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i v £*'' LIBRARY OF TRE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA f OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THE SPECIALISTS' SERIES. Works in Preparation. LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS AND LIGHTNING GUARDS. By Professor OLIVER J. LODGE, D.Sc., F.R.S., M.Inst.E.E. With numerous Illustrations. [In the press , THE DYNAMO. By C. C. HAWKINS, A.M.Inst.C.E., and J. WALLIS. [Preparing. CABLES AND CABLE LAYING. By STUART A. RUSSELL, A.M.Inst.C.E. [Preparing. COLD PRODUCTION. By H. G. HARRIS, M.Inst.C.B. THE ALKALI MAKERS' HANDBOOK. By Professor Dr. GEORGE LUNGE and Dr. FERDINAND HURTER. Second Edition, revised, and in great part rewritten. [In the press. ARC AND GLOW LAMPS. New and Revised Edition. [Preparing. THE DRAINAGE OF HABITABLE BUILDINGS. By W. LEE BEARDMORE, A.M.Inst.C.E., Member of Council and Hon. Sec. of the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society. [In the press. ALTERNATING CURRENTS OF ELECTRICITY. 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GEOEGE LUNGE, PH.D., *\ Professor of Technical Chemistry, Zurich; FEEDINAND HUETEE, PH.D., Consulting Chemist to the United Alkali Co., Limit SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND THOROUGHLY REVISED. ,> LONDON: WHITTAKER & CO., 2, WHITE HART STREET, PATERNOSTER SQUARE. GEORGE BELL & SONS : YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. T P / 5 t BUTLER & TAXNEE, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FHOME, AND LONDON. PEEFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION, MOST practical chemists and manufacturers have long felt the want of uniformity in analytical methods, tables of specific gravities, etc., employed by buyers and sellers for the valuation of chemicals, and by manufacturers for controlling and superintending their various pro- cesses. Want of uniformity in this respect is constantly leading to disagreements, and prevents exact comparison of results. In order to terminate the confusion, Mr. Stroof, manager of the Griesheim Alkali Works, suggested to the German Society of Alkali Makers that they should have a standard manual published. This suggestion was adopted, a committee of seven, of owners and managers of high reputation, was appointed, and the first of the undersigned was induced to collect and sift the material for such a manual. The first condition imposed upon him was to state only one method for each analytical operation for the preparation of standard solutions and for sampling the materials. Only one method was to be chosen, in order that no discrepancies might arise, which would certainly happen if two or more methods had been introduced. In selecting the one standard method, the first and most important consideration was, that the method should permit a certain indispens- able degree of accuracy. No pains were spared to arrive at a satis- factory result in this respect. Where there was a choice between several equally accurate methods, the one occupying least time and requiring least apparatLis, or one already widely known and employed, was preferred. The author prepared a draft, which, together with various sugges- tions from others, was fully discussed at the several meetings of the committee. These meetings were held at ..intervals of six and twelve months respectively, in order to give the author and his assistants time to carry out experimental researches, to clear up any v I doubtful points. Most of these experiments have been described in a report published partially in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882, pp. 12, 55, and 91. Public criticism was then invited, and several important contributions were thus obtained. "Ultimately, after the complete manuscript had been circulated among the members of the committee, it was agreed to on all points. The methods described in this little work are thus acknowledged by the united voice of the German Alkali and Ammonia manufac- turers as the most suitable, and are not the arbitrary choice of the author. Many of the processes, the description of which frequently only occupies a few lines, are the result of many a month of arduous labour, and of subsequent anxious d'scussion by all concerned. The want of standard table 3 of specific gravities of various solutions, was felt quite as much as the want of standard analytical methods. For some substances such tables had never been constructed, and for very few substances indeed were the data provided to reduce the specific gravity of the solution to a normal temperature. The author and his colleagues have striven to remedy this defect by a careful examination of the ex'sting tables, and by supplying now ones where required. In addition a number of general tables, useful to alkali manufac- turers, have been provided. Every care has bsen taken to ensure the accuracy of these tables, many of them, particularly those referring to atomic weights, percentage composition, and analytical factors, having been entirely recalculated. The German edition, the small compass of which but little betrays the labour expended upon it, was issued with the expectation that it would be accepted as a standard work by all German Alkali manufac- turers, by their customers, and by commercial analysts. This expec- tation has already been realized in a great measure. It