None
gnvphy, 139* Osar, 402 Osborne group, 377 Osmeroides, 356 Osfeolepis, 289, 290* Ostracoderms, 284 Ostracods, fossil, 308 Ostrea, 335, 353, 377*, 384 Otodus, 356 Otters, fossil, 382 Outcrop, 211* Overlap, 203, 204* Ovibos, 400 Oxen, fossil, 387 Oxfordian stage, 342, 344 Oxides, 129, 137, 141 Oxidation due to rain, 14 Oxygen, influence of, in Weathering, 14 ; in earth's crust, 129 ; at volcanic vents, 129 ; constant re- moval of, from atmosphere, 130 Oxynoticeras, 342 Oxyrhina, 356 Pachyderms, variety of, at the close of Tertiary time, 367 False aster, 281 Palasasterina, 280*, 281 Palseoblattina, 284 Palseochoma, 281 Palseochorda, 281 Palseocrangon, 308 Palasohatteria, 320 Palaeolithic deposits, 404 Paleeoniscus, 319 Paleeophycus, 281 Paleeopteris, 288* False -otherium, 246, 370*, 371, 377 Palaeozoic, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; systems described, 364 ; uniformity of life, 266 Palms, fossil, 351, 368, 369, 381 Paludina, 377 Pandanus, 351, 369 Paniselian, 373 Panop&a, 374, 389* Pantylus, 320 Paradoxidean series, place of, in Geological Record, 257, 274 Paradoxides, 271, 272*, 274 INDEX 447 Parallel Roads or Lake-terraces, 49*, 402 Paroquets, fossil, 376 Past, interpreted by the Present, 5, 1 1 Pearlstone, 180 Pea-stone, 157*, 171 Peat and Peat-bogs, history of, 2, 4, 92 ; solvent action of water from, 27, 28* ; rate of growth of, 93 ; animal remains in, 93, 100 ; anti- septic quality of, 93 ; sometimes formed of sea- weeds, 94 ; varieties of, 174 ; alternation of, with lacustrine deposits, 243; succession of trees in , 411 Pecopteris, 300*, 301, 318, 325 Pecten, 326, 327*. 335, 353, 377, 384, 399*. 400 Pecttmculus, 384 Pegmatite, 179 Pelican, fossil, 376 Pentacrinus, 334* Pentamerus, 282, 283* Pentremites, 307* Perched Blocks, 72*, 164 Peridot, 148 Peridotites, 184 Perisphinctes, 337 Perlidse, fossil, 304 Perlitic, 160, 180 Permian system, place of, in Geo- logical Record, 257 ; account of, 3H Permo-Carboniferous, place of, in Geological Record, 257 Petalodits, 311 Petrifaction, 100, 242 Petrography, 154 Pelrophiloides, 369* Phacops, 281, 293 Phascolotherium, 341* Phasmidas, fossil, 304 Phenocrysts, 159 Phillipsia, 367*, 308 Phlebopteris, 332 Pholidophorus, 327, 337, 338* Phonolite, 182 Phosphates, 152 Phosphorus in earth's crust, 129, 135- 152 Phyllite, 188, 227 Phyllocarid fossils, 272, 281, 283* Phylloceras, 337 Phyllograptus, 278* Pickwell Down group, 295 Picrite, 184 Pig, fossil, 390 Pikermi, deposits of, 392 Pile-dwellings, 410 Pilton group, 295 Pinacoceras, 326 Pinna, 335 Pinus, 351, 369, 390, 411 Pisolite, 170 Pisolitic, denned, 157* Pitchstone, 180 Placenticeras, 358 Placodenns, 284, 289, 291*, 337 Plagiaulax, 341 Plagioclase, 146 Plagioptychus, 353* Plaisancian, 392 Plane, fossil, 350, 369, 387 Planets, origin of the, 253 Planorbis, 377 Planorbis-zone, 336 Plants as materials for geological history, 6 ; conditions for preserva- tion of remains of, 6, 100, 101, 238 ; geological action of, 91 ; durable parts of, 239 Plaster of Paris, 151 Platanus, 387, 388* Platycrinus, 306 Platyschisma, 283 Platysomus, 319* Pleistocene, definition of term, 367 ; formations, place in stratigraphy, 256 ; account of, 394, 395 Plesiosaurs, 246, 328, 338, 356 Pleuracanthus, • 305 , 311* Pleuroloma, 390 Pleurotomaria, 310 Plication of rocks, 214 Plicatula, 335* Pliocene, definition of term, 367 ; formations, place of, in the Geo- logical Record, 257 ; account of, 386 Pliopithec-us, 