None
Each of these disabilities we are seeking to conquer and in their conquest and control biochemistry must necessarily play a leading if not an absolutely decisive part. Our resistance to toxic agents of environmental or endogenous origin is rendered possible by a peculiar mechanism of adaptation, or " tolerance," which we as yet understand very imperfectly. Its understanding and control will constitute one of the most important among the forthcoming advances of our knowl- edge, and must result, not only in a greatly improved knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms of adaptation, but in throwing a flood of light upon pharmacological science and therapeutic practice. The advances of recent years have demonstrated to us that our resistance to the invasion of parasites is determined by specific chemical agents which our tissues manufacture — the various antibodies. The chemical nature of these substances is as yet hardly understood at all, yet this THE OUTLOOK 601 knowledge is fundamental to our control of zymotic diseases. We find that whereas to certain organisms we oppose an impenetrable resistance, to others our resistance is very slight. Our acquired resistance, result- ing from infection or artificial immunization, varies between the same extremes. The transient or inappreciable immunity conferred by immunization in many diseases lays us open continually to their inroads with resulting loss of life and efficiency which have been displayed upon a gigantic scale in the recent world-wide scourge of influenza. The erection of defenses against such plagues, and the common infections of the respiratory or alimentary tracts which are responsible, in the aggregate, for so much loss of effort, time, life and efficiency in the world, wrill never be possible until we understand the underlying chemical reasons why resistance, natural or acquired, to this disease should be high and permanent and to that, slight and transient, and our understanding of this will in turn depend upon the acquirement of knowledge of the actual chemical nature of the anti- bodies and the precise nature of the processes involved in their inter- action with the tissues or toxins of the invading parasite. The study of these substances and reactions is proceeding apace, and a clear and full understanding of the mechanisms of immunity, while perhaps as yet remote, will unquestionably be acquired. The conquest of zymotic disease has begun, many of the bitterest scourges of the middle ages have disappeared from our lives never to return, and one by one our parasitic enemies are being deprived of power to mar or destroy our lives. Our disorders of function are gradually becoming understood, chlorosis and gout are disappearing, myxedema may be prevented, such conditions as cretinism and asthma are being traced to avoidable origins, diabetes is coming under control, and while cancer still exercises its ravages almost uncurbed that dark problem too now presents some openings which the forth- coming advances of our knowledge of the chemistry of growth will undoubtedly enable us to convert into means of its eradication or prevention; for the problems of pathological growth are fundamentally identical with the problems of normal growth, and the information which sheds light upon the one type of growth will reveal the origin of the other. Senescence alone remains untouched, the final triumph of nature over the human desire to live; but if we can once rid ourselves of the suggestive influence of age-long experience and view the phenomenon impersonally, as the culmination of a definite, understandable and therefore controllable process, we. will perceive that this too must ultimately, fall under the sway of human intellect. The indefinite prolongation of his own life is the manifest destiny of man, and the progress already achieved is certainly not less than that which had been made toward our conquest of the air when Leonardo da Vinci so confidently, and as it then seemed so futilely, predicted that man would ultimately fly. 602 THE OUTLOOK The goal of the biological sciences has been stated by J. Loeb to be the artificial creation of living matter. To this, too, we dare not ascribe impossibility, but its attainment seems at present to be almost certainly more distant than any of the objectives we have hitherto reviewed; for our increasing knowledge of life-phenomena reveals to us more and more clearly that the processes of life are wrapped up, not merely with a peculiar admixture of unstable chemical compounds, but also with a definite architectural arrangement of these compounds. The simplest living organism with which we are acquainted possesses a definite structure, and even supposing our knowledge of the chemistry of life to have become so exhaustive as to permit the precise imitation of the chemical constitution of living matter, its structural constitution would still remain an incentive to investigation and an obstacle, but not an insuperable one, to the attainment of our ultimate goal. The slow, hesitating, clinging grasp of science, like that of the many- ten tacled denizens of the sea, cannot be loosened or evaded. Through many trials and failures, let the superficial appearance which hides the precious truth be as polished and impenetrable-seeming as it may, a flaw will be found, a foothold gained, and atom by atom, through centuries if need be, the very heart of mystery is unveiled. There is not, nor ever can be in our universe, anything which directly or in- directly can be made to assail the senses of man, that his intellect cannot ultimately fit into the supreme architecture of the mind, and there is not, nor ever can be, one thing which the intellect of man fully comprehends which he cannot in some measure appropriate and employ for the direction of his own destinies. But in what way will we employ these powers? That, indeed, is a riddle to which science can furnish no solution; its answer lies hidden from our senses, in the deepest recesses of the moral nature of man; but the responsibility for the choice, whatever it may be, rests not with the scientific discoverer, save only in the degree to which he shares our common humanity. INDEX OF AUTHORS. The numbers in heavy type refer to the bibliographies. A B ABDERHALDEN, E., absorption of proteins, 253; amino-acids in blood, 242; ammo- acid metabolism, 242; amino-N deter- mination, 146; chemical composition of blood, 337, 364; chemical identity of animal proteins, 