None
Kossel, on cholesterin, 63 ; on proteids, 65 ; nudein in leucocytes, 67. Kossowitsch, 156, 395, 396, 399, 405. Kosutany, 409. Kowalevsky, absorption of aniline dyes by animak, 96. Krabbe, 504 ; optical properties of super- posed lameUae, 78 ; osmotic pressure, 138. Krakatoa, return of vegetation to, 175. Kranch, 508. Kraus (C), 259, 262, 279. — (G.), 156, 245, 315-10. 327-9, 352-3, 436, 474, 475, 484, 493-5> 523, 585> 601 ; bleeding from isolated stems, 251 ; calcium oxalate as plastic product, 487 ; contents of sieve-tubes, j8o; malic acid as translocatory matenal, 577 ; — in Crassulaceae, 141 ; rapidity of starch production, 321 ; on tannin, 492-4. Kreusler, 311, 323, 332-5, 352, 360, 524, 545, 562, 565, 586, 604 ; on activity of photo- synthesis, 324 ; — influence of temper- ature on, 337, 338, Fig. 50 ; — of light on, 341 ; — optimal percentage of COj for, 332 ; influence ot water on respira- tion, 565 ; — of temperature, 561. Kreuzhage u. WolfT; influence of absence of silica on oats, 436. Kriiger, 367. Krukenberg, 377, 490. Kruticki, 206 ; composition of air in vessels, 206. Krutizsky, 242. Kuhne, 186, 569-71 ; on plasma-streaming in absence of oxygen, 546. Kulisch, 602. Kundt, 204. Kunstmann, 523, 527. Kupfer, on paraplasm, 46. Kiistenmacner, on tannin, 493. Kiister, 71, 470, 479. Labiatae, occurrence of cane-sugar in, 474. 6i8 INDEX Laborde, 383. Laccase, 545 ; influence of manganese on, 509. Lactarius, laccase in, 510. Lactase, 507. Lactic acid, production of, 559. — fermentation, 559. Lactiferous tubes, 581, 582. Ladenburg, 435 ; apparatus for estimation of osmotic pressure, 144. Lacvulin, 476. Laevulose, 474. Lafar, 376, 495, 508, 514, 545, 555, 560, 561 ; lactic fermentation by yeast, 559; on rennet, 509 ; theories of fermentation, 552. Lamarli^re, de, 240, 357, 360. Lamartina, 406. Lamtnaria, 75, 1 61. Landolt, 351. Lange, 9, 10, 435, 484 ; on living vessels, 202. LangendoriT, an automatic potometer, 242. Langley, distribution of energy in solar spectrum, 344, Fig. 52. Larix^ 333. Laskovsky, 525, 528, 530,600; production of water during respiration, 529. Laspeyres, 244. Latex, 581, 582. Latex-system, influence of, on ringing ex- periments, 578. Lathom, 65. Lathraea, 133, 365, 368, 377. Lathyrus sylvestris^ root-system of, 153. Laticiferous tubes, 581. Laurent, 314, 325, 326, 367, 399» 4oi-9, 476, 497, 498, 533, 549 ; concentration of sap necessary for starch-formation, 326. Lauterbom, staining of living nucleus, 94. Law of minimums, 413. Lawes, Gilbert and Pugh, 402. Laying of crops, 436. Lead, occurrence of, 437. Leaf, premature fall of, 246 ; removal of ash constituents from, 585. Lechartier, 204, 205. — et Bellamy, 538, 564 ; on intramolecular respiration, 537. Lecithin, 63, 428, 479. Leclerc du Sablon, 472, 530, 592, 598-600. Lecomte, 258, 574. Lecoq, 204. Legumin, 66. Leguminosae, 600 ; percentage of amides in, 458 ; — of proteids in, 460 ; reserve- materials of seed, 594; symbiosis of, with bacteria, 371. Lehmann, 97, 118, 219, 437; heat of imbi- bition, 76; micellar constitution of crystals, 79, 80 ; molecular structure of colloids, 72. Leitgeb, 159, 189-91, 276 ; on chalk in cell- walls, 133 ; closure of stomata by in- duction shocks, 194 ; — opening of, in darkness, 194. Lemna^ 409 ; regeneration of proteids in darkness, 464; Z. minor ^ 120, 124; absorption of methyl-blue by, 94, 96 ; Z. irisuka, 428. Lenticels, passage of gases through, 198. Leonurus cardiaca^ 2^8. Lepel, Von, 392. Lepidium, 402. Leptomin, 510. Leptophrys Kuizingii, 377. Lesa^e, 323, 557. Leucm, 457-9. Leucojum, 475. Lewith, influence of desiccation on coagula- tion, 85. Liborius, 504, 53I-3, 540, 547 ; on Clostri- dium foetidum, 558 ; influence of sugar on fermentation, 553. Lichens, reciprocal symbiosis in, 370; re- serve-materials of, 604. Lidforss, 433, 600 ; on bursting of pollen- grains in distilled water, 134 ; increased percentage of sugar at low temperatures, 512. Lieben, 356. Liebenberg, 433. Liebig, 127, 128, 169, 171-4,329, 567,368,413, 430, 526, 553 ; force of imbibition, 75 ; supposed function of organic acids, 356. Liebreicb, 516. Liebscher, 396. Lietzmann, 186-8; influence of drying on permeability to gas, 1 83. Life, nature of, 5 ; general characteristics of, 1-3. Light, influence of, on bleeding, 264 ; — on photosynthesis, 340-56, 358-60 ; — on acidity ofTissues, 327 ; — on pigment formation, 496, 497 ; — on respiration, 562 ; — on secretion of nectar, 285 ; — of different rays of, 353. Lignification, 489. Lig^ustrumy 578. Lilienfeld, 65. Ulium^ 218. Lind, 173,315- Lindau, 370. Lindet, 602. Linossier, 383, 406. Linseed, attachment of seeds of, 478. Lintner, 555, 564. Lintz, 506. Linum usitcUisstmum^ translocation of oil in, 592. Linz, 505, 598. Lippmann, 469. Lithium, influence of, on growth of barley, 416 ; occurrence of, in plants, 429 ; use of, to demonstrate water- current, 219. INDEX 619 Lobelia erinuSy 385. Lobeliaceae, inulin in, 475. Loew, 363, 381, 392,411, 439, 431,438,466, 499) 550 9 hypothesis of proteid fonna- tion, 405 ; importance of calcium, 433. — and Bokomy, 67-69; influence of chlorides on production of tannin, 492 ; precipitations in cell-sap, 97. Lonrniel, 349. Lookeren, 494. Lopriore, 332, 564, 570. Lory, 521, 525. Lfiseke, 391. Lotze, 19. Lubbock, 596. Luca, de, 476, 536, 537, 564, 571. Lucanus, 404, 429, 585. Luck, 306. Liideritz, 533, 542. Liidtke, 461. Ludwig, 75, 495, 499, 582 ; on differential absorption, 74 ; on tannin, 492. Lund, 565. LupinuSy 458, 460, 462 ; absence of pepsin and trypsin from, 466 ; exosmosis of asparagm from living cotyledons of, 95, 600 ; autotrophic cotyledons of, 596 ; enzymes of, 507 ; formation of amides during germination, 461 ; sen- sitivity to acid solutions, 420 ; Z. albusy disappearance of oil from isolated co- tyledons, 599 ; L, hirsuiusy presence of trypsin in, 466; L. luteus^ 398 ; analyses of seedlings, 467 ; leucin in, 465 ; root tubercles of, 396, Fig. 59 ; seedling of, 597, Fig. 68. Liipke, 420, 430. Lutz, 405, 604. Lycopodium alpinum, 437 ; £. chamaecy- Parissus, 437 ; L. phUgmariay 437. Maby, 173. Macagno, 353. Macaire, 138. Macallum, 426. Macdougal, 325, 402. Mach u. Haas, decrease of tannin during ripening of fruits, 602. Macmillan, 377. Mac Nab, on use of lithium salts, 219. Magnesium, distribution of, 343 ; functions