382 Plum, fossil, 369, 387 Plutonia, 275 Plutonic, definition of, 158 ; rocks, 177 448 INDEX Pocono sandstone, 313 Podozamites, 326 Polypora, 318 Polyzoa, fossil, 308*, 318 Pond-lily, fossil, 390 Pondweeds, fossil, 381 Popanoceras, 319 Poplar, fossil, 350, 369, 381, 387 Populus, 369, 387, 388* Porcellanite, 187 Porcupine, fossil, 393, 401, 404 Porphyrite, 183 Porphyritic, 159, 160* Porphyry, 160 Portage group, place of, in Geological Record, 257, 295 Portlandian, 342 Post-pliocene group of strata, 394 Post- tertiary formations, relative place of, in the Geological Record, 256 ; account of, 394 Potash, carbonate of, in soil, 133 Potash, silicates of, 133 Potassium in earth's crust, 129, 133; in the sea, 133 Potassium-chloride, 133, 330 Potassium-sulphate, 133 Poteriocrinus, 306 Pot-holes, excavation of, 32, 33*, 78 Potsdam series, place of, in Geo- logical Record, 257, 275 Pottsville Conglomerate, 313 Prawns, fossil, 337 Pre-Cambrian, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; formations, 258 ; chiefly found in northern regions, 263 Precipitation of mineral matter, 54, 62, 67 ; rocks formed by, 170 Prehistoric formation, 256 Present a key to the Past, 5, u Pressure, in consolidation of sedi- ment, 207 Prestwichia, 308 Priacodon, 341 Primary, place of, in Geological Record, 257 Primordial, place of, in Geological Record, 257 Pristis, 370 Productus, 293, 308, 309*, 318* Pro taster, 281 Proteaceous plants, fossil, 376, 381 Proterosaurns, 320 Protocystites ', 280 Protriton, 321 Prunus, 369, 387, 390 Psammites de Condroz, 295 Psammodus, 311 Psaronius, 318 Pseudocrinites, 280* Psiloceras, 342 Psilophyton, 288*, 289 Pteraspis, 284, 290 Pterichthys, 290, 291* Pterinea, 294 Pterodactylus, 339 Pterophyllum, 318, 325*, 326, 332 Pteropods, fossil, 310 Pterosaurs, 339*, 356 Pterygotus, 291, 292* Ptychites, 330 Ptychoceras, 354*, 355 Pullastra, 326 Pumice, 180 Pumiceous, 161 Pupa, fossil, 304 Purbeckian, 342, 346, 358 Purpura, 389* Pycnodus, 337 Pygaster, 334 Pyrite, 153, 155*, 156 Pyroxene, 148, 188 ; altered to horn- blende, 190 Pythonomorphs, 357 Quader (Saxony), 360 Quartz, 130, 131*, 138, 140; charac- ters of, 141, 142* ; in veins, 173, 234 ; in igneous rocks, 178 Quartz-diorite, 182 Quartz-gabbro, 183 I Quartz-mica-diorite, 182 I Quartz-norite, 183 Quartz-porphyry, 179 Quartz -schist, 189 ; formed from sandstone, 222 Quartz- veins in granite, 16 Quartzite, 187, 189 Quaternary Formations, 394 Quercus, 350*, 381*, 387 Rabbits, influence of, in the removal of soil, 19, 22, 92 INDEX 449 Radiolaria, secretion of silica by, 94* Radiolites, 353* Rain, destructive effects of, i ; influ- ence of, in weathering, 14; removal of soil by, 1 8, 26, 29 ; chemical action of, 27, 60 ; cements cal- careous detritus into limestone, 95, 96 Rainfall, influence of variations in, on the transporting power of streams, 30 Rain-prints in sedimentary rocks, 196, 198* Rain- wash, 20* Raised Beaches, 123, 402, 403, 409 Rastrites, 278* Ravines, eroded by rivers, 35*, 36*, 37* Recent deposits, 256, 394, 403 Red colour, cause of, in rocks, 132, I43' 3X5 I strata, cause of un- fossiliferous character of, 315, 326 Red Crag, 390 Regional metamorphism, 221 Regular system in crystallography, I39* Reindeer, 394, 400, 408*, 409 Rensseleria, 294 " Reptiles, Age of," 338, 367, 370 Reptiles, fossil, 320, 327, 338, 356 Reqnienia, 353* Resinous lustre, 181 Retinite, 180 Reuss, River, 49 Reversed Faults, 218 Rhastic group, 329, 