None
662 Collecting and Rearing Insects When brought home the live specimens must be transferred to ‘‘cages” or rearing-boxes or jars in which proper food is kept and which enables the insect to live as nearly as possible in its normal way. We want our caterpillars not merely to provide us with fine ‘‘unrubbed” fresh moths and butterflies for our collection, but want them to go through under our eyes their usual life-history: We wish to see them eat and crawl and moult and spin and transform.. We wish to get acquainted with the details of their living; to watch them grow and develop; and to see them display | im = l Fic. Soy Bieeting cae: (After Packard.) their instincts and insect wits. We may go so far in our scientific curiosity as to be led to experimenting with them: to note how they react or behave toward light and darkness, toward moisture or dryness, heat or cold; to see if they may be induced to modify their inherited instincts to the extent of doing new and unusual things, or old things in new ways; to see if their life is pure mechanism or in a simpler and more generalized way something like ours, in which conSciousness and memory and choice play so important a part. Particularly available and interesting kinds of insects to rear in home cages and aquaria are the larvee (caterpillars) of moths and butterflies, various leaf-eating, wood-boring, and ground-burrowing beetle larve, honey-bees oe | ee a ne ~~ ait) ete Collecting and Rearing Insects 663 and ants, and many still-water insects, as water-beetles and bugs, mosquitoes, May-flies, dragon-flies, etc. For these various kinds of insects with their various kinds of habitat and habit several different kinds of cages are neces- sary. For moths and butterfly larve very simple cages are sufficient. It is only necessary that they admit light and air, that they keep the insects in, and that food, green leaves of the favorite food-plant, may be kept fresh in them, or readily repeatedly supplied. For small, or a few, caterpillars an excellent rearing-cage is shown in Fig. 808. It is made by combining a flower-pot and a lamp-chimney or lantern-globe. When practicable, the food-plant of the insects to be bred is planted in the flower-pot; in other. cases a bottle or tin can filled with wet sand is sunk into the soil in the flower- pot, and the stems of the plant are stuck into this wet sand. The top of the lantern-globe is covered with Swiss muslin. These breeding-cages are inexpensive, and especially so when the pots and globes are bought in considerable quantities, Fic. 809. Fic. 808.—Lamp-chimney and floor of breeding-cage. (After Jenkins and Kellogg.) Fic. 809.—Bell-jar live-cage. In our laboratory we have made much use of bell-jars of the kind with a hole in the top for a cork, which can be closed with netting instead of a cork, so that the air may enter (Fig. 809). Small branches of the food- plant are kept in glass bottles of water, whose mouth is closed around the branches by loose cotton so as to prevent the caterpillars from getting in and drowning. For larger, airier cages in which many caterpillars or trans- forming pupz can be kept we make much use of common wire-screened 664 Collecting and Rearing Insects meat-safes (Fig. 810), which can be got at the grocer’s for about a dollar apiece. Comstock describes a good home-made cage built by fitting a pane of glass into one side of an empty soap-box. A board, three or four inches wide, should be fastened below the glass so as to admit of a layer of soil being Fic. 810.—Meat-safe live-cage. placed in the lower part of the cage, and the glass can be made to slide, so as to serve as a door (Fig. 811). The glass should fit closely when shut, to prevent the escape of the insects. We have even made use in our laboratory of pasteboard shoe-boxes with the middle part of the cover cut out (leaving but an inch or so around the edges), and mosquito netting pasted over the hole. Into such a box fresh leaves must be put often, but beyond the trouble it serves very well. Specially made rearing-cages (Fig. 807) of various kinds can be bought of dealers in natural- ist’s supplies, but they are mostly rather expensive. For larve that live underground cages with soil in must be provided. ——— The principal difficulty of rearing such _ * tig bine 7 insects is to keep the right degree of bia yacy Ge Cees me moisture in the soil. If too damp, fungi grow and envelop the insects; if too