None
Cement, tests, soimdneas, ftooelaniitad tests of, 65 specific gravity, 60 strength, 71, 124 age when tested, 79 data on, 81, 82, 111, 123, US form of briquette, 76 ¥nnght,60 testing, impoitanMOl^ 66 methods of, 69 time of set, 70 weight, 57, 60 Center of gravity of tnpeMl^ toind* 465 Chariey Creek arch, Tift Chisd, pitching, 271 splitting, 272 tooth, 272 Coefficient, cohesion of earth, 405 elasticity, concrete, 206, 242 stone, 14 expansion of concrete, 256 friction, earth, 405, 498, 409 foundation, 426, 442 masonry, 464 Coffer-dam, 9ee Foundation, coffer-dam. Colunms, concrete, cement, effect of, 244 eccentric loads, 243 factor of safety, 249 plain, strength of, 244 reinforced, 243 circumferentially, 246 longitudinally, 245 strength of concrete, 248 plain, 244 reinforced, 243 empirical formula for, 248 strength, 243 Compressed air, ph3r8iological effect, 445 foundations, see Foundations, pneu- matic. Concrete, aggregate, defined, 133 alkali, effect of, 193 alimi and soap waterproofing, 186 amount of water required, 169 beams, plain, 223 reinforced, 224 T-beam, 228 bitimiinouB shield, 190 bond with steel, 229 bonding old to new, 173 broken-stone vs. gravel, 134 building-blockK, see Building-block, cement vh. strength, 139 cinder, 136, 201 coefficient of elasticity, 206, 242 of expansion, 255 oolumns, eccentric loads, 243 cement, effect of, 244 empirical formulas for, 248 OOH Concrete, columns, reinforoenieiit, 244 circiunferential, 246 longitudinal, 245 strength of, 243 consistency, 166 contraction and expansion, 264 joints, 190, 256 cost, 207, 258, 260, 532, 533, 550, 560. 562, 591, 502, 503, 603, 605 arch culverts, 214 buildings, 258, 260 examples of, 212, 258 forms, 209, 258, 591, 502, 603, 603, 605 foundation, 213, 258, 416 iahor, 215, 258, 416, .532, 533, 550. 560, 562, 502, 503, 603, 605 materials, 208, 258, 416, 532, 533, 550 560, 562, 592, 503, 603, 605 mixing, hand, 210, 216 maehine, 211 placing, 215 retaining wall, 213 sea wall, 212 defined, 132 depositing under water, 174 density, 137 vs. strength, 139 diagonal tension, 238 dry. V8. wet, 167 economic, 215 efflorescence, 192 elastic limit, 206, 242 elasticity, modulus of, 206 estimates, data for, 157 expansion and contraotion, 254 joint, 190, 256 fiodsh of surface, 177 forms, 159, 250 bracing, 160 cleaning, 165 construction, ordinary, 160, 260, 627, 529, 530, 531 improved, 163, 251 column, 250, 258 cost of, 166, 209, 258, 416, 501 floor, 251, 258 girder, 251 plank, 162 removing, 163, 254 sectional, 163 time to remove, 166, 264 Fuller's rule for amount of ixisradi- wits, 158 ingredients for a yard, 167 Fuller's rule, 158 lajring, 172 in freezing weather, 176 rubble concrete. 178 Index. 737 OOH Concrete, machine mixers, 171 mixing, 169 modulus of elasticity, 206, 242 oil, effect of, 194 placing, 172 f reeling weather, 175 proportioning, methods of, 142 arbitrary assignment, 142 sieve-analysis, 147 trial, 146 voids, 143 units used, 154 i proportions, theory of, 138 used in practice, 156 reinforced, advantages of, 219 amount of steel, 235 beam for compression, 229 beam, economic, 242 formulas, 224 bibliography, 261 bond, 229 stress, 240 compressive stress, 241 cost, 258, 260 steel, handling, 260 definition, 218 diagonal tension, 233 fireproofing, 242 forms, 250; see also Concrete, forms, formulas