of, 431. Magnol, 217. Magnolia^ 256. Maize, development of, in absence of chlo- rine, 431. Malaguti et Durocher, 437; influence of soil on composition of ash, 129. Malfatti, on proteids, 65, 66. Malpighi, 225, 525, 571, 582, 593. Maltase, 506. Malva arboreuy 247. Manganese, occurrence of, 437. Mangin, 180, 185, 188, 327, 332, 430-2, 47^} 525 ; on calcium pectate in cell- walls, 133 ; on extracellular protoplasm, 59; influence of temperature on di- osmosis, 187; on pectins, 482; respira- tion of pollen-tubes, 525. Manihot utilissimay 494. Mannite, 325, 476. Maquenne, 356, 477, 564. Marcet, 536. Marchantiay 28, 191, 275 ; induction of dorsiventrality in, 20 ; M, polymorphay rhizoid of, 151, Fig. 11. Marchlewski, on chlorophyll, carotin, &c., 315, 316. Maiey, 242. Mariotte, 225, 241 ; law of, 144 ; on absorp- tion by leaves, 160. Marloth, 162; on saline incrustations, 131. Marrgraff, 418. Marschall, 450, 462. Marshall Ward, 37 ; on gingerbeer-plant, 560. Martin, 206. Martinand, 510. Matteuci, 264. Maumen^, 437, 478. Maxwell, 162. Mayer, 174, 328, 348, 353, 404-8, 410- 13, 431, 499, 505, 524, 534, 548, 555, 559 ; decreased respiration in cut seed- lings, 566 ; on fermentation, 552. Maz^, 399. Mechanomorphosis, 24. Medium, influence of, on growth, 415. Meinecke, 159. Meissner, 339, 360. Meister, absorptive capacity of soils, 169. Melampyrum, 369 ; dulcite in, 477. Melezitose, 474. MelnikofT, 432 ; on calcium pectate in cell- wall, 133. Melobesiay 133, Melsens, 564. M^ne, 402. Menze, 321. Mer, 323, 539, 603. Mercury, 437. Merget, 179, 180, 242 ; on currents of air in Nelumbiumy 205. Merkel u. Bonnet, 290. Merlis, 600. Merulius lacrymanSy 276. Mesembryanikemumy 433 ; oxalic acid in, 328. Mesnard, 479, 500, 529, 593, 600-2. Mesocarpusy 342. Metabolic products, 451, sec. 78 ; localiza- tion of, 454 ; consumption of, 456 ; plastic and aplastic, 457. Metabolism, analytical examples of, nitro- genous, 461, sec. 80, 465, sec. 81 ; — 620 INDEX non-nitrogenous, 472 ; historical account of, 450 ; influence of external conditions on, 510, sec. 92 ; of temperature, 512 ; of special substances, 512 ; of antagon- istic and reciprocal symbiosis, 51-53 ; similar character of, in plants and animals, 449. Metaplasm, 46. Methyl-alcohol, formation of starch from, 326. Methylal, formation of starch from, 326. Methylamine, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Metzgeria^ 337. Meyen, 151, 226, 257, 418, 526. Meyer (A.), 131, 163, 168-70, 201, 298, 314-21, 325-7, 358, 393, 468, 475-8, 490, 501-5, 604 ; on calcareous incrus- tations, 133 ; on carbohydrates, 81 ; composition of starch grains, 78 ; de- termination of osmotic pressure, 144 ; galactose, 475; hypochlorin, 316; in- ter-protoplasmic communication, 59; sphaero-crystals, 70 ; swelling of organ- ized bodies, 72, 73 ; trichites, 80. — u. Jacobson, 355, 550. — (G.), 475, 498. — (L.), 135- Micellae, ^^\ anisotropous character of, ^Z, Microchemical methods, use of, 586. Micrococcus ochroleucusy influence of light on pigment formation in, 497 ; M, pro- digiosus^ 497. Microsomata, 43. Microthamniotii 411. Mielke, 492, 493. Migula, 541. Mikosch u. St6hr, 333. Millardet, 315, 601. Milroy, 65. Mimosa, 238, 270, 337; M, pudica, 331 ; formation of asparagin by, 600 ; trans- mission of stimuli in, 13-17, 20. Miquel, 247 ; on urase, 550. Mirabilis jalapa, cotyledons of, 596 ; seed- ling of, 597, Fig. 69. Mistletoe, attachment of seeds of, 478. Mixotrophic plants, 364. Miyoshi, 374, 375 ; on penetration of para- sites, 373. Mniuniy 188 ; M, cuspidatutn^ 193. M5bius, 371. Mohl, 174, 192, 217,226, 240, 309, 333, 335, 441, 497, 526, 583, 598; influence of light on stomata, 194; — mode of closure of, 190, 191. Moldenhawer, 172. Molecular structure of cell-walls, 8 1 ; changes of, due to swelling, 83 ; hypotheses of, Molisch, 174, 190, 256-8, 275, 315-7, 333, 360, 396, 405, 406, 411-S, 421, 424, 427, 429, 431, 432, 437, 438, 497, 526, 604 ; on absence of reducing action in higher plants, 549; influence of light on production of isatin, 494 ; incrusta- tions of iron, 134 ; necessity of iron for fungi, 426. Moll, 182, 242, 277, 278, 330 ; on emissaria, 253 ; on injection with water, 277. M611er, 366, 372, 491, 498, 538, 550. Molybdenum, occurrence of, 437. Momordicuy 185. Monas <xmyli^ 377; M. okenii^ 306; M, vinosa, 307. M Ottilia Candida, 555. Monoplasts, 60. Monotropa, 368 ; epiphytic mycorhiza in, 371 ; post-mortem oxidation of, 545. Montemartini, 332. Monteverdc, 315, 316, 333, 346; influence of sugar on accumulation of asparagin, 464. Morck, 400. Morgen, 318, 353. Moms, 206 ; latex of, 581 ; — sugar in, 582 ; M, albus, 259. Movements of enclosed air, 199. Mucilage, 477. Mucin, 65, 66. Mucor, 37, 61, 148, 370, 555 ; M, aliemans, y;y ; M. ctrcinelloides, 377 ; M, erectus, 557 ; M, mucedo, production of alcohol ^y> 557 i trehalose in, 476; as a fer- mentative aerobe, 530 ; M, racemosus, alcoholic fermentation by, 557; — in- fluence of oxygen on, 547 ; temporary anaerobiosis of, 530; Af, stolonifer^ growth of, in absence of oxygen, 536. Mucorineae, 58. Miilder, 127, 413. MUller, 153, 183-5, ^^^^ 198, 330,426; in- fluence of induction shocks on stomata, 194. Miiller (A.), 327. — (C), 228, 437. — (F.), 539. — (Johannes), 16, 17. — (L.), 495, 601. — (N. J. C), 197, 204, 239, 260, 332, 341, 348-50, 462-4, 495- — (O.), 140. — (P. E.), 371. Miillcr-Thurgau,323,4io, 525, 563-6,601-4 ; sweetening of potatoes by cold, 512. Multinucleatae, 58. Multinucleate cells, 58, sec. 10. Miintz, 362, 476, 479, 528, 536-8, 600-2; liberation of galhc acid from tannin by fungi, 492. Musa, 319, 320. Musanga, bleeding of, 258. Muscari moschatum, 319. Musset, 281, 286. Mustel, 231. Mycetozoa, 58. INDEX 621 Mycoderma aceii^ 381, 560; M, vini\ 41 1, 431- Mycorhiza, 368, 371 ; conditions for de- velopment of, 373 ; characters of, 373 ; endophytic, 371, Fig. 54 ; epiphytic, 372, Fig. 55 ; importance for absorption, 156. Myriophyllum^ 204. Myrisiica^ 478. Myxomycetes, alkalinity of, 490 ; asparagin in, 459. Nadelmann, 482, 599. Nadson, 319, 323-6, 367; on Shizophytes, 43. Nagamatsz, 331, 346. Nageli, no, 212, 240-4, 290, 309, 383-6, 404-6, 412, 426, 429, 439, 452, 462, 490, 497» 5I3» 538, 547, 560; arrangement of micellae in starch grain, 81 ; copper in distilled water, 121 ; diosmotic pro- perties of