None
3. If a blue colour reaction is obtained, add an equal volume of a saturated solution of (NH4)2S04 and filter. This will remove the starch. To a little of the filtrate add a drop of iodine. If a glycogen or dextrin reaction is obtained, add solid (NHj^jSOj to the remainder of the filtrate, boil to obtain a saturated solution, cool, and filter. This will remove the glycogen. Test the filtrate with iodine, a red-brown tint shows the presence of dextrin. 4. Apply Trommer's test for reducing sugar (dextrose, maltose, or lactose). (Cp. p. 180.) If slight reduction only is obtained, the test must be repeated after removing albumose and peptone (cp. E). 4. a. If starch, dextrin and reducing sugars are absent test directly for cane sugar (cp. p. 181). b. If starch or dextrin are present and reducing sugar absent an alcoholic extract must be made (cp. E) and its aqueous solution tested for cane sugar. c. If reducing sugars are present after starch and dextrin have been removed, indication of the presence of cane sugar may be obtained by estimating the cupric reducing power of the fluid before and after treatment with acid. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF FLUIDS. 385 E. Examination foe Bile-Salts. 1. If album ose or peptone is present, treat the residue from the fluid, evaporated to dryness, with strong {e.g. 95 p.c.) alcohol. Filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness in a water bath; take up the residue with water, and filter. (Proteids being insoluble in alcohol are thus removed.) 2. If coagulable proteids are present, but not albu- mose or peptone, get rid of coagulable proteids as in D. 3. To the fluid free from proteids, apply the furfurol or Pettenkofer's test for bile-salts (cp. pp. 204, 205). F. Examination for Urea. 1. Test the original solution with sodium hypo- bromite (cp. p. 249, § g). If no gas is evolved, urea is absent. 2. If gas is evolved, confirm the presence of urea. Remove proteids as in E, § 1, up to the stage of evaporating the alcohol extract. a. Cautiously heat a small portion of the residue from the alcoholic extract in a dry test-tube and note if NHs is given ofif, cool, and apply the biuret test (cp. p. 249, § 1, h). b. Treat a part of the residue with a few drops of water, and test for crystals of urea, nitrate of urea, and oxalate of urea (cp. p. 248, §§ 1, a, 6, c). L. 25 386 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF FLUIDS. c. Take up the rest of the residue with water and filter, remove phosphates and sulphates if present with baryta mixture (p. 286, § 8) and test with mercuric nitrate (p. 248, § 1, e). G. Examination for Ueic Acid. Remove proteids, if present, as in E. Evaporate the solution to a small bulk, and apply the murexide test (p. 255, § 1, c). Confirm by testing for crystals of uric acid (p. 255, § 1, «). Examination of a Powdee or a Solid tor the Commoner Substances of Physiological Importance. A. Place a little of the solid on a slide, cover with a cover- slip and examine microscopically. Note 1. Characteristic amorphous forms : starch (concentrically or excentricaUy marked granviles) ; dextrin (in commercial dextrin, the form of the starch granules from which the dextrin is made is generally preserved) ; hcBmatin (dark brown scales) ; reddish clumps indicating the presence of dried blood. 2. Characteristic crystalline forms : urea (p. 248), uric acid (p. 255), leucin (p. 211), tyrosin (p. 211), cholesterin (p. 206). Generally the crystals are more or less broken up. 3. Run iodine solution under the cover-slip. a. Note if the colour reaction of starch, dextrin, or glycogen is given. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF FLUIDS. 387 b. Add a drop of strong H2SO4 to the iodine solution. If the crystalline particles give a violet or red colour, changing to green, blue, and finally black, cholesterin is indicated (p. 206). 4. Note if many blood corpuscles are present, indicating the presence of dried blood. If cells and fragments of tissue are present, indicating presence of dried tissue. B. Heat a little of the solid in a dry test-tube, at first gently, then more strongly. 1. If sublimation takes place and an odour of amylamin is given off, leuoin is present. 2. If an odour of phenol and nitrobenzol is given off, tyrosin is present. 3. If ammonia is given off, urea is present (p. 249). C. Grind some of the solid in a mortar with a little cold water, add more water, stir well for a few minutes, let the residue settle, decant and filter. 1. The filtrate may contain peptone, albumose, dextrin, glycogen, sugars, bile-salts, urea, leuoin. Examine it as an ordinary physiological fluid. 