for safe strength, 225 history, 218 objections to, 220 placing, 253 removing forms, 168, 254 separately moulded members, 256 shear, 231, 241 T-beams, 228 tension in steel, 240 theory of flexure, 221 reinforcing to prevent contraction craclu, 255 reinforcement, 234 I kinds of, 236 web, 237 rubble, 173, 292 sea water, effect of, 193 shear, vertical, 231 shearing strength, 205 shrinkage in setting, 190, 256 qsecifications, 726 strength, 194 age, effect of, 199 cement, effect of, 139 f cinder, 201 compressive, 195 Dow's experiments, 195 Kimball's experiments, 197 other experiments, 198 Rafter's experiments, 196 OOV-OUL Concrete, strength, concentrated load, 200 different proportions, 198 plain beam, 223 safe, 200 shearing, 205 tensile, 202 transverse, 203, 204 surface, finish of, 177 acid, 181 colored, 181 honeycombed, 180 mortar, 178 plaster, 179 rubbed, 180 scrubbed, 180 spaded, 178 tooled, 181 whitewashed, 179 theory of proportions, 138 units in proportioning, 154 water required, 169 waterproofing, 181 ingredients, 184 alum and soap, 186 day, 185 lime, 185 lime and soap, 187 posxolan cement, 185 methods of, 183 bituminous shield, 190 dense concrete, 183 waterproof coatings, 188 waterproof ingredients, 184 wdght, 207 Concrete and piles for foundations, 365 Contraction joints, 190, 256 Cooper's standard, abutment, 539 bridge pier, 557 Coping, 279, 312 Cost, see the article in question. Coulomb's theory of earth pressure, 493 Corrugated bar, 236 erasing crack, see Hair cracks. Cramps, 279 CrandaU, 271 Crib for coffer-dam, 418 Culverts, arch, concrete, cost of, 603 design, 594 junction body and wings, 594 examples, 596 C.C.AO. Ry.,597 C. M. A St. P. Ry., 599 Erie R.R., 597 Illinois Central R.R., 596, 600 L. a A M. S. R.R., 601 N.Y. Central R.R., 596 Pennsylvania Lines, 596 Porto Rico, 598 plain concrete, examples, 596 738 Index. OUL-DAM DAM -EAR Culverts, arch, reinforced, examples, 599 theory, 693 Shoshone, 481 box, cost, 692 Wachusetts, 481 defined, 579 failure, methods of, 450 rail-top, 590 gravity, 468; see also Dam, curved cost, 593 gravity above. reinforced concrete, 680 hoUow vs. 8oUd, 487 examples, 585-91 ice, effect of, 477 definition, 564 masonry, 468 design, 569, 694 ■ nomenclature, 469 pipe, 671 overfaU, 486 cast-iron, 574 overturning, stability for, 463 concrete, 677 algebraic solution, 463 plain, 578 graphical solution, 466 reinforced, 578 pUn,482 vitrifietl-pipe, 571 arched vs. gravity, 483 strength, 578 curved gravity, 486 waterway re<]uired, 564 straight cress vs. straight t«>e, 482 factors, 664 percolating water, effect of, 469 formulas for, 566 pressure, allowable, 476 Myer's, 667 profile, 478 Talbot's, 667 Cain's, 479 Cimimings loop bars, 238 examples, 480, 481, 484, 487, 488 Gushing pile foundations, 403 method of finding, 478 Cut-stone, 276 quality of masonry, 487 bush-hanmiered, 277 sliding, stabiUty against, 460 crandalled, 277 solid V8. hollow, 487 diamond-panel, 278 stability, crushing, 470 drafted, 276 overturning, 463 fine-pointed, 277 sHding, 460 pitch-faced, 276 tension in masonry, 474 quarry-faced, 276 waves, effect of, 477 rough-pointed, 276 width on top, 478 rubbed, 278 wmd, effect of, 476 tooth-axed, 277 Danville arch, 718 Deformed bars, 236 Dam, arched, 468 Detroit Ave. arch, 702 examples, 483 Diamond bar, 236 Bear VaUey, 484 Dimension stones, 281 Sweetwater, 484 Dirt waU, see Parapet walL Upper Otay, 484 Disk piles, 371 Zola, 484 Dowel, 279 V8. gravity, 483 Dredges, 414 bibKography, 488 Dredging, 414 Cain's profile, 479 Dredging through wells, 422. classification, 458 Drift bolts. 