has already become customary to make these analytical methods and specific gravity tables binding in all transactions between buyers and sellers, until the progress of science necessitates the substitution of more accurate methods and tables in future editions. From many sides the desire has been expressed that this little work should be made accessible to the English public. For this purpose the co-operation of the second of the undersigned was obtained. To him is due the extensive labour of recalculating all the tables for English weights and measures. In making these calculations every one of the tables was, as far as possible, reconstructed from the original data by graphic interpolation. Errors of computation were avoided as much as possible by the use of Thomas' Arithmometer and Fuller's Calculator ; and the hope is expressed that the tables, based on the English weights and measures, will be found equally reliable as those based on the metric system. The chapters on Deacon's process and on chimney-testing are also due to him, and in general he has adapted the work to suit the wants of English manufacturers. But in no essential particular does this edition deviate from the German, a few additions excepted. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. IN this edition numerous small errors of the first edition, almost unavoidable in such a case, have been corrected, and many minor improvements have been made. Moreover, for reasons explained by one of us in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1890, p. 1013), a considerable number of new methods for analysis have been introduced. The new tables for specific gravities of sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid, and of liquor ammoniae, constructed with extreme care by one of us, with his assistants, have b3en substituted for the tables of Kolb and Carius contained in the first edition. All suggestions for alterations which have reached us since the publication of the first edition have been carefully considered, and have been adopted wherever it was possible and consistent with our endeavour to maintain unchanged the general scope and character of the book. As the size of the page has been somewhat increased, the designa- tion " handbook " has been substituted for " pocketbook" in the title. G. LUNGE. F. HURTEK. ZURICH AND WIDNES, August, 1891. NOTE. ALL temperatures are indicated in degrees centigrade, unless the contrary is expressed. The atomic iveights are stated in table No. 1 in round numbers, and these are made use of in all calculations contained in this book. This has been done because the so-called correct atomic weights are not accepted equally by all chemists, and are subject to alteration by new researches, whilst there is practically no disagreement concerning the rounded-off atomic weights of the more important elements, and these are, at any rate, sufficiently near the truth for all technical purposes. An exception has been made for platinum, for which the figure adopted by all German potash manufacturers and analytical chemists has been retained. We have, however, also added a table giving the values of atomic weights assumed by Ostwald to be the nearest approximations to the truth. CONTENTS. TAGS Preface to First Edition v Preface to Second Edition vii Preliminary Note viii Contents ix GENEEAL TABLES ........... 1 Table 1. — Atomic Weights, Equivalent Weights (in round numbers), and Valency of Elements "... 2 „ IA. — Accurate atomic weights (Ostwald) 3 „ 2. — Symbols, molecular and equivalent weights, and percentage composition of chemical compounds important to the Alkali industry • 4 „ 3.— Factors for calculating gravimetric analyses . . . 12 „ 4.— Solubility of different salts 16 5. — Solubility of different salts at different temperatures . * 17 6.— Solubility of some gases in water 20 7. — Solubility of Ammonia in water by weight . . . .21 8.— Solubility of Chlorine in water — , 9. — Solubility of Hydrogen Chloride in water . ... — 10. — Specific gravities of different solids ..... 22 11. — Weight of substances as stored 24 „ 12. — Specific gravity of different liquids 25 „ 13. — Specific gravity and percentage of saturated solutions . — „ 11. — Specific gravity of gases and vapours 26 „ 15. — Linear expansion of different substances . . . .27 „ 16. — Comparison of different thermometric scales by Centigrade degrees as units 28 „ 16u. — By Fahrenheit degrees as units ' . 29 „ 17.— Conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit degrees above 100, and vice versa, . 30 „ 18. — Fusing points . . .31 „ 19. — Boiling points 32 „ 20. — Reduction of volumes of gases to a temperature of 0° C „ 21. — Reduction of volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. „ 21u. — Factors for reducing a given volume of gas to normal tern perature and pressure 34 40 46 49 50 51 „ 24. — Tension of aqueous vapour in inches of mercury from 1° to 100° Fah 52 „ 2Ju. — Tension of aqueous vapour from 100° to 4-10° Fah. . . 54 „ 25. — Variation of boiling point of water with different baro- metric pressures 55 „ 26.— Specific heats .... 5 ..... 56 ix „ 22.— Volumes of water at different temperatures . .. ,. 22u. — Reduction of water pressure to mercurial pressure. „ 23.— Tensions of aqueous vapour between - 20 and +118° C. „ 23n. — Tensions of aqueous vapour for temperatures above 40° C PAGE Table 27. — Mathematical tables (circumference and area of circles, squares, cubes, square and cube roots) .... 