The standard dictionary of facts.
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O-, - <^B ^ 0^ ,0O «* J^\n » ! * ■ ^ ^ V y n o •b ^ ^ A - ^ i-MZzS. ° ' ^ > ?§m& •< ,,oo< *5- U^v ., » * «/>> -A o V x^ Jo 0°’ ^ - - / s %:* - o ’* /■ v 4 . . , V';:'- - ” ~ *o «. «4r * tffi&h <■ <?v o V> ^ w " <£ ■%■ - '^V ^ • ^ ,0 'V ,0^ c 0 K c> ^ s ^ p ; y +*S%W*X* 09 o0 ^ " *y*°' ^ "n1\°^ss^ V3N°' vV,-y - x \ oo v ° 4^’ ^ ^ ** Ss Ax ,, % y° * A* ^ i^V^.% °o o°V^C '>r o ■{* 4 -A >• r ^ * * #■ % * 0 f. > <1 r .9 THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS HISTORY, LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, BIOG¬ RAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ART, GOV¬ ERNMENT, POLITICS, INDUSTRY, INVENTION, COMMERCE, SCIENCE, EDUCATION, NATURAL HISTORY, STATISTICS AND MISCELLANY EDITED BY HENRY W. RUOFF, M. A., D. C. L., Editor of “ Century Book of Facts,” ‘‘Universal Manual of Ready Reference,” “ The Capitals of the World,” “ Leaders of Men,” Etc. THE FRONTIER PRESS COMPANY BUFFALO, N. Y. 1910 Copyright, 1908, BY THE FRONTIER PRESS COMPANY. Copyright, 1909, BY THE FRONTIER PRESS COMPANY. Copyright, 1910, BY THE FRONTIER PRESS COMPANY. All rights reserved. C Cl, A 2 562 81 EDITOR’S PREFACE IN the year 1900, the editor of this volume presented to the public a more or less comprehensive book of general information — THE CENTURY BOOK OF FACTS — which has since found a place in upward of half a million American homes. This immense circulation would seem to be conclusive that a work of this type meets with the intelligent approval of a large contingent of the book-buying public. There is additional evidence, however, that the demand for comprehensive, concise, reliable, up-to-date, books of reference and instruction, in almost every department of knowledge, is becoming more insistent. And it is in consequence of this demand, as well as the desire of the editor to enlarge and improve and standardize his original plan, that the present work has been prepared. The present work has been built entirely anew, guided by the defects and limitations of other books of reference, to be sure, but chiefly in the light of the advances of the past eight years. It is divided into Ten Books, covering the entire range of general knowledge, so classified as to bring to the reader or con- suiter the essentials of many diverse subjects in the most direct and expeditious manner. Numerous tabulations have been introduced which in themselves will be found valuable substitutes for volumes, even, along the same lines. The aim has been to adapt the work to the needs of all classes of readers — to the home, to the school, to the office, to the library. Live, practical, every-day information, touching the manifold interests of the day, has been given a place alongside the previously recorded facts of history, literature, science, industry biography, and achievement. The past has been linked with the present in such fashion as to make the survey of the world’s progress at once complete and concise. Many hundreds of volumes have been laid under tribute to complete the present work, and much valuable assistance has been rendered by many persons throughout the entire country, both by suggestion and contribution. To Miss Susan F. Chase, M. A., Pd. D., and Miss Helen L. Dunston, of the Buffalo State Normal School, in particular, the credit is due for the best features in the depart¬ ments of Literature and Language, respectively. While an earnest effort has been made to attain a minimum of error in the succeeding pages, it is too much to expect that all errors and inconsistencies have been removed. In so vast an array of facts some error is inevitable. This is due to a multitude of causes, — chief of which is the absence of agree¬ ment among the very highest so-called authorities and the lack of uniformity in many statistical tabulations. We shall welcome, therefore, any intelligent criticism that will enable us to give to this work the greatest possible accuracy and usefulness. TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST BOOK HISTORY DICTIONARY OF HISTORY — Concise Histories of Countries and States: Alabama — Argentine Republic — Arkansas — Austria-Hungary — Belgium — Brazil — Cali¬ fornia — Canada — Chile — China — Colorado — Connecticut — Cuba — Delaware — Denmark — Florida — France — Georgia — German Empire — Great Britain — Greece — Idaho — Illinois — Indiana — Iowa — Italy — Japan — Kansas — Ken¬ tucky — Maine — Maryland — Massachusetts — Mexico — Michigan — Minnesota — Mississippi — Missouri — Montana — Nebraska — Netherlands — Nevada — New Hampshire — New Jersey — New York — North Carolina — North Dakota — Norway — Ohio — Oklahoma — Oregon — Pennsylvania — Persia — Portugal — • Rhode Island — Rome — Russia — Servia — South Carolina — South Dakota — • Spain — Sweden — Switzerland — Tennessee — Texas — Turkey — United States — Utah — Vermont — Virginia — Washington — West Virginia — Wisconsin — Wyom¬ ing— EVENTS OF HUMAN PROGRESS — GREAT BATTLES — GREAT WARS — IMPORTANT TREATIES — OUTLINES OF AMERICAN HISTORY — BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME — RUINS — RULERS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS, PAST AND PRESENT — HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS AND TABULATIONS. SECOND BOOK LANGUAGE The English Language — Use of Capital Letters — Punctuation — Right Use of Words — Figures of Speech — Synonyms — Letter Writing — -Words and Phrases from the Classic and Modern Languages — Abbreviations — Mispronounced Words — Forms of English Composition — Travels — Memoirs — Biography — History — News — • Fiction — Short Story — Parables — Allegories — Description — Exposition — - Essays - Editorials — Reviews — Criticisms — Argument — Addresses — Lectures — Orations — Sermons. THIRD BOOK LITERATURE Preliminary View of Literature — Oriental Literature — Literature of India _ Persia — China — The Hebrews — Egypt — Phenicia — Assyria — Arabia — Greece — Rome — Scandinavia — Germany — France — Italy — Spain — Russia — England — America — List of Books for Children’s Library — Family Libraries — Books and Authors, Classified — Famous Poems, Authors and First Lines — Pen Names of Noted Writers — Mythology — Names in Fiction, Literary Plots, and Allusions FOURTH BOOK BIOGRAPHY Great Men and Women of the Past — Great Men and Women of the Present — Authors Statesmen Warriors Rulers — Jurists — Lawyers — Physicians — Scien¬ tists —-Educators Sculptors • — Painters — Architects — Preachers — Invent- ORS " Discoverers Patriots Editors — Philanthropists — Actors — Musicians Financiers Religious Leaders — Philosophers — Mathematicians — Astron¬ omers — Artisans — Orators — Engineers — Merchants — Geniuses — Savants — and Others. FIFTH BOOK GEOGRAPHY, TRAVEL, ARCHITECTURE Selected Topics in Physical, Descriptive, and Political Geography — Continents — Mountains — Lakes — Countries — States — Cities — Battle- o1™'8 Castles Cathedrals — Churches — Monuments — Obelisks — Palaces — Galleries -Historic Buildings — Historic Ruins — Fashionable Resorts — Architectural Structures — Theaters — Tabulations. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 SIXTH BOOK GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Government of the Principal Countries of the World — Government of the States of the Union — Government of Territories and Insular Possessions — Government of Cities — Abyssinia — Afghanistan — Alabama — Argentine Republic — Arizona — Arkansas — Austria-Hungary — Belgium — Bolivia — Brazil — Bulgaria — Cali¬ fornia — Chile — China — Colombia — Colorado — Connecticut - — Corea — Cuba — Delaware — Denmark — District of Columbia — Dominican Republic — Ecua¬ dor — England — Florida — France — - Georgia — Germany — Great Britain and Ireland — Greece — Hayti — Idaho — Illinois — India, Empire of — Indiana — Iowa — Ireland — Italy — Japan — Kansas — Kentucky — Liberia — Louisi¬ ana — Maine — Maryland — Massachusetts — Mexico — Montana — Montenegro — Morocco — Nebraska — Netherlands — Nevada — New Hampshire - — New Jersey — New Mexico — New York — New Zealand — North Carolina — North Dakota — Norway — Ohio — Oklahoma — Oman — Oregon — Panama — Paraguay — Pennsyl¬ vania — Persia — Peru — Portugal — Prussia — Rhode Island — Rumania — Rus¬ sia — Scotland — Servia — Siam — South Carolina — South Dakota — Spain — Sweden — Switzerland — Tennessee — Texas — Turkey — United States of America — Uruguay — Utah — Venezuela — Vermont — Virginia — Washington — West Virginia- — Wisconsin — Wyoming — Zanzibar — Tabulations and Statistics. SEVENTH BOOK INDUSTRY, INVENTION, COMMERCE Agriculture — Banks — Building — Commerce — Commercial Products — Finance — Fisheries — Forestry — Imports and Exports — Insurance — Inventions — Iron and Steel — Labor Organizations — Live Stock Industry — Manufactures — Merchant Marine — Mining — Money — Occupations — Railroads — Transporta- TION — Trusts — World Marts — World’s Staples — Tabulations and Statistics. EIGHTH BOOK