None
Lakes, currents of, 20, 320, 321-326 dissolved oxygen in, 313 Lamphole, defined, 5 Lancaster, Pa., sewer sections, 112, 118 Land drain, defined, 3 Lanphear, Plainfield contact beds, 457, 458 sludge drying at Worcester, 422 Lap blocks. 221 Lateral sewer, adequacy, 72 defined, 2 minimum size, 7 Laying, brick, 266 inverts, 271 pipe, 246 backfilling. 253, 254, 255 584 INDEX Laying pipe, jointing, 248, 249, 250, 251 supporting, 251, 252 use of buggy and lifting hook, 247 wedge blocks, 251 in wet trencb, 252 Lawrence Experiment Station, aeration tanks, 411 bacteria in sewage, 296, 297 colloidal matter in sewage, 423 contact beds, 450, 454, 463, 464, 465, 466 intermittent filters, 507, 508 originated activated sludge process, 395 oxygen requirement to stabilize sewage, 407 sand standard, 504 sludge density in sedimentation tanks, 383 trickling filters, 471, 475, 476, 477 Leakage, see Infiltration. Lederer, Dr. Arthur, stability of efiSuents in cold weather, 403 Ledge, see Rock. Leicester, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 operation of intermittent filters, 508 Liability for inadequate sewers, 21 for lack of repairs, 22 Lindsay, Ont., fertiliser value of air-dried Imhoff tank sludge, 445 Linseed oil jointing compounds, 250 FUtite, 251 G-K compound, 250 Jointite, 251 Marbleoid, 251 Lipman and Burgess, sludge as fertilizer, 444, 445 Loads, concentrated, 240 dead and live, 119 on pipes, 237, 238 uniformly distributed, 240 London, chemical precipitation, 372, 429 outfalls, 8 sludge disposal at sea, 438 Louisville, Ky., density, 28, 29 form for manhole base, 278 forms for semi-elliptical sewer, 277 full round wooden forms, 274, 275 industrial flow allowed for, 47 rainfall curve, 66 sewer sections, 114, 118 street detritus, 99 Lumber for sheeting, 231, 234 Lynn, Mass., density of population, 43 discharge of residential sewage, 44 U McMath, Robt. E., run-off formula, 80. 81. 83, 84, 85, opp. 8') Miulison, Wis., infiltration into sewers, 30, 39 Main sewer, adequacy, 72 defined, 2 designed for future conditions, 23 selection of size, 7 Main trap, see Trap, mun. Maiden, Mass., leakage into sewers, 39 Malvern, Eng., revolving distributor, 480 Manchester, Eng., activated sludge studies, 395, 399 contact beds, 450, 453, 454, 455, 456, 462, 463 sludge disposal at sea, 438 Manchester, Mass., maximum daily water consumption, 32 Manhattan, Borough of, abnormal growth, 26 catch basin, 130 combined sewerage, 12 discharges into Hudson and East rivers, 19 manhole, 142, 144 Manhole castings, see Castings, manhole Manholes, at junctions, 145 brick, 278, 279 Cincinnati, 136 concrete base for brick, 278, 279 covers, 142 defined, 5 double, 138, 139 drop, 141 Newark, 139 flushing, 156 for Gloversville trickling filters, 493 form for base, 278 inverts, 137 location, 134 materials of construction, 135, 136, 138 Newark, 135, 139 on inverted siphons, 149 permit compensations for curvature, 120 spacing at Worcester, 134 St. Louis, 136 steps, 143, 144 tops, 137 Mansfield, Mass., water consumption, 32 Mansfield, Ohio, analysis of raw sewage, 307 of water, 307 contact beds. 455, 457 septic tank outlet, 366, 369 Maps, St. Louis, opp. 73 Springfield, opp. 48, opp. 74 Marion, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 Markmann, P. J., formula for curvature allowances, 120 Marlborough, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 leakage into sewers, 39 sewage distributor, 513 sewage flow, 40 INDEX 585 Marston, Anson, bending moment for pipe, 240 Fairmont septic tank, 367 modulus of rupture of pipe, 241 studies on pipe loads, 237, 238, 241 Massachusetts, bacterial standard for drinking water, 529 infiltration into sewers, 36 law reliability for inadequate sewers, 22 sewage flow, 40 sewer sections. 