None
infinitive with zu: I. 1. a. as subject, 269. b. in the predicate, 269-270. 2. in the following dependent relations: a. as a complement of a noun, pro- noun or adjective performing the function of: (1). the gen. of a substantive de- pendent upon an adjective, 270 (2). an appositive gen. or a noun in apposition with a pronoun, sub- stantive or substantive clause, 270 ((2)). (3). a relative clause, 270 ((3)). b. a dative, object of the prep, zu, 271 (b). c. an ace., object of the verb, 271 (c). 3. as explanatory of a preceding anticipa- tive subject or object, 271 (3). 4. in contracted substantive and adver- bial clauses, 272 (4). 5. used absolutely, 272 (5), 274 (c). 6. after (an)treffen, bekommen, erhal- ten, fehlen, finden, geben, reichen, schenken, schicken, schlagen, sehen, iiberlassen, where the infin. with zu has the force of a modal verbal, 272 (6). 7. in the rare construction of the ace. with the infin., 279 (5). II. 1. position and repetition of zu, 273. 2. subject of the infin., 273 (2). infinitive without zu: I. 1. a. as subject, 275 (a). b. as predicate, 275. (fc). c. in apposition with the pronouns ein(e)s, das eine, das, a substan- tive, or a substantive clause, 275. (c). d. as an imperative, 276. 2. with auxiliaries or auxiliary-like verbs: a. diirfen, konnen, mogen, mu'ssen, sollen, wollen, brauchen, 276 (c). b. lassen, 276 (b). c. blasen, heischen, heifien, helfen, lehren, lernen, nennen, vergessen, 276 (c). d. with verbs of perceiving, finding, meeting and knowing, also with fu'hren, haben, machen, tragen, wiegen, zeigen, 277 (d). e. tun, 278 (e). 3. used to repeat an idea, 279 (3). 4. in questions direct or indirect, 279 (4). II. form and use of the infin. with past force, 280; perf. infin. = pres. infin., 280; perf. infin. used as an imperative, 251 (d. Note). two infinitives connected by als, 280. infin. with passive force, 280-1. infinitive-substantive, 281. Inflection, see Declension, Conjugation, In- tonation, &c. Ingressive aspect of verbs, 210, 288, 436, 440. Inseparable compounds, 323, 327; inseparable prefixes, 327. Instrumental, now replaced by the dative, 494. Intensive aspect of verbs, 211. Interjections, nature of, 400; list, 400-1. INDEX OF SUBJECTS 621 Intonation, 55-6. Intransitive verb, definition, 209; verbs trans, or intrans., 209. Irregular verbs, see Gradation. Iterative aspect of verbs, 211. Liquids, 12, 34. Locative, now replaced by the dative, 494. Low German, 1, 2, 4. M.G., i.e. Middle German, the German of the Midland; important by reason of its in- fluence upon the literary language, 2, 3, 24, 72, 301, 315. M.H.G., i.e. Middle High German; M.H.G. literature and language, 1; language com- pared with N.H.G., 1, 2, 3, 302-311. Mixed declension of nouns, 89-94; origin of, 90 (Note); mixed declension of adjectives, 130. Mixed vowel e (unaccented), 13, 23. Mood, 215. Mutation of back vowels, 24, 302; o-muta- tion, 25, 302; mutation of e, 25, 302. Nasals, 12, 33. Negation, 351; double, 351; pleonastic, 352; after a comparative, 576 (a). N.G., i.e. North German, the German of the North. N.H.G., i.e. New High German, 1. Nominative, original meaning, 121 (97, next to last par.); origin of name, 112 (10). use: I. as a subject, 456. II. as an appositive, 485-6. III. as a predicate: after verbs of incomplete predication, 463-4 (2. A. a, b). with reference to a preceding ace. object, 463 (2. A. a. (Note)). instead of a predicate ace., 539 (a. Note). IV. as a vocative, 552 (A). V. in exclamations, 554 (b. (1)). VI. used absolutely, 554 ((2)), 581 (d). Nouns, inflection: common nouns, 70-97; proper nouns, 97-102; plural of names of persons and places, 105-7; peculiarities in the inflection of nouns, 107-12. Number in nouns,. 