2. To the residue add 1 p.c. NaHO, shake well, decant and filter. a. The filtrate may contain nucleo-proteids, bilirubin, uric acid, tyrosin. Test for the substances individually. If the filtrate 1 is alkaline, due to the presence of an alkaline salt in the solid, these substances will be already more or less dissolved. 6. The residue may contain starch, cholesterin, hsematin, heemin, sodium urate. Boil it with water and filter hot. u. The filtrate may contain starch. Test with iodine. /3. Concentrate the filtrate and examine for crystals of urates (p. 259). 25—2 388 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF FLUIDS. y. Extract the residue with boiling alcohol and filter hot. The filtrate may contain cholesterin ; concentrate it, examine for crystals, and apply the sulphuric acid test (p. 206). If there is a dark red or brown residue, add alcohol strongly alkaline with NaHO and boil again ; if hsematin is present it wiU dissolve ; filter, examine the filtrate spectroscopically (p. 237). D. If evidence is obtained that proteids, starch, dextrin are present in large amount, boil the solid with alcohol and filter hot. The filtrate may contain sugars, bile-salts, urea, leucin, cholesterin. 1. Concentrate the filtrate and examine for crystals of leucin (p. 211), and cholesterin (p. 206). 2. Continue the evaporation to dryness, extract the residue with water, filter, examine the aqueous extract for sugars bile- salts, urea. INDEX. Asterisks denote illustrations. Aceommodation, in vision, 292 et seq. Acetate of copper, 363 Acid-fnchsin, see Bnbin S. Aoid-magenta, see Eubin S. Adam's apple, 343 After-image, positive, 301 ; nega- tive, 302 Albumin, in milk, 197 ; in ab- normal urine, 257; fixative, for sections, 372 ; testing fluids for, 380, 381 Serum, 23 Acid, formation of, 24, 81, 82; testing fluids for, 380 Egg, 85 ; and glycerine, a fixing agent, 36, 37 Alkali, 82-84; testing fluids for, 380 Albumose, preparation of, 194 ; tests for, 194, 195 ; in abnormal urine, 257; testing fluids for, 381 ; testing solids for, 387 Alcohol, as a fixing agent, 29', 54', 57 ; for dehydration of sections, 30, 36 ; simple hardening agent, 360; com- pound hardening agent, 362 ; removing stain with acid-, 367 Algometer, use of, 274 Alkaline fermentation of urine, 245 Alum carmine, as a staining agent, 31, 42 ; preparation of, 366 Alveoli, of salivary glands, 175, 176 ; of pancreas, 208 ; of lym- phatic glands, 213 ; of lungs, 228, 230; of cortex of thymus gland, 262 ; of sebaceous gland, 265 ; of mammary glands, 360 Ampulla, of ear, 308, 310 Aorta, thoracic, the coats and blood vessels of, 146, 147; bul- bus, 148, 149 ; origin of, 158 Aqueduct of Sylvius, 328, 335 Aqueduotus Fallopii, 313 Aqueous humour, for preserva- tion of fresh tissues, 50 ; cham- ber for, 283 Areolar tissue, 56, 57 Arteries, structure of large, 146 et seq. ; carotid, 146, 147 ; medium sized, 147, 148 ; cir- culation, 150, 151; axial and peripheral zones, 151; in- flammation, 161-154 ; pul- monary, 156, 156, 158; co- ronary, 159 Blood-pressure, 167-174; flow from arteries, 169*, 171, 174 Of sub-maxillary gland, 186; of spleen, 215 et seq.; he- patic, 223; of lungs, 229; renal, 239, 243; arteriffi rectffi, 243 ; interlobular, 243; vertebral, 328; basilar, 328; posterior cerebral, 328; internal carotid, 329 ; middle cerebral, 329; anterior cere- bral, 329 390 INDEX. Astigmatism, 296 Atropin, effect on heart, 163 Auerbaoh's plexus, 133 Auricles, of heart, automatic ac- tion, 144; right, 157 S 158; synchronous heats, 159; stimu- lation of, 162 Automatic action, 142-145 Axis band, 312 Axis cylinder, l24 Axon, 181 'Bag,' the, of a sheep's heart, 1551 Baryta mixture, 375 Basophil masses, in nerve cells of spinal ganglion, 130' Battery, for electrical stimula- tion of nerve and muscle, 87 et seq.; see under Stimulation Beak, section of, of young duck- ling, 268 Benzol; a solvent for paraffin, 34' Bile, reactions of, 203-207; Gm- elin's test for bile-pigment, 204; Pettenkofer's test for bile-acids, 204, 205; emulsi- fying power of, 205, 206; cholesterin, 206; action on di- gestion of proteids, 206; tests for bile-pigments in abnormal urine, 258; test for bile-salts in abnormal urine, 258; test- ing fluids for bile-acids, 380; chemical examination of fluids for, 385; testing solids for bile-salts, 387 Bilirubin, testing solids for, 387 Biuret, 249 ; reaction, 193 Bladder, of frog, plexus of un- striated muscle cells, 76; sec- tion of coats of, 244 Bleeding a frog, 376 Blind spot, section through, 291 ; experiments for, 297, 298 Blood, structure of corpuscles in frog or newt, 1-9; irri- gation, 4-7; preparation of a dry film, 7 ; structure of corpuscles in man, 9-11 ; re- action, 15; specific gravity. 