None
nat. 14: 493-506 (1877) 120 Z. Neue Methode zum Schatzung und Klassifizierung des Staubes in der Atmosphare. Zs. Gewerbehyg. 15: 257 (1908) 114 Zah&lka, C. Vorlaufige Notiz tiber die Entstehung der Loespuppen im Nord- Bohmen. Verh. geol. Reichsanst. 1898: 285-286 125 ZavHz, E. J. Report on the reforestation of the waste lands in Southern Onta- rio. Toronto, 1909. 28 p 75, 165 Zeise, O. Beitrag zur Geologic der nordfriesischen Inseln. Schriften naturw. Ver. Schless.-Holst. 8: 145-161 (1891) 54 Zeleny, John, and McKeehan, L. W. An experimental determination of the terminal velocity of fall of small spheres in air. Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. sci. 1908. Abst. Science n. s. 29: 469 (1909) 42 [The terminal velocity of fall of small spheres in air] Rept. Brit. Assoc. 1909: 407-408. Abst. Nature 81: 472(1909) 42 The terminal velocity of fall of small spheres in air. Nature 82: 158 (1909). 42 Zernecke, W. F. Der Dunendurchbruch bei Neufahr in der frischen Nehrung am 1. Februar 1840. Preuss. Provinzialbl. 23: 359-363 (1840) 54 Zeuschner, Louis, tfber den Loss in den Bieskiden und im Tatragebirge. Jahrb. geol. R<?ichsanst. 2, 1: 76-79 (1851) 127 Uber die Verbreitung des Loss in den Karpathen zwischen Krakau und Rima-Szombat. Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wise. Vienna 17: 288-295 (1855) 127 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 263 Page. Zimmerman!!, Ernst. Gesetzmassige Einseitigkeit von Tfaalbdschungen und Lehmablagerungen. Zs. deut. geol. Ges. 46: 493-500 (1894) 40 Buntsandfltein bei Saalfeld in Thuringen und fiber sandge- schliffene Gerolle in dessen Konglomeraten. Monatsb. deut. geol. Gee. 1907: 227-230 146 Zlrkel, Ferdinand. Micromineralogische Mittheilungen. Neuea Jahrb. Min. 1873:1-25 148 — [Mikroskopische Untereuchung der in Norwegen niedergefal- lenen vulkamschen Asche.] Neues Jahrb. Min. 1875: 399-401 149 Zlttel, Earl Alfred, ritter von. Ueber Gletscher-Erscheinungen in der bayer- ischen Hochebene. Sitzungsb. K. Bay. Akad. Wiss. Munich (2) 4: 252-283 (1874); Geol. Verh. 1875: 61-62; Neues Jahrb. Min. 1875: 971-972 Quoted in Gerhard Rohlfe' Expedition in die Libysche Wtiste. Peterm. Mitt. H>: 178-185 Q874) 66 Die libysche Wuste nach ihrer Bodenbeschaffenheit und ihrem landschaftlichen Character. Jahresb. geog. Ges. Munich 4-5: 252-269 (1875). 82 T)ber.den geologische Bau der libyschen Wuste. Mttnchen, 1880 99 Zobrist, Theodore. Lea dunes. Refutation dee theories de M. Bouthillier de Beaumont. Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise geog. 4: 17-35 (1888) 54 Zona, T. Sirocco del 29 agosto 1885 e cenm eulP origine del foehn, del solano e delle argille rosse abissali dell'atlantico. Pubbl. Real osserv. Palermo 8, VIII: 1-6 (1887) Abst. Meteor. Zs. 5: 409-410 (1888) 89 ZOpprltz, K. Uber den angeb lichen Einfluse der Erdrotation auf die Gestal- tung von Flussbetten. Verh. deut. Geographentags, Halle Zz 47-53 (1882). . 