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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http : //books . google . com/| MECHANICS' AND ENGINEERS' POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, KULES, AND FORMULAS PERTAINING TO MECHANICS, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS: INCLUDING AREAS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND ROOTS, ETC. ; LOGARITHMS, HYDRAULICS, HYDRODYNAMICS, STEAM AND THE STEAM-ENGINE, NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, MASONRY, STEAM VESSELS, MILLS, ETC. ; COMPRESSED AIR, GAS. AND OIL ENGINES; LIMES, MORTARS, CEMENTS, ETC.; ORTHOGRAPHY OF TECHNICAL WORDS AND TERMS, ETC., ETC. Seventy-eighth Edition. 152d Thousand BY CHAS. H. HASWELL, »» SITIL, MASINB, AND MKCHANICAL BNUI.NBKR; HO.NOKAKY MKM8RR OP THK AM. 80C. OF NAVAI. ARCHI AND MaKINK K.NUINKIItS, BUSTON SUCIBTY OK CIVIL ENGIXEKKO, AND THK BNUINKBRS' CLUB OP PHILADBLPHIA; LirB MBHBBK Or THB AM. 80C. OK CIVIL KNUINBKUS AND OP THB INHTITUTIONS OP CIVIL BNQINBBBS AND OF NAVAL ARCHITBCTS OF BNOLAND ; UBMBBR OF THB N. Y. ACADBMY OF SCIBNCK8 ; FBL- LOW OF THB AM. OBOOHAPHICAL SOCIETY; CORRB8POND1NG MBUBBB OF THB AM. IN8TITDTB OF ARCHITBCTS, AND ^ A880CIATB MBMBBR OF THB NBW YORK Mt« CEOSCOPICAL SOCIETY, BTC., BTC. An examination of facts is the foundation of science. A resultant effect, physical or mechanical, cannot be renewed without an expenditure of power in addition to that which originated it. NEW YORK: HARPBR & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FBANKLIM BQUABX. Mechanics' and Engineers' Pocket-book Copyright, X884, 1887, 1890, 189J, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899. 1901, 1903, 19 1 8, by Harper & Brothers Copyright. 191 2. 1919. by Gouverneur Kemble HaswelL Copyright, 1920, by Julian B. Haswell Printed in the United States of America a-u 357193 MAY 2 3 1930 •A- IJtfaCRIBEU TO • CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON, LL.D., AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE TO HIS GENIUS AND ATTAINMENTS, AND IN TESTIMONY OP THE SINCERE REGARD AND ESTEEM OF HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOR PREFACE To the Kortsr-fiflh. Kdition. Thb First Edition of this work, consisting of 284 pagea» was submitted to the Mechanics and Engineers of the United States by one of their number in 1843, who designed it for a convenient reference to Rules, Results, and Tables con- nected with the discharge of their various duties. The Twenty-first Edition was published in 1867, consisted of 664 pages, and, in addition to the original design of the work, it was essayed to embrace some general information npon Mechanical and Physical subjects. The Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles have been extended, and together with those of Weights of Metals, Balls, Tubes, Pipes, etc., of this and some preceding editions were computed and verified by the author. This edition is a revision and an entire reconstruction of all preceding, embracing amended and much new matter, as Masonry, Strength of Girders, Floor Beams, Logarithms, etc., etcJ To the young Mechanic and Engineer it is recommended to cultivate a knowledge of Physical Laws and to note re- sults of observations and of practice, without which eminence in his profession can never be attained ; and if this work shall assist him in the attainment of these objects, one great purpose of the author will be well accomplished. V<fn i.—iHechaniccd and Phyticai tuit^eds, eomnuneing at p. 437 and ending at p. 870. are given in aiphabetuxU order. 3. — Tont are given and computed cU 3240 lbs. y.— Degree* qf temperature are given by the Scale of Fahrenheit. INDEX. A. Ftg* Abctmkiits AMD AR0HS8 {See Arches and Abutments) 604-605 AccsLKRATBD BoDT, Distances, Ve- locities, and Acceleration of. .921-922 Adds 188 Acreage, To CompiUe. 337 Adulteration in Metals, Proportion 0/ Two Ingredients in a Compound. 216 Aerodynamics 614 ASROMBTBT 673-676 {See also Pneumatics.) " Course of Wind, etc '. 675 " Cyclones, Direction of. 675 " Degree of Rar^action 673 " Discharge Pipes, Diameter of. 676 *' Distance of Audible Sounds... 674 ♦ ' Force of Wind on a /Sur/ace.674-675 " Height of a Column of Mer- cury to Induce an Efflux of Air, To Compute 675 " Resistance of a Plane Surface to Air, To Compute 675 " Resistance to a Steam Vessel in Air or Water 911 Weight or Pressure of Air under a Given Height of Barometer and Temperature Discharged in One Second. '. 675 Wind, Velocity and Pressure of. 674,911, 924 Volume of Air discharged Through an Opening, etc., into a Vaaium 674 AiROSTATics 427-431, 614 " Clouds, Classijlcation of. 430 " Distances, by Velocity of Sound 428 *' ElewUions,by a Barometer. ^^^-^2() " " Thermameter.. 429 " Lightning, Classi^fication of. 430 Velocity of Air flowing into a Vacuum, To Compute. 428 " of Sound 428 Weather Glasses and Barom- eter Indications 430-431 Age of Horses, To Ascertain 186 Ages of Animals 192, 196 Air, Atvosphrric 431-43^? Qi' '^ and Steam, Mixture of. 737 Carbonic Acid Exhaled by Man. 432 Compressors 940 Consumption of by Candle 432 Decrease of Temperature by Al- titudes. 522 Discharge of. Coefficients of Ef- flux 674 Expansion of 520 FUxw of, in Pipes, Loss of. 745, 909 Head of, to Resist Friction in Long and Rectilineal Pipes. 925 Pressure of,inRear of a Projectile 648 K (t (( <( it (I (( It (t i( (I (I It II. Paffa AiB, Atmobphkrio, Pressure,Velocity, and Resistance of a Plane Sur- face,To Compute 648 " Pressure of a Weight of, or other Gas at 62° and 14. 