Flow of electricity, 307, 311, 333 Fluctuation of strength of current in loop of dynamo, 338 Fluoroscope, 362 Focus of lens, 282 Foot-pound, 384 Foot-poundal, 384 Force, 379 centrifugal, centripetal, 382, 383 lines of force, 295-298, 315, 333, 344, 345 units of force, 379 Force pump, 36 Formula, 370 chemical, 199-203 for falling bodies, 374 Freezing mixtures, 123, 124 Frequency of vibration, 215 of sound waves, 216 of waves of light, 263 Friction, heat produced by, 127 Front of wave practically plane, 247 Fulcrum, 390 Fundamental tones, 229 GALVANOMETER, mirror, 332 sensitive, 331 tangent, 330 Gases, buoyancy of, 65 cooling due to expansion of, 124 osmosis, 85 poor conduction of heat, 133 rate of motion of molecules in, 87 INDEX 407 Gases, relation between pressure and volume, 24 Glass- working, 44, 45 Gold-leaf, thickness of, 80 Gravitation, 365 Gravity, acceleration due to, 373 Gravity cell, 312 Ground, with ground plate, part of electric circuit, 327 HEAT, molecular motion, 128 capacity of substances for, 125 cause of — in animal body, 212 chemical action assisted by, 210 conduction, 130, 236 convection, 134, 136 produced by collision, 126 by compression, 127 by fricton, 127 by electric currents, 355 by uniting of elements to form compounds, 211 quantity of, 110 unit of quantity of, 112 withdrawn during evaporation, 123 during separation of compounds into their elements, 210 Heat, radiant, 235-241 absorption of, 276-279 reflection of, 268, 276 transmission of, 277-279 variation in different parts of spec- trum, 260-262 waves, invisible, 259-263 visible, 263 Horse-power, 384 Hydraulic press, 69, 70 Hydrochloric acid, 82 Hydrogen, 2 flame of, 147 production of, 145 tests for, 152 Hydrogen dioxide, 187 Hydrostatic pressure, 68 ICE, evaporation of, 88 melting point of, 103, 114 Ice, temperature of, 101 Image, distance from lens, 280 influenced by convexity of lens, 283 inversion of, 281-283 size, 282 Incandescent lamp, 355 Inclined plane, 393, 394 Induction, electric, 322, 343 magnetic, 298 Induction coils, 347, 351, 356 Inertia, 379 Inorganic compounds, 175 Intensity of color, 256-259, 286 of heat, 260, 261 of light, 256-259, 286 of sound, 224, 225 of vibration, 215, 223 Internal 'reflection of light, 273 Invisible spectrum, 261, 263, 208 waves of heat, 261 KEY, telegraph, 325 Kilogram, 380, 399 Kilogram-metre, 384 Kinetic energy, 385 LATENT HEAT, 120 of water, 121 of steam, 121 Lava, 99 Lenses, effect of convexity on distance of image, 283 effect of margin on image produced by centre of lens, 283 Lever, 390, 391 Lifting pump, 33, 34 Light, 235 ; see Color absorption of, 272, 275 electric, 355, 356 reflection of, 265-267, 273 source of, 264 Lightning, 264 Limit of hearing, 216 Lines of force, 295 ; see Direction of strain in the ether complete circuits, 297. 336 Phenomenon denned, 48 Phosphorus, how stored, 177 Pigments, color of, 274 Piston 25 Pitch, 215 in musical instruments, 216 range in human voice, 217 varies with length in strings, 227 Pitch of screw, 396 Plane, inclined, 393*, 394 Plane wave front, 247 Platinum wire, how fastened in glass tube, 46 410 INDEX Pneumatic trough, 140 Poles of earth, geographic, 292 difference in action of, 291 magnetic, 292 of electromagnets, 319 of magnets, 290 Position of image, 280-283 Positive pole of earth is in Antarctic regions, 292 of magnets, north-seeking, 290 terminals of cells at top of carbon or copper plates, 313 Potassium bichromate cell, 313, 314 Potential, 310, 311 Potential energy, 385 Pound, 380 Poundal, 381 Power, 384 Precipitates, 167 separation of, 170 Pressure, effect on boiling point, 108 effect on melting point, 107 hydrostatic, 67, 68 relation to volume in gases, 24 Primary circuit or current, 346 Primary colors, 255 Prism, refraction of light by, 250 of rock salt, 276 Prismatic colors, 255, 257 Propagation of waves of sound; see Air of radiant heat, light, and electric- ity; see Ether Pulley, 392 Pump-barrel, 32 Pump-plate, 28 Pumps, 25-38 valves of, 25 QUALITY OF SOUND, 229 Quantity of heat, 110, 111 unit of, 111 Quantity of matter ; see Mass Quantity of motion ; see Momentum Quartz, crystals, 96 RADIANT ENERGY, 235 Radiant heat, 235 Radiation of heat, 241-243 in relation to absorption, 279 Rain foretold by barometer, 16 Rarefaction and condensation in waves of air, 219 Rays of light, 243 Roentgen, 360 Reagents, 168 Receiver of air-pump, 29 of telephone, 349 Red light, refraction of, 253 Reflection, of heat, 268 in relation to absorption, 276 internal, 273 of light, 265-267, 270, 276 Refraction, of light, 243 cause of, 248 from denser to rarer medium, 245 from rarer to denser, 246 of red light, 253 of yellow light, 251 through a prism, 250 Relay, 323 Repulsion, of like electric charges, 305 of like poles, 291 Resistance, 355 Rings, conducting, 341 Rock salt prism, 276 Roentgen rays, 360 Rose, cause of odor, 88 Rose-oil, 89 Ruhmkorff coils, 347, 356 SAL AMMONIAC CELL, 312 Salt, crystals of, 95 Salts, how formed, 205, 206 Saturated solution, 93 Screen, magnetic, 301 Screw, 395 law, 396 pitch, 396 Sea-level, air pressure at, 14 Secondary circuit or current, 346 Segments of vibrating strings. 