330 Rhamnus, 387 Rhamphocephalus, 339 Rhamphorhynchus, 339 Rhinoceroses, fossil, 379, 382, 386, 387, 400, 408 Rhizodus, 305, 311* Rhone, filtered by Lake of Geneva, 33 I g°rge °f. 69 ; marine deltas of, 85 ; flow of, affected by earthquakes, 122; traces of ancient, 358; human relics preserved in high terraces of, 404, 405, 409 "Roches moutonn&s," 72*, 78 Rock-crystal, 130, 138 Rock-salt, 152, 171, 172, 315, 321, 322, 324, 329 Rock-shelters, 411 Rocks, definition of, 154 ; bad con- ductors of heat, 105 ; methods of investigating, 154 ; classification of, 163; sedimentary, 163, 192; fragmental or clastic, 164 ; formed from chemical precipitation, 170 ; formed of remains of plants and animals, 173 ; eruptive or igneous, 176, 224; acid, 177, 178; inter- mediate, 177, '181 ; basic, 177, 183 ; metamorphic, 186, 221 ; depth of fossiliferous, 256 Roofing-slate, 187, 216 Rota Ha, 351* Rothliegende, 320, 321 Rothpletz, Dr. , on thrust-planes in the Alps, 221 Rugose corals, 279*, 293*, 306* Rust, cause of, 14, 130 Rutile, 133 Sabal, 351, 369 Sables Moyens, 373 450 INDEX Sacammina, 306 St. Erth Beds, 391 St. Lawrence River, ice of, 69, 70 Sal-ammoniac in volcanic sublimates, 118 Salina group, 286 Salisburia, 369 Salix, 369, 387, 388* Salt-lakes, 54, 173, 315, 324 Salts, 129 Sand, geological history of, 4 ; cal- careous, formed by nullipores, 94, 1 66, 174 ; varieties of, 166 ; ex- tent of deposition of, 201 Sand-dunes, 21, 166 ; neolithic re- mains in, 409 Sandstone, decay of, into soil, 15* ; kinds of, 167 ; indurated, 187, 234 ; changed to quartzite, 189, 234 ; comparatively rapid forma- tion of, 202 ; changed into rnica- schist, 222, 227 Sanidine, 146, 178 Sarmatian stage (Miocene), 384 Sarsaparilla, fossil, 369, 387 Sassafras, 350*, 387 Satellites, origin of, 253 Satin-spar, 151 Saturation, influence of, in weather- ing. 13 Saurians, fossil, 320, 323 Saxicava, 399* Scandinavia, ice-borne stones from, 74 ; glaciation of, 77, 79 ; uprise of, 123 ; pre-Cambrian rocks of, 262 ; glaciation of, 396 Scapheus, 337 Scaphites, 354* Scaphognathus, 339* Scenery, slow changes in, i Schist, 163, 186, 222, 258 Schistose structure, 162'"', 186, 190, 216 Schizodus, 319 Schloenbachia, 354 Schoharie grit, 295 Scolithus, 281 Scoriaceous, 161 Scorpions, fossil, 240, 284, 304* Screes, origin of, 20, 164 Screw- pines, fossil, 351, 369 Sea, destructive and reproductive effects of, 2 ; demolition of land by, 80 ; chemical action of water of, 80 ; force of breakers of, 80 ; erosion only by upper part of, 82 ; rate of erosive action of, 84, 85* ; accumu- lations formed by, 85 ; transport of sediment by, 88 ; slow deposition in abysses of, 88 ; proportion of cal- careous organisms in tropical waters of, 96 ; preservation of animal- remains on floor of, 101, 238 ; evi- dence of the presence of, 4, no, 244 ; volcanic detritus on floor of, 112 ; proportion of carbonate and sulphate of lime in water of, 132 Sea-calf, fossil forms of, 382 Sea-mats, fossil, 308 Sea-serpents, fossil, 357, 370 Sea-shells, geological inference from, 4, no Sea-urchins, fossil, 306, 334, 352* Sea-weeds, accumulations of, 94 ; fossil, 269, 277* Sea- worms, 277, 281* Seals, fossil, 390, 403 Secondary rocks in Geological Record, 257 Secretary-birds, fossil, 376 Section in stratigraphy, 248 Sedgwick on Cambrian system, 267 ; with Murchison named the Devon- ian system, 287 Sediment, slow changes of, 201 Sedimentary, definition of, 156, 163 ; rocks, account