7 Lbs. Press- ure, with Constant Volume fvr a Given Temperature 522 " Proportion of Oxygen and Har- bonic Acid at Various Loca- tions 432 " Rarefaction of. 430 " Resistance of different Figures in, at different Velocities, and to Falling Bodies. .646-647, 949 " Specif^} Heat of, and Other Oases. 505-506 <* Temperature, for a Given Lati- twie and Elevation 676 " Volume qfa Weight of, or Per- manent Gas for any Pressure, To Compute. Foot of Iron Surface. . . 925 " " of, or Gas' Discharged through an Opening and under a Pressure above that of External Air. . . 676 " " Pressure, and Density of at Various Tempera- tures. 521-522 " *• Required per Hour, for ecuh Occupant in an Enclosed Space 525 Ajutage, Cylindrical 549 Alcohol. .' 194 ^' Elastic Force and Tempera- ture, of Vapor of. 707 " Proportionof,inLiquors.igj,904 A\6 And Beer MeoMtres 45 ♦♦ Water in 201 ALCffiBRAIO STXBOLS AND FORMULAS, 22-^5 Alimentary Principles 200 Alligation 106 Alloy, Expands in Cooling 952 Alloys and Compositions 634-637 ♦» Bronze 637 *' Cf*mpounds,Fusible and Solders 634 " OfSt^el 643 " Soldering Fluid and Fluxes. . . 636 " Solders 636 " Welding Cast Steel 634 Almanac, Kpacts and Dominical Let- ters, i9oo io iqpi .....,,..,. 73 Vlll INDEX. Almahac, Altitude of Sun at New York Page 932 Altitudes, Decrease of Temperature by 522 ^*"";>°«™ iS5,93S,976 Amalgam 634 Ammeters and Voltmeters. 961-962 Analysis of Organic Substances.. 190 " of Foods and Fruits 201 *' ofJlleat,Fish,andVegetables,etc. 2cx> Anchors and Kbdgks and Units, 2 o Determine Weight and Number of U. S.N... 174-175 " Number ' and Weight of U.S.N. 174 Cables, Chains, etc., for a Given Tonnage, Am. Ship M. Ass^n '73~*74 Experiments on and Compar- ative Resistance to Dragging 175 Proof Strain of. 175 \ Ancient and Scripture Lineal Meas- ures and Weights 53 Anglss {See also 2Vi^ono»i«<ry). .385-389 and Distances Corresponding to Opening of a Rule of Turn Feet 160 Chord of to Plot and Compute. 359 Critical and Visual 669 Stn<M of To Compute 402 To Describe, etc 222 To Plot wit/tout a Protractor^ 359 Ahtm AL and Human Sustenance.. 303 ** Food 200-207 Power anil Work. 432-440 Birds and Insects. .438, 440 Camel and Crocodile. 438 Coursing and Chasing. 440 Day^s Work 434 D09 438 £ror««. 435-437, 439-440,918 Llama and Ox 438 ^^ 433-435, 438-439 Mule and A ss 437, 918 on Street Rails ^r Tram- ways 435 Stage Coaching 440 Animals, Proportion of Food for. 205 •* Agesofexxi!. 192,196 Annealing. 786 Annuities i lo-i 1 1 (( ti it it ti K it ti it ti it <t (t 14 tc ti it it tt C( (i ft it it tt ti it ti it it tt u it tt tt Paift Arc, To Describe 225, 227-228 Arch, Radius of To Compute 604 ' • Depth of To Compute 605 Arches and Abutments 604-605 (See atso Masonry, 604-605.) ** Chords, etc. , Safe Weight of 776 " Minimum Thickness fjf, for Bridges. 605 " and Walls. 602-603 Area and Population of Divisions and Countries 188 Arenes 589 Areas of Circles by 8ths. 231-236 " " and Circumferencss of Cir- cles by loths 243-252 ** and Circumferences Greater than in Table, To Compute 252 by i2tfis 253-257 by Birmingham Wire Gau^e 236 by Logaritlim^ 236,^252 Greater than in Table.. 225, 252 *' In Feet and Inches 235-236 " When Diameter is composed of an Integer and a Frac- tion, To Compute 236 OF Segments op a Circle.. Ash, Proportion of in Woods. 913 1032 482 it it it it Amount of To Compute. .. no " at Compound Interest m Present Worth of.....j lo-i 1 1 Yearly Amount, that will Liquidate a Debt.. . . i lo-i 1 1 Anti-attrition Metal, BabbitVs 636 Antidotes for Poisons 185, 935 Anvils, Weight of. 918 Apartments, Buildings. Ventilationof 524 Apothecaries' or Fluid Measure. ... 46 Weight 32 Appold'i Pump and Whed. , . , , ,579*580 APPINDIZ 9i9"-955» X024-X029 Asphalt 481, 515, 689-690 " and Pavement 944-945 " Composition ^q^ " Mortars and Concrete 913 Astronomical Day ^q Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ....*.".*' 007 " Tides of. ', ,gi Atmosphere g^^ Avoirdupois Weight ,2 Ax]e,Compound,or Chinese Windlas.^, 627 {See also Wheel and Axle, 626-627.) B. Babbitt's Anti-attrition Metal 636 Bacteria in Earth soil g^g Baking of Meats, Loss by ..'. 206 Balances, Fraudulent ^c Balks and Battens, Dimensions of. '. . 62 Balloons. Capacity and Diameter of. 218 Balls, Cast Iron and Lead 153 Balls, liCad, Weight and Dimensions of 501 Barbed Wire Fencing q^- Barker's Mill .' tyi Barley, Value of Compared to ioo Lbs. of Hay 203 Barometer {See also Aerostatics), ^^j-^-^i " Elevations by Readings . 429 ♦' Height of, To Compute.. 429 ' ' Indications 420-4^0 ♦' Weather Glasses. ....... Aq *' Weather Indications.. . 431 Barrel, Gimwsiow of ,,,..,, 30 IHDBX. XI BRjkss Castings, WeigM ofy To CompuU 155 " TuheB, Weight of 142 " WeigfUof. 136 " yv ire. Weight of. 120-121 Braziers' Sheets and Sheathing 155 " " Copper...,, 131 Bread, Wheats Water Lost ^ Drying. 207 Breakwaters 181 Breast-wheel 568-570 " Proportions and Ejfe<^., 569 Brick Walls, ThickMSS of. 603 Brickwork. 595, S97-598> 6oo> 8o» " Masonry 595 Brick or Compressed Fuel 907 Bricks 598-600 " Stones, etc 800 " Crushing Resistance of. 908 ** Volume of and Number in a Cube Foot of Masonry. , 599-600 Bbidob, Britannia Tubular 178 Highest 907 Iron over Kentucky River. . 178 N. Y. , Erie, and W. Railroad 178 Hew York and Brooklyn . . , 178 overOxus 930 Resistance offrom a Model. 645 Suspension, Elements of,.,, 842 Plates and Rivets. 830 t< ii u «{ It t* BRID0B8 178, 930, 936 Lengths and Spans of. . . 