16; clottmg, 20,23-27; pre- vention from coagulation by cold, 24^; and by neutral salts, 25^ ; and by oxalates, 26' Blood vessels, 146-150; circu- lation of, 150, 151 Pressure, 167-174; minor arte- rial scheme, 167-169; major arterial scheme, 169, 170; mean arterial pressure, 17l ; flow from arteries and veins, 171; progression of pulse- wave, 172; capillary resist- ance, 173 Colour of, 232-233 ; laky, 232, 233; defibrinated dog's, 233; spectrum of crystals, 236; presence of, in abnormal urine, 258; dried, characte- ristic amorphous form, 386; testing solids for, 386 Bone, structure of, 64-67 ; treat- ment of, before section cutting, 364 Brachia, of corpora quadrigemina, 334 Brain, 324-341; dissection of, of dog or sheep, 324-335; blood vessels of, 328; parts of, seen in sections, 335-337; convolu- tions and fissures of dog's, 337, 338; histology, 338-341; de- struction of, in frog, 376, 377 Bronchia, larger and smaller, 228 Buds, Taste-, 273 Bulb, of hair, 264, 265 ; olfactory, 387 Bulbus arteriosus, contraction of, 159 Bulla, tympanic, 310 Burdach's column, of spinal cord, 319, 325; degeneration of, 323 Cajal, his modification of Golgi's chromate of silver method, 341 Calamus scriptorius, 328 Calcium oxalate, crystals of, in abnormal urine, 259 Calcium phosphate, precipitated from milk, 197; precipitated in fluids, 379 INDEX. (Cells), Of taste-buds, cover-, 276 ; taste-, 276 Of nose, olfactory and colum- nar, 278 Of eye, pigment, 286; poly- hedral, 287 ; columnar, 287 ; of retina, ganglionic, mole- cular, nuclear, 288-290; rods andoones,'S89,290; pigment-, of retina, 283, 285, 289, 290 Of ear, columnar, 310; fibre, 310; inner and outer hair, 314 ; supporting, 315 ; of organ of Corti, 315 Of spinal cord, multipolar, 318 ; nerve-, of grey substance, 323; nerve-, of anterior cornu, 321 ; of lateral cornu, 321 Of brain, angular and pyra- midal, 339 ; nuclear, of cerebellum, 340; Purkinje's (globular), of cerebellum, 340; neuroglia, and pyra- midal, of mid-brain, 341 Of ovary, cells of membrana granulosa, 347; of cumulus proligerus, 348; of stroma, polyhedral, 348 ; vitellus, 349 Of uterus, gland-, 350 Of testis, cells of epididymis, 358; of coni vaseulosi, 352; lining-, 352; spermatogenio, 352, 353 ; spermatoblasts, 352 ; supporting, 353 Cement, of teeth, 67, 68 Cement substance, 149 Centigrade, see Thermometer Cerebellum, 325 et seq. Cerebrum, 324 et seq. Chemical reagents, 374, 375 Chemical examination of fluids, 379-386 Chemical examination of pow- der or solid for commoner substances of physiological importance, 386, 387 Chiasma, optic, 327 Chlorides, in urine, 246 Chorda tympani, 178^ Chordffi tendinesB, 158 Cholesterin, preparation of, 206^ ; testing solids for, 387 Choroid, 283 Chrome alum, 363 Chromic acid, as a fixing agent, 291 ; hardening agent, 360, 362, 363 ; for fixing and decalcifying tissues of bone and teeth, 365 Chronograph, 105 Chyle, 211 Cilia, 70, 71 ; automatic action of, 144, 145; of gland cells of uterus, 350 Ciliary processes of eye, 284, 286 Circle of Willis, 329 Circulation of blood, 150, 151; structure and action of heart, 155-166; blood-pressure, 167- 174; in lungs, 230 Clarke's column, 321 Clearing agents, clove oil, 29, 31 ; xylol, 80, 31 Clove oil, as a clearing agent, 29 Clumps, inter-tubular, of pan- creas, 209 Cochlea, rudiment of a, 309 ; pro- montory of, 311 ; structure of, 314, 316 Collodion, used in mounting serial sections, 34 Colloid substance of thyroid gland, 260 Colour equation, 305, 306 Colour- vision in different parts of retina, 300 Colour-wheel, flicker, 305; con- trast, 306 Columnas oarnese, 157 Columns of spinal cord, anterior, lateral, and posterior, 818, 319, 323; GoU's, 319, 320, 328 ; postero- median, 319 ; postero-lateral, 319 ; Bur- dach's, 319, 323; Clarke's, 321 Commissure, grey and white, of spinal cord, 318; middle cere- bral, 833; anterior and pos- terior cerebral, 334 INDEX. Dehydration of sections, 30, 36 Deoolorization of stained sections, 31 Decussation of pyramids, 822 Delafield's hEematoxylin, prepara- tion of, 865 Demarcation currents, 120-122 Dendrons, 131 Dentine, 67, 68 Derived albunlins, 81-85 Dermis, 264 Dextrin, reactions of, 180 et seq.; in salivary digestion, 184 ; test- ing fluids for, 383 ; character- istic amorphous form, 386 ; testing solids for, 387 Dextrose, reactions of, 180 et seq.; quantitative estimation, 181- 188; in abnormal urine, 257; quantitative estimation of, 257 Dialyser, a convenient form of, 1861 Diaphragm, peritoneal surface, 219; tendon bundles, 219; pleural surface, 