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And no description is possible without making distinctly present to consciousness these relationships, in time and space, the data for which are abundantly present in the perceptual life, though lurking in the background, and needing something to fix them and to aid consciousness in distinguishing them clearly. In descriptive communication parts of speech, or their initial equivalents, afford fixation points for these relation- ships, and serve to render them distinct. If the reader will try to describe even the simplest occurrence without introducing the symbols for the relations which the events bea: to each other, his failure will serve to bring home how essential a feature this is. In social communication, then, we probably have the key to the passage from perceptual to ideational process ; and in this passage description is the antecedent of, and affords the conditions to, explanation. Words, moreover, as we have already said, form the pegs upon which we can hang up, for ready reference, the products of abstraction and generalization, or, to modify the analogy, they form the bodies of which these products are the rational soul. If we are ever to trace the passage from the instinctive through the indicating stage of communication, and so onwards through the beginnings of description to its higher levels, and thus to the use of language as a medium of explanation, it must be through child-study. In every normal human child the passage does actually take place, though, no doubt, in a condensed and abbreviated form as an epitomized recapitula- tion in individual development, of the steps of evolutional progress. Thus we may obtain a key to the solution of one of the most difficult problems in evolution by continuous process—that of the transition from animal behaviour to human conduct. INDEX A Abstract and general ideas, 57 Abstraction, 166; germs of, 332 ff. Acceleration, 250 Accommodation defined, 36 Acquired characters, inheritance of, 35, 110 Acquired instincts (Wundt), 66, 106. Acquisition defined, 36; ultimately dependent on natural selection, 289 Adaptation defined, 37 ADDISON on instinct, 63 Esthetics, animal, 270 Afferent and efferent impulses, 32, 101 Aid, mutual, among animals, 227 Ammophila mode of stinging prey, 75; of carrying prey, 76 ; deposi- tion of egg, 77; intelligent be- haviour of, 127 Ameba, 296 Antlers of deer, 15 Ants, behaviour of, 123; communication of, 198; communities of, 205 Aporus, intelligent behaviour of, 126 inter- social Appreciation, germs of, 273 Ardour of male in courtship, 269 Argyromeba, instincts of, 79 Arrest of development in egg, 14 Association in coalescent situation, 46 Attention, 242 AvUDUBON on American night-hawks, 261 Avesury, Lord, on ants, 198; on Van, 200; on aphides and ants, 214; on slave ants, 215; on intelligence of ants, 218 B Batpwiy, Prof. Mark, on organic selection, 37 (note), 115; on functional selection, 163; on imitation, 179 ff.; on projective stage of development, 275 Batesian mimicry, 165 BECKSTEIN on canaries, 262 Bees, homing of, 131; social com- munities of, 205 Beetle soliciting food from ant, 213 Bembex mode of carrying prey, 76 BeEtueE, Dr.,on instinctive behaviour of ants, 217 BrneEt, M., on infusoria, 6 Biological value of play, 250; pur- pose, 294; aspect of animal be- haviour, 305 : Birch-weevil, leafcase of, 121 Birds, instinct of, 84 Bison, behaviour of the, 226 Buacksurn, Mrs. Hugh, on instinet of cuckoo, 90 BiockMAnn, Dr., on componotus, 210 Bo.ton on goldfinches’ nests, 136 Bower-bird, observations on, 261, 273 Buckman, Mr. S. S., on speech of children, 203 Bupeetr, Mr. John &, on nest- building, 135 Bullfinch, nest of, 135 338 INDEX 0 Cameron, Mr., on mimetic insects in ants’ nest, 212 Canaries’ nest, building of, 135 Canon of interpretation, 270 Capacity, innate, 176 Capuchin monkey, imitation in, 188, 278 Carpenter, W.B., on water-beetle, 299 Catasetum, fertilization of, 29 Cats, Prof. Cranial sense-organs, 301 Crayfish, reflex action in, 298 Creation, special, 297 Criteria of effective consciousness, 43; of intelligence, 120 Cruelty in cat, 277 Cuckoo, instinct of nestling, 90 and D Darwiy, Charles, fig. of