None
INDEX A Abrams, H. T., tests on air-lift pumps, 422 Absolute pressure, temperature and zero, 47 Adiabatic compression, 53, 56, 64, 138, 139, 140; equation of, 58, 65 Adiabatic expansion, 241, 243 Adjustable steam cutoff, valve 24 Aff elder, W. L., on compressor explosion, 204 Aftercoolers, 32, 96, 170, 173 Ainsworth (B. C), hydraulic compressor, 213-215 Air and steam cards combined, 23 Air cards, 58, 97, 105, 146, 151-153, 189; elements of, 146, of stage compressor, 97 Air-cataract valves, 121 Air compression at altitudes above sea-level, 191-197; by direct action of falling water, 209-220 Air compressors: belt-driven, 25, 26, 31, 33; builders, list of, 46; chain-driven, 20, 37,40; classification, 8, 46; direct-driven, 38, 39, 41; dry, 76; for compressed- air haulage, 453-457; geared, 31, 38, 40; half-duplex, 20; horse-power of, 138-143; hydraulic, 209-220; makers of, 46; performance of, 137 et seq.; tests, 149-168; water-driven, 26-33; wet, 72-75 Air-consumption of machine drills, 295-301; testing for, 470, 471, 478-485 Air cylinder governors and unloaders, 182-190 (see Air-pressure regulators) Air cylinders, proportions of, 25, 88-92, 95 Air, discharge of, through circular orifices, 469 "Air-electric" drill, 5, 290-292; track channeler, 389, 392 Air engines, 235-252 Air-feed hammer drills, 319, 331, ^Z2>^ 339-346 Air, flow of, through orifices or short tubes, 467-469; through pipes, 221; under small pressure, 468 Air, free, 47; specific heats at constant pressure and volume, 53; weight of, 48, 50, 469 Air governors, 175-190 Air hammer drills, 311 e/ seq. Air inlet, area of, 100, 123; conduit for, 117; valves, 99-118 Air-lift pumps, 415 et seq.; air pressure for, 418, 419, 420, 421, 424, 426; efficiency, 419,420,421,426,431; examples of, 424-431; foot-pieces, 422-425; ratio of submergence to lift, 421; tests, 421-426; volume of air for, 419; working under heavy heads, 431 Air, measurement of flow of, 467-485 Air pressure for machine drills, 295-297 487 488 INDEX Air-pressure regulators, 175-190; Allis-Chalmers, 180, 185; American, 177; Clayton, 176; Franklin, 180; IngersolL-Rand, 177, 180-185, IQOJ Laidlaw- Dunn-Gordon, 180, 181; Nordberg, 180, 185-189; Norwalk, 177; SuUivan, 178, 179, 180; unloaders, 182-190. Air pulsator for "electric-air" drills, 290 Air receiver, arranged for measuring compressed air, 481 Air receivers, 96, 169 et seq.; baffle plates for, 173; functions, 169-171; sizes, 169, 174; underground receivers, 171, 172, 256, 406; volumetric capacity, 174 Air- thrown valves for rock drills, 274-288 "Air-tube Rotator" drill (Sullivan Machinery Co.), 328, 329 Alaska-Treadwell Gold jMining Co., compressor plant, 26 Alley & MacClellan compressors, 8, 38 Allis-Chalmers compressors, 10, 19, 46, 78, 99; mechanically-controlled valve- motions, 129; plate valves, no; pressure regulators and governors, 180, 185 Altitudes above sea-level, air compression at, 191 et seq.- barometric pressures corresponding to, 194; mechanically-controlled inlet valves for, 195; stage compression at, 196 American Air Compressor Works, 46; air governor, 177 American Inst, of Mining Engineers, Trans, of, 143, 205, 225, 249, 251, 427, 429, 463 American Locomotive Co., compressed-air locomotives, 436 American Machinist, 8, 192, 246, 267 American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings of, 415 Anaconda copper mine, compressed-air haulage at, 461, 462; compressed-air hoists, 249-251 Angelo and Cason Mills, So. Africa, tests on air-lift pumps, 424-426 Angle-compound compressor (Sullivan Machinery Co.), 37, 117 Ante-coolers for compressors, 96 Aragon iron mine, Mich., compressed-air haulage at, 462 Area of compressed air inlet, 100, loi; of discharge, 122, 123 Area of discharge valves, 122 Association of Engineering Societies, Transactions of, 406 Auger coal drills: Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., 377; Ho wells, 377; Ingersoll- Rand, 376; Jeffrey, 377 "Auger Rotator" drill, Sullivan Machinery Co., 329, 331 Au.xiliary reservoirs for compressed-air locomoti\es, 445, 446, 447, 459, 463 B Baffle plates for air receivers, 173 Bailey & Co., Manchester, compressor piston valve, 136 Bailey Meter Co., 476 Balanced piston valves, 24 Baldwin Locomotive Works, compressed-air locomotives, 435-437, 444 Ball-and-socket joints for compressed-air locomotive charging station, 449, 450, 451 Beckett, P. G., on air-lift pump, 