220; use of, 355, 356 Diastole, 159, 161 Dilatator pupillss, 286 Dissociating fluids, 357 Discs, intervertebral, 62 Drawing under the microscope, 14 Du Bois-Eeymoud key, 88* Ducts, of salivary glands, 176, 178, 186 ; of pancreas, 208 ; of sebaceous glands, 265 ; of sweat glands, 265 ; bile, 223 Duodenum, 207 Dura mater, 324 Ear, 808-316 ; reaction time for hearing, 315, 816 Earthy salts in fluids, 380 Egg-white, properties of 85, 86 Ehrlioh's acid hasmatoxylin, 29^ ; preparation of, 365 Ehrlich-Biondi stain, 868 Electrodes, ordinary, 87; non- polarisable, 115 Electrotonus, 118 End brush, 136-188 Enamel, 67, 68 Endochondral bone, primary, 66 Endomysium, 78 Endoneurium, 125 End plates, 138, 139 Entozoa, in abnormal urine, 259 Eosin, staining a dry fllm of blood with, 7, 8 ; double-staining of sections with hcematoxylin and, 32; a staining agent, 368 Epidermis, 263 Epididymis, 350, 351 Epiglottis, of sheep, elastic carti- lage of, 631 Epineurium, 125 Epithelium, columnar, 188, 199, 228; stratified, of oesophagus, 191 ; of skin, 263 ; sensory nerve-endings in, 266; olfactory, 277 ; respiratory, 277; germinal, 346; lymphatic, of peritoneum, 219 Erlicki's fluid, 368 Erythrosin, 368 Ether freezing mixture, 41 Eustachian tube, 313 Exudation fluids, action of fibrin ferment on, 27 Eye, 282-291; dissection, 282- 285 ; iridescence, 285 ; histo- logy, 285-291; shadows of blood vessels, 298; see also Vision Fahrenheit, see Thermometer Fallopian tube, 350 Falx cerebri, 324 Fasciculus cuneatus, of spinal cord, 319 ; of brain, 325 Fasciculus gracilis, of spinal cord, 319 ; of brain, 325 Fat-cells, of connective tissue, 59-61 Fat-decomposing ferment, 211 ; testing fluids for, 382 Fat-globules, in milk, 196 et seq. Fehling's fluid, 374 Fenestra ovalis, of ear, 313, 814 Fermentation, alkaline, of urine, 245 INDEX. 395 Ferments, chemical examination of fluids for, 382 Ferrein, pyramids of, 240 Fibres, elastic, of connective tissue, 53; white, of tendon, 53 ; of the bone matrix, perforating and decussating, 66; dentinal, 68 Muscular, 72 et seq. ; of striated muscle, 78 ; of plain muscle, 75, 76 Nerve-fibres, 123-128; medul- lated of spinal nerve, 123 ; non-medullated, of sympa- thetic nerves, 126; small meduUated, of sympathetic nerves, 126 ; degenerating nerve-, 128 ; nerve-, in spinal ganglion, 129; endings of nerve-fibres in muscle, 136- 139 Staining medullated, of central nervous system, 370 ; stain- ing degenerating, 371 Supporting (of Miiller), 289 Fibrillffi, of tendon, 54 Fibrils, varicose, in stratified epithelium, 266 Fibrin, 6, 23-26; raw, presence of pepsin in, 192' Fibrin ferment, 26, 27 Fibrinogen, precipitation from plasma of horse's blood, 25 ; action of fibrin ferment on, 27 Pibro-cartilage, 62,63 Fillet, of the pons, 336 Film, a dry blood-, 7; a moist, 57 Fimbria, of hippocampus, 331 Finger, tip of, skin of, 265-267 Fissures of spinal cord, anterior and posterior, 317 Of brain, 324; dentate or hip- pocampal, 333 ; of Sylvius, 337, 338; of dog's brain, 337, 338, crucial, 338 Fixing agents, in staining sec- tions, 29', 36, 37; for a tendon, 541 ; for a moist film, 57; tissues of bone and teeth, 364 ; simultaneous fixation and de- oaloification,364 ; for methylene blue stains, 368 Flattening sections, 35-37; see also Mounting, Imbedding, etc. Plemming's mixture, 363 Flicker, colour-wheel, 305 Fluids , see Dissociating ; Staining ; Chemical examination of Follicles, lymph, of small intes- tine, 201; of Peyer's patch, 207, 212; of cortex of lym- phatic gland, 213; hair, 264; Graafian, 346-348 Foramen, of Monro, 332 ; ovale, 156; rotundum, 311 Formaline, 360 Formed elements, In abnormal urine, 259 Formol, or formaline, 360, 363 Fornix, 331, 332, 337 Fossa ovalis, 156 Fovea centralis, 291 Freezing tissue for section cutting, 38-41 ; by ice and salt, 39-41 ; by ether, 41 Frog, pithing and bleeding, 376 Fungi, preservation of staining fluids from, 365 Gall-stones, preparation of cho- lesterin from, 206 ^ Galvanometer, 120, 165, 166 Ganglia, peripheral, 129-135 ; spinal ganglion, 129; sheath of, 130; sympathetie ganglion, 131 ; sympathetic chain, 134 ; cochlear, 315 Gastric juice, action of, 191-193 ; artificial, 193 ; action on milk, 197 Gelatine, the properties of, 83, 84 Genu, of corpus callosum, 330 Germinal area, of lymphatic gland, 214 Glands, salivary, 175-179; al- buminous, 175 ; submaxillary, 175-178; parotid, 175, 184; lachrymal, 176; mucous, 176, 177, 190; orbital, 176, 177 1, 186; active mucous, 178; hilus of submaxillary, 186; oxyntic 396 INDEX. INDEX. 