dry, the larva soon die. For the study of insects that live on the roots of live plants Comstock has devised a special form of breeding-cage known as the root-cage. ‘In its simplest form this cage consists of a frame holding two plates of glass in a vertical position Collecting and Rearing Insects 665 and only a short distance apart. The space between the plates of glass is filled with soil in which seeds are planted or small plants set. The width of the space between the plates of glass depends on the width of two strips of wood placed between them, one at each end, and should be only wide enough to allow the insects under observation to move freely through the soil. If it is too wide, the insects will be able to conceal themselves. Im- mediately outside of each glass there is a piece of blackened zinc which slips into grooves in the ends of the cage, and which can be easily removed when it is desired to observe the insects in the soil.” Many caterpillars and other larve which live above ground in the larval stage when ready to pupate crawl down to the ground and burrow into it. For these soil must be provided in the rearing-cages, or the larvae when ready to pupate must be removed from the meat-safe and bell-jar cages to boxes containing soil. This soil must not be allowed to dry out entirely, nor yet must it be too moist. Experience is the only teacher that will deter- mine for the novice the “just right” condition. It may be necessary to keep pupe, in cocoons or in underground cells, over winter, for many insects, especially in the eastern and northern states, pass the winter in the pupal stage. ‘“ Hibernating pupz may be left in the breed- ing-cages or removed and packed in moss in small boxes. Great care should be taken to keep moist the soil in the breeding-cages, or the moss if that be used. The cages or boxes containing the pupe should be stored in a cool cellar, or in an unheated room, or in a large box placed out of doors where the sun cannot strike it. Low temperature is not so much to be feared as great and frequent changes of temperature. Hibernating pupe can be kept in a warm room if care be taken to keep them moist, but under such treatment the mature insects are apt to emerge in midwinter.” Eggs of insects, laid in the fall, may also be kept over winter, but one must be careful to preserve them in a cold place—as an unheated attic or cellar. Directions for making and maintaining observation beehives and formicaries (artificial ant’s nests) are given on pp. 532 et seq. and pp. 548 et seq. of this book. Aquarium.—Many accounts of how to make and keep up aquaria have been published. The following directions have been written by Miss Isabel McCracken, an assistant in my laboratory, who has made and successfully maintained many small aquaria in schools: To make the aquarium get a board 17 13X14 inches thick, grooved all around about 1 inch from the edge with a half-inch groove, and painted white. This is for the base. Get two pieces of double-thick glass 159 inches for sides and two pieces 11 Xg inches for ends. Set the glass into the grooves of the wooden base, bind the corners where the edges of the glass come together with strips of coarse muslin or cambric glued on the 666 Collecting and Rearing Insects outside. (Bicycle-tape is good.) Place an oblong strip of glass 8} <1 inch across the inside of each corner. Fill the space, thus formed, with cement. Fic. 812.—Battery-jar aquarium. (After Jenkins and Kellogg.) Fill in the grooves of the bottom board with cement before pressing down the panes of glass. Where the glass sides join the bottom board use cement carefully both inside and out, filling all the cracks. The cement should be made according to the following formula: Wie GANG... - » simeu outage nits. & Caen eee I part. Plaster .of. Partgiig cxctisah ieee Boe ee ORT r, LAURATQOS 0s: ous eS a ety ice De ce Ee nis ne OO : Powdered -fesiti. . oo eacrGkseone heen Geen oes 4“ Make into a stiff paste with boiled linseed-oil. Use as little oil as possible and take proper care in mixing. Leave for several days to harden the cement. Then fill slowly and pour off the water several times before using. Place an inch and a half of sand on the bottom of the box. This sand should be previously baked or boiled to rid it of bacteria. Its main purpose is as an anchorage for growing plants. Over this place a layer of variously sized pebbles treated in the same way. ‘These