427 Behr, H. C, air-lift pump experiments, 418; on "two-pipe" system of com- pressed air transmission, 247 Bell, J. British- Westinghouse Rateau mixed-pressure turbine and air compressor, 42, 43, 45 Brotherhood & Co., Peter, compressors, 8 Bryant channeler, 384 Buck Mountain Colliery, compressed-air haulage at, 458 "Bullmoose" hammer drill, 325, 327 Burbanks Main-lode mine, W. Aust, two-stage air-lift, 430, 431 Burleigh compressor at Hoosac Tunnel, 2 Burning-points of cylinder oils (see Ignition points) Burra-Burra mine, compressor at, 21, 149 Bury Compressor Co., 46 Butte, Montana, compressor explosion, 204 "Butterfly-valve" drills, Ingersoll Rand Co.: hammer, 313-316, 323-327, 343- 346; reciprocating, 283-285 By-pass for air cylinder, 82 C Cable-reel electric locomotive, 132 Calumet and Hecla Copper Mine, introduction of machine drills, 2 Canadian Electrical Neivs, 213 Canadian Engineer, The, 210 Canadian Mining Institute, Transactions of, 256 Capacity of air for moisture, 84, 253 Carnahan, C. T., Manufacturing Co., hammer drill, 349 Carriage mounting for drills (in tunneling), 273 Cason and Angelo mills. South Africa, tests on air-lift pumps, 424, 426 Cataract valves for compressors, 121 Cave rock drill, i Chain coal-cutters: Jeffrey, 350, 352-357; Sullivan, 350, 351, 357-361 Chain-driven compressors, 20, 37, 40 Chamber of Mines, W. Aust., Jour, of, 431 Champion Iron mine, Mich., drill tests, 300 Channeling machines, 380 et seq.; depth of cut and speed of work, 388; shape of bits, 380, 385, 389 490 INDEX C banning, J. Parke, air-compressor test, 21, 149 Charcas, S. L. P., Mex., air-lift pumps at, 431 Charging compressors for compressed-air locomotives, 453-457 Charging stations for compressed-air locomotives, 449-451 Charles's law, 49 Chattering of inlet valves, loi^ 103 Chersen drill, 287 "Chicago Catling" drill, 286 "Chicago Hummer" drills, 286, 331, 332, 334 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 287, 331, 335, 346; compressor, 27, no; hammer drills, 331, 334, 335, 346; reciprocating drills, 286, 287; underground com- pressed-air hoist, 249 Chodzko, A. E., on "two-pipe" S3'stem of air transmission, 247 Choking of air pipes by ice, 172 "Choking" controller for air cylinders, 185 Christensen compressor, 40 "Cincinnati" air-valve gear, 129 Clack \aives for air inlet, 99 Clark. D. tompressors, makers and names of: Alley & MacClellan, 8, 38; Allis-Chalmers, 10, 19, 46, 78, 79; Bellis & Morcom, 8; Burleigh, 2; Bury, 46; Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., ay-, 46; Christensen, 40; Clayton, 2, 46; Compressed Air Machinery Co., 31, 46; Dubois-Franfois, 2, 72, 99; Frankhn, 180; Hanarte, 73; Humboldt, 72, 73; Ingersoll-Rand, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 24^ 26, 28, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 80, 81, 99, loi, 152, 453, 455-457; King-Riedler, 8; Laidlaw-Dunn- Gordon, 9, 10, 17, 18, 36, 46, 79, 81, 99, loi, iiOj 202; Leyner, no, in; Nordberg, 21, 30, 46, 76, 77, 99^ 149; Notwalk, 2, 10, 13, 45, 46, 89, 99, io6j 125, 452; Rand, 2; Rateau (turbo), 42; Riedler, 8, 20, 132; Rix, Com- pressor and Drill Co., 46; Robey & Co., 8, 20, 41; Schneider & Co., Creusot, France, 99; Sullivan Machinery Co., 10, 12, 14, 34, 35, 37, 46, 99; Vulcan Iron Works Co., 66; Walker Bros., 20; Worthington Pump and Machine Co., 46 ■ Conduit for inlet air, 11 7-1 18 Consumption of air: by air engines, 244, 245; by direct-acting pumps, 399-402; by machine drills, 285, 286, 287, 296, 301, 347; by pneumatic displacement pumps, 411, 415 Controller, clearance, for compressors, 190 Conveyance of compressed air in pipes, 221-234 Coolgardie, Western Aust., air-lift at, 430, 431 Cooling: aftercoolers, 32, 96, 170, 173; ante-coolers, 96; modes of, 59, 60, 64, 72-75, 76-79, 82-85, 87; intercoolers, 32, 60, 62, 67, 87, 90, 93-96; in receivers, 60, 95, 97, 174; water-jackets, 59, 76-79 Copper Queen mine, compressed air-hoist, 252 Corbett, R. H., on compressed-air hoist, 252 Corliss air valves, 10, 14, 17, 19, 21, 32, 99, 107, 121, 124, 129, 130, 131 Corliss steam-valve motion for compressors, 14, 17, 21, 23, 99 Costs of air compression, 155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 217, 218, 219 Couch, J. J., rock-drill, i Cox, Wm., compressed-air calculations and tables, 399-401 Crispell, C. W., nomograms for compressed-air calculations, 142, 143, 225 Cummings, Chas., "two-pipe" system