397 362-364; treatment of bones and teeth, 364 Haversian canal, in bone, 64 et seq. Hearing, reaction time for, 815, 316 Heart, automatic action of, 148, 144 Structure and action of, 155- 166 ; of d sheep, 155-159 ; of a frog, 159-166 ; wave of contraction, 160 ; inhibition of heart-beat, 161 et seq. diastolic standstill, 161, 162 cardiac inhibition, 162-164 measurement of latent period , 164 ; escape of the, 164 musoarin and atropin, 165 nicotine and atropine, 165 current action of, 165, 166 blood-presanre, 167-174 Held, see Erythrosin Helmholtz's phakosoope, 295 Hemialbumose, testing fluids for, 381 Henle, loops of, 241 Hilus, of lymphatic glands, 213, 221 Hippocampus major, 881 Hyaline border, of ciliated cells, 71 ; of small intestine, 199, 201 Hydrocele fluid, action of fibrin ferment on, 27, 27 ^ Hydrochloric acid, commercial, 1852 Hydrophilus, striated muscle of, 74 Hypobromite, method of quanti- tative estimation of urea in urine by sodium, 249, 250*- 258; solution of, 250, 251 Illusions, see Tactile, Visional, etc. Imbedding sections, 38 et seq. ; in paraffin, 42-44; frames, 44; causes of imperfect, 46; super- ficial, 47 Impulse, nervous, rate of trans- mission of, 114, 115 Incus, 313 Induction machine, for stimu- lation by electric-currents, 90* et seq. : see under Stimulation Inflammation, 151-154 Infundibulum, 327, 335 Injection mass, 373, 374 Intermediate layer of kidney, 239-241 Intestine, small, the coats of, 78 ; nerve-cells of, 133, 134 ; circu- lation in, 152, 153 ; structure of, 199-203; small, 199-201; large, 201-208; frog's, after feeding with fat, 202, 203 Iridescence, of eye, 285 Iris, 286 Iron, in liver, tests for, 224 Irradiation, 297 Island of Eeil, 338 Iter, of brain, 328 Keys, for electric battery, short- circuit, 87 ; iu-circuit, 88 ; du Bois-Eeymond, 88* ; Morse, 88, 89* : see under Stimulation Kidney, structure of, 239-244 ; dissection of sheep's, 289 ; radial section of mammalian, 240-244; blood vessels, 248, 244 Knop-Hiifner method of quanti- tative estimation of urea in urine, 249, 250*-258 Laeteals, of mesentery, chyle in, 211 Lactic acid, in milk, 196 Lactose, 197 Lacunse, of bone, 64, 68 LsBvulose, 181 LamelliB, of bone, 64 et seq. Lamina, fusca, 283 ; spiralis, 313 LaminsB, elastic, of the arteries, 148 Larynx, dissection of, 342-345 Latent period of muscular con- traction, apparatus for record- ing, 98, 99* et seq.; of heart- beat, measurement, 164 Layer, intermediate, of kidney, 239-241 Lemon-juice staining method,369 398 INDEX. 399 retina, 289; tympanic, 310; basilar, 314; of Eeissner, 814; teotoria, 315; reticular, 315; epithelial, of brain, 333 Mercuric chloride, a3 a fixing agent, 29 ' ; a hardening agent, 360; oxide, in urea, 248; ni- trate solution, standard, for Liebig's method of estimating urea, 375 Mercury cup and vibrating rod, 103 Mesentery, circulation in, 152, 153 ; preservation of inflamed, 153, 154; chyle in lacteals of, 211 ; Pacinian bodies of, 267 Methylene blue, staining a film of blood with, 8; staining sections with, 31; staining fluid, 367; Nissl's, 368; solu- tion for fixing, 368 Methfiemoglobin, production of, 237; presence in abnormal urine, 258 Metronome, 105 Micrometer, ocular, measurement of objects by, 15 Micro-organisms, In abnormal urine, 259 Microscope, 'high' and 'low' power, 21; protection of liquid specimens from evaporation, 3; arrangement for a hanging drop, 3 ; drawing and measure- ment of objects under, 12-15 ; staining and mounting of sec- tions for, 28-37; notes on use of, 354-357 Microspectroscope, 236 Microtome, freezing mixtures for, 39, 41; use of, 41 et seq.; the rocking microtome, 44 et seq., 45* Millon's reagent, 374 Milk, properties and reactions of, 196-198 Moderator band, 157 Modiolus, 313 Moore's test, for dextrose, 180 Morse-key, 88, 89* Mounting stained sections, in Canada balsam, 28-31, 372 373 ; in glycerine jelly, 31, 32 373; separately in paraffin, 33 serial sections, 34, 85 ; prepa ration of albumin fixative, 873 see also Imbedding, Staining, etc. Mucin, preparation of, 84; tests for, 84, 85; presence of, in saliva, 183; in bile, 203, 204 Mucoid body, in egg-white, 86 Mucous membrane, gastric, fun- dus region of, 189; preparation of artificial gastric juice from, 191; of small intestine, 199; of large intestine, 202, 203; nasal, 276; of uterus, 349 Mucus, in urine, 246 Mulder's test, for dextrose, 181 Miiller's fluid, 363 Murexide test for uric acid, 255 Muscarin, effect on heart, 165 Muscle, striated, of frog, 72-74; sterno-cutaneous, 73; of in- sect, 74, 75; thoracic, 75; of mammal, 77, 78; unstriated, of frog, 75, 76, 78; cardiac, 76, 77 ; examination of mus- cle by polarized light, 77 Chemistry of, 79-86 Physiology of nerve and, 87- 122; stimulation {q. v.), 86 et seq.; reactions