402 crushing, stability for, 470 limiting pressure, 475 Eads bridge, foundation, 442 maximum pressure, formula for, 473 Earth, angle of friction, 498 tension in, 474 angle of repose, 496, 499 curved gravity, 485 coefficient of cohesion, 495 examples, 480 coefficient of friction, 495, 499 Ashokan, 482 Earth pressure, formulas for, 492 Cheesman, 482 Coulomb's. 493 New Croton, 480 Ponceh-t's, 494 OUve Bridge, 482 Rankine's, 493 Pathfinder, 481 Weyrauch's, 494 Quaker Bridge, 480 rehability of ff)rmulas, 496 Reclamation Service, 480 results of experiment, 500 Index. 739 IFF-fOU florescence, brickwork, 328 concrete, 192 Erie R.R., arch culvert, 597 Elxcavator, compresses-air, 422; 9ee aUo Dredges, and Pumps. £xtrados, defined, 606 Face hammer, 269 Facing, 279 Feather and plug, 272 Fireproofing, 242 Footing, brick, 358 cantilever, 359 concrete, plain, 858 reinforced, 359 eccentric, 358 inverted arch, 361 masonry, 356 steel-beam, 361 stone, 358 timber, 360 Forms, see Concrete, forms. Forth bridge, pneumatic caisson, 444 Foundation, Atachafalaya bridge, 424 bearing power, alluvium, 342 clay, 338 gravel, 342 improving, methods of, 343 quicksand, 342 rock, 336 sand, 339 semi-liquid soil, 340 summary, 342 testing, methods of, 335 bed of, defined, 330 preparing, 364 bridge, Atchafalaya, 424 Blair, 431 brick cylinders, 425 Brooklyn, 440, 443 Eads, 442 Forth, 444 Havre de Grace, 433 Hawkesbury, 425 Memphis, 443 Poughkeepsie, 423 Williamsburg, 440, 447, 450 buildings, area required, 350 bearing power of soil, 335-42 improving, methods of, 843 concrete and piles, 365 consolidating soil, 345 deep, 362 drainage of, 343 npringB, 344 examining the site, 333 footing, 355; see aUo Footing. grillage. 365 hi(U'}>cadcut piers, 352 Foimdations, buildings, load to be sup- ported, 347 pile, see Pile, piles and concrete, 365 piles and grillage, 366 preparing the bed, 36i sand piles, 346 sand in layers, 345 springs, 344 wind, effect of, 352 center of base, 350 coffer-dam, 406 conclusion, 416 construction, 406 crib, 410 double, 410 movable, 410 puddle-wall, 408 construction, 406^ puddle, 409 thickness, 409 steel-pile, 408 wood-pile, 407 cost, 414 process for foundations, 406 leakage, 411 piunps, 412; see alto Pumps, cotnparison of methods, 456 compressed-air process, 429; see also pnemnatic process below. consolidating the soil, 345 crib and open-caisson process, 417 construction, 418 excavating site, 420 principle, 417 deep, 362 concrete piers, 362 hydraulic caisson, 363 piles, 362 definition, 330 designing, 347 drainage, 343 dredging 414 dredging through wells, 422 examples, 423 excavators, 422 frictional resistance, 426 conclusion, 428 cost, 427 dry ground, 333 examining site, 333 boring with auger, 334 drilli^, 334 driving pipe, 333 washing a hole, 334 frictional resistance in sinking, 426. 