331; composition of milk, 590; enzyme specificity, 220, 226; infant-metabolism, 594; iron in foodstuffs, 52 ; iron therapy in anemia, | 356; localization of protein synthesis, i 245; polypeptides in urine, 554; pyrrole I grouping, 488; time-relations in hydro 1- j ysis, 210 Abel, J., absorption of proteins, 253; ni- trogenous waste products, 565; vivi- diffusion, 243 Achalme, 227 Acree, 227 Adami, fluid crystals, 102; senescence, 519 Adamson, 309 Aders, 146 Adler, 519 v. Adlung, 561, 566 Albertoni, 594 Albu, 52 Aldrich, 499, 519 Allen, degeneration of islets of Langer- hans, 406; depancreatization, 401; dia- betes, 51, 403, 416 Alsberg, 92 Anderson, 105 Anistchakov, 94, 105 Armsby, 92 Armstrong, 75, 92, 222, 226, 227 Aron, energy-consumption in growth, 592; infant-metabolism, 594; starva- tion-metabolism, 502 Arrhenius, digestion and absorption, 253 ; enzyme action, 226, 425; hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, 211; quantitative secre- tion of gastric juice, 251; transmission of bacterial spores by cosmic dust, 282, 435 Ascoli, 551, 552, 566 Atkins, 261, 283 Atwater, calorific value of diet, 582; conservation of energy, 594; normal diet, 594 ; respiration-calorimeter, 571 ; wastage on different diets, 584 Auer, 333 BACH, 413, 416 Baeyer, 435 Bailey, 105 Bain, 520 Baker, 283 Bancroft, F. W., 333, 450 Bancroft, W. D., 309 Bang, 105 Barcroft, 303, 309, 352 Barger, 186, 200 Barney, 520 Bartell, 306 Batelli, 416 Baumann, 384 Bayliss, 214, 226 Bean, 536 Beatty, 146 Bell, 536 Bendix, 75 Benedict, calorimetry, 594 ; factors deter- mining total metabolism, 589 ; ratio of basal metabolism to body-surface, 588; specific stimulators of metabolism, 589; starvation - metabolism, 416, 594 Bennett, 520 Berg, 226 Bergell, 226 Bernard, Claude, glycosuria, 400; pan- creas, 232; saline cathartics, 315; sugar- content of liver, 86 Bernheim, 536 Berninzone, 227 Bernstein, 442, 445 Berthelot, 186 Bertrand, 186, 412, 413 Bethe, 523 Beutner, 309 Biach, 105 Biddle, 227 Biedermann, 312 Biedl, 389 Biehler, 146 Bigland, 309 Birchard, 150, 153, 172 Blaauw, 430, 431 Blackman, 445 Blair, Bell, 377, 390 Blake, 310 Blasel, 156, 172 Blish, 384 604 INDEX OF AUTHORS Bloor, absorption of fats, 253; absorp- tion of fatty acids, 235; fat-metabol- ism, 416; fats in diabetes, 403, 406 Bohr, 352 Bolhner, 146 Bolin, 413 Bosworth, 105 Botazzi, one-sided permeability in kid- neys, 291; osmotic pressure of sea- water and tissue-fluids, 262, 283 Boveri, 462 Bowditch, 438, 518 Bradley, 223, 361 Briggs, 364 Browder, 470, 505, 520 Brown, A. J., 209 Brown, A. P., 356, 359, 364 Brown, H. T.. 437 Brunner, 441 de Bruyn, 65 Bryan/ 535 Buck, 342, 364 Buckmaster, 362 Bugarsky, 172 v. Bunge, 20; hematogen, 45; hippuric- acid synthesis in tissues, 32, 556; min- eral requirement in foodstuffs, 36, 52 Burge, 414, 416 Burnett, 106, 333; catalase, 414, 146; catalyzers in cancer, 520; influence of temperature on muscle-stimulation, 428; sea-water glycosuria, 271 Burton, 309 Biitschli, cell-division, 466; death, 513; structure of protoplasm, 308 Butterfield, 359, 364 Byk, 435 Cohen, 419, 445 Cohnheim, 238 Conklin, 462, 470 Cook, 316, 333 Cooke, 309, 390 I Corson-White, 106, 505, 520 ! Cottrell, 273 Cramer, 502, 519 ! Cremer, 227 I Croft-Hill, 222, 227 Curtms, 139 Gushing, 400, 494, 498, 519 Cushny, 200 Cutler, 520 Czapek, 445 DAKIN, arginase, 544, 565; hydrolysis mandelic acid esters, 219, 226; nitro- genous waste products, 566; oxida- tions, 416 Dale, 186 Davis, 52, 92, 519, 594 Delage, 450 Delprat, 520 Denis, 94, 241, 253, 390, 566 Descartes, 595 Donaldson, 518 Dore"e, 105 Douglas, 389 Drechsel, 545 Dreyer, 590, 594 Dubin, 566 Dubois, 414, 416 Du Bois, 512, 594 Ducceschi, 283 Dumanski, 309 Duval, 522, 535 CAJAL, 522 Cameron, 153, 536 Cannon, chemical correlation of circu- lation and digestion, 390; pylpric sphincter. 372; suprarenal function, 371, 390 Carlson, 401, 421, 428 Carpenter, 594 Carrel, 387, 520 Cathcart, absorption of proteins, 253; anti-enzymes, 227 ; starvation, 416, 594 Cattell, 390 Chalatov, 94 Chick, 426 Child, 486, 503, 519 Chittenden, 579, 580, 594 Chodat, 413, 416 Chun, 426 Clapp, 146 Clark, 520 Clark, E. B., 75 Clark, G. W., 364, 455, 470 Clark, W. M., 274, 283 Clausen, 420 EBBINGHAUS, 529, 532, 535, 533 Ebstein, 75 Effront, 226 Eijkman, 191 Ellis, 105 Engelmann, 434, 440 Epathy, 523 Erdheim, 387 Erlanger, 253 Euler, 226, 346, 413, 416, 596 Ewald, 421 Exner, 524, 534 FALK, 596 Fano, 283 Faraday, 568 Farkas, 283 Fick, 393 INDEX OF AUTHORS G05 Findlay, 390 Fine, 416 Fischer, E., ammo-acids, 132; amino-N determination, 133, 146; enzyme speci- ficity, 226; lock-and-key hypothesis, 219; mutarotation, 72; peptide for- mation, 139-142, 147; peptide hydrol- ysis, 220; structure of hexoses, 55; synthesis of glycerose, 53 Fischer, M. H., 308, 309 Fitz, 564, 566 Fitzgerald, 332 Fleischer, 519 Folin, absorption of amino-acids, 241; absorption of proteins, 253; atophan, 553; chemical correlation of circula- tion, 390 ; nitrogenous waste products, 566; origin of creatinine, 545; sulphur excretion, 560; uric-acid elimination, 549; uric-acid reagent, 191, 199, 549; vitamines, 200 Fourneau, 140 Fraenkel, 283 Fraser, 105 Friedenthal, cephalization-factor and life-duration, 517, 519; energy-require- ment and output, 594; indicator- method, 275, 283 ; protoplasmic tissues and body -surface, 590 Fry, 594 Fiihner, 369 Fulk, 253 Funk, 191, 200, 519 v. Fiirth, cholesterol, 97, 105; iodothy- rin, 384; melanins, 413; myosin and myogen, 398 G GABRIELT, 283 Galeotti, 164, 420 Gamgee, 351, 364 Gantor, 427, 445 Gardner, 94, 105, 492 Garrod, alcaptonuria, 559; cystinuria, 562-566; urinary pigments, 566; pen- tosuria, 75 Gay, 227, 332, 334 Gies, 226 Gilbert, 536 Givens, 52, 551, 566 Glikin, 105 Gobau, 526, 535 Godlewski, 390, 470 Goodspeed, 426 Gortner, chemical identity of fibrins, 331, 334; humin substances, 384 Graham, 302 Gramentzki, 215 Gray, 390 Grimaux, 139 Grund, 75 Gudernatsch, 486, 519 Gudzent, 552 i Guest, 146 Guggenheim, 200 Guldberg, 162, 203 Gtirber, 328 HALDANE, 389 Halliburton, crystalline form of hemo- globin, 360, 364 ; myosin clot, 398 Hamburger, 260, 266, 283 Hammarsten, blood-coagulation, 343; plasma-clotting, 344; water in tissues, 255 Handovsky, 172 Hanriot, 227 Hanson, 227, 341, 364 Harden, 227 Hardy, inversion of precipitating ion, 159, 163; protein complexes, 171, 330; structure of gels, 298-301, 309; union of acids and bases with proteins, 172 ; viscosity, 309 Hari, 539, 565 Harris, 433, 445 Hart, 519 Harter, 535 Hartmann, 520 Harvey, artificial