None
A careful study of much that has been written, and especially of the illustrations that have been made, of micro-crystals in plants and drugs, shows that erroneous conclusions may be easily drawn from the general appearance of crystalline precipitates or aggregates of crystals that are formed. For instance, Vogl has FIG. 421. Cubebin: orthorhombic crystals from Prollius' solution, showing various types of twinning (a, b, c); d, amorphous material in the form of oi.lv drops (under-cooled liquid); e, this amorphous material crystallizing in aggregates. shown that the sphero-crystals, found in the glandular hairs of Mentha piperita and considered by some to be menthol, are found in leaves of many of the Labiatae. Again, very many sub- stances produce aggregate groups which closely resemble each other, as of citric acid, cocaine hydrochloride, etc. In regard to the value of the crystallographic method we quote the following paragraph from Brown (loc. cit.) : "When a chemical compound solidifies from fusion, solution or vapor under conditions which are favorable to the development of MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE AND REAGENTS. 769 individuals, its particles tend to arrange themselves in regular order, so that a definite structure is produced. The external form of the individuals is also regular, being bounded by planes in definite relation to each other so that polyhedral solids are produced which are called CRYSTALS. The regular arrangement of the atoms among themselves, and of the molecules which FIG. 422. Strychnine sulphate: tetragonal crystals in polarized light, showing side aspect. they build up, is so characteristic of substances of definite com- position that the crystalline condition of dead matter is the normal condition. Differences in chemical constitution are accompanied by differences of physical structure, and the crystallographic test of differences of chemical constitution is recognized as the most delicate test of such differences." 49 770 A TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. It is apparent that, apart from their solubility, color reactions, behavior towards reagents, etc., the substances with which we are dealing should be prepared in such a manner that isolated crystals are formed and not aggregates or groups. These isolated crystals can then be studied independently. The reason why FIG. 423. Hydrastine: large, nearly equidimensional orthorhombic crystals from alcoholic solution. aggregates are formed is because the crystals are permitted to grow too rapidly on the slide. This is usually the case in the usual method of procedure in securing crystals, i.e., by adding a drop of a solution to the slide, and then allowing it to evaporate spontaneously, under ordinary conditions. If, on the other hand, the rate of evaporation is lessened so that there is a slowing down of the growth of the crystals, individuals may be obtained of MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE AND REAGENTS. 771 almost any size desired. And it will be found that these isolated crystals may be quite as easily prepared as the aggregates which seem so characteristic to the average student. Special methods, however, may be necessary to obtain such isolated crystals. For instance, single crystals of menthol (Fig. 126) are obtained by FIG. 424. Pipeline: monoclinic crystals, mostly on the clinopinacoid, showing the oblique terminations, obtained from hot alcoholic solution. means of sublimation rather than from solutions. Cumarin crystals are easily obtained by controlling the temperature of the melted mass, etc. The interest in these crystalline substances is becoming greater as foods and drugs and technical products are subject to stand- ards of purity. Most of the crystalline constituents common to '772 A TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. plant products are usually said to be calcium oxalate. This sub- stance is insoluble in water, alcohol, and acetic acid, soluble in the mineral acids and occurs usually in definite crystals. These crystals are rather easily studied in Iris, Quillaja, etc. (see page 186). They are found to crystallize either in the tetragonal or monoclinic systems, sphenoids of the latter being present in Belladonna (see pages 183-192). Some substances occur in a crystalline form even upon the commercial product, as vanillin upon vanilla pods and cumarin upon tonka seeds; or crystals may be found in special cells, as piperine (Fig. 424) in Piper album and Piper nigrum. In alco- holic material, particularly of the Composite, characteristic sphere- crystals are found, as in inula (see pages 150-154). Sometimes similar sphero-crystals are observed upon soaking the drug of commerce in water and then adding alcohol, as in Scilla. Again, crystalline substances separate upon the addition of mineral acids, as when nitric acid or sulphuric acid is added to sections of Hydrastis (Fig. 95). Again, upon dissolving the product either in water, as with catechu, or in solutions of chloral, as with gambir, a crystalline residue remains. Finally, upon extracting the dried plant with suitable solvents, as Prollius' solution, and evaporating the solvent, characteristic crystals separate, as with coca, hydrastis, nux-vomica, cinchona, cola, guarana, etc. ; or distinct crystalline precipitates may be obtained upon the addition of special reagents, as palladous chloride to solutions containing cocaine hydrochloride (Fig. 97), or gold chloride to solutions containing caffeine (Fig. 96) . Attention has already been directed to the fact (pages 173-^176) that quite a number of plant principles are capable of being sublimed. For some time past, in the study of certain of the cryptogams, as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, there has been a disposition to rely upon physiological rather than morphological characters, this being due not only to the fact that these are more constant and characteristic in these organisms, but also to- the fact that distinct morphological characters are entirely wanting in some cases. While the necessity for this additional study in the higher plants is not so apparent on account of the presence of well-defined morphological characters, still the value of physiological marks MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE AND REAGENTS. 