of, 163, 192 ; most ancient forms of, 260 Selenite, 151 Semionotus, 327 Senonian stage, 357, 361 Septaria, 156*, 199 Septaria Clay, 379 Sequoia, 351, 369, 387 Sericite (Muscovite mica), 190 Sericite-schist, 190 Series in stratigraphy, 248 Serpentine, 148, 149, 186 ; schistose, 191 Serpentine-schist, 191 Serpula, 281 Shale, 168 ; baked, 187 Sharks, fossil, 310 ; teeth of, in abysmal deposits, 88, 102 INDEX 451 Shearing of rocks, 162, 186, 214, 215, 221 Sheep, fossil, 393 ; domesticated, 409 Sheets, intrusive, 228*; interstratified, 229* Shell-banks, 95* Shell-marl, 4, 53*, 92, 93*, 95, 174 Shells, evidence from, in geological history, 4 Shingle, 165 Shores, proofs of former, 195 Shorthorn, domesticated, 409 Shrews, fossil, 377 Shrimps, fossil, 337 Siclerite, 150, 156*, 173 Sigillaria, 246, 302*, 303 Sigillarioid plants, 303, 317 Silica, or silicic acid in earth's crust, 130, 141 ; soluble form of, 143 ; in springs, 67 ; secreted by plants, 94*, 239, 361 ; secreted by animals 94, 246, 361 : as a petrifying medium, 242 Silicates, solution of, 61 ; in earth's crust, 130, 131, 133, 137, 145, 177 Siliceous pebbles, durability of, 165 Siliceous sinter, 67, 173 Silicification, 242 Silicon in earth's crust, 129, 130 Sills, 228* Silurian, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; origin of name, 267; system, description of, 276 Sinter, calcareous, 65 ; siliceous, 67, 173 Sivatherium, 393 Siwalik group, 393 Slaggy structure, 161 Slate, 187, 216 Smilax, 369, 387 Snails, fossil, 289, 304 Snakes, fossil, 382 Snow, geological action of, 70 Sodium in earth's crust, 129, 133 ; in sea- water, 133 Sodium-carbonate in bitter lakes, 55 Sodium-chloride in salt lakes, 55, 133 ; in the sea, 133, 136 ; as a rock-former, 170 Soil, effects of frost on, 13 ; forma- tion of, 15*, 16*, 18, 20*, 164 ; causes of variation in, 17 ; re- moval of, by rain, wind, and worms, 1 8 ; final transport of, to the sea, 22 Solar system, evolution of, 252 Spa lacotherium , 341 Spar, formation of, 64 Sparodus, 320 Spectre-insects, fossil, 304 Specular iron, 143 Speeton Clay, 358, 359 Sphaerosiderite, 150, 151*, 156*, 173 Sphenopteris, 300*, 301, 318, 325, 332 Spherulites, 160, 161*, 180 Spilosite, 188 Spirifers, 293, 294*, 308, 309*, 318, 335 Spirifer-sandstone, 295 Spondylus, 384 Sponges, fossil, 278, 351* Spotted slate, 188 Springs, mechanical action of, 57 ; chemical action of, 60 ; deposits from, 62 ; calcareous, 63 ; chaly- beate, 67 ; siliceous, 67 ; thermal, 103, 173 ; containing metallic solutions, 321 Spruce, fossil, 390 Squalor aia, 337 Squids, 274 Squirrels, fossil, 371 Stacheoceras, 319 Stage (in stratigraphy), 248 Stagonolepis, 328 Stags, fossil, 386 Stalactite, 63, 64* Stalactitic condition of minerals, 141 Stalagmite, 63 ; preservation of animal -remains in, 65, 100 ; human relics in, 407 Star-fishes, fossil, 271, 280*, 281 Staurolite-slate, 188 Steam in volcanic eruptions, 161 Sfegosaurus, 341 Steneosaurus, 338 Stenopora, 318 Stephanoceras, 337 Stigmaria, 302* j Stoat, fossi', 408 ! Stone-flies, fossil, 304 452 INDEX Stone implements, geological evidence furnished by, 404, 405 Stonesfield Slate, 344 Storm -beaches, 87* Strand-lines, 123, 124* Strata, nomenclature of, 194 ; asso- ciation and alternation of, 199; rela- tive areas of, 200 ; chronological value of, 20 1 ; consolidation of, 207 ; original horizontality of, 209 Stratified, definition of, 158; struc- ture, 45, 163, 193 Stratigraphy, definition of, 9, 