of compressed-air transmission, 245, 247, 408 e«j Cushioning in machine drills, 276, 293, 303, 304, 316 Cutoff in air engines, 243, 244, 248; nominal and actual, 242, 243 Cylinder dimensions of simple pumps, 398 Cylinder oils, flash and ignition points, 200, 202, 204 Cylinder proportions for compressors, 25, 90-92, 95 Cylinder volumes: in stage compression, 90-92; of air engin2, 244, 245 "Dancing" or "chattering" of inlet valves, loi, 103 D'Arcy's formula for loss of pressure in pipes, 223, 230; graphic solution of formula 225, 228, 229 De Kalb, 111., tests on air-lift pump, 418 INDEX 49^ Delivery valves, 119-123, 124-136; cataract-controlled poppets, 121; effect' of leakage, 119, 201; mechanical control for, 125; poppet type, 119, 127, 129 Denver Rock Drill and Machinery Co., hammer drills, 335-337, 340-342 Deposition of moisture from compressed air, 170, 1 71-173 Depth of hole: hammer drills, 347, 348; reciprocating drills, 309 Dickson Manufacturing Co., compressed-air locomotives, 461 Direct-acting pumps ,operation by compressed air, 394-408 Direct compression by falling water, 209-220 Direct-connected compressors, 38, 41 Disk or circular saw coal cutters: Jeffrey, 362, 364; Mavor & Goulson (electric only), 7, 365 Discharge valves (see Delivery valves) Discharge-valve area, 122 Displacement pumps, pneumatic, 409-415; Halsey, 412; Latta-Martin, 411; Merrill, 410 Double-ported inlet valves, 129 Drill repairs, 304; costs of, 305-307 Drilling records, 309, 348 Drills, rock: air pressure for, 295 et seq.; hammer drills, 311 e/ seq.; mountings, 270-273; reciprocating drills, 273 et seq.; repairs, 304-308; records of work, 300, 301, 309, 348; "stoper" drills, 339; tables of drilling speeds, 309, 348; valveless drills, 293, 320, 327, 328 Drummond Colliery, compressed-air pumps at, 256 Dry compressors, 76-85 - *'Dry" reheaters, 268 Dry versus wet compression, 82 Dubois-Frangois wet compressor, 2, 72, 99 Duplex compressors, 8, 15-20, 21, 29, 30, 36-39, 41 Dust, cause of Silicosis, 316; effects on spool-valve drills, 303 Dust allayers for machine drills, 282, 319, 346 Duty of compressors (see Output of compressors) • Duty of machine drills, 300, 301, 309, 348 East Rand Proprietary Mines, Ltd., tests on air-lift pumps, 424-426 Ebervale, Luzerne Co., Pa., tunnel at, 231 Efficiencies of air-lift pumps, 419, 420, 421, 426, 431; of direct-acting compressed- air pumps, 402, 403, 404, 408 Efficiency of compressors, 137-168 (see also. Output of compressors) Efficiency of reheating, 259, 260, 261, 262, 267, 268 Efficiency of rock drills, 301, 304 Electric-driven compressors, 20, 38, 40, 41, 250 Electric-driven rock drills, not satisfactory, 6 "Electric-air" drill (see "Air-electric" drill) "Electric-air" track channeler, 389, 392 Electric versus compressed-air haulage for mines, 432 Empire mine, Grass Valley, Cal., compressed-air haulage at, 458, 459 494 INDEX Endless-chain coal cutters, 350-359 Engineer, The (London), 424 Engineering and Mining Journal, 210, 213, 216, 218, 219, 249, 252, 273, 295, 472, 473. 475 Engineering News, 81, 200, 418, 419 "Engineering Thermodynamics," Lucke, 60, 67 Expansion curves, air and steam, 236, 237 Explosions in air compressors and receivers, 198, 208; examples, 201-205; P^^' cautions for preventing, 206 Externally heated or "dry" reheaters, 261-264 Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., auger drills, 377 "Feather" valve, Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon Co., 9, 18, 21, 36, no, 113 Federated Instn. of Min. Engs., 199, 201 Fergie, Chas., mode of preventing freezing of moisture, 256 Fessenden, E. E., 481 Field of work, hammer drills, 348, 349 Final temperature of air compression (see Temperatures of compression) "Fitchering" of drill holes, 269, 299, 304 Flash and ignition points of cylinder oils, 200, 202, 204 Fleigner's formula for flow of air, 473 Flottmann hammer drill, 349 Flow of air through orifices or short tubes, 467-469 • Flyball governors, 176, 177, 179, 181 Foot-pieces for air-lifts, 422-425 Four-stage compressor, 453, 456, 457 Fowle, rock drill, i FrankHn compressor, 180; pressure regulator and unloader, 180 Franklin Junior copper mine, compressed-air hoist, 252 Fraser & Chalmers, Riedler compressor, 20, 132 "Free" air, 47 Freezing of moisture in compressed air, 84, 172, 253-257, 404, 407; deposition of moisture by reducing pressure, 256; influence of high