442 freezing process, 455 advantages, 456 difficulties, 456 740 Index. FOU FOU -H YD Fountlations, freezing pr scess, liktory, Foimdations, pneumatic process, Platte 455 mouth bridge, 440 footing, 9ee Footing. plenimi process, defined, 428 grillage, 365 position of air-lock, 434 importance of, 330 pUe, 429 independent piers, 352 rate of sinking, 440 inverted arch, 361 \iiouum process, described, 428 lateral yielding, 400 woridng time, 446 load on, dead, 347 pump, 412 Uve, 348 centrifugal, 413 ordinary, 333 hand, 412 plan of proposed discusinon, 331 pulsometer, 413 pUe, 345, 365; see aUo Pile. steam syphon, 413 concrete cap, 365, 403 spread footings, 355 distance between piles, 399 inverted arch, 361 finishing, 401 masonry footings, 366 grillage, 401 steel-rail footings, 361 pneumatic, described, 429 timber footings, 360 cost, 448 timber m, 420 sawing off, 400 imder water, 405 pneumatic process, 428 wind, effect on, 352 advantages of, 455 Freezing of mortar, cement, 130 buUdings, 444 lime, 108 caisson, described, 431 Freesing process for foundations, 455 Blair bridge, 431 Freezing weather, laying concrete !a, Havre de Grace bridge, 433 175 caisson disease, 446 laying masonry in, 108, 130 cost, Blwr bridge, 447 Friction, coefficient of, for earth, 495 ,499 European examples, 453 internal, 498, 499 Havre de Grace bridge, 447 for masonry, 464 moderate depth, 447 Frost batter, 516 Plattsmouth bridge, 448 pneumatic piles, 448 Gilbertsville pier, 560 Williamsburg bridge, 447, 450 highway crossing, 600, 602 defined, 428 Grand Forks pivot pier, 562 effect of compressed-air, 445, 446 Granite, described, 29 examples, 442 cost of cutting, 298 Blair, 431, 447 Gravel, 97 Brooklyn, 443 cleanness, 97 Eads, 442 data on, 99 Forth, 444 durability, 97 Havre de Grace, 433, 447 requisites for good, 97 Memphis, 443 size, 97 Plattsmouth, 440, 448 voids, 97, 99 excavation, 436 Grout, 118 clay hoist, 439 wash for waterproofing; 180 Eads pump, 437 Moron air-lock, 439 Hair cracks in concrete, 178 mud pmnp, 437 Hammer; bush, 270 sand lift, 436 face, 269 water colimin, 439 hand, 271 filling air-chamber, 442 patent, 271 frictional resistance, 442 Haunch of arch, defined, 607 guiding caisson, 441 Havre de Grace bridge, foundation 433. lustory, 429 447 '^ Havre de Grace bridge, 447 Hawkesbury bridge, foundation, 425 maximum depth, 440 Hudson memorial arch, 720 physiological effect of compressed Hytlraulic cement, see Cement. air, 445, 446 lime, see Lime. Index. 741 lOB-MAS Ice, effect on dam, 477 pier, 552, Illinois Central R.R., abutment, 548 arch, Big Muddy, 704 culvert, arch, 598, 600 box, reinforced concrete, 588 pier, Cairo, 558, 548 Gilbertsville, 560 retaining wall, 526 forms for, 529 Intrados, defined, 607 Inverted arch, 361 Jet pile-driver, 381 vs. hammer pile-driver, 383 Joint of rupture, method of finding, 625 correct, 623 incorrect, 626 Pitit's theory of, 627 Kahn bar, 238 K.- C, M. & O. R.R., culvert, box, 585 pier, 559 L. S. A M. S. Ry., culvert, arch, 601 box, 585 Lateral yielding, 400 Lehigh Valley R.R., bridge abutment, 539 Lime, classification of, 49 cement with, 128 cost, 53 data for estimates, 53, 108 description, 50 hydrated, 52 hydraulic, 53 mortar, 104, see also Mortar. preserving, 52 slacking, 104 storing, 52 tensile strength, 51, 122 testing, method of, 52 weight, 53 Limestone, described, 30 Map lines, see Hair cracks. Marble, described, 30 Masonry, ashlar, 283; see also Ashlar, brick, coping, 312 bond, 308 cost, 324 labor, 324 materials, 326 crushing strength, 314 data for estimates, 323 efflorescence, 