SCIENCE, EDUCATION, RELIGION Branches of Human Knowledge — Colleges and Universities — Educational Systems and Topics — Fine Arts — Learned Societies — Music — Painting — Religions and Religious Denominations — Sculpture — Topics in Physical Science, Medical Science, Biological Science, Electrical and Mechanical Science — Scientific, Educational, and Religious Statistics. NINTH BOOK NATURAL HISTORY ANIMAL KINGDOM: Birds, Insects, Mammals, Reptiles — MINERAL KINGDOM: Coals and Clays, Gases, Fossils, Liquids, Metals, Precious Stones, Rocks, Soils — VEGETABLE KINGDOM: Cereals and Bulbs, Grasses, Flowers, Forests, Fruits — CURIOSITIES AND WONDERS. TENTH BOOK MISCELLANY Amusements — Weights and Measures — Names and Name Origins Vital Statistics — Births Deaths, Crimes — Fraternal Organizations — Disasters and Calamities, Fires Floods, Earthquakes, Pestilences — Burial and Mourning Customs — Holi¬ days — Weather Signals — Poisons — Popular Names of Cities — Miscellaneous Facts and Figures. 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Patrick Henry in the Continental Congress. Noah Webster, Schoolmaster of the Republic. Shakespere at the Court of Queen Elizabeth. William Ewart Gladstone. Taj Mahal, Shrine of Nur Jehan, “Light of the World.” Lincoln’s Cabinet. Union Station, Washington. Leland Stanford, Jr., University. David Starr Jordan, Naturalist. University of Toronto — Main Building. FIRST BOOK HISTORY HISTORY Abdication is the act of giving up an of¬ fice. It is sometimes compulsory, and some¬ times the result of vexation and disappointment. The following monarchs have abdicated : Abdul Hamid II. (forced), . 1909 Amadeus I. (duke of Aosta) of Spain, . 1873 Charles Albert of Sardinia (forced), . 1849 Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia, . 1802 Charles IV. of Spain (forced), . 1808 Charles V. of Spain and Germany, . 1556 Charles X. of France (forced), . 1830 Christina of Sweden . 1654 Diocletian and Maximian, . 305, 308 Emperor of Corea, . 1907 Felipe V. of Spain . 1724 Ferdinand of Austria . 1848 Francis II. of the Two Sicilies (forced), . 1860 James II. of England (forced) . 1689 Louis Bonaparte of Holland, . 1810 Louis Philippe of France (forced), . 1848 Ludwig of Bavaria (forced), . 1848 Matilda (Lady of England), . 1154 Milan of Servia, . 1889 Napoleon I. of France (forced), . 1814 Napoleon III. of France (forced), . 1870 Oscar II. of Sweden . 1907 Otho of Greece (forced) . 1862 Pedro II. of Brazil (forced), . 1889 Poniatowski of Poland (forced), . 1795 Richard II. of England (forced) . 1399 Stanislaus Leszczinski (forced), . 1735 Victor Amadeus of Sardinia, . 1730 Victor Emmanuel, . 1821 Several dethroned without even the mocking show of abdication, like Edward II. of England (1327); Henry VI. of England (1471) ; Emperor of Corea (1907) ; Abdul Hamid II., etc. Abyssinia. The oldest accounts of the Abyssinians are full of fables, but seem sufficient to prove that they attained some degree of civili¬ zation even in remote antiquity. Christianity was introduced about the middle of the Fourth Century, and soon prevailed extensively. Axum was at that time the capital. Two centuries later the Abyssinians were powerful enough to invade Arabia, and conquer part of Yemen. In the Tenth Century a Jewish Princess over¬ threw the reigning dynasty, the surviving repre¬ sentative of which fled to Shoa. After three centuries of confusion the empire was restored under Icon Amlac, and some progress was made in improvement. Early in the Fifteenth Cen¬ tury the Abyssinians entered into close relations | with the Portuguese. Under the influence of the Portuguese missionaries the royal family adopted the Roman Catholic faith, and the old Coptic Church was formally united to the See of Rome. The people and ecclesiastics obsti¬ nately resisted the innovation ; the emperor gave way; and ultimately, in 1632, the Romish priests were expelled or put to death. Though Christianity is still the professed religion of Abyssinia, it exists only in its lowest form, and is little more than ceremonial. The Church is national and independent, but the visible head, or Abuna (“our father”), is ordained by the Cop¬ tic Patriarch of Alexandria. The doctrines of the Abyssinian coincide with those of the Coptic Church, especially in the monophysite heresy; but several peculiar rites are observed, including the rite of circumcision and observance of the Mosaic laws respecting food, etc.; love-feasts, and adult baptism. The oldest Abyssinian churches are hewn out of rocks. The