112-20; sing, to express a collective idea, 113; meaning usually pre- cluding the formation of a pi., 114—15; sing, in form, but with collective force, hence with pi. meaning, 114; nouns which borrow a pi. form from some kindred derivative, 115-16; sing, lacking, 117; pi. lacking, 117; pi. of -mann, 119; pi. in English, sing, in German, 118; synesis of number, 549-51; number in verbs, 468-72. Numerals, 147-52; cardinals, 147-50; ordi- nals, 150-1; compound numerals, 151; indefinite numerals, 169-77. Object, see Accusative, Dative, Genitive, In- finitive, and Clauses for Object Clause, Genitive Clause, &c.. metonymic object, 493, (c). O.K., i.e. Old English. O.H.G., i.e. Old High German; O.H.G. lan- guage and literature, 1. Old Saxon, 1. Ordinals, 150-1. Orthography, 4. Palatals, 12. Parataxis, 556. Participle: pres. part, used as an adj., 261; used in the predicate, 262 (b); pres. part, in adj. use often replaced in German by other con- structions, 262 (c); its use as a noun, adverb, preposition, 262-3; used as an appositive, with the force of an adverbial clause, 263 (E. Note), often absolutely, 552; with active or passive force, 263; subject of a pres. part., 263 (b); paucity of participles, 264 (3); use of the pres. part, to express present, past, and future time, 264; comparison, 144 (4), 143 (4); perfect part.: without ge-, 257-9; with the form of an infin., 257-9; used as an adj., 264 (A); used substantively, 264 (B); used as an adverb, prep., or impera- tive, 264; used as an appositive with the force of a subord. clause, 264 (F); used absolutely, 265 (F), 552 (a, b); gram- matical force, 265 (2), with active force, 265 (B), 266-7 (C); temporal relations expressed by, 267; two different forms of the perf. part, employed with passive force, the statal and the actional form, 268 (d, e): comparison, 144 (4), 143 (4); position of perf. part, in the sentence, 324-6, 588 (b. aa, bb, cc), 258 (c). Particles, 338-401. Passive: formation, 295; synopsis, 298; con- jugated with werden, 295; conjugated with sein, 296 (B), 297 (4); peculiar passive con- struction with bekommen, erhalten, kriegen, 297 (2); passive construction with fiihren, bringen, nehmen, 297 (2) ; passive construc- tion with gehoren, 297 (3); actional and statal passive, 297 (4); substitutes for the passive, 299; impersonal passive, 300 (II); active in form but passive in meaning, 280-1 (1, 2). Past-present verbs, 316-18. Past tense, formation, 248-9, 252, 254; use, 212. Past perfect tense, formation, 283; dialect form, 283 (a), 241 (e); use, 214. Perfect participle, see Participle. Perfective type of verb, 210, 287-8. Personal pronouns, 177-86; use, 177-81; replaced by other forms, 181-6. Pitch, 55. Point action aspect of verb, 210, 287, 436 (b). Possessive adjectives, 164-9; list, 164; decl., 185; non-inflection in the predicate, 165-6; used as substantives, 166; use of possessives, 167-9; use of capitals with, 167; replaced by demonstratives, 168. Predicate: the form and case of, 462-8. predicate noun: in the nom., 463 (2. A. a), in the nom. introduced by als, 464 (b. (1)). in the ace. after fiir, 464 (b. (2)); in the ace. attracted by an ace., 463 (2. A. c. Note). in the dat. after zu, 465 ((3)). in the gen., 465 (c). as objective predicate: in the simple ace., 539 (a). the ace. introduced by als, 539 (b), by fur, 539 (c). in the dat. after zu, 540 (d). predicate adjective: in the nom. relation, 466. in the ace. relation, 540 (B). 