228 Self-luminous bodies, 264 Sensation, of hearing, 218: 233 of pain, 137 INDEX 411 Sensation of sight, 285 of taste, 92 of temperature, 137 of touch, 137 Sensitive galvanometer, 331 Sensitiveness of eye to different colors, 286 Series connection of cells, 326, 327 Shooting stars, 238 Simple machines, 390 Simple pendulum, 375 Siphon, 54-56 principle of, 55 use of, 56 Smell, cause of, 88 Soap-bubble, thickness of film, 80 Sodium, color of flame, 251 how stored, 177 Soft iron, armature, 320, 336 influence on direction of strain in a magnetic field, 299, 300, 319 Solar spectrum, 255 relative heat in different parts of, 260 Solidification, change of volume dur- ing, 104 Solids, relative conductivity of heat, 130 Solution, cause, 90 cold produced by, 123 saturated, 93 unsaturated, 93 Solutions, effect of heat on, 92 effect of evaporation, 93 effect of cooling on, 93 small size of molecules indicated by, 91 Sound, 214 due to vibration of sounding bodies, 214 intensity and loudness, 223 pitch, 216, 227 quality due to overtones, 230 sensation, 218, 233 transmitted by vibration of mole- cules in air, 222 transmitted by waves in air, 219 Sound velocity, 230 Sounder, 321 Spark, electric, 357 Specific density, 73 Specific gravity, defined, 71 of iron, 72 of liquids, 75 of solids heavier than water, 72 of solids lighter than water, 73 Spectrum, growth during rise of tem- perature, 255 invisible, 268 solar, 255 ultra -red and ultra-violet, 263 visible part of, 263, 268 States of matter, 1 00 Static electricity, 304 Steam, dry, 103 latent heat of, 120, 122 temperature, 103 Stop-cocks, 38 Straight path of light, 243 Strain of ether, direction of, 296, 297, 315 influenced by soft iron, 299, 319, 336, 344 Strings, vibration of, 227 vibration in parts, 228 Sublimation, 87 Substitution, chemical, 165 new compounds formed by, 180 Sugar, crystals of, 96 granulated, 99 Sulphuric acid, 82 Sun, attraction for earth, 367 Sun's light, color is white, 254 transmitted by ether, 240 Surface tension of liquids, 42 Symbols of elements, 197 Sympathetic vibrations, 226, 234 Synthesis, chemical, 160 TANGENT GALVANOMETER, 330 Taste, 92 Telegraph, code or alphabet, 322 key, 325 relay, 323 412 INDEX Telegraph sounder, 821 wireless, 358-360 Telephone, 347-354 receiver, 349 transmitter, 348 use of induction coil, 351 Temperature, defined, 110 decrease with elevation, 237 extremes of, 139 measurement of, 110 of ice, 101 of steam, 103 of water, 102 sensation of, 13 < unit of, 110 Tension, of strings, 227 of surface film of liquids, 42 Terminals of cells, 313 Terrestrial magnetism, 292 Theory, atomic, 193, 194 ether, theory of radiant heat and light, 240 of electricity, 358, 362 of magnetism, 295, 315, 362 lines of magnetic force, 295 molecular, 77 molecular theory of heat, 128 molecular theory of magnetism, 302 Thermopile, 260 Thistle tube, 82 Thumb and finger rule, 316, 317, 319, 329, 334 Tint of color, 259 Tones, frequency of vibration or pitch, 216 fundamental, 229 overtones, 229 Translation, motion of molecules, 128 Translucency, 272 Transmission of heat, by contact, 236 by radiation, 241-243 in relation to absorption, 277 Transmission of light, 268-275 selective transmission of visible and invisible waves, 275, 276 Transmission of sound, 217 Transmission of many sound waves simultaneously, 230 by liquid in labyrinth, 234 Transmitter, 348 Transparency of thin sections, 272 Transparent objects, colorless, 268 color due to selective absorption, 269 Tubes, capillary, 49, 50 ULTRA-RED AND ULTRA-VIOLET SPEC- TRUM, 263 U-tubes, balancing of liquids in, 20 VACUUM, falling bodies in a, 373 transmission through, of electricity, 361 of electrical discharges, 360 of heat, 239 of light, 239 of magnetic force, 296 Vacuum fountain, 7 Vacuum pans, 110 Valves, 24 Variation, magnetic, 293 Velocity, 368 accelerated, 371, 372 average, 372 of electricity, 364 of molecules in gases, 87 of molecules in liquids, 83 of sound, 230 uniform, 370, 371 uniformly accelerated, 372 Vibrations, 375 amplitude of, 215, 375, 376 frequency of, 215, 223 intensity of, 215, 223 period of, 215, 376 of molecules in heat, 128, 129 of molecules in sound, 222 of sounding bodies, 214 of strings, 228 of atoms in radiant heat and light, 242 rate of, 376 Visibility, depends on light received, and then reflected or trans- mitted, 265 INDEX 413 Voice, 217 Volume, change during liquefaction, or consolidation, 104 during vaporization, 105, 106 WATER, attraction for glass, 47 attraction for water, cohesion, 46 boiling point of, 104 capillary action of, 48 chemical action assisted by, 209 composition of, 154 cohesion compared with adhesion to glass, 51 drop of, why spherical, 43 electrolysis, 154 expansion due to freezing, 105 freezing point of, 104 irregular expansion of, 125 maximum density of, 71 poor conductor of heat, 133 pressure downward, 59, 60 pressure upward, 61 production of. 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