40 Die Zusammensetsung des Passatstaubes auf dem sudlichen v Atlantischen Ozean. Prometheus 16:254 (1905) 95 Zwemer, Samuel Marinua. Three journeys in northern Oman. Geog. jour. 19:54-64(1902) 65 INDEX. Pagtt. Adobe 128 Alkali dust 105 retention of blown dust by 63 Alumina, in sirocco dust , 94 Ammophila armaria as sand binder 75 Analyses, sirocco dust 93, 95 volcanic dust \ 155 See also Mechanical analyses. Angle of rest of sand 60 Animals, soil movement by 16 Arctic haze, due to snow 119 ice, dust on 103 Atmospheric dust 110 collection 114 composition Ill, 112 condensation of water on Ill heat absorbed by Ill local material in 106 optical effects 116, 117 organic matter in 160 quantity 114, 115, 116 suspension of 110 sources 112, 120 transient 99 uniformity of Ill Autumn haze 117 de Baer, law of 40 Baked surface of soil, protection by 33 Barchans. See Dunes, crescentic. Basin ranges, origin ; 38 Beach grass as a sand binder 75 Bishop's Ring 117 Black rain and snow 92 Blood rain 90 Blown sands. See Sands, blown. Blown soil. See Soil blowing. Bolsons, origin of 38 Brush cover to prevent blowing * 170 Burial, natural, of articlas in the soil 106 Callina 118 Garnotite * 145 Cement dust, effect on plants 167 Cementation of calcareous sands 143 Chemical composition of sirocco dust 93, 95 Chemical composition of volcanic dust 153, 155, 156 Chernozem 162 Cirques, formed by eolian erosion 41 Clay, prevention of blowing by 170 Clearing land, methods for avoiding soil blowing 169 Climate and dune movement 143 of the Pleistocene and Recent periods 137 relation of geologic deposits to 137, 143, 144, 146 265 266 MOVEMENT OF SOIL MATERIAL, BY THE WIND. Page. Coastal dunes 64,65,75 sands, sources of 163 Cobalt, in atmospheric dusts 120, 121, 122 in red ram . 92 Colloidal clay, prevention of blowing by 168 Colob formation 142 Competence of the wind 41 radius of 42 Condensation on dust particles Ill, 115 Concretions of the loess 125 Coral rock, eolian 143 Corrasion by wind 24, 40, 53, 145 damage to crops by — 166. Corona?, caused by dust 117- Cosmic materials in atmospheric dust 120 origin of sirocco dust ....,- 90- Creep of soil , , 16, 20. Critical moisture content of soils ,,.•..... 31. Cross-bedding, eolian * 138, 141 Crusting of soils, protection by 33 Cryokonite 103, 160 Cultivation to prevent blowing 171- wind-damage following . 29, 168, 169 Cyclone, nature of *...... 87 Deep-sea deposits, iron spherules in 121" volcanic dust in 151 Deflation 37,136 zone of 137 Deforestation, sand drift started by 77 Denudation, eolian 47, 99 * error in calculations of 47 Deposition, eolian 49, 107 Desert pavement 32, 37, 51 Deserts, eolian deposits in 122 geology of 54 haze in 118 in past geologic time 144, 145 sand and dust Btorms in 78, 82 surface of 37, 65 Dew, retention of blown dust by 53 Diatoms in sirocco dust 90 Distance of transfer, by dust storms 82 eolian action 47 of organic matter 162 volcanic dust 149 Dreikanter 26,145 Drift, glacial, relation to loess 132 Drifting sand. See Sands, blown. Dry farming methods, soil blowing caused by 170 Dry fog and haze. See Dust haze. Drying action of wind 22, 29, 30, 171 Dune flora 71 Dune sands. See Sands, blown. Dune smoke 66 Dunes 54, 57, 142, 143, 163 coastal.. 54,65,75 control. - - • • 74 craterlike hollows in 66 crescentic *. . . 61 encroachment 74 fixation .J 74, 76 intermittance of movement 143 longitudinal 65 migration. 58 moisture in 72 reclamation 74 wdm, 267 Page. Dunes, slopes « ^^ .^^^^^^ 60 soil layers in „.«. 143 transverse 64 Dust, atmospheric ^^ 110 blown, accumulation of.... ... ,. 100, 104 burial of articles by. 106 composition of ... 