pressures in transmis- sion, 255; protection of surface piping, 256 Frick, H. C , Coal and Coke Co., compressor explosion, 202; use of Stanley header, 376 Frictional losses in compressors, 21, 85, 137, 140, 150, 152, 156, 165 Frictional resistance in air pipes, 222 et seq.; due to bends, 234 Friedrich, G. C. H., tests on air-Hft pumps, 421 Frizell, J. P., on hydraulic air compression, 209 Fuel cost of reheating, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 272 Full pressure in air engines, working with, 239 Functions of air receiver, 169-171 G Gasolene-driven compressors, 25, 26, 27 "Gathering" locomotive, electric, 432 INDEX 495 \ "Catling" drill, Chic. Pneum. Heat curves, 50-53 Heat, losses in compressors, 53, 59, 64, 83, 137; transference (abstraction) of, 53, 59 Heat of compression, 50-53, 76; absorption of, 59 Heating of air-cylinder walls, 73, 79 Henderson and Wilson, tests on air-lift pumps, 424-426 High altitudes: mechanically-controlled inlet valves for, 195; stage compression at, 196; work of compressors at, 191-195 High-pressure air, measurement of, 471 High-pressure transmission of air, as influencing freezing, 246 "High-range" compressed-air transmission (see "Two-pipe" system) High-speed compressors, 41 Hirschberg, C. A., compressor data, 95 Hiscox, G. D., tables of compressed-air engine data, 242, 243 Hitchcock, C. K., Jr., on rock-drill repairs, 305-307 Hoisting engines, compressed-air, 247-252 Holdsworth, F. D., device for measuring compressed air, 472 Holman drills: spool- valve, 282, 283; tappet, 290 Holman underground compressed-air hoist, 249 496 INDEX Homestake gold mine, compressed-air locomotives at, 433, 462 Hood, B. B., 475 Hoosac tunnel, Burleigh compressors at, 2 Horse-power: of air engines, 242-244; of air-lift pump, 420, 421, 422; of com- pressors, 95, 138-143, 150, 151, 155-168; graphic determination of, 143 ^Horse-power per cubic foot of free air, 139-141 ; allowance for losses in compression, 139, 140, 141 ; at high altitudes, 194; for any number of drills at any altitude, 298; modifying factors, 298, 299; theoretical, 138, 141, 147-148 Howells Mining Drill Co., auger drill, 377 Hiimboldt wet compressor, 72, 73; rubber-ring valve, 72 Humidity of atmospheric air, 84 "Hummer" drills, Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 286, 331, ^3^, 334 "Hurricane-inlet" valve, 107-109, 118 Hydraulic air compressors, 209-220; Blakney, 219; at Clausthal, 219; at Cobalt, Ont., 217; at Kootenay, B. C, 213-215; ^SlacFarlane, 219; Magog plant, 209-213; at Norwich, Conn., 218; at Petersborough, Ont., 218; at Victoria mine, 215; Washington, 218 "Hy-speed" drill, Sullivan Machinery Co., 280 Ignition points of lubricating oils, 200, 202, 204 Her Rock Drill Manufacturing Co., hammer drill, 349 "Imperial" compressors, Ingersoll-Rand Co., 15, 16, 17, 40 Indicator cards, air, 58, 97, 105, 146, 151, 189; air and steam cards compared, 2^ Ingersoll-Rand Co.: after-cooler, 170, 173; air controller, 190; "air-electric" drill, 290-292; air-lift pump, 422, 424; auger drill, 367; "Butterfly" valve drill, 283-285, 313-316, 322, 325, 343, 344; channelers, 382, 384, 386, 387, 389, 390, 392; coal pick, 369; compressors, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 24, 26, 28, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 80, 99, loi, 152, 453, 455-457; foot pieces for air-lift pumps, 422-425; hammer drills, 313-317, 322-327, 343-345; "Hurricane-inlet" valve, 107- 109, 118; intercoolers, 94, 96; pick machine, 369; piston-inlet valve, 107; plate valves, 10, 114; pressure regulators, 180, 182-185; "Radialaxe" coal cutter, 371; ram track channeler, 382, 384; receivers, 96, 190; receiver aftercooler, 96, 173; reciprocating drills, 274-277, 283-286, 301; reheater, 263; "return- air" displacement pump, 413-415; Sergeant drill, 274-277, 292; speed and pressure regulators, 177, 180, 190; stoper (air-feed) drills, 343 -346; Temple- Ingersoll "electric-air" drill, 290-292; underground compressed-air hoist, 249; air unloaders, 182-185, 190 Injection water for compressors: effects of, on air cylinder, 83, 85; quantity of, 42, 75; temperature of, 33,, 74, 75, 97 Inlet air, arrangement for admitting, 116-118; temperature of, 117 Inlet area of air cylinders, 100 Inlet conduit for air cylinders, 117 Inlet \alves, 99-118; area of, 100; "chattering" of, 103; requisites of, 99 Inspiration Consol. Copper Co., Ariz., compressed-air