sun-dew leaf, 26; of Venus’s fly-trap, 27; of catasetum, 31; on earthworms, 158; on social life of animals, 225: on human ancestry, 229; on play and practise, 259, on sexual selection, 262 ff.; on law of battle, 313 o _ Davis, Prof. Ainsworth, on limpets, 156 Dwan, Dr. Bashford, on chick swim- ming, 85 Deceit in animals, 280 Deferred instincts, 70 Definiteness of instinctive be- haviour, 66 Description, terms, 202 Didunculus, changed habits in, 221 Ditterentiation and integration of nerve centres, 167 Disintegration of instincts, 176 Diving, instinctive, 86 Dog, observations on, intelligence of, 141 ff., 152, 200, 271, 322 involyes relational 340 INDEX Duckling, inherited co-ordination | Fear in birds not inherited in in, 96 Dytiscus, instinct of, 104 E Earthworms, Darwin’s observations on, 158 ff. Education in play, 255, 320 ff. Effective consciousness defined, 43 Efferent and afferent impulses, 32, 101 Egg, cell-division in, 14 Ermer, Th., on instincts of solitary wasps, 73; on origin of instincts, 108 Emotions, and feelings, 235 ff.; psychological nature of, 246; evolution of, 282 Energy stored in cell, 23 Equilibrium, tendency to, 296 Hristalis, mimicry of, 164 Espinas, Prof., on social life of animals, 230 Ethics, animal, 270 Eyolution of organic behaviour, 35; of consciousness, 61; of instinc- tive behaviour, 106; of intelligent behaviour, 155; of social be- haviour, 225; of feeling and emotion, 282; of animal be- hayiour, 295; as continuous, 324 Experience, of value for future guidance, 44; is it inherited? 48,97 ; condensation of, 163 Experimentation, 251, 253 Explanation, characteristic of later phases of mental development, 58, 257 Explosive nature of cell, 21 Expression of emotions, 247 External stimuli to instinctive be- haviour, 102 F Fasre on behaviour of Sphex, 77, 172; of Chalicodoma, 78, 129; of Leucopsis, 79; of Pompilus, 129 Faculty, instinctive, 64 Falcons, training of, 137 specific direction, 49, 110 Feelings and emotion, 235 ff.; evolution of, 282; feeling-tone, 240 Ferns, fertilization of, 24 Fertilization of ferns, 24; of Valis- neria, 28; of orchids, 29 Fy, Mr. Frank, on the acquisition of experience by young birds, 50 Fission, reproduction of Paramecium by, 4 Flight, instinctive, 86 Foret on Componotus, 211 Foster, Sir Michael, on conscious- ness accompanying reflex action in pithed frog, 33 Frog, reflex action in, 33, 299, 300 Functional selection, 163 Fungus garden of ants, 216 G Garner, Mr. R. L., “The Speech of Monkeys,” 198 Gas-engine, analogy of, 20 General and abstract ideas, 57; generalization, 167; germs of, 332 ff. Generic image, 162; situations, 163 Germinal substance, continuity of, 328 GouLp, Dr., on humming-birds, 273 Green, Mr. E. G., on ants, 210 Greenfinch, nest of, 135 Groos, Prof., on instinct, 64; origin of, 116; on imitation, 187; on animal play, 248 ff.; on “Love Play,” 259; on coyness of female birds, 264; on choice in mating, 267; on make-believe, 280 H Habits and habitual acts, 107, 177 HaGueE on ants, 199 Hamerton, P. G., on trained dog, 152 Hancock, Dr. John, on cuckoo, 92 Heredity and circumstance, 39; twofold aspect of, 40; relation ot to use, 170, 177; in evolution as continuous, 326 INDEX Homing of bees, 131 Homeopathic influence defined, 36 Honey-pot ant, 215 House-martin, nest-building of, 113 Hupson, Mr. W. H., on fear in birds, 49, 50, 110; on animal gladness, 317 Hunting play, 254 Hoxtey, T. H., on reflex action in frog, 300; on consciousness as epiphenomenon, 306 ff.; on con- sciousness as product of neryous changes, 330 Hype, Mr., on king crab, 298 Hydractinia, colonial polype, 206 I Ideals, distinguish ethics, 278 Ideational stage of mental develop- ment, 59 Imitation, 179 ff.; three stages of in child, 192 Impulse in intellizent behaviour, 60; Prof. Thorndike’s use of the term, 186; oonnection of with conative process, 235 Independence of automatic and controlling centres, 43 Infant, congenital responses in, 54 Influence of intelligence on in- stinct, 169 Inheritance of acquisitiveness, 40 Innate capacity, 176; likes and dislikes, 119 Insects, instinctive behaviour in, 71; intelligent behaviour in, 123 Instinct, broader and narrower view of, 99; primary and secondary, 