fertilization, 470; bio- luminescence, 414, 416; surface-layer of cells, 309 Haskins, 545, 565 Hasselbalch, 283 Hedblom, 92 Hedin, anti-enzymes, 227; hematocrit method, 266, 283 Heidenhain, 290, 362 Hekma, 364 Henderson, alkali-reserve, 283 ; fitness of environment, 282; neutralizing-power of acids, 277, 283 ; respiration, 389 Henriques, 242 Herter, 556 Hertwig, membrane-formation with chlo- roform, 451 ; temperature-coefficient of development, 423 Hertz, 316, 333 Heubner, absorption-spectrum of hemo- globin, 359, 364; heat-production in infants, 591, 594 Hewlett, 253 Hildebrandt, 227 Hill, 303, 309 Hindhede, 594 Hinkins, 227 Hirschfeld, 156, 172 Hirschstein, 164 Hoagland, 273, 283, 416, 556, 566 Hocker, 306 Hoeber, 262, 274, 283 Hofmeister, dehydration in protein coag- ulation, 165; protein assimilation, 238; swelling of protein jellies, 309 ; union of protein-groups, 172 606 INDEX OF AUTHORS Hoobler, 594 v. Hoogenhuyze, creatine-content of mus- cle, 399, 416; origin of creatinine, 545, 566 Hooper, 52 Hope, 550, 565 Hopkins, accessory foodstuffs, 193; cal- cium in foodstuffs, 52; conjugated ex- creta, 566 ; endogenous catalyzers, 478; growth-substrates, 519; intestinal putrefaction, 560; pure proteins in growth and maintenance, 490; uric- acid output on purine-ffee diet, 550, 565 Hoppe-Seyler, lecithin-content of em- bryonic tissue, 463; volumes of plasma and corpuscles in blood, 336 Horsford, 327 Howell, blood-coagulation, 346-348; fibrin-structure, 348-349; hemophilia, 347; kephalin, 344; vasomotor theory of sleep, 530 Hoyt, 433, 445 Hiifner, 359 Hunt, 385 Hunter, allantoin, 551, 566; protein-pro- tein compounds, 170, 172; uricolytic index, 551 Hurwitz, 341, 364 IMBERT, 441, 445 Izar, 551, 566 JACOBS, 75, 183 James, 535 Johansson, 539, 565 Johnson, 519 Jolles, 566 Jona, 262, 283 Jones, H. C., 165 Jones, W., 146, 182, 200 Joslin, 403, 407, 416 Jost, 445 KANITZ, influence of reaction on enzymes, 226; temperature-coefficient of heart- beat, 420, 445 Kastle, enzymatic synthesis, 227 ; oxidiz- ing enzymes, 416 Katz, 309, 361 Kellner, 395 Kendall, 384, 387, 390, 489 King, 519 Kleiner, 405 Klugine, 251 v. Knafn-Lenz, 309, 459 Knoop, 66, 416 Knudsen, 253 Kober, 433, 445 Koch, 119 Kocher, 390 Koelker, 210 Koeppe, cytolytic agents, 451; hemato- crit, 266; origin of acid secretions, 327 ; osmotic pressure of cell-contents, 283 Konig, 381 Koranyi, 528, 535 v. Korosy, 309 Kossel, acid-combining capacity of sal- mine, 153; amino-acids, 132; amino-N determination, 146; arginase, 544; ni- trogenous waste products, 565 Krause, 547 Krogh, 422, 423, 547, 565, 594 Kiilz, 392 Kunkel, 52 Kurijama, 92 Ktister, 364 LA FORGE, 92 Lamson, 253 Lander, 105 Landois, 388 Landsteiner, 38 Lane-Claypon, 390 Langley, 596 Langworthy, 584, 594 Lapicque, 52 Laqueur, 368, 389 Lavoisier, 567 Leathes, 332 Leavenworth, 155, 172 Le Bel, 54 Lee, 439 Lehmann, 102 Lepine, 522, 535 Levine, amino-N determination, 146; amino-sugars, 75, 92; chondroitinsul- phuric acid, 92; glucosides, 75; glu- cothionic acids, 91; dinucleotid link- age, 182; nucleic acids, 200; pentoses, 75; phospholipins, 119; thymus nucleic acid, 183 Levites, 172 Levy, 283 Lewis, 166 Lewkowitsch, 119 Liebermann, 172 Liebig, 315, 488, 569 Liesegang, 309 Lifschutz, 105 Lillie, F. R., artificial fertilization, 470; twin pregnancy in cattle, 377, 390 Lillie, R. 8., antagonistic salt action, 333 ; artificial fertilization, 470 ; membrane- formation, 459; muscular contraction, 445; osmotic pressure of proteins, 303, 309 INDEX OF AUTHORS 607 Linder, 158, 163 Lipman, 321, 333 Loeb, J., antagonistic salt action, 318, 322, 333; artificial fertilization, 309, 446, 470; Bunsen-Roscoe law, 431;! crystal-form of hemoglobin, 359, 364; i cytolysis, 459; cytolytic power of ! foreign blood, 453, 470 ; effect of lack of oxygen on development, 460; general physiology, 283; growth, 518; heliotropism, 429-30, 445 ; immortality ! of unicellular animals, 514; influence of reaction on life phenomena and enzymes, 225, 281; memory, 535; oxi- dation in sea-urchin eggs, 459, 461; parthenogenetic frog, 450; protoplas- mic streaming, 467; ratio of sodium to calcium in tissues, 313; rhythmic contraction in jellyfish, 313; Ringer i and Locke's solution, 268; saline cathar- ! tics, 315; salt stimulation, 311; selec- j tive action of tissues, 329; senescence, I 519; swelling in tissues and jellies, 307, j 309 ; synthesis of nuclear material, 463, 470 ; time-relations of voluntary move- ! ment, 528; twin formation, 470 Loeb, L., coagulation of blood, 364; j growth-catalyzers, 519 ; placenta! out- growth, 378, 390; toxicity of white light, 432; wound -healing, 520 Loeb, W., 437, 445 Loevenhart, 227 Loewy, 554 London, digestion of proteins, 241; gas- tric digestion, 247; selective action of intestinal epithelium, 584 Lopez-Suarez, 92 Lubs, 283 Lucas, 427, 428, 445 Ludeking, 309 Luden, 101, 106, 511, 520 Lundsgaard, 283 Lunin, 52 Lusk, carbonaceous waste products, 565 ; dextrose-nitrogen ratio, 403; energy- < requirement and output, 594 ; lactic- ! acid output in phosphorus poisoning, 398; metabolism, 416, 594; specific! dynamic action of proteins, 578 Liithje, 402 Lyman, 553 M McCLENDON, 294, 309, 470 McCollum, essential dietary constitu- ents, 489; growth-substrates, 519; hippuric-acid excretion, 556, 566; in- organic foodstuffs, 52; symbiosis, 92; vegetarianism, 594 McCord, 500, 519 McDougal, 442, 445 McKendrick, 475, 478, 482 McLean, phospholipins, 119, 345, 349 McQuarrie, 341, 364 Macallum, A. B., iron in foodstuffs, 52; kidney-development in protoverte- brates, 270; mineral constituents of serum and sea-water, 269, 283 Macallum, A. B. (Jr.), 191, 200, 519 Macallum, J. B., effect of calcium remov- al on tissues, 333 ; emulsions and sur- face-tension, 309; saline cathartics, 316 Macallum, W. G., 387, 390 Maclean, 119 Macleod, absorption of carbohydrates, 253; chemical regulation of circula- tion, 389; diabetes, 416; equilibrium between ammonium carbamate and carbonate, 545; glucohemia from splanchnic stimulation, 371; glucose metabolism in depancreatization, 405; nitrogenous waste products, 565 Madsen, 213 Magnus-Levy, 409 Maly, 327 Manacelne, 536 Mandel, 91, 92, 398 Mansfield, 416 Marchlewski, 355, 364 Marcuse, 392 Marie, 494, 497 Marshall, 253, 279, 390 Martin, 364, 426, 519, 540 Matthaei, 429, 445 Matula, 156, 172 Maudsley, 524, 535 Mawson, 395 Maxwell, C., 445 Maxwell, S. S., 200, 388, 390, 426, 445, 499 May, 119, 200 Mellanby, 416, 545, 566 Meltzer, 333, 405 Mendel, amino-N content of proteins, 146; dietary