57 „ 28. — Formulae for mensuration of areas and solid contents . . 71 „ 29.— Weights and measures of different countries . .73 „ 30. — Tables for reducing English to metrical weights and mea- sures, and vice versa 7G „ 31.— Weight of sheet metals 80 „ 32. — Coinage of different countries „ 33. — Air-compression 82 SPECIAL PART S3 1. FUEL AND FURNACES . 85 A. Fuel (Moisture, fixed carbon, ash) - B. Furnaces 86 1. Chimney gases — 2. Gas from Producers • 3. Speed of draught 87 C. Temperature (Pyrometers) 90 2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE ........ 91 A. Brimstone , B. Spent oxide of gas works 92 C. Pyrites. Moisture. Sulphur 93 Copper. Zinc 94 Carbonic Acid 95 D. Burnt Pyrites. Sulphur. Copper ,96 E. Gases. Burner gases. Chamber exit gases. Sulphur and Nitrogen Acids. Rules of Alkali Makers' Association . . .97 Nitric Oxide 99 F. SuJpJmric Acid 100 1. Specific gravity of Sulphuric Acid at 60° F. 2. Specific gravity of highly concentrated Sulphuric Acid . . 103 3. Specific gravities and percentage of fuming (Nordhausen) Oil of Vitriol at different temperatures 101 4. Table for reducing the specific gravities of Sulphuric Acid to any other temperature . . 105 5. Freezing and melting points of Sulphuric Acid . . . 107 6. Boiling points of Sulphuric Acid 108 7. Percentage of S03 in Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol . . . 109 7A. Quantitative estimation of free Sulphuric Acid . . . 110 8. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other substances . . — (a) Nitrous Acid — (6) Total Nitrogen acids. Nitrometer Ill Gas-Volumeter . . . 113 Quantitative test for Nitrogen acids 114 (c) Lead - (d) Iron . . . .. 9. Analysis of fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen Acid, An- hydride) 115 3. SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID 116 A. Salt (Common Salt, Bock-salt) — Moisture, Insoluble, Chlorine — Lime , 117 B. Saltcake. Free Acid, NaCl, Iron, Residue, Lime, Magnesia. — Alumina, Sodium Sulphate 118 si PVftK C. Chimney-testing 118 Act of Parliament, Hydrochloric Acid — D. Hydrochloric Acid 120 1. Specific gravities at 15° C — 2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity .... 121 3. Analysis : HC1, Sulphuric Acid, Iron 122 4. BLEACHING POWDER AND CHLORATE OF POTASH. ,. — • A. Natural Manganese Ore — 1. Manganese Dioxide — 2. Carbon Dioxide. 123 3. Hydrochloric Acid required for decomposing. — B. Recovered Manganese Mud and Weldon Liquors ,. — 1. MnO., — 2. Total Manganese — 3. Base 124 C. Limestone : Insoluble, Lime — Magnesia, Iron 125 D. Quicklime : Free CaO, CO, ....,...— DA. Slaked Lime. '. — Table showing amount of Lime in milk of lime. — E. Bleaching powder. Available chlorine. "*• •. 126 Comparison of percentage with French degrees. — F. Deacon process: HC1, free Cl 126 G. Chlorate of Potash : Chlorate, Chloride 127 Commercial Chlorate 128 5. SODA-ASH MANUFACTURE — A. Raw Materials : Saltcake, Limestone, Coal (Sulphur). — B. Black Ash. — I. Tests made with the muddy mixture — Free Lime, Total Lime 129 II. Tests made with the clear portion — Sodium Carbonate, Caustic, Sulphide. ,. — Sodium Chloride, Sulphate, Carbonated sample .... 130 C. Tank Waste ( Vat Waste}. — Available Soda, Total Soda — Total and oxidizable Sulphur 131 D. Tank Liquor ( Vat Liquor]. — Sodium Ferrocyanide — Silica, Alumina, Ferric Oxide 132 E. Carbonated Liquors. ' ." — Bicarbonate — F. Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Carlonate, at 15° C. 133 Ditto, at 30° C 131 Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 136 G. Commercial Soda-ash 138 Comparison of French, German, and English Alkalimetrical degrees 139 II. Caustic Soda 141 1. Caustic liquor — Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Hydrate. — Influence of temperature on specific gravities .... 143 2. Lime Mud — 3. Fished salts 145 4. Caustic bottoms — 5. Commercial Caustic Soda. — PAGE 6. SULPHUR RECOVERY (CHANCE PROCESS) 145 1. Sulphur as Sulphides in vat waste 2. Sulphur as Sulphides in carbonated mud 3. Sulphide-Sulphur + CO2 in vat wastj 4. TABLE I.— ATOMIC WEIGHTS, EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS (IN ROUND NUMBERS), AND VALENCY OF ELEMENTS. Symbol and Valency. Atomic Weight.* Equivalent Weight. Aluminium. A11V 27-5 1375 Sl-,111 V 122 122 Arsenic Barium As1" v Ba11 75 137 75 GS'5 Beryllium Be" 9'4 47 Bi111 v 208 208 Boron ... Bom 11 11 B romine Br1 vn 80 80 Cadmium Cdu 112 53 Cs1 133 133 Calcium Ca" 40 20 Carbon CIV" 12 6 Cerium CeIV 137 G8'5 Chlorine Cl1 vn 35"5 35'5 Crii iv vi 52 5 20 '25 Cobalt Co" VI 59 29'5 Copoer Cu11 G3'5 3175 Didymium DiIV 144 72 Erbium . .. Er111 170'G 85 '3 Fluorine F» 19 19 Gold An111 197 197 Hydrogen Hi1 1 1 Indium In111 113 50'5 Iodine .. I1 VI1 127 127 Indium JrIV VI 193 96'5 Iron FeII IV VI 5G 28 Lanthanum ... Lalv 139 G'J-5 Lead Pb" IV 207 1035 Lithium Li1 7 7 Magnesium Mg" 21 12 TVfanga.ninm ,,, Mu" VI1 55 27'5 Mercury Hg" 200 100 Molybdenum MoVI 96 43 Nickel Nin 59 295 Niobium Nbv 94 47 Nitrogen. JJIII V 14 14 Osmium OsIV VI 199 99'5 Oxygen O11 16 8 Palladium p<p IV VI 106 53 Phosphorus pin v 31 31 Platinum p^II IV VI 197 18t 98 59 Potassium K1 39 39 Rhodium Rh" IV VI 104 52 Rubidium Rb1 85 85 Ruthenium Ru IV vm 104 52 Selenium Be" IV VI 79 39'5 Silicium SiIV 28 14 Silver As1 108 108 Sodium Na1 23 23 Strontium Sr11 87-5 4375 Sulphur gll IV VI 32 16 * These atomic weights are used throughout this book. t Adopted by Potash Convention for calculating Analyses of Potassium salts. 