111, 116 Medfield, Mass., leakage into sewers, 39 Memphis, Tenn., manhole invert, 137 Merrimack River, dilution requirements, 314, 315, 316 Merrimac catch basin cover,' 132 Metcalf, Leonard, water consumption studies, 30 Metcalf and Eddy, application of run-ofif formula, opp. 85 classification of rock excavation, 191 double manhole for Hopedale, 138, 139 rainfall formula, 64, 66 semi-elliptical sewer, 258 value of n in Kutter formula for curved channels, 121 Metering to prevent water waste, 30, 31 Metropolitan Sewerage System (Boston), catenary sewer section, 259 Deer Island Outlet, 328 disposal by dilution, 328 float measurements in harbor, 319 Gothic catenary basket-handle sections, 110, 260 infiltration into sewers, 37, 39 Moon Island outlet, 319, 328 Peddocks Island outlet, 319, 328 ratio of water to sewage, 30 removal of screenings, 338, 350 screenyigs, 350 Ward St. Nitrites, bacterial formers of, 300 determination of, 289 nitrogen cycle, 286, 398 see also Analyses, chemical Nitrogen, content of activated sludge, 423, 425, 432 content of air-dried sludges, 445 sludges at Worcester, 432 cycle, 286 denitrification, 286 fertilizer ingredients, 443, 444 fixation, 286 Kjeldahl method, 287 liberation, 286 organic, 287 in sewages of American, English and German cities, 306 significance of, 287 Nordell, Carl, diffuser plates at Milwaukee, 414 North Attleboro, Mass., arrangement of sand filters, 512 dosing apparatus, 516, 517 efficiency of sand filters, 512 gravity removal of sludge, 433 intermittent filter operation, 508 settling tanks, 433 sewage flow, 40 North Berwick, catch basin cover, 132 North Brookfield, Mass., leakage into sewers, 39 Northbridge, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 sewage flow, 40 Norwood, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 sewage flow, 40 Nozzles, fixed, 483 head variation, 487 spacing, 487 Taylor, 482, 483, 485 Worcester, 483, 485, 486. 487, 488 O Oakland, Cal., density of population, 29 Ocean Grove, N. J., infiltration into sewers, 37 Odors, accompany some tank treatments, 21 determination of, 295 from bodies of water, 316 from Imhofif tanks, 377, 379 from intermittent filters, 521 from septic tank effluents, 494 from sludge beds, 370 from trickling filters, 494 of Lake Erie water, 329 production in sulphur cycle, 298, 299 removal by activated sludge process, 403 scale for Worcester sewage, 295 Ohio, degree of river pollution, 315 Orange, fertilizer value c^ air-dried sludge, 445 Organic matter, see also Solids. action of bacteria on, 18, 287, 297, 299, 403, 503 constituents of, 282 danger from in bodies of water, 312 decomposition of, 313 dissolved by lime, 372 effect of nitrogen cycle on, 286 in grit chambers, 331 hydrolysis, 287 more important than mineral, 282 nitrogen in, 286 oxidation of, 287, 299, 403, 503 in septic tanks, 362, 363, 364 in sewage, 18 Outfall sewer, Baltimore, 12 Borough of Manhattan, 12 defined, 2 grade affected by method of disposal, 19 reduction of cost, 8 Outlet chamber, design-problem, 154 Outlets, 169 defined, 6 Deer Island, 328 duplex, 171 Imhofif tank, 390 Minneapolis, 171 Moon Island, 319, 328 Peddocks Island, 319, 328 precipitation tanks, 375 relief, 95 Rochester, 169 septic tank, 366, 368, 369 Overflows, on combined sewers, 20 storm, 6, 162, 167 Oxidation, efifected by bacteria, 299 of organic matter in activated sludge process, 403 Oxygen, absorption by quiet and running water, 326 absorption by septic tank effluents, 362 biochemical demand, 292 nitrate method, 293 relative stability method, 292 consumed, determination, 289, 290 INDEX 587 Oxygen, consumed in sewage of American, English and German cities, 306 dissolved determination, 281, 289, 294, 329 in water, sewage and effluent, 495 presenoe necessary in activated sludge process, 398 for action of intermittent filters, 503 requirements of activated sludge, 407 in streams and lakes, 313, 326 327 Parker, P. A. M., defines coagulation, 397 Parmley, W. C, describes Cleveland storm overflow, 167 run-o£f formula, 80, 81, 82 Pasadena, fertilizer value of air-dried Imhoff tank sludge, 445 Passaic Valley Sewer Comm. allowance for industrial wastes, 47 restricted as to quality of effluent, 312 Pasteur, Louis, classification of bacteria, 296 Patapsco River, receives Baltimore sewage, 11 Paterson, N. J., industrial wastes allowed for, 47 Pasrment, classification of excavated mater- ial, 191 for excavation per linear foot, 209 method governs measurements in quan- tity surveys, 185 see also Cost estimating. Pearse, Langdon, proportion of activated sludge in Chicago Stockyard tanks, 406 vertical sedimentation tanks for stock- yards, 419 Peoria, 111., leakage into sewers, 39 Percolating filter, term abandoned, 17 Phelps, Earle B., New York Harbor dilu- tion requirement, 315 Philadelphia, Pa., bacteria in sewage, 297 baffled sedimentation tanks, 358 density of population, 28, 44 flow of sewage, 44, 45 growths on filters, 500 intensity of rainfall, 63 junction, 146, opp. 148 rainfall curve, 66 sewer sections, 111, 