103 deposition of in cities ^. . . ...^ 101 deposition of in fields ^ . . . . , 100 in the soil 100,104 size of ^ % 44, 45 quantity deposited 102, 103 industrial, in the air 104 in rain and snow 102 on arctic ice 103 See also Atmospheric dust; Cosmic dust; * Dust storms; Dust haze; Sirocco dust; Volcanic dust. Dust eddies, nature of 88 Dust falls 77,80 See also Dust storms; Sirocco dust; Volcanic dust. Dust hatos 117 Dust haze 117 . . effect on insolation 119 . . from smoke 118 . in deserts , 117, 118 volcanic 119 Dust storms 77,79,96,99,102 deposition by , 81,102,140 distances covered 82 fertilizing action 129 local material moved by ;;.:......... 106 loess formed by 140 quantity of material carried 81 types : 78 Dust whirlwinds 83 material moved by 86, 87 Earthworms, soil translocation by 16, 107 Eddies, always present in wind 34 in dune formation 66 in ripple formation 68 lifting of material by 34 See also Dust eddies. Eolation 37 Electrical phenomena in dust storms 85 repulsion of suspended particles 110 Elutriation by wind 35, 94, 136 Eolian corrosion 24, 40, 53, 145, 166 denudation 99 deposition 49 regions of 52 deposits 81, 104, 122 characteristics of 36, 141 See also Eolian rocks; Eolian soil; Loess. erosion 24,31,37,39,51,78,171 plane of 38, 39 protection against 28 See also Soil blowing. mesas 51 planation 38, 39 rocks 141, 142, 143 See also Eolian deposits. soils 52,105,122 characteristics of 124 Erosion by wind. See Eolian erosion; Soil blowing. of loess 125 Evaporation from Band 71 268 MOVEMENT OF BOIL MATERIAL BY THE WIND. Page. Faceted pebbles 26,145 Fall of small bodies in air, rate of 42 Falls of dust, pollen, etc. See Dust-falls; Pollen; etc. Fallow, soil Mowing induced by 170 Fertility of blown sands .*. 73 loess 128,129 volcanic dust ^ 158 Fires, whirlwinds over 86 Fish, falls of 91 Fog, dry. See Dust-haze. Forestation of dunes 76 Fossils of loess 125,133 Fumes, injury to plants and soil 166,167 Gascony , dunes of 76 Gases in the soil. See Soil gases. Glacial drift, relation to loess 132 period, loess formed in '. 132 See also Ice. Gold, separation by air elutriation 36 Gullies formed by wind 51 Hail, solid nuclei in 121 Halos, dust 117 Hawkesbury sandstone, origin of 142 Haze, due to snow crystals lid See also Dust-haze. Humus, distribution by wind 160, 161 in blown sands 73 soil blowing prevented by 28, 29 Ice, in tundra 102 movement of soil material by 17 See also Glacial. Ice-sheet, formation of loess at border of 137 formation of loessial material by 136 Impact forces of air on suspended particles , 35 Inflation , zone of 139 Insects, rains of 91 Inselberge, origin of 39 Insolation, effect of haze on 119 Insolational disintegration of sand 69 Iron in atmospheric dusts 120 Irrigated farms, soil blowing on 169 Eanab formation, origin 142 Keuper formation , origin 145 Krakatoa, revegetation of 159 Lag gravels 35 Laterite 94, 105 Leaves, blowing of • 161 Lee Bands 35 Levees, natural 134 Lichens, rain of 91 Loess 52,70,122,123,124 age 132 concretions 125 dunes under 142 erosion 125 fertility of 129 fossils 125,133 origin 102,129,130,133,135,138,139 Pre-Pleistocene 141, 143 relation to glacial drift 132 relation to streams 134 secondary 133, 139, 140 stratification 134,135 INDEX. 