3 TABLE I.— ATOMIC WEIGHTS, ETC. (continued). Symbol and Valency. Atomic Weight.* Equivalent Weight. Tantalium Tav 182 182 Tellurium Tgll IV VI 125 62'5 Thallium r£]l III 204 204 Thorium ThIV 231-5 231'5 Tin SnIV 118 59 Titanium .. TiIV 48 24 Urvl 240 240 Vv 51 25*5 Wolframium \yvi 184 92 Yttrium. Y"i 88 44 Zinc Zn11 65 32'5 Zirconium ZrIV 90 450 * These atomic weights are used throughout this book. TABLE l(a).— ACCURATE ATOMIC WEIGHTS (OSWALD). Elements. O=16 H=l Elements. O=16 H=l Aluminium 27-1 120-3 75-0 137-0 910 208-0 11-01 79963 112-1 132-9 40-0 12-00 140-2 35-45 52-3 590 63'3 143-6 140-8 166-0 19-00 69'9 72-3 197-2 1-0032 1137 12686 193 2 56-0 138-5 206-91 7-03 24-38 55-0 200-4 27-01 119-92 7478 136-6 9-07 207-3 10-97 79-71 111-75 13250 39-87 11-96 139-75 35-34 5213 58-81 63-10 143-14 140-37 165-5 18-94 6968 72-08 196-60 i-oo 113-33 126-466 192-6 55-83 138-0 206-3 7-01 21-30 54-83 199-8 Molybdenum 95-9 59-0 97'2 14-041 192-0 16'0 106-0 31-03 194-8 39-14 103-0 85'4 103-8 150-0 44-1 79-1 28-40 107-938 23-06 87-5 32-06 129-0 125-0 204-1 232-4 171-0 118-1 48-1 239-4 51-2 184-0 173-2 88-7 65-5 90-7 95-6 58-82 96-9 14-00 191-40 15-95 1057 30-93 194-2 39-02 102-7 85-14 103-48 1495 43-96 78 '85 28-31 107-60 22-99 87-2 31-96 128-60 124-60 203-5 2317 170-4 11772 47-95 238-65 51-04 183-40 172-65 88-4 65-3 90-42 Antimony Nickel Arsenic. Niobium Nitrogen Beryllium Osmium Bismuth Oxygen . .. Boron. Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Bromine Cadmium Caesium Potassium, Calcium Rhodium Carbon Cerium Ruthenium Samarium Chlorine .... Chromium. Scandium Cobalt Selenium Silif.iurn Copper Didymium s -j^-i Erbium Silver Sodium Strontium Fluorine Sulphur Gallium Tantalium Germanium Tellurium Thallium Thorium Gold Hydrogen indium Thulium Iodine .. Tin Indium. Titanium Uranium Iron Lanthanum Vanadium .... Lead Wolframium u Lithium Ytterbium .. Magnesium Yttrium Manganium Zinc Mercury Zirconium TABLE 2.— SYMBOLS, MOLECULAR AND EQUIVALENT COMPOUNDS, IMPORTANT No. COMPOUNDS. Molecular Formula.* Molcr. weight. 1 Aluminium oxide A1.O,. 103 2 hydrate Al,,'HO)a 157 3 chloride . .. ALCL-... 268 • 4 AUSCMo 343 5 sulphate cryst. AU(SO4)3-fl8aq 667 fi NH3 17 7 alum A1(NH4)(S04)2 + 12 aq 8 Ammonium carbonate -( 453-5 157 9 chloride. CCXNHo / 53-5 10 11 magnesi um arssnate . .. magnesium phosphate,^ crvst ... 1 Mg(NH4)As04+iaq. Mg(NH4)P04+6aq... 190 245 12 13 nitrate phosphate NH4NO<> (NH4)oHPO4 80 132 14 sodium phosphate (NH4)NaHPO4+4aq. 209 15 platinum chloride . .. 446-18 16 sulphate (NH4).2SO4 ., 132 17 sulphocyanate NH4CNS 76 18 Arsenic oxide As>(X .. 230 19 Arsenious oxide 198 20 trisulphide AsS3 246 21 BaO 153 22 hydrate BaCHO ).,.., 171 23 hydrate cryst Ba(HO)2+8aq 315 24 carbonate BaCO3 197 25 chloride. BaCL>+2aq 244 BaSO4 233 27 Calcium monoxide CaO 56 28 hydrate Ca(HO)2 74 29 carbonate . ... CaCO3 100 an chloride CaCl2 111 31 chloride cryst CaCl,+6aq 219 39 chlorate 207 33 hy pochlorite Ca(OCl)2! 143 34 phosphate monobasic. 234 35 phosphate dibasic CaHPO4 .. 136 36 phosphate tribasic 310 37 sulphate anhydrous • . • CaS04 1 136 * Modern notation and atomic weights. WEIGHTS, AND PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL TO THE ALKALI INDUSTRY. No. Equivalent Formula, t Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. 1 AUO3 51*5 Al 53-40 O 46-60 2 A19O3 3HO 73.5 Al O 65-61 H O 34-39 3 A12CJ3 134 Al 20-59 Cl 79-48 4 A12O33S03 171 '5 Al O 30-03 SO 69-97 * * 5 6 A12033SO3+18HO ... NH, 333-5 17 A12O3 15-44, SO3 35-98, H2O 48-58 N 82-35 H 17-67 7 g A12033S03 + NH4OS\ 03+24HO/ 3NHT1CO2+2HO ... 453-5 157 A12O3 11-35, NH3 3-75. SO3 35-29, H2O [49-61 NH 3-:>-49 CO 56-05 H O 11-46 9 NH4C1 53-5 NH,, 31-77 H Cl 68-23 ' 10 11 12 2MgONH4OAs05 + | HO 2MgONH4OP05 + 12} HOJ NH4ONO5.. 190 245 SO MgO 21-05, As2O5 60-53, NH3 8-95, H..O 9-47 MgO 16-30, NH3 6-93, P2O5 29-09, H2O 47-68 NH3 21-25 N O 67-50 H2O ll-95 13 2NH4OHOPO5 132 NH3 25-68 P2O- 53-93 H2O 20-39 14 15 NH4ONaOHOPO,+ } 8HOJ NH4ClPtCl2 209 293-09 NH3 8-13, Na2O° 14-83,' P2O5 33-97, H,O 43-06 NH3 7-62 Pfc 44-19 Cl 47-74, H/45 16 NH4OSO,. 66 NH3 25-76 SO3 60-61 H2O 13-63 17 NH4C,NSa 76 NH4 22-37 H 1-81 CN 34-21, S 42 11 18 AsO5 115 As 65-22 O 34-78 19 AsO-j ... 09 As 75-76 O 21-24 20 AsS3 123 As 60-98 S 39-02 21 BaO 76-5 Ba 89-54 O 10-46 22 BaOHO 85'5 BaO 89-47 H,O 10-53 <>3 BaO9HO 157-5 BaO 48-60 H2O 51-40 24 BaOCO., 98-5 BaO 77-60 COo 22-40 23 BaCl + 2HO 122 Ba Clo 85-24. H2O 14-76 26 BaOS03 •••• 116-5 BaO 6o-67 SO3 34-33 27 CaO 28 Ca 71-43 O 28-57 28 CaOHO 37 CaO 75-67, H2O 24-33 29 CaOCO2 50 CaO 56-00 CO2 44-00 80 CaCl Ca 36-05 Cl 63-95 81 CaCl + 6HO .. 109-5 CaCl, 50-69 H,O 49-31 32 CaOClO5 103-5 CaO 27-05 C12O5 72-95 88 CaOCIO 71-5 CaO 39-16. Cl 49-65, O 11-19 34 Ca02HOPO- 117 CaO 23-93 P2O- 60-68, H.,O 15-38 35 2CaOHOPO5 136 CaO 41-18, P<A 52-20, HoO 6-62 36 3CaOPO5 155 CaO 54-19, P2O, 45-81 37 CaOSO3. 