328 impervious to water, 327 joints, finishing, 311 thickness of, 307 MAS -MEL Masonry, brick, laying, 309 improvements in, 313 measurement, 322 mortar, 306 pointing, 311 pressure allowed, 319 shove joint, 311 specifications for buildings, 326 sewers, 327 slushing the joints, 310 strength, compressive, 314 transverse, 320 veneer, 309 waterproof, 327 coefficient of expansion of concrete, 255, 692 cost, bibliography, 305 cutting, granite, 298 limestone, 300, 301 sandstone, 300, 303 U. S. public buildings, 301 labor, brick, 324 stone, 297, 303 laying, 301, 303, 304 quarrying, 304 total, 301, 303 ashlar, 302 brick, 326 rubble, 302 U. S. public buildings, SWS definition, 1 footings, 356 general rules for laying, 282 measurement, brick, 322 stone, 296 mortar required per yard, 121 paving, 282 rubble, 289; see also Rubble, slope wall, 282 squared-stone, 288; see also Squared- stone masonr>\ stone, ashlar, 238; see also Ashlar, classification of, 279 cost, 297 crushing strengtli^ 2i>3 definitions of kimis^ 270 dry, 282 kinds of, 279 laying, general ritlt^ for^ 2S2 measurement, 2ftiJ mortar required [ht y&rtJ, !Ht, 121 pressure alloweil. 2tH nibble, 289; str tdan Rubbli*. safe pressure, 20ft squared-stone, 2S8 ; «w aUo Squared* stone masonr\% strength, 293 weight, 348 Melan arch defined, 711 i 742 Index. MOR-PBH Mortar, amount to fill voids in stone, 144 amount for various kinds of masonry, 121 absorptive power, 21 adhesive strength, 124 cement, data for estimates, 118, 120, 121 density, 106 v». strength, 112 cost, 126 estimates, data for, 118, 120, 121 freesing, effect of, 130 lime in, 128 mixing, 116 cement, nonnal consistency, 72, 75 proportioning, methods of, 114 proportions, theory of, 110 used in practice, 116 quantities in a 3rard, 1 19, 120 re-tempering, effect of, 128 strength of, 121 adhesive, 124 cement, effect of. 111 compressive, 124 density, effect of, 112 tensile, 121 age, effect of, 122 sand, effect of, 123 time, effect of, 122 theory of proportions, 1 10 freesing, to prev«it, 130 time, cement in, 128 estimates, data for, 108 freezing, effect of, 108 mixing, 107 proportions, 106 strength, 51, 122 uses of, 107 quantity for a yard of masonry, 121 waterproof, 129 &lud-pump, 437 New York Central R.R., abutment, 547 U-abutment, 547 wing abutment, 539 culvert, arch, 596 pipe, cast-iron, 576 \'itrified, 573 pier, 557 retaining wall, 526 forms for, 527 Northern Pacific R.R., pivot pier, 562 Oil, effect on concrete, 194 0|>en joints in an arch, 613 Parapet wall, 539 Patent hammer, 271 Paving, stone, 282 Pennsylvania Lines, culvert, 596 PBH-pn. Pennsylvania, R.R.. arch, 666 Pennypacker arch, 704 Peru arch, 717 Physiological effect of compresaed-fur, 44f Pier, bridge, abutment-pier, 550 examples, plain concrete, 557 A., T. & S.-F. R.R., 550 Cairo, 548,558 Cooper's highway, 657 K.-C., M. Jc O. R.R., 559 N. Y. Central R.R., 557 Santa F^, R.R., 559 reinforced, 560 functions of a, 551 hoiisontal section, 556 kx^ktion, 551 pivot, 562 reinforced, 560 QUbertsville, 560 stability, theory of, 552 longitudinal, 552 current, dBTect of, 552 ice, effect of, 662 wind, effect oF, 552 transverse, 664 expansion of bridge, 555 motion of train, 664 wind, 666 Pile, bearing, d^ned, 367 bearing power of, 387 actual, 396 columnar, 388 computed, 393, 394 disk, 398 experimentally determined, 396 factor of safe^, 398 formula for, 389, 392, 394 safe, 398 screw, 398 wood, experiments on, 394, 396 formula for, 392 frictional resistance of, 398 load, safe, 398 ultimate, 396 concrete, 371 cap, 403 cost, 373 Chenoweth, 372 Gow. 373 Raymond, 372 Simplex, 372 vs. wood, 373 cost of driving, see driving Mow. Cushing, 403 definitions, 367 disk, 371 bearing power, 398 tlriA-ing, brooming, effect of, 390 cost of, 383 Index. 