114, 115 Webster's sludge study, 383, 384 Phillips, Asa E., reports operation of Wash- ington regulator, 166 Phosphoric acid, fertiliser base, 443 Pierson, Geo. S., Sturgis septic tanks, 367 Pipe, bedding in concrete, 241 buggy, 247 oast iron, inspection, 190 cement, manufacture, 246 modulus of rupture, 241 Pipe, cracking under pressure, 237 drain tile, bearing strength, 241 jointing, 248, 249, 250, 251 laying, 246 modulus of rupture, 241 multiple for inverted siphons, 151 sewers, 240 bedding in concrete, 241 cement modulus of rupture, 241 day, 242, 243, 244 eoncsrete, 246 cracking imder pressure, 237 deep and wide socket versus standard, 245 defined, 5 discussed, 240 drain tile, bearing strength, 241 in wet trench, 252 jointing, 248, 249, 250, 251 laying, 246, 247 modulus of rupture, 241 recording locations, 186 strength, 240 supporting, 251, 252 thicknesses listed, 242, 243 vitrified, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 sizes for inverted siphons, 150, 151 vitrified, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245 bearing strength, 240, 241 bedding in concrete, 241 deep and wide versus standard socket, 245 dimensions specified, 243, 244 inspection, 190 high velociti«i undesirable, 100 jointing, 248, 249, 250, 251 laying, 246, 247 lengths, 243, 244 manufacture, 241 rejection, 243 resists abrasion, 99 salt glaze, 244 seasoning, 242 specifications, 245 supporting, 251, 252 thicknesses, 242, 243 Pittsburgh, Pa., density, 28 junction, 147, 148 orifice feed tank, 535 Pittsfield, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 sewage flow, 40 Plainfield, N. J., contact beds, 455, 457, 462 flies on filters, 500 Plankton, algae, 302 copper sulphate treatment, 528 diatoms, 302 effect on Cincinnati stream, 302 euglenas, 303 general description, 280 588 INDEX N Plankton, habitats, 302, 303 in Narragansett Bay, 303 mission of, 281 Platforms, to support pipe, 251, 252 Plumbing, defined, 3 Poling boards, 227, 228 Pollution, by storm water, 18 defined, 14 Ponds, absorption of oxygen, 326, 327 dissolved oxygen in 313 temperature changes in deep, 326 Population, Amherst, 508 Andoyer, 508 Attleboro, 508 Brockton, 508 Clinton, 508 Concord, 508 density, 27 exceptional growth, 25, 26 four assumptions as to growth, 24, 25, 26, 27 Framingham, 508 Gardner, 508 growth of American cities, 25, 29 of New Bedford, 26 Hopedale, 508 Hudson, 508 Leicester, 508 Marion, 508 Marlborough, 508 Milford, 508 Natick, 508 North Attleborough, 508 Northbridge, 508 Norwood, 508 perafire;'^^ Baltimore, 28 Boston, 28 Buffalo, 28 Chicago, 28 Cleveland, 28 Detroit, 28 Harrisburg, 28 Hoboken, 28 Milwaukee, 28 New York. 28 Newark, 28 Philadelphia, 28 Providence, 28 St. Louis, 28 San Francisco, 28 Savannah, 28 percentage rate of growth, 24 Pittsfield, 508 Southbridge. 508 Spencer, 508 Westboro, 508 Worcester, 508 Portland, Ore, density of population, 29 Potash in fertilizers, 443 Potter, Alexander, travelling distributor, 482 Pratt, R. Winthrop, aeration tanks, 411 concentration of activated sludge, 401 septic tanks at Washington, Pa., 366 sludge produced in activated sludge experiments, 421 winter operation of activated sludge process at Cleveland, 403 Precipitation, Chestnut Hill records, 51, 60 curves, Baltimore, 66 Boston, 58, 66 Brackenbury, 66 Bureau of Surveys, 66 Chicago. 66 de Bruyn Kops, 66 Denver, 66 Dorr, 66 Eastern U. S., 66 Gregory, 66 Qrunsky, 66 Hendriok, 66 Hill, 66 Horner, 66 Knauff, 66 Kuichling, 66 Louisville, 66 Metcalf and Eddy, 66 New Orleans, 66 Philadelphia, 66 St. Louis, 66 San Francisco, 66 Savannah, 66 Sherman, 66 Spokane, 66 Talbot, 66 form of curve, 65 Galveston record, 62 intensity of, 59 phenomenal, 65 New York. 67 periods of maximum, 70 rates and amounts in specified periods, • 70 relation between time and intensity, 63, 64, 65 Preliminary investigations for sewerage design, 178, 179 field work, 178 maps, 178, 180, 181 office work. 180 Presses, for dewatering sludge, Besoo-ter- meer, 424. 441 Bushnell. 439, 440 plate. 424 Shaefer-ter-Meer, 424, 441, 442 squeeze, 424 Prices, fertilizer. Problems, application of rational method, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80. 81 map for use with, opp. 74 design of inverted siphon, 152, 153, 154 hydraulics of sewers, 124, 125 Springfield separate ssrstem, 49, 50, 51. 