None
voltage, 252 unilateral, 262 Amplitude of oscillations in three- electrode tube, 279 Amplitude factor, 125 values of, 128 Anode : power dissipated at, 75, 303 effects of temperature of, 76 Anode potential: effect of, on power from oscillator, 312 effect of, on oscillation current, 311 effect of, on amplification, 226 Anode temperature: effects of, in vacuum tubes, 76 Appleton, E. V., 202 Applications: miscellaneous, of thermionic tubes, 367 Arc discharge: difference between gas-free and, 107 Armstrong, E. H., 290, 335 Arnold, H. D., 81, 170, 188, 253, 255 Artificial line, 216 Attenuation constant, 217 of standard cable, 218 Audibility : expressed in miles of cable, 351 Audibility method of measuring de- tecting current, 336, 349 Audion, 145 von Baeyer, 42 Ballantine, S., 199, 285 Barkhausen, 155, 382 Blue glow, 21 Bohr, 18 Boltzmann, 25 Bridge: use of audion in, 213 385 386 INDEX Bright spots of coated cathodes, 85 Buckley, O. E., 375 Campbell, G. A., 139 Capacity: input, 208, 212 electrode, see electrode, 205 Carbon button generator, 223 Carrier wave, 318 Carson, J. R., 261, 316, 378 Cathode: equipotential, 55 efficiency, 76 Characteristic: for concentric cylinders, 59 effect of curvature of, on operation of tube, 73 dynamic, 295 effect of resistance on, 170 grid current, 186 lumped, 160 of inductive plate circuit, 174 of non-inductive plate circuit, 169 grid current-grid potential, 153 plate current-grid potential, 160 plate current-plate potential, 150 plate resistance, 196 static and dynamic, 170 et seq. verification for thermionic ampli- fier, 158 of thermionic valve, 50 for parallel plates, 54 influence of initial velocities on, 61 straightened by resistance, 128 Child, C. D., 55, 58 Coated filament, 81 operating temperature of, 81 See also Wehnelt cathode. Collision, elastic, 20 ionization by, 21 Colpitts, E. H., 261, 294, 306 Colpitts' oscillator circuit, 282 Comparison of detectors, 346 Complex circuits, 290 Conductance: mutual, 166, 189, 269 measurement of mutual, 199, 203 reflex mutual, 166 Conductance — Continued relation between mutual, of tube and circuit, 279 Contact potential difference, 26 measurement of, 28 Convergence frequency, 21 Corpuscle, 1 Coupled circuits, 290 Coupling: method of adjusting, 306 Current limitation : by space charge, 52 by voltage drop in filament, 64, 69 by thermionic emission, 70 Curvature of characteristic: effect of, on operation of tube, 73 Davisson, C. J., 80, 82 Debije, P., 26 Delta rays, 47 Dember, H., 47 Detecting current, 169, 325 method of measuring, 335 r.m.s. value of, 328 as function of anode potential with- out grid condenser, 331 with grid condenser, 359 Detecting efficiency, 34.4 Detection : double, 365 with blacking condenser in grid circuit, 332 theory of, 315 Detection coefficient, 326 measurement of, 339 as function of plate and grid poten- tials, 328 Detectors, comparison of, 346 Dislodged electrons, current carried by, 57 Dislodgment of electrons: means of, 17, 30 from curved surfaces, 35 Distortion : due to harmonics, 168 reduced by external resistance, 169 Distortionless amplification, 178 Dushman, 77, 84, 122, 129, 375 INDEX 387 Dynatron, 378, 380 Eccles, 155 Edison effect, 30 Efficiency : of cathode, 76 et seq. thermionic, 77 for tungsten, 77 for coated filament, 80 detecting, 344 of thermionic oscillator, 298 rectification, 123 et seq. Einstein, 20, 41 Electrode capacities, 178, 205 Electron : accelerated, 13 current, 57 dislodgment of, 14 effect of electric field on motion of, 9 effect of magnetic field on motion of, 10 electromagnetic mass of, 7 field of moving, 5 field of "stationary," 4 free, 23 longitudinal mass of, 8 mass of, 2, 6, 8 size of, 2, 8 transverse mass of, 8 Electrons : free, 16 dislodgment of, 17, 30, 35 in equilibrium, 25 occurrence of, 16 Electron affinity, 24 effect of surface condition of cath- ode on, 34 effect of, on saturation current, 79 relation between Richardson's con- stant b and, 33 values of, 29 Electron evaporation constant, 24 Electrostatic voltmeter: vacuum tube as, 367 Elster and Geitel, 30 Emissivity, thermal, 75 Epstein, P. S., 63 Equipotential cathode, 55 Everitt, H. W., 200, 203 Falling characteristic, 170 Faraday, 2 Feed-back : Amplifier, 257 receiving circuit, 360 Filament current: effect of, on amplification, 225 on oscillation, 308 Filament voltage drop: effect on characteristic, 64, 69 effect on detecting current, 329 Filter, 138, 216, 265, see also Wave Filter Fleming, 30, 111, 125 de Forest, 42, 145 Form factor, 125 values of, 128 Found, C. G., 375 Franck and Hertz, 20 Free electrons, 23 Frequency : effect of, in reducing rectification, 134 heterodyne method of generating low, 377 obtainable with thermionic oscilla- lator, 312 of oscillations in three-electrode tube, 274 Fry, T. C., 63, 138 Gas: effect of, on discharge, 86 effect of, on electron emission, 98 surface effect of, 86, 98 volume effect of, 86 Gauge, ionization, 91, 375 Gherardi, B., 262 Graetz, 130 Grainacher, H., 141 Grid: action of, 146 effect of dimensions of, 228 screening effect of, 229 388 INDEX Grid current characteristic, 153 in oscillator, 295 Grid leak resistance, 309 Grid potential, means of maintaining, 250 Grids, tubes containing two, 380 Hallwacks, 38 Harmonics, 168, 177, 282 Hartley, 257, 282, 287, 293, 313 oscillator circuit, 282, 313 Hazeltine, L. A., 165, 269, 280, 283 Heising, 280, 283, 308, 310, 323, 367, 380 Hertz, H., 38 Hertz and Franck, 20 Heterodyne: method of generating low frequen- cy, 377 reception, 353 et seq. High tension voltmeter: vacuum tube as, 369 Homodyne, reception, 358 Hull, A. W., 49, 132, 378, 380 Impact, elastic, 20 Impedance, input, 206, 212 Infra-saturation part of characteris- tic, 71 Initial velocities : of photo-electrons, 38 influence of on tube characteristic, 61 Input capacity, impedance, power, etc., see corresponding nouns. Ion: negative, 19 positive, 18 lonization, 16 by collision, 21 directive effect on flow of gas, 101 effect on infra-saturation, 93 effect on operation of oscillator, 101 effects of, 91 gauge, 91, 375 heating of cathode by, 92 at high pressure, 106 at low pressures, 90 lonization, manometer, 375 proportional to low pressure, 91 voltage, 21, 22 Jewett, F. B., 262 Johnson, J. B., 213 King, R. W., 227, 234, 235 Langmuir, I., 55, 59, 75, 101, 154, 245, 383 Latour, M., 153, 187 von Laue, 227 Lenard, 42, 53 Life of a vacuum tube, 84 Lilienfeld, 53 Limitation of current, 52 by space charge, 52 by voltage drop in filament, 64, 69 by thermionic emission, 70 Limiting, power device, 373 Lorentz, 2, 8 n, see Amplification Constant. Manometer, inozation, 375 Marconi, 112 Maxwell, 227, 232 Mean free path of electrons in gases, 88 et seq. Meissner, 290 Microphone generator, 223, 339 for obtaining modulated waves, 348 Miles of standard cable: amplification expressed in, 218 audibility expressed in, 351 relation between amplification and, 219 Miller, J. M., 194, 197, 205, 209, 290 Millikan, R. A., 13, 41 Modulated current, r.m.s. value of, 328 Modulated wave: equation for, 319 completely, 321 method of obtaining completely, 342 .- Modulation : double, 365 INDEX 389 Modulation — Continued systems of, 322 theory of, 315 Morecroft. J. H., 303 Multiplex telegraphy and telephony, 364 Multi-stage amplifier, 184, 252 design of, 256 with inductive connection, 252 with inter-tube transformers, 253 with non-inductive connection, 253 phase relations in, 260 Music, transmission of, 254 Mutual admittance, see Admittance. Mutual conductance, see Conduct- ance. Negative carriers, 71, 96 Negative resistance, 48, 108, 379, see also Resistance, 271 Nichols, 205, 215 Occluded gases, effects of, 102 Operating parameters, influence of: on amplification, 224 on oscillation, 307 Optimum voltage for rectification, 117 et seq. Oscillation: amplitude of, in vacuum tube, 279 conditions for, 267 in two-electrode tube, 269 in three-electrode tube, 271 Oscillation current as function of filament current, 309 of anode potential, 311 equations of vacuum tube, 267 generator, 266 et seq. Oscillations in amplifier circuits, 258 Oscillator: tuned grid circuit, 284 with grid leak resistance, 309 with grid battery, 310 practical, circuits, 292 for extreme frequencies, 312 Oscillograms : of current in valve rectifier, 129 of oscillator output, 302, 305 Parasitic circuits, 285 Peltier effect, 27 Phase relations: in amplifier, 174 in multi-stage amplifier, 260 in oscillator, 