743 PIL-POI POR-BIT Pile, driving, cost of, bridge construction. Porto Rico, arch culvert, 598 386, 548, 549 Poughkeepsie bridge, foundation, 423 bridge repairs, 384 Poszolan cement, 56 foundations, 386, 533 Puddle, material for, 409 harbor work, 386 Pulsometer, 413 railroad construction, 383 Pump, 412, sheet, 387 centrifugal, 413 steel, 387 hand, 412 drop-hammer, 377 mud, 437 pulsometer, 413 steam-hammer, 379, 380 sand, 436 water-jet, 381, 383 steam siphon, 413 foundation, «ee Foundation, pile. lateral yielding, 400 Quarrying, 297, 302, 304 pnoimiatic, 429 Quoin, defined, 279 sand, 346 sawing off, 400 Rankine's, arch, theory of, 640 screw, 370 earth pressure, theory of, 493, 604 beajing power of, 398 Ransome stone, 268 sheet, 374 Reinforcement, amount of steel, 235 cost of driving, 387 for concrete, 234 steel, 375 placing, method of, 253 Wakefield, 374 cost of, 260 wood, 374 various kinds of, 236, 338 shoe, 368 Relieving arches, 515 steel, described, 375 Retaining wall, back-filling, method of cost of driving, 387 placing, 514 Wakefield, 374 cost, plain-concrete, 532 wood, 367 reinforced-concretc, 533 cost, 369 Coulomb's theory of, 493 hood, 368 design of a reinforced, 517 shoe, 368 cantilever, 517 splicing, 368 oounterforted, 523 Pile-driving machine, 377 definitions, 489 drop-hammer, 377 difliculties in determining stability, 490 friction-clutch, 378 dimensions, empirical rules for, 507 nipper, 378 drainage, 513 steam va. drop-hammer, 380 empirical rules for, 507 dynamite, 381 examples, plain-concrete, Chicago & friction clutch, 378 Northwestern R.R., 527 Illinois Central R.R., 526 jet of water, 381 N. Y. Central R.R.. 526 nipper, 378 reinforced concrete, C. B. A Q. R.R, steam-hanuner, 379 529 water-jet, 381 Corrugated Bar Co., 530 Pitching chisel, 271 Pittsburg, 530 Pivot pier, 562 factor of Lafety, 509 Plattsmouth bridge, foundation, 415, 440, foundation, 511 448 land Ues, 489, 515 Plug and feather, 272 pressure of earth, 491 Pneumatic foundation, see Foundation, amount of, 491 pneumatic. direction of, 494 Point, 271 point of application of, 494 Pointmg, brick masonry, 311 Rankine's theory of, 493, 504 stone masonry, 286, 288 reliabiUty of theories of, 496, 605 dash pointing, 288 point of application, 499 ribbon pointing, 288 direction of resultant, 505 Point Pleasant bridge, cost of founda- surface of nipture a plane, 497 tions, 415 reUeving arches, 515 744 Index. BIT-8PE Retaining wall, stability, difficulties in theory of, 490 of concrete, 510 thickness, empirical rules for, 507 Benj. Baker's, 508 Fanshawe's, 507 Trautwine's, 508 vertical cross section of, 516 Weyrauch's theory, 494 Riprap, 282 Rock, compressive strength of bed-rock, 337 Rubble, 281, 289 concrete, 292 definition, 281 laying, 282, 290 mortar, amount required, 291 specifications, 292, 731 uses, 291 Sand, amount per yard of mortar, 120 bearing power, 