essentials, 490, 492, 513; growth substrates, 519; nitrogenous waste products, 566; parenteral ad- ministration of proteins, 239; protein absorption, 253 ; starvation-metabo- lism, 416, 502; symbiosis, 92 Mendenhall, 390 Merckx, 333 v. Mering, 401 Mesernitzky, 463 Metchnikoff, 514, 519 Meyer, G., 75, 253 Meyer, Hans, 293 Meyer, K. F., 341, 364 Meyer, Max, 523 Meyers, 200, 416 Michaelis, 283, 308 Miescher, 463, 470 Milner, 594 Minkowski, 401, 543 Minot, 518, 519, 566 Mitchell, 519 INDEX OF AUTHORS Miyake, 536 Moll, 536 Mombert, 594 Moore, A. R., 309, 470 Moore, B., 309, 424 Moore, T. E., 428 Morawitz, 344, 346, 364 Morgan, 446 Mofgenroth, 245 Morgulis, 92 Morner, 146 Morris, 437 Morse, 416 Mosso, 523, 535 Muirhead, 565 Munk, 236, 522, 535 Murlin, 591, 594 NAGELI, 330 Nathanson, 309 Nencki, ammonia retention by liver, 544; chemistry of hemoglobin, 364 ; urea ex- cretion with Eck fistula, 542 Neubauer, 559 Neuberg, 75 Newcomer, 364 Newton, 595 Nicolaier, 553 v. Noorden, 416 Du Nouay, 520 Nuttal, 92, 331, 334 OCHORWICZ, 536 Osborne, amino-N determinations, 146; copper compounds of edestin, 155; growth on deficient diets, 492, 513; growth-substrates, 519 ; inorganic food- stuffs, 52; oligodynamic action, 330; origin of acid secretions, 328, 334 ; pure proteins in growth and maintenance, 490; starvation, 502; union of acids and bases with proteins, 172 Osier, 337 Osterhout, action of anesthetics on pro- toplasm, 326; antagonistic salt action, 318, 320; electrical conductivity of tissues, 294, 322 Ostertag, 579, 594 Ostwald, William, 166 Ostwald, 518, 536 Oswald, 384 Ota, 165 Overton, isotonic solutions, 264; narcosis, 293, 309; one-sided permeability, 289 ! PALITZSCH, 281 Palladin, 445 Panzer, 104 Parkin, 437, 445 Pasteur, 54, 435 Paton, 388, 389, 390 Patrick, 536 Patten, 146 Pauli, acid-combining capacity of pro- teins, 156, 172; coagulation of pro- teins, 164; electrolyte-free egg-albumin, 164; swelling protein jellies, 309 Pawlow, ammonia retention by liver, 544; digestion, 390; enterokinase, 375; pancreatic secretion, 374; reflex stimu- lation of gastric glands, 372; secretion acid gastric juice, 328; urea excretion, 542 Pearce, 389, 405 Pearl, 519 Pembrey, 389, 539, 565 Pfliiger, 402, 416 Philip, 283 Piccinini, 420 Pickering, 166, 343 Picton, 158, 163 Pieron, 532, 535, 536 Pitz, 594 Plimmer, 147, 463, 470 Poiseuille, 315 Porter, 518 Pottevin, 223 Poynting, 166 Pregl, 554 Pribram, 146 Priestley, 436, 445, 567 Prince, 522, 536 Pritchard, 594 Procter, 305, 309 Q QUINCKE, 308 RAMSDEN, 308 Ray, 106, 519, 520, 594 Rayleigh, 285, 445 Read, B. E., 200 Read, J. Schimmelbusch, 348 Schlesinger, 316, 333 Schmidt, A., 343, 345 Schmidt, C. L. A., action of tethelin, 119, 200; antigenic properties of com- pound proteins, 332, 334; influence of reaction on enzymes, 226; globin- deuteralbumose compound, 170, 172 ; globulin-albumin ratio in protein im- munity, 341; modification of Cottrell H electrode, 273, 283 ; serum-proteins, 364; tables pn, H+ and OH~ values, 283; taurine metabolism, 561, 566 Schmiedeberg, 32, 315, 556 Schneider, 389 Schonbein, 412 Schottelius, 92 v. Schroeder, 309, 544 Schultz, 158, 160, 163, 361 Schumm, 359, 364 Schiitzenberger, 138 Scott, 389, 463, 470 Seidell, 193, 200 Sellards, 283 Shaffer, 394, 416 Sharp, 283 Sherman, 47 Sherwin, 566 Shorter,- 309 Sidis, 522, 536 Simmonds, 594 Sjoqvist, 212 Skraup, 146 Smith, 499, 519, 535 Snyder, 420 Sollmann, 200 Sorenson, formol titration,564; indicator- method, 275, 283 Soret, 350, 433 Spain, 520 Starkenstein, 105 Starling, digestion and metabolism, 389, 390 ; origin of lymph, 363, 364 ; osmotic pressure of protein solutions, 302 Stehle, 52 Steinach, 376, 390 Stepp, 519 Stern, 416 Stewart, 336, 389, 390 Stockard, 470 Stockholm, 385, 390 Stokes, 351 Stratz, 519 Sweet, 106, 505, 520 Swift, 536 v. in artificial parthenogenesis, 446 hydrolysis of, 439 photosynthesis of, 437 toleration of, in cliabetes, 404 Cannabis sativa, edestin from, 126 Capillary electrometer, 443 forces, 535 Capric acid in fat metabolism, 410 Caprine formula, 134 Caproic acid in fat-metabolism, 410 Caprylic acid in fat-metabolism, 410 Caramel, 59 Carbamic acid, 544 Carbohydrate esters, 91 Carbohydrate radical in nucleic acids, 173 Carbohydrates, 53, 568 calorific value of, 569 digestion of, 228 energy liberated by, 396 intermediate metabolism of, 391-399 oxidation of, 436 photosynthesis of, 434 source of acetone bodies in urine, 405 Carbon dioxide, assimilation of, by plants, 434 rate of, 437 temperature-coefficient of, 429 determination of, in bloo.d, 279 as fatigue-product in muscles, 524 output, 539 production of, in germinating seeds, 420 respiratory control by, 367, 524 as waste product, 537 monoxide hemoglobin, 352 poisoning, 398 Carbonaceous waste products, 537-541 Carboxethyl-glycyl-glycine ester, 140 Carcinoma, 504 cholesterol content of tissues in, 511 deficiency of cholesterol derivatives in, 101 effect of cholesterol on growth of, 99 of tethelin, 507 spontaneous development of, 511 Carica papaya, proteolytic enzyme in, 214 Carnaiiba wax, 1 13 Carnitine, 395 formula, 190 Carnosine, 189 Cartilage, effect of, on solubility of urates, 552 Casein, 129, 157 anhydrous, 167 combining weight of, 154 compounds, 164 conversion of, to paracasein, 345 effect of introduction of, into circu- lation, 239 electrical conductance of, in solu- tions, 157 as foodstuff, 492 formate, coagulation and precipita- tion of, 168 glutamic acid in, 136 in milk, 591 separation of, in sour milk, 40 rate of solution of, by alkali solu- tions, 535 uses of, 599 Castor oil, 111 Castration, 376 Catalase, 414 Catalysis, mechanism of, 203 Catalyzers of growth, 478, 493, 503 Cataphoresis in protein solutions, 157 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 615 Catechol, 197 -group, essentiality in diet, 480 oxidation of, by enzymes, 414 Cathartics, 314 Cell-contents, osmotic pressure of, 263 division, chemical mechanics of, 466 drawings of, 468 Cellular elements of blood, 335 Celluloses, 82-84 in diet, 231 Central nervous phenomena, autocata- lytic nature of, 527 Cephalization-f actor, 517. in photosynthesis, 437 possible forms of, 80 synthesis of, by emulsin, 222 tolerance of, in diabetes, 404 Mammary glands in castrated animals, 377 effect of pituitary extract on, 199 Mammary glands, relation of, to growth of embryo, 379 Mandelic acid ester, hydrolysis of, 219 Manganese in laccase, 412 Mannitol, 63 oxidation of, in diabetes, 404 Mannosaccharic acid, 64 Mannose, 438 Manometer for osmotic pressure meas- urement, 258 Mass law, 162, 203 Master reaction, 478 in food assimilation, 48 in growth process, 483 Meat consumed by different countries. 