181-182 (t t( Suspension and Length of ^ans oj. 178, 199, 842 Bridles or Stirrups, /or Beams 838 British and Metric Measures, Com- merciai Equivalenis qf. 906 Broccoli, Value of 207 Bronzb 637 " MaUeabU. 907 " Manganest 832 *' 1ofav,Yacht Shaftmg,Plates, and Pump^ Piston Rods. , . 929 Browning or Bronzing Liquid 874 Builders* Measure 46 Building Department, Requirements of ; -907 BuiLDuro Stonbs, Expansum and Contraction of 184 Buildings, WaUs of English 189 " Protection offrom Lightning 907 Bums and QiXufp,, Application for, , . 196 Bushel, Poumb «n 34 Buttermilk^ Sugar and Water in. ... 201 Buttress and Cotmter/br^ 696^ C. Cabbage. Fa2ti« oy 207 " Water in 201 Cablkr, Ropes, IJ[awsbrs, Anchors, AND Chains. 163-175 '•' Chain 169, 930 Diameter of for a Given Weight of Anchor. 175 Oalvanued Steel, Strength and Weight of, 163 Hawsers, Hemp and Wire Mope, Comparison qf. 169 Paf« Cablbs, Ropes and Hawsers, Circum- ference of, To Compute. . 171 " " Weights of To Compute. . 173 " Ropes and Hawsers 170 " *» Strain Borne with Sc^e- ty. To Compute. 171 Calculus 24 Calendar, Rcclesiastical 70 *' Gregorian or N. S 70-71 Calorie 504) 614 M Engine, Ericsson^ s 903 Camel, Load of and Travel 438, 918 Canal, Suez, and Via 277, 183, 912 ' ' or Conduit, To Discharge a Given Volume of Water, and To Compute FcUl of. 920 Canals, Dimensions, etc z8i " Flow of WoUer in 550. •* Locks and Capacities of, To Compute 183, 553-555 •* Power of a Horse on 848 *' Traction on 848 " Transportation of. 193 Candles, Lamps, Fluids, andGas. Light 0/, etc 583-584 Cane Sugar or Sa^xharose 207 Cannon Ball, Flight of. 49s Capillary Tube. 358 Cargoes, To Ascertain Weight of. . 176-177 " Umts for Measurement of. , 176 Carrot Ratio of Flesh-formes. 207 " Vatue of. Compared to 200 Lbs. of Hay 203 Cascades and Waterfalls 184 Case Hardening 644, 786 Cask Gauging 377 Casks, Buoyancy of. 193 »* Ullage, To Compute Vobim^ of 378 Cabt and Wrought Iron of a Given • Sectional Area, Weight of,,.,, 136 " Weight of , To ComptUe 155 *t u *■ Cast Iron. 131, 637-638^65, 783-786, 798 andLeadBaJlls,Weifihtof.,,, 153 BaHs, Weight and Diameter of, 153 Bar or Rod, Weight of. 131 Bars, Experiments on 780 Characteristics of 637 Columns, Weight Borne Safely by 768 Malleable Castings 639 of a Given Sectional Area, Weight of 136, 149 Pipe, To Resist Oxidation 927 Pipes and Tubes, Dimensions and Weight of, 147 " Weight of. 132-133 Plates, Weight of a Sq. Foot ., 146 Ultimate Strength of 781 Castings, Shrinkage of 218 *' Holes in 873 " Weight of, by Pattern 317 Citcnary. To Delineate 230 Cathedra], St. Peter's 179 Cattle and Horses, Transportation of 193 Dressed Weight of To Com- puU 35 (t n it tt it tt tl tt It tt It t( (( tl INDBX. Pagt BoiiiKR, ComumpHon of Fud in a Furnace^ To Compute. .725-726 *» Draught 739, 744-74^ ** " and Blasts, ('ompar- aiive Effect of..,. 746 « " Velocity of 746 " lifficiency, NominaZ and IIP and Economy of. 758, 976 ** Kvapora/bive Capacity of TiLbes 742 *• EvaporaMfie Effects of for Differemt Rates of Combus- tion and Surface BaHos. 743 ** Evaporation, Power of.... 757-758 * * Eyes, Stays, Bods, etc 754 ** F^t thai may be Consumed per Sq. Foot of Orate 74a " Girders for Furnaces 754 ** GrcUe, Heating SurJace,Waierf Fuel, etc., To Ctmpute. .741, 927 *' Heating Surfaces and Rela- tive Value of. 740 " Mean Strength of Riveted Joints Compared to Plate.7 51-7 52 •' Minimum Volumes of Fuel Consumed per Sq. Foot of Grate. 74o>74x " Plates and Bolts 749-750 " *' Thickness of for a Given Pressure and Pit(^,eUi. 753 ♦* Power and W of. 526,760 ** Proportion and Capacities of, and Firing 739-740 ** Bate of Combustion 760 ** Relation of Grate, Heating Surface, and Fuel. 741 •• Besults of Operation of and under Varying Proportions of Grate, Surface, Draught, Combustion, etc 743, 924 '•• Besults of Operation of vor rious Designs of Boiler and Varying Ptoportionsof Area « of Grate Surface, etc. 744 ** Return TubtUar, Elements of a Test 726 «• Biveting, 755-757»907 ** " General Formulas and Illustrations 757 " Sitfety Valves 746-747 ** Saline Saturation in 726 •• Scale, Removal of Incrusta- tion of. 726 '* Stay Bolts, Diameter and Pitch of. To Compute 754 " " Tensile Strength of. 753-734 ** Steam Heating. 526, 957-958 ** Steam Room 748 •• Tubes, Evaporating Capacity of Various Lengths. 742 •• *' Lap-welded Charcoal, Di- mensions of. 139 »• Volume of Water per Lb. of Coal, 7b Compute 725 " Weights ofandwith Water. 759,929 BoiLBM, Area of Grate per Lb. of CoaL ..o.. 7481 Paffc BoiLBBS, Blowing off, To Compute Loss of by. 727 " Bottoms of. To Preserve. 878 " Corrugated Flues 941 ** Cylindrical jS/wM*. ...751-752, 913 " Elements of 958 •* Flued, Arched, or Circular Furnaces, U. 8. Law. ..754-75^ " SheU Plates, Pressure and Thickness of, U. S. Zraw. 750751 • •* Horse-Power of. 914,936 " Incnutation or Scale, To Re- move 726 " Magnesia Covering 0/ .... 918, 921 " Plates, Straps, and Stays. IX Pag* Babs, WroH Iron^ Square and RoUed, 125-128 • ' Steel, Plat and Rolled 134-135 BSAMS, Bars, OR Gikdxrs, Tratuverie atrengUi of. &02-81 1, 813-820 {See also Girderg, Beams, etc.) ** Box, Plate and Bars. 806, 817, 827 ** Comparative Strength and De- flection of Cast Iron 809 " Comparative Value of Bars, Oirders, or Tubes 824 " Common Centre of Gravity, etc. 8ig " Cylinder and Cylindrical, Di- ameter and Weight, To Com- pute 805 " Cylindrical, or Tubes, Trans- verse Strength of. 810 • ' Deflection of. 770-782, 840-8 41 •• Depths and Weight, etc., of Steel 134 " Dimensions and Weigh t of Roll- ed Steely and To CoMpute. 