modern churches are mostly round or conical buildings, thatched with straw and surrounded by pillars of cedar. Statues and bas-reliefs are not toler¬ ated in churches, but paintings are numerous. In 1860, King Theodore (born 1818, crowned 1855) felt himself insulted by the British Con¬ sul, whom he imprisoned with some missionaries. A large English force under Lord Napier then came to Abyssinia and captured the strong fortress of Magdala in April, 1868. On this Theodore committed suicide. After an interval of anarchy Prince Kassai assumed power as Johannes II., in 1872. He died in 1889, and was succeeded by Menelek II. Abyssinia then practically became an Italian protectorate. During 1895 a war prevailed between Abyssinia and Italy, which was closed in 1896. In 1906, an agreement between Great Britain, France, and Italy, as to their interests in Abyssinia, was concluded. In 1907, a decree was issued by Menelek II. announcing the formation of a cabi¬ net on European lines. Abyssinian War, The. Between the British and Theodore, King of Abyssinia. This expedition (for the release of missionaries, Cap¬ tain Crawford, and others) was under Sir R. Napier, who joined the army at Senate, January, 1868. Colonel Phayre defeated Theodore at Magdala, 10th of April, which was bombarded and taken on 13th of April. The return of the British army commenced 18th of April, 1868. Achaean League, The. A confeder¬ acy of the twelve towns of Achaea. It was dis¬ solved by Alexander the Great, but reorganized B. C. 280, and again dissolved B. C. 147. The second of these leagues, founded at Megalopolis, contained all the chief cities of Peloponnesus. It contended with the Macedonians and the Ro¬ mans for the liberty of Greece ; but, being beaten at Scarphea by Metellus, and at LeucopStra by Mummius, it dissolved soon after the taking of Corinth. The twelve cities of Achaea, in Ionia, were founded by the Heraclldae. Achaean War, The. Roman am¬ bassadors at Corinth enjoin the dismemberment of the Achaean League and are insulted (B. C. 147). Kritolaos, general of the league, at once besieged Heracleia (B. C. 146), but was defeated at Scarphea by Metellus, and slew himself. Diaeos, successor of Kritolaos, was defeated at LeucopStra by Mummius (B. C. 146); Corinth was then destroyed ; and all Greece was erected into a Roman Province, September, 146. Actiac War, The. This arose out of the rupture between Octavian and Antony, two of the Triumvirs (B. C. 33.) Octavian declared war against Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and de- THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS feated Antony at Actium, 2d September, B. C. 31. Both Cleopatra and Antony killed them¬ selves. Alexandria was taken by Octavian, August 30th (B. C. 33), and Egypt was made a Roman Province, B. C. 30. ^Etolian Confederacy, The, B. C. 323, called into existence by the Lamian War. The states used to assemble annually in the autumn at Thermum, and the assembly was called the Panaetolicon. B. C. 189, the iEtolian states were subjected to the Romans. The object of the Lamian War was (on the death of Alexander the Great) to liberate Greece from Macedonia. The Athenians were the prin¬ cipal insurgents, but were defeated in 322 at Cranon, by Antipater. ^®tolian League, The. iEtolia joined the Greek confederates in the Lamian War, B. C. 313, but the iEtolian League rose into no great prominence till the Macedonian War (B. C. 214), when Sparta joined it, and it became the antagonist of the Achaean League, which sided with Philip V. of Macedon. It was the unwise policy of the iEtolian League which made Rome master of Greece. Afghanistan. The history of Afghanis¬ tan belongs almost to modern times. The col¬ lective name of the country itself is of modem and external origin (Persian). In 1738, the coun¬ try was conquered by the Persians under Nadir Shah. On his death, in 1747, Ahmed Shah, one of his generals, obtained the sovereignty of Afghanistan, and became the founder of a dy¬ nasty which lasted about eighty years. At the end of that time Dost Mohammed, the ruler of Cabul, had acquired a preponderating influence in the country. On account of his dealings with the Russians the British resolved to dethrone him and restore Shah Shuja, a former ruler. In April, 1839, a British army under Sir John Keane, entered Afghanistan, occupied Cabul, and placed Shah Shuja on the throne, a force of 8,000 being left to support the new sovereign. SirW. MacNaghten remained as envoy at Cabul, with Sir