773 as one of the bases of classification is coming to be recognized. The best illustration of this is to be found in the monograph of the genus Eucalyptus by Baker and Smith,4 in which they have utilized the chemical properties and physical characters of the oils, coloring principles, tannins, etc., in establishing differ- ences of affinities or species. There is a growing tendency on the part of investigators to study micro-chemically some of the char- acteristic plant constituents, as alkaloids, etc. As a rule, how- ever, the descriptions are superficial and the identification is by means of color reactions. No real scientific progress will be made until the botanist employs the petrographical microscope and is fairly well grounded in the principles of physical and chemical crystallography. The work is by no means so simple as in ordinary microscopic work, but when the principles governing the optical study of crystals are mastered, the study will appeal to botanists not only as a fertile field for research but also as a subject of importance in both morphological and taxonomic work. The study of microscopic crystals is accomplished by means of the petrographical microscope. Brown (loc. cit.) has stated succinctly the nature and use of this instrument : " The necessity of studying small crystals, . . . has re- sulted in the evolution of a form of microscope which is at once a goniometer, a polariscope, and an instrument for measuring optic axial angles — in short, for determining the physical crys- tallographic constants of small crystals. . . . The polari- scope portion of the petrographical microscope enables the ob- server to determine the position and relative value of the elasticity axes of crystals, to observe the position of the optic axes, and to determine their inclination to each other and to the elasticity axes. From these data the optical character of the crystal is determined. These OPTICAL REACTIONS may be studied by this instrument with as much ease, and in general with as much accuracy, as with the larger and better graduated polariscope; and the data thus obtained are quite as accurate in most cases as those obtained by the use of the larger instruments. The. use of the special eye-pieces arranged with artificial twins of calcite or quartz enables the observer to determine the extinction 774 A TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. angles of the crystals with as much accuracy as can be done with any form of polariscope. " From such observations made with the aid of this form of microscope the following constants may be determined: " ( i ) The plane angles of the crystals, in most cases the interfacial angles, giving the data from which the axial ratios are computed—in other words, the morphological constants of single crystals. " (2.) The relation of the composite crystals or twins to each other, their angles, and the position of the twin plane, twin axis, composition plane, and other constants of the twin crystals. " (3) The pleochroism of the crystals, the character of the colors of the light vibrating parallel to the elasticity axes in the crystals. This is effected by the use of the single polarizing prism below the stage. By analyzing this light with the micro- spectroscope the differences of tint and color may be given quantitative values in wave lengths. " (4) The position and relative values of the light elasticity axes in the crystals, upon which depend the angles of extinction of the crystals, measured from certain crystallographic axes or planes or edges. In uniaxial crystals (tetragonal and hexagonal systems) there are two such elasticity axes — the ordinary ray des- ignated as w, and the extraordinary ray, designated as e. Either one of these may be the axis o*f greater or less elasticity ; and according as the extraordinary ray is the axis of less elasticity or of greater elasticity the crystal is called optically POSITIVE or optically NEGATIVE. In biaxial crystals (orthorhombic, mono- clinic and triclinic systems) there are three elasticity axes at right angles to each other, and these are designated as fl, the axis of greatest elasticity; J), the axis of mean elasticity; and (, the axis of least elasticity.1 " (5) The position and angle of inclination of the optic axes or lines of single refraction through the crystals. These always lie in the plane of the elasticity axes & and t and the angles between the optic axes are bisected by the axes & and C. Accord- Elasticity in the optical sense is the reciprocal* of refractive index; .hence a, b, t, are the axes of least, mean and greatest refractive index. MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE AND REAGENTS. 