52, 53, 54 map for use with, opp. 48 tabulation of data for, 51, 53, 78, 79 Profiles, see Forms. Providence, R. I., analyses of raw sewage, 307 of water, 307 calcium hypochlorite, 531, 532 catch basin, 131 chemical precipitation, 372, 378, 375 sludge, 428 density of population, 28, 29 disinfection, 537 filter pressing, 439 hsrpochlorite plant, 536 industrial wastes allowance, 47 infiltration into sewers 36 method of determining, effidenoy of sedimentation, 284 precipitation tanks, 395 ratio of water supply to sewage, 30 sludge disposal at sea, 438 suspended matter in settled sewage, 307 Puddling, backfilling, 253 Pumping, in wet trench work, 206, 208 sewage, 171 at Baltimore, 11, 12, 171 economic considerations, 171, 172 at Minneapolis, 171 screening auxiliary to, 172 station at Boston, 174, 175, 176 at Waltham, 173, 176 storage auxiliary to, 172 at Washington, 171 Pumps, to handle unscreened sewage, 176 rating at Baltimore, 12 for wet trench work, 206 centrifugal, 206 diaphragm, 206 reciprocating, 206 steam vacuum, 206 Putresdbility, American Public Health Association test, 291 defined, 14 teste, 290, 291, 292 Quantity, see Volume Queens, Borough of, tsrpical droular sewer section, 112 Quicksand, defined, 213, 214 laying pipe in. 252 f methods of dealing with, 214, 216 Quicksand, pookete in, 233 rarely rises in sheeted trench, 218 Quincy, Mass., ratio of water to sewage, 30 R Racks, cage, 341 design, 337, 838, 339 fixed, 387, 338 cleaning, 339 Frankfort, 343 Geiger, 343 inclined easily cleaned, 338, 339 Link-bar, 344 mechanical cleaning, 339, 340 movable, 841, 342 object of, 330 placing, 336 wing, 14, 343 cleaning, 343 see also Screens. Radial ssrstem of sewerage, 10 Rain gages, automatic, 55 FitsQerald, 57 Fries, 56 setting, 58 Rainfall, see Precipitation. Ramming, backfilling, 254 Rangers, 220, 221. 224. 229 bracing, 221, 234 cross-bracing, 220 defined, 213 on curves, 230 length, 221 placing, 220 placing lap blocks, 221 rectangular, 234 sise, 233 spacing, 220, 224 stock recommended, 224 Ranldne, W. J. M., formula for earth pres- sures, 216 Rapid sand filtration, requires high head, 21 Rational method, application of — problem, 74, 75. 76. 77, 78, 79. 80, 81 of estimating run-off, 67 examples of use, 73 Rate, as scavengers, 280 Reading, Pa., butterfly valve on trickling filters. 498 infiltration into sewers, 36, 39 removal of screenings, 350 Weand screen, 345. 350 Recorder, Builders Iron Foundry, water level, 87 Sanborn Co. water level, 88 Regulating devices, Boston, 163 Coffin regulator, 162 defined. 6 described. 162. 163 Washington. D. C, 164, 165 690 INDEX Relative stability, defined, 14 Relief outlets, increase hydraulic gradients in combined sewers, 06 sewers, defined, 2 Residential sewage disposal, reason for omitting, viii Residue on evaporation, see Solids. Ribs, see Forms. Richmond, Va., sewer section, 118 Rochester, N. Y., density of population, 28, 29 grit chamber, 334 outlet, 169 screen, 350 screenings, 350 Rock, blasting, 202 character influences amount of explo- sive, 199 excavation, 198 classified, 191 sheeting, 214 underdraining, 207 hand drilling, 198, 199 ledge, 198 machine drilling, 200 treacherous if seamy, 214 Rodding, in soil survey, 180 through manholes, 150 Rolling backfiUing, 254 Roof water, defined, 4 discharge into separate sewers, 9 Roofs, for sedimentation tanks, 358 for septic tanks, 368 Rosewater, Andrew, flush tank design, 160 Roughing basins at Worcester, 354 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, advertises Glasgow sludge as fertiliser, 446 bacteria in English sewage, 297 contact beds, 460, 461, 452, 453. 454 dilution standard, 48 sewage farming, 542, 643 trickling filters. 474, 476 Run-o£F, at St. Louis, 73, 74 classified according to surface, 72 coefficient, 69-72 defined, 4 dry weather at Chicago, 41 e£Fect of rate of rainfall on, 71 factor, 69-72 formulas, comparison, 80, 81. 82. 