haulage, 465-466 Institution of Mining Engineers (England), Trans, of, 199, 201 Institution of Civil Engineers (London), Proceedings of, 209 INDEX 497 Intercoolers, 32, 60, 62, 67, 87, 90, 93-96, 97; IngersoU-Rand, 94, 96; NorwalL, 89; Sullivan, 96 Interheater: for compound compressed-air locomotives, 444, 447; for compound pumps, 405-407 Internally fired reheaters, 264 Isothermal compression, 53, 54, 63; equation of, 53, 55, 64 Ivens, E. M., book on "Pumping by Compressed Air," 409 Izod, E. G., drill tests, 300 J "Jackhamer" drills, IngersoU-Rand Co.: "BuUmoose," 325; hand drills, dry and wet, 322-324, 325, 326; mountings for, 324;: "Sinker," 326 Jeddo (Pa.) mining tunnel, compressed-air transmission in, 231 Jeffrey Mfg. Leadville, "column" hoist, 249 Leakage of air valves, 105, 119 Leakage of compressed-air pipe lines, 231, 233, 449, 463 Leaky air piston, effect of, 98 Leaky discharge valves, 119 Lees, T. G., on compressor explosions, etc., 78, 199, 201 Leyner compressor, no; plate-valve, 110-112, 115 Leyner-Ingersoll water drills, 286, 313-316 "Liteweight" drill, Sullivan Machinery Co., 277, 278 "Little Champion" drill, 289 498 INDEX "Little Tugger" compressed-air hoist, 249 Loading machines for working places underground, 379 Locomotives, compressed air, 432-466; construction and operation, 433 et seq.; cylinder pressures, 434, 435, 436, 440, 441, 442, 445, 448, 453, 458 et seq. Locomotive charging compressors, 453-457 Longwell coal cutters, 351, 352, 357, 359, 363, 364 Loss of head in pipe transmission, 222, 226, 227, 230; of power, 221 Loss of volumetric capacity due to piston clearance, 79-82 Losses in air compression, 137-140, 194 Losses in transmission of compressed air, 221-223, 226, 227, 230-233 Low-pressure air, measurement of, 469 Lubricating oils, flash and ignition points, 200, 202, 204 Lubrication of air cylinders, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206; of rock drills, 316, 327, 328, 344 Lubrication, "flood and splash" system, 40; quantity of, 206; use of soap and water, 206 Lubricators, sight-feed, for compressors, 206 Lucke, C. E., Engineering Thermodynamics, 60, 67 M Machine drills, 269 et seq.; air pressures for, 295; classifications, 273; column and bar mountings, 272, 273; consumption of air by, 295-301; cushioning of stroke, 288, 303, 304; dust allayer for, 281, 282, 319; efficiency, 301-304; "electric-air" drill, 290-292; foul air from, 205; general description, 269; hammer drills, 311; length of stroke, 269, 303; modes of mounting, 270-273, 324, 332, T,7,y, records of work, 287, 296, 300, 301, 309,.3io, 348; repair costs, 305-308; repairs of, 304-308; sizes (see different makes of drills); speeds of drilUng, 296, 300, 309, 348; speed of stroke, 269, 285, 292, 301, 304; spool and other air-thrown valve drills, 274-288; tappet- valve drills, 288-290; testing for air consumption, 470, 471, 478-485 Machine drills (hammer type), classification, 311; makes: Cleveland, 349; "Climax Imperial" (Stephens'), 318; Cochise, 346; Flottmann, 349; "Chicago Hum- mer," 331, 335; Hardsocg, 320; Her, 349; IngersoU-Rand, "Imperial," 327; "Jackhamer," 322-327; Leyner-IngersoU, 212-316; Murphy, 322; Shaw, 349; Sullivan, 316-318, 328; Waugh, 335, 337, 340-342; Whitcomb, 349; "Wonder" (Hardsocg), 320, 321; Wood, 339 Machine drills (reciprocating), classifications, 273; makes: Chersen, 287; "Chi- cago Catling," 286; "Chicago Hummer," 286, 331, 334; "Chicago Slugger," 287; "Climax Imperial" (Stephens'), 280; Cochise, 287; Holman, 282; IngersoU-Rand "Butterfly," 283; McKiernan-Terry, 287; Murphy, 289; "Sergeant," 274; Siskol, 287; Sullivan, 278; Temple-IngersolU 290; Tri- umph, 293; Wood, 279 Magog (Prov. Quebec), hydraulic air compressor, 209; reheating at, 267 Mallard, M., working of compressed-air engines, 238 Mavor & Coulson coal-cutters, 361-363 McFarlane hydrauUc air compressor, 219 INDEX 499 McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., 287; hammer drills, S37} 33^^ 3395 reciprocating drill, 287 McLeod, C. H., tests on Magog hydraulic compressor, 213 Mean pressures in air compression, 144, 145, 194 Measurement of compressed air: by meters, 476-477; through nozzles, 473; through orifices, 472; through short tubes, 467; by pitot tubes, 475; by tanks, 470, 471, 478-485 Measuring tanks for compressed air: single tank, 481-485; with pair of tanks, 470, 471, 478 Mechanical Engineer's