579 Mechanical work, 574, 576 Medicago saliva, laccase of, 346, 413 Medicine, relation of, to biochemistry, 600 Medulla oblongata, respiratory control by, 365 Melanins, 413 Melibiose, 81 Membrane formation, 448, 450, 458 effect of, on cell oxidations, 461 Memory, 521-524 time relations of, 529 Memory trace, 526, 530 fading of, 532 Menstrual fluid, 377 Mercapturic acid, 562 Mercuric chloride, adrenaline test of, 198 Metabolic rate, 500, 501, 509, 589 of infants, 591 of nervous tissues, 517 in old age, 512 Metabolism, basal, 422, 459, 588, 590, 594 carbohydrate, 391 chemical regulation of, 381-389 of children, 592 fat, 399 intermediate, 391, 399 maintenance, 594 stimulation, of, by exertion, 589 Metamorphosis, 499 influence of thyroid on, 486 Metastases in carcinoma, cholesterol effect of, 504 Metazoa, growth in, 477 Methane in excretions, 541 Methemoglobin, 351 Methyl glucosides, hydrolysis of, 218 glyoxaline, 66 guanidine, 388, 395 formula, 194 tetany, 389 oleate, synthesis of, 223 orange, 271 pyrrole, 355 oi-Methyl-d-glucoside, 73 0-Methyl-d-glucoside, 73- Methylacetate, hydrolysis of, 439, 475 Milk, clotting of, 249 624 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Milk, coagulation of, by rennet, 213 composition of, 590 formation of, in mammary glands, 236 guaiac test for, 362 osmotic pressure of, 261 in vegetarian diet, 585 Millon's reaction, 122, 123 Mineral acids in protein coagulation, 122 constituents of tissue fluids, 268-271 requirements of organism, 34 Mistletoe, inosite in, 96 Molecular concentration, estimation of, 260 solutions, first use of, in physiology, 310 Molisch test, 58 Mollusca, artificial parthenogenesis in, 449 hemocyanin in, 350 Monoamino-dicarboxylic acids, 132 Monoamino-phosphatids, 114 Monoglycerides, 107 Monomolecular chemical reaction, 475 logarithmic formula, 251 Mononucleotids, 178 absorption of, 231 Monosaccharides, 53 distribution of, in living tissues, 69-72 Monourates, 548 Monstrosities, 469-470 Moore's test for sugar, 58 Motility in Balanus larva, calcium neces- sary for, 325 Mucic acid, 64 formula, 404 Mucilages, vegetable, 82 Mucins, 129 glucosamin in, 69 Mucoids, 129 glucosamin in, 69 Multirotation, 72 Murex, ammonium purpurate in, 175 Murexide test, 549 Muscle element, diagram of, 444 fatigue, products of, 524 plasma, 398 Muscular activity in infants, 592 contraction, 391 chemical mechanics of, 438 reactions underlying, 428 exertion, stimulation of metabolism \ in, 589 tissues, glucose consumption by, in children, 592 work, 568 carbon dioxide output in, 539 respiratory quotient in, 538 tissue glycogen in, 391 Mutarotation, 72 Mutton tallow, assimilation of, 235 Mylius' reaction, 103 Myogen. 558 formula, 544 Ornithuric acid, 558 Oryzenin, 126 Osazones, 60 crystals, 61 40 Osmometer, 258 Starling's, 302 Osmosis, time relations of, 265 Osmotic pressure, 166 in assimilation and excretion, 39 of cell contents, 263-268 methods of estimating, 260 of protein solutions, 302 effect of salts on, 303 of sea water, 446 of tissue fluids, 255-263 Osteomalacia, 43 Ovary, 377 Ovomucoid, 457 coagulation and precipitation of, 168 Ovovitellin, 129 Ovulation, 378 Oxalated blood, 342 plasma, 344 Oxalic acid, 541 Oxidases, 206 artificial, 596 Oxidation of linseed oil, 111 spontaneous, autocatalytic nature of, 439' Oxidations in central nervous system, 501 in living tissues, 365 in sea urchin eggs, 461 Oxidizing enzymes, 215, 412-414 Oxygen consumption by different ani- mals, 587 in eggs, effect of fertilization on. 459 temperature coefficient of, 423 Oxygenase, 413 Oxyhemoglobin, 366 crystals from various animals, 358 p-Oxyphenylacetic acid, 558 p-Oxyphenylpropionic acid, 558 Oxyproline, 135, 356 Oxyproteic acids, 562 PALMITIC acid, 108 oxidation of, in body, 409 Pancreas, autolysis of, 177 effect of extirpation of, 401 Pancreatic juice, 200, 229, 232 hydrogen ion concentration of, 275 quantitative laws of hydrolysis by, 251 time relations of flow of, in digestion, 372 Papain, 214 Parabamic acid, 177 Paracasein, 130, 345 formation of, by gastric juice, 248 /3-Parahy droxyphenyl-a-amino propioni c acid, 134 Parahydroxyphenylethylamine, 186-187 626 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Parallel reactions, 501 Paramecia, action of ultraviolet light -on, 433 effect of cholesterol on multiplica- tion of, 505 of coagulating agents on, 295 Paranuclein, 130, 333 synthesis of, 224 Parathyroids, 387 Parenchymatous tissues, 509, 590 in old age, 515 in young animals, 592 Parthenogenesis, 446 Parthenogenetic frog, 450 Pavement epithelium, one-sided perme- ability in, 290 Pawpaw, enzymes of, 214 Pectase, 84 Pectic acid, 84 Pectin, 82, 84 Pectinase, 85 Pectoses, 84 Pellagra, 193 Pentpsans, 84, 231 in vegetables, 71 Pentoses, 53, 62 derivation of, in tissues, 231 distribution of, in tissues, 70 in oocytin, 455 Pentose-d-ribose, 173 Pentosuria, 70 Pepsin, 120, 151, 224 action of, on nucleoproteins, 173 on polypeptides, 143 on iron containing protein, 45 on protein-protamine com- pounds, 170 effect of reaction on, 217 in gastric digestion, 247 time relations in hydrolysis by, 210 Peptamines, 199 Peptides, 142 artificial, hydrolysis of, 220 in protein hydrolysis, 143 Peptone plasma, 343 Peptones, 130, 132 absorption of, 238 in blood coagulation, 342-343 effect of, on bacterial decarboxyliza- tion, 184 in gastric digestion, 247, 372 Permeability of bloodvessels for lymph, 363 of cell surfaces, 326 of cells for unbalanced solutions, 323 of kidney in glycosuria, 399 one-sided, 289 relative, 265 role in protein synthesis by tissues, 246 of tissue cells, 342 Peroxidase, 362, 413 hemoglobin as, 413 in luminescence, 415 Peroxides, 412 Persulphate reaction, 199 Pettenkofer's reaction, 103 Phagocytes, 514 Phenol-water system, phases of, 298 Phenolsulphonphthalein, 275 Phenolsulphuric acid in urine, 556 Phenylacetic acid, 412 Phenylalanine, 556 in alcaptonuria, 559 formula, 134 ultraviolet spectrum, 351, 433 ! jS-Phenyl-a-aminopropionic acid, 134 a-Phenylbromopropionyl chloride, 141 | Phenylcyanate-glycylglycine, 140 Phenylethylamine, effect of, on blood- pressure, 186 Phenylglucuronic acid, 67 Phenylhydrazine, 59 I Phenylhydrazones, 59 ! Phloridzin glycosuria, 398-399 effect of inosite on, 96 Phloroglucin reaction, 62 Phosphates in blood, 277 neutralizing power of, 278 Phosphatids, 113-118 Phosphoglobulins, 343 Phospholipins, 113-118, 129 in diabetic blood, 406 in nuclear