775 ing as to whether t or a is the axis bisecting the acute angle, the ACUTE BISECTRIX, Bxa, the crystal is called optically POSITIVE or optically NEGATIVE. Thus if Bxa - t, the optical -character is POSITIVE. The apparent angle between the optic axes is deter- mined by means of an eye-piece micrometer in an observation of the interference figure, looking along the acute bisectrix of the optic axes, and this angle is designated as 2.E. The character of the double refraction may be determined by this angle." It is not possible in this work even to attempt to treat of the principles underlying the study of physical crystallography. The study is one requiring special laboratory instruction. Of the excellent works which the student will find useful the following may be mentioned : P. GROTH : Physikalische Krystallographie, 4th Ed., 1905. THEODOR LIEBISCH : Grundriss der Physikalischen Krystallographie, 1896. HENRY A. MIERS: Mineralogy, 1902. In this work will be found several excellent chapters dealing with the principles of the measurement of crystals and the study of their optical properties. ROSENBUSCH AND WuLFiNG : Mikroskopische Physiographic der Mineralen und Gesteine. P. GROTH : An Introduction to Chemical Crystallography. Translated by Hugh Marshall, 1906. In the Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie will be found refer- ences to the crystallographic studies which have been made upon some of the important plant constituents, but as these studies were mostly made upon relatively large crystals, which could be measured and examined by means of the goniometer, these observations must be interpreted and applied to crystals which are formed upon microscopic slides. A rather large number of substances have been examined and only a few of the more important are included at this time. While drawings might have been made to illustrate the form of crystals and optical orientations, it was deemed advisable to use some of the photo-micrographs made by the author. The four- color plate (Figs. 99, 100) is introduced to show the chromatic effects observed by using crossed nicols. The plate illustrates salicin and cocaine hydrochloride and is a nearly exact reproduc- tion of the effects obtained with the micro-polariscope, the electros 776 A TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY. having been made from Lumiere autochrome plates, using direct sunlight. The method of obtaining the crystals was rather simple. The solvents used were distilled water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and a mixture of chloroform and alcohol. To a weighed amount of the substance was added a sufficient quantity of solvent to give a saturated solution. A drop of this was added to a slide which was covered either with a bell-jar or the cover of a Petri dish. If the crystals formed too rapidly, giving rise to crystal aggregates, more dilute solutions were made from the original solution until single crystals were obtained therefrom. In some instances, as with physostigmine salicylate, where the edges of the crystal are likely to be re-dissolved, the slides were finally dried in a desiccator over sulphuric acid. With caffeine gold chloride, the best crystals were obtained when the solutions were relatively weak. Again, it was found that after crystals were mounted in balsam, as cocaine hydrochloride, caffeine gold chlo-i ride, etc., the isolated crystals grew considerably in size at' the expense of amorphous material. A rather unique instance of growth of large crystals was with menthol when the slide con- taining the silky aggregates was covered with another slide. Finally it should be stated that some patience and experience are necessary to obtain satisfactory crystals. WORKS OF REFERENCE. Principles of Microscopy. By A. E. Wright. Das Mikroskop. By Leopold Dippel. Anleitung zur Mikrochemischen Analyse. By H. Behrens. Die Botanische Mikrotechnik. By A. Zimmermann. Methods in Plant Histology. By Charles J. Chamberlain, Elements of Drawing. By John Ruskin. For Drawing of Crystals, consult " Crystallography and Practical Crystal Measurement," by A. E. H. Tutton. Physical Optics By Robert W. Wood. INDEX. Abelmoschus, 434 Abies, 119, 213, 434 Abnormal root structure, 319 stem structure, 344 Abortive, 391 Abrin, 198, 575 Abroma, 615 Abrotanum, 434 Abrus, 434. 575 Absinthe, 719 Absinthin, 719 Absinthium, 434, 719 Abuta, 539 Abutilon, 610, 611 Acacia, 434, 567, 569, 575 Acajou gum, 599 Acanthaceae, 694 Acanthus family, 694 Accumbent, 426 Acer, 434, 602 Aceraceae, 602 Acetaldehyde, 234 Achene, 410 Achillea, 172, 434, 720 Achilleine, 172 Achras, 659 Achyranthes, 528 Acid abietic, 237 acetic, 234 amido-succinamic, 168 amino-acetic, 192 antirrhinic, 691 arabic, 222 arachidic, 212 behenic, 212 benzoic, 234 capric, 212 caproic, 212 caprylic, 212 carthamic, 720 cerasic, 223 chaulmoogric, 214 chebulinic, 633 chromic, 756 cinnamic, 234, 572 formic, 234, 287 gallic, 599 gurjunic, 621 gynocardic, 623 hederic, 636 hydrocyanic, 198, 235 hypogaeic, 213 isovaleric, 234 japanic, 213 kinic, 655 Acid, lactic, zymase, 245 lauric, 212 lichen, 72 lignoceric, 212 linoleic, 213 lycopodic, 213 magenta, 182 methysticinic, 177 myristic, 212 oleic, 213 palmitic, 212 pectinic, 243 phosphomolybdic, 164 phosphoric, 214 picric, 165, 756 picric-sulphuric, as fixing agent, 756 pipitzahoic, 723 protocatechuic, 204 rapic, 213 resinolic, 237 ricinoleic, 213 salicylic, 234 stearic, 212 succino-abietic, 237 sulphuric, in germination, 731 tiglic, 213 yellow A. T., 182 Aconite, 434, 533, 534 Aconitum, tubers of, 328 Acorn-cups, tannin in, 206 Acorus, 434, 479 Acre, 434 Acris, 434 Actaea, 434, 537 Actinomorphic, 393 Acubin, 696 Acuminate, 355, 434 Acuminatus-a-um, 434 Acute, 354 Acutifolius-a-um, 434 Adansonia, 612 Adder's tongue, 458 Adderwort, 438 Adhatoda, 696 Adhesion, 390 Adiantum, 88, 434 Adlumina, 550 Adnate, 381 Adnation, 390 Adonis, 434. 537 Advena, 434 Adventitious root, 301 ^Ecidiospores, 69 /Ecidium, 69 A6gle. 434 Aerial root, 306 Aerobes, 252 ^Esculin, 169, 602 ^Esculis, 602 tannin in, 206 ^Estivalis, 434 African ammoniac, 639 Afzelia, 575 Agar-agar, 34 Agaric, 63, 64, 456 surgeon's, 65 Agaricaceae, 59 Agaricus, 434 campestris, 59 protein in, 200 muscarius, 155 Agave, 434. 489 constituents of, 492 fiber, 269 Agavose, 155 Agglutins, 198 Aggregatae, 707 Aglykone, 169, 170 Agrimonia, 434 Agropyron, 434, 468 Agrostemma, 172, 426, 434 Ailanthus, 434, 586 family, 585 Air-bubbles, 752 method of detection, 752 Air plants, 480 Aizoaceae, 528 Ajowan oil, 643 Ajuga, 434 Akene (see Achene), 410 Albizzia. Aleurone, grains, 193 Alfa, 472 Alfalfa, 577 Algae, 7, 435 blue-green, 8 characteristic, 16 classes, 17 economic uses of, 40 of Red Sea, 8 of Yellowstone Park, 8 polluting water, 8 used as food, 40 used in medicine, 40 Alga-fungi, 42 Alisma, 466 Alismaceae, 466 Alizarin, 179. 