622 INDEX OF SUBJECTS predicate pronouns, 467 (C). predicate infinitive, 467 (D); as objective predicate, 541 (C). predicate adverb, 467 (E). predicate clause, 468 (F), 562. agreement of predicate verb with subject, 468-72. omission of predicate, 462 (a. Note 1), of the copula, the formal predicate, 463 (b. Note). predicate in attributive form, 463 (b. Note). Prefixes, separable, 326; inseparable, 327; separable or inseparable, 327; prefixes to form nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, 431-4; verbal prefixes, 434-41. Pre-Ger manic, 1. Prepositional phrase as adverbial modifier, 551; as modifier of a noun, 487. Prepositions: nature, 355; approach the nature of adverbs, 355; fluctuation of conception, 355 (c); approach the nature of conjunctions, 355; government of prepositions, 356; list, 357; origin, meaning, and use of preps, with gen., 357-65; meaning and use of preps. with dat., 365-74; preps, with ace., 374-8; preps, with either dat. or ace., 378-86; formation of prepositions, 430-1. Present tense, formation, 249, 252, 254; use, 211-12. Present perfect tense, formation, 282; use, 212-13. Primitives, 402. Progression, German ways of expressing the progressive idea, the idea of duration, 248 (Note), 210. Pronominals, 147, 153. Pronouns, 177-209; see Personal, Relative, &c. Pronunciation, best, 7; sounds and their classi- fication, 7-12. Proper names, inflection, 97-102; plural, 105-7; formation, 408 (a). Prospective action, 322 (6. d). Purpose, clause of, 583. Quantity: general rules for vowels, 13; rules for quantity in detail, 14-17; quantity of consonants, 25. Reciprocal pronouns, 188. Reflexive pronouns, 186-8; reflexive verbs: conjugation, 329; case of the predicate complement of reflexive verbs, 330; uses of the reflexive verb, 329-32. Relative: adjectives, 163. pronouns, 193-206; list, 193; replaced by adverbs, 201-4; not omitted, 204; origin of the relative pronoun, 204 (Note); indefinite relatives wer and was, 204-6; conditional relative, 206; correlatives, 207-8. adverbs, 201^4; parts separated, 201. clause, 563-6; synesis of gender, 564 (a); synesis of number, 564 (b); mood, 565; abridgment, 565; descriptive clause, 565 (7). Result, clause of, 574 (D), 576 (2); subjunc- tive of, 222-3, 232-3. Rising intonation, 56. Rounding, 13. Sentence, definition of, 455; the parts and the kinds of the simple sentence, 455; classes of sentences, 555; the compound sentence, 555-7; the complex sentence, 557. Separable compounds, 323-6; separable pre- fixes, 326; separable or inseparable com- pounds and prefixes, 324, 327-9. S.E., i.e. Southern English, the pronunciation in the southern part of England; S.E. also dialect of the Southeast of the German- speaking territory. S.G., i.e. Southern German, the German of the South. Spirants, 12. Stereotyped pronominal forms, 208-9. Stops, 12, 26. Strong declension: of nouns, 72-86; general rules, 72-4; unmutated e-plural type, 74-9; unmutated e-less plural type, 79-81; mu- tated e-plural type, 81-4; mutated e-less plural type, 84; er-plural type, 85-6; strong declension of adjectives, 129; strong verb: conjugation of the simple forms, 252-3. Subject: the case and form of the logical sub- ject, 456-7; omission and expression of the logical subject, 455 (a), 458; grammatical subject, 457; anticipative subject, 457; situation es as subject, 458 (3), 334 (3, last par.); impersonal es as subject, 458, 332; omission and expression of the grammatical and the anticipative subject, 460-2; omis- sion of impersonal es, 332, 333, 336 (B. a), 338 (a); origin of grammatical and imper- sonal es, 457 (Note), 332-3; metonymic subject, 456 (B. a). Subjunctive: formation,. 249, 252, 255 (d), 315-17, 282-6, 293-5; formation of the past subjunctive in the dialects of Bavaria, Austria, and Switzerland, 256 (/); basal meaning of the subjunctive, 216. subjunctive of present tense forms: I. optative subjunctive, 217-21: 1. in principal propositions: A. volitive, 217. B. sanguine subjunctive of wish, 217. C. subjunctive of logical reasoning, 218. 