synthesis, 462-469 Phosphoproteins, 129 Phosphorus compounds, effect of, on metabolism, 311 excretion, 562 in foodstuffs, 50 poisoning, fat infiltration of liver in, 286 fibrinogen content of blood in, 348 lactic acid output in, 398 urea output in, 543 Phosphotungstic acid reaction, 199 I Pholinus, luminescence of, 415 Photochemical reaction, 430 temperature coefficient of, 428 \ Photogenin, 414 ' Photographic spectrum of blood, 350 Photophelein, 414 ! Photosensitive substances, 429 j Photosynthesis of carbohydrates, 434 temperature coefficient of, 429 Phototropism, 429 1 Photuris, luminescence of, 415 Phrenosin, 91, 118 Phylloporphyrin, 356 Physeter macrocephalus, biliary concre- tions of, 101 spermaceti in, 1 12 , Physiologically balanced solutions, 318 Phytase, 95 Phytosterols, 97-100 Picramic acid, 195 Picric acid, 195, 548 Pigments, urinary, 562 Pilocarpine, 373 Pilocarpus jaborandi, 373 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 627 Pineal gland, 595 Protamine sulphate in chloroform emui- relation of, to secondary sex sions, 288 characters, 500 synthesis, 224 Pineapple, proteolytic enzyme in, 214 Protamines, 126, 136 Pituitary gland, 117 compounds of, with proteins, 170 in growth, 494 molecular weight of, 171 hypertrophy in pregnancy, 379, rate of extraction of, by acid, 535 381 Proteases, 206 inosite in, 93 Protein coagulation, 164, 169 Pituitrin, 118, 199, 379, 500 complexes, 330 Placenta, 378 in blood plasmas, 359 Planaria, reversion of growth in, 486 dissociation of, 171 Plant nucleic acid, 173 compounds, 148-151 Plants, growth of, 482 dehydration of, 167 curves of, 474 intake on hard work, 583 Plasma, 335 ions, 157 Plasmolysis, 263 jellies, swelling of, 304-308 temporary, 265 metabolism in work, 394 Plasmolyzing agents, 204 molecule, types of union, 148-151 Plattner's crystallized bile, 102 requirement of children, 592 Pneumonia, 341 in dietary, 578 Poiseuille's law, 301 salts, 306 Polar seas, density of population of, 426 in blood, 277 Polarized light, 435 solutions, conductivity of, 296 Polyneuritis, 193 osmotic pressure of, 302-304 Polypeptide structure of proteins, 151- structure in, 297 157 SJ Hirers, 491 Polypeptides, 132, 142 synthesis, 138 ultraviolet spectrum of, 433 localization of, in organism, 245 in urine, 554 in tissues, 243 Polysaccharides, 53, 81-89 Proteins, 568 Positive phase, in intravascular clotting, acid combining capacity of, 156 343 aldehyde groupings of, 436 Posterior lobe of pituitary, 499, 500 amphoteric character of, 151 active principle of, 117 biological values of, 58 Potassium in diet, 35 in blood serum, 339 myronate, 89 calorific value of, 569 in tissues, 329 classification of, 124-125 Potentiometric method, 273 coagulation of, by salts, 158-169 Preadolescent hyperpituitarisrn, 495 combination of, with precipitating Precipitating power of salts, 158 ion, 164 Precipitation of proteins, 158 of connective tissue, composition of, reactions of proteins, 122 245 Precipitins, 239, 331 Pregnancy, toxemia of, 395 Pressor principles, 197 digestion of, 238-249 •in emulsification, 288 in formation of acid secretions, 328 Primary proteose, 130 free carboxyl-group in, 153 free ammo-groups in, 150 general characteristics of, 120-122 Products of growth, 493 in growth and maintenance, 490 accumulation of, 482 heat units of, 393 effect of removal of, 513 hydrolytic decomposition products Proline, 356 of, 155 formula, 135 inhibition of cytolysis, 456 in prolamines, 127 isodynamic values of, 577 Prolamines, 127, 136 molecular weight of, 303 Propionic acid, 108 precipitation of, by salts, 158-169 in oxidation of fats, 411 respiratory quotient of, 538 Propyl alcohol, solvate formation of, 166 in sclerous tissue, 516 Prosecretin, 373 as source of muscle lactic acid, 398 Prosthetic group in lecithoproteins, 129 specific dynamic action of, 578 in nucleoproteins, 128, 173 standard requirement of, 579 Protagon, 118 i Proteolytic enzymes, effect of reaction hydrolysis of, 196 on, 217 Protamine casemate, antigenic proper- I specificity of, 220 ties of, 332 I Proteoses, 130, 132 628 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Prot coses, anticoagulation of blood, 343 in blood, 339 effect of, on lymph flow, 363 in gastric digestion, 247, 372 primary, free amino-groups in, 150 toxic, 560 Prothrombin, 344 Protoplasm, emulsion structure of, 284 properties of, 255-282 viscosity of, 295 Protoplasmic streaming, 444 in cell division, 467 surface in cell division, 466 tissues, 583, 589 Prunus laurocerasus, photosynthesis in, 429 Pseudoglobulin, 339 Pseudopodia, 445, 468 Ptyalin, 82, 228 Puberty gland, 376 Purgation by calcium precipitants, 315 Purine bases, 173, 174, 548 formulae, 176 nucleotid, 182 Purines, enzymatic oxidation of, 412 in relation to vitamines, 489 Putrescine, 187,562 Pyrimidine bases, 173, 174 formula, 174 nucleotid, 182 Pyrogallol, luminescence of, 415 Pyrrole group, 47 grouping, essentiality of, in diet, 488 Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid, 135 Pythagoreans, 595 QUANTITATIVE relations in enzyme hy- drolysis, 207-213 Quebracho bark, inosite in, 96 Quillaja, glucosides in, 90 Quinol, oxidation by enzymes, 414 R RACE, influence of, on growth, 484-488 Radial symmetry in cell structure, 292 Radiation of heat from body surface, 588 from infants and adults, 592 Raffinose, 81 Ranafusca, rate of development of, 423 Rate of absorption from intestine, 252 of development, temperature coeffi- cient, 423 Rats, growth curves of, 474 on deficient diet, 492 Reaction, influence of, on enzymatic hydrolyses, 217 of tissues regulation of, 276 Reactions and tests, acetyl number of fats, 110 acid number of fats, 1 10 Reactions and tests, Acree's, 123 - for adrenaline, 198, 199 alkaloidal reagents, 122 alloxan, 175 for alloxantin, 199 for aminotyrosine, 199 benzidine, 362 biuret, 123 Cipollina's, 68 coagulation, 122 color reactions for proteins, 122 for dihydrophenols, 199 Ehrlich's, 69 Fehling's sugar estimation, 58 ferric chloride for acetoacetic acid, 405 Folin and Macallum's reagent, 191, 199, 549 Gallois', 96 Ganassini's, 549 guaiac for blood, 362 Hammarsten's, 103 Hehner number of fats, 110 Heller's, 122 hemin, 362 Hopkins-Cole, 122 iodine, for adrenaline, 198 number of fats, 1 10 Jaffe's, 195, 548 Liebermann-Burchard, 99 Lifschiitz's, 100 mercuric chloride for adrena- line, 198 Millon's, 122 Molisch, 58 Moore's, 58 inurexide, 175, 549 Mylius', 103 naphtho-resorcinol, 67 Neuberg-Rauchwerger's, 100 ninhydrin, 123 Obermuller's, 99 orcin, 62 persulphate-adrenaline