134, 644 '* Rolled Steel Beams and Bulb Angles 807,808 ** Elliptical Sided, To Determine Side or Curve of. 826 " Factors qf Safety 821,841 " Flanged, Dimensitms and Pro- portions of WroH Iron 809 " Floor Beatns, Headers, Trim- mers, etc., To Compute. .835-^38 " Formulas for TransverseStress, To Compute 801, 816 " General Deductions 824-825 " Inclined, Formula for ■. 811 •' Lintels, etc 822-823 ** Moments and Stress of..., .621-622 ** " of Resistance 818 - ** Rectangular, Girders or Tubes. 809 " Scarfs, Resistance of. 841 ** Shearing Stress 623 " Solid Cylinder, Diameter of, To Compute 804-805 ** Symmetrical Forms and Sec- tions, Conditions of. 825-826 " Trussed, Notes on 823-824 ** Une(^uaUy Loaded. 810 ** Various Figures and Sections, Dimensions of. 147, 805, 813, 814 '« Wrought Iron Rolled. 809 BSAMS, Inertia and Resistance, Mo- ments of and Neutral Avis, To Compute 818-820 " Circular or Elliptic 815 ** Hollow or Annular. 815 " Miscellaneous lUiutrations. 826 " of Unsymmetrieal Section, and Ultimate Strength of. 817, 820-821 ♦' OR TuBRS, Elliptical 810, 815 Bearings, for Propeller Shaft 473 Beef, Lean., Water in. 201 Beer and Ale Measure 45 " ♦* Water in aoi Beet Root, Ratio of Flesh -formers and Sugar, Analysis of. 907 Beevefl and Beef, Weights of 35 BeR Ringing. 433 Phf* Bella, Weight of. 180, 936 Belt, Equivalent, and Wire Rope 167 Belting, and Destructive Stress of, 907, 935 " or Hose, To Preserve 877 Belts and Bxltixg,44i-443,877,96o,zoz8 ^' Adhesive Compound jor Rubber. Sj J " Dressing for 878 '* Dynamo and Link Leather 960 " General Notes and Memoranda, .. .. «... 442-443.872,877,989 " India Rubber 442 " Width of. u «t t( (» 1( tt Cauliflower, Value of. 207 Cave, Mammoth, of Kentucky 936 Cement Mortar 595 " Cloth, elc, /or Covering Steam Pipes. 956 ClMKNTS-SIS, 589-590,871-873,907,956,958 (See Limes, Cements, Mortars, and Concretes, 588-597. ) CsMTKAL Forces 449-454 " " Formulas for Variotu Elements 450 Cbmtrb or Gravity 605-608 and Vertical Distance be- tween Centre* of Crush- ing and TensiUStrength of a Oirder or Beam,. 819 Centre of amy Plane Fig- ure, To Ascertain. .605-606 of Displacement of a Vessel 653,658 Ckmtrx of Gyration 609-61 1 " '^ Elements and Centre of 610,611 Ckntrss or Oscillation and Pbr- cuB8iON,and 7V)Compute.6i2-€i4 *' " Centre ofin Bodies of Various Figures. , 613 CiNTRiruoAL FAS,ElementsandPOw- erofa Fan Blower, e^jo. 448 (See Fan Blowers, 447-448. ) Forge of any Body 450 Forces. 499 Formulas, to DetermineVa- rious Elements 450 Pumps 579. 9". 9*7 Chain, To Set out a Right Angle with. 69 " Cable, Diameter and Length for a Given Weight of Anchor, ** CABhEa,Breaking Strain, Proof and Strength of. 1^, 930 " Anchors, etc. , for a Given Tonnage, Am. S. Ass^n. 173-174 " Length of for Anchors. ... 175 " Stud - Link, WeiglU and Strength of. 168, 930 " '* Stowage of 913 Cbaining over an Elevation 69-1034 Chains and Ropes/ot Cran««, Weight of and Proof. 457 *' " of Equal Strength 165 * < Safe Working Load of. 168 Characters and Symbols. .21-22, 973 Charcoal. 33, 194. 480-481, 485 " Produce of from Woods. 481 Cheese, Composition of Different Countries 205 Chemical Composition of some Com- pound Combustibles 461 " FormuUis, To Convert 190 Chimney Draught and Chimneys. ^7, g 18 " Velocities of Current of A ir in One of 100 Feet 749 CHiMNSTp 179-180, 904, 916, 918, 935 ' * and Smoke Pipes 748-749 " Height of and Commercial Wfor a Given Diameter of Flue. 935 it ti i( Chinese Wall 179, 936 *» Windlass, To Compute 627 " or Indian Ink 907 Chronological Eras and Cycles. ... 26 Chronolooy 70-74 " To Ascertain Years of Coinci- dence of a Given Day of the Week, «tc 74 Churches, Opera-Houses, and Thea- tres, Capacity qf. 180 Circular ARC8,^m i* to 180'' 262 " " LengUis of up to a Semi-cirde 260-261 " " Length of, To Ascer- tain 261 " Motion 618 ** Measure of an Angle 113-114 Circulating Pumps. Cherry or Soft, and Cannet 479 " " Classijfication, Chemical Composition and Varieties of 479 ' ' Consumedper Hour, to Heat 100 Feet of Pipe 527.528 " Effective Value of 908 I Coals, Elements of Various American 48a ' " Fields, Areas of U.S. 191 INDEX. Xlll Page Coals, £feu 4^4 " Japan. 909 " LigniU 479> 481 " Measures 33, 46 " Mine 936 " Miscellaneous Experiments 487 " Production and Consumption of the World. 955 Coast and Bay Service and Scour. . . 908 Cocks, Composition, and Copper Pipes, Dimensions of. 150 Coffee and Tea^ WcUer in 4. 201 Cohesion. 614 " Modulus of 763-764 ColnSj Br\i\sh Standards 38 " To Convert U. S. to Bi-Uish Currency, and Contrariwise 39 " Tolerance of. 38 " U. S., Weight and Fineness of. 38 ** Value of To Compute 39 «• Foreign Silver and Oold, and Weighty Fineness^ and Mint Value of 39, 43 CoKS, Evaporative Povoer of etc 480 Cold, Extremes of in Various Coun- tries and Snow Line 191-192 ** Greatest, Artificial. 908 CoDege, Oxford X79 CoLUSioN OB Impact 580-582 " " Velocities of. sSi-sS2 Color Blindness. 195 Clolors for Drawings. 913 '•* Proportion of for Paints. .... 66 Oolamns, Towers^ Domes, Spires, etc. , 180, 936 " Crushing and Safe Load of. . . 766 ** Lona Solid, Comparative Value of. 769 •• of Cast Iron 768-769 •* ^*' Weight Borne with Safety, 768-769 CJOMBINATION 1 1 2-1 1 3 tJOMBUBTION 458-466 ** Chemical Composition of some Oompound Combustibles. . . 461 " Composition and Equivalen ts of Oases Combined in Com- hustion of Fuel 460 " Consumption of Fuel to Ileal Air, To Compute 466 *• Evaporative Power of i Lb. of a Given Combustible. . . 