83, 84, opp. 86 quality determines disposal, 17 rational method of estimating, 67 retardation due to storage, 71 S St. Louis, cable way for trench work. 197 density of population, 28 intensity of rainfall, 64 St. Louis, manhole, 136 periods of maximum precipitation, 70 rainfall curve, 66 run-off from residential districts, 74 sewer section, 117 sewerage map, opp. 73 street detritus, 99 use of rational method, 73 water supply contaminated by Chicago sewage, 329 St. Paul, Minn., density of population, 20 Salford, Eng., sludge disposal at sea, 438 Salinity, effect on sedimentation, 316, 317 of sea water, 320 use of salinometer, 320 Sampling, sewage, 281 water, 281 San Diego, Cal., tidal range, 317 San Francisco, Cal., density of population, 28 intensity of rainfall, 65 rainfall curve, 66 tidal range, 317 Sanborn Co., water level recorder, 88 Sand, effective sise, 604 for intermittent filters, 503 inspection, 189 mechanical analsrsis, 506, 506, 507 pockets in, 233 quick, defined, 213 renewal on intermittent filters, 523, 524 requires sheeting, 213 sieving, 505 uniformity coefficient, 604 water-bearing, underdraining, 207 Sanitary sewer, term discontinued, 2 Savannah, Ga., density of population, 28 periods of maximum precipitation, 70 rainfall curve, 66 tidal range, 317 Screening sewage, coarse, 336 fine, 336 preliminary to pumping, 172 theory of, 335 Screenings, defined, 16 disposal of, 343 quantities at Boston, 350 Milwaukee, 350 New York, 350 Reading, Pa., 350 Rochester, 350 Worcester, 349 removal. 339. appurtenances, 126, see Individual items, capacity, by application of Kutter and Hazen and Williams formulas, 102 effect of undue size, 22 governed by future conditions, 23 surcharging, 93 construction, backfilling, brick, 255, 266 concrete, 255 costs, general, 262, 560 excavation, 190 imperviousness, 264 inspection, 188 jointing pipe, 248, 249, 250, 251 laying pipe, 246 lining, 265 locating specials, 186 materials, 119, 262 payment, 185 pipe, 240 preliminary investigations, 178 quantity determination, 186 in rock trench, 264 sheeting and bracing, 212 stability, 263, 264 surveying, 178 in tunnel, 262 underdrainage, 207, 251 INDEX 593 Sewer construction, use of cradles. 245 defined, 2 gas, provision against, 4 grades, 7, 179, 184 affected by method of disposal, 19 hydraulic, 93, 94 at invert, 94 marked on battens, 183 notes, 184 on steep hills, 12 surveying for, 182, 183 sections, analysis, 119, 261 basket handle, 110, 260 catenary, 105, 116, 259, 262 circular, 103, 110, 111, 112, 256, 256, 262 cunette, 118 delta, 106, 260 egg-shaped, opp. 102, 104, 115, 116, 256, 267, 262 excavation required for various types, 262, 263 Gothic, 110, 260 horseshoe, 105, 113, 260, 262, 264 hydraulic elements, 103-109 influenced by construction methods, 261 inverted egg-shaped, 116 in tunnel, 259, 262 parabolic, 106, 260, 262 recovery of velocity head in transi- tion sections, 124 rectangular, 104, 260, 262 selection of, 109 semi-circular, 107, 117, 260, 262, 263, 264 semi-eUiptical, 106, 114, 267, 268, 259 stability of inverts, 258 U-shaped, 118, 260 with brick arch. 111 systems, combined versus separate, 8 defined, 3 general description, 7 infiltration into, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 influence of method of disposal and treatment, 19 of topography, 10 mapping, 180, 181 population served by, in United States, 311 see also Combined system; Separate system. Sewerage, definitions, 1-3 works, defined, 3 Sewers, appurtenances of, 126 brick, 256. 266 circular with brick arch, 111 compensation for curvature in, 120 concrete, 255 condition of interior, mirror method, 179 38 Sewers, depth, 7 at Baltimore, 12 design under minimum flow conditions 97 discharge of circular, opp. 102 egg-shaped, opp. 102 factor of safety in design, 92 flight, 100, 141 Baltimore, 141 flushing, 155 future conditions govern design, 23 hydraulics of, 92 imperviousness, 264 inadequate, 21 infiltration into, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 liability for inadequate, 21 municipal liability for inadequate, 21 pipe, 240 population served in U. S., 311 rats in, 280 special structures for, 126 stability, 263, 264 subject to external forces, 119, 237 surcharging defined, 93 survey of, 179 Shaw, A. L., observation of inverted siphon. 151 Shedd, J. Herbert, dilution requirement, 314 Sheeting, beveled, 224 box, 226, 227 bracing, 212. 220, 226, 229, 230 care of banks, 233 defined, 213 depth driven. 222 driving, 222, 225. 235 earth pressures, 216 economies in, 230. 232. 233. 234 horizontal. 226 ^ hydrostatic pressure, 218 inspection, 189 jetting, 230 length of, 225 lumber required, 231, 234 materials requiring, 213 necessity of in trenches, 212, 216 notched planks used, 225 overcomes lack of adhesion, 215, 216 plank caps, 235 clamp, 236 poling boards, 227. 228 pulling, 236 skeleton, 229 stay bracing, 229 steel sheet piling, 235 stock for, 234 time element important, 216 trenches, 212, 213 typical. 223, 224. 