Assoc, of the Witwatersrand, Trans, of, 247, 295 Mechanical Engineer's Pocketbook, Kent, 145 Mechanically controlled air valves, 99, 107, 124-136; Allis-Chalmers, 129; Amer- ican, 132; Clayton, 132; disadvantages for delivery valves, 125; for high altitudes, 195; Franklin, 132; Koster, 136; Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon, 128; Nordberg, 128; Norwalk, 125; Riedler, 132-136; Rix, 132; Sullivan, 131 Merrill pneumatic displacement pump, 410-41 1 Meters for measuring air, 476-477 Meyer steam-valve gear, 10, 23, 156 Miami copper mine, compressed air hoist, 252 Midland Inst, of Min., Civ. and Mech. Engs., Trans., 38 Miner's consumption (Sihcosis), 316 Mines and Minerals, 204, 216, 218, 295 Mining and Scientific Press, 249, 305, 478, 479 Modern Machinery, 247 Moist air, effect of, in compression, 83, 85 Moisture in air, 83, 84, 172, 253; freezing of, 84, 172, 253, 257 Mont Cenis tunnel, 1,2; speed of advance in, 2 Morgan-Gardner Electric Co., coal-cutters, 350 Morison, J., flashing-points of lubricating oils, 200 Morning mine, Mullan, Idaho, compressor plant, 32-33 Mule haulage, cost of, 458, 461, 464 Murphy hammer drill (C. T. Carnahan Co.), 322 Murphy "Little Champion" reciprocating drill (Wickes Bros.), 289-290 Mushroom inlet valves, loi, 107 Mylan, W. F., compressor tests, 45 N "m," values of, 54, 60, 77, 138 Napierian logarithm, value of, 55, 138 New Hucknall colliery, turbo-compressor, 44, 45 New Jersey Meter Co., 476 New York Air Compressor Co., 46 New York Aqueduct, explosion in compressor, 204 Nicholson, J. T., reheating experiments by, 267 Nominal and actual cutoffs in air engines, 242-244 Non-conducting covering for air pipe, 4 Nordberg, B. V., Anaconda compressed-air hoists, 249 Nordberg compressed-air hoist, Miami mine, 252 500 INDEX Nordberg^ compressor, 21, 30, 46, 76, 77, 99, 185; air-pressure regulator, 180, 185-189; constant speed, variable delivery compressor, 188, 189 Norris, R. Poppet discharge valves, 119-1 23 Poppet inlet valves, 99, loi; inertia of, loi; lift, loi; spring resistance, loi, 103, 104-105; sticking of , 106 Port area for air cylinders, 100, loi, 103, 107, 113, 123 Porter, H. K., Co., compressed-air locomotives, 434, 435, 437-442, 443-445, 446, 448, 451, 458, 459-461, 462,-466 Power cost of compressed air, 150 Preheating for compressed-air pumps, 405, 406, 407 Prescott steam pump, 396 Pressure of air as influencing freezing, 255-257 Pressure regulators, 175 et seq. Proportions of compressor cylinders, 25, 90-92, 95 Protection from freezing of surface air piping, 257 Pulsator for "Electric-air" drill, 290, 291 Pumping by compressed air, 256, 394-408; classification of methods, 394 Pumps, direct-acting, 394-398; compound pumps operated by air, 405-408; cylinder dimensions of simple pumps, 398; duty of, 402; efficiencies, 402, 403, 404, 408; freezing of moisture in, 403, 404, 405, 407; horse-power of, 400-402; terminal and mean air pressure, 401 ; volume of air consumed, 399 Pumps operated by direct action of compressed air, 409-431; air-lift pumps, 415-431; classification, 409; efficiencies, 419, 420, 421, 426, 431; pneumatic displacement pumps, 409-415 "Punchers " (see Coal punchers) R "R" value of, 50 Radialaxe coal cutter, 371 Railway and Engineering Review, 210 Ram-track channeler, Ingersoll-Rand Co., 382, 384 Rand compressor, 2, 97; drill, 2; mechanical valve gear, 99; reheater, 264, 265 Rand Mines Power Supply Co., air supplied by meter, 300, 301 Randall, B. M., experiments by, on air-lift pump, 418 Randolph, B. S., on compressed-air haulage plant, 465 Rateau turbo-compressor, 42 Rating of compressors, 137, 138 Rawhide pinions for geared compressors, 38 Read, T. T., on Anaconda compressed-air hoists, 249 Receiver aftercoolers, 95, 170, 173; temperature of cooling water, 97, 174 Receivers, air, 96, 169-174; baffle-plates, for 173; explosions in, 198-208; func- tions of, 169, 170; sizes of, 169; underground receivers, 171, 172, 256, 403 Reciprocating coal cutters, 365 Reciprocating drills, 273 et seq. 602 INDEX Recording thermometer for compressors, 202, 207 Records of work: hammer drills, 348; reciprocating drills, 309 Reducing valves for compressed-air pumps, 256, 403 Reduction of pressure as influencing deposition of moisture, 256-259 Regulators, air-pressure, 175-190 Reheaters for compressed-air engines, 245, 248, 251, 26:2-265, 4o7> 4o8; for channelers, 388, 390; IngersoU-Rand