Alexander Burnes as assistant envoy. The Afghans soon organized a wide-spread in¬ surrection, which came to a head on November 2, 1841, when Burnes and a number of British officers, besides women and children, were mur¬ dered, MacNaghten being murdered not long after. The other British leaders now made a treaty with the Afghans, at whose head was Akbar, son of Dost Mohammed, agreeing to withdraw the forces from the country, while the Afghans were to furnish them with provisions and escort them on their way. On January 6, 1842, the British left Cabul and began their most disastrous retreat. The cold was intense, they had almost no food — for the treacherous Afghans did not fulfill their promises — and day after day they were assailed by bodies of the enemy. By the 13th, 20,000 persons, including camp-followers, women, and children, were de¬ stroyed. Some were kept as prisoners, but only one man, Dr. Brydon, reached Jelalabad, which, as well as Kandahar, was still held by British troops. In a few months General Pollock, with a fresh army from India, retook Cabul and soon finished the war. Shah Shuja having been as¬ sassinated, Dost Mohammed again obtained the throne of Cabul, and acquired extensive power in 1 Afghanistan.* He joined with the Sikhs against 1 the British, but afterward made an offensive 1 and defensive alliance with the latter. He died I in 1863, having nominated his son Shere Ali his j successor. Shere Ali entered into friendly re- 1 lations with the British, but in 1878, having re- I pulsed a British envoy and refused to receive a j British mission (a Russian mission being mean- I time at his court), war was declared against him, 1 and the British troops entered Afghanistan. ; They met with comparatively little resistance, ^ the ameer fled to Turkestan, where he soon after died; and his son Yakoob Khan having sue- j ceeded him concluded a treaty with the British I (at Gandamak, May, 1879), in which a certain i extension of the British frontier, the control by j Britain of the foreign policy of Afghanistan, J and the residence of a British envoy in Cabul, were the chief stipulations. The members of the mission were again treacherously attacked and slain, and troops were again sent into the coun- try. Encroachments by the Russians on territory claimed by Afghanistan almost brought about a rupture between Britain and Russia in 1885, and led to the delimitation of the frontier of Afghanistan on the side next the territory now occupied by Russia. In 1897, a punitive ex- 1 pedition was again sent against the tribes around the Khyber Pass, who disregarded their pledges. In 1905, the Ameer ratified a treaty with Great Britain agreeing to accept the advice of the Brit¬ ish Government in regard to his foreign relations, and was guaranteed against unprovoked ag¬ gressions on his dominions. Afghan War, The. A diplomatic con¬ test between France and Russia induced Dost Mohammed of Cabul to invite the friendship of Great Britain in 1836. This led to a diplomatic contest between Great Britain and Russia re¬ specting Afghanistan. Dost Mohammed joined Persia, and war was proclaimed against him at Simla by Lord Auckland, Governor-General of India, October 1, 1838. Dost Mohammed gave himself up at Cabul to Sir W. MacNaghten, No¬ vember 3, 1840; but his son Akbar Khan com¬ pletely outwitted General Elphinstone and the envoy, Sir William MacNaghten, both of whom were treacherously put to death. Negotiations for quitting Cabul were purposely delayed till winter had set in; and then the whole Brit¬ ish force, which, with women and children amounted to 20,000 souls, were as treacherously destroyed in the Khyber Pass, 1842. African W^ar, The. The first African War was undertaken by the Romans for the restoration of Hiempsal to the throne of Nu- mantia. Ahenobarbus, the leader of the Marian party in Africa, had dethroned him, but Cneius • Pompey slew Ahenobarbus, and restored Hiemp¬ sal, B. C. 81. The second African War was between Caesar and Scipio, B. C. 46. Caesar defeated the party HISTORY 11 of Pompey at Thapsus, in Africa, and thus put an end to the Civil War. The third African War was undertaken by the Romans against Tacfarlnas, a Numidian, in the reign of Tiberius. Tacfarlnas, having collected a large gang of freebooters, defied for some years the Roman arms in Numidia, but was ultimately overthrown and slain by Dolabella, A. D 17-24. The fourth African War was between the Ro¬ mans and Vandals in Africa. The Vandals under Genseric took possession of