462 •• Heat of. 463 ** Beating Powers of Combus- t£bles,and To Compute. ^61-^62 « Of Fuel, Ratio, etc 463-465 ** Products of Decomposition in Ou Fumade 458-459 *• Bate of in a Fumade 760 *• BelaUve Evaporation of Sev- eral Combustibles. ... 465 «« *• Volumes of Gases or Products of per Lb. of Fuel 465 * Temperature of To Ascer- tain. 463-463 Paf« CoicBUsnoiv, Volume of Air Chemical- ly Consumed in Complete Combustion of 1 Lb. of Coal 459 " Volumes of Air Required for Combustion 464-465 " Weight and Specific Ileal of Products and Temperature ofCombttstion,etc 462-463 " Weight andVolume of OoMous Products of 1 Lb. Fuel 460 Compass, Degrees, d: Graduation. 54, 1023 Coif POSITION Cocks, Dim,ensions of... 150 Composition /or Welding SteeL 634 Compositions and Alloys 634-637 (See Alloys and Compositions.) Composition Sheathing Nails 135 Compound Axle or Chinese Windlass 627 »» Ixtbrest 108-109 Proportion 95-96 Weights of Ingredients... 218 Concbetb 588-597 {See Limes, Cements, Mortars, and Concretes.) *>* CoigneVs 914 *' Compositions of 593 " or Beton. 593 Concretes, Cem,ents, eta 800 Conks. 353-354 Condensation, Surface. 967 ♦' " Experiments on. 911 Condenser, Results of an Operation of 967 Conic Sections 379-380 * ♦ Conoid and Ellipse, Elements of 2!^ '* "To Describe, ami Area, Or- dinate, Absciss(e, Diam- eters, Circumference, Seg- ment,and LengUi of Curve, To Compute 380-382 " General Definitions 379 " Hyperbola, To Describe, and Abscissce, Diameters, Length of an Arc, and Area, To Com- pute 379-380 " Parabola 379-380, 382-383 It ** 2V> Describe Ordinate, Abscissa, Curve, Area, and Segment of... 382-383 Constructions and Satural Forma- tions, Largest 936 Contractility and Elasticity 614 Cooking of Meats 206 Copper, Tensile Strength nf 750, 788 " and Iron Riveted Pipes, Weight of 148 " Braziers^ and Sheathing 131 •' '' Rods or Bolts, Weight of . 148 ' ' Given Sectional A rea. Weight of 1 36 ' ' Plates, Thickness of. 121 " " Weight of. 1 18-119 " " " per Sq. Feet. . 146 *' Seamiest Drawn Tubes, Weight of. 140-142, 144-145 *' Sheathing and liraziers' . . . 131-1 55 " Sheet, Weight of a Sq. Foot. . . 135 XIV INDEX. Page GOPPBR, Weight o/, and To Compute, 136, 155 " Wire, C0rd 123 " ' ' Weight of. 120-121 Copying, Wordn in a Folio. .., 29 Cord, CopjM'r Wire 123 CoKUAUK, Friction andRigidity 0/472-473 Com Measure 198 *' Value, of, Compared to 100 Lbi. of Hay 203 Corrotrive Effect* of Salt-water on ateel and Iron 916, 971 CO-BKGANTB AND SECANTS 403-4I4 " " To Compute, etc. 4^14 Cosines and Siner 390-402 " *' To Compute, otc. 401-402 CO-TANQBNTS AND TaNQKNTS 415-426 " " To Compute, etc. 426 Cotton Factories 899 Cou])lo, Comtitution of. 614 Couftliiig or Sleeves of Shafts. 796 ('oijr8ing and Chasing 440 Ckank, Railroad 962 " Steam Dredgers, Elements of and Dredging 890-900 Cranes 179, 433, 455-45/, 962 " Chains and Rnj)esfor. 457 " l>imensionsofPost,To Compute 456 " Machinery and Proportion of. 457 •* Post, Stress and Conditions of. 455 •' Stress on Jib, Stay, or Strut, o u m. . 455-457 Crank, Turning 433 Cream, Percentage of, in Milk 205 Creosoting, Effects o/. 869 Crwodtle, Power of. 438 Chops, if inera^ Constituents A bsorbed or Removed from an Acre of Soil. . 189 Cross-ties, Railroad, Duration of. . . 970 Croton Aqueduct 178, 939 Cruslier, Ore and Stone Breaker. . . . 957 Cki'shinq Strength 764-769, 1021 {See Strength of Materials.) Cube Measurea 30-31 Cube Root, To Extract. 97 " AND Sqcark Root of a Sum- ber consisting of Integers and Decimals, To Ascer- tain 301-302 •* ** of Decimals alone, To As- certain 302 •• " of any Number over 1600, To Ascertain 301 •• ** or Square Root of Roots. Whole Xumbers and of Integers and Decimals, To Ascertain 97-98 ** ** ofaHigherSumberthanis Contained in Table 301 CuBBS, Squarks, and Roots 272-302 {See Squares, Cubes, and Roots. ) " " To Compute and to As- certain, etc 300-302 Cucumber, Water in 207 'Currency, To Convert U. S. to British 39 Current Wheel 570 " of Rivers 193 Curvature and Refraction of Earth. . 55 Curves, Caustic, or Lines 669 Cut Nails, Tacks, Spikes, etc 154 Cutters, Vacfits, Pilot Boats, Launches 895 Cycle, Dominical or Sunday Letter. . 70 '' Lunar or Oolden Kumber. ... 71 " of the Sun, To Compute 70-71 Ctclss and Chronological Eras. .... 26 Cycloid, To Describe 228 Cyclones, Direction of. 675 Cylinders, Flues, and Turks, HoUow 827 " Solid and Hollow, of Various Metals. 8or D. Dams, Embankmbnts, and Walls {See Embankments, etc.) 700-703 Day, A stronomical, Marine or Sea. . 37, 70 •' Sidereal, Solar, and Civil 37, 70 Day^s Work 434 Dead Sea and Valley of the Jordan. . 934 Deals and Local Standards of. 62 Decimals 92-94 Deer Park, Copenhagen 179 Deflection [See Strength of Mate- rials.) 770-781 Delta Metal 384, 913 Departures, Table of. 54 Deptfis, Sea 184 Derrick Guys 163 Desert of Sahara 936 Desiccation 513 Detrusivb or Shearing Strength (SeeStrength of Materials, 782-783. ) " and Transverse, Comparison of. 782 " Strength of Woods 782 ♦* Wood, Surface of Resistance of. 782 Dew Point, and To Ascertain 68 Diamond Weight 32 Diamonds, Weight of. 193 Diet, Daily, of a Man 202, 207 '* " (fan Esquimau 914 Differentiation, Integration,and Cal- culus. 24-25 Digkstion of Food, Time Required for 206-207 Discount or Rebate 109 Displacement of a Vessel 653 Distances, Steaming 86 " and Angles, Corresponding to Opening of a Rule of 2 Feet . 1 60 " between Cities of (7. S. 184 " '♦ " East and West. .  