7O3 preparation of, 704 Alkaloids, 159 chemical classification, 1 66 effect of climate on, 165 families yielding, 165 from cultivated and wild plants, 739 functions of, 172 microchemistry of, 160 origin of, 160 properties of, 163 reagents for, 163 Alkanet, 670 Alkanna, 670 Alkannin, 670 Allisin, 489 Allium, 435, 485, 489 vascular bundle of, 309 Allspice, 455 wild, 438 Almond, 435 emulsin, 243 oil in, 213 Alnus, 435. 5io glandular hairs in, 230 Aloe, 435 species of, 487 wood, 628 Alpinia, 494. 651 Alsine, 435. 53 1 Alstonia, 435 Alteration in forms of plants, 332 Alternation of generation, 78, 86 Althaea, 435, 609, 6n Alum root, 447, 556 Alyssum, 435 Amandin, 195 Amanita, 60-65 Amarantaceae, 528 Amaranth, 435 Amaranthus, 435, 528 Amarus-a-um, 435 Amaryllidaceae, 489 Amaryllis, 435, 492 Amaryllus family, 489 Amber, 119, 237 fossil, 119 seed, 6ll Ambrosia, 435, 726 Ambrosiaceae, 712 Ambrosioides, 435 Amelanchier, 562 Aments, 508 American aloe, 434 copal. 574 kino, 569, 571 linden, 608 pennyroyal, 676 senna, 360 Americanus-a-um, 435 Amino-acid, 167 Ammanni, 435 Ammoniac, 639 African, 639 plant, 444 Ammoniacum, 435 Amomum, 435, 494 Amorpha, 435, 574 Amygdalin, 169, 170 Amygdalus. 779 Apricot, 562, 620 oil in, 213 protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 Aquaticus-a-um, 436 Aquifoliaceae, 600 Aquifolium, 436 Aquilaria, 628 Aquilegia, 536 Arabicus-a-um, 436 Arabin, 222 Araceae, 475, 478 Arachis, 401, 576 Arachnoidiscus, 35 Aragallus, 574 Arales, 475 Aralia, 436, 636, 637 Araliaceae, 636 Araroba, 436 tree, 462 Arbor, 460 vitae, 118 Arbutin, 169, 170, 174, 176 Arbutus, trailing, 644, 649 Archegoniates, 75 Archegonium, 75 Archesporium, 79, 124 Archichlamydeae, 504 Arctium, 436, 715, 717 Arctostaphylos, 174, 436, 644. 651 Areca, 436, 473 Arecaidine, 474 Arecaine, 474 Arecoline, 473 Arethusa, 502 Argania, 659 ' Argemone, 436, 547 Arginin, 253 Argithamnia, 436, 594 Arillode, 427 Arillus, 427 Arisaema, 436, 477. 480 Aristolochia, 436, 519, 521 Aristolochiales, 519 Aristotelia, 609 Arnica, 437, 715 pollen of, 404 Arnotta, 621 Aromaticus-a-um, 437 Aros, 437 Arrow-head, 466 Arrow-poison, 516, 575. 593, 633, 662 Arrow root, 462 Maranta, 496 soft-leaved, 706 starch, 496 Arrow wood, 705 maple-leaved, 705 soft-leaved, 706 Artemisia, 437, 719 hairs of, 285 Artemisiaefolius-a-um, 437 Arthrospore, 12 Artichoke, ferment in, 244 globe, 726 Jerusalem, 725 Artificial coloring of flowers, 182 Artocarpus, 437, 516 Arum, 437, 478 Arundinaceus-a-um, 437 Arvensis-e, 437 Asafoetida, 445, 639 Asagraea, 437 Asarone, 520 Asarum, 365, 437, 520 Asci, 47 Asclepiadaceae, 574, 668 Asclepias, 437. 667, 668 Ascomycetes, 47 Ascophyllum, 30 Ascus, 47 Asexual generation, 298 spore, 298 Ash, 446 mountain, 562 prickly, 462 white, 661 wild mountain, 454 Asimina, 437, 541 Asparagine, 167, 253, 725 Asparagus, 437, 485, 489 protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 Aspen, 456 Aspergillus, 49. emulsin, 243 Asperula, 437 Aspidium, 437 Aspidosperma, 437, 667 Asplenium, 437 Assimilation root, 306 shoot, 299 Aster, 712, 726 Astragalus, 437, 569, 574 gum in, 218 Athamanticus-a-um, 437 Atmospheric nitrogen, fixa- tion of, 307 Atriplex, 437. 52? Atropa, 437, 683, 684 fruit, 412 Atropous, 379 Atropurpureus-a-um, 437 Attar of rose, 564 Aucuba, 643 Aucubin, 643 Aurantiamarin, 585 Aurantium, 437 Auric chloride, 165 Australis-e, 437 Autumnalis-e, 437 Auxochrome, 179 Auxospores, 37 Avena, 437, 467 structure of, 423 Avenalin, 195 Avens, 446 Avocado, 455 Ax-seed, 442 Azalea, glandular hairs in, 230 purple, 646 Baccaurea, 594 Baccharis, 437, 723 Baccifer-a-um, 437 Bacillus, 14 hay, 13 subtilis, 13 typhosus, destroyer of, 655 Bacteria, 12 aerobic, 12 anaerobic, 12 classes of, 13 sulphur, 14 Bacterium, 14 Balanophora, 519 Balanophoraceae, 519 Balata, gum, 659 Balatium, 241 Ballota, 437 Balm, 452 of Gilead, 508 sweet, 679 Balsam, 225 Canada, as mounting me- dium, 757 gurjun. Barley, starch in, 148 sugar in, 156 Barosma, 438, 583 Barringtonia, 629 Base of leaf, 356 Basidiomycetes, 56 Basil, sweet, 679 Bassia, 659 Bassorin, 223 Basswood, 609 Bastard cedar, 580 santal, 580 Bauhinia, 575 Bayberry, 212, 508 Bay oil, 632 rum, 632 Beale's carmine solution, 760 Bean, 576 buck, 452 garden, 576 Indian, 440 Japanese soy, 576 kidney, 455 lima, 199 pichury, 453 protein in, 199 Sacred, 453 sea, 575 Bearberry, 436, 461, 651 Beard grass, 436 Bearwort, 452 Beauty, meadow, 634 Bebeeru, 453, 546 Bedstraw, 446, 697, 704 yellow, 704 Beeberine, 546 Beech, 445, 510 American, 512 drops, 696 false, 644 nut, protein in, 199 purple, 178 red, 512 Beer manufacture, 515 Beet, 438, 527 garden, protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 sugar, 527 proteins in, 199 sugar in, 156 Beggiatoa, 14 Begonia, 624 hairs in, 282 Begoniaceae, 624 Belladonna, 438, 683, 740 hairs of, 284 lily, 435 root, cross section of, 318 Bell-flower family, 710 Bellwort, 485 Benedictus-a-um, 438 Bengal quince, 434 Benne oil, 691 Benzaldehyde, 234 Benzoinum, 438, 660 Benzo-quinhydrone, 179 Benzoquinone, 179 Benz-pyrrol, 180 Berberidaceas, 537 Berberine, 162, 180 Berberis, 438, 537 Bergamia, 584 Bergamot, 679 oil, 584 wild, 679 Berry, 410 partridge, 452 Bertholletia, 629 Beta, 438, 527 stomata on leaves, 367 Betel, 508 leaves, 506 nut, 436, 473 palm, 476 Betonica, 438 Betony, 438 Betula, 438, 510 cross-section of wood, 346 Betulaceae, 510 Betulase, 243 Betulinus-a-um, 438 Bezoars, vegetable, 577 Bhang, 516 Bicollateral mestome strands, 341 Bicuculla, 550, 551 Bidens, 438 Biennial herb, 330 Biennis-e, 438 Bifacial leaves, 349, 366 Biflorus-a-um, 438 Bigardia oil, 584 Bignonia, 438 Bignoniaceae, 691 Bilabiate, 386 Bilberry, 654, 655 Bind weed, 442 Birch, 438, 510 family, 510 white, cross-section of wood, 346 Bird food, 696 Bird-lime, 518 Birthroot, 461 Birthwort, 436 family, 519 Bisectrix, 775 Bishop's cap, 452 Bismarck