cell, 143 ; fermentation, 551-3; — continuance of, in presence of oxygen, 556 ; excretion of albumin by yeast- cells, 105 ; hypotheses of molecular structure, 76-82 ; — of colloids, 72 ; idioplasmatic elements of, 49, 57; oil as reserve-material, 594 ; optical char- acters of organized structures, 81 ; spongioplasm, 48 ; substitution theory, 431 ; swelling and water of organized bodies, 71, 73. — u. Schwendener, ^^^ 197, 227; on optical properties, 82; resistant powers of cells with smaU radii, 140; rigidity of stretched bodies, 134. Nasse, 545. Nastukoff, 549. Nathusius, 153. Naumann, 204. Nectar, composition of, 284; excretion of, 281, sec. 49. Negative pressure, in intercellular spaces, 201 ; m vessels, 202, 203. Neiumbium, 158, 201 ; N, speciosum^ 197, 205. Nematoplasts, 48. Nencki, 316, 514. Neomeris^ 61 ; occurrence of inulin in, 475. NeotHa^ 367, 368 ; N, nidus avis, 306 ; evo- lution of oxygen by, 521. Nepenthes, 269, 275, 280, 281, 377, 378, Fig. 56; acids in pitcher of, 379; enzyme of, 379, 505, 509. Nereum oleander, 186, 348. Nestler, 279. Neubauer, 262. Neumeister, 64, 415, 426-8, 463-6, 490, 498, 499, 5<^i f on chitin, 481 ; constitution of proteids, 65. Newcombe, 507. Nickel, occurrence of, 437, 493. Nicolle et Bey, 497. Nicotiana, 325 ; N, tabacum, 256. Nilsson, 231. Nischimura, 388. Nitella, 186 ; streaming of plasma in absence of oxygen, 546, 570. Nitrate bacteria, 291, 292, 361-3. — beds, 392. Nitrates, importance of, for Phanerogams, 404. Nitrification, 392. Nitriles, 383 ; as source of carbon, 406. Nitrite bacteria, 361-3. Nitrobacter, 361. Nitrococcus, 361. Nitrogen, 388; amount removed by crops, 393 ; assimilation of, 393, sects. 68 and 69; — by Leguminosae, 396; circu- lation of, 391 ; influence of sugar on assimilation of, 395 ; evolution of, 390, ' 550 ; fixation of, 392 ; mode of assimi- lation of, 407, sec. 71 ; percentage of, in seeds, &c, 388; supposed absence of, in certain micro-organisms, 388. Nitrogen compounds, nutritive value of, 403, sec. 70 ; — for Phanerogams, 404 ; for fungi and bacteria, 405 ; plastic, 457, sec. 79. Nitromonas, 361. Nobbe, 153, 156, 396-9, 400, 420, 421, 429, 430-3, 437, 585, 593, 596; on ash analyses, 129; development of root- system, 1 53 ; — optimal concentration for, 155 ; influence of potassium on accumulation of starch, 430; respiration in tubers, 525 ; swelling of seeds, 75. — u. Siegert, 120; on saline incrustations, 130. Noll, 237, 315, 360, 421 ; on heterogenetic induction, 21. Nonnoses, 469. Nostoc, 371. Nostocaceae, 71. Novy, on cultivation of anaerobes, 535. Nowacki, 585. Nuclein, 64-66. Nucleo albumin, 66. Nucleo-plasm, 43. Nucleo-proteids, as plastic materials, 460. Nucleus and cytoplasm, relations between, 50, 55, sec. 9. Nuphar luteutn, 206. Nutrient saline solutions, 386; — solid media, 386. Nutrition, 287, sec. 50 ; influence of tempera- ture on, 384 ; — of external conditions on, 384, 385- NyctaliSy 276. Nymphaea, 149, 158, i8o, 197, 201 ; N, alba, 198. Obligate anaerobes, 531, 532. O'Brien, 460. Odontites lutea, 369. Oedogonium, 350, Fig. 53. Oenoxydase, 510. 622 INDEX Ohlert, 152. OiI| as product of photosynthesis, 320; as reserve food, 595 ; translocation of, 592. Olive, mannite in, 577. Oltmanns, 352, 421, 497; osmotic value of cell-sap in marine plants, 140. Omeis, 602. Omelianski, 560. Oncidium altissinmm^ 1 59. Optical characters of organized structures, 81. Orchidaceae, 371. Orchis^ 470. Organic acids, 485, sec. 85, 487, sec. 86; decomposition of, by light, 327, 328; — by heat, 328 ; accumulation and pro- duction of, 328; formation of starch from, 327-9; as food-material, 594; influence of neutralization on production of, 488; — of alkalinity, 489; — of temperature, 488 ; Liebig's view of, 329. Organic food, absorption of, 363. Omithogalum arabicum^ 474. Orobanche^ 155, 365-9. Orthonitrophenylpropiolic acid, as test for grape sugar in nectaries, 285. Orthotrichum, 337, 339, 595. Oryza, 473. Oscillaria^ curve of photosynthesis in, 344, Fig. 51. Osmotic pressure in the cell, 134, sec. 24 ; influence of chemical combination on, 141 ; — of dissociation on, 142 ; — of curvature of limiting membrane on, 136; — of temperature on, 138; esti- mations of, 145 ; physics of, 144 ; values for, 137, 146, 147. — systems, 135, 136. Ostwald, 67, 75, 76, 82, 92, 105, 125, 126, 145» 327, 346-50, 354, 363, 516; on char- acters of crystals, 79 ; influence of temperature on osmotic pressure, 1 38 ; nature of irritable reactions, 10; osmotic pressure of mixed solutions, 142 ; — physics of, 144. Otto, 437. Oudemans u. Rauwenhoff, 172, 451, 600. Overton, 99, 103, 104; on absorption of aniline dyes, 96 ; erythrophyll, 496. Oxalic acid, influence of temperature and light on production of, 488 ; production and decomposition of, 488, 489. Oxalts, 337 ; oxalic acid in, 141. Oxidase enzymes, 509, 510. Oxygen, effects of absence of, 569 ; influence of, on fermentative activity, 547, 554 ; on development of chloroplastids, 335 ; on photosynthesis, 339; minimal and maximal percentages of, for aerobes and anaerobes, 539-42; occlusion of, 570; presence of, in cell, in neutral form, 321. Ozone, absence of, from living cell, 545. Pacht, loi. Padina favoniay 128. Piteomay 473 ; ripening of, 601. Palla, 320 ; influence of nucleus on cell-wall formation, 53; on karyoids, 48 ; Schizo- phytes, 43 ; staining of living nucleus, 94. Palladin, 64, 335, 460, 461, 466, 529, 537, 570 ; influence of oxygen on meta- bolism, 537; respiration in etiolated plants, 525 ; — m leaves, 563 ; ratio between respiration and percentage of proteids, 521. Palmellay 411. Pammel, on fermentation without gas-pro- duction, 534. Pangens, 49, 50. Pangium eduUy 391, 406, 407, 457, 494; hydrocyanic acid in, 577 ; — trans- location of, 592. Papain, 508, 509. Papaver somniferuniy 592. Pappenheim, 182, 202 ; negative pressure in tracheides, 201. Paraheliotropic movements, importance of, 238. Paramylon, 320, Paraplasm, 46. Parasites, penetration of, 373. Parmelia^ 337. Passage of gases through cells and cell- walls, 183, sec. 30. Passler, 585, 600. Pasteur, 306, 383, 397, 533, 537, 538, 542, 557; on anaerobiosis, 530, 534; on fermentation and intramolecular re- spiration, 552 ; nutrient solution of, 386. Pawlewski, 505. Payen, calcareous excretions, 133. Peckolt, 262. Pectin compounds, 477 ; distribution of, 482. PediculariSj 369. Peirce, 216, 336, 369, 374; on penetration of Cuscuta^ 498. Pellet, 413. Pellionia^ 304 ; P, daveauana^ 314, Fig. 47. Penicillium^ 210, 275, 407, 408, 426, 516, 517, 560; growth of, in concentrated media, 421 ; influence of acid on proteo- lytic ferment of, 509; production of alcohol by, 539 ; regulation of produc- tion of acid, 487-9; relation between growth and fermentative activity of, 553. — glaucum, 373-6, 380-4, 387-9, 404, 494; accommodation of, to concen- trated solutions, 139 ; assimilation of nitrogen by, 394; influence of sugar on production of diastase by, 504; mannite in, 476; respiratory ratio of, 529 ; temporary anaerobiosis of, 536. Pennington, 345, 415. INDEX 623 Pentoses, 320 ; nutritive value of, 470. Penzig, 475. Peperomia^ water-storage tissue in, 228. Pepsin, 508, 509. Peptone, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Perdrix, on butyric fermentation, 558. Peridinium tripos^ 306. Periodicity, induction of, 25. Periplocay 580. Perrey, 320. Pcrseke, 158. Peters, 170, 600. Petermann, 396. Petit, 426, 427. Peyrou, 206. Peziza^ 276 ; P, sclerotiorumy 376 ; enzyme of, 507. Pfaundler, on viscous solids, 45. Pfeflfer, 139, 174, 175, 181, 213, 217, 222, 260, 269-71, 284, 291-3, 298, 306, 312-8, 321-3, 331, 336, 343, 349, 350, 352, 355, 356, 363, 367, 373, 374, ^17, 380, 381, 385-7, 423, 428, 440, 450-2, 458, 461, 462, 468,470-9, 485, 490, 491, 494, 495, 516, 520-3, 536-9, 546, 549, 552, 559, 567-9, 576, 581, 589-91, 598 ; absence of reducing action in living cells, 544 ; absorption of aniline dyes, 93-6, 120-6 ; — by root-system, 156; absorption and diosmosis, loi- 1 1 1 ; accommodation to concentrated solutions, 99 ; active albumin, 70-73 ; bubble-counting method, 351 ; changes on death, 66-68 ; dermatosomes, 81 ; detection of salts by microchemistry, 586 ; diosmotic properties of cell, 91 ; energy liberated by oxidation of sugar into organic acids, 141 ; hyaloplasm, 48; hygroscopic absorption, 161, 162; formation of asparagin in seeds, 600 ; — permeability of Mycetozoa to, 99 ; formation of vacuoles, 47 ; injection and excretion of solids, 45, 46 ; irritability, 21-3; osmotic pressure, influence of curvature of limiting membrane on, 136 ; — of temperature on, 138 ; — in mixed solutions, 142 ; — physics of, 144 ; — restoration of, 143 ; — values for, 145, 146; oxidation of chromogens by HgO,, 496 ; oxidatory changes, 545 ; pangens, 49; photosynthesis, absence of, in ultra-red rays, 347, 348; — secondary maximum of, in yellow rays, 345 ; proteids in living cells, 63 ; resis- tant powers of cells with small radii, 140 ; slow diflfusion of colloids, 1 38 ; sources of energy, 10, 2 1-23 ; swelling of organ- ized bodies, 74-7 ; tagma, 77-9 ; tannin, 492; translocation, 592 ; — of proteids, 583 ; — through plasmatic connexions, 115; turgid ity, readjustment of, 142 ; — of guard and epidermal cells, 194 ; — importance of, 142. Pfeiffer, 396 ; on ripening, 602. Pfeil, 602. Pfitzer, 219, 220 ; water-storage tissues, 228. Pfliiger, 552. Phallus y 476. Phaseolus, 171, 324, 400, 401, 464 ; autotro- phism of cotyledon of, 596 ; — depletion of» 515; — importance of, 593 ; — re- moval of ash constituents from, 584 ; P, muliiflorus^ 427 ; photosynthetic activity of, 357 ; self- depletion of coty- ledons of, 599. Phenol, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Phenylanilin, replacement of leucin by, in etiolated seedlings, 465. Phillips, 437. Phisalix, 497. Phloem, importance of, in translocation, 574. 575. Phloroglucin, 491-3 ; in cell-sap, 97. PhoeniXy yyj ; enzymes of, 507 ; escape of proteids from endosperm of, 95, 600; P. dactyliferay depletion of isolated endosperm of, 599. Phosphates, 428. Phosphorus, source and importance of, 428. Photobacteriuniy 381 ; P. luminosumj 532. Photomorphosis, 25. Photophilic plants, 358. Photosyntax, 302. Photosynthesis, definition of, 292 ; of other carbon compounds, 326 ; inhibition of, 336; optimal percentage of carbon dioxide for, 332 ; theory of, 352 ; specific powers of, in different chloro- plastids, 357. Photosynthetic assimilation, definition of, 302 ; influence of temperature on, 337 ; of anaesthethics and oxygen, 339. Phycocyanin, 317,495 ; influence on photo- synthesis, 343, 344, Fig. 51. Phycoerithrin, 316, 495 ; influence of, on photosynthesis, 342, 343, 348-35 ^« Phycophaem, 317. Physiological combustion, mechanism and causes of, 539, sec. 100; 543, sec. 101. Physiology, aim of, 5, 8 ; definition of, 3. Physodes, 320. Phytolacca decandra^ 279. Phytophthora^ 566. Picea excelsa, respiratory activity of, 525. Pick, 495-7. Pickering, 70. Pictet, influence of temperature on chemical reactions, 512. Pierre, 436, 586. Pigments, 494, sec. 88 ; nature of, 495 ; influence of external conditions on for- mation of, 496, 497. PiloboluSy 275, Fig. 37. Pinguiculay 378, 379 ; P, alpina^ 285. PinuSy 149, 372 ; P, abiesy root-system of, 1 53 ; ^^- piceay 333 ; P. sylveslris, 259 ; 624 INDEX bleeding of branches of, 254; green cotyledons of, 333 ; root-system of, 153. Pisonia alba^ 334. Pistia texensis, 182. Pistone de Regibus, 475. Pisuftty 171, 181, 206, 464; cotyledons of, 596; P. sativum, 400; intramolecular respiration of, 537 ; self- depletion of cotyledons of, 599. Pitra, 258, 259, 266, 369 ; bleeding of isolated stems, 254. Pitruschky, 490. Pitsch, 392, 404. Plant organs, structure and function of) 37. Planta, Von, 284, 600, 604. Plantago, translocation in bundle-sheaths of, 575. Plasmatic membranes, importance of, in diosmosis, 92, 93 ; characters of, 107-9. — organs, origin of, 46, sec. 8. Plasmodiophora^ 112; P, brassicae, 377. Plasmolysis, naturally produced, 143 ; theo- retical importance of, 135; origin of term, 143. Plasmolytic tests, for permeability, 98. Plastic substances, 445. Plastids, 43. Plastin, 65, 66. Pleon, yy, Pneumathodes, 189. Poa annua, root-hair of, 151, Fig. il. Podocarpus, assimilation of free nitrogen by, 397. Poiret, 306. Poisons, 498, sec 89; function of, 499; influence of, on respiration, 563 ; sup- pression of formation of, 491. Polacci, 428. Pollen grains, reserve-materials of, 604. Polstorff, 418. Polygala, 369. Polyporus, 276; P, applanatus, 377; P, destructor, 536 ; P, sulphureus, enzyme of, 509- Polytrichum junipeHnum, rhizoid of, 151, Fig. II. Pontederia, 205. Popoff, 