S. , and X T. and London 86 " Velocities and Acceleration of a Body. To Compute 921-922 " Oeogrnphic, and Measures 54 Distemper (Coloring) 593 Distillation 514 " of Fresh Water 955 INDE2. XV P»ge DittiUers and Evaporators, Capaci- ties of. 950 Dog^ Power of, Courting and Charing, 438, 440 DoMKS and Towers^ Diameter and Heights of. 179-180, 932 Domestic Remediais 938 DominicaJ. Letters and Epacts 73 " or Sunday Letter 70 D0VBTAIL8, Tenacity of. 948 "DRAiNAORor Landm by Pipes 691 Drains, Diameter and Grade of to Discharge Rainfall 906 •' and Sewers, Velocity and Orade of 692 Draught, A rtificial 745-746 " Natural 739-74°, 744 " Steam Jet and Blast, Com- parative Effects of and Result of Experiments ufith 746 Drawing and Tracing Paper 29, 964 '* or Pushing 433 Drawings, Colors for 196, 913 " Dimensions of for U. S- Patents 198 Dredger, Steam Hopper, and Ma- chines 899-900 Drxdgiko, and Cost of 197 '' Machines and Crane 899 Drilling in Rock 445, 940 *' in Metals 477 Drills, Mountings, etc 940 Drowning Persons, TreatvMnt of. . . 187 Dry Mkasurrs 30, 31 DuAUN 503 Ddodbcimals 94 Dtnamitb aaid Celltdose 443-444 Dtmamicb 614, 616-620 " Circular Motion 618 " Decomporition of Force 620 *' Motion on an Inclined Plane 619 " Uniform Motion 617-618 *< Work A ccumulated in Moving Bodies,and To Compute 619 •* " By Percusrive Force.... 620 Dynamo Leather Belts ^. 960 E. Earth, Diameters and Density. ,. z88, 198 ^ and Rock Excavation and Embankment 192 Area and Population of 188 Boring and Heat of Mines. 955 " Conductivity of Temperature in 914 •* Curvature and Refraction of. 55 " Elements of Figure of 6m " Influence of the Rotation of on Moving Bodies 942 " Mrdion of 70 " Weight of per Cube Yard. 468 " Weights of 33 Eabthwork 467-468 " Bulk of Rock, etc., Original Excavation Assumed at t.. 468 ' * Number of Barrow and Horse- " cart Loads and Shovelling, and Volume of Transported per Day. 908 4( Easter Day. «,. 71 Ecclesiastical Year 70 Egg, Fowls', Composition of 207 Egyptian and Hebrew Measures 53 Elastic Fluids, Specific Gravity of. 215 Elasticity and Strength. 195, 614, 761-763 " Coefficient of 761 " Modulus of and To Compute 762-763 '* Relative, of Materials 780 Elkctric and Gas Light 198 '* Dynamo Engine 954 " Elevators, P^mer Required. 959 " Launch 900 " Light, Candle Power of. 908 ♦' Fans, Uotohs, Power, Pumps. 959 ** WiRBS AND Cables, Tele- graph, Telephone, and Light Wires and Cables 960 Electrical Engineeriug, Units in. Re- sistance and Expressions. gbj-^HB, 1033 Elementary Bodik^, with their Sym- bols and Equivalents 190 Elephant, Power and Weight of.. ... 918 Elevations by a Barometer 428-429 " and Heights of VaHous Places above the Sea 183,1035 Ellipse, To Describe and Construct, etc 226-227, 380 (See Conic Sections, 379-380.) Elliptic Arcs, Lengths up to a Semi- ellipse of. 263-266 To Ascertain Length of 266 Embankments, Walls, AND Daub, Ele- ments of. 700-703 {See also Revetment Walls, 694- 699, and Stability, 69^-703. ) " " Equil'U>rium, StaJ)iUty and Moment, To Compute 701 " ^^ Form of a Pier, 7^0 Determine "joo '* " High Masonry Dams 703 ** *' Materials, Weight of a Cube Foot of. 694 '* " Surcharged Revetments 699 " " Various Elements, To Com- pute and Determine. 702-703 Endless Ropes 167 Enoinxs and Machines, Elements and Cost of 898-904 *' and Sugar-mills, Weights of. 908 Engravings, To Clean Soiled 875 Ensigns, Pennants, and Flags, U. S. 199 Epacts, and Dominical Letters. ... t( t( t( u u u n Evaporative Power of Tubes per De- gree of Heat, etc 513 Evaporators and Distillers, Capaci- ties of. 955 EVOLDTIOW 96 " To Extract Square and Cube Roots. 97 any Root 97-98 Excavation and Embankment, Ele- ments of etc 466-468 " Bulk of Rock, Earthwork, etc., OriffincU Excavation Assumed as 1 468 *• Cost of per Cube Yard. . . . 467 ** Earth, Rocks, etc., Weight of 468 ** •* Eartiiwork by Carts and Barrow Loads Removed by a Laborer per J>ay. 467^468 " Labor and Work upon and Estimate of Cost o/. 466-467 " in Blasting and Hauling Stone or Earthwork,eic. 468 '• " Load.wr Tripsin Cube Yards per Cart per Day 466-467 " " of Earth and Rocic 192 Expansion 614 '* and Contraction of Building Stones, etc 184 Expenditures in Englandfor Various Purposes and of Articles, compared with Spirituous Liquors 938 Explosives, Relative Strength of. Fired under Water. 946 " High, Firing Point and Rela- tive Strength 953)966 F. Falling Bodies, Resistance of Air to, 949 Family of .Mechanics, Costof,inPrance,^oS Fan Blowers 447-448 ** Elements of, and Power of 448 " Exhausting and Blower. 898 " Memoranda 448 Farms, Sustaining Production of,., 207 Fascines 690 I'KLLOWBHIP 99 I'Kr.TiXG. Covering. Lagging, etc. . . . 1032 Fence Wire, Strength and Weight of Single Thread and Cable Laid. . . . 164 fKNciNo, Barbed Steel Wire. 947 y/ff. Value of. 207 Files, Repair of 878 Filter BeAls. 851 Filtering Stone 909 Filters ^r Waterworks. 1 84 Fire Bricks 515, 600 " Clay. 597 Fire- Engine, Steam 004, 909 FIsli, Mfoi, and Vegetables, Analysts oj 200 Flag.'i, Ensigns, and Pennantu, U- S.. 199 Flax Mill 476 Floating Bodies, Velocities of 909 Flexible Paint/or Canvas 915 Flood Wave of Ohio River 912 ->R Beams, of Wrought Iron, and ^^mces fi^om Centres 931 P«g« Floors and Loads, Factor of Safety, and Weights of and on. 841 (See StrengOi of Materials, 795-841.) Flour, Consumption and Tests of. 206-207 "■ Mills Qoo Flues, Tubes, and Cylinders. . . .747, §27 Arclied or Circular FumaA:es. 754 and Fuma/x, Corrugated, and Formulas for. 909, 941 Fluid and Liquid Measures 30, 46 Fluids, Candles. Lamps, and Qas. ... 