form hiding-places for the aquatic fauna. Fill with water to the depth of five or six inches. Stock with water-plants, the streams or ponds of the neighborhood to determine the kind. Watercress, water-crowfoct, Potamogeton, Chara, and eel- grass are good kinds. Parrot’s-feather can usually be obtained at nurseries, Collecting and Rearing Insects 667 Tradescantia (wandering-jew or inch-plant) is also useful. Avoid the use of alge (pond-scum). The function of the plants is chiefly to oxygenate the water. The roots of cress will furnish food for some vegetable-feeding animals. An aquarium, to be in good condition, must be kept aerated, must be kept clean, and its temperature must not be suddenly changed. Sufficient air is sometimes maintained by plant-life alone. Unless this proves to be so, shown by the healthy condition of both plants and animals, dip up a few cups of water every day and let it fall back into the aquarium. All uneaten food, dead animals, or decaying leaves must be removed at once. An apparatus for removing such is described in a later paragraph. The aquarium should be in the light to enable the plants to produce oxygen, but not in direct sunlight. If it stands in a sunny window, it should be screened from the sun. Water lost by evaporation must be replaced, but the fresh water must not differ materially in temperature from that in the aquarium. If a film appears on the surface of the water, it is due to bacteria and dust. It prevents absorption of air at the surface of the water. It may be removed by absorbent paper (newspaper or blotting-paper). It may be prevented by thorough cleanliness and by using a coarse cheese- cloth cover when not under observation. Never give more food than is eaten. Implements for use in connection with the aquarium are the following: A small dip-net made by twisting a wire about a bottle for the ring and the ends about each other for a handle,—the net to be made of coarse cheese- cloth or bobinet, used for removing certain objects; a piece of flannel wrapped about a stick for cleaning the sides of alge, which are bound to accumulate. For removing small particles from the bottom, a 4-inch glass tube long enough to reach to the bottom is useful. Close the upper end with the finger, hold the other end over the object to be removed, lift the finger, and the water will rush up the tube, carrying out the object. Replace the finger on the upper end and lift the tube out of the water. For removing a quantity of sediment, a long narrow chimney tightly fitted at each end with a cork is required. Insert through the center of the corks a short piece of glass tubing, and use as described for the simple glass tube. To stock the aquarium choose animals that are adapted to life in still water, and keep cannibals by themselves. A wire netting will keep in flying insects. Of the insects that may be kept in an aquarium some spend their entire life in the water, while others are aquatic during one stage of existence only. Among the insects easily kept in aquaria are the predaceous diving-beetles, the young of which are known as water-tigers and feed on sma! earthworms and other insects, as mosquito-wrigglers, May-fly nymphs, etc.; the water- 668 Collecting and Rearing Insects scavenger beetles; back-swimmers; water-boatmen; dragon-fly and May-fly nymphs; mosquito larve, etc. Other animals may of course be kept in the aquarium. Common pond- snails will live easily, feeding on green slime, roots of water-plants, bits of cabbage, etc.; minnows will eat bits of fresh meat, and also the insects; quarrelsome little sticklebacks will eat the pond-snail eggs and small crusta- ceans, as cyclops, etc.; frog and salamander larve feed at first on vegetable matter, later on bits of meat, tiny earthworms, mosquito larve, etc. Remember that an aquarium needs daily care to keep it in good condition. The foregoing account of collecting, preserving, and rearing insects has been made short and only a general course of procedure indicated, with the hope in mind of avoiding the confusion to the beginner likely to result from a longer account, including many “specialties” and refinements in collect- ing methods. Numerous excellent extended directions for collecting, pre- serving, and rearing have been published. Two such accounts are those by Comstock in “Insect Life” (Appletons), pp. 284-335, and by Packard in “Entomology for Beginners” (Holt & Co.), pp. 224-288. INDEX