66, 509. Populin, 457, 494. Populus, 243 ; P. canadensis, 265. Porous cork, 198. Porteau, 227. Portele, 601.. Portes, 494, 602. Positive pressure of intercellular air, causes of, 203, 204; demonstration of, 204, Fig. 25. Potamogeton, 132, 309. Potassium, essential character of, 411, 429; functions of, 430. — myronate, 494. — salts, importance of, in maintenance of turgor, 424. Potato, percentage of amides in, 459. Potometer, 242, Fig. 30. Pott, 586. Pouillet, radiant energy of sunlight, 347. Poulsen, 284. Prael, 484. Prantl, 473, 594, 604. Prazmowski, 397-402, 558. Precipitates in living cells, 96. Precipitation membranes, 106; modifica- tions in permeability of, 106. Preyer, 36. Prianischnikow, 338, 409, 433, 461, 464-6, 600. Priestley, 308. Prillieux, 352. Primordial utricle, 91. Primula, 474 ; P. sinensis, 218. Pringsheim, 305-8, 320, 321, 334-6, 539; incrustation on Chara, 133 ; cellulose granules, 483 ; erroneous hypothesis of, ,563; hypochlorin, 317; improper use of bacterium method by, 351 ; influence of anaesthetics on photosynthesis, 339 ; permeability of precipitation mem- branes, 106; protective theory of chloro- phyll, 341,342, 355. Prismatic spectrum, use of, 351. Propionic acid, production of, by acetic bacteria, 560. Propyl-alcohol, fermentation of, 560. Propylamine, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Protea mellifera, 285. Proteid, living, changes in on death, 66; decomposition of, 463; — in respira- tion, 544; — historical account of, 468 ; percentage composition of, 67 ; synthesis of, 409. Proteolytic ferments, 508. Proteus vulgaris, 532. Protochlorophyll, 316. Protoplasm, proteids of, 460; structure of, 42, sec. 7. Protoplasmic continuity, 1 13-5. Proust, 451. Prove, 497. Prunella grandiflora, influence of darkness on development of flower of, 497: Prunet, 604. Prunus, 335 ; P, cerasus, 259 ; bleeding of branches of, 254; P, laurocerasus, 118, 186, 282, 283, 286; P.padus, 602. Prussic acid, evolution of, 391. Pscanma arenaria, 430. Ptomaines, 498, sec 89. Pulmonaria, changes of colour in cell-sap of, 98 ; — in flower of, 490. Puriewitsch, 98, 102; depletion of endo- sperm, 515, 590, 591, 598 ; — of cotyle- dons, 599 ; — influence of concentration on, 5 17 ; — exosmosis of albumin during, 95 ; foamy structure of protoplasm, 44 ; INDEX 625 influence of li^ht on respiration, 562 ; nitrogen-assimilating organisms, 394. Purjewicz, 327, 529. Purple-bacteria, 540. PuU, 356. Pyrenoids, 48, 314. Pyrrol, 316. Pyrusj 243. Buercitrin, 491. uercuSf starch in old pith of, 603 ; Q, rohir, bleeding of leafy branches, 254. Quincke, loi ; on plasmatic membrane, 1 10. Quinic acid, 447 ; nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Quinine, 457. Rabinowitsch, 532 ; influence of oxygen on thermophile bacteria, 533. Raciborski, 383, 428, 510 ; on leptomin, ^45. Raffenau-Delile, 196, 197; currents of air in Nelumbium^ 205. Raffinose, 474. Rafflesia^ 369. Ranunculus^ 198. Raoul, 103. Raphanusy influence of mineral food on, 594. Rapp, 557. Raspail, on calcareous incrustations, 133. Rathey, on duramen, 484. Raulin, 405, 406, 416, 427, 431 ; influence of zinc and manganese on growth of fungi, 385. Raumer u. Kellermann, 433. Rautenberg u. Kuhn, 404, 435 ; influence of chlorides on acidity of cultures, 132. Ravizza, 263, 269. RawenhofT, 217, 232, 391. Ray, on bleeding of plants, 254. Reaumuria hirtellay saline incrustation of, 162. Reducing action, absence of, in respiring protoplasts, 544. Regel, 369, 500. R^gnard, 524 ; on swelling of seeds, 75. Regnault, 305. Re^latory mechanism, 12. Reichardt, 604* Reinhardt, 513. Reinitzer, 478, 493, 507 ; on fatigue sub- stances, 517. Reinke, 67, 284, 314-7, 326, 331-5* 342» 345-50* 364, 370, 383, 391, 406, 459» 490, 509, 539 ; on bubble-counting method, 351; force of imbibition, 75, 76; influence of different rays on for- mation of chlorophyll, 334; maximal intensity of light for photosynthesis, 340, 341 ; swelling of organized bodies, 73 ; — at low temperatures, 230. Reinsch, 159. Reiss, 187, 482, 599. Rendle, 319. Rennet-ferment, 509. Resa, 153. Reserve-cellulose, 599. Reserve-materials of seeds, 593, seq. Resin, 500, sec. 90. Resorcin, 383, 491. Respiration, 518, chap, ix ; activity of, 522 ; aerobic, 519, sec. 95 ; — in photophobic plants, 358, 525 ; — in aquatic plants, 525 ; anaerobic, 530, sec 97 ; — ex- travagance of, 568 ; errors due to ab- sorption, 529 ; formation of water by, ^29 ; historical account of, 552, 571 ; importance of, 566, sec. 105 ; influence of external conditions on, 561, sec. 104 ; — temperature, 561 ; — light, 520, 562 ; — nutritive and poisonous substances, 563; — injuries, 565,566; — percentage of water, 565 ; — ether, 564 ; relation between evolution of CO, and absorp- tion of oxygen, 544 ; — in green plants, 520, 521. Respiratory ratio, 529; influence of tem- perature on, 562. Rhamnus frangula, 113, Fig. 8. Rheuntt oxalic acid in, 141. RhinanthuSj 365, 366, 369. Rhizobium leguminosarumy 396. Rhizoids, solvent action of, 171. Rhizomes, reserve-materials of, 604. Rhizopus oryzae^ 406. Richardia ethiopicay 268. Richards, 311, 427, 525, 529; influence of wounds on respiration, 565 ; -^ of poisons on growth, 385 ; — of iron salts on fungi, 416. Richardson, 327. Richet, 431, Richter, 140, 323, 336, 402, 421. Ricinus^ 149, 261-3, 473, 499 \ behaviour of cotyledons of, during germination, 596; p^rowth of isolated endosperm of, 598 ; intramolecular respiration of, 537; Ricinus communis^ 259 ; bleeding of, 256. Ringing experiments, 574, 578, Fig. 67; effects of different modes of, 213; in- fluence of, on secondary growth, 580. Rischavi, 524. Risler, 243, 355. Risse, 436. RissmiiUer, 585. Ritthausen, 391 ; on artificial formation of crystalloids, 80. RobiniUy 238, 400, 401 ; R, pseudcucuia^ as- paragin in roots of, 603. Rochleder, 127, 45 1, 491, 494, 499 ; relation- ship between metabolism and system matic position, 457. Rodewald, on force of imbibition, 75 ; phe- nomena of swelling, 73 ; heat produced I by swelling starch, 76 ; work done and heat produced by respiration, 567. PFEPFER S S 626 INDEX Roestel, on germination, 600. RoUo, 450, 538. Root-hairs, 164, 165; importance of, 150; characters of, 151 ; influence of external conditions on development of, 156. Root-parasites, 368, 369. Root-pressure, definition