584 *♦ Percussion of 579 Fluttbr Wheel 571 Fluxes /or Soldering or H elding. . . . 636 Fly Wheel, Weight and Dimensions of Rim, To Compute. 451 Flying of Birds 440 Fontaine Turbine 574 Food, Animal 200-207 *' Comparative Values, for Sheep. gj^B " Daibf. of an Esquimau zo6, 914 " Digestion of, and Time Re- quired for 200 " Milk, Relative Richness of. 207 " Nutrient Value and Ratio of 100 Parts 203 " " Equivalents of from Ammmt of Nitrogen in,when Dried 205 * * Proportion of. Appropriated and Expended by Animals. . . . 305 " " q/' Starch in Sundry Veg- etables 205 " Ratio of Flesh •fbi'mers from Tubers 207 " Tliermometric Power and Me- chanical Energy of, when Ox idized in the Animal Body. . 205 Foods and Fruits, Analysis of. 201 " " in Reference only to Heat and Strength 203 " Elements of Various 207 " MiUe, Nutritive Values and Con- stituents of. 203 ' * Nutritious Properties of Differ- ent Vegetables and Oil-cake Compared 204 Relative Values of. 202. 204 ** ** to make an Equal Quantity of Flesh in CcUtle or She.ep 202 " " Comparedwith 100 Lbs. of Hay. 203 " " as Productive of Force when Oxidized in the Body. 204 " Required by a Man 207 Volume of Oxygen to Oxidize as Consumed in the Body. . . 204 Weight of, to Develop Power in Human System 204 * * to Fum ish 1 2 20 Gra ins of Nitrogenous Matter . . . 202 Foot-pound 947 Force, Decomposition of. 6fo Forces, Composition and Resolution </" 615 C( it (( u (( INDEX. XVll Page PoRCKS, DiviHon of. 614-616 " Equilibrium of 616 " Inertia of a Revolving liody. 616 *' Perciutsive, Work by 620 F0RKI6N Measitkes and Weights. .48-52 B'ormcUions, Natural^ and Construc- tions, Largest 936 Formulas and Algebraic Symbols.. 22-22 Fortress Monroe 179 Foundation Piles 198, 909 Fonnd&t'ions, Pressur'', a. Lock/. 781-1040 FSAOTION'8 89-gi Fraudulent Balances 65 J^reeboard of Vessels 666, 913 Freezing, Effects of to the Resistance of Stones, etc 184 Frbsh Water, DistUlation'of 955 Friction, Elements of, etc . .469-478, 571 " and Delivery in Hose 922 " and Rigidity of Cordage. 472-473 *' Application of Results 474 " Bearings for Propeller Shafi. 473 " Coefficients of Axle 471 •* ** o/" Masonry on Masonry^ Clay, and Earths 696 ** ^^ of Motion and Hepcee^,^, 470 *• " To Determine 471 ** Elements of 469-470 ** Grain Conveyers 478 " in Launcli ing of Vessels. 478 " Mechanical Effect of..., 471-472 " of A ir in Jjong and Rectilineal Pipes, Head of in Lbs. 925 " of Bottoms of Vessels 909 •* of Engines and Propellers . 662-663 ** of Journals or Oudgeons of a Water-wheel 571 " of Journals of a Water-WheeL 571 " of Machinery, Results of Ex- periments upon. . .475-478, loto " of a Non-condensing Engine.^7B,gi& " of Pivots and Relative Value of Angles of. 472 »* of Planed Brass Surfaces. . . . 009 «• of Roads 847 " of Steam- Engines. . , . 475, 478, 918 " of Screw Steamer. 478 ** of Tools. 476 " of Water in Pipes 925 " of Winding Engines, Shearing, FUtx Mill, Tools, Planing, Molding, Slotting^ Turnings, Grindstones, etc 476-478 »' of Wall and Earth. 698 ♦' Relative Value of Unguents. .. 471 *■ Results of Experiments on Sev- eral Instruments 474 '• Rolling , 473 " Wood-saunng 477 Frictional Resistsince of a Hail way Train 916 Frigorific Mixtures. 193, 516 FsriTS, Analysis of. 201 " ProportionofAeid and Sugar 202 Fr«L. Elements of , 479-487 Pag* FiJJtL,Area of Orate and Consumption of To Comjnite 513 " A^h, Peat, and Tan ^82 ** Asphalt 481 " Average Composition of. Heat, and Evaporative Power ^>/' 48 5-486 *' Bituminous Coal 479-487 " Brick or Compressed 907 " Charcoal and Coke 480, 483 " Classijication of Coal. 479 '* Comparative Value of, and Weights. 484 " Elements of 486 " Lignite and Wood. 481-482 ** Liquid, Petrol/um, Coal Ga.<i. and Oils 484 " Miscellaneous *. .483. 485-487 " Produce of Charcoal 481 " Relative Values of. 483 " Uni*s of Heal in... 927 " Valves, Weights, and Evapora- tive Power of per Balk 483 Furnaces 528-529, 754-755 Fusible Compounds. 634 G. Galvanized Sheet Iron, Thiclcness and Weight of. 124, 129 " Charcoal Iron 163 ** Iron Wire Riggmg and Guys and Steel Cables 162-163 " Iron Wire and Diameter of... 123 Galvanizing 786 Gas, Elements of etc 585-587, 676 and Electric Liqht, etc 198. 969 A tniospheric Engine and Engines, 587,912,990 CandUts, Lamps, Fluids, etc 584 Coal, Composition of. 484 Diameter and Length of Pipe to Transmit Given Volume of.... 586 Flow of in Pipes 586 Ligfu,, intensity of , equal Volumes from Differnii Burners 585 Mains, THmensions of, etc 587 Natural- and Bituminous Coal, Relative Evaporating Powers. 913 Pipe Threads 160 " Elements of and Weight. ... 123 Steam and Hot-air Engine.^ 909 Tubing, and Xumber of Burners, Regulation and Length of. .... 586 Volume of per Lb.ofCoal and Air 760 " of a Weight of Air,or Perma- nent Gas for any Pressure. 520 of Discharged through a Pipe 587 of per Hour under Pressure . 58 7 " froinaTonof(^oal,Re.nn,etc. 586 Weight of a Cube Foot of. 215 Gases. Expansion of and Volume ofi Lb. at 32*5 undrr One Atmosphere 520 Permanent, Volumes of 103 •' Temperature of. 587 " *' of Soiid.'fcation 5x6 Gauge, MfrcuriaX , 910 Qauget, Wire.n ««<«««t-<«>*ii8-ia3 (< XVIU INDEX. Qadoinq Cfuk and Varieties of,.,,, 377 *' 0/ Weirs. 922 Oear, Spur 911 Gelatine, Blasting 916 Gkographio Mkasdres and Dis- tances and Levellings 54-5^ Geographical and Nautical Measures 26 Gbomktkical Progression 103-105 Okometry, Elements of, etc 219-230 ** Angles 2C2 *' " and Distances 160 *' Arcs 225-227 ** Catenary. 