Illustrations are indicated by an asterisk. Page references in black face type are to definitions of technical terms. Etymologies are given for the order, suborder, superfamily, and family names. derived from the Greek, the Greek is followed by the transliteration (in italics) of the Greek letters into Latin letters, and that by the English meaning; in those derived from the Latin, the Latin (in italics) and the Eng- lish meaning are given; in those derived from other languages, the nativity of each word is specifically indicated. Each of the family names has been derived by adding -ide@ (having the force of a patronymic) to the name of the type-genus, which, in the index, immediately follows the family name. The family termination is not repeated throughout the etymologies and should be supplied by the reader. Abbott-sphinx, larva of, *437; tufted-bodied, 437 Abdomen, parts of, 7 Acalyptrate Muscide, 341 Acanthaclisis, 232 Acanthia hirundinis, 206 Acanthiide, Acantha (axav6a, acantha, thorn), 195, 205 Achemon _ sphinx - moth, larva of, *431 Achorutes nivicola, *64 Achurum brevipenne, 142 Acoloithus falsarius, 387 Acridiide, Acridium (axpidiov, acridium, dim. of axpic, locust), 126, 133; auditory organ of, *134, 135; impaled by shrike, *134; life-history of, 136; key to subfamilies of, 136; migratory spe- cies of, 133; sounds of, 134 Acridiinz, 136. Acronycta americana, 404; impressa, *405; occiden- talis, *404; occidentalis, larve of, *404 Adalia bipunctata, 287 Adephaga (dd, aden, enough; ¢eyev, phagen, eat), 251 Admiral, red, 454 Zicilius sulcatus, stages in development of nervous system of, *25 Zischna constricta, head of, *93 Zschnide, 7Eschna (prob. aicxpoc¢, aischrus, ugly), QI, 92 Agamic, 173 Agaristide, Agarista (etym. uncertain), 407 Agenius, 499 Aglais milberti, 456 Agonoderus pallipes, 255 serMe, 266; ruficollis, 7 Agrionide, Agrion (aypidc¢, agrius, wild), 89, 90 Agrotis ypsilon, 402; vena- tion of, *404 Ailanthus-worm moth, 421 Air-bush bug, 205 Akidoproctus, 118 Alaus oculatus, *268 Alder-blight, 180. Aletia argillacea, 404 Aleyrodes, respiratory sys- tem of, *I9 Aleyrodes iridescens, *192; merlini, enlarged details of pupa, *193; pupa-case of, *193; pruinosa, *192; tentacu latus, *192 Aleyrodide, Aleurodes (arevpddnc, aleurodes, floury), 166, 190 Alimentary canal, 13 Alimentary canal of cock- roach, *14; of dobson- fly, *16; of harlequin- fly, *15; of locust, *14; of thrips, *15 Allantus basillaris, *464 Allorhina nitida, 276 In etymologies of names Alternation of generations of gall-flies, 469 Alulet, 327 Alypia 8-maculata, *408 Amber-wing dragon-fly, ec Se enter Amblychilia cylindri- formis, 253 Amblycera (auBAvc, am- blys, blunt; *épac, ceras, horn), key to genera of, 118 Amblycorpha oblongifolia, *151; rotundifolia, 151 Ambrosia-beetle, 299 Ambush-bugs, 195 American blight, 179 American locust, *130, 141 American 455 Ammophila, nest-building of, *494; nest-burrow of, *494; nesting-ground of, *492; nesting habits of, 492; putting inchworm into nest-burrow, *493 Amnion, 38 Ampelophaga myron, 434, 435; versicolor, 435 Amphibolips coccinee, 471; spongifica, 471 Amphicerus bicaudatus,271 Amphientomum, 112 Amphigerontia, 113 Amphion nessus, *438 Anal veins (see venation) Anabrus purpurascens, *156, 157 tortoise-shell, 670 Anea andria, 455 Anaphothrips striatus, 221 Anarsia lineatella, 374 Anasa tristis, *213 Anatis 15-punctata, 287 Anatomy, internal, 13; of larva of giant crane-fly, *21; of monarch butter- fly, *13; of silkworm, 430 Anax junius, head of, *93; stages in development of, *83 : Ancistrona, 119; gigas, *I2I, 122 Ancyloxypha numitor, 443 Andrena, 517; nest of, *516 Andrenide, Andrena (avdphvn, andrene, bee), 511 Andricus californicus, 472; gall of, *473 Androconia from wings of butterflies, *592, 445 Angerona crocotaria, 308, *309 Angle-wings, 452 Angoumois _ grain-moth, 375 ; ; Angular-winged katydid, *IS1 Anisolabis annulipes, 162 Anisomorpha, 133 Anisoptera (avicoc, anisus, unequal; trepov, pterum, wing), 89; key to fami- lies of, 91 Anisopteryx pometaria, 397 : Anisota rubicunda, 427; senatoria, *428, 420; stigma, 428; virginiensis, 428 Anobium, 113, 271 Anomiopsyllus nudatus, 35 Anopheles, 305, 307; ma- culipennis, *308; sp., eggs of, *306 Anosia plexippus, *451; arrangement of pharynx, cesophagus, etc., in head of, *361; complete meta- morphosis of, *44; cross- section of sucking pro- boscis of, *361; devel- opment of color-pattern in