test, 199 Pettenkofer's, 103 phenyl hydrazine, 59 phloroglucin, 62 phosphotungstic acid, 199 precipitation, of proteins, .122 Reichert-Meissl number of fats, 110 Salkowski's, 99, 548 saponification value of fats, 110 Scherer's, 96 Schiff's, 99, 549 Schweitzer's reagent, 83 secretin tests, 200 Seliwanoff's, 62 Stoke's reagent, 351 uric acid test, 199 Weidel's, 175 Weyl's, 195, 548 Wheeler and Johnson's, 175 Wollaston's, 562 xanthoproteic, 122 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 629 Reactivation of enzymes, 215 Rectal feeding, 252 Reduced hematin, 355 hemoglobin, 351 Regeneration, 482, 513 temperature coefficient, 424 of tissue, 547 Reichert-Meissl, number of fats, 1 10 Rejuvenescence, 503 Saponin as cytolytic agents, 451 effect of, on surface tension, 207, 281 Sapotoxin, 90 Sarcolactic acid, 397 Sarcomere, 442 Sarcostyle, 442 Sarcous element, 442 Scarlet R, 287 Scherer's reaction, 96 Relationship, chemical, of animals and | Schiff's reaction, 99, 549 plants, 3 1 of man to primates, 331 Relative permeability, 265 semipermeability, 289 Rennet, 249 action of, on casein, 130 Rennin, 206 time relations in milk clotting, 210 Reptilia, descent of birds from, 262 Respiration, stimulation of, 368 Respiratory activities, chemical corre- lation of, 365-368 center, 365 chemical coordination of, 524 influence of temperature on, 422 movements, 365 quotient, 537-539, 573 Reticulin, 127 Reversible coagulation, 131 Reversion of growth, 486 Rhamnose, 231 Rhus succedanea, laccase from, 412 d-Ribose, 69, 231 formula, 70 Ricin, 130 Ricinoleic acid, 439 Ritinus, castor oil in, 130, 474 Rigor mortis, 398 Ringer's solution, 268, 319 Rubber, properties of, 599 S Schizothcerus nuttali, trypsin from, 224 Schutz-Borrissov rule, 211, 251 Schweitzer's reagent, 83 Scilla, glucosides in, 89 Sclerenchyma, 509 Scleroproteins, 127 Sclerous tissues, 589 in old age, 515 Scutellaria, glucuronic esters in, 67 Scyllite, 96 Sea urchin eggs, artificial parthenogene- sis of, 446-449 cell division of, 468 effects of oocytin on, 455 membrane formation in, 450- 462 monstrosities, 469 nucleosides in, 90, 455 synthesis of nuclear material in, 463-^65 water glycosuria, 271 a physiologically neutral fluid, reaction of, 281 Sealing wax, flow of, under pressure, 298 Seaweed, iodine content of, 50 Secalin, 86 Secondary proteose, 130 sexual characters, 376, 500 Secretin, 200, 373, 375 Selective absorption in intestine, 246 252 in living tissues, 38, 50, 328 Selivanoff's test, 62, 71 Semipermeability, 256, 263, 264 Senna, inosite in, 96 Sensitization of eggs, 454 Sensory stimulation, 428, 530 Sericin, 128 Serine, 134 SACCHARIC acid, 174, 404 Salicylic acid, 374 Saline cathartics, 315 Saliva, neutralizing power of, 261 osmotic pressure of, 261 sulphocyanides in, 562 Salivary diastase, time relations in action j Seromucoid, 339 of, 210 Serum, 336 Salkowski's reaction, 99, 548 albumin, 339 Salmine, 126, 153, 224 globulin, 157, 339 arginine content of, 136 sickness, 240 compound with edestin, 170 | Sex, influence of, on growth, 484 Salmon spermatozoa, protamines in, 126 i Sex-linked inheritance, 348 Salt antagonism, 321 ^ glycosuria, 399 requirement of, in diet, 35 Sandow, diet of, 583 Saponaria, glucosides in, 90 Saponification, 107 value of fats, 110 Saponin, 90, 452, 455, 457 Silica hydrogel, structure of, 298 Silicon in foodstuffs, 50 Silk fibroin, 144 Simple proteins, 126 Sinalbin, 89 Sinapis alba, 89 nigra, 89 Sinigrin, 89 630 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Sitosterol, 100 Skatol, 556, 563 formula, 186 Skatoxyl, 67 Skatoxyl-glucuronic acid, 67 Skeletal muscles, 329 Senescence, 512, 601 in tethelin, 517 Senescent atrophy, 513, 600 loss of weight, 512 Sepia, melanins in, 414 Sleep, 530 Smilax, glucosides in, 90 Snake venoms, 343 Soaps, action of, on pancreatic secretion, 374 in digestion of fats, 233 diminution of surface tension, 284, 467 Sodium butyrate, membrane formation in, 451 cacodylate, 342 casemate, 224 viscosity and conductivity of, 297 chloride, action of, on muscles, 311 in artificial parthenogenesis, 447 as foodstuff, 34 fluoride, kidney injury by, 291 glycocholate, 102 nitroprusside test of, 195, 548 salts, action of, on muscles, 312 taurocholate, 102, 233 Soil, bacterial flora of, 600 Solanins, 451 Solanum, glucosides in, 90 Soluble chitin, 89 Solvates, 165-166 d-Sorbinose, 58 Sorbitol, 63 South Australian infants, growth of, 476 German infants, growth of, 487 Specific dynamic action, 578, 587 gravity of urine, 563 Specificity of blood, 362 oxidizing enzymes of, 412 Speed of reaction in enzyme synthesis, 223 Sperm whale, 101 Spermaceti, 112 Sphingol, 116 Sphingomyelin, 116 Sphingosine, 91, 116, 197 Spinach, iron content of, 47 Spirogyra, 264 Spongin, 121, 128, 599 Staircase phenomenon, 438 Standard deviation, 380 Staphylococcus infection, globulin-albu- min ratio in, 339 Starch, 82, 85 ' digestion of, 228 hydrolysis of, 86 photosynthesis of, 437 synthesis of, by diastase, 223 Starvation, amino-acid content of blood in, 244 effect of, on globulin-albumin ratio, 342 loss of weight in, 500 metabolism of, 587 respiratory quotient in, 539 Statistical methods, 26 Stearic acid, 108 oxidation of, in body, 409 Stercobilin, 563 Stereoisomerism, 55-58 Stimulators of metabolism, 589 Stoke's reagent, 351 Stomach, absorption from, 247-250 Storage of potential energy, 434 Strawberries, hypersensitivity to pro- teins of, 240 Streptococcus infections, globulin-albu- min ratio in, 339 Slrongylocentrolus purpuratus, artificial parthenogenesis of, 446-449 Strontium chloride, 454 Strophanthus, glucosides in, 89 Structure in collodion gel, 298 in egg-white, 298 in gelatin, 299 in protein solutions, 297 of protoplasm and enzymatic syn- thesis, 225 Sturgeon sperm, sturine in, 136 Sturine, 136, 153 Substrate, 203, 440 exhaustion in autocatalysis, 481 of growth, 482, 488, 489, 493, 577 Succus entericus, 238, 375 Sucrose, 76 photosynthesis of, 437 Sudan III, 287 Sugar craving in children, 592 excretion of, in diabetes, 402 intolerance in hyperpituitarism, 494 solutions, viscosity of, 296 Sugars, chemical relationships of, 63-67 lactone structure of, 72 Sulphanilic acid, 198 Sulphocyanides in urine and saliva, 562 Sulphur, role of, in foodstuffs, 50 metabolism of, 559-562 neutral, 560 in urine, 560 Sulphuric acid in saliva of carnivorous molluscs, 281 Summation of stimuli, 438 Superficial tension, 466 Suprarenal gland, 197 cholesterol esters of, in cortex," 93 effect of removal of, 368 Suprarenin, 197 | Surface law, 587 tension, 207, 284 