68 CaO 41-18 SO3 58-82 f Old notation and atomic weights. SYMBOLS, MOLECULAR, AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PEK- No. COMPOUNDS. Molecular formula. Calcium sulphate cryst (gypsum)... CaSO4 + f)aq sulphite CaS03 thiosulphate CaS,O3 sulphide. . .. CaS pentasulphide CaS COo. oxide CO" Carburetted hydrogen ° methane .. CH... ethylenc Copper chloride CuCL oxide . ... CuO sulphide CuS Copper (cuprous) sulphide Cu2S sulphate CuSO45aq Hydrochloric acid. HC1 Hypochlorous anhydride acid. HC1O. Iron, oxide ferric Fe,O*. ferric hydrate Fe2(OH)6 ferrous chloride crvst FeCl24aq ferric chloride.... FeoCL .. Iron ferrous sulphide FeS bisulphide (pyrites) FcS, protosulphate FeSO47aq L^ad monoxide (litharge). PbO carbonate PbCO3 chloride sulphate . .. pbSO"4 sulphide PbS dioxide PbOj Magnesium oxide hydrate chloride Mg(HO)2 MgGL... carbonate sulphate pyrophosphate Manganous oxide MgC03 ...! MgSO4+7aq Mg2PA MnO Manganous manganic oxide Mn<>Oi CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS— Continued. No. Equivalent Formula. Equivlt, weight. Percentage Composition. 00 CaOSO3 + 2IIO 86 CaO 32-56 S03 46-51 H9O 20-03 qq CaOSO2 60 CaO 48-67, SO2 53-33 40 CaOS2O2. 76 CaO 36-84 SO0 42-11 S 21-05 41 CaS 36 Ca 55-56 S 44-44 A\> CaS 100 Ca 20-00 S 80-00 4Q CO,.. 22 C 27-27 O 72-73 44 co- 14 C 42-85 O 57-15 JX CoH, 16 C 75-00 H 25-00 4fi CJI, '28 C 85-72 H 14>98 47 CuCl 67-25 Cu 47-21 Cl 52-79 4R CuO .. 39-75 Cu 79-87 O 20-13 40 CuS 47-75 Cu 66-49 S 33-51 KO Cu,S 79-5 Cu 79-87 S 20-13 R1 CuOS055HO 124-75 CuO 31-86 SO3 30?06 H,0 36-03 r,o HC1 36-5 Cl 97-26 H 2-74 53 CIO. 43-5 Cl 81-61 O 18-39 1^4 C1OHO 52-5 Cl 67-62 O 30-48 H 1-90 KX FeoOo 80 Fe 70-0 O 30-0 56 Fe2O33HO 107 Fe2O3 74-77 H2O 25-23 r;? FeCl 63-5 Fe 44-09 Cl 55-91 58 FeCldHO 99-5 FeCl2 63-82 H2O 36-18 59 FeoClo 162-5 Fe 34-46 Cl 65-54 60 Fesv!::::::::::::::::::::: 44 Fe 63-64, S 36-36 61 FeS, 60 Fe 46-67 S 53-33 62 FeOS037HO 139 Fe 20-14, O 5-76, S03 28-78, II20 45-32 63 PbO 111-5 Pb 92-38 O 7*17 64 PbOCO2 133-5 PbO 83-52, CO2 16-48 65 PbCl 139 Pb 74-46 Cl 25-54 66 PbOS03 151-5 PbO 73-60, SO3 26-40 67 PbS 118-5 Pb 86-61 S 13-39 63 PbO2 119-5 Pb 86-61, O 13-39 69 MoO 20 MO- 60-00 O 40-00 70 MoOHO 29 M^O 68-96, H,O 31-04 71 Mo-Cl 47-5 MO- 25-^6 Cl 74-74 72 M°Cl-f 6HO. 101-5 M^C]2 46-80, H.,O 53-2 73 MgOCO, 42 MgO 47-62, CO2 52-38 74 MgOSO3+7HO 2Mo-OPO- 123 111 MgO 16-26, SO3 32-52, H20 51-22 MgO 36-04, P26- 63-96 76 MnO. 85-5 Mn 77-47, O 22-53 77 Mn3Ot 114-5 Mn 72-05, O 27-95 8 SYMBOLS, MOLECULAR AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER- COMPOUNDS. Molecular formula. Manganic oxide Manganese dioxide Manganous chloride sulphate Nitrosulphonic aci d ,ni trososul phur ic \ acid, chamber crystals / Nitrous oxide .... Nitric oxide Nitrous ajtihydride Nitric peroxide, tetroxide Nitric acid... Mn«,O8 Mn0.2. MnCL MnSO4 N«0. NO , Phosphoric anhydride acid, ortho acid, pyro acid, meta HN sa PO, H4P.,07 Platinum chloride PtCl4 Potassium oxide hydrate bichromato carbonate bicarbonate chlorate chloride ferricyanide, red prussiate f errocyanide, yellow prus- [siate iodide nitrate permanganate phosphate platinum chloride silicate sulphate bisulphate sulphide sulphite bisulphite sulphocyanate Potash, alum Solenious anhydride Silicic acid, anhydride Silver chloride ... K,O KOH ... K2Cr2O7 KaCO» KHC03 KClOg... KC1 KJ KN03.. KMnO4 jv2ovy4 KHS04 .. K.S K,SO32aq KCNS KAl(S04)i12aq SeO2 SiO2 AgCl 9 CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS— Continxed. No. Equivalent Formula. Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. 70 MrioOo 79 Mn 69-62 O 30-38 79 MnOj 43-5 Mn 63-22, O 36'78 SO MnCl 63 Mn 43-65 Cl 56-35 01 MnOSO3 75' 5 MnO 47-09 S03 5°-98 or) 2SO HONOo 127 S03 6°-99 N2O^ 29-92 H20 7-09 pa NO 22 N 63-64, O 36-36 84 NO, 30 N 46-67, O 53-33 85 1STO3 38 N 36-84, O 63-16 Pifi NO4 .. 46 N 30-44 O 69-56 87 NO5HO 63 NoO5 85-71, HoO 14-29 88 PO5 71 P 43-66 O 56-34 89 PO-3HO 98 P2O- 72-45 H2O 27-55 qo PO-9HO 89 P-O5 79-77, H9O 20-23 91 PO5HO 80 P,O5 88-75 H2O 11-25 99 ptCl2 169-59 Pt 58-13 Cl 41-7 93 KO 47 K 82-98, O 17-02 94 KOHO 56 K,O 83-93, H2O 16-07 95 KO2CrO3 147-5 K2O 31-86 CrO, 63-14 cfi KOCOo 69 K,O 68-12 CO231-88 97 KOHOCOj 100 K2O 47-00 CO., 44-00 HoO 9-00 98 KOC1O- 122-5 KoO 38-37 Cl 28-98 O 3^-65 99 KCI 74-5 K 52-35 Cl 47-65 100 3KCyFe2Cv, 329 K 35-56 Fe 17-02 CN 47-42 101 2KCyFeC v3HO 211 K 37-03' Fe 13-25, CN 36-93, II20 12-79 102 KJ 166 K 23-49 J 76-51 103 KONO- 101 KoO 46-54 NoO5 53-46 104 KOMn2O 158 KoO 29-75 MnoO7 70-25 105 9KOHOPO- 174 K,O 54-0° P,O- 40-81 H»O 5-17 10G KClPtClo 211-09 Pt 40-39 Cl 43-63 K 15-98 (KC1 30-52) 107 KOSiO2 77 KoO 61-04 SiOo 38-96 108 KOS03 87 KoO 54-02 S03 45-98 109 KOHO'^SO 136 KoO 34-56 SO3 58-83 HoO 6-62 110 KS 55 K 70-91, S 29-09 111 KOSO22HO 97 K,O 48-45 SO-, 33-00 HoO 18-55 112 KOHO°SO, 120 KoO 39-17 SOo 53-33 H.O7-50 113 KCoNSo .... 97 K 40-21 C 12-37 N 14-43 S 32-99 114 115 JKOSO3 + AloOs3S03\ \ +24HO.../ SOo 474-5 55*5 K2O 9-91, A12O3 10-84, SO3 33-73, H2O 45-52 Se 71-17 O 28-83 116 SiO> 30-0 Si 46-67 O 53-33 117 Ao'Cl 143-5 AO- 75-°6 Cl 24-74 10 SYMBOLS, MOLECULAE AND EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS, AND PER- No. COMPOUNDS. Molecular formula. Molcr. weight. 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Silver nitrate AgNOo. 