pupal wings of, *596; Index development of scales of wing of, *595; external parts of, *6; internal anatomy of, *13; larva of, *605; mimicry of, by viceroy butterfly, *610; part of maxillary pro- boscis of, showing ar- rangement of muscles, *361; part of wing of, showing scales, *360; venation of, *11; vena- tion of wings of, *371 Ant, California black, *535; driver, 543; honey, 545; little black, *536; red, 541; slave, 547; slave-maker, 547; velvet, 497; Western agricultu- ral, mound-nest of, *542 Antelope-beetle, 273 Antenna, *3; of carrion- beetle showing olfactory pits, *27; of beetles, *250 Ant-guests, *553 Anthidium, 514 Anthomyiinz, 341, 345 Anthonomus grandis, 206; quadrigibbus, 296; sig- natus, Anthophora, 515; pilipes, mouth-parts of, *512; stanfordiana, 516 Anthophoridz, Anthophora (avO0gépoc, anthophorus, flower bearing), 515 Anthrax, 334; fulviana, venation of wing of, *333 Anthrenus museorum, 263; scrophularie, *263, 264; varius, 263 Ant-lions, 55, 30 Ants, 56, 463, 533; and rose-aphids, *174; arti- ficial nests for, 548; com- munal life of, 537; dia- grams of lateral aspect of abdomen, *540; in- stincts of, 554; key to families of, 540; relation to aphids, 175 Apanresis virgo, 413 Aphidiide, Aphis ( adecdeic, aphides, lavish), 166, 171 Aphids, 171; as ants’ cat- tle, 175; honey-dew of, 175, 180; killed by Hy menopterous _ parasites, *173; wax of, 175 Aphis-lion, 228, 229, 230 Aphis mali, 174 Aphodius fimetarius, 274; oblongus, 275; termi- nalis, 275 Aphoruride, Aphrophora (dgpogdpoc, aphrophorus, foam-bearing), 63 Aphrophora 4-notata, 171; signoreti, 171 Apide, Apis (apis, bee), 511 Apina, (see Apide), 463 Apis florea, comb of, *520; mellifica, 520, 521; melli- fica, hind leg of, *521; mellifica, stages in devel- opment of nervous sys- tem of, *24; mellifica, varieties of, *521 Apoidea (see Apide), 511 Apple aphids. Australian lady-bird bee- tle, 186, *187 Automeris io, 424, *425; larva of, 426; pamina, 424; selleri, 424; zephy- ria, 424 Bacillus, 132 Back-swimmers, 194, 198 Bacunculus, 133 Bag-worm, 360, *388; moth, 386, *387; moth, venation of wing of, *380 Balancers, 302 Balaninus caryatrypes, *295, 200; nasicus, 296; quercus, 296; restus, 296 Baltimore butterfly, 456 Banded footman, 410; pur- ple, 452 Bark-lice, r1I Barren-ground locust, *146 Basilarchia archippus, 452; arthemis, 452; astyanax, 452; astyanax, venation of, *440; floridensis, 452; lorquini, 452 Basilona imperialis, 426 Battery-jar aquarium, *645 Bat-tick, 351, *352 Beak of mosquito, *302 Bean-weevil, 277, *281 Bedbugs, 195, 205, *206; hunter, masked, 203 Bee-flies, 332, 333 Bee-fly, *334; mouth-parts of, *334 Beehive, observation, *531, *532 Bee-lice, 351 Bee-louse, *352, 353 Bee-moth, 379 Bees, 56, 463, 510; carpen- ter, 513; gregarious, 516; long-tongued, 511; ma- son, 514; mining, 513; mining, nest-burrows of, *516; potter, 514; short- tongued, 511; social, 517; solitary, 513 Beetles, 55, 246; antennz of, *250; development of, 250; eyes and tarsi of, *250; mode of pin- 671 ning, *637; tracheal sys- tem of, *18 Bell-jar formicary, *550; live-cage, *642 Belostoma americana, .*200 Belostomatide, Belostoma (BéA0¢, belus, dart; oTéua, stoma, mouth), 194, 200 Bembecia marginata, 391 Bembecide, Bembex(seufe, bembix, buzzing insect), 500 Bembex spinoloe, 500 Benacus griseus, 200 Berytide, Berytus (Bery- tus, a seaport town of Phoenicia), 195, 214 Bibio albipennis, *326; ve- nation of wing of, *326 Bibio femorata, 326; fra- ternus, 326; tristis, 326 Bibiocephala _—comstocki, heads of male and fe- male of, *316; larva of, *315; pupa of, *315; ve- nation of wing of, *317; doanei, head of larva of, showing formation of adult head-parts, *318; doanei, mouth-parts of, *g, *316; doanet, mouth- parts of larva of, *317; elegantulus, female, *316 Bibionide, Bibio (bibis, an insect, from _ bibo, drink), 304, 325 Bilateral symmetry (halves of body similar) Bill-bugs, 294 Bird-lice, 55, 113; biting, II1; remedies for, 114 Bird-ticks, 351 Biston ypsilon, *3098 Bittacus, 236; apterus, 238; strigosus, *237 Black beetle, *128 Black-bordered orange, 44 Black-flies, 313 Black-fly, *312; female, mouth-parts of, *313; head of larva of, show- ing developing mouth- parts of, *314; mouth- parts of larva of, *313; venation of wing of, *312 Black scale, 187 672 Black swallowtail, 450 Blastoderm, *38 Blastophaga grossorum, *48 497 Blattide, Blatta (blatta, insect that shuns light), 126 Blepharocera capitata, cross-section