of living and dead, 94, 95 ; stimulation of gastrocnemius, 95, 97, 98 ; muscle-nerve preparation, 95 etseq.; tracing contractions of stimulated muscles, 95 et seq.; recording the latent period, 98, 99* et seq.; time measurements of curve of contraction and relaxation, 100, 101*, 102; minimal and maximal contractions, 102, 103; fusion of single contractions to form tetanus, 103-105; recording rate of oscillation of contractions, 105; fatigue of muscle, 105, 106; extensibility, 107, 108; 400 INDEX, (Muscle) work done by a contracting muscle, 109-111; action of veratrin, 111; action of curare, 111 ; unipolar stimu- lation, 113 ; stimulation by voltaic current, 115; law of contraction, 115, 116*-118; electrotouus, 118; change of tempirature and nerve- irritability, 119 ; demarcation current, 120-122 Endings of nerve-fibres in, 136-139; in sartorius, 136; steruo-outaneous, 137 ; in mylo-hyoid, 138 ; nerve- plexus in unstriated, 139 Of coats of stomach, 187 et seq. 01ives,'of brain, 327 Ora serrata, 284 Organ of Corti, 315 Oscillating rod, for production of tetanizing current, 103 Osmic acid, as a fixing agent, 29 S 32, 34, 357, 361; vapour, for preserving mucous granules, 370 Ossification, 66, 67 Osteoblasts, 67, 68 Osteoclasts, 67, 68 Otoliths, 309 Ovary, 346-349 INDEX. 401 Ovomucin, 85 Ovum, 347, 348 OxyhsBmoglobin, form of crystals of, 233 ; spectrum of, 235-237; in abnormal urine, 258 Pacinian bodies, 267 Pancreas, circulation in, 153 ; structure of, 208, 209; active, 209 Pancreatic juice, 209-211 ; pre- paration of, 209 ; action of, 210, 211 ; amylolytic action of, 210 ; proteolytic action of, 210 ; fat-decomposing action of, 211 Papilla, foliata of tongue, 275; filiform, 276 ; of dermis, 264 ParaflSn, sections in, 33 ; solvents for, 34'; staining sections im- bedded in, 34 ; imbedding sec- tions in, 42 ; cutting sections in, 46; staining sections still in, 371 ParaglobuUn, 20", 22, 23 Parathyroid gland, 260 Parovarium, 348 Peduncles, inferior, of cerebellum, 825 ; superior, of cerebellum, 326, 336; middle, of cerebellum, 326 ; of pineal gland, 334 Pelvis, 238 Pepsin, 191; in raw fibrine, 192 1 Peptone, preparation of,193; com- mercial, 193 ; characters of, 193, 194; Witte's, 194 1 ; in abnormal urine, 257 ; testing fluids for, 381; testing solids for, 387 Perichondrium, 59 Perenyi's fluid, 362 Periosteum, 65, 67 Pericardium, 155 Perimysium, 77 Pettenkofer's test for bile- acids, 204 Peyer's patch, lymph-follicles, 207; section of, 212, 220 Phosphates, in normal urine, 246 ; in abnormal urine, 257; crys- talline, 259 ; testing fluids for, 380 Pia mater, the blood vessels of, 148 ; of spinal cord, 317 ; of brain, 324 Picric acid, 32, 83, 362, 364, 369 Picrooarmine, staining sections with, 28, 29, 31; preparation of, 366 Pigments, chemical examination of fluids for, 382, 383 Pigment cells, 59, 60 Pigment grains of hair, 264 Pigment layer of retina of eye, 288, 285 ; cells of, 289, 290 Pithing a frog, 376 Pituitary body, 260, 327 Plasma, of horse's blood, 24^26 ; coagulation of, 25, 26 ; -cells, 58 Platelets, 8 ; preservation of, 9 ; in blood of rat or mouse, 11; in inflammation, 152 Plexuses, choroid, of ventricles of brain, 825, 831-333; see Auer- bach's, Meissuer's Polar stimulation, law of, 115 Pons varioli, 326, 336 Potassium bichromate, 362, 363 Hydrate, action on unstriated muscle, 75' Pressure, of blood, see under Blood Prickle cells, 262 Processus gracilis, 312 ; vocalis, 345 ; muscularis, 845 Promontory of cochlea, 311 Proteids, reactions of, in serum, 20 et seq. Pulp, splenic, 215, 216 Pulse, progression of wave, 172 Pulvinar, 334 Purkinje's cells, 340; figures, in vision, 298 Pus, presence of, in abnoimal urine, 258, 259 Pylorus, circulation in, 158 ; sec- tion of, 207. Pyramids of Malpighi, 239, 240 ; of Ferrein, 240 ; of spinal cord, decussation of, 322; of brain, 326 Badicle, lacteal, of villi, 200 Bami communicantes, 134 Bays, medullary, of kidney, 240- 242 Eecessus vestibuli, 309 Bed-green blindness, test for, 304, 305 Befractory period, 165 Belaxation of muscles, see under Muscle ; and under Stimulation Eennet-ferment, action on milk, 197, 198 Eennin, see Bennet ferment Eeproduction, tissues of, 346-353 Beepiration, Mechanics of, 227- 231 ; colour of blood, 232- 238 Bestiform body, 325 Bete testis, 351, 352 Beticulum, of lymph channels, 214 ; of Malpighian corpuscles of spleen, 216 Betina, 283, 288, 289; pigment layer, 283, 285; ciliary part, 284; colour- vision in different parts of, 300 Betinal image, 292; inversion of, 294, 295 Beticular area, of spinal cord, 319 Eeflex action, 140—142 Bheochord, 116*— 118 BheoBcopic frog, 122 Bib, cartilaginous, tissue