230 ** Circles. 224-225 *' Cycloid and Epicycloid. 228-229 " Definitions 219-220 " Ellipse 226-227 *' Gnomon. 219 " Hexagon 223 *' Hyperbola and Spiral 230 " Involute 229 ** Length of Elements and Lines, 221-222 " Octagon and Polygon 223 *' Parabola 229-230 '^ Rectilineal Figures. ...... 222-224 *' Scales 221 Oeostatics and Geodynamics. 614 Gestation, Periods of and Number of Voung of Animals 192 Girder, Dimensions of and Greatest Load, To Compute 839-840 " Bowstring 812 Girdbrs, Beams, etc., General Deduc- tions from Experiments. 824 {See Beams,Bars,or Girders,8o2-S2o. ) •* *' and Beams, Destructive Weight of, of Various Figures and Sections .Zo^-ZdS •* »* CevUre of and Vertical Dis- tance of Centres of Crush- ing and Tensile StreM. 819 *• " Comparatiw Value of Bars, Tubes, etc 824 «» " Deflection of 840-841 ** " Factors of Safety 821, 841 " " Lintels, Beam>s, etc 822-826 ** ' ' Moments of Stress 62 1-622 " " PlcUe 811-812 ** " Shearing Stress Deduced by Graphic Delineation of. , 623 » " Trussed 823 " " Tubular 775 " " " Deflection and Weight qfyj 5 Glass Globes and Cylinders, Resist- ance to Internal Pressure and Col- lapse 831 Glass, Window, Thickness, etc 124 Glazing 197 Glues, Mucilage, etc 874 Gold Sheet, Thickness of 119 " Value of from 1501 to 1880. 934 Golden Number or Lunar Cycle, To Compute 71 Oooseberry^ValMt of. % 907 607BRN0RS. 452 " Revolutions and Elements of , 452 Grade, Reduction of, to Degrees 359 Grain, and Roots, Weights of 34 " Conveyers, Operation of, etc. 478 '' Standard Weights per Btuhd. 32 Granite Masonry 595 Graphic Operation, ^Udion by 905 Graphite and Pencils 978 Gravel 690 *' or Earth Roads 688 Grates of Boilers, To Compute Areas, 927 Gravitation 487-496 *' Accelerated and Retarded Mo- tion. 49A Action of, by a Body Pro- jected Upward or Down- ward, To Compute. XIX Page QumotRT, Elements of, etc 497-503 ** Charge, Ranges Elevation^ and Velociiy,and To Compu^gy, 499 " Comparison of Force of a Charge in Various Arms. . 502 '* Experiments unth Ordnance and Penetration of Shot and Shells. 498, 500 " Initiai Velocity and Ranges of Shot and Shells 498-499 *' Lead BaUSj Weight and Di- mensions of. 501 " Number of Percussion Caps corresponding to BOauge 502 " " ofPeUeU in an Oz. of Lead Shot of all Sizes. 50Z ** Penetration of Lead Balls in Small Arms 500 " Ranges for Small ,4»-ma 502 " Report of Board of Engineers, ir.S.A., Fortifcations, etc. 499 ♦' Summary of Practice in Eu- rope with Heavy Guns. ... . 5cx> " Time of Flight, Rule fw. 497 " Velodtyofa Shot or SheU... 497 ** Windage and WaddingSjZ^ss andEffect of 501 Gunpowder 443, 502 " Charges of, and To Compute. 444 *' HeaJt and Explosive Power of 503 " Mant^acture of. 503 " Proof of 503 " Properties and Results of, De- termined by ExperinurUs. . ■ 503 " Proportion of to Sliot 502 " Relative Strength of Different, for Use under Water 503 Guntbr's Chain 26 Ouys, Derrick, Strength, etc 162-163 Gwynne's Pump, Centrifugal 579, 917 Gyration, and Centres of 609-611 " Centre of, of a Waler-wheel. . . 6n " General Formulas 611 " Moment of Inertia of aReimlv- ing Body, To Compute. . . . 609 " RadiuSj To Compute 609 H. Hammbrs. Steam 179 Hancock Inspirator 90X Hand-cars and Portable Railroad. 908 Hawsbbs, Wire, and Hbmp Ropes Am> Cablks, Comparison of. 169 {See Cables, Ropes, etc , 163-178. ) " and Warps, Length of. 173 " Cables and Ropes 170 " Circumference of. To Ckrmpute 171 " Units for Computing Se^fe Strain Borne by and for New Ropes and Hawsers, 170-171 " Weight qf. To Compute. 172 Hat, Relative Value of Foods com- pared with 100 Lbs. of. 912 ** and Straw, Weights^ etc. 298 Pag* Heat, Elem^ents of, etc 504-529 *' Absolute Temperature 504 " Absorption of, in Generation of I Lb. Steam at 212° 705 " Altitudes, Decrease of by 522 " Available Expended per IIP 909 " Boiling- Points of Pure Water, etc., Corresponding to Alti- tudes of Barometer 518 «* Capacity for. 505, 507 " Communication and Transmis- sion of, and Relative Power of I of Various Substances. ... 510 " Ck)NOENSATioN and of Steam in Cast-iron Pipes 51S-516 •* " ofSteamper Sq. Foot amdper Degree per Hour 516 " Conducting Powers,Relative, of Various Substancea and De- ductions from Results 514-515 " Conduction or Convection of. 514 " Congelation and Liquefaction 516 " Degrees of Different Scales, To Reduce, and Contrariwise. 523 " Densities of Some Vapors 521 " Density of Water, To Compute. 520 ** Desiccation 513-514 •* Distillation 514 " Effect upon Various Bodies by. 518 " Evaporation or Vaporization, Elements of, etc. .512-513 " '• Area of Grate and Fuel for, To Compute 513 " " of Water per Sq. Foot of Surface per Hour. 514 «* « To Evaporate 1 Lb. of Water 512 " Evaporative Power of Tubes per Degree of Heat, etc 513 *' Expansion of Water, Liquids, Gases, aiM Air. 519-520 " Extremes of and Cold in Fo- rious Countries 191-192 " Fluids, Expansion of, in Vol- ume, To Compute 523-524 " Frigorijic Mixtures 193, 516 * ' Heating and Evaporating Water by Steam in Pipes and Boilers 511 " Height Corresponding to Boil- ingPoint of Water 519 " Latent, and To Compute. .508-509 *' " ofFusionofSolids,andqfa Non- Metallic Substance. 509 " " qf Steam, To Compute 707 " Length of 4-Inch Pipe to Heat 1000 Cube Feet of Air 526 " Linear Expansion or Dilatation qfa Bar, Prism, or Substance. 519 *' Liquids, Volume of Several at their Boiling- Point. 518 " Mean Temperatures of Various Localities. 