of, 254. Root-system, importance of, 149, sec. 26; influence of external conditions on, I53~7 5 J^ potted plants, 154 ; power of adaption of, 157, 158; types ot, 152. Root-tubercules, of Leguminosae, 396-402 ; of other plants, 396, 397 ; conditions for formation of, 400 ; influence of medium and of saltpetre on, 401 ; number of, 399- Roots, absence of root-cap from, 1 52 ; etchings produced by, 161, 162; solvent action of, 171. RosUf changes of colour in cell-sap of, 98. Rosanoff, 315. Rosen, 41, 67 ; corrosion of marble by Aeihalium, 173. Rosenberg, 231, 242, 243, 512, 603. Rothert, 604. Rotondi et Ghizzoni, 262. Roux, 290. Ruberythric acid, 494. Rubia tinctaria^ 474, 494. Rubidium, 41 1 ; occurrence of, in plants, 430 ; power of replacing potassium in fungi, 429. Rubner, 348, 549. Rubus^ 332 ; R.JruticosuSf 324. RumeXy 197. Ruscus, 237. Russel, 400. Russow, 196, 222, 604. Russulay occurrence of laccase in, 510. Rywosch, 600. Sabanin u. Laskovsky, 463. Sabraz^s et Bazin, resistance of bacteria to carbon dioxide, 565. Saccharomyces, 537, 538, 544, 548, 550, 551 ; enzyme of, 502; evolution of HjS by, 549 ; influence of temperature on fer- mentative activity of, 562 ; resistance to alcohol, 513; — to carbon dioxide, 564; continuance of fermentation in presence of oxygen, 547 ; invertin of, 507 ; temporary anaerobiosis of, 530 ; S. glutiniSf 308 ; S. Kefir, lactase of, 507 ; 5. mycoderma, 532 ; influence of oxygen on fermentative activity of, 547 ; 5". Marxianus, 555 ; 5". octosporus, 555. Sachs, 25, 37, 40, 107, 157, 182, 196,197,201, 217-9,227-9,232,233,241,256,261,271, 281, 290, 308-10,318, 319,322-4, 333-5, 340, 35o> 352-3, 368, 404, 410,418, 419, 427, 435, 450, 45 1 , 460, 490, 497, 526, 576, 580, 588, 592, 593, 601-4; absorption and retention of water by soils, 168, 169 ; — by walls of wood tracheides, 71, x6i ; energids, 60 ; etchings produced by roots, 171, 172; germination of seeds, 600; imbibition theory of, 226, 222; influence of acids and alkalies on tran- spiration, 249 ; mechanomorphosis, 24 ; method of estimating heat-production, 246 ; minimal temperature K>r develop- ment of chlorophyll, 335 ; presence of air in wood, 225 ; progress of depletion in seeds, 599; on translocation, 583; transport of water in Laminaria, 210; use of microchemical methods by, 578. Sachsse, 163, 169, 240, 251, 320, 330, 368, 390-3, 395, 427, 484, 528, 529, 600. Sagot, 593. St. Pierre et Magnien, 206. Salicin, 457, 491, 494. Saline plants, growth of, in absence of sodium chloride, 430. Salix^ 191, 278, 497; ringing experiments on, 578, 579. Salkowski, 173. Salm-Horstmar, 368, 416, 418, 427, 431, 438. Salsola, 439 ; 5. kali, 430. Sambucus, 284 ; S. racemosay 602. Saponaria officinalis^ 474. Saposchnikoff, 314, 319, 321-6; percentage of carbohydrates formed to CO] assimi- lated, 320. Sap-pressure, 254. Sarauw, 371. Sarcina luteoy 532. Sarrabat, 264. Sarraceniay 160, 275, 379. Saussure, de, 10 1, 128, 206, 306, 309, 322, 327-9, 332, 368, 401, 413, 4i8» 451, 520, 521-6, 538, 571, 601 ; law of, 129; respiration in Cactaceae, 529 ; respira- tory ratio, 529. Sauvageau, 59, 26b. Savart, 83. Saxifragaceae, 133. Scenedesmus^ 366 ; S, acutus^ 375. Schaar, 602. Schacht, 588. Schafer, 191, 193. Scheele, 525. Scheit, 202, 221, 226 ; on bleeding in vacuo, 266. Schell, 497. Schellenberg, 484. Schenck, 180, 181, 216, 378. Scherffel, 377; calcareous deposits on Lathraea^ 133. Schilling, 117, 478. Schimper, 227, 283-5,313-5, 319,320, 322-6, 333-6, 405, 409, 410, 420-3, 428, 429, 581-6, 600-1 ; accumulation of salts and sugar in living cells, 98; on calcium oxalate, 486; concentration necessary for INDEX 627 formation of starch, 326 ; functions of latex, 582 ; importance of calcium, 433 ; influence of light on excretion of nectar, 285 ; mode ofabsorption in Tillandsia usneoides^ 159; translocation in bundle- sheaths, 575 ; trichites of starch grains, 80. Schindler, 75. SckisosUga osmundacea, 360. Schleichert, 502, 504. Schleiden, 290, 368, 429. Schlicht, 371, 376. Schlickuip, 597. Schl5sing, 322, 390, 404, 454 ; influence of humidity on percentage of ash, 235. — et Laurent, 396, 397, 403. — et Muntz, 392. Schlossberger, 129. Schmid, 601. Schmidt, 217, 280. 333, 376, 600 ; on absorp- tion of fats, 100; on steapsins, 508 ; swelling of seeds, 75. Schmidt (R. H.), 383* 470| 479> 5o8> 592. Schmiedeberg, 401. Schmitz, 52, 276, 3I5> 318, 320. Schneider, 371, 400. Schniewind-Thies, 284. Schonbein, 392; ozonization by cell-sap, 545- Schostakowitsch, 557. Schottelius, 498 ; on suppression of power of pigment-formation, 497. SchrSder, 158, 262, 390, 553, 565, 602, 603 ; removal of ash from cotyledons, 584 ; on reserve-starch in wood, 604 ; resis- tance to desiccation, 84. Schr5ter, 302; Schr6ter u. Kirchner, 173, 351. Schrbtter-Knstelli, 316. Schiibler, 497. Schullerus, on plastic materials of latex, 582. Schulz, influence of poisons on fermentative activity, 564. Schulz-Fleeth, 127, 165, 439. Schulze, 64, 392, 405-7, 429, 449, 457, 461, 624, 468, 474, 482, 509, 599,600,601 ; on cholesterin, 63 ; criticism of, 463, 464 ; glutamin in seedlings, 465 ; hemicellu- loses, 480 ; hydrolysis of proteids, 65 ; hypothetical decomposition of, 466. — u. Frankfurt, 285, 428. Ulrich, 390. Umlauft, 100. Winterstein, 428. Schumacher, 153. Schunck u. Marchlewski, 316. Schus5ger, 327. Schiitt, 317, 479; on extra-cellular proto- plasm, 59 ; on plastids, 43, 48. Schutzenberger, 332. — u. Quinquand, 338. Schwann, 553. Schwarz, 64, 66, 15^-8, 204, 315, 490; changes of size m nucleus, 55 ; influ- ence of anaesthetics on photosynthesis, 339. Schwendener, 118, 190-4, 211, 214, 217, 220-7, 258, 260, 582; antagonistic ac- tion of guard and epidermal cells, 193 ; . apparatus for demonstrating exudation- pressure, 256 ; molecular structure, 7^; — of cell- walls, 81 ; pressure of air m tracheae, 203 ; swelling of organized bodies, 72. Scorzonera, 459. Scott and Sargent, 160. Scrophulariaceae, parasitism in, 366-9. Scutellum, excretion of diastase by, 599. Secretion, mechanism of, 129. Sedum Fabaria^ 160. Seeliger, 54. Seifert, 560. Seignette, 604. Selaginella, 334, 337, 437; formation of roots on rhizophores of, 154 ; S. lepido^ phylla, 200. Selection of ash constituents, 127. Selective absorption, historical account of, 127. — power, 1 19, sec. 22 ; 387, sec. 67. Selenious