232 use of hay, 233 vertical, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227 water pressure on, 218 594 INDEX Sheeting, window, 226 Sheffield, Eng., agitation of activated sludge, 409 Sherman, C. W., rainfall formula, 66 Shoring, see Sheeting. Siphons, for dosing intermittent filters, 514, 515, 516. 517, 518 inverted, see Inverted siphons. MiUer, 157, 161 timed. 458, 460, 461 for trickling filters, 497. 498 Van Vranken, 160 Slant, defined, 6 Slate bed, defined. 17 Sleek, defined, 16 Slopes, dangers of steep, 100 minimum in separate sewers, 98 of sewers, 97 Sludge, activated, 395-426, 430, 432 analysis of Worcester, 432 bacterial digestion. 402 beds 16, 422, 423. 437-439 burning, 439 characteristics, 429 chemical precipitation, 395. 428, 429. 430, 432 comparison by moisture content, 383, 384 composition of air-dried, 445 concentration, 401, 421, 428 defined. 15, 427 degreasing, 447 density, 382, 383, 384, 428 deposits on banks and shores, 312, 313, 316, 317 dewatering, 16, 424, 425, 439, 440, 441. 443, 446 disposal, 370. 437, 438 on beds, 422. 423, 437 for fertilizer, 438, 439 in lagoons, 438 at sea, 437 in trenches, 438 drying, mechanical, 425, 443 on beds, 422. 423. 437 fertilizer value. 424, 443, 444, 445, 446 Fidler apparatus. 435 fluidity, 370, 422, 481 Imhoff tank, 378, 379, 380, 391, 395, 431, 432 measurements, 409, 411, 429 moisture content, 382, 383. 384. 385, 401, 421, 422, 438, 446 nitrogen content. 423, 432 odor, 403, 430. 431 plain sedimentation. 354, 395, 429, 430, 432 pressing, 424, 439, 440. 441. 442, 446 pumping, 349, 394. 422. 437 removal by gravity, 434, 435 hand cleaning, 433 Sludge removal from ImhofiF tanks, 393, 394, 432-437 by mechanical means, 433 from sedimentation tanks, 354, 432 from septic tanks, 364, 365. 369, 432 by squeegee, 432 secondary sedimentation. 431, 432 septic tank, 362, 363, 395, 430 slopes, 432-435 specific gravity, 382, 383, 428 sumps, 433 volume, 427 volumetric determinations, 410, 427, 428. 429 weight, 428 Sludge cake, defined, 16 concentration, defined, 16 dewatering, see Sludge, defined, 16 digestion, defined. 16 drying, bed defined, 16 cost, 446 defined, 16 mechanical, 425 moisture in sludges, 382 odors during, 370 on beds, 422, 423 see also Sludge, dewatering. pressing, cost, 446 defined, 16 described, 424, 441, 442 Socket, deep and wide versus standard. 245 dimensions of clay pipe, 243, 244 omitted in Washington, 245 Soil pipe, defined, 4 Solids, care in determination of, 283 determinations of. 283 dissolved, 283, 306 hydrolysis, 287 in colloidal state, 285 in sewage of American, English and German cities, 305, 306 methods of determining settling. 284 oxidation, 287, 299, 313 percentage in raw sewage, 280 removal by filtration as compared with sedimentation, 284 by grit chambers, 330 by racks, 330, 336 by screens, 330, 336 by sedimentation, 351. 352. 356. 360, 381 residue on evaporation, 283 settleable in hypothetical sewage, 351 sources of sewage solids, 303, 304, 305 suspended. 283, 306. 312, 360, 385 Southampton, Eng., sludge disposal at sea, 438 Southbridge, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 INDEX 595 Special structures, see Individual items. Specials, establishing location, 186 Specific gravity, effects susceptibility to velocity, 96 Spencer, Mass., efficiency of sand filters, 520 intermittent filter operation, 508 Spiders on trickling filtens, 500 Spigot, dimensions of clay pipe, 243 Spokane, Wash., rainfall curve, 66 Springfield, Mass., cost diagram for sewers, 561, 564, 565 hypothetical problem of sewer design, 49, 50, 51. 52, 53, 54 application of rational method, 75-81 maps for use with problems, opp. 48, opp. 74 Sprinkler nozsle, defined, 17 Sprinkling filter, term abandoned, 17 Squeegees, for cleaning sedimentation chambers, 392 Stability, defined, 14 of effluents in cold weather, 403 of inverts, 258, 259, 260 numbers. Am. Pub. Health Association, 292 tests, 290, 291, 292 of trickling filter effluents at Lawrence, 495 see also analyses chemical Stacks, defined, 4 Stearns, Frederic P., dilution requirement, 313, 314 used butterfly valve on trickling filter, 498 Steel, reinforcing, inspection, 189, see Concrete reinforcement. Sterilization, defined, 17, see Disinfection. Stockbridge, analysis of sewage, 308 Stone, crushed, inspection, 189, see Contact beds. Stoppages, in laterals, 7 in plumbing fixtures, 3 see also Deposits. Stoppers