269 Page. Loess-like deposits, eolian 140 Lcess-Mannchen 125 Manure, prevention of soil blowing by 170 Marram grass 75 Mauch Chunk formation, origin of 144 Mechanical analyses of blown soils 30,167 dunesands 44 Meteoric dust. See Atmospheric dust; Cosmic dust; Sirocco dust. Meteors, atmospheric dust from 120 Mala 118 Minerals in blown dusts 103 sirocco dust 92 the soil, persistence of 13 supplied by the wind 22, 109 volcanic dust * 152,153 Moisture, in dunes 70,71,72 movement of. in sands 30 prevention of soil blowing by 29, 30, 170 retention of blown dust by..., 52, 53 See also Soil moisture. Moor-smoke, haze caused by il8 Mounds formed by wind 50 Mulch, dust, soil blowing caused by 170 Natural burial of articles in the soil 106 fixation of dunes 76 N$ve°, loess accumulation in 139 Nickel in atmospheric dust 120, 121, 122 Night-soil, use of, in China 129 Nubian sandstone, origin of 142 Old Red sandstone, origin of 144 Organic matter, blowing of 160 in wina-borne dusts 160 See also Humus. Overgrazing, soil blowing caused by 169 Pampas, origin of 128 Passatstaub. See Sirocco dust. Pebbles, faceted 26,145 protective layers of. See Desert pavement. Phosphorus in volcanic dusts 157, 158 Planation, eolian 38, 39 Plants, dissemination by wind 161 protective action of 28 See also Dune-flora; Vegetation. Pollen, rains of 91 Potassium in volcanic dusts 156 Protections against eolian erosion 28 Protococcus nivalis, red snow caused by 91 Pumice, dust from 148 Radius of competence 42 Rain, "black, f ' "red, ""muddy," etc 80,91,92 See also Sirocco dust. of blood 90 salt in 112,113 solid matter in Ill, 116 Rain-wash 17,19,40,107,108 origin of loess by 138 Rate of fall of small bodies in air 110 Red color of rocks 145 Red rain. See Sirocco dust. snow *..< 91 sun and sky, cause of 117 Ripple-marks in rocks 141 Ripples, sand 67 270 MOVEMENT OF BOH/  distribution by wind : 163 in soils ::..:.:...:: 21 Riven, asymmetric erosion by . . : 40 soil translocation by ::::::;..... 18, 21, 163 Roofs, soil on. . : 105 Rounding of sand grains : 69, 137 Rye, use of, to prevent soil blowing 169, 172 Sahara, denudation of „..,.„, 49 dust from 91, 92, 94, 96 See also Sirocco dust. sand from, minerals in 92 Saint Peter sandstone, origin of 142 Salt crust, protective action of , . . 33 crystals, rains of 91 in air and rain 112 Saltation, movement of sand by 33, 47, 53 Sand, angle of rest of 1 60, 61, 62 binding, plants for 75 blast 24 blowing of, relation of moisture to 30 blown 35, 36, 37, 53, 70, 141, 142, 146 effect of fixation on 76 fertility of 73 mechanical analysis of 36, 44, 68, 70 minerals in 68 moisture in 70 See also Dunes; Soil blowing. coastal 163 drift, nature of T , „ 63 drift, intermittence of , , 143 dunes. See Dunes. glacierB 57 grains, shape of , 69 plains 54 ridges ;.:.:... 64 ripples 67 Sahara, minerals in ::::;.::::,.: 92 spouts. See Dust whirlwinds. storms, desert 78 See also Dust storms. Sandstones, eolian : . 141, 142 Sandy soils, blowing of : : : 167 Seeds, wind-distribution of , 161 Sheetflood :.;.;.... 40 Silty soils, blowing of .:;::.:.... 168 Sirocco dust 83,88,92,99 chemical composition •. 93 color ::::.::::.....: 95 injury to plants by ,..-.