of, 50 Bima glottidis, 342 Bod, inner and outer, of Oorti, 314 Bods and cones, of eye, 289, 290 Boots, anterior and posterior, of spinal nerves, 318 Boot-sheath, of hair, 264 Eubin S, double-staining sections by hsamatoxylin and with picric acid, 33 ; and picric acid stain, 369 Sacculus, 308 Saffranin, 31, 367; for mitotic division of nuclei, 370 Saliva, reactions of, 183-186 ; to prepare extract of, 184' Salt and ice freezing mixture, 39 Sarcolemma, 72, 73', 74 Sarcoplasm, 75 Sarcostyles, 75 Scalp, human, skin of, 263-265 ; hairs, 264 Seheiner's experiment, 294 Sclerotic, 282, 287 Sections, see Cutting ; Imbedding ; Mounting; Staining Serum, 20-23; for preservation of fresh tissues, 50 Serous spaces, 218-220 Septum, auriculum, spiral nerve cells, 132, 156 ; luoidum, 331 Sheath, medullary, 123; primi- tive, 123 ; nuclei of, 125 ; of spinal ganglion, 130 Silver nitrate, 369 Sinus, lymph-, 212, 220; of Valsalva, 158; junction of sinus vennsus and auricle, 162 Skin, 263-268; human scalp, 263-265; tip of finger, 265- 267 ; sensory nerve endings in stratified epithelium, 266 ; of face of rat, 267, 268 ; see also Touch Smell, 281 Sodium chloride, a chemical stimulant of nerve and muscle, 94 Hypobromite, 250 Sulphate, 363 Urate, tests for, 255 ; testing solids for, 387 Solids, chemical examination of, 386-388 INDEX. 403 Spaces, serous, 218 ; lymphatic, 218-220; posterior perforated, of brain, 327 Spectroscope, observations with, 234 et seq. Spectrum, the, of sodium, 234; wave lengths of Frauenhofer's lines, 234, 235 ; of oxyhaemoglo- bin, 235; of reduced haemo- globin, 235, 236; of carbonic oxide hsemoglobin, 236 ; of blood crystals, 236 ; of methse- moglobin, 237; of hjematin, 237; hsamochromogen, 237; of urobilin, 247 ; examination of, in testing fluids for pigments, 382, 383 Spermatoblasts, 352 - Spermatozoa, 352, 353 ; in abnor- mal urine, 259 Sphincter pupillse, 286 Sphygmograph, 169*, 171 Spiller's purple, 367 Spinal cord, 317-327; see also Ganglion Spleen, sympathetic nerves of, 126; physiology of, 214-218; injection of, 216i, 217', 221 Splenium, 330 Spot, germinal, 347, 349 ; Blind-, 291, 297 ; YeUow-, 299 Staining sections, 28--31 ; double- staining, 32 ; mounted in paraf- fin, 34 ; serial sections on slide, 36 ; in bulk, 42, 367; fluids for staining, 365-372 ; preservation of fluids from fungi,365; timeof maximum staining power, 365, 366 ; over-staining, 367 ; special methods of preparation, 369- 372; for mitotic division of nuclei, 369; sections still in parafSn, 371 ; see also under Mounting; Flattening; Imbed- ding, etc. Staircase efiect, 165 Stannius' experiment, 162 Starch, reactions of, 179 et seq., 186 ; preparation of mucilage, 179; testing fluids for, 383, 384 ; characteristic amorphous form, 386; testing solids for, 387 Stapedius muscle, 313 Stapes, 313 Stasis, 152 Stimulation, chemical, of muscle and nerve, 94 Electrical, of mixscle and nerve, 87 et seq. ; apparatus for, 87, 88*, 89*, 90*-92; con- stant (voltaic) current, 88, 92, 93 ; single, or slowly re- peated, induction shocks, 91, 93 ; tetanizing currents, 91, 93, 94, 103-105 ; make con- traction, 93 ; break contrac- tion, 93 ; make induced twitch, 93 ; break induced twitch, 93 ; rapidly repeat- ed induction shocks, 93; stimulation of gastrocne- mius muscle, and tracings of contractions, 97 et seq. ; the latent period, 98, 99* et seq. ; time measurements of curve of contraction, and relaxation, 100, 101*, 102; minimal and maximal con- tractions, 102, 103; fusion of single contractions to form tetanus, 103-105 ; record of rate of oscillation of contrac- tions, 105 ; unipolar stimu- lation, 113 ; velocity of nervous impulse, 114 ; stimulation by voltaic cur- rent (law of polar stimula- tion), 115 ; variation of strength and direction of voltaic current (law of con- traction), 115-118; effect of constant current on nerve irritability (eleotrotonus), 118; effect of temperature, 119, 120 ; demarcation current, 120-122 ; stimulation of nerve trunk and nerve end- ings in man, 273 Mechanical, of muscle and nerve, 94 Stomach, muscular coat of, in 404 INDEX. frog, 75, 76 ; physiology of, 187-191; cardiac end, 187- 189; pyloric end, 189, 190; see Oasttic juice Stomata, of peritoneum, 219 ; pseudo-, 219, 220 Stratum lucidum, 263 Striae acusticse, 329 Stroma, of re4,oorpuBcles, 5 ; of ovary, 346, 347 Substantia gelatinosa, of spinal cord, 318 ; nigra, of brain, 336 Substance, white, of spinal cord, 318; of brain, 328, 337, 339; grey, of spinal cord, 318 ; differences of, 320, 321 ; central, of brain, 336, 339 Sub-maxillary bone of foetal mammal, 68 ; gland, 175-178 ; of ox, preparation of mucin