195 ; divisions of, 247 Stratum, defined, 194 Strepsodus, 305 Streptorhynchus, 308, 309* Strike of strata, 210*, 211* Strike-joints, 208 Stringocephalus, 294* Strombus, 384, 393 Strophalosia, 318* Strophomena, 282, 293 Sub-Carboniferous, place of, in Geo- logical Record, 257, 313 Sub-group in stratigraphy, 248 Sublimates, volcanic, 118 ; origin of minerals, 140, 143 ; crystalline structure in, 158 Submarine plane of erosion, 84* Submerged forests, 123 Subsidence, produced by earthquakes, 122 ; secular, 123 ; proofs of, 203, 265, 298, 299 Subsoil, origin of, 16, 18, 164 Sub-stage in stratigraphy, 248 Suffolk Crag, 390 Sulphates, 136, 137, 150, 153 Sulphides, 129, 136, 137, 152 ; as petrifying agents, 242, 321 Sulphur in volcanic sublimates, 118 ; in earth's crust, 129, 135, 137, 152 Sulphuric acid, 129, 153 Sumachs, fossil, 381, 387 Sun, history of the, 253 Sun-cracks in sedimentary rocks, 196 Superposition, order of, 3 Switzerland, landslips in, 60 ; glaciers of, 72, 74 Syenite, 181 Syncline, 213 System in stratigraphy, 248 Tabulate corals, 279 Tachylyte, 183 Tseniopteris, 318, 325, 332 Talc, 148 Talc-schist, 190 Talus, origin of, 20* Tapes, 384 Tapir, fossil forms of, 371, 377, 379, 382 ' Taunusian rocks, 295 I Taxodium, 387 Teleosaurus, 338 I Telerpeton, 328* I J^ellina, 384, 390, 399* j Temperature, influence of, in weather- ing, 13, 1 66 Terebratula, 294, 308, 335, 353 Terebratulina, 357 Termidse, fossil, 304 Terminal moraine in United States, 398 Termite, influence of, upon soil, 19 Terrestrial surfaces, evidence of, no Tertiary formation, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; account of. 365 Tesseral system in crystallography, 139* Tetragonal system in crystallography, 139* Texiularia, 351* Thamnastreea, 334 Thanet Sand, 373 Thecosmilia, 334 Throw of a fault, 218, 219* Thrust plane, 220 Till or Boulder-Clay, 396, 403 Tillodonts, 372 Time, popular notions regarding the influence of, n, 12 ; in geology, 201 ; geological names for divisions of, in geological history, 249, 268 Tinoceras, 371 Titanic iron, 133, 144 Titanichthys, 290 Titanium in earth's crust, 129, 133 Titanotherium, 379 Tithonian, 345 Toads, fossil, 382 Toarcian, 342 Tonalite, 182 Tongrian stage, 379 INDEX 453 Topaz, 179 Topographical features due to weathering, 22 Torridonian, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; formation described, 261 Tortoises, fossil, 356, 370 Toxoceras, 354*. 355 Trachyceras, 326 Trachyte, 182 Trachyte-tuff, 169 Trails of worms, 28 1 Transition rocks, 267 Travertine, formation of, 65, 66*, 101 ; characters of, 171 Trees, evidence from, as to geologi- cal time, 201 Tree-ferns, fossil, 317 Tremadoc group, 274 Trematosaurus, 327 Tremolite, 147, 189 Trenton group, place of, in Geologi- cal Record, 257, 286 Triassic system, place of, in Geologi- cal Record, 257 ; account of, 323 Triclinic system in crystallography, 140 Trigonia, 335*, 353* Trilobites, 246, 271, 272*, 274, 281, 282*, 292*, 293, 307*, 337 Trinucleus, 281, 282* Tripoli-powder, 94, 240 Trochoceras, 285* Trogons, fossil, 376 Trogontherium, 390 Trophon, 389*, 399* Tufa, calcareous, 65, 135, 171, 407 Tuffs, volcanic, in, 169 Tulip-tree, fossil, 387 Tunbridge Wells Sand, 359 Turner, Mr. H. W. , photograph by, 78* Turonian stage, 357, 361 Turrilites, 354*, 355 Turtles, fossil, 338, 356, 370, 382 Twinning of crystals, 146, 152* Typhis, 377 Uinta group, 374 Uintatheriiim, 371"", 372 Ullmannia, 318 Ulmus, 369, 387 