of eyes of, *317 Blepharoceride, Blepharo- cerus (probably A+ papov, blepharus, eye; ‘épac, ceras, divided), 304, 314. Blissus leucopterus, 211, *212 Blister-beetle, 288 Blood, 17 Blow-flies, 343 Blow-fly, *344; complete metamorphosis of, *45; compound eye of, *33; larva, pupa, and adult of, *302 Bluebottles, 343 Blue-striped looper, *398 Body-louse, *216 Body-wall, section of, *4 Boleototherus bifurcus, 289; larva of, *289 Boll-worm, cotton, 404 Bombide, Bombus (86u8o¢, bombus, a_ buzzing noise), 518 Bombus, 518; affinis, 519; californicus, 519; ed- wardsti, 519; ferviotus, 519; sp., nest of, *519; sp., worker and queen, *518; terricola, 519 Bombycide, Bombyx (bombyz, silk), 360 Bombyliide, | Bombyllius ( Bopuitvrde, bombylius, humble-bee), 332, 333 Bombylius, 333; major, *334; sp., mouth-parts |. of, *334 Bombyx mori, 429; larve of, 428; venation of, *420 Book-lice, 55; I11 Book-louse, *112 Book-worm, 271 Boreus brumalis, 236; cali- fornicus, 236; nivoriun- dus, 236; unicolor, 236 Bot-flies, 232, 337 Index Bot-fly, larva of, *337; of horse, *338 Box-elder bug, *213 Brachycera ( fpayve, bra- chys, short; *épac, ceras, horn), 303, 327; division into groups, 327; keys to families of, 327, 332 Brachynemurus, 232 Braconide, Bracon (Fa- bricius, etym, uncertain), 463 Brain of locust, *22 Braula ceca, 3533 sp., *352 Braulide, Braula (Spadvda, brawla, louse), 351, 353 Breathing of aquatic in- sects, 20 Breeding-cage, *641; lamp- chimney, *642; soap- box, *643 Breeding-cages how to make, 642 Broad-winged katydid, *150, *151 Brood-comb of honey-bee, with young stages, *46 Bruchide, Bruchus (Bpovyoc, bruchus, a lo- cust without wings), 277, 281 Bruchus res *281; pisi, * Brush- footed butterflies, 450 Bucculatrix pomifoliella, *370 5, pupal cocoons of, 375 Buckeye butterfly, 455 Bud-moth, 381 Buffalo-gnats, 304, 313 Buffalo-moth, *263 Buffalo tree-hopper, 169 Bug, pinning a, *637 Bugs, 55, 163 Buprestide, Buprestis (Boic, bos, ox; mpAbern, prethen, swell), 265, 266 Buprestis, 267 Burrower-bugs, 195, 215 Burying-beetle, *261 Bumblebee, at clover-blos- som, *518; guest, 519; nest of, *5 19 Bumblebee-like robber-fly, “Sot Bumblebees, 517 Butterflies, 358, 439; key to families of, 441; scales of, their structure and arrangement, 589 Butterfly, part of wing of, *590 Cabbage-bug, 214, *215 Cabbage-butterfly, caught by Asclepias, *574; Eu- ropean, 445; northern, 445; southern, 445 Cabbage maggot-fly, 345 Cacecia_ cerasivorana, *380; venation of, *380 Cacecia parallela, *380; pervadana, 380; rosa- ceana, 380; obsoletana, larva of, *364; obsole- tana, pupa and adults of, *365 Cecilius, 113 Caddis-flies, 23, 55, 2403 keys to families of, 244 Caddis-worms, case-build- ing of, 240; fishing-net of, *243; habits of, 241; pupation of, 242; cases harlequin, of, *241; key to families of, 244 Cenonympha californica, 457 Calandra granaria, 207; oryz@, 207 Calandride, Calandra (F. calandre, weevil), 294, 297 Calephilis cenius, 444 California __ flower-beetle, 279, *280; parasitic fun- gus of, *346; tachinid parasite of, *346 California honey-ant, un- derground nest of, *546 California oak-worm moth, * 406 California ringlet, 457 California shield-backed grasshopper, *155 Caligo sp., *612 Callimorphas, 414 Calliphora erythrocephala, 344; complete metamor- phosis of, *45; com- pound eye of, *33; larva, pupa, and adult of, *302 Callosamia angulifera, co- coons of, *423; prome- : IN, Lat oS thea, 422, *424; cocoons of, *423; development of color-pattern in pupal wings of, *597 Calocalpe undulata, *399 Calopterygide, Calopteryx (Kadoc, calus, beautiful ; mrépvé, pteryx, flight), Calopteryx, 89; maculata, * , *90 Calosoma calidum, *254; frigidum, *254; larva of, *253; scrutator, 254 Calotermes, 102; casta- neus, 104 Calyptrate Muscide, key to subfamilies of, 341 Camel-crickets, 155 Camnula pellucida, P1482", Campodea sp., *61; staphy- linus, 60 Campodeide, Campodea (kaurn, campe, caterpil- lar; eldoc, eidus, form), 133, Camponotide, Camponotus (xadurn, campe, curve; vartoc, notus, back), 540, 545 Camponotus pennsylvani- cus; 545 : Canker-moths, _lime-tree, *307 Canker-worms, *395, 307 Canthon, 274 Capitate, *250 Capnia, 73; pygme@a, 74 Caprification, 488; figures showing effect of non- caprification and, *489 Capside, Capsus (prob. Kantew, capten, gulp down), 195, 207, 209 Carabide, Carabus (xdpaBoc, carabus, horned beetle), 252 Carneades scandens, 402 Carolina locust, *141, 143 Carpenter-bees, 513; nest- tunnel