for closing branch sewers, 252, 253 Storage basins, auxiliary to pumping sewage, 172 Storm drains, allowance for maximum veloc- ity in, 99 • defined, 2 in Baltimore, 10-12 method of tabulating data for, 78, 79 overflows, at Cleveland, 167, 168 defined, 6, 162 described, 167 supplement separate sowers, 9 water, defined, 2 discharge into separate sewers, 9 flows from large areas, 86 in combined system, 9, 19 methods of determining quantity, 55 Storm drains, water, provision in intercep- ters, 47 run-off formulas, opp. 85 separation of from house sewage, 19 treatment before discharge, 18 Storm-water overflow sewer, defined, 2 Streams, absorption of oxygen by, 326, 327 Chicago Drainage Canal, 329 Cuyahoga River pollution, 328 danger of deposits in, 312, 313 dilution requirements, 313, 314, 315 Merrimack River pollution, 314, 315, 316 Monongahela, acidity, 527 Ohio streams pollution, 315 sewage discharge into, 19, 310, 311 temperature of influences disposal con- ditions, 316 tidal, 317 Street plan, influences sewerage plan, 12 see also Maps. Street wash, danger of deposits from, 47 defined, 4 discharge into separate sewers, 9 dbcharge into streams, 18 quality, 18 Sturgis, Mich., septic tank, 365, 366, 367 Sub-mains, defined, 2 depth, 7 prevention of backing up in, 163 selection of size, 7 Sub-surface irrigation, defined, 16 Sulphur and sand joints, 249, 250 cycle, 298 Surcharging, defined, 93 Surface irrigation, defined, 16 water, defined, 2, see Storm water. Surveys, base lines, 187 bench marks, 179, 182, 185, 187 elevations, 179, 184 grade marks, 183 location of specials, 185, 186 notes in field, 179, 183, 184 offset line, 181 plotting notes, 180 preliminary, 178 quantity, 185 reference marks, 181 running profiles, 179 running sewer line, 181, 182 soil, 180 structural, 186 transferring line into trench, 182 Suspended solids, defined, 14 Syracuse, N. Y., manhole invert, 137 sewer sections, 114, 118 Talbot, A. N., bending moment for pipe, 240 formula for rainfall intensity, 63, 66 strength of pipe, 241 596 INDEX Tamping backfilling, 254, 255 Tank treatments, defined, 14 some create offensive odors, 21 see Sewage treatment. Tankage, fertilise value, 445 Tanks, dosing, at Fitchburg, 485. 486, 489, 497 Tar joints, 250 Taylor, Wm. Gavin, motion of sewage in trickling filter, 479 Temperature, changes in deep ponds, 326 during slaking, 373 efiFect on bacterial action, 402 effect on disposal by dilution, 316 effect of winds on in Milwaukee Bay, 323 Templates for brick laying, 266 for concrete inverts, 271 Thermophone, use of 321 Tide gates, 168, 170 Dodd type, 170 function of, 162 Tidal range at various places, 317 Toledo, Onio, density of population, 29 Topography influences sewerage plan, 7, 12, 13 Toronto, Ont., cleaning fixed racks, 339, 340 sewer section, 112 value of activated sludge as fertiliser, 445 vertical flow sedimentation tanks, 360, 361 Trade wastes, term discontinued, 2 Traps, main, defined, 3 omitted, 4 on catch basins, 130, 131 Travis, Dr. Wm. Owen, tank design, 377 Travis tank, defined, 15 described, 377 Trenching machinery, advantage over handwork, 193 Austin trencher, 194 Buckeye traction ditcher, 194, 195 cableway, 195. 197 Carson, 195, 196 ditcher, 193 trencher, 193 Trickling filters, at Andover. 500 Baltimore. 489. 491, 492, 498 Calvert, 481, 493 Columbus. 489, 490, 494 Dorking, 499 England, 474, 475. 480 at Fitchburg. 467, 473. 484. 489, 490, 491, 492, 497, 500 Gloversville, 491, 492, 496, 500 Lawrence Experiment Station. 471. 475. 476. 477, 482 Malvern, 480 Mount Vernon, 483 Philadelphia. 500 Trickling filters. Plunfield, 500 Reading, 498 Springfield, 482 Waterbury, Conn., 491 accomplishment, 460 aerobic conditions, 467, 4^68 bacterial action, 468 character of influent, 472 dogging, 473, 479, 493 compared with contact beds, 500 continuous operation, 487, 488 cost, 473 defined, 17 depth. 472, 473, 474, 477, 478 described, 467 distribution of sewage, 469, 487 distributors, dosing tanks, 485. 486 gravity. 482 nozzles. 482-487. 498, 499 revolving. 479. 480 siphons, 496 splash plates, 481 travelling, 480, 481, 482, 483 dosing, 473, 474, 488, 496 effluent, 469, 470, 476, 495 floor, 492 floor tjrpes, 491 growths, 473, 500 head on nozzles, 487 intermittent operation, 487, 488 lateral distribution in beds, 479 material of construction. 