reheater, 263; internally-fired, 264; Sullivan reheater, 265; for underground work, 266; wet versus dry reheating, 268 Reheating compressed air, 245, 258-268; results of, 259; temperatures, 259-262; thermal cost of, 258, 259, 261 Reheating temperatures, 259-262; reheating with steam, 267, 268 Repairs of machine drills, 304; costs of, 305-307 Resistance due to bends in air piping, 234 "Return air" system of transmission, 246, 247; applied to pumping, 247, 413-415 Richards, Frank, 90, 116, 145, 174, 246, 258, 267, 398 Richard's formula for compressed-air pipe lines, 230 Riedler compressors, 8, 20, 132; "express" discharge valve, 122; mechanically- controlled valves, 132-136 Riedler, reheating experiments by, 262 Risdon water-driven compressor, 29 Risdon water wheel, 26 Rix Compressor and Drill Co., 46 Rix compressed-air locomotive, 458, 459 Rix, E. A., on compressed-air pumps, 402, 404, 406, 411, 419 Robey & Co., compressors, 8, 20, 41; plate valve, no Rock-drill testing, measuring tanks for, 470, 471, 478-485 Rock drills (see Machine drills) Rock dust, cause of Silicosis, 316 Rockford, III., tests on air-lift pump, 418 Rose, A. H., on Victoria mine hydraulic compressor, 216 Rose Deep mine, South Africa, rock drill tests, 300 Rotary-bar coal-cutter, 359; Mavor & Coulson, 361, 362, 363 Rotation devices for machine drills, 276-277, 278, 280, 318, 319, 321, 326 "Rotator" hammer drills, Sullivan Machinery Co.: "air-tube," 329; "auger," 329, 331; mountings for, 330; "water-tube," 230 Rutland marble quarries, channeling at, 389 Saunders, W. L., compressed-air data, 52 Schneider & Co., Creusot, France, air-inlet valves, 99 School of Mines Quarterly, 305 Seeber, R. R., on Anaconda hoists, 249 Sergeant drill, 274-277, 292 Seymour, L. I., experiments on rock drills, 300 Shaw Pneumatic Tool Co., hammer drill, 349 Shaw, S. F., 431 INDEX 503 "Silent-chain" drive for compressors, 37, 40 Silicosis ("miner's consumption"), 316 Single-stage compression, work of, 54-60, 63-66 Simple air-driven pumps, 396-398 Siskol drill, 287 "Skip- valve" for Nor walk high-pressure air cylinder, ic6 Slimes and sands pumped by air-lift, 424-426 "Slugger" drill. Chic. Pneum. Tool Co., 287 Soap and water for cleaning air cylinders, 206 Sommeiller, i; compressor, 2 South African Association of Engineers, Trans, of, 300 Spalding, C. M., on compressor explosions, 198 Specific heat of air: at constant pressure and volume, 53 Speed governorSjT 75-190 Speer, F. W., tests on Victoria mine hydraulic compressor, 216 Spiral- weld steel air pipe, 233 Spool-valve drills, 274-282, 286-288 Spool versus tappet valves for machine drills, 303 Spray injection for compressors, 74, 75, 83, 85 Spring-controlled air-valves, 101-107, 1 19-122 Spring for inlet valves, loi; resistance of, loi, 103-105 Stage compression, theory, 60 et seq., 86-98; at high altitudes, 196 Stage compressors, 8, 13-19, 22, 35, 36-39, 41, 86-98; air card of, deductions from, 97; for high altitudes, 196; ratio of cylinder volumes, 90-92; work of, 141 Stanley heading machine, 375, 376 Steam valves for compressors, 21, 23-25 Steam versus compressed-air transmission of power, 3 Steam, use underground, disadvantages of, 3 Steam-driven, direct-acting pumps, 394-396 Stephens & Son, Carn Brea, 281; "Climax Imperial" hammer drill, 318, 319; reciprocating drill, 280, 281 St. Gothard tunnel, compressors at, 74 "Stopehamer" drills, Ingersoll-Rand Co., 343-346 "Stoper" drills (with air-feed standard), 339-347 Storage-battery electric locomotives, 432 Storage capacity of air locomotives, 434, 435, 436, 440, 441, 453, 458 et seq.; of pipe-lines, 448, 449 Straight-line compressors, 8-14, 20, 28, 35, 36 Stroke, length of, for compressors, 25 Submergence of air-lift pumps, 417, 418, 419, 421, 426, 431 Suction valves (see Inlet valves) Sullivan channelers, 381, 383, 388, 391; foot-pieces for air-lifts, 423 Sullivan coal-cutters: "Iron-clad" chain machines, 351, 357, 359-361; coal-pick, 366, 368, 372 Sullivan compressors, 12, 14, 34, 35, 37, 99, 179; governors and unloaders, 178, 179, 180; intercooler, 96; plate valve, no, 115; reheater, 264; air valve motions, 99, 129, 131 504 INDEX Sullivan drills: Air-feed hammer drills, 330, 332, 333; "Air-tube Rotator," 328; "Auger Rotator," 329, 331; "DR-6" hammer drill, 316, 317; "Hy-speed," 288, 289; "Liteweight," 277-279, 312; mountings, 271, 332, 333; "Water- tube Rotator," 329 