of, *513 Carpenter-moths, 369, 385 Carpenter-wasps, nest-tun- nels of, *502 Carpocapsa pomonella, 381; larva or worm of, *382; pupe of, *383 Index Carpocapsa saltitans, 382, *383 Carrion-beetle, *261; larva of, *262; smelling-pits on antenna of, *27 Cases, for insect collec- tions, 637 Cassida bicolor, *280, 281 Castes, 503 Cat- and dog-flea, 356 Caterva catenaria, 399 Catocala epiore, 401; gry- nea, *400, 401; nupta, ommatidia of, *32; pala- ogama, *400;_ relicta, 401; ultronia, *400, 401 Catopsila eubule, 446 Caudal (tailward) Cave-crickets, 156 Ceanothus americanus, vis- isted by insects, 569 Cecidomyia destructor, 323 Cecidomyiide, Cecidomy- ia (xyKic, cecis, gallnut; pia, myia, fly), 304, 322 Cecropia-moth, 418, *419 Celery leaf-hopper, *170 Celithemus epomina, *96 Cell of wing (space bound- ed by veins) Cephalic (headward) Cephus, grain, European, 467 Cephus pygmeus, 467 Cerambycide, Cerambyx (xépausré, ceramby-, beetle), 277, 282 Cerasa bubalus, 169 Ceratocampide (prob. Kepac, ceras, horn; xaur4, campe, a bend), 426 Ceratophyllus stylosus, 356 Ceratopogon sp., mouth- parts of, *311 Cerceris deserta, locality study of, *501; tubercu- lata, dragging weevil to nest, *495 Cerci, 73 Cercopide, Cercopis (kepxoc, cercus, tail; dW, ops, ap- appearance), 166, 170 Cercyonis alope, 457; pe- gala, 457 Cerococcus ehrhorni, *191; quercus, *192 Ceruchus piceus, 273 673 Cerura, 304; sp., larva of, 7 Ceutophilus _lapidicolus, *155; maculatus, *154, 155 Cherocampa tersa, 435 Chalcedon, 457 Chalcid fly, *479 Chalcidide, Chalcis (yaAxic, chalcis, copper), 463 Chalcidoidea (see Chal- cididz), 477 Chalcophora liberta, 267; virginiensis, 207 Chauliodes, 224; serricor- nis, adult depositing, *225 Chauliognathus margina- tus, 270; pennsylvanicus, 270 Checkered beetles, 265, 270 Cheese-skipper fly, *348 Chelymorpha argus, 281 Cherry aphis, 174 Cherry-bug, 214 Cherry-fruit fly, larva of, *349; puparia of, *350 Cherry-tree leaf- roller, s Chicken-flea, 355 Chickweed geometer, 144, 399 Chigoe, 355 Chilocorus bivulnerus, 287 Chinch-bug, 211, *212; family, 195 Chionaspis pinifolie, 188 Chironomid, Chironomus (xetpovouoc, chironomus, one who moves hands in gesticulation [symmetri- cal spreading of feet when at rest]), 304, 310 Chironomus, alimentary canal of, *15; dorsalis, part of sympathetic ner- vous system of, *24; nervous system of, *22; pupa of, *311; sp., *310; larva of, *311 Chitin, 4 Chloealtis conspersa, *140, 142 Chloroperla, 73, 74 Chlorops similis, 350 Chorion, 37 Chortophaga viridifasciata, 144, *145 674 Chrysalid, 44 ; Chrysidide, Chrysis (xpvere, chrysis, a vessel of gold), 463, 498 Chrysobothris _femorata, *266 Chrysochus auratus, 280; cobaltinus, 280 Chrysomelide, Chryso- mela (xpvoounioAdvécov, chrysomelolonthium, lit- tle golden beetle), 277, 286 Chrysopa sp., *228 Chrysophanus thoe, 444; venation of, *440 Chrysophila thoracia, ve- nation of wing of, *330 Chrysopide, Chrysopa (xpvoey, chrysops, gold- en eyes), 224, 228 Chrysops sp., venation of wing of, *328 Cicada, mouth-parts of, *g; septendecim, mouth- parts of, *9; septende- cim, 166, *167; tibicen, 167; seventeen-year, 166, 167 Cicida-killer, 500 Cicadide, Cicada (cicada), 166; sound-making or- gan of, *167 Cicadula exitiosa, 170; 4- lineata, *170 Cicindela hybrida, of, *252 Cicindelide, Cicindela (candela, light), 252 Cicuta maculata, visited by insects, 571 Cigarette-beetle, 271 Circotettix verruculatus, *T46 Circulatory system, 16; of young dragon-fly, *17 Cisthene unifascia, 410 Citheronia regalis, 426, 427; larva of, *366, larva Class, 2 Classification, 52 Clastoptera pint, 171; pro- teus, 171 Clavate, *250 Clavicornia (clava, club; cornu, horn), 251, 264; key to families of, 258 Index Claytonia virginica, visited by insects, 569 Clear-winged moths, 368, 388; sphinxes, 438 Cleride, Clerus («Afpos, clerus, mischievous in- sect, so named by Aris- totle), 265, 270 Clerus dubius, 270; nigri- fons, 270; nigripes, 270; sanguineus, 270 Click-beetle, 265, 267; larva of, *268; snapping apparatus of, *267 Climacia, 229 Clisiocampa americana, 415; larva of, *359; ve- nation of, *418; disstria, stages of, *417 Close-wings, 377 Clothes-moth, *373, 374; case-bearing, 374 Clothilla, 113 Clouded locust, *145, 146 Clouded-sulphur, 446 Cobea scandens, visited by insects, 567 Coccide, Coccus (Kéxkoc, coccus, berry or kermes insect), 166, 180 Coccinella abdominalis, *286; californica, *286; californica, stages of, *287; novemnotata, 