brown, as staining agent, 757 Bistorta, 438, 527 Bitter sweet, 444, 684 Bixa, 621 4 Bixaceae, 621 Bixin, 622 Blackberry, 458 bush, 563 low, 563 sand, 563 sugar in, 156 Black catechu, 569 haw, 462, 704 hellebore, 537 Bladder-wrack, 28 Blade, 348 Blakea, 634 Blazing star, 449 Blights, 44 Blinding tree, 592 Blood orange, 584 root, 458, 547 Blueberry, cultivation of. 656 dwarf, 653 early sweet, 653 high bush, 655 low, 654 low-bush, 655 Blue flag, larger, 492 indigo, 574 Bluets, 448, 697 Bocconia, 550 Boehmeria, 438, 517 fibers in, 269 Bcerhavia, 528 hairs in, 282 Bogbean, 665 Bog plants, 480 Bogs, sphagnum, 84 Bohmer's hasmatoxylin so- lution, 760 Boletus, 61 Bombaceae, 554, 612 Bombax, 554, 612 Bondicine, 576 Boneset, 712 false, 449 Borage family, 670 Border, 386 Bork, 293 Borneo camphor, 620 Borneol, 233, 544, 676 Borraginaceae, 670 Boswellia, 587 hairs in, 282 Botrychium, 365, 438 Bottle, reagent, for sterile solutions, 757 Bougainvillea, 528 Bouncing bet, 530, 531 Bower, Virgin's, 441 Box tree family, 594 Boxwood, 439 Brabeium, 518 Brachycerus-a-um, 438 Bracts, 388, 393, 402 Bramble, 458 Branches, lateral, 312 Brandy, 607 Brasiliensis-e, 438 Brassica, 438, 552, 553 Brauneria, 438, 723, 724 oil canals in, 224 phytomelane in, 260 Brazilian copal, 574 INDEX. 781 Brazilin, 179, 180 Bursine, 554 Brazil-nut, 629 Butcher's blocks, 560 aleurone grains of, 194 Butneria, 439 Breadfruit, 437, 516 Butter, cacao, 612 Bread, St. John's 576 shea, 659 Breadstone, 39 vegetable, 659 Breathing root, 306 Butter-and-eggs, 691 Bridelia, 593 Buttercup, 457, 537 Brier, cat, 459 Butter-fly weed, 667 ^ green, 459 Butternut, 509 Bromeliaceae, 480 Buttonbush, 440, 703, 704 Bromelin, 244 Buttons, 473 Broom, 443 mescal, 625 green, 569 Button-snakeroot, 722 Scotch, 569 Buttonwood, 559 weed, 458 Butyrospermum, 659 Broom-rape family, 696 Buxaceae, 594 Brosimum, 516 Buxine, 594 Brucamarine, 586 Buxus, 439, 546. 594 Brucea, 586 Bruguiera, 631 Cabbage. 553 Brush, 472 Cacao, 148, 211, 439, 460, Bryonia, 438, 709 612 sieve in, 276 butter, 612 tendril of, 323 protein in, 199 Bryonidin, 709 red, 612 Bryonin, 709 seeds, 612 red, 709 starch in, 148 white, 709 sugar in, 156 Bryophytes, 76 tree, 612 economic uses of, 84 Cactaceae, 625 Bubbles, air, 752 Cactus, 439, 621, 625 Buchania, 599 coach- whip, 621 Buchu, 152, 438, 583 family, 625 Buckbean, 665 Cadinene, 233, 589, 642 Buckeye family, 602 Caducous, 388 Buckthorn, 445, 457 Cassalpinia, 439, 576 family, 604 coriaria, tannin in, 206 Buckwheat, 445, 526, 527 Caesalpinioideas, 567 family, 520 Caffeine, 162, 176, 600, 618, flowers, 400 700 protein in, 199 Cajuputi, 439. Caraway, 440, 639 protein in, 200 Carbamases, 244 Carbohydrates, origin of, 157 photosynthetic, 157 Carbon dioxide assimilation, 299, 350 Carboniferous age, 99 Carbon-like substance, 258 Cardamom, 410, 435, 439, 444, 494 protein in, 200 starch in, 148 Cardinal flower, 710 Cardol, 596 Carduus, 451 Carex, 439, 47 1, 472 Careya, 629 Carica, 440, 542, 624 ferment in, 244 Caricaceas, 624 Carices, 472 Carnation, 443, 531 Carnauba-palm, 214, 474 Carnauba-wax, 474 Carnivorous plants, 361 Caroba, 691 Carobine, 691 Carobone, 691 Carolianus-a-um, 440 Carolina pink, 661 Carolinensis, 440 Carota, 440 Carotin, 493, 636 Carpaine, 624 Carpel, 120, 374~3?6 Carpinus, 440, 510 Carpophore, 417 Carposid, 624 Carragheen, 31 Carrot, 440, 443 family, 636 protein in, 199 starch in, 148 sugar in, 156 Carthamic acid, 720 Carthamin, 720 Carthamus, 387, 719 pollen of, 405 Carum, 440, 639, 643 Caruncle, 427 Carvacrol, 234, 679 Carvi, 440 Carvone, 234 Carya, 333 cross-section of wood, 346 Caryophyllaceae, 531 Caryophyllene, 571 Caryophyllus, 440, 632 Caryopsis, 417, 466 Caryota, 476 Cascara, 440, 604 Cascarilla, 440, 592 Cascarillin, 592 Casearia, 623 Cashew, 435. nut, 458, 596 Cassia, 360, 440, 567, 575 purging, 567 species of, 567 Cassine, 600 Castanea, 440 cross-section of wood, 346 species of, 512 Castilloa, 241, 516 Castinin, 195 Castor bean, 457 aleurone grains in, 194 plant, 443, 591 Catabolism, 252 Catalases, 245 Catalpa, 440, 691 Catalpin, 691 Cataria, 440 Catawba grape, 606 Cat brier, 485 Catechin, 180 Catechu, 440 black, 569 Catha, 600 Cathartocarpus, 440 Cathine, 600 Catkin, 394 Cat mint, 680 Catnip, 440, 453, 680, 681 Cat-tail family, 463 Cauliflower, protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 Caulophylline, 538 Caulophyllum, 440, 537 Cavanillesia, 612 Cay-Cay butter, 586 Ceanothus, 440, 604 Cecidien, 334 Cedar, 460 apples, 115 bastard, 581 prickly, 454 red, 115, 118 uses of, 115-117 white, 118 wood oil, 589 Cedrela, 589 Cedron, 440, 459 seed, 440 Cedronin, 586 Cedrus, 118 Celandine, 441, 548. 551 Celastraceae, 600 Celastrine, 600 Celastrus, 440, 600 Celery, protein in, 199 Celloidin, 749 Cells, 2 antipodal, 124 apical, 254 conducting, 272 contents, examination of, 246 Cells, contents reaction with microchemical reagents, 759 cork, 290, division, 3 epidermal, 277 forms of, 262 guard, 279 helping, 124 inclusion, 207 kinds of, 297 laticiferous, 239 protecting, 277 sclerenchyma, 266 sclerotic, 267 secretory, 226 stereomatic, 268 stone, 267 tapetal, 121, 404 Cellulases, 244 Cellulose, 256 walls, protective, 257 Cell- wall, reaction with mi- crochemical reagents, 759 stratification in, 258 striation in, 259 Celosia, 528 Centaurea, 440 Centifolius-a-um, 440 Centrifugal, development 262 Centripetal, development. 262 Centrospermae, 527 Centrospheres, 135 Century plant, 489 Cephaelis, 440, 699 Cephalanthin, 704 Cephalanthus, 440, 703, 704 Cephalaria, 708 Ceramium, 40 Cerasin, 223 Ceratonia, 440, 576 Cerealis-e, 440 Cereus, 625, 627 night-blooming, 625 Cetraria, 73, 440 Cevadilla, 458 Chakazzi copal, 574 Chamaelirium, 440, 491 Chamomile, German, 715 Roman, 713 wild, 452 Chamomilla, 440 Champagne, 607 Chanterelle, 58 Characeae, 26 Charcoal, 508, 509 Charlock, 553 Chartreuse, 679 Chavicol, 632 Chebulinic acid, 633 Chekan, Eugenia, 441, 63* Chelerythrine, 550 Chelidonine, 550 INDEX. 