170 248 62 40 58-5 289 382 106 124 286 84 106-5 74-5 85 358 122 142 322 120 234 104 248 78 206 56 61 80 98 178 114 194 226 258 34 225 18 81 136 161 287 97 sulphide.. AgoS Sodium oxide NaoO .... hydrate NaHO chloride NaCl aluminate .. Na6Al2Or borate Na2B4O-10ao . ... Na2CO3 carbonate, monohydrated . .. carbonate, decahydra ted erst, b icarbonate Na2CO3aq N£u,CO310aq NaHCO3 chlorate NaClO3 hypochloritc . .. NaOCl nitrate NaN03 phosphate . ... Na2HP0412aq silicate Na2SiO3 sulphate . . ... NaoSO, , crvst Na2S0410aq. bisulphate .... NaHSO4 sulphite bisulphite NaHSO3 thiosulphate, hyposulphite... sulphide Na<iS Oa5aq Na2S pentasulphide .. Na,Sc .. hydrogen sulphide NaSH SO, .. Sulphuric anhydride Sulphuric acid, monohydrate pyro Thiosulphuri'c acid, hyposulphurous acid H2SO4 HoS.,O7 H~S",O, Tetrathionic acid Pentathionic acid H:s4o66 HS-O^ Sulphuretted hydrogen H2S Stannous chloride. SnCl22aq Water H2O Zinc oxide . ... chloride ZnCL> ZnSO4 t ZnSO47aq sulphide 11 CENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS- Continued. Equivalent Formula. Eqnivlt. weight. Percentage Composition. Ao-ONO* , 170 124 31 40 58-5 144-5 191-0 53 62 143 84 106-5 74-5 85 358 61 71 161 120 117 104 124 39 103 56 32 40 49 89 57 97 113 129 17 112-5 9 40-5 68 80-5 143-5 48-5 Ag 63-53, NO3 36-47 Ag 87-09, S 12-91 Na 74-19, 0 25-81 Na,O 77-50, H,O 22-50 Na"39-32, Cl 60-68 Na2O 64-36, A12O3 35-64 Na20 16-23, B2O3 36-65, H2O 47-12 Na2O 58-49, CO2 41-51 Na2O 50-00, CO2 35-48, H2O 14-52 Na2O 21-68, CO2 15-39, H2O 62-93 Na2O 36-90. CO2 52-38, H2O 10-71 Na20 29-10,' C1205 70-90 Na2O 41-61, C12O 58-39 Na,O 36-47, N2O5 63-53 Na2O 17-32, P2O5 19-84, H,0 62-84 Na20 50-82, SO2 49-18 Na2O 43-66, S03 56-34 Na2O 19-25, SO, 24-84, H2O 55-91 Na2O 25-83, S03 66-67, H2O 7-50 Na2O 26-50, SO2 27-35, H2O 46-15 Na2O 29-81, SO2 61-54, H9O 8-65 Na,0 25-00, S 12-90, SO, 25-80, H20 36-30 Na 58-97, S 41-03, corresponding to Na2S 37-86, S4 62-14 [79-49 Na2O Na2S 69-65, H2S 30-35 S 50-00, O 50-00 S 40-00, O 60-00 SO, 81-63, H.,0 18-37 H2SO4 55-06,'SO, 44-91 S02 56-14, S 28-07, H2O 15-79 SO3 41-24, S02 32-99, S 16-49, H0O 9-23 S03 35-39, S02 28-32, S 28-32, H'.O 7-97 S03 31-01, SOo 24-81, S 37-20, H.,O 6-93 S 94-12, H 5-88 Sn 52-44, Cl 31-56, H20 16-00 H 11-11, O 88-89 Zn 80-25, O 19-75 Zn 47-79, Cl 52-21 ZnO 50-31, SO3 49-69 ZnO 28-22, SO, 27-87, H,,0 43-91 Zn 67-01, S 32-99 AcS , NaO NaOHO NaCl 3NaOAl9O3 NaO2B03 + 10HO NaOCOo.... NaOCO2 + HO NaOCO, + 10IIO NaOHO2CO.> NaOCIO- ..." NaOCIO NaONO- 2NaOHOPO5 + 24HO NaOSiO, NaOS03 NaOSO3 + 10HO NaOHO2S03 .. NaOS02 + 6HO NaOHO2SO,. NaOS.,Oo + 5HO ...... NaS NaS5 NaSHS so.> S03. HOS03 HO2SO HOS,O, HOS3O HOS4O5 HOS-O- HS ° ° SnCl+2HO HO .. ZnO ZnCl ZllOSOg ZnOS02 + 7HO ZnS TABLE 3.-FACTORS FOR CALCULATING Substance Weighed. Substance to be determined. Ammonium. Ammonium Chloride, NH-iCl Ammonia, NETa Ammonium platinum chloride, \ Ammonium oxide (NH^jO Ammonia, NUa Arsenic. r Arsenic trisulphide, Afg^s • \ Nitrogen, N Arsenic, As Arsenic trioxide, Af^Oa Arsenic Anhydride, A? 2os Arsenic, As Ammonium magnesium arsenate, J MfffNFT.^ A<?O.-Mnn 1 Arsenic trioxide, A?2Oa Barium. Barium sulphate, BaS04 Arsenic anhydride, Af«Og !TBaO Barium carbonate, BaCUa Barium oxide, •< RaO Barium silico fluoride, BaSiF6 (.BaO Calcium. Calcium sulphate, CaSO4 Calcium carbonate, CaCUa > Cak-ium oxide, j QQ Carbon. Carbonic anhydride, CO Carbon, C ,. Calcium carbonate CaCOa t Carbonic anhydride, | QQ Chlorine, Cl Barium carbonate, BaCOa Chlorine. r Silver chloride A^Cl ^ Hydrochloric acid, HC1 Copper. Copper oxide, CuO Chloric anhydride, ClaOg Sodium chloride, NaCl Copper Cu Copper, Cu Iron. Cupric oxide, CuO Iron, Fe Lead. Lead monoxide, PbO Ferrous oxide, FcC) Lead, Pb Lead, Pb JLcacl sulpiiatc, l boU4 < T nnA on'WViI/la PKQ 3 Lead oxide, PbO Lead, Pb. Lead, Pb Lead oxide, PbO Lead oxide, PbO 13 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSES. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0-31776 0-11654 0-07620 0-06276 0-63552 0-23308 0-15240 0-12552 0-95328 0-34962 0-22860 0-18828 1-27104 0-46616 0-30480 0-25104 1-58880 0-58270 0-38100 0-31380 1-90656 0-69924 0-45720 0-37656 2-22432 0-81578 0-53340 0-43932 2-54208 0-93232 0-60960 050208 2-85984 1-04886 0-68580 0-56484 0-60975 0-80438 0-93496 0-39473 0-52105 0-60526 1-21950 1-60976 1-80992 G'78946 1-04210 1-21052 1-82925 2-41464 2-80488 1-18419 1-56315 1-81578 2-43900 3-21552 373984 1-57892 2-08420 2-42104 2-04875 4-02440 4-67480 1-97305 2-60525 3-02630 3-65850 4-82928 5-60976 2-36838 3-12630 3-63156 3-26825 5-63416 6-54472 2*76311 3-64735 4-23682 4-87800 6-43904 7-47968 3-15784 4-16840 4-84208 5-48775 7-24392 8-41464 3-55257 4-68945 5-44734 0-65665 1-31330 1-96995 2-62660 3-28325 3-93990 4-59655 5-25320 5-90985 0'//6oo 0-54839 1-55310 1-09678 2'329G5 1-64517 3-10620 2-19356 3-88275 2-74195 4-65930 3-29034 5-43585 3-83873 6-21240 4-38712 6*98895 4-93551 0-41176 0'56000 0-82352 1-12000 1-23523 1-68000 1-64704 2-24000 2-05880 2-80000 2-47056 3-36000 2-88232 3-92000 3-29408 4-48000 370584 504000 0-27273 0-44000 0-2^335 0-54546 0-88000 0-44670 0-81819 1-32000 0-67005 1-09092 1-76000 0-89340 1-36365 2-20000 1-11675 1-63638 2-64000 1-34010 1-90911 3-08000 1-56345 2-18184 3-52000 1-78680 2-45457 3-96000 2-01015 0-24739 0-25435 0-52613 0-40767 0-49478 0-50870 1-05226 0-81534 0-74217 0*76305 1-57839 1-22301 0-98956 1-01740 2-10452 1-63068 1-23695 1-27175 2-63065 203835 1-48434 1-52610 3-15678 2-44602 1-73173 1-78045 3-68291 2-85369 1-97912 2-03480 4-20904 3-26136 2-22651 2-28915 473517 3-66903 0-79874 0-79874 100000 1-59748 1-59748 2-00000 239622 2-39622 3-00000 3-19496 3-19496 4-00000 3-99370 3-99370 5-00000 4-79244 4-79244 6-00000 559118 5-59118 7-00000 6-38992 6-38992 8-00000 7-18866 7-18866 9-00000 0-70000 0 90000 1-40000 1-80000 2-10000 2-70000 2-80000 3-60000 3-50000 4-50000 4-20000 5-40000 4-90000 tf'30000 5-60000 7-20000 6-30000 