the Roman dominions in Africa, and continued masters for 105 years (A. D. 429-534). Belisarius was sent into Africa by the Emperor Justinian to win back the Afri¬ can dominions, and he utterly overthrew the Vandals, took Carthage in 533, and returned to Rome in triumph in the autumn of the year fol¬ lowing, A. D. 534. Agrarian Agitation, B. C. 480. The reat Roman agrarian agitation was set on foot y Spurius Cassius, who had been three times consul. To win popular favor, he told the peo¬ ple that the Senate ought to give an account of the land taken from the Volsci, which ought to have been equally divided amongst the whole people irrespective of rank. The Senate, to allay the popular clamor, promised to give the matter their best consideration, but arrested Cassius and hurled him from the Tarpeian Rock. Things went on till B. C. 464, when Herdonius, the Sa¬ bine, got possession of the capital. Then the Senate promised to pass an agrarian law, if the people would eject the invaders. The invaders were expelled, but it was not till B. C. 365 that Licinius Stolo, the plebeian tribune, got a law passed making it penal for anyone to hold more than 500 acres of the public lands. Alabama. The name, derived from the Indians, denotes “Here we rest.” Originally a part of Georgia, the country included in Alabama and Mississippi was organized as a Territory in 1798. In 1812, that part of Florida, then belong¬ ing to Spain, lying between the Perdido and Pearl rivers on the Gulf Coast, was seized by the United States troops and annexed to the Territory. Alabama remained a Territory after the western portion was admitted as a State under the name of Mississippi, and was itself admitted as a State in 1819. On January 11, 1861, the Ordinance of Secession was adopted by the Secession Convention, and on February a provisional congress met at Montgomery and organized the Government of the Confederate States. Jefferson Davis was inaugurated Presi¬ dent of the Confederacy at Montgomery, Febru¬ ary 18, 1861, and the government seat was moved from Montgomery to Richmond in July, 1861. Mobile was finally captured by the Fed¬ erate, April 12, 1865, and on May 4th the State was included in the surrender made by General Richard Taylor. After the Confederate sur¬ render, the State passed under the phases of pro¬ visional and military government until 1868, when it was regularly reconstituted as a State in the Union. In 1901, a Constitutional Con¬ vention, called to regulate negro suffrage, was in session from May 21st to September 2d at Mont¬ gomery. On November 11, 1901, the new con¬ stitution was ratified by popular vote. In 1907, a notable effort was made by Governor Comer opposing federal interference in the regulation of the railroads of the State. Alamo, The, a mission church at San Antonio, in what is now Bexar County, Texas, converted into a fort. In 1836 it was occupied by about 150 of the revolutionists in the Texan War of Independence. Though attacked by 4,000 Mexicans under Santa Ana, the Texans held it from February 23d to March 6th, when Santa Ana took it by storm. All but seven of the gar¬ rison perished, six of these being murdered after their surrender, and one man escaping to report the affair. In this garrison were the celebrated David Crockett, and Colonel James Bowie, in¬ ventor of the bowie-knife. The memory of this massacre became an incitement to the Texans in subsequent encounters, and “Remember the Alamo ! ” became a war-cry in their struggle for freedom. Alemanni, a confederacy of tribes which appeared on the banks of the Rhine in the Third Century, and for long gave no small trouble to Rome, but whose incursions were arrested, first by Maximinus, and finally by Clovis in 496, who made them subject to the Franks, hence the modern names in French for Germany and the Germans. AMERICAN BATTLES, TABULATED Naval engagements are indicated by italics; * means that it was a drawn battle; t means a general estimate. CASUALTIES Date Name of Battle Opponent Victor United States Opponents Killed Wo’nd’d Killed Wo’nd’d July 2, 1898 Feb. 11, 1865 May 5, 1864 Oct. 27, 1864 Oct. 5, 1864 Nov. 13, 1776 May 28, 1781 Jan. 29, 1814 March 2, 1815 Oct. 2, 1863 Aug. 12, 1776 Marchl7, 1813 Sept. 16. 1862 Sept. 17. 