108, 109; influence of, intelligence on, 169; priority of, to intelli- gence, 173; disintegration of, 175 Instinctive behaviour defined, 63 ; in insects, 71; in birds, 84; con- scious aspect of, 98 Integration and differentiation of nerve centres, 167 Intelligence lapsed, 107; influence of, on instinct, 169; of ants, Lord Avebury on, 218; biological im- portance of, 310 Intelligent behaviour, 117; eyolu- tion of, 155 341 Intelligent process distinguished from rational, 59, 138 Intercommunication, 193, 336 Interest, 243 Internal factors in instinctive be- haviour, 102 Irritability, fundamental, property of protoplasm, 240, 296 J James, Prof. Wm., theory of emo- tions, 246, 292 Jays, bathing of, 89; mode of taking food, 94 JENNER On cuckoo, 92 JENNINGS, Dr. H. S., on behaviour of Paramecia, 5 K Kerner, Dr., on sun-dew, 26; on sensitive Oxalis, 27; on Valis- neria, 29 King-crab, reflex action in, 298 Knicut, Andrew, on Norwegian ponies, 110 KroroTkKIne, Prince, on mutual aid among animals, 227 L Lamarckian hypothesis, 169, 171 177 ’ Language, nature of, 195 Lankester, Prof, E. Ray, on small- brained mammal, 168 Lapwing, instinctive behaviour of, 118° Law of battle, 313 Leech, observation on, 159 Leucopsis, instincts of, 79 Lewes, G. H., on lapsed intelli- gence, 107 Limpets, observations on, 156 Linb ey, Dr., on children, 141 Locality, studies by wasps, 128 Locke, John, limitations of animals, 167 M Mackenziz, Prof. J. S., on ethics, 278; on conscience, 281; on ambiguity of word“ pleasure,” 285 342 Make-believe, 280 Mammals, early small-brained, 168 Manipulation (Stout), 251 MarcaaL, Prof., on instincts of Cerceris, 74 MarsHat, Mr. H. R., on instinct, 6 Martin, nest-building of, 113 MarrineEav, James, on pleasure and pain, 284 Maupas, M., observations on, in- fusoria, 4 Mayer, Dr. A. G., on mating, instinct of moths, 83 McCook, Dr., on ants, 214 Meaning, Dr. Stout’s use of term, - 46, 243, 268 Mepticort, Mr. H. B., on behaviour of wild pigs. 196 Megapodes, instinctive flight of, 87 Meloé, instincts of, 81 Mental development, stages of, 48, 56 Mercter, Dr. Charles, on criteria of intelligence, 120 Metaphysical explanations, 19; aspect of instinct, 64; of impulse, 237; of purpose, 294; of will, 307; of life, 325 Mitts, Prof. Wesley, on social influence on puppy, 220 Miltogramma, parasitic fly, 134 Mimicry, Batesian and Miillerian, 165; intelligent aspect of, 311 Modifiability, 171 Modification, defined, 36; relation of, to hereditary characters, 170 Mo.ter, Herr, on fungus garden of ants, 216 Monistic hypothesis, 309, 315 Monkey, capuchin, imitation in, 188 Monodontomerus, instincts of, 79 Moor-hen, diving of, 89 Moths mating, instinct of, 83 Motive in rational conduct, 60 Movement plays, 251 Miiuer, Prof. Pecking instinct of chicks, 93 Peewit, note of young, 93 Pelopzus, instincts of, 72 Perceptual stage of mental develop- ment, 59 Personality, 245, 257 Pheasants, note of young, 92; in- herited co-ordination in, 95; plumage of Argus, 262 Philanthus, prey of, 73; mode of stinging prey, 74 ‘Physiological aspect of animal behaviour, 295 Pigeons, nests of, 136 Pigs, wild, behaviour of, 196 Plants, behaviour of, 24 INDEX Plastic period of life, 168 Plasticity of tissues, 10; of be- haviour, 172 Play of animals, 248 ff.; biological yalue of, 250; psychological as- pect of, 256, 311, 316 Piayne, Mr. H. C., on pigeons’ nests, 136 Pleasure, 241; ambiguity in word, 285 Polistes, locality studies of, 131 Pompilus, mode of carrying prey, 76; Fabre’s observation on, 129 Presentative elements distin- guished from re-presentative, 46 Primary instincts (Romanes), 108 Projective stage of mental de- velopment, 275; senses, 304 Pronuba, instinct of, 82 Propensity, instincts as, 64; con- genital, 176 Protoplasm, fundamental proper- ties of, 296 Psychological aspect of play, 256; purpose, 294; aspect of animal behaviour, 315 R Rational process distinguished from intelligent, 59, 138 Reflex action, 31, 35, 298 ff.; rela- tion of instinct to, 70 Relationships, importance of, 202 Re-presentative elements distin- cuished from presentative, 46 Rhynchites, instinct of, 121 Romanes, G. J., on “ discrimina- tion” and “perception” in plants, 32; on instincts of