from, 84 Sugar, reactions of, 180 et seq., 186; grape-, 180; cane-, 181; in saliva, 184 ; in milk, 197 ; in liver, 225 ; in abnormal urine, 257 ; testing fluids for, 384 ; testing solids for, 387 Sulcus, interventricular, 155 Sulphates, in urine, 246 Sulphocyanates, test for, in saliva, 186 Supra-renal body, 261, 262 Sympathetic chain, 133, 134 Systole, 159 Tactile illusions, 273 Tapetum of eye, 285 Taste, 278-280 Taste organs, 275, 276 Teasing, 358 Teeth, structure of, 67-69 ; treat- ment of tissues of, 364 Tegmentum of brain, 336 Tendon, 53, 54 ; bundles, of dia- phragm, 219 Tensor tympani muscle, 312 Tentorium cerebri, 324 Testis, 350-353 Tetanizing shocks, 91, 93, 94, 103-105 Thalamus, optic, 333, 334 Thermometer, Fahrenheit and Centigrade, parallel scales, 378* Thiouin, 367, 368 Thymus gland, 262 Thyroid gland, 260 Tissue, hardening preparations of, 32, 38; fresh, preservation of, 49; observation of fresh, 857; general directions for pre- serving, 359 Tolindin blue, 367 Toluol, 341 Toluylen, diamine of, action on Uver, 2241 Tongue, circulation in, 152; physiology of, 275, 276 ; see Taste Touch, 268-274; threshold for two points, 268-270 ; cold spots in the skin, 270; sensation of heat in skin, 270, 271 ; warm spots in skin, 271 ; successive temperature contrast, 271 ; estimation of weight, 271, 272; localization, 272; tactile illu- sions, 273 TrabeculfiB, bony, 66; of lym- phatic glands, 213; of spleen, 215, 216, 221 Trachea, section of, 227 et seq. Tracing muscular contractions, 95 et seq. Tracts, optic, 327 ; olfactory, 337 Trapezium, 326 Tripod razor, method of cutting sections with, 38-41, 44 Trommer's test, for dextrose, 180 Trypsin, 211 Tube, Eustachian, 313; Fallopian, 350 ; see also Tubules Tubules, dentinal, 68 ; of kidney, 242; of parovarium, 348; of testis, 351, 352 Tunica vaginalis, 351 ; albuginea, 351 Turpentine, a solvent for parafSn, 33, 34", 422 Tyrosin, in pancreatic digestion, 211; testing solids for, 387 INDEX. 405 Urates, precipitation of, from abnormal urine, 257 ; present as crystals, 259 Urea, action on red corpuscles, 6 ; in urine, 246 ; reactions of, 248, 249; crystals of, 248; nitrate of, 248; oxalate of, 248 Quantitative estimation of, 249-255; Knop-Hufner me- thod, 249, 250*-253 ; Liebig's method, 253-255 ; solutions for Liebig's method of esti- mating, 375 ; standard mer- curic nitrate solution, 375 ; baryta mixture, 375 ; stan- dard urea solutioil, 875 ; chemical examination of fluids for, 385 ; testing solids for, 887, Ureter, 238, 244 Uric acid in urine, 247, 259 ; reactions of, 255 ; crystals of, 255, 259 ; murexide test for, 255 ; quantitative estimation of, in urine, 256 ; chemical examination of fluids for, 886 ; testing solids for, 387 Urine and its constituents, 245- 259 ; normal, 245-247 ; abnor- mal urine, 256-259 ; crystalline deposits in, 259 Urobilin, precipitated from urine, 247 Urocbrome, in urine, 247 ; testing fluids for, 388 Uterus, 849, 850 UtriculuB, 308 Uvea, 286 Vagus, dissection of, 160 et seq., 161*; stimulation of, 161 et seq. Valves, action of, in jugular vein, 154; Eustachian, 157; tricus- pid, 157, 158 ; semilunar, 158 ; bicuspid, or mitral, 158 ; of lymphatic vessels, 220 ; of Vieussens, 326 Vas deferens, 853 Vasa eflerentia, of testis, 351 Veins, structure of large, 146 et seq. ; jugular, 146, 147, 154 ; circulation, 150, 151; axial and peripheral zones, 151 ; inflammation, 151-154 Structure and action of heart, 155-166 ; left azygos vein, 157; coronary, 157 Blood-pressure, 167-174; flow from veins, 169*, 171 Splenic, 215 et seq., 221 ; renal, 289, 243; venffi recta, 243; venes stellatas, 244; see also Veinlets Veinlets, of liver, hepatic, or in- tralobular, 223, 224 ; portal or interlobular, 223, 224 Velum interpositum, 332 Venae cavse, 156, 157* ; junction of superior and inferior, 159 Ventricle, cardiac muscle, 76; right and left, of heart, 155, 158, 159 ; contraction of, 144, 159 ; effect of single induction shocks on, 165; of brain, 825 et seq. Veratrin, action of, on muscular contraction. 111, 115 Vesicle, germinal, 347, 349 Vestibule of ear, 814 Vibrating rod and mercury cup, 103 Villi, 199, 201 Vision, 292-307; retinal image, 292 ; accommodation, 292 ; Helmholtz's phakoscope, 295 ; astigmatism, 296; irradiation, 297 ; blind spot, 297 ; region of distinct vision, 298; Purkinje's figures, 298; yellow spot, 299; colour vision in different parts of retina, 300; positive after- image, 301; negative after- image, 302 ; contrast, 802, 306; red-green blindness, 304 ; colour wheel, 305, 806 ; colour equa- tion, 305, 306 ; visual illusions, 806, 307 Vitellus, 349 Vitreous humour, 288 Vocal cords, 342 m. 