8-10000 0-92825 0-68317 073597 0-8G611 0-93305 1-07730 1-85650 1-36634 1-47194 173222 1-86610 2-15400 2-78475 204951 2-20791 2-59833 2-79915 3-23190 3-71300 2-73268 2-94388 3-46444 3-73220 4-30920 4-64125 3-41585 3-67985 4-33055 4-66525 5-38650 5-56950 4-09902 4-41582 5-19666 5-59830 6-46380 6-49775 4-78219 5-15179 6-06277 653135 7-54110 7-42600 5-46536 * .QO**r*{* O OO/ /O 6-92888 7-46440 8-61840 8-35425 6-14853 6-62373 779499 8-39745 9-69570 FACTOES FOE CALCULATING Substance Weighed. Substance to be determined. Hydrogen. Water H20 Hydrogen, H Magnesium. Magnesia, MgO Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg^O; Manganese. Mangano-manganic oxide, Mn304 Manganese sulphide. MnS ] Magnesia, MgO Manganese, Mn .... Manganese, Mn (. Nitrogen. Ammonium platinum chloride, (NH4)2PtC16 Platinum, Ft ... Nitrogen, N Nitrogen , N Phosphorus. Magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg-2P207 Potassium. C Phosphoric anhydride, P205 (. Phosphorus, P Potassium oxide, K2O Potassium chloride, KC1 Potassium oxide, K2O C Potassium oxide, K2O Potassium platinum chloride, E^PtCIc Sodium. (. Potassium chloride, KC1. Sodium oxide Nn2O Sodium carbonate NogC* '3 Sodium oxide, Na«)O Sodium chloride NaCl Sodium oxide, Na2O Sulphur. r Barium sulphate, BaS04 •< Zinc. Sulphur, S Sulphuric anhydride, SO^ Sulphurous anhydride, SO2 Sodium sulphate, No«S04 Zinc, Zn Zinc, Zn Zinc sulphide, ZnS \ Zinc oxide, ZuO 15 GEAVIMETEIC ANALYSES-contimted, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 011111 0-33333 0-36036 022222 0-66066 0-72072 0-33333 1-00000 1-08108 0-44444 1-33333 1-44144 0"55555 1-66666 1-80180 0-66666 2-00000 2-16216 0-77777 233333 2-52252 0-88888 2-66666 2-88288 i-ooooo 3-00000 3-24324 0-72052 0-63218 0-81609 1-44104 1-26436 1-63218 2-16156 1-89651 2-44827 2-88208 2-52872 3-20436 3-60260 3-16090 4-08045 4-32312 3-79308 4-89654 5-04364 4-42526 5-71263 5-76416 5-05744 6-52872 6-48468 5-68962 7-34481 0-00276 0-14200 0-12552 0-28400 0-18828 0-42000 0-25104 0-56800 0-31380 0-71000 0-37656 0-85200 0-43932 0-99400 0-50208 1-13600 0-56484 1-27800 0-63964 0-27923 1-27928 0-55356 1-91892 0-83784 2-55850 1-11712 3-19820 1-39640 3-83784 1-67568 4-47748 1-95496 5-11712 2-23424 5-75676 2-51352 0-54023 0-63087 0-19255 0-30521 1-08046 1-26174 0-38510 0-61042 1-62069 1-89261 0-57765 0-91563 2-10092 2-52348 0-77020 1-22084 2-70115 3-15435 0-96275 1-52605 3-24138 3-78522 1-15530 1-83126 3-78161 4-41609 1-34785 2-13647 4-32184 5-04696 1-54040 2-44168 4-86207 5-67783 1-73295 2-74689 0-43662 0-58491 0-52991 0-87324 1-16982 1-05982 1-30986 1-75473 1-58973 1-74648 2-33904 2-11964 2-18310 2-92455 264955 2-61972 3-50946 3-17946 3-05634 4-09437 3-70937 3-49296 4-67928 4-23928 392958 5-26419 4-76919 0-13734 0-34335 0-27467 060944 0-27468 0-68670 0-54934 1-21888 0-41202 1-03005 0-82401 1-82832 0-54936 1-37340 1-09868 2-43776 0-68670 1-71675 1-37335 3-04720 0-82404 2-06010 1-64802 3-65664 0-96138 2-40345 1-92269 4-26608 1-09872 274680 2-19736 4-87552 1-23606 3-09015 2-47203 5-48496 0-80295 0-670/8 0-83539 1-60590 1-34156 1-67078 2-40885 2-01234 2-50617 3-21180 2-68312 3-34156 4-01475 3-35390 4-17695 4-81770 4-02468 5-01234 5-62065 4-69546 5-84773 6-42360 5-36624 6-68312 7-22655 6-03702 7-51851 10 TABLE 4.-SOLUBILITY OF DIFFERENT SALTS. REMARK. — The solubility is given in parts of the anhydrous salt dissolved by 100 parts of water. 100 Water Dissolve. Cold. Boiling. 9 422 potash. 8-5 357 Aluminium sulphate 83 89 Ammonium oxalate 4-5 40-8 nitrate 199 sulphate 66 100 Barium chloride . .. 35 60 hydrate 5 10 nitrate 8 35 Boric acid 2 21 Bromine 3 Calcium carbonate 0-0036 400 hydrate. 0-128 0-079 nitrate 400 sulphate 0-23 0-21 Copper acetate 7 19-8 nitrate 127 sulphate 21 75 Iron protosulphate 20 178 Lead acetate 46 71 3 5 nitrate. 48 139 •008 IVIafirnesium oxide . ... •002 •002 carbonate •02 chloride 200 400 Man^anous chloride 62 123 Oxalic acid 11-5 100 Potassium hydrate 200 chromate (neutral) 48 bichromate 10 102 oxalate (acid) . ... 2-5 10 100 thicjjulphate . ... deliouescent 0-4 10-5 tartrate (neutral) 133 296 cyanide 122 28 91 f erricyanide 40 82 141 221 Sodium acetate 35 150 borate 4 55 hydrate 61 thiosulphate 50 more than 200 17 SOLUBILITY OF DIFFEBENT SALTS— continued. 100 Water Dissolve. Cold. Boiling. Sodium phosphate . • . . . • 12 sulphite 25 100 Strontium hydrate 1-6 34-8 nitrate 20 113 chloride 53 102 Tartar ic acid 76 200 Tin (stannous) chloride 270 300 sulphate 50 95 j.- Off - &, • TABLE 5.-SOLUBILITY OF CERTAIN SALTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. Ammonium Carbonate. 100 parts water dissolve (Berzelius) at 13° 25 parts 17 30 32 37 41 40 49 50 Ammonium Chloride. 100 parts water dissolve at 15° 35-68 parts NH4C1 (Gerlach) 19 36-8 (Schiff) 100 100 Calcium Chloride. 1 part anhydrous CaCl2 dissolves (Kremers) at" 10-2° in 1-58 parts water 20 1-35 40 0-83 60 0-72 1 part CaCl2, 6aq., dissolves at 10° in 0-5 parts water 16 0-25 100 every proportion Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts). 100 parts water dissolve (Gay- Lussac and Tobler) at 0° 24-7 MgS04 as cryst. salt 10 30-5 20 35-0 25 37-1 30 39-8 40 47-0 50 49-7 55 52-8 60 55-9 70 60-4 80 65-1 90 70-3 105-5 132-50 (Griffiths) Potassium Carbonate. (1) Anhydrous (Osann). 1 part dissolves at 3° in 1-05 parts water 6 0-962 12-6 0-900 26 0-747 70 0-490 15 0-922 (Gerlach). c 18 SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT TEMPEEATUEES— continued. (2) Crystallized (Poggiale). 