Ultra-basic rocks, 184 Uncites, 293, 294* Unconformability, 204* ; examples of, 261, 262 Unio, 377 United .States, sand-wastes of, 22 ; Bad Lands of, 24, 374, 375*; canons of, 36, 37* ; salt lakes of, 55 ; caverns of, 62 ; hot springs of, 67 ; ancient ice-sheets of, 74, 79 ; erosion off coasts of, 82 ; coast- lagoons and bars of, 85, 93 ; man- grove swamps of, 93 ; diatom- earth of, 94 ; extinct volcanoes of, 106, 114 ; volcanic necks in, 116* ; fissure-eruptions of, 120 ; laccolites of, 226 ; volcanic scenery of, 231* ; lacustrine formations of, 243 ; geological record in, 256 ; pre- Cambrian rocks of, 262 ; Cambrian rocks of, 275 ; Silurian rocks of, 276, 285, 286 ; Devonian system in, 287 ; Carboniferous system in, 312 ; Permian system in, 321 ; Trias in, 331 ; Jurassic rocks in, 346 ; Cretaceous system in, 349, 357, 363 ; Eocene of, 368, 374 ; Miocene of, 385 ; Pliocene of. 393 I glaciation of, 394, 397 Unstratified, definition of, 158 Upheaval from earthquakes, 122 ; secular, 123 Uralite, 148 Urgonian, 359 Uriconian, place of, in Geological Record, 257 ; volcanic rocks, 262 Ursus, 408 Urus or wild ox, 409 Utah, Great Salt Lake of, 55 Utica group, place of, in Geological Record, 257, 286 Valenginian, 359 Valleys, excavation of, 24 ; usually independent of faults, 219 Vasculose of plants, 239 Vegetation, influence of, in formation of soil, 16, 18 Veins, igneous, 118, 232 ; mineral, 234 Vein-quartz, 173 Veinstones, 234 454 INDEX Velutina, 390 Ventriculites, 351*, 352 Vents, volcanic, 105, 113 Vermilion Creek group, 374 Vertebrates, earliest known, 266 Vesicular, 160 Vicksburg group, 374 Victoria, fossil, 369 Villafrancian, 392 Vitreous condition of rocks, 140, 159 Vitrophyric condition of igneous rocks, 181 Vivipara, 377* Vogesite, 181 Volcanic, definition of, 158, 177 ; fragmental rocks, 169 ; ash, 169 Volcanoes, effects of, on landscape, 2 ; as evidence of the earth's internal heat, 104 ; structure of, 105 ; denudation of, 106 ; perma- nent records of, 106 ; products of, 107-113 ; submarine, 112 ; illus- tration of the records of ancient, 229, 265, 268, 276, 287, 288, 301, 316, 32!, 325, 331, 347, 362, 363. 376- 377. 386, 393 Valuta, 369*, 377 Voltzia, 325 Wad, 145 Wadhurst clay, 359 Wahsatch group, 374 Walchia, 317*, 318 Walcott, Mr. C. D. "3 WTind River group, 374 Witchita Beds, 322 Wollastonite, 188, 189 Wolves, fossil, 379, 386, 390, 408, 409 Woodocrinus, 307* Woolwich and Reading Beds, 373 Worms, in relation to soil, 16, 19, 92 ; tracks and burrows of, 277, 281* Xenocrysts, 160 Yellow colour, cause of, in rocks, 132, 144 Yellowstone Park, hot springs of, 67 Yew-trees, fossil, 369 Yoldia, 400 Yorktown stage, 386 Ypresian, 373 Zamites, 326, 332 Zanclean, 392 Z.aphrentis, 279, 306* Zechstein, 320, 321 Zeolites, 146 Zinc, sulphide, 235 Zoisite, 189, 191 Zone in stratigraphy, 247 Printed l>y R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, Edinburgh WORKS BY Sir ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S., D.O.L, etc. THE ANCIENT VOLCANOES OF GREAT BRITAIN. With Seven Maps and numerous Illustrations. In Two Vcls. Super royal 8vo. 365. net. THE FOUNDERS OF GEOLOGY. Extra crown 8vo. 6s. net. TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. With Illustrations. Third Edition. Revised and enlarged. Medium 8vo. 28s. CLASS-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. Illustrated with woodcuts. Second Edition. 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