None
172, 201, 203, 212, 220, 229, 248, 253, 255, 268, 272, 280, 296, 328, 330, 331, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 375, in. 385, 386, 399, 409, 415, 416, 419, 425, 426, 465, 472, 487, 488, 504 respiration, 301-316; in amphibians, 306-308, 312-313; in Amphioxus, 304; in Balanoglossus, 304; in fishes, 304, 305, 306; integumen- tal, 308; intestinal, 303; pharyn- go-<£sophageal, 308; pulmonary, 307, 310-316 reticulum, 292 retina, 409, 422, 497, 498 retrolingual glands, 286 rhinencephalon, 416, 445 Rhineura, 20 Rhinoceros, 394 rhombencephalon, 427 Rhynchocephalia, 32 ribs, 126, 135, 136, 137, 138; distri- bution of, 137, 138; two types of, 135, ^ZT* variation in, 129, 130 rodents, 37, 45, I75, 203, 223, 239, 274, ^n, 297, 298, 316, 394» 401, 417, 480, 495, 500 roots, of nerves, 435 roots, of teeth, 273, 274 rods and cones, of retina, 422, 467, 498 rods of Corti, 492 rostral plates of skull, 146 round ligament of uterus, 387, 390 rumen, 292 ruminants, 292, 297, 484 sacculus, 487, 488 saccus endolymphaticus, 486 sacral vertebrae, 129, 130 sacrum, variation in, 128, 129 St. Hilaire, his theories, 506, 512 salamanders, 179, 185, 186, 192, 220, 223, 307, 308, 309, 354, 383, 388, 397, 429, 493 saliva, 285 salivary glands, 285 Sauropsida, no, 200, 264, 283, 284, 285, 294, 296, 313, 314, 319, 322, 323, 324, 347, 360, 373, 375, 377, 391, 444, 457, 464, 479, 491, 495, 497, 499 scales: — ctenoid, 83; cycloid, 83; epidermic, 84; of fishes, 80; of ganoids, 81 ; of mammals, 85, 86, 90; of palmar and plantar sur- faces, 95; of Stegocephali, 84; placoid, 80; structure of, 80 Scaphyrhynchus, 171 schizocoele, 68 sclerotic coat, of eye, 423, 498, 501 scorpion, 524 scrotal raphe, 404 scrotal sac, 395, 396 scrotum, 394, 395 sculpin, 419 scutes, 79, 83, 146 seal, 282, 316 sebaceous glands, 113 segmentation of head, 458, 460, 461 selachians, 29, 44, 152, 153, 170, 172, 173, 184, 185, 217, 218, 219, 253, 272 288, 305, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 340 341, 369, 380, 381, 382, 392, 416, 419, 420, 436, 460, 486, 488, 489, 490, 512, 51S selachians, circulation in, 324, 325 selachians, skull of, 145, 146, 153 sella turcica, 424 semicircular canals, 487 seminal fluid (see spermatic fluid) seminal groove, 399 sensations, 467, 468 sense of contact, 468 sense-organs, 408, 465-468 sense-organs, accessory parts, 467 sense-organs, cells of, 466 sense organs of head, 143 sensory cells, 408, 466, 467 sensory nerves, 408, 434 sensory roots of nerves, 435, 436 septum atriorum, 354 septum linguae, 285 septum pellucidum, 418 serial homology of limbs, 178, 237- 24s serosa, 260 S68 INDEX serous cavities, 318 serpents, 285 sesamoid bones, 178 sex determination, 403 sexes, definition of, 49 sexual homologies, 393, 394, 404, 405 sexual kidney, 382, 383, 385 sharks, 388 sheep, 276 • shoulder-girdle, 172-175; of Amni- ota, 174, 175; of amphibians, 174; of ganoids, 173; of teleosts, 174; of selachians, 173 shrew-mouse, 92 sigmoid flexure, 298 Simplicidentata, zi sinuses, in bones of face, 482 sinus maxillaris, 482 sinusoids, 318 sinus utriculi posterior, 487 sinus utriculi superior, 487 sinus venosus, 324, 326, 340, 341, 353-357 Siren, 165, 246, 442, 471 Sirenia, 38, 39, 98, 113, "7, 3i6, 393 skates, 453 skeletal elements: — abdominal ribs, 141; acoelous vertebrae, 131; ali- sphenoids, 148; alveoli of jaws, 273; amphiccelous vertebrae, 127; angulare, 156; appendicular skel- eton, 122; appendicular skeleton, 162 ff. skeleton, relation to soft parts, 123 skin, 77 skin color in Man, 119 skin, pigmentation of, 118- 