783 Cheliodonium, 441, 548, 550, 551 Chelidoxanthin, 550 Chelone, 441, 691 Chemical stimuli, 248 Chenopodiaceae, 527 Chenopodiales, 527 , Chenopodium, 441, 527 hairs in, 282 Cherry, 456 bark of, 294 choke, 561 cross-section of wood, 346 protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 wild, 561 black, 560 Chestnut, 511 American, 512 bark disease, 54 cross-section of wood, 346 horse, 206, 602 oak, tannin in, 206 protein in, 199 Spanish, 512 starch in, 148 sugar in, 156 tree, 440 wild, 518 Chests, tea, 625 Chewing gum, 659 Chew-stick, 447 Chickweed, 435 Chicory, 441, 716, 725 culture, 747 Chimaphila, 441, 455, 644 Chinese galls, 597 potatoes, 492 rice paper, 636 tallow tree, 594 Chinquapin, 512 starch in, 148 Chionanthin, 661 Chionanthus, 441, 661 Chirata, 441, 664 Chirayita, 441, 664 Chiretta, 460, 664 Chives, 485 Chloral, crystals, 762 Chloranthy, 391 Chlorenchyma, 366 Chlorococcum, 72 Chlorophora, 516 Chlorophycese, T7, 20 Chlorophyll, 138, 158 Chloroplastids, 137 Chloroplasts, 137 Chlorosis, 391 Chlor-zinc-iodide solution, 760 Choke cherry, 561 Chondrodendron, 441, 539 Chondrus, 31, 441 Choripetalae, 504 Choripetalous, 383 Chorisepalous, 383 Chorisia, 612 Chorisis, 390 Christmas holly, 600 Chromatin, 136 Chromatophore, 136 fixed oils in, 210 Chromene, 180 Chromic a*cid, 756 Chromogen, 179 Chromophores, 179 Chromoplastids, 137, 138 occurrence of, 181 Chromosomes, 136 Chrozophora, 593 Chrysanthemum, 441, 714, 718, 724, 726 Chrysarobinum, 441 Chrysophyllum, 441, 659 Chrysosplenium, 441, 556 Chymases, 244 Cicely, sweet, 643 Cichoriaceae, 711 Cichorium, 441, 716, 725 Cicuta, 441, 575, 642 Cigar boxes, 117, 589 Cimicifuga, 441, 532, 533 Cinchona, 441, 697 cultivated, 546, 690, 698 plantation, 698 species of, 699 substitute, 606, 620 Cineol containing oil, 544 Cinereus-a-um, 441 Cinnamic acid, 572 aldehyde, 544 Cinnamodendron, 622 Cinnamomum, 441, 543, 544, 545 Cinnamon cultivation, 545 cutting, 545 oil, 544 starch in, 148 Cinquefoil, 456 Circaea, 441, 634 Circinate, 364 Circumcissile, 413 Circumnutation, 360 Cirrhiferous, 357 Cissampelos, 441 Cistus, hairs in, 282 Citral, 233, 234. 564. 583 Citron, 441, 584 Citronellol, 564, 579 Citrullus, 441, 708, 710 Citrus, 441, 583. Coffee tree, 575, 701 wild, 632, 707 Coffeol, 700 Cohesion, 390 Cohosh, 434 black, 532 blue, 440, 537 Cola, 614, 615 caffeine in, 162 family, 612 Colchicum, 442, 485 Cold frames, 731 Colic-root, 435, 485 Coliguaya, 593 Collateral mestome strands, Collenchyma, 265 Colletin, 606 Collinsonia, 442 Colloidal, 140 Colocynth, 708 fruit, 410, 424 seed, 424 Colocynthis, 442 Color in autumn leaves, 178 in lichens, 72 principles, chemistry, 179 substances, cell-sap, 176, 181 substances, distribution of, 181 Coloring of flowers, artificial, 182 Colors, cell-sap, 176 function of, 181 Coltsfoot, 387, 445, 461, 723 Colubrina, 606 Columbine, wild, 536 Columbo, 539 Combretaceag, 633 Combretum, 633 hairs in, 282 Comfrey, 460, 671 Commelina, 442, 480 Commelinaceae, 480 Commiphora, 442, 586 Common mossy stonecrop, 556 Communis-e, 442 Compass plant, 723 Complete flower, 298 Compositae, 711, 712 flowers of, 387 hairs in, 288 Compound leaves, 356 Comptonia, 509 Concentric mestome strands, 342 Conduplicate, 364 Condurango, 668 Cones, 375 Confluent, 381 Conglutin, 195 Conidia, 41 Conifera-um, 442 Coniferse, uses of, 117 Coniferin, 169, 170, 171, 489 Conium, 442, 638, 640 Conjugatae, 17 Conjunctive tissue, 313 Connate-perfoliate, 356 Connective, 122, 381 Conopholis, 695, 696 Consolodin, 673 Contortae, 660 Contraction of roots, 319 Contrayerva, 444 Convallamarin, 170, 442, 486 Convallaria, 487 Convolute, 364 Convolvulaceae, 668 Convolvulus, 442, 669 Copaiba, 442, 571, 574 substitute, 621 Copal, American, 574 Brazilian, 574 Chakazzi, 574 East Indian, 587 Inhambane, 574 resins, 574 Sierra Leone, 574 Zanzibar, 574 Copalchi, 592 Copalchin, 592 Copernicia, 474 cerifera, 214 Copper acetate solution, 761 treatment of water, 8 Coptis, 442 Coral root, 442 Corallorhiza, 442 Corchorus, 269, 609 Cordifolius-a-um, 442 Coriamyrtin, 595 Coriander, 442 protein in, 200 Coriandrum, 442, 637 Coriaraceae, 594 Coriaria, 594 Coriarious-a-um, 442 Cork cells, 290 development, 293 Corm, 329. 785 Cruciger-a-utn, 443 Curare poison, 539 Cryptogams, 5 Curarine, 662 vascular, 86 Curatella, 615 Crystal, 769 Curcas, oil in, 213 biaxial, 774 Curcin, 198 clusters, 185 Curcuma, 494 codeine, 767 protein in, 200 columnar, 183 Curcumin, 496 fibers. 187 Currant, 457, 558 hexagonal, 774 Buffalo, 558 h'ydrastine, 77O fetid, 558 membrane, 189 protein in, 199 micro, 187 sugar in, 156 microtechnic, 776 Cuscuta, 670 monoclinic, 183, 184, 774 Cuscutin, 670 of fixed oils, 211 Cusparia, 443, 585 of reagents, 762 Cusso, 443, 447, 565 orthorhombic, 183, 774 Custard apple, 543 piperine, 771 family, 541 sand, 188 Cutin, 277 solitary, 183 Cutose, 257 sphere, 192 Cyanol, P. Dillenia, 615 Dilleniaceae, 615 Dimorphic flowers, 399 Dioicus-a-um, 444 Dionaea, 362, 554 Dioscorea, 444, 492 stem of, 322 Dioscoreaceae, 492 Diosphenol, 582 Diospyros, 444, 659 hairs in, 282 Dipentene, 722 Diphyllus-a-um, 444 Diplococci, 14 Dipsacaceae, 707 Dipsacus, 444, 708 Dipterocarpaceas, 620 Dipterocarpus, 620 Dirca, 444, 627 Disaccharose, 154 Discaria, 606 Discoid head, 711 Disk-flower, 711 Dissepiment, 411, 378 false, 378 Dissotis, 634 Distichous, 363 Dita, 435 Ditch stonecrop, 454, 556 Dittany, 443 American, 682 Divergence, 363 Divided, 356 Divi-divi, tannin in, 206 Divining rod, 558 Division, internal, 5 Doassansia, 67 Dock, curled, 523 sorrel, 458 Dodder, 670 Dogbane, 436 family, 664 spreading, 664 Dog's-tooth violet, 485 Dogwood, 442 family, 643 flowering, 643 Jamaica, 448, 575. .Domesticus-a-um, 444 Domingensis-e, 444 Doona, 621 Dorema, 444, 639 Dorsal pneumatic tissue, 366 suture, 377 Dorsiventral flowers, 393 leaves, 349, 366 Dorstenia, 444 Double flowers, 714 staining, 762 Douglas fir, 114 spruce, 119 Dracaeno, 489 Dracontomelum, 599 Dragon's blood, 474, 