- 167 iron spherules in 121 local materials in 93, 106 minerals in 92 organic matter in 160 [, origin 91,92 quantity deposited 97 size of particles 45 Size of particles of wind-borne materials v . . P 41, 42, 44, 45, 69, 124 Sky, color, cause of , , 117 Smoke, atmospheric dust from 101, 112 black rain caused by ,„, 91, 92 haze caused by 118 injury to plants by ...,.,. , , 166, 167 3now, colored ...... t , r . , ,,,,-. 91, 92 See also Sirocco dust. INDEX. 271 Page. Snow, deposition of loess with % -^ *-•.... ..... .•..-.•<•.•. .-^.- .•.-.•. -.v. 102, 139 •drifting of < « - *...^.....*... •.•.*.... .-.•..- 53 dunes ,. ... 63, 65 Soil blowing, effect on soil composition 109, 124, 164 excessive ,.....,,.., 79, 164, 165, 167, 169 soil translocation by 22, 41, 79, 81, 99, 103, 104, 108, 109 creep 16, 20 eolian 51,52,105,107,122,124,167 gases, effect of wind on 22 injury by fumes 166, 167 loessial 128,129 moisture, effect of wind on . - , 22, 29, 30 • -Set also Moisture. temperature, effect of wind on. — 22 translocation ,....,< 15, 17, 22, 46, 47, 79, 162 See also Soil blowing. volcanic dust in 150, 158 Solifluction 16 Spherules of iron in atmospheric dusts 120 Steppes, dust storms of 77, 78 Stofces, formula of 42 Stones moved by wind 44 rain of 91 Storms. See Dust storms; Sand storms. Straw, use to prevent soil blowing 170 Streams, relation of loesB to 134 translocation by 18, 19, 20, 21 See also Rivers. Sulphur, rains of ." 91 Sun, colored, cause of 117 Sunset colors, cause of 117 Suspension of solids in air, experiments on 43 forces producing 42 Sylvania sandstone, origin of 142 Tamarisk, prevention of soil blowing by 172 Temperature of the soil. See Soil temperature. Till, glacial, relation of loess to 132 Tirs 123,162 Tornadoes 87 Trade wind dust. See Sirocco dust. Translocation. See Soil translocation. Transparency of air, effect of dust on 115, 117 Transport capacity of wind 46 Triassic Period, deserts in the 142, 145 Tschernozem 162 Tuff, volcanic. See Volcanic tuff. Tundra, ice in 102 Uniformity of blown dusts and sands 36, 111, 124 Upper currents of the atmosphere 49 Valleys, asymmetry of 40 Vegetation, accumulation of blown material by . . . 50, 51, 52, 58, 100, 109, 131, 134, 139 action of wind on 171 effect of volcanic dust on 159 for sand-binding 75 formation of loess by 131, 134, 139 of dunes 71, 72 protective action of 28, 57, 109, 168 Volcanic dust 106, 119, 148, 149, 150, 158, 160, 167 composition 152, 155, 156, 157 fertility 158, 159 blowing of 36,147,160 tuff 151, 153, 155, 156, 157 soil layers in 158 Volcanoes, material ejected by 146 whirlwinds over 87 »73 ■« „ , !»"!* .*a. 1 - - ".mm BI IBs ffIOT. BaSsrr-*-^ <Mh act -^wsrii^. - --« «...,. :. 272 MOVEMENT OF SOIL MATERIAL BY THE WIND. Water in soils. See Soil moisture. Page- soil translocation by 17,18, 19 Waterspouts 87 Whirlwinds, erosion by 87 See also Dust whirlwinds. Willows, prevention of soil blowing by 172 Wind, action of , on vegetation 171 corrosion. See Eolian corrasion. eddies in 34 erosion. See Eolian erosion. geologic action of 22 translocation of soil. See Soil blowing. transport capacity of 46 velocity of, in relation to competence 41, 42 vertical component of 34 Windbreaks 171 O Pjgl ... 17,1P £ ' 81 in in a 2 .... 46 41,42 34 171 631.4 .FB63 C. Th« movement of »oN MM lv UbrariM BRANNER £*>*>H SCIENCES I laiwiJimiii i 3 6105 032 234 747 Stanford University Libraries Stanford, California Return Ihis book on or before date due. 