121 570 INDEX skull: — amniote stage, 150, 151; amphibian stage, 150; develop- ment of, 142-145; ganoid stage, 146; selachian stage, 144-146. slime canals, 469 sloths, 113, 316, 393 small intestine, 294 smell, 468, 476-485 smell-buds, 471 snakes, no, 166, Z77, 398, 432, 433» 441, 483, 487, 505 soft palate, 266, 271 soma, 7, II, 48, 58 somatic cells, 55 somites, 27 somites of head, 458-463 sparrow, 419 spermatic cord, 396 spermatic fluid, 49, 52, 380, 381, 383 spermatogonium, 55, 56, 57 spermatophores, 383 spermatozoon, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 366, 379, 382, 397, 401 Sphenodon, 32 spider, 259 spinal cord, 427, 428; caliber of, 432, 433 ; columns of, 434 ; length, 428-431 ; shape of cross-section, 433, 434 spinal ganglia, 436, 437 spinal nerves, 427-434 spinous processes, excessive devel- opment of, 134 spiny ant-eater, 33 spiracular cartilage, 155 spiracular opening, 493, 494 spiraculum, 155, 269 spleen, 293, 363. Squalus, 388, 446 squid, 499 squirrel, 316 squamosals, 82, 83, 147 stapedial artery, 159 stapes, 159, 337, 495 Stegocephali, 30, 31, 32, 44, 84, 230 Stegosaurus, 433 Stenson's canal, 479 stemebrje, 140 sternum, 138 sternum, morphology of, 139 sternum of monotremes, 142 stoma, 266 stomach, 265, 290, 291, 292 stomatodaeum, 259, 476 stomato-pharyngeal cavity, 761S stratum comeum, ^77 stratum germinativum, 77 stratum lucidum, 77 stratum mucosum, 77 striated muscle, 189, 190 sturgeon, 29 stylo-hyal, 161, 284 stylo-hyoid ligament, 161 styloid process, 161, 284 sub-cutaneous lymph sacs, 358 subdural space, 357 sub-lingua, 284 sublingual glands, 285, 286 submandibular glands, 285, 286 submaxillary glands, 285, 286 submucosa, 260 subperitoneal space, 357 subvertebral space, 357, 363 sulci, of brain, 417 sulcus centralis, 417 superciliary structures, 505 supra-clavicles, 174 supra-cleithra, 174 suprapericardial bodies, 288 Sus, 86, 489 suspensorium of jaw, 155 sweat-glands, 112, 113 swine, 484, 491 Sycandra, 50 sympathetic plexuses, 464 sympathetic system, 451, 463, 464. symphysis pubic, 172 syntropists, 244 syrinx, 314, tactile cells, 473 tactile corpuscles, 473 tactile sense, distribution of, 475 tactile spots, 473 taenia ventriculi quarti, 427 taeniae chorioides, 419, 420 tail, 130, 132, 134, 135 tail, nerves of, 431, 432 talon, 279 Talpa, 277 tapetum nigrum, 423 tapir, 394 tarsal cartilages, 504 tarsal glands, 113, 505 INDEX 57^ Tarsipes, 2ga tarsus: — ^nomenclature of, 177-180; primitive condition of, 179; su- pernumerary elements, 181, 182 taste, 475, 476 taste-beakers, 475 taste buds, 469, 471, 475 Taxeopoda, 38 teleosts, 30, 174, 287, 303, 30s, 4iS» 416, 419, 430, 486, 489 teeth, 267, 271, 283. (V. also tooth) : — evolution of shapes, 278-260; growth of, 273, 274; kinds of, 275; of birds, 84; of selachians, .81 ; origin of, 81, 153, 154, 271, 272; parts of, 273; re- duction of, 277; replacement of, 280-283 tela chorioidea, 419 telencephalon, 411, 415-418, 443 temperature of animals, 356 tentorium, 417 testes, 49, 367, 379, 383, 394, 396 testes, position of, 393, 395 thalami optici, 425 thecadont articulation, 273 thecae of jaws, 273 thenar pads, 91 theories of vertebrate ancestry: — from annelids, 513-520; from arachnoids, 522-525; from arche- type, 506-512; from articulates, 512, 513; from insect, 506, 512; from nemertean, 520-522; from protochordata, 525-538 theromorphs, 32, 44 third ventricle of brain, 411 thoracic duct, 357, 360 thoracic vertebrae, 130 thymus gland, 266, 290, 363 thymus, origin of, 286-287 thyreoid cartilage, 160, 314 thyreoid gland, 286, 289, 290, 