488 Dragon tree, 489 Drimys, 540 Drosera, 361, 444, 554 Droseraceae, 554 Drugs, curing of, 738 drying of, 737, 738 physiological testing of, 248 selection of, 737 Drupe, 418, 426 Driizenzotten, 222 Dryobalanops, 620 Dryopteris, 87, 90, 92, 444 hairs of, 284 Dry yeast, lecithin in, 214 Duckweed, 450 family, 478 Ducts (see Tracheae), 273 Dulcamara, 444, 684 Dulce, Irish, 34 Dulcis-e, 444 Dulcitol, 156 Duration of calyx and corolla, 388 Dutch clover, 472 Dutchman's breeches, 550 Dwarf branch, 374 Dye, leather, 633 Dyer's broom, 574 Dyes, aniline, as staining agents, 75? non-aniline, as staining agents, 757 Dynamic centers of cell, 140 Dysentericus-a-um, 444 Dzaini, 562 Early sweet blueberry, 653 Eau D'Ange, 632 de Creole, 620 Ebenaceae, 444, 659 Ebenales, 658 Ebony, 444, 659 black, 659 family, 659 green, 659 red, 659 striped, 659 white, 659 Ecballium, 444, 709 Echinacea, 723 oil canals in, 224 phytomelane in, 260 Echinate, 354 Echinocarpus, 607 Ecology, i Edestin, 195 Eelgrass, 466 Egg apparatus, 298 cell, 124, 298 plant, 688 Elseagnaceae, 628 Elaeagnus, 628 Elaeis, 474 Elaeocarpaceae, 607 Elaeocarpus, 608 Elastic, 444 Elastica, 241, 592 Elasticity, 774 Elasticus-a-um, 444 Elaterin, 709 Elaterium, 444, 709 Elaters, 82 Elder, 458 American, 706 black, 706 mountain, 706 red-berried, 706 Elecampane, 448, 720 Elemi, Bengal, 586 Manila, 586 resin, 586 West India, 586 Eleocharis, 444, 472 Elettaria, 444, 494 Eleusine, 467 Elm, 461, 512 American, 512 cross-section of wood, 346 family, 512 slippery, 513 white, 512 Eluteria, 444 Emarginate, 355 Emasculated, 451 Embryo-sac, 108, 120, 298 Emodin, 170 Emulsins, 243 Enchanter's nightshade, 634 Endocarp, 410 Endodermis, 310 Endosmosis, 251 Endosperm, 108, 127, 425 of date palm, 265 structure of, 429 Endospore, 12, 41 Endothecium, 404 Endothia radicalis, 54 Entada, 575 Enterolobium, 575 Entomophilous, 402 Environment, 130 Enzymes, 241 diastatic, 242 Eperua, 576 Ephemeral, 388 Epicarp, 410 Epicotyl, 299, 426 Epidermal cells, 277 Epidermis, 309, 369 Epigaea, 444, 644, 649 Epigeous shoot, 321, 322 Epigynous, 389 Epilobium, 634 Epipactis, 503 Epiphytes, 306 Equisetaceae, 444 Equisetales, 96 Equisetums, 96, 444 Equitant leaves, 349 Erectus-a-um, 444 INDEX. 787 Ergot, 52, 155, 441, 444 Ericaceae, 444, 644 microsublimates of, 173 Ericales, 644 Ericolin, 655 Erigeron, 444, 713 Eriobotyra, 562 Eriodendron, 611 Eriodictyon, 444, 670 hairs of, 284, 286 Erysimum, 445, 553 Erytaurin, 664 Erythraea, 664 Erythronium, 485 Erythrophlceum, 575 Erythroxylaceae, 580 Erythroxylon, 445, 580 Eschscholtzia, 547, 550 Esculentus-a-um, 445 Esparto, 472 Esters, 234 Estivation, 389 Etaerio, 419 Ether, phenol, 234 Euasci, 47 Eucalyptol, 631 Eucalyptus, 445, 631 kino, 631 oil, 631 seedling, 745 species of, 631 Eucitrus, 583 Eugenia, 445, 631 Eugenol, 234, 544, 546 Euonymus, 239, 445, 600 Eupatorin, 713 Eupatorium, 445, 712 Euphorbia, 445, 591, 592, 594 Euphorbiaceae, 590 Euphorbium, 593 Euphorbon, 593 Europaeus-a-um, 445 Euryale, 532 Evening primrose, 436, 634, 635 family, 634 Evergreen, 459 Evernia, 73 Evolution, 129, 247 Excelsin, 195 Excelsus-a-um, 445 Excoecaria, 592 Exine, 123, 404 Exocarp, 410 Exodermis, 309 Exogonium, 445, 668 Exosmosis, 251 Exospores, 41 Exothecium, 404 Experimental farms, 732- 735 Extraordinary ray, 774 Extrorse, 380 Fabiana, 684 Fagaceae, 511 Fagales, 510 Fagopyrum, 445, 526, 527 Fagus, 445 species of, 512 Fairy-ring fungus, 58 False beech-drops, 644 dissepiment, 378 flax, 439 hellebore, 462, 537 indigo, 435, 438 mitre wort, 460, 556 nettle, 438 Solomon's seal, 484, 485 spikenard, 484 unicorn root, 491 winter's bark, 622 Fan palms, 473 Farfara, 445 Farinosae, 480 Farinosus-a-um, 445 Farms, experimental, 732- 735 Fastigiatus-a-um, 445 Fats, 210 physiology, 216 Fatty oils, 546 resins, 238 Fegatella, 272 Fennel, 445, 639 flower, 453 protein in, 200 Ferments, 241 in stinging hairs, 287 in yeast, 49 microchemistry of, 245 Fern, flowering, 454 fossil, 104 male, 445 palms, in sensitive, 453 used in medicine, 96 walking, 92 water, 94 Fertile, 121 Fertilis-e, 445 Fertilization, 125, 397 Ferula, 445, 639 Fetid, 445 Fever bush, 438 hay, 726 Fibers, bast, 268 isolation of, 270 sclerenchymatous, 268,270 strength of, 269 Fibrovascular strand, 313 Ficus, 241, 445, 513,514,515 ferment in, 244 latex in, 240 species of, 516 Field sorrel, 524, 525 penny cress, 553 Fig. Foetidus-a-um, 445 Fog-fruit, 450 Folia Malabanthri, 568 Follicle, 419 Fontinalis, 85 Food, bird, 696 of plants, 248 Fore-leaves. 393. 466 Forget-me-not, 453, 670 Formaldehyde, 234 Forms of leaves, 354 of plants, alterations in, 332 Fossil Coniferae, 119 Fouquieria, 621 Four o'clock family, 528 Foxglove, 443, 690 Fragaria, 445, 566 fruit, 415 species of, 567 Fragilaria, 37 Fragrance due to volatile oils, 234 Fragrans, 445 Fragrant, 445 Frames, cold, 731 Frangula, 445 Frangulin, 169, 170 w Frankincense, 587 Frasera, 445 Fraseri, 446 Fraxetin, 66 1 Fraxin, 169, 170, 661 Fraxinus, 446, 66 1 glandular hairs in, 230 Fremontia, 615 French plum, 562 Fringe tree, 441, 661 Fructose, 154, 155 Fructosidase, 242 Fruit acids, 563 ethers, 564 jellies, 243 outer morphology of, 408 structure of, 421 sugars, 155, 563 Fruits, classification of, 421 different types of, 409 Fuchsia, 634 Fuchsin, as staining agent, 7S7 Fucose, 154 Fuller's teasel, 708 Fulvus-a-um, 446 Fumaria, 209, 446, 547, 550 Fumariaceae, 209 Fumarine, 548, 550 Fumitory, 446, 550 European, 550 Funaria, 85 Function of leaf, 350 Fungi, 7. 