soli- tary wasps, 73; definition of instinct, 99; on primary and secondary instincts, 108, 109; on ants, 126; on general ideas, 166; on animal communication, 201 ; on cruelty in cat, 277 Romanes, Miss, observations on capuchin monkey, 188, 278 Roots of spinal nerves, 299 Rorsney, Mr. G. A. G., on Indian ants, 212 343 8 Scunerper on octopus, 158. Scorr, Dr. D. H., on fern fertiliza- tion, 25 Scratching in duckling, 96 Sea anemone, diffused nervous system of, 32 Secondary instincts 108, 109 Segmental nature of central ner- vous system, 299 Selection, functional, 163; natural, shielding of chicks from, 111; under uniform and yariable cir- cumstances, 175; in playtime of life, 319; sexual, 261 ff., 313 Self, as ideal construction, 239 Sentience, 62; origin of, 330 Sexual selection, 261 ff., 313 Ssarp, Dr. D., on birch-weevil, 121; on eophylla, 210 SHELLARD, Mr. E. J., observations on staghound, 144 SHERRINGTON, Prof., on emotion, 292; on spinal animal, 298 ff. Shock effects of physiological, 302 Srtucox, Miss Edith, quoted, 320 Sitaris, instincts of, 82 Slave ants, 215 Snails, observations on, 157 Social behaviour, 179; evolution of, 225 Solitary wasps, instincts of, 72 ff. ; intelligence of, 126 ff. Solomon Islands, rats of, 222 Sounds emitted by young birds, 92 Spatpinc, Douglas, on newly hatched turkeys, 49; on in- stinct, 99 Special creation, 297 : Speech, connection of, with ra- tional process, 58, 233; so-called, of monkeys, 198; of children, 203; aids passage from percep- tual to ideational process, 337 SPENCE on instinct, 63 Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on instinct and reflex action, 70; on play due to surplus vigour, 248; on pleasure and pain, 284, 287; on survival, 288 (Romanes), 344 Sphex, mode of carrying prey to nest, 77, 172 Spiders placed in crotch by wasps, 153 Stereotyped behaviour, 172 Sticklebacks, observations on, 130 Stour, Dr. G. F., on “meaning” for consciousness, 46, 243, 268 ; on ideational and _ perceptual stages of mental development, 59, 271; on octopus, 158; on conative process, 235; on the self, 239; on manipulation, 251 ; on emotion, 293 StrrancE, Mr., on bower-bird, 261 Subject and object, 245, 276 Sun-dew leaf, behaviour of, 25 Swimming, instinctive, 85 dy Tart, Lawson, on begging-cat, 110 Tarps, M., on imitation as a social factor, 179 Tendencies, congenital, 176 Tuomas, Mr. Oldfield, on rats of Solomon Islands, 222 THORNDIKE, Dr., on swimming of chick, 85; experiments on in- telligence, 147 ff.; experiments on imitation, 179, 183 ff. Tradition, animal, 220 Trial and error, method of, 139 U Unity of perceptual process, 240 ; of biological purpose, 297 Use, super-normal, 170; relation of, to heredity, 171, 177 THE INDEX v Valisneria, fertilization of, 28 Variation defined, 36; origin of 327 Venus’s fly-trap, behaviour of, 26 Vigour, play due to surplus, 248 Volition as conative, 238 WwW Watuaocz, Dr. A. R., on sexual selection, 264 WALLASCHEK, Mr., on play as sur- plus vigour, 248 Wapiti, antlers of, 16 WasMAnn, Dr., on insects asso- ciated with ants, 213 Wasps, solitary, instincts of, 72 ff., intelligence of, 126 ff. Weir, Mr. Jenner, on canaries, 135 WEISMANN, Prof., on origin of in- stinet, 109 Wurman, Prof., on Clepsine, 159 Wuirmer, Rey. 8. J., on tooth- billed pigeon, 221 Will, metaphysics of, 307 Wiuuiston, Dr. 8S. W., observation on Ammophila, 127 Woop, Mr. Foster, on hen-swim- ming, 86 Worcester, Dr., on megapode, 87 Wonpt, Prof., on instinct, 65, 99, 106. ¥ Youth, plasticity of, 168 Yucca moth, instincts of, 82 END PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES cee = foe | [= — ca Be es == Me == i ow sy ea eS SO ale Ee. 6gh HESES = =: Qe he ee “PS DZ LTUVi6és eee Sr oe ————=== <== —— *InoTAByeg Teupuy pfoT] Anuoy ‘ueB.10W 17 3°9229 L78W yoksg , 2 “ Cee Cree tee eS 4) Bo Reef eae ei SRR ER MIS Heian ‘ Rett ehate Ses SSteses ged es RRR < eee Se 480 RESET SUS op feck : fake tt Raesekks {oper ararareraton esha eneteeR es Cas eke £7 GEAR RESIS 2 2ormrarorazo < PX EE SASK ‘ ae +59) i SSS a SER eae : od < aonss ee MEEK rs See ies or Parry: SERS CEES eae Sat ESE KEE < i anes < < seek eke BOC SRS CANS RRM Pooh Cro ARQ sis OUD EC ACERS, OOO. Bee Ke Honora bat a} 455 ae a Oe Dee. 