363 thyreo-hyal, 284, 314 Tillodontia, 37 toad, 285, 290, 397, 420, 442 tongue, 283-285 tongue bars, of Amphioxus, 290 tonsils, 363 tooth. (V. vagina, 387, 389, 390, 394 vasa aberrantia, 392 vasa efferentia, 381, 383, 385 vascular system, 65, 317-319 vas deferens, Z77^ (See ductus def- erens) vein or veins: — ^318, 328; abdom- inal, 342; allantoic, 322, 346, 347, 348; anterior cardinal, 321, 326, 349, 350; azygos, 344, 350, 351; cardinal, 321, 326, 341; caudal, 327, 341, 343 ; Cuvierian duct, 322, 326, 346 ; duct of Cuvier, 322, 326, 3z|6; ductus venosus Arantii, 348, 349; external jugular, 350; hemi- azygos, 351; hepatic, 2^z, 327; hepatic portal, 324, 327, 342, 344; iliac, 326, 346, 358; in- ternal jugular, 350; jugular, 350, 358; lateral, 326, 346; omphalo- mesenteric, 323, 347, 348; ova- rian, 346; portal, 323, 327; post cava, 342, 344, 345, 349; posterior cardinal, 321, 326, 343, 344, 345, 349, 358; pulmocutaneous, 354; renal, 345; renales advehentes, 324, 327; renales revehentes, 324, ^\ renal portal, 324, 327, 341; spermatic, 346; subclavian, 327, 350, 358; subintestinal, 340, 349; subintestinal of Amphioxus, 528; veins — ( Coniinued) umbilical, 322, 346, 347, 348 ; vena anonyma, 350, 352; vena cava anterior, 352; vena cava pos- terior, 342, 344, 345, 349; vitel- line, 320, 340, 347, 353; yolk, 320, 340, 347 velum palati, 271 ventral fins, 164 ventral nerves, 436 ventricle, 324, 353-357 ventricles of brain, 62, 406, 411, 412 Vermes, 258 vertebrae, articulations of, 131 vertebrae, development .of, 124-127 vertebral column, development of, 124-127 vertebral column of birds, 132 vetebral column, regional differen- tiation of, 130 vertebral foramina, 138 vertebrate history, sketch of, 13-15 vertebrates, phylogenetic tree of, 28 vesicles of brain, 411 vesicula prostatica, 393, 394 vernix caseosa, 95 vibrissse, 472 vidian canal, 450 villi, chorionic, 70, 71 visceral mesoderm, 63, 66 visceral arches, 267 visceral muscles, 190, 192, 193 visceral skeleton, 122, 152-162 visceral skeleton, metamorphoses of, 161 vitreous humor, 423, 498, 501 vomero-nasal cartilage, 483 vomero-nasal organ, 483 voluntary muscle, 65, 189, 190 W Weber's apparatus, 486 whale, 165, 478, 491, 50s white blood corpuscles, 318, 362 white matter, 428 wish-bone, 141 Wolffian body, 373, 386 Wolffian duct, 64, 374, 375, 387, 392 woodchuck, 297 woodpecker, 283. INDEX 573 X yolk stalk, 69, 70 Xenarthra, 37. Z Y zona radiata, 52 zonary placenta, 72 yolk, 52, 53, 69, 73 zygapophyses, 508 yolk sac, 69, 70, 319 zygote, 7, 48, 58. american Science Series The two principal objects of the series are to supply author- itative books whose principles are, so far as practicable, illus- trated by American facts, and also to supply the lack that the advance of science perennially creates, of text-books which at least do not contradict the latest generalizations. Physics. By A. I,. KiMBAi^L, Professor in Amherst College. {In preparation,) Physics. By Gborgb p. Barkbr. x+902 pp. $3.50. Chemistry. By Ira Rbmsbn, President of the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, Advanced Course, xxii + 853 pp. $3.00. College Chemistry, xx + 689 pp. $2.25. Briefer Course, xxiv + 5 1 6 pp. $1.25. Elementary Course, x + 287 pp. 80 cents. Astronomy. By Simon Nbwcomb and Edward S. Holdbn. Advanced Cotu-se. xii + 512 pp. $2.00. Briefer Course. X4-366 pp. ii.20. Elementary Course, xv-f 446 pp. $1.20. Geology. By Thomas C. Chambbrlin and Rollin D. Salisbury, Professors in the University of Chicago. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. L Geological Processes and their Results, xix +654 pp. $4.00. Vols. II and III, Earth History . xxxvii + 1316 pp. {Not sold separately.) $8.00. Physiography. By RoixiN D. Salisbury, Professor in Chicago Univer- sity. Advanced Course, xx + 770 pp. $3. 5a Briefer Course, viii + 531 pp. $1.50. General Biology. By WiLUAM T. Se::gwick, Professor in the Mass. Insti- tute, and Edmund B. WiirSON, Professor in Columbia University, xii + 231 pp. $1.75. Botany. By Chari^bs E. Brssby, Professor in the University of Nebraska. Advanced Course. x+6ii pp. $2.20. Briefer Course, vii + 356 pp. $1. 1 2. Zoology. By A. S. Packard. Advanced Course, viii + 722 pp. $2.50. Briefer Course, viii + 338 pp. $1.12. Elementary Course, viii + 290 pp. 80 cents. The Human Body. By H. Newsll Martin. Advanced Coiwse. xvi+685 pp. $2.50. Briefer Course, xiv + 408 pp. $1.25. Elementary Course, vi + 261 pp. 80 cents. Psychology. By William Jambs, Professoi in Harvard University, Advanced Course. 2 volumes. $5.00. Briefer Coiwse. xiii+478 pp. $1.60. Ethics. By John Dbwby, Irofessor in Columbia University, and Jambs H. Tufts, Professor in the University of Ctucaga (/n press,) PoUtical Economy. By Francis A. Walker. Advanced Course, viii + 537 pp. $2.00. Briefer Course, viii 4-415 pp. $1.20. Elementary Course, x + 323 pp. $1.00. Finance. By Hbnry C. Adams, Professor in the University of Mich- igan. xiv + 573 pp. $3.00. HENRY HOLT & CO, iJ,^4?i5£i 5f^!«5£S THE AMERICAN NATURE SERIES In the hope of doing something toward furnishing a series where the nature-lover can surely find a readable book of high authority, the publishers of the American Science Series have begun the publi- cation of the American Nature Series. It is the intention that in its own way, the new series shall stand on a par witl\ its famous prede« cessor. The primary object of the new series is to answer questions which the contemplation of Nature is constantly arousing in the mind of the unscientific intelligent person. But a collateral object will be to give some intelligent notion of the **causes of things.** While the cooperation of foreign scholars will not be declined, the books will be under the guarantee of American experts, and gen- erally from the American point of view; and where material crowds space, preference will be given to American facts over others of not more than equal interest. The series will be in six divisions : I. NATURAL HISTORY TJus division will consist qfttvo sections. Section A. A large popular Natural History in several vol- umes, with the topics treated in due proportion, by authors of un- questioned authority. 8vo, 7^x10} in. The books so far publisht in this section are: FISHERS, by David Starr Jordan, President of the Leland Stanford Junior ITniversity. $6.00 net; carriage extra. AMERICAN INSECTS, by Vernon L. Keixooo, Profpssor in the Leland Stanford Junior University. $5.00 net; carriage extra. BIRDS OF THE WORLD. A popular account by Frank H. Knowlton, M.S., Ph.D., Member American Ornithologists Union, President Biological Society of Washington, etc., etc., with Chapter on Anatomy of Birds by Frederic A. Litcas, Chief Curator Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences, and edited by Robert Ridoway, Curator of Birds, U. S. National Museum. $7.00 net; carriage extra. Arranged for are: SEEDLESS PLANTS, by George T. Moore, Head of Department of Botany, Marine Biological Laboratory, assisted by other spe- cialists. WILD MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA, by C. Hart Mer- RiAM, Chief of the United States Biological Survey. AMERICAN NATURE SERIES (Continued) REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS, by Leokhard Stejweobr, Curator of Reptiles, U. S. National Museum. Sectioii B. A Shorter Natural HUtory, mainly by the Authors of Section A, preserving its popular character, its proportional treat- ment, and its authority so far as that can be preserved without its fullness. Size not yet determined. II. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURE 1. Library Series, very full descriptions. 8vo. 7^x1 Oj in. Already publisht: NORTH AMERICAN TREES, by N. L. BarrroK, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. $7.00 net; carriage extra. FERNS, by Campbell E. Waters, of Johns Hopkins University, 8vo, pp. xi+362. $3.00 net; by mail, $3.80. 2. PocVet Series, Identificatioii Books — *' How to Know,** brief and in portable shape. III. FUNCTIONS OF NATURE These books will treat of the relation of facts to causes and effects — of heredity and the relations of organism to environment. 8vo. 61x8} in. Already publUhl: THE BIRD : ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by C. W. Beebe, Curator of Birds in the New York Zoological Park. Svo, 496 pp. $3.50 net; by mail, $3.80. Arrangedjbr: THE INSECT : ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by Verkok L. Kellooo, Professor in the Leland Stanford Junior University. THE FISH : ITS FORM AND FUNCTION, by H. M.Smith, of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. IV. WORKING WITH NATURE How to propagate, develop, care for and depict the plants and animals. The volumes in this group cover such a range of subjects that it is impracticable to make them of uniform sise. Already publisht: NATURE AND HEALTH, by Edward Curtis, Professor Emeritus in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 12mo. $1.95 net; by mail, $1.37. 2 AMERICAN NATURE SERIES (Cimtinued) THE FRESHWATER AQUARIUM AND ITS INHABITANTS. A Guide for the Amateur Aquarist, by Otto Eooeuno and Frederick Ehrekbero. Large 12mo. $2.00 net; by mail, $2.19. THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER, by Chables H. Sternbebg. Large 18mo. $1.60 net; by mail, $1,719. Arranged for: PHOTOGRAPHING NATURE, by E. R. Sakborn, Photographer of the New York Zoological Park. THE SHELLFISH INDUSTRIES, by James L. Keixooo, Profes- sor in Williams CoUege. CHEMISTRY OF DAILY LIFE, by Hekrt P. Talbot, Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DOMESTIC ANIMALS, by Wiluam H. Brewer, Professor Emeritus in Yale University. THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK, by B. E. Fernow, Professor of Forestry, University of Toronto. V. DIVERSIONS FROM NATURE This division will include a wide range of writings not rigidly ■ystematic or formal, but written only by authorities of standing. Large 12mo. 5^x8} in. Already pubUsht: INSECT STORIES, by Vernok L. Kellooo. $1 50 net: by mail, $1.62. FISH STORIES, by Charles F. Holder and Da\id Starr Jordan. Large 12mo. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.87. Arrangedfir: HORSE TALK, by William H. Brewer. BIRD NOTES, by C. W. Beebe. VI. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE A Series of volumes by President Jordan, of Stanford Univer- sity, and Professors Brooks of Johns Hopkins, Lull of Yale, Thom- soy of Aberdeen, Przibram of Austria, zur Strassek of Germany, and others. Edited by Professor Kellooo of Leland Stanford. 1 8mo. 6ix7i m. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY, New York JUVB,*09. UNIV. OF fiKMn. m 8 i>to I UNIVERSITY OF MICHIQAN 3901506025 3303 Musejimt. 