100 parts water dissolves at 0° 83-12K2CO3=131-15K2C03.2a(i. 10 88-72 142-50 20 94-06 153-70 30 100-03 166-85 40 106-20 18007 50 112-90 196-60 60 119-24 212-35 70 127-10 232-84 80 134-25 252-57 90 143-18 278-72 100 153-66 311-85 135 205-11 526-10 Potassium Bicarbonate. 100 parts water dissolve (Poggiale) at 0° 19-61 parts KHC03 10 23-23 20 26-91 30 30-57 40 34-15 50 37-92 60 41-35 70 45-24 Potassium Chlorate. 100 parts water dissolve at 0° 3-33 parts KC1O3 (Gay-Lus- 13-32 5-60 sac) 15-37 6-03 24-43 8-44 35-02 12-05 49-08 18-96 74-89 35-40 104-78 60-24 17 6-68 (V. Meyer) 18 6-82 98 55-50 Potassium Chloride. 100 parts water dissolve at 0° 29-21 KC1 (Gay-Lussac) 11-8 34-6 (Kopp) 13-8 34-9 15-6 35 19 34-53 (Gay-Lussac) 52 43-59 79 50-93 109-6 59-26 Potassium Nitrate. 100 parts water dissolve at 0° 13-32 parts KNO3 (Gay-Lus- 5-01 16-72 sac) 11-67 22-23 17-91 29-31 24-94 38-40 35-13 54-82 45-10 74-66 54-72 97-05 65-45 125-42 79-72 169-27 97-66 236-45 114-5 281-61 Potassium Sulphate. 100 parts water dissolve at 12-5° 10 K,S04 (Brandes and .Firn- 15 10-38" haber) 31-25 14 37-5 17 50 25 56-25 22 68-75 21-95 87-5 25 100 26 101-7 21-21 Sodium Carbonate. 100 parts water dissolve at [(Loewel) 0° 6 97NaoCO321-33NaoCO310aq. 10 12-06 ' 40-94 15 16-20 63-20 20 21-71 92-82 25 28-50 149-13 30 37-24 273-64 32 59 (Mulder) 34—79 46-2 80 45-9 85 45-7 90 45-6 95 45-4 100 45-1 Boiling point of the saturated solution 106° 19 SOLUBILITY OF CEETAIN SALTS AT DIFFEKENT TEMPEE ATUEES - continued. Sodium Bicarbonate. 20- 89-55 100 parts water dissolve at 0° 6-90 NaHC03 (Dibbits) •i r\ o -i v 30 95-37 40 102-31 50 111-13 10 8-lo 60 119-94 20 9-60 70 129-63 30 11-10 80 140-72 40 12-70 60 14-45 90 153-63 100 16820 60 16-40 120 225-30 Sodium Chloride. The saturated solution boils at 122° 100 parts water dissolve at -15° 32-73 NaCl (Poggiale) Sodium Sulphate. -10 33-49 100 parts water dissolve (Gay- - 5 34-22 Lussac) at 0 35-52 0° 5-02Na,S0412-17NaoS04,10aq +5 35-63 11-67 10-12 " 26-38 9 35-74 13-30 11-74 31-33 14 35-87 17-91 16-73 48-28 25 36-13 25-05 28-11 99-48 40 36-64 28-76 37-35 161-53 50 36-98 30-75 43-05 215-77 60 37-25 31-84 47-37 270-22 70 37-88 32-73 50-65 322-12 80 38-22 33-88 50-04 312-11 90 38-87 40-15 48-78 291-44 100 39-61 45-04 47-81 276-91 109-7 40-35 50-40 46-82 262-35 59-79 45-42 Sodium Chlorate. 70-61 44-35 100 parts water dissolve at 84-42 42-96 0° 81-9 NaClO3 (Kremers) 103-17 42-65 20 99 40 123-5 Sodium Thiosulphate (hyposulphite). 60 147-1 80 175-6 100232-6 100 parts water dissolve (Mulder) at 0° 47-6 Na,S2O3 as cryst, salt 16 65 120 333-3 20 69 Sodium Nitrate. 25 75 30 82 100 parts water dissolve at 35 89 - & 68-80 NaNOs (Poggiale) 40 98 +0 79-75 45 109 10 84-30 47114 16 87-63 60 192 (Kremers) ui g 0 ^ 8 i. I! 3.2 CGQ II c-S ^'3 vH CO >.O b- o ^n i ^ co CM 01 > O ^6 -<35 GO l> O5 T-HiH M CM CM CO (M iH i—iOOiC > O> CO CO ift iH O <N t> ^ O2 t> iO CO •>— I O t> l> t> L>- t> l> 'O OOOOO OO' • o 66666 '66666 66 cp co cp p p ppTHTHp^cpcpcpcp rH CM CO CT. CO O O s feststs CppTHCpIp SfecSSc3 CO O C72 CO TH CO O CM CO O5 T^ CO CO lO G2 CO Oppcpcpp Cpb-THCpp JpOCOrHh-CM dioDcoTficb TH6obcb>b CMOCtit^CD -^i T}1 CO CO CO »O l^-. O ^tl O5 1C CO TH O TH CO 00 TH CO XO 00 TH r* b- O O 5p CO L^ CD »p »p -^ CO CO cbcbcbcbcb cbcbcb^cb coco 66666 CM iO CM CM CO ' CO C5 XO -tf I iO TH r-l iO rH cocococo.co cococococo cocococococo O^ Oi C^ C^ O^ Gt> G5 G^ Ot) O^ GJ Gi O G^ G5 Gi ooooo 66666 OOOOO 000' 66666 666' • O O OO 00 O .6 666666 •<*<M COxO O5 iO iH I"- t>- O- !>• CD i> 10 ••* CM 6-1 6 i o o o cp o o o ' 16666 6 6 6 ( ooo oo o 666666 lOCOt>OOO> OiH 21 TABLE 7.-SOLUBILITYQF AMMONIA IN WATER BY WEIGHT. (Solubility by Volame in Table 6.) Ig. Water Dissolves at 760 mm. pressure (Roseoa and Dittmar). At gNH, .At I gNir, At •gNIIs At .gNU, 0° - 0-875 16° 0-582 30°^ 0-403 44° 0-275 2 0-833 18 0-554 32 0-382 46 0-259 4 0-792 20 0-526 34 ; 0-362 48 0-244 6 0-751 22 0-499 36 0-343 50 0-229 8 0-713 24 0«474 38 0-324 52 0-214 10 0-679 26 0-449 40 0-307 54 0-200 12 0-645 28 O426 42 0-290 56 0-185 14 0-612 TABLE 8.-SOLUBILITY OF CHLORINE IN WATER. (SchOrifeld.) 1 Vol. Water absorbs Vols. Chlorine, calculated at 10° and 760 mm. pressure. At Vol. Chlor. At Vol. Chlor. ! i At Vol.jChlor. At Vol. Chlor. 10° 2-5852 IV 2-2405 26° ' 1-9099 34° 1-5934 11 2-5413" 19 2-1984 27 1-8695 35 1-5555 12 2-4977' 20 2-1565 28 1-8295 36 1-5166 13 2-4543 21 2-1148 29 1-7895 37 1-4785 14 2-4111 22 2-0734 30 1-7499 38 1-4406 15 2-3681 23 2-0322 31 1-7104 39 1-4029 16 2-3253 24 1-9912 32 1-6712 40 1-3655 17 2-2828 25 1-9504 33 1-6322 TABLE 9.-SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN WATER. 1. Br WEIGHT (Eoscoe and Dittmar). Ig. Water absorbs at 760mm. pressure. At gHCl At gHCl At gnci At giici 0° 0-825 16° 0-742 32° 0-665 48° 0-603 4 0-804 20 0-721 33 0-649 52 0-589 8 0-783 24 0-700 40 0-633 56 0-575 12 0-762 28 0-682 44 0-618 60 0-561 22 SOLUBILITY OF HYDKOGEN CHLORIDE IN WATER— continued. 2. BY VOLUME (Deicke). — Iccm. Water absorbs at a pressure of 760mm. At ccm. HC1 Spec. Grav. of the Acid Formed. Percentage of HC1 in same. 0° 525-2 1-2257 45-148 4 497-7 1-2265 44-361 8 480-3 1-2185 43-828 12 471-3 1-2148 43-277 14 462-4 1-2074 42-829 18 451-2 1-2064 42-344 18-25 450-7 1-2056 42-283 23 435-0 1-2014 41-536 TABLE 10.-SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOLIDS. Alderwood. 