40 constituents of 41 coral, 58, 59 detection of, 70 Fungi, economic uses, 65 edible, 59 ferments of, 242, 244 gill, glycogen in, 154 groups of, 41 imperfecti, 70 jelly, 59 leather, 59 poisonous, 6l pore, 59 rust, 65, 68 smut, 65 stinck-horn, 59 Fungus chirurgorum, 65 Funifera, 627 Fusanus, 519 Fustin, 169, 170 Galactose, 169 Galangal, 494 Galbalus, 419 Galbanum, 639 Galeopsis, 446 Galetae, 388 Galium, 446, 697, 704 Gallicus-a-um, 446 Galls, 206, 334, 446, 511 Chinese, 597 crown, 335 fungus, 334 hard. 789 Glucoside, classification of, 169 dextrose, 169 distribution of, 169 function of, 172 microchemistry of, 171 rhamnose, 169 Glumes, 466 Glumiflorae, 466 Glutamin, 253 Glutelins, 194, 195 Gluten, 196 flour, 196 Glutinosus-a-um, 446 Glutinous, 446 Glycerin-jelly, 763 Glycine, 576 Glycinin, 195 Glycocoll, 192 Glycogen, 154 Glycoside, 167 Glycyphyllin, 169 Glycyrrhiza, 446, 568 Gnaphalium, 446 Gnidia, 627 Goa powder, 441 Goat's beard, 461 Goldenrod, 459, 712, 726 anise-scented, 722 nigh, 721 Golden seal, 448, 532 ; Gold flower, 441 Goldthread, 442 Gonidium, 71 Goodyera, 503 Gooseberry, 457, 557 fruit, 418 protein in, 199 sugar in, 156 Goosefoot, 441, 527 Gossypitrin, 169 Gossypium, 447, 6iO fiber, 269 Gouania, 447, 606 Gourd, 443 family, 708 Gracilaria, 34 Graham flour, 196 Grain, 417 pollen, 298 Graminales, 466 Gramineae, 447, 466 Granatum, 447, 629 Grape, 462, 606 fern, Virginia, 365 fruit, 584 protein in, 199 seed, oil in, 213 sugar, 155, 606 sugar in, 156 vine, 606 Grass, 447 beard, 436 family, 466 holy, 448 Grass of Parnassus, 556 panic, 454 pepper, 450, 553 scurvy, 442, 553 sweet vernal, 436 worm, 459 Gratiola, 447, 691 Gratiolin, 691 Graveolens, 446 Gravity, influence of, 301' Greek valerian, 671 Grenadier's borax-carmine solution, 760 haematoxylin solution, 760 Grevillea, 518 Grewia, 609 Grias, 629 Grifnthsia, 40 Grimmia, 85 Grindelia, 447, 713 Gromwell, 450 Groundsel, 459 tree, 437 Growing point, 253 Growth, factors influencing, 246, 247 Guaiac, 447 Guaiacum, 447, 580, 581 Guarana, 162, 447, 454, 603 Guarea, 516 Guava, 632 Guayava, 632 Guazuma, 615 Guelder-rose, wild, 704 Gulf weed, 31 Gum, 218, 565, 599 acajou, 599 anacardium, 223 arabic, 222, 569 balata, 659 chagual, 223 chewing, 659 chicle, 659 cocoa-palm, 223 East Indian, 223 exuding, 447 moringa, 223 plant, 447 red, 574 resin, 225, 236 spruce, 119 tragacanth, 218, 569, 570 tree, sweet, 558 yellow. Heliotrope, 447 garden, 670 Heliotropism, 349 Heliotropium, 447, 670 Helixin, 636 Hellebore, 447 black, 537 false, 537 Helleborein, 537 Helleborus, 447, 537 Helonias, 491 Hemiasci, 47 Hemlock, 113, 461 poison, 442, 638, 640 tannin in, 205, 206 (Tsuga), 119 water, 441, 575, 642 Hemp, 439 fiber, 269, 514 nettle, 446 oil in, 213 sisal, 492 yellow, 625 Hempwood, climbing, 452 Henbane, 448, 684 Henequen, 492 Henna plant, 629 Hepaticae, 80, 447 Herb, annual, 329, 330 biennial, 330 perennial, 330 quinine, 664 Herba Centaurii Minoris, 664 cochleariae, 553 Herbaceous, 447 Herbaceus-a-um, 447 Herbs, 329 Hercules, club of, 441 Hermaphrodite, 392 Herniaria, 531 Hesperidin, 151. 169, i?o, 585 Hesperidium, 419 Hesperis, 447, 583 hairs in, 282 Heterocysts, n Heterosporous, 87 Heuchera, 447, 556 Hevea. 241, 447, 592, 594 Hexose, 154 Hibiscus, 448, 611 Hickory, 333, 509 cross-section of wood, 346 Hicoria, 365, 509, 510 Hierochloe, 448, 472 High-bush huckleberry, 652 Hilum, 425 of starch grain, 144 Hinna, 629 Hippocastanaceae, 602 Hippocastanum, 448 Hirsute, 354 Hirsutus-a-um, 448 Hispid, 354 Hispidus-a-um, 448 Histology, i Hoarhound, white, 676 Hold-fast, 30 Holly, 448 American, 600 Christmas, 600 dahoon, 600 European, 600 family, 600 leaved barberry, 436 Hollyhock, 435, 609, 611 Homalium, 623 Honesty, 553, 554 Honey, 402 dew, 157 poison, 402 , Honeysuckle, 450 bush, 443, 707 family, 704 Hopea, 621 Hop, hornbeam, 454 substitute, 606, 621 tree, 585 Hops. 448, SIS Hordeum, 448, 467, 468 Horehound, fetid, 437 water, 451 Hornbeam, 440, 510 Horsebalm, 442 chestnut, 434, 448, 602 gentian, 706 mint, 679 radish, 553 tails, 96, 444 Hound's tongue, 443, 673 Houstonia, 448, 697 Hoyer's picro-carmine solu- tion, 760 Huckleberry, 446, 654 black, 652 fruit, 414 sugar in, 156 Humulene, 508, 509 Humulus, 448, 514 hairs in, 282 Humus, 249 Hura, 592 Hyacinth, 485 Hydnocarpus, 623 Hydrangea, 448, 556 wild, 556 Hydrangin, 556 Hydrastine, 162, 770 Hydrastis, 161, 448, 532 alkaloids, 174, 175 farming, 734. 791 Injury to plants, 172 Ink-ball, 335, 512 gall, 335, 512 tree, 597 Innate, 381 Inner structure of leaf, 365 of root, 309 of stem, 338 Inosit, 607, 636 Insect flowers, 718 Insect visitation of flowers, 399 Insectivorous plants, fer- ments in, 244 Intine, 404 Intrafascicular cambium, 341 Inula, 387, 448, 720 hairs in, 288 phytomelane in, 261 Inulenin, 150, 726 Inulin, 150, 725 Inulinase, 242 Invertase, 242 Involucre, 395 Involute, 364 Iodine in seaweeds, 40 solution, 761 in water, 760, 761 lonon, 622 Ipecac, 448, 699 wild, 706 Ipecacuanha, 440, 448 Ipomcea, 448 Iridaceae, 492 Iridin, 169 Iris, 332, 448, 492 Iron solutions, 761 Irone, 234 Ironwood, 454, 510, 659 Irregular flower, 393 Irritability. 358 Irvingia, 586 Isatis, 553 Islandicus-a-um, 448 Isoetes, 97, 449 Isometric system, 764 Isoptera, 621 Isoquinoline, 166, 180 Isosporous, 87 Iva, 448 Ivory, vegetable, endosperm in, 265 Ivy, 441, 447 English, 636 ground, 68 1 poison, 595, 596 Ixina, 449 Jaborandi, 449, 455, 582 Jacaranda, 691 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 477 Jack-tree, 516 Jalapa, 449 substitute, 528 Jamaica dogwood, 575 Jambosa, 631 Jambuse berries, 632 Japanese lacquer, 597 medlar, 562 aoy bean, 576 Japan-wax, 212 Jateorhiza, 539 Jatropha, 591 Jellies, fruit, 243 Jelly, Kaiser's glycerin, 763 Jequirity, 575 Jessamine, yellow, 661 Jewel-weed family, 604 Jimson weed, 443, 684 Joannesia, 591 Juglandales, 509 Juglans, 449, 509, 5io cross-section of wood, 346 Juglansin, 195 Juglon, 179 Julocroton, hairs in, 282 Juncaceae, 493 Juncus, 493 Jungermania, 83, 85 Juniper, 116 Juniperus, 118 Jussieua, 634 Jute fiber, 269 Kadsura, 540 Kaiser's glycerin-jelly, 763 Kalmia, 174, 449, 648 Kamala, 449, 451, 592 hairs of, 285 Kapac oil, 6n Kavaine, 508 Kava-kava, 177, 452, 508 Ketones, 234 Kidney bean, protein in, 199 Kiggelaria, 623 Killing agent, 755 Kinic acid, 655 Kino, 449, 569 American, 569, 571 Brazil, 593 eucalyptus, 631 Kittool, 476 Kittul, 476 Kiurushi, 597 Kleister, 145 Knot weed, 456 Kola nut tree, 614 Krameria, 449. 