acid, 438. Self-regulation^ 514, sec. 93. Selmi, 536. Semfiervivum^ 212, 228, 237. Senebier, 127, 151, 3o6-9i 35i> 4i8» 450> 497, 571. Sergent, on division of nucleus, 56. Semo, 405-7. Serradellay 400. * Sestini, 432 ; Sestini et del Torre, 394. Sharp, 509. Sieber, 414. Siedler, 216. Siegert, 585. Siemens, 352. Sieve-pores, 581. Sieve-tubes, 580, 581 ; importance of, in translocation, 576, 589, 590. Sigmund, on steapsin, 508. Sigwart, 12. Stlene inflata^ 436. Sileneae, occurrence of galactose in, 475. Silica, importance of, 416 ; percentage of, in ash of grasses, 435. Silicon, 435. Simon, 368. Sinapis, 570; 5. aiba, seedling of, 151, Fig. 12. Sinistrin, 319, 476. Siphoneae, 58. Siroz, 603. Smith, 494, 533» 537, 549- Sodium oxymethylsulphonate, formation of starch from, 326. Soil, absorption by, 169; decomposition and S S 2 628 INDEX disintegration of, 174, 175 ; importance and properties of, 163 ; influence of, on distribution of plants, 438, sec. 76; nutritive solution in, 170; retention of water by, 168. Soja^ 401, 46^. Solanaceae, nnging experiments on, 578. Sorauer, 436. Sorbite, 477. Sorel, 564. Spanjer, 279. Sparmanniay 243. Spartium junceum^ 247. Spatzier, 494. Specific photosynthetic activity, 357 ; — re- spiratory activity, 524. Spencer, 9 ; physiological units of, 49, 57. — le Moore, 358. Sphaerocrystals, 73. Spirillum^ as test for oxygen, 312; S, cholerae-asiaticae^ 532; S. desulfuri- cans, 531, 540; S. rudrufptj 318; in- fluence of oxygen on pigment-forma- tion in, 497 ; S. undula, sensitiveness of, to absence of oxygen, 537. Spirogyra, 307, 312, Fig. 45, 32i, 325, 342, 345» 411, 41 5» 425; changes of turgidity in, 143; influence of chlorides on production of tannin by, 492 ; — of deficiency of calcium on, 424 ; passive secretion of methyl-blue by, 94 ; sensi- tiveness to copper salts, I2i. Splachnum, 379. Spongioles, 152. Spongioplasm, 48. Sprengel, 172, 413, 418 ; importance of organic acids, 489 ; withdrawal of ash from old organs, 588. Ssurosh, 360. Stachyose, 474. Stachys tuberifera, 604. Stadler, 284. Stahl, 158, 181, 182, 188, 191-4, 198,234,235, 239, 240, 243, 247, 275, 277, 323, 330, 360, 436, 495; on acid secretions, 130 ; closure of stomata in winter, 190; cobalt method, 242; calcareous de- posits, 133; protective function of cal- cium oxalate, 486 ; on tannin, 492. Stange, 323, 421, 455; examples of turgid pressure, 139; influence of concen- trated media, 140. Starch, conditions for formation of, 318, 319, Figs. 48, 49 ; percentage of, present in plants, 473 ; rapidity of production of, 320 ; soluble form of, 474. — formation, substances capable of in- ducing, 326 ; concentration necessary, 326. — grains, 473 ; swelling and molecular constitution of, 80. Starch-trees, 512, 603. Steapsin, 508. Stein, 379. Steinbrinck, 72 ; ^ iieberquellung/ 81. Steinmetz, 560. Stenstrom, 231, 240. Stephan, on rapidity of diffusion, 126. Stereoisomers, nutritive value of, 387. Stich, 310, 524, 525, 538, 539, 542 ; influence of injuries on respiration, 565. SiichococcuSy 41 1. Stimuli, autonomous and inductive, 1 1 ; conjoint action of, 19; nature of, 13; trophic, II. Sttpa pennata, hygroscopic awns of, 161. Stohmann, 155, 363, 419, 433. Stoklasa, 428, 438 ; on lecithin, 63. Stomata, abundance of, 195 ; occlusion of, 190 ; communications of, 196 ; experi- ments with, 197, Figs. 22, 23 ; distribu- tion of, 189 ; closure of, 190; influence of epidermal cells on movements of, 191 ; — of light, 194 ; — of induction shocks, 194 ; mechanism of movements of, 192; non-closing, 191. Storage receptacles, depletion of, 590, 591. Strasburger, 40, 41, 183, 196-8, 211-7, 222-7, 232, 256, 258, 260, 272, 273, 435, 480, 539, 574, 578, 581, 591 ; absence of streaming in sieve-tubes, 126; centro- somes, 47; duramen, 484; granulo- plasm, 48; importance of anatomical arrangement of xylem, 217 ; influence of injection on conductivity of dead wood, 221 ; kinoplasm, 48 ; mitosis, 55, 5^, 5^; multi-nucleate cells, 60; negative pressure in vessels, 202, 203 ; molecular structure, 79; transference of water through dead stems, 220 ; tro- phoplasm, 48 ; use of eosin, 219. Stratification, bearing of, on molecular struc- ture, 7^, Strelitziay 320. Striation, bearing of, on molecular st^cture, 78. Strychnos nux vomica^ 498. Stutzer, 327, 397-9, 490 ; alkalinity in sand- cultures, 132. — u. Hartleb, 362. Suberization, 482. > Substitution of essential elements, 41 1-3. Sugar, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Sullivan and Thompson, on invertin, 502. Sulphur, importance and occurrence of, 429; oxidation of, 429; sources of, 414, 429. Surface tension energy, importance of, in imbibition, 73. Symbiosis, conjunctive, 364 ; disjunctive, 365 ; intracellular, 32. Symphytum, 478. Symplasts, 60. Synanthrin, 476 Syringa, 464; S. vulgaris, transpiratory activity of, 244. INDEX 62g Tabaschir, 435. Tacke, 395. Tagma, 77. Tamarix mannifera, saline incrustations of, 162. Tamman, 103, 416, 429, 438, 462, 502 ; on dissociation and osmotic pressure, 142. Tannin, 320, 491, sec. %T\ function of, 492, 493 ; occurrence in cell-sap, 97. Targioni-Tozzetti, 438. Tartaric acid, nutritive value of, for fungi, 384. Taurin, as source of sulphur, 429. Tautomery, 466. Taxus baccata, 246. Tecoma, 580. Telluric acid, 438. Temme, on duramen, 484. Temperature, influence of, on bleeding, 263; on fermentation, 560 ; on development of chloroplastidSt 336; on metabolism, 512 ; — on nutrition of fungi, 384 ; — on vapour tension, 162, 163 ; — on trans- piration, 246; on secretion of nectar, 286 ; optima and minima of, for photo- synthesis, 337, 338 ; — for respiration, 561, 562. Tetraethylammonium hydroxide, J83. Tetragonolobus purpureuSy depletion of iso- lated endosperm of^ 599. Teiraplodoriy 379. Thallium, occurrence of, 437. Tharander, 264. Thein, aplastic character of, 457. Theorin, 494. Thermo-diffusion, 204. Thermophile bacteria, 64. Thermosynthesis, definition of, 292. Tkesiufpty 366, 369. ; Thiel, 153-S, 381-4. Thlaspi alpesircy 436, Thomas, 190. Thomson, 427. 