1862 Aguadores (including July 1st), .. Aikens. Albemarle,. Allatoona,. Alliance-squadron,. Alligator, .. America-Elizabeth,. Anderson’s  2 142 0 5 2 0 8 4 1 2,616 12 9t 25 0 352 2 20 2 0 16 8 3 9,416 10 31 0 0 338 3 11 8 2 32 6 0 1,842 30 160 0 0 704 10 30 14t 13 41 3 2 9,399 12 Date April 9, 1865 Aug. 14, 1813 July 15, 1862 Jan. 10, 1863 Jan. 11, 1863 Oct. 12, 1863 Oct. 13, 1863 Oct. 9, 1779 July 14, 1813 Sept. 23, 1864 July 22, 1864 Aug. 3, 1812 Aug. 3, 1804 Aug. 7, 1804 Nov. 29, 1813 Marehl6, 1865 Feb. 1, 1864 Oct. 21, 1861 Feb. 4, 1863 Aug. 5, 1862 Oct. 4, 1863 Aug. 27, 1863 Jan. 29, 1863 June 24, 1813 Nov. 6, 1861 Nov. 7, 1861 Aug. 16, 1777 Marchl8, 1865 Marchl8, 1865 May 26, 1864 May 27, 1864 May 28, 1864 May 29, 1864 May 30, 1864 June 9, 1863 Jan. 11, 1865 July 26, 1864 Oct. 24, 1864 Oct. 25, 1864 June 25, 1876 May 17, 1863 Aug. 24, 1814 Feb. 13, 1862 Oct. 10, 1863 Sept. 8, 1862 April 3, 1780 June 3, 1776 Sept. 23, 1779 Oct. 12, 1800 March31, 1865 Sept. 11, 1777 June 10, 1864 April 29, 1862 Oct. 14, 1863 Aug. 4, 1812 Oct. 19, 1863 Feb. 22, 1847 Feb. 23, 1847 July 21, 1861 Aug. 29, 1862 Aug. 30, 1862 June 17, 1775 July 1, 1863 July 7, 1862 Oct. 7, 1812 Aug. 16, 1780 June 11, 1898 June 12, 1898 June 13, 1898 June 14, 1898 Nov. 16, 1863 Jan. 27, 1814 April 23, 1864 April 13, 1813 March 1, 1813 Nov. 20, 1856 Nov. 21, 1856 Nov. 22, 1856 April 26, 1863 Jan. 14, 1863 July 7, 1777 Aug. 19, 1780 Oct. 19, 1864 Aug. 8, 1862 THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS AMERICAN BATTLES, TABULATED — Continued Name of Battle Appomattox,. Argus-P elican. Arkansas,. Arkansas Post (continued), .. Arkansas Post (ended), .... Arrow Rock (continued), . .. Arrow Rock (ended),. Assault on Savannah,. Asp, attack on the,. Athens, Ala.,. Atlanta, Hood’s first sortie, .. Atlas-Planter and Pursuit, . .. Attack on Tripoli. Attack on Tripoli. Autosse,. Averysboro,. Bachelor’s Creek. Ball’s Bluff,. Batesville,. Baton Rouge,. Baxter’s Springs,. Bayou Metea,. Bear River,. Beaver Dam. Belmont (continued). Belmont (ended),. Bennington,  Big Blue (continued),. Big Blue (ended),. Big Horn,. Black River,. Bladensburg,. Blooming Gap,. Blue Springs,. Boat attack on Charleston, . .. Boots-Black Snake,. Boats-tender to Nautilus, . .. Bonhomme Richard-Serapis, .. Boston-Berceau,. Boydton and White Oak Road, Brandywine,. Brice’s Cross-Roads, Miss., .. Bridgeport, Ala . .. Bristow Station,. Brownstown,. Buckland’s Mills,. Buena Vista (continued), . .. Buena Vista (ended),. Bull Run. Bull Run No. 2 (continued), .. Bull Run No. 2 (ended), . .. Bunker Hill,. Cabin Creek, . .. Cache Swamp,. Caledonia and Detroit-boats, .. Camden. Camp McCalla (continued), .. Camp McCalla (continued), .. Camp McCalla (continued), .. Camp McCalla (ended), .... Campbell Station,. Camp Defiance,.  Castletown,. Catawba Fords,. Cedar Creek, Cedar Mountain (continued),. CASUALTIES Opponent Victor United States Opponents Killed Wo’nd’d Killed Wo’nd’d Conf. U. S. 203 297 189 386 English Conf. Eng. U. S. 6 18 17 50 2 10 5 . 15 Conf. u. s. 6 25 iot 30t Conf. u. s. 129 831 60 78 Conf. Conf. ... ' *84 *205 Conf. u. s. 45 i62 English Eng. 68 173 18 37 English Eng. 4 6 10 21 Conf. U. S. 0 0 12 18 Conf. u. s. 499 2,142 1,162 7,337 English u. s. 2 5 2 4 Tripolitan Tripolitan * * 1 22 13 6 60 50t 70 80f Indians u. s. 11 54 204 0 Conf. u. s. 77 477 86 632 Conf. Conf. 24 77 13 22 Conf. Conf. 223 226 58 242 Conf. u. s. 2 4 5t 7t Conf. u. s. 99 203 125 234 Conf. Conf. 80 21 12 32 Conf. u. s. 2 8 11 31 Indians u. s. 12 49 224 8 English Eng. 25 50 f 30t 34 Conf. Conf. *682 Conf. U. S. 90 1.73 23i English u. s. 30 41 59 81 Conf. u. s. l‘,38i Conf. u. s. 19i l,i08 267 Conf. u. s. .... .... Conf. u. s. .... .... Conf. u. s. .... .... .... Conf. u. s. 2,1.36 Conf. u. s. 20i 998 864 Conf. Conf. 156 289 253 354 Conf. Conf. 5 20 3 6 Conf. u. s. 18 32 48 102 Conf. u. s. .... Conf. u. s. 4i 62 78 i35 Indians Ind. 261 0 81 126 Conf. u. s. 29 242 40 186 English Eng. 30 42 183 297 Conf. u. s. 0 2 13 26 Conf. u. s. 33 62 48 94 Conf. Conf. 23 57 0 2 English u. s. 0 2 3 5 English u. s. 1 3 4 18 English u. s. 49 67 49 68 French u. s. 4 11 4 17 Conf. u. s. 177 1,134 236 998 English Eng. 289 568 98 398 Conf. Conf. 223 394 124 582 Conf. u. s. 3 8 31 42 Conf. * 50 150 150 250 English Eng. 17 30 0 0 Conf. Conf. 8 23 4 31 Mexican u. s. Mexican u. s. 267 456 568 l,24i Conf. Conf. 481 1,011 362 1,390 Conf. Conf. Conf. Conf. 798 4,023 1,090 6,i54 English Eng. 145 304 359 695 Conf. U. S. 8 15 42 108 Conf. u. s. 8 45 110 150 English u. s. 1 4 5 10 English Eng. 94 281 80 245 Spanish u. s. Spanish u. s. Spanish u. s. Spanish u. s. 6 11 60 1 i40f Conf. Conf. 112 186 136 214 Indians u. s. 17 132 37 0 Conf. u. s. 98 152 108 164 English Eng. 1 3 0 4 English Eng. 1 3 0 1 Chinese u. s. Chinese u. s. Chinese