280 Photo-electric : effect, 38 equation, 41 long wave-length limit, 42 Photo-electrons, maximum velocity of, 38 Planck, 18, 20 Plate impedance, 160 Plate resistance, see also Resist- ance. characteristic, 196 Plate current, 177 Pliodynatron, 380 Poisson, 15, 52, 56 Positive electron, 2 Potential distribution: in audion, 147, 148 for finite initial velocities, 62 for zero initial velocity, 56 Power: effect of anode potential on, from oscillator, 312 in input circuit, 211 in output circuit of amplifier, 192 in output circuit of detector, 328 in output circuit of oscillator, 296 Power amplification, 185 Power-limiting devices, 373 Pure electron discharge, 22 Push-pull amplifier, 261 Radiation: from atoms, 19 due to accelerated electron, 13 Radiation constant, 75 Radio transmitting and receiving systems, 361 et seq. Reactance, input, 208 Receiver shunt, 216 computation of, 222 390 INDEX Receiver shunt for measuring ampli- fication, 218 for measuring audibility, 350 for measuring detecting current, 337 theory of, 221 Receiving systems, radio, 361 Recombination of ions, 96 Rectification : conditions for, 109 efficiency, 123 et seq. Regeneration, 287 Regulator : audion as current and voltage, 371 valve as voltage, 142 Repeater: Western Electric type, 239 circuit, 263 Resistance: computation of plate, 234 input, 208, 209, 212 measurement of plate, 195 negative, 271, 379 plate, 268 Richards, W. L., 262 Richardson, O. W., 24, 26, 31, 32, 53, 83 Saturation current, 50, 77 from contaminated tungsten, 37 effect of surface condition on, 37 from oxide-coated cathodes, 37 Schelleng, J. C., 303 Schottky, 55, 155, 227 von Schweidler, 53 Secondary electron emission, 47, 383 devices employing, 378 Singing: in amplifiers, 209, 259 in repeater circuits, 263 Soddy, 53 Space charge, 15, 55 current limitation by, 52 due to positive and negative car- riers, 52 relation between potential distribu- tion and, 15 Space current, 6, 57 control of, by third electrode, 42 as function of plate and grid poten- tials, 46 Standard cable: constants of, 218 Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law, 75 Stevenson, G. H., 198 Stoller, H. M., 142 Stoletow, 53 Stoney, G. J., 1 Strayfield, 146, 229 verification of, relation, 157 Structural parameters of tube, 226 Surface condition of cathode: effect of, on electron affinity, 34 on saturation current, 37 on characteristic, 70 force on electrons, 23, 24 Switch, valve as high tension, 378 Telegraphy, multiplex, 364 Telephone amplifier, 262 Telephony, multiplex, 364 Temperature : effects of anode, on operation of tube, 76 safe cathode, 85 saturation, 54, 308 Thermionic amplifier: types of, 236 et seq. Thermionic valve, 50 characteristics of, 51 as current limiting device, 124 as high power rectifier, 115 as high tension switch, 378 minimum resistance of, 126 types of, 120 voltage drop in, 115 Thermionic efficiency, 77 of coated cathode, 80 effects of electron affinity on, 78 of tungsten, 77 Third electrode for controlling space current, 42, 146 Thomson, J. J., 1, 5, 55 Three-halves power equation: for parallel plates, 58 INDEX 391 Three-halves power equation — Con. for concentric cylinders, 60 Transformer, input and output, 250 Transmitting systems, radio, 361 Two-way, one-repeater circuit, 264 Two-way, two-repeater circuit, 263 Vacuum, by vaporization of calcium, 53 Vacuum test for tubes, 105 Vacuum tubes: types of, 120 et seq., 236 et seq. Vallauri, 154 Valve detector, 111 with anode battery, 112 See also Thermionic Valve. Voltage amplification, 181, 213, see Amplification. Voltage drop in filament, see Fila- ment, Voltmeter : vacuum tube as electrostatic, 367 Wave filter, 138, see also Filter. Wave shape: of current in output of audion, 166 of current in valve, 116 of modulated current, 320 Wehnelt cathode, 25, see also Coated Filament. White, W. C., 313 Wilson, H. A., 99 Wilson, R. H., 251, 355, 368 Wilson, W., 64 Wold, P. I., 371, 377 X-radiation: characteristic, 47 general, 47 soft, 47 MAY BE Overdues subject to replocement^harges^ RUE AS STAMPEDBblOW~ 'UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKLEY FORM NO. DD1 1 , 80m, 8/80 BERKELEY, CA 94720 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 