Summers, L. L., experiments on air consumption of rock drills, 299 Surface air piping, protection of, 233 Susquehanna Coal Co., No. Thermal cost of reheating, 258-259 Thermal units, English and French, 51 Thermodynamic laws, 47 et seq. "Thin-plate" valves: for discharge, 122; for inlet, 99 Thomson-Houston turbo-compressor, 44 Three-stage compression, work of, 141 Three-stage compressors^ 86, 453-455 Time-pressure curve for recording air measurements, 482 Tiro General mine, Mex., air-lift pumping at, 431 "Tool-om-eter," for measuring com.pressed air, 476-477 Track channeler, Sullivan Machinery Co., 381 Track resistance of mine cars, 452 Transmission losses, comparison of air and steam, 3; in pipes, 221-234; loss of power, 221; loss of pressure, 222 cl seq. Transmission of power by compressed air, 221-234; at high pressures, 255 Tripod mounting for drills, 270, 271 "Triumph" drill, 293-294 "Two-pipe" system of compressed-air transmission, 245-247 Two-stage compression, work of, 60-64, 66-71, 141 Turbo-compressors, 42-45; field of use, 44 INDEX 505 U Undercutting machines for coal, 350 et seq. Underground air receivers, 17!) 172, 256 Underground compressed-air hoists, 248 Underground reheaters, 266 Unloaders for air cylinders, 182-^190; Allis-Chalmers, 185; Ingersoll-Rand, 182-185, 190; Nordberg, 185-189; Rand "Imperial," 184; Sullivan, 179 Unwin, W. C, on loss of pressure in pipe lines, 231; on reheating, 262 Valve, adjustable cutoflf, for steam, 24 Valveless drills, 293, 294, 320, 321, 327, 328, 336, 337 Valves, air-inlet, 99-118, 124-136; Allis-Chalmers, 99, 129; area of, 100; Bailey & Co., 136; balanced piston valve, 24; chattering of, loi, 103; clack, 99; Corliss, 99, 107, 125, 127, 130, 131; Guttermuth, no; Humboldt, 72; inertia of, loi; Ingersoll-Rand "Hurricane inlet," loi, 107; Koster piston valve, 136; Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon, 99, loi, 102, 113, 127; Leyner flat annular valve, no; mechanically-controlled, 99; mushroom, loi, 107; Nordberg, 99, 127, 185-187; Norwalk, 99, 102, 106, 125; requisites of, 99; resistance of, loi, 103-105; Riedler double-seat poppet, 132-136; "skip" valve, 106; springs for, 101-106; sticking of, 106; Sullivan, 99, 131 Valves, air-delivery, 119-123, 124-136; air-cataract, 121; Allis-Chalmers, 129; area of, 122, 123; Corliss, 121, 124, 125; Ingersoll-Rand, 120; Laidlaw-Dunn- Gordon "Cincinnati" valve gear, 129; poppet, 119, 127, 129; Nordberg, 127; Norwalk, 121, 125; oil cataract, 121; plate valves, 122; Riedler double-seat poppet, 132-136; Riedler "Express," 121; Sullivan, 129, 131 Valves for steam and of compressors, 21, 23-25 Valves of machine drills, 274 et seq.; 313 et seq. (see under individual drills) Velocity of flow of air in pipes, 231, 232 Vertical compressors, 8, 38,41 Victoria copper mine, Mich., hydraulic air compressor, at 215, 220 Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Co., 42; turbo-compressors of, 42-43 Village Main Reef mine. So. Weber, F. C, on work of air-engines, 244 Weeks, W. S., 478 Weight and volume of dry air, 48, 469 Weisbach, Mechanics of Engineering, 467 Westinghouse Electric Co., turbo-compressor, 42, 43, 45 Weston, E. M., book on "Rock Drills," 305 Wet compressors, 72 e/ seq.; objections to, 84 "Wet" reheating, 267, 268; versus dry reheating, 268 Wet versus dry compressors, 82 Weymouth, C. R., on reheating, 268 Weymouth and Freeman, apparatus for measuring low-pressure air, 469-471 Whitcomb, G. D. Co., Harrison coal-pick, 366, 367; hammer drill, 349 Wickes Machinery Co., Murphy drill, 289 Wilson colliery. Pa., compressed-air haulage at, 461 Wilson, tests on air-lift pumps, 424 "Wonder" hammer drill, 320, 321 Wood drills: hammer type, 339; reciprocating, 279, 280 Woodbridge, D. E., on Victoria mine hydraulic compressor, 216 Work of compressors, with clearance, 63-71; without clearance, 54-63; of stage compressors, 60-63, 66-71, 97, 141 Work done by air engines, 239-242 Work done by air-lift pumps, 420, 421, 422, 426 Work gained by reheating, 258, 259, 261, 262, 268 Work required to compress air, 54-71, 83, 138-143; in stage compression, 97-141 Worthington compound pump at Gwin mine, 407 Worthington, Henry R., direct-acting pump, 394 Worthington Pump and Machine Co., compressors, 46; water meter, 477 Z Zahner, "Transmission of Power by Compressed Air," 74, 75 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0 021 2 3 190 8. 