1 Thuja, 333 ; reversal of bilaterality in, 20. i Thuman, 497. Tieghem, van, 204, 247, 341, 593 ; on chloro- vaporization, 247 ; inactivity of endo- sperm, 597 ; mobilization of reserve- materials, 598, 599. — et Bonnier, 100. Tiitay 9 ; influence of temperature on starch production in, 512. — eurepaea, transpiratory activity of, 244. Tillandsia usneotdes, 159. Timiriaseff, 350, 352, 355. Tischutkin, 379. Tissues, division of labour in, 574. Titcmium, 438. Tittmann, 239 ; on formation of callus, 580 ; regulatory development of cuticle, 117. Tollens, 420, 450, 469, 474-7, 481, 483i 555 ; on acrylcolloid, 70. Townsend, influence of nucleus on forma- tion of cell-wall, 53; — distance of transmission of, 58 ; rapidity of cell- wall formation, 483. Toxalbumins, 64. Toxins, 514. Tracheae, air-bubbles and water-columns in, 223. Tradescantia, 52, 185; changes in colour of cell-sap of, 98, 118; — induced by hydrogen peroxide, 546; T, discolor^ 145, 19s; T. Selloi, i^ii, Tragopogoh porrifolius^ latex of, 582. Translocation, 573 ; of organic food, 573, sec. 106 ; in bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, 604 ; — trees, 602 ; — fruits and seeds, 601 ; — leaves, 600 ; — algae, 591 ; from cell to cell, 112; of ash constituents, 583, sec. 107 ; causes of, 587, sec. 108 ; historical account of, 582 ; influence of mechanical movements on, 589 ; — of oxygen on, 590 ; — of plasma stream- ing, 589 ; — of plasmolysis, 590 ; — of protoplasmic connexions, 588; — of vital activity, 590 ; inhibition of, by chloroform, 590 ; materials em- ployed in, 577 ; mechanism of, 87, 587, sec. 108 ; of oil, 592 ; of photosynthetic products, 600 ; of sugar, 592. Translocatory channels, direct, 587-9; in- terrupted, 588. Transpiration, cuticular and diastomatic, 236 ; — relative amounts o^ 243 ; esti- mations of, 247, 250, 251 ; Garreau's apparatus for, 244, Fig. 32 ; influence of concentration of sap on, 238; — of ethereal oils on, 238 ; — of hairs, 238 ; of waxy coverings, 244 ; — of tannin, 239; ofextemal conditions, 245 sec. 39; — of humidity of air, 245 ; — of tem- perature of plant and of air, 246 ; — of visible rays of spectrum, 246 ; — of air- currents and mechanical viliration 5,248 ; — of dissolved substances, 249 ; — of light, on green plants, 246 ; — on fungi, 247 ; — of specific peculiarities, 234 ; under normal conditions, 249, sec. 40 ; influence of, on percentage of ash, 235 ; — on development of wood, 216; methods of demonstration, 241 ; pro- tections against, 228, sees. 38, 40^ 236-9 ; from twigs and branches, 237 ; — influence of cork formation on, 237 ; weighing balance for, 241. — and absorption of water, relation be- tween, 227, sec 37; — apparatus for demonstration of, 232. — current, reversal of, 212. Trafia natcms^ 428, 437 ; analyses of ash of, 128. Traube, 1 10, 538 ; on cell-wall as an oxida- tion product, 483; on precipitation membranes, 106, 107. Trees, translocation in, 602. Trehalose, 476. 630 INDEX Treub, 160, 406, 582 ; hydrocyanic acid in Pangium eduUy 457. Treviranus, 151,212,217,225,226,231, 241, 262, 500, 593. Trianea^ temporary production of tannin by, 493 ; T. BogotensiSj 59, 194 ; accu- mulation of methyl-blue in cell-sap of, 94 ; of methyl violet and cyanin in plasma of, 94. Trichites, 80. Trichostomum tophaceum^ calcareous in- crustation of, 132. Tfifoliumy 400. Trimethylamine, 132; evolution of, by Chenopodium^ 391. Trinchinetti, loi, 368 ; absoption from dilute solutions, 129. Trioses, 469. Trioxymethyl, 326. Triticm, 476. Triticum^ 151 ; root-system of, 152, Fig. 13; respiratory activity of, 525 ; 7". vulgare, 461 ; absence of carbohydrates from epithelium of scutellum. 588. Tropaeolunty 243, 278, 331 ; T. majus^ 340; formation of asparagin during germina- tion of, 600. Trophic substances^ 445 ; definition of, 289. Trophoplasm, 48. True, 422. Trypsin, 508, 509. Tschaplowitz, 235. Tschirch, 118, 189, 190, 315, 316, 437, 478, 500, 597 ; on chlorophyllan, 316. Tubers, 604 ; respiration of, 525. Tulipa Gesneriana^ production of coloured flowers in darkness, 496. Tumas, 349. Tunjfsten, 437. Tunicata, cellulose in, 481. Turgid cell, model of, 135. Turgid pressure, of terrestrial, aquatic and starved plants, 139. Turgidity, existence of, in dying cells, 455 ; importance of, 142. Turgor, 134. Typha, 180. Tyrosin, 459. Tyrosinase, 510. Ulbricht, 262. Umbelliferae, occurrence of sugar in, 474. Unger, 130,156, 161,182,191,194-7,211,212, 217, 227, 231, 241-5, 250^ 258, 260-2, 269, 280-2, 286, 309, 368, 583; on calcareous incrustations on Saxifrages, 131 ; — on Eucladium and Trichosto- mum^ 132 ; evaporation from leaf and free surface of water, 240. Uninucleate cells, 58, sec. 10. Urase, 508. Urea, as product of chemosynthesis in nitrate bacteria, 356. Urticay 185 ; U, urens^ 258 ; U, diaica, 259, 278. Utriculariay 379. Vaccinium, 490. Vacuolar membrane, 91. Vacuoles, function of, 42. Vaizey, 216. Vcdlisneria spiralis^ 311, Fig. 44. Vaionia, absence of magnesium from ceU-sap of, 432. Vampyrella vorax^ 377. Vanadium, 438. Van Beneden, on deutoplasm, 46. Van 't Hoff, 71 ; physics of osmotic pres- sure, 144. Vanilla aromatica^ 1 56. Variation, 31, sec. 5. Vascular systems, in mosses, climbers and aquatic plants, 216. Vaucheriay 42, 58, 61, 411 ; endophytic rotifers of, 371, 539; V. sessilis^ 320. Vaudin, 428. Verschaifeldt, 248. Verwom, effects of absence of nucleus, 51,52,55. Vesque, 221, 232, 239; automatic registra- tion of transpiration, 242; influence of temperature on absorption of water, 229. Vessels, composition of air in, 206. Vicia^ 458, 461, 466 ; removal of cotyledons of, 593 ; V*fabay 181, 285 ; respiration in, 524 ; — intramolecular, 537 ; post- mortem oxidation in, 545, 546; self-de- pletion of cotyledons of, 599 ; V sativa, 464, 465 ; analyses of seedlings, 467. Vierord^ 345. Vignal, 522. Ville, 402, 405, 413, 429. Vines (S. H.), 211, 257, 324, 379, 460. Viola lutea var, multicaulis^ 436 ; V, tricolor ^ 436. Vis a tergOy 226. Viscum, 367, 369. VitiSf 206, 278 ; V. vtniferay 265 ; exuda- tion-pressure of, 259. Vdchting, 324, 365, 475, 497, 578, 604. Vogel, 499; non-formation of quinine in Europe, 499. Voigtlander, on diffusion, 92. Velcker, 281, 379. Volkens, 190, 203, 228, 278, 280 ; on saline incrustations, 131, 162. Vorticella campanula^ 306. Vries, de, 108, 196, 232, 327, 332, 378, 409, 497, 498, 580, 583, 588, 593, 600, 604 ; examples of turgid pressure, 139; — due to different substances, 141 ; importance of plasma-streaming in translocation, 126, 589; osmotic pres- sure of substances in cell-sap, 142 ; osmotic values, 145, 146 ; permeability. 