in colloid precipitation, 160 changes in muscle contraction, 441 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 631 Surface tension engine, 441 lowering of, in emulsification of fats, 233 temperature effect on, 418 Swelling capacity of gelatin, 306 of gelatin, 307 of living tissues, 307 maximum, 307 phenomena in muscular contraction, 441 of protein jellies, 304-308 Symbiosis, 81 Sympathomimetic bases, 186 Syneresis, 335, 342 Synthesis of enzymes, 597 of foodstuffs, 597 by hydrolyzing enzymes, 221-226 of proteins, 138 localization of, in organism, 245 Synthesizing enzyme from pepsin, 224 Syphilis, globulin-albumin ratio in, 340 T ACH YC AKDIA in hyperthyroidism, 386 Taka-diastase, 215 Tannic acid precipitates in normal and CO blood, 352 Taurine, 103, 561 Taurocarbamic acid, 561 Teleostomi, osmotic pressure of serum, 262 Temperature, effect of, on carbon dioxide output, 539 on enzymes, 213 on equilibrium constant, 353 on heat production in infants, 591 on life processes, 417 on osmotic pressure, 258 optimum for enzyme action, 213 regulation of, in body, 540 Temperature-coefficient of chemical reac- tions, 216, 417 of life duration, 424 phenomena, 419 of nerve conduction, 523 of tissue respiration, 423 Tenebrio molitor, basal metabolism of, 422 Terpenes, 93 Testes, effect of removal of, 376 Tetany in parathyroidectomy, 387 in thymus fed amblystoma, 389 /ethelin, 95, 117, 199, 500, 506, 510 in carcinoma, 511 effect of, on life duration, 516 of split products of, on uterus, 199 Tetradecapeptide, 142 Tetraglyc3Tlglycin, hydrolysis of, by tryp- sin, 151 Tetranucleotid, 178 Tetrapeptides, 142 Thalassochelys curetta, osmotic pressure of serum, 262 Theobromine, 176, 563 Theophylline, 176 /3-Thio-a-aminopropionic acid, 134 Thoracic duct, lymph flow in, 363 Threshold of sensory stimulation, 530 Thrombin, 343, 344 action of, on fibririogen, 345 chemical nature of, 349 Thrombokinase, 344, 346 Thromboplastic action of kephalin, 345 Thymine, 174, 175 Thymus, 389 autolysis of, 177 growth functions of, 494 histone, combination with hemo- globin, 170 Thymus nucleic acid, 174, 179, 389 structure of, 183 Thyreoglobulin, 384 Thyroid, effect of, on metabolism, 382 in exogenous metabolism, 581 extract, effect of, on globulin-albu- min ratio, 342 iodine content of, 50 in tissue development, 486 Thyroxin, 384 Time relations, digestion and absorption, 250-252 enzyme action, 209 memory, 529 voluntary movement, 527 Tissue fats, composition of, 235 fluids, mineral constituents of, 268- 271 neutrality of, 271 osmotic pressure of, 255-260 respiration, temperature-coefficient of, 423 Tissues, biological individuality of, 330 factors determining composition of, 246 selective action of, 328 Titratable alkalinity of blood, 273 Tolerance, 315, 600 Toluene, membrane formation by, 451 Tonus of muscles, creatihe content affected by, 195, 399 relation of, to energy consump- tion, 392 Total metabolism, factors of, 589 Toxemias, globulin-albumin ratio in, 341 Toxic action of salts, 319 Trachoma, 581 Transudate, 362 Triacetyl glucose, enzymatic synthesis of, 223 Triglycerides, 107 Trigonelline, 191 Triketohydrinenehydrate, 123 Trimethylglycine, 189 Trimethylhistidine, 190 Triolein, 224 Trioxyglutaric acid, 64 632 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Tripalmitin, 107 Tripeptides, 142 Tritico-nucleic acid, 178, 183 Tropical climate, effects of, 541 Trypsinogen, 346-374 Trypsin, 151, 184, 205-206, 215, 346, 374 action of, on polypeptides, 143 effect of peptic digestion on action of, 248 of reaction on, 217 mode of action of, 22 from mollusc liver, 224 specificity of, 220 time relations in action of, 210 Tryptophane, effect of administration of on indican output, 555 essentiality of, in diet, 242 for tissue accretion, 490 formula, 135 reactions given by thrombin, 349 Tubularia crocea, temperature-coefficient of life duration, 424 Twin formation, 469-470 Tyramine, 187, 514 effect of, on blood-pressure, 186 Tyrosinase, 369, 413 Tyrosine in alcaptonuria, 559 detoxication of ultraviolet light by, 433 essentiality of, for tissue accretion, 490 formula, 134 in Millon's reaction, 123 putrefaction products of, 556 relation of, to adrenaline, 198 to tyramine, 187 separation of, 133 as source of tyramine in intestine, 187 ultraviolet spectrum of, 351, 433 U ULTRAVIOLET light, inactivation of en- zymes, 207 spectrum, 351, 429, 433 toxicity of, 433 Unicellular organisms, 515 Uracil, 174, 175 Uranium, formaldehyde synthesis by, Urates, solubility of, 552 Urea, 393 in artificial parthenogenesis, 446 blood content of, 337 excretion of, in phosphorus poison- ing, 543 formation of, 244 formula, 541 origin of, 543 parathyroid control of formation of, 387 permeability of blood corpuscles for, 267 Urea, production of, in body, 542 Uric acid, 176, 412, 548 elimination of, 553 excretion of, by birds, 543 reagent, 191, 199 test for, 199, 549 Uricase, 550 Uricolysis, 550 Uricolytic index, 551 Uridine, 178 Urinary pigments, 562 Urine, acidity of, 564 in diabetes, 405 excretion of, by kidney, 291 freezing-point of, 261 normal composition of, 565 properties of, 563 specific gravity of, 563 Urobilin, 562 Urobilinogen, 562 Urochrome, 562 Uroerythrin, 562 Uterine contractions, 379 Uterus, action of pituitary extract on, 199 creatine content of, in pregnancy, 399 VALENCY of ions in colloid precipitation, 158 rule in precipitation of colloids. 527 W WAR breads, 83 Wassermann reaction, 340 Waste products, 537-566 .carbonaceous, 537-541 nitrogenous, 541-554 Water as food, 34 percentage of, in embryonic tissue, in tissues, 255 soluble B, 489 Wax palm, 113 Waxes, 93, 111-113 Weidel reaction, 175 Werner's theory of valency, 156 Weyl's reaction, 195, 548 Wheeler and Johnson's reaction, 175 White of egg, structure of, 298 mice, growth of, 473, 499, 512 Wilhelmy's law, 201 Witch's milk, 379 Wollaston's test, 562 XANTHINE, 176, 177 enzymatic oxidation of, 412 formula, 177, 549 oxidase, 549 Xanthoproteic reaction for proteins, 122. 123 Xylitol, 64 Xylose, 64 YEAST, 191 antineuritic substances in, 193 selective action of, 435 in synthesis of- foodstuffs, 597 Yeast-nucleic acid, 178, 181-183 Z ZEIN, 127, 150 amino-groups lacking in, 490 dietary deficiencies of, 577 i Zymoids, 214 ) Zymotic diseases, 601 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED if y This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. General Library University of California Berkeley LD 21-507n-6,'59 (A2845slO)476 BIOLOGY IR/ G UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Yen 3. 