339 clay, effect of, 87 cleanness, 86 cost, 96 data on, 93 durability, 85 fineness, 88 requisites of good, 85 selecting, 95 sharpness, 86 stone screenings, 94 voids, 91 washing, 88 weight, 96 Sand-lift, 436 Sand-pump, 437 Sandstone, 31 Schefller*s theory of voussoir arch, 63V Screenings, stone, substitute for sand, 94 Screw-piles, described, 370 Seasoning of stone, 17 Sibley bridge, guiding the caisson, 441 Sieve-analyws, defined, 147 Skew arch, defined, 608 Slab reinforcement, 239 Slope-wall masonry, 282 Soap and alum waterproofing, 186, 327 Soap and lime waterproofing, 187 Soil, bearing power of, 335; see also FoundatioHH, bearing power. Sorel stone, 268 Spandrel, definition of, 607 filling, for arches, o60 Specifications, ashlar, 730 brick masonry, buildings, 326 sewers, 327 cement, 723 concrete, 726 8PB — 8TD Specifications, masonry, 729 ashlar, 730 rubble, 292, 731 squared-stone, 288 Splicing reinforcing bars, 253 Squared-stone masonry, 281, 288 backing, 288 definition, 281 laying, 282 mortar, amount required, 289 pointing, 288 specifications, 288 Steam siphon, 413 Steel reinforcement, cost of h&ndlinf^ 2^ Stirrups, rule for, 237 Stone, absorptive pwwer, 21 artificial, 267 Ransome, 268 Sorel, 268 bibliography, 26 broken, see Broken-Stone, building, importance of durabilitr.^ requisites for good, 3 tests of, 5 cost, 103, 298 classification, 27 crushing strength, data on, 11 metliods of determining 7 slabs, 12 cut, bush-hammered, 277 crandalled, 277 diamond-panel, 278 drafted, 276 fine-pointed, 277 pitch-faced, 276 quarry-faced, 276 rough-pointed, 276 rubbed, 278 tooth-axed, 277 description, artificial, 268 granite, 29 limestone, 30 marble, 30 sandstone, 31 trap, 29 durabihty, destructive agents, IS resisting agents, 17 testing, 19 elasticity, 14 granite, description of, 29 hardness, 7 limestone, description of, 30 marble, description of, 30 masonry, see Masonry, stone. preserving, methods of, 25 price of, 103, 298 sandstone, description of» 31 screenings, substitute for sand, 94 shearing strength, 14 Index. 745 8T0-WAK tone, specific gravity, 101 stren^h, 11 crushing, 11 transverse, 12 toughness, 7 trap, 29 -weight, 6 tone-cutting, finishing surface, 275 forming surface, 273 flushed joint, 284 making drawings, 275 tools, 260 ^hacher S3rstem of arch reinforcement, 712 i'imber in foundations, 420 ^ools, stone-cutting, 260 ^ooth-ax, 270 Trap, 29 Tr^mie, 174 Twisted bar for reinforcement, 236 Jnion Pacific arch, reinforced concrete, 712 Unit girder frame, 238 Nitrified culvert pipe, 574 i^oussoir, definition of, 607 Wabash R.R., abutment, reinforced con- crete, 642 Wakefield sheet-pile, 374 WAL-ZOL Wall, definitions of parts of, 279 retaining, 9ee Retaining-Wall. Water-jet pile-driver, 381 Waterway for culverts, 564 factors, 564 formulas, 566 Myer's, 567 Talbot's, 567 Weep holes, 513 Wejrrauch's theory of earth pressure, 404 Weight, buildings, 347 cement, per barrel, 58 per cubic foot, 60 concrete, 207 earth, 405 gravel 03, 90 lime, 53 masonry, 348 pipe, cast-iron, 575 vitrified, 574 sand, 03, 06 stone, 6 broken, 102 ' Whitewash, brickwork, 328 j concrete, 102 Winkler's hypothesis for crown thrust,618 Wunsch arch defined, 711 Yazoo river bridge, guiding the caisson, 442 Zola dam, 484 \ Date Due ^ Demco 38-297 ,li TA 170 BIT A I A0ni4* 3 2044 026 788 612. 