u. s. 12 28 400 540 Conf. u. s. 6 18 22 43 Conf. u. s. 7 27 14 36 English Eng. 211 583 35 144 English Eng. 162 281 2 21 Conf. u. s. 588 3,516 961 3,239 Conf. Conf. .... V HISTORY 13 AMERICAN BATTLES, TABULATED — Continued Date Name of Battle Opponent Victor Aug. April May April May May May* May Sept. June Feb. July July July Nov. Nov. Nov. June Dec. Sept. Sept. Sept. Feb. July Nov. Aug. May Dec. June April Dec. April June June Jan. Aug. Dec. April Sept. Feb. Feb. Aug. Dec. Feb. Aug. Oct. Feb. Oct. Oct. Feb. Jan. Sept. June June Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. July Aug. June Sept. April Dec. Dec. Dec. April Aug. Sept. Jan. June Feb. May Nov. May Aug. Dec. July Feb. Jan. Nov. 9, 1862 18. 1847 16, 1863 30, 1863 1, 1863 2, 1863 3, 1863 4, 1863 13, 1847 4, 1782 25, 1815 6, 1864 8, 1864 10, 1864 23, 1863 24, 1863 25, 1863 1, 1813 7, 1777 18, 1863 19, 1863 20, 1863 27, 1847 5, 1814 11. 1813 20, 1847 9. 1864 5, 1863 5. 1864 16, 1865 9, 1862 4, 1864 2, 1864 3, 1864 14. 1813 3, 1814 1, 1782 21, 1775 6, 1781 9, 1799 2, 1800 19, 1812 29, 1812 20, 1815 19, 1847 19, 1814 23, 1813 3. 1862 4. 1862 29, 1812 17, 1781 14, 1862 22, 1813 8. 1862 1, 1863 21, 1865 5, 1865 6. 1865 7. 1865 11, 1812 5, 1813 17, 1776 9, 1847 27, 1805 6, 1864 8, 1864 9. 1864 15, 1813 22. 1814 2, 1812 25. 1813 28, 1863 3, 1863 15, 1862 6, 1863 5. 1864 23, 1864 23, 1813 1, 1898 10, 1862 22. 1814 20, 1780 Cedar Mountain (ended),. Cerro Gordo. Champion Hills, ,. Chancellorsville (continued). Chancellorsville (continued). Chancellorsville (continued). Chancellorsville (continued), .... Chancellorsville (ended), . . . .. Chapultepec,. Charming Sally-Revenge,. Chasseur-St. Lawrence,. Chattahoochee (continued), .... Chattahoochee (continued), .... Chattahoochee (ended),. Chattanooga, including Orchard Ivnbb, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge (continued),. Chattanooga, etc. (continued), . .. Chattanooga, etc. (ended), .... Chesapealce-Shannon. Chestnut Hill. Chickamauga (continued),. Chickamauga (continued). Chickamauga (ended), ...... Chihuahua, . .■. Chippewa,. Chrysler’s Fields. Churubusco,. Cloyd’s M’tain and New River Bridge, Coffeeville,. Columbia, Ark.,. Columbus, Ala.,. Col. Matthews, . .. Col. Gooding,. Cold Harbor (continued),. Cold Harbor (ended),. Comet-frigate,. Comoeta Creek,. Commerce-brig and schooners, .... Concord and retreat,. Congress-Savage,. Constellation-Insurgent,. Constellation- V engeance. Constitution-Guerriere,. Constitution- Java, .. Constitution-Cyane and Levant , . .. Contreras,. Cook’s Mills. Cora-boats, .. Corinth (continued), . .. Corinth (ended),. Courier- Andromache,. Cowpens,. Crampton Gap,. Craney Island,. Cross Keys,. Culpepper Court-House,. Cumberland, Md.,. Dabney’s Mills (continued). Dabney’s Mills (continued), .... Dabney’s Mills (ended). Decatur-Commerc°. Decatur-Dominica,. Defense-transports,. Del Rey,. Derne,. Deveraux’s Neck (continued), . .. Deveraux’s Neck (continued), . .. Deveraux’s Neck (ended),. Diligent-squadron,. Diomede-Upton, . • • Dolphin-two ships,. Dolphin-squadron,. Donaldsonville,. Dover, Col. Harding, . • Drury’s Bluff,. Droop Mountain, . . . .. Dunn’s Bayou. Duvall’s Bluff,. Econochaca,. El Caney,  s. * U. S. u. s. Conf. u. s.  Eng. u. s. u. s. Eng.   450 660 223 1,060 63 368 loot 500t 426 1,842 486 1,954 1,512 9,5 i 8 1,718 10,563 116 671 l,000f 2,000 1 4 3 6 5 8 15 23 ’ 80 ‘450 -2oi ‘402 ‘757 4,529 850 2, i 50 47 99 24 59 14 36 42 64 1,644 9,262 6,000 10,666 3 5 33 67 60 244 199 328 102 237 22 147 131 876 l.ooot 3,000t 126 585 248 652 38 62 21 32 19 73 22 81 10 14 30 50 18 22 32 68 8 26 18 39 1,905 10,570 364 1,336 1 3 10 14 2 , 8 10 20 1 2 14 24 49 34 74 199 11 19 25 31 2 3 29 41 14 25 50 110 7 7 15 63 9 25 60 101 4 10 35 42 20 40 700 2,200 11 54 20 60 1 3 1 2 -3i 5 1,81.2 1,423 5,692 0 3 0 1 12 60 120 199 115 418 98 342 0 0 75f 125t 125 498 29 302 16 98 22 104 1 3 2 8 232 1,062 249 75 i 0 0 4 7 4 16 18 45. 0 9 18 30 1 8 31 46 89 6 8 iot 20t ‘ 39 ‘390 112 ‘228 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 2 4 7 3 8 3 8 6 9 1 3 85 114 16 60 150 400 422 2,380 514 1,086 41 79 82 158 38 64 4 18 13 42 6 33 1 6 30 0 88 356 120 400 2 2 4 10 20 75 220t 0 3 4 92 102 14 Date Jan. 24, 1814 Sept. 5, 1813 Aug. 1, 1801 Aug. 13, 1812 March 28, 1814 Sept. 8, 1781 July 28, 1864 Oct. 27, 1864 Oct. 28, 1864 July 13, 1863 Feb. 26, 1863 Feb. 28, 1862 Aug. 5, 1864 Oct. 7, 1863 April 18, 1863 April 1, 1865 April 9, 1865 May 20, 1863 Sept. 15, 1814 Sept. 27, 1864 Feb. A 15, 1862 Aug. 15, 1814 Sept. 17, 1814. 