2. in subordinate clauses: A. concessive, 218. B. sanguine subjunctive of purpose, 218-20. C. optative in conditions, 220. D. in relative clauses, 220. E. in substantive clauses, 220-21. F. in adverbial clauses, 221. II. potential subjunctive, 221-7. A. in indirect discourse, 221, 237-47. B. in clauses of manner, 222. C. in attributive relative clauses of re- sult, 222. D. in adverbial clauses of result, 223. E. in probable conditions, 223-5. F. in relative and interrogative clauses, 225. G. in substantive dafi-clauses, 226-7. subjunctive of past tense forms: 1. unreal optative: A. unreal subj. of wish, 228; subj. of modest wish, 228. B. unreal concessive subjunctive, 229. C. unreal subjunctive of purpose, 229. 2. unreal potential: A. (1). in direct statements and ques- tions, 230; subj. of modest or cautious statement, 230. (2). in indirect discourse, 231, 237- 47. INDEX OF SUBJECTS 623 B. in clauses of manner, 232. C. in attributive relative clauses of re- sult, 232. D. in adverbial clauses of result, 233. E. in unreal conditions, 233-4. F. in relative and interrogative clauses, 234. G. in substantive daC-clauses, 235. H. in clauses of degree, 236. I. in clauses of time and place, 236. J. in clauses of cause, 237. Suffixes of nouns, 403-17; of adjectives, 417-26; of verbs, 426-9; of adverbs, 429- 30. Superlative, see Adjective. S.W., i.e. dialect of the Southwest of the Ger- man-speaking territory. Syllables: open and closed, 13 (4. a, b); syl- labic division, 41; syllabic division in the Southwest, 42 (1); syllables in connected discourse, 43; separation of syllables at the end of a line, 43. Synesis of gender, 546-9; of number, 549-51. Syntax, 455-598. Terminate aspect of verbs, 211, 248 (Note), 287 (3). Tenses: formation of simple tenses, 249, 252, irregularities, 254 (a, b, c), 315-18; forma- tion of compound tenses, 282-7, 295-9; use of haben and sein in compound tenses, 287-293; use of the tenses of the indie., 211-15; of the subjunctive, 216-17; of the present tense forms of the subj., 217-27; of the past tense forms of the subj., 227-37, of tenses in indirect discourse, 239-47. Titles, decl., 102-5. Trajection, 564 (e). Transitive verb, definition, 209; verbs trans, or intrans., 209. Umlaut, see Mutation. Unrounding, 25 (A, last par.). Uvular r, 32 (6). Velars, 12. Verb, see Conjugation, Tense, Subjunctive, Gradation, Passive, &c. Verbals, 259; predicate modal verbal, 259 (A); attributive modal verbal, 260 (B). Verner's Law, 39 (2. a). Volitive subjunctive, 217 (A), 218 (B), 220 (C. a, b, D. a). Vowels: classification, 17; chart, 18; quan- tity, 13-17; pronunciation, 17-24; muta- tion, 24-5; gradation, 25. Weak declension of nouns, 86-9; weak declen- sion of adjectives, 130; weak conjugation of verbs, 249, 254 (a); 315-18. Word-formation, general principles, 402; see also Derivation and Compounds. Word-order, general principles, 584; historical explanations, 586 (a). varieties of word-order, 585-6. normal order, 587-91. word-order of the subject, 587. position of the gen., 476, 587. word-order of the predicate: position of the verb, 588. position of the predicate, participle, infin., sep. prefix, adjective, or noun, 588-9. order of objects. 589-90. order of adverbs, 590; position of negatives, 591. word-order of adjective modifiers, 591. position of subordinate clauses, 558. inverted word-order, 591-5; use of, 592-4; particulars of this word-order, 594-5. question order, 595-7; use of, 596-7. transposed order, 597-8; use of, 598. 1 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY PF Curme, George Oliver 3105 A grammar of the German C8 language. Rev. and enl. 1922 cop. 2. 