470, 471, 472, 476 odors, 494 performance, 469, 470, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478 preliminary treatment of influent, 494 removal of bacteria, 469. 470 rest period. 488. 489 risers. 490 sedimentation of efl3uent, 495, 496 size and shape, 494 stability test, 495 theory, 467, 468 time of passage through, 471. 472. 474. 478 underdrainage. 490. 491, 492 unloading, 468 valves, 498, 499 varying head, 487 ventilation, 493 winter operation, 468, 498 worms, 499 Trunk sewer defined, 2 Turneaure and Maurer, application of elastic theory, 119 Typhoid fever, epidemics, 301 modes of transmittal, 301 patients discharge B. typhosus, 301 INDEX 597 u Umatilla Conduit, gagings, 120 Underdraina, defined, 5 for wet excavation, 207 inspection, 180 United States Bureau of Surveys, rainfall formula, 66 United States Hydrographic Service, study of currents, 321 United States Public Health. Service, definition of biochemical oxygen demand, 202 United States Reclamation Service studies, losses due to curvature, 120 recovery of velocity head, 123 University of California, experiments of Lipman and Burgess on fertilizer value of sludge, 444, 445 University of Illinois, studies, Bartow and Mohlmann, 308, 300 Crawford and Bartow, 407 diffuser tests of Bartow and Mickle, 415 sludge produced by activated sludge process, 421 Urea, gives off nitrogen when heated, 288 nitrogen cycle, 286 Valves, butterfly, 490 varying head, 498 Weand, 408 Velocities of flow, absorption of head, 123 at different depths, 108 dangers of high, 99, 100 depend on head and friction, 93 formulas for computing, 100 comparison of Kutter and Hazen and Williams, 102 Hazen and Williams, 101 Kutter, 101, 104 head, 123. 124 in cast iron pipes, 03 in circular sewers, opp. 102, opp. 107 in egg-shaped sewers, opp. 102, opp. 107 in inverted siphons, 150 in junctions, 145 in partly filled sewers, 108 maximum, 99 minimum, 06 necessary to move solids, 96 should be maintained, 98 transporting power, 05 through contact beds, 449, 450 through grit chambers, 331, 332 through sedimentation tanks, 350, 355, 356, 357, 360 through sludge pipes, 422 Velocities of flow, through trickling filters, 471, 472, 474, 478 Ventilation of house sewers, 4 through perforated manhole covers, 6, 7 Venturi meter, for measurements in acti- vated sludge process, 411 recovery of velocity head in, 124 Vitrified pipe sewers, see Pipe, vitrified. Volume of sewage, at Amherst, 508 at Andover, 508 at Attleboro, 508 at Brockton, 508 at Cincinnati, 46 at Clinton, 508 at Concord, 508 at Framingham, 508 at Gardner, 508 at Hopedale, 508 at Hudson, 508 at Leicester, 508 at Lynn, 43, 44 at Marion, 508 at Marlboro, 508 at Milf ord, 508 at Natick. 508 at North Attleborough, 508 at Northbridge, 508 at Norwood, 508 at Pittsfield, 508 Southbridge, 508 Spencer, 508 Westboro, 508 Worcester, 508 discharge at different depths, 108 factor of safety allowance, 93 from commercial districts, 45 from districts in Chicago, 41 from industrial districts, 47 from partly filled districts, 108 from residential districts, 43 gaging, 86, 150 hourly flow, 42 in American, English and German cities, 306 method of estimating, 23 per day for Massachusetts cities, 40 ratio of to water supply, 30 uncertainty in estimating, 92 under dry weather conditions, 98 Voussoir arch method, 261 W Wachusett Aqueduct section, 113 Waltham, Mass., sewage pumping station, 173, 176 Washington, D. C, cage racks, 343 cradles, 245 exceptional growth, 24 periods of maximum precipitation, 70 598 INDEX Washington, D. C, pipe joints, 245 pumping sewage, 171 regulating chamber on Piney Creek sewer, 164. 165 sewer section, 118 Washington, Pa., septic tank inlet, 366. outlet, 366 tanks, 365, 366, 367 Waste of water, prevention by metering, 31 pipe, defined, 4 Water, bacterial standards, 301 composition, see Analyses of water, fresh %rsus salt to receive effluents, 316, 317 limitations of chemical analyses, 281 oxygen absorption by quiet and running, 326 salinity of sea, 320 supply, amount for flushing sewers, 156 ' consumption — classification, 31 committee on, 30, 32 fluctuations, 32 in cities, 30 in different parts of city, 31 prevention of waste by metering, 31 proportion reaching sewers, 28 ratio of to sewage, 30 transmits typlioid, 301 transporting power, 95, 96, 97 Waterbury, Conn., sewer section, 113 trickling filter fioor, 491. 492 Watson, Jn. D., vertical flow tank design, 360 Weand, O. M., butterfly valve, 498 Webster, Geo. 