287; oculata, *286; sanguinea, *286; trifasciata, *286 Coccinellide, Coccinella (dim. Kopdvan, cordyle, a club; yaotnp, gaster, belly), 92 Coreide, Coreus («épic, coris, bedbug), 195, 207 Corethra sp., *309; pupa and larva of, *309 Corimelena publicaria, 215 Corimelzenidz, Corimelena (xépic, coris, bedbug; pedavia, melaina, f. of melas, black), 195, 207, 215 Corisa sp., *199 Coriscum cuculipennellum, moth and leaf rolled by larva of, *378 Coriscus subcoleoptratus, 204 Coriside, Corisa (Képec, coris, bug), 194, 198 Corn-bill bug, 297 Cornroot-louse, and shep- herds of, 175 Corn-worm, 404 Corrodentia, (corrodere, gnaw to pieces), 55, III; life-history of, III; @- sophageal sclerite of, 112; structure of, III, 112; table of families of, 112 Corydalis, 224 Corydalis cornuta, *226; alimentary canal of, *16; development of mouth- parts of, *227; habits of, 227; head of, showing mouth-parts, * Corymbetes hamatus, 268; hieroglyphicus, 268 Corythuca, sp., *208; ar- cuata, Cosmopepla carnifex, 214 Cosmosoma auge, 410 Cossid, venation of a, *385 Cossidz, Cossus (cossus, a larva under bark of trees), 369, 385 Index Cossus populi, 385 Costa (see venation) Costal, 460 Cotalpa lanigera, 276 Cotton-stainer, 210 Cotton-worm, 404 Cow-ants, 498 Cow-killer, *497, 498 Coxa, *3, *6, *247 Crab-louse, *217; egg of, 217 Crabro stirpicola, 502 Crabronide, Crabro (cra- bro, hornet), 502 Crambide, Crambus (xpauBoc, crambus, dry, shriveled), 377 Crambidia cephalica, 410; pallida, 410 Cranberry leaf-roller, *380; spittle insect, 171; worm-moth, *381 Crane-flies, 304, 321 Crane-fly, giant, anatomy of larva of, *21; degen- erating muscle from pu- pa of, *50; development of wing-buds of, *48; salivary glands of, be- fore and after degenera- tion, *51; stages of, *322; venation of wing of, *321 Cremastogaster lineolata, 544; shed-nest of, *543 Creophilus villosus, *260 Crepidodera cucumeris, 281 Crickets, 53, 126, 157; ant-loving, 161; burrow- ing, 161; degenerate forms, 162; sound-mak- ing file of, *157; wing- less striped, chirping of, 159 Crioceris asparagi, 278 Cross-pollination, 564; of flowers by insects, how developed, 581 Croton-bug, 128, *128 Crustacea, 3 Ctenocephalus canis, *354, 356 Ctenucha multifaria, 410; ruberoscapus, 410; ve- nosa, 411; virginica, 410; venation of, *411 Cubitus (see venation) 675 Cuckoo-flies, 463, 498 Cucujide, Cucujus (Bra- zilian cucujo, a bu- prestid beetle), 258, 262 Cucujus flavipes, 263 Cucumber-beetle, 279, *280 Cucumber flea-beetle, 281 Culex, 305, 307 Culex fatigans, scales on wings of, *310; head of, *7; incidens, eggs of, 306; life-history of, *305; mouth-parts of, *301 Culicide, Culex (culex, gnat), 304, 305 Curculionide, Curculio (curculio, weevil), 294, 205 Curculios, 294 Cucullia, 402 Currant-angerona, *399 Currant-borer, 390 Currant endropia, *399 Currant-slug, *465 Currant-stem girdler, *465 Currant-worm, imported, 466; native, 466 Cuterebra cuniculi, 338; larva of, *337 Cuticle, 4; chitinized, *5 Cutworm, *402; climbing, 402 Cyaniris pseudargiolus, 443 Cybister, 255, 257 Cydnide, Cydnus (xvdvéc, cydnus, famous), 195, 207, 216 Cyllene pictus, 284 Cymatophora pampinaria, *308 Cynipide, Cynips (xvi, cnips, name of several insects), 463, 467; al- ternation of generations of, 469 Cynipoide (see Cynipi- de), 478 Cynips quercus-saltatriz, *474; galls of, *473 Cyrtophyllus concavus, *150, *I51 Dagger-moth, gray, *404; larve of, *404; rasp- berry, *405 Damsel-bug, 195, 204, *205 Damsel-flies, 53, 75, *78 676 Damsel-fly, nymph of, *84; ruby-spot, *90 Dance-flies, 332, 334 Dance-fly, mouth-parts of, *335; venation of wing of, *335 Darkling ground-beetles, 288 Dasyllis sacrator, *331 Datana angusii, 394; min- istra, 393 Datura stramonium, spe- cialization of, for insect pollination, 571 Daunus swallowtail, 449 Dead-leaf butterfly, *6or Death’s-head sphinx-moth, *438, *613 Death-watch, 271; beetles, 265 Deer-flies, 328 Degeneration, among scale-insects, 180, 188 Deilephila lineata, 435 Dejeania corpulenta, *346 Dendroctonus valens, 299 Dendroleon, 232 Dermatobia_ cyaniventris, 339; noxialis, 339 Dermestes lardarius, *264 Dermestide, Dermestes (dépua, derma, skin; éofiew, esthien, eat), 258, 263 Desmia maculalis, 378 Desmocerus palliatus, 284 Development, 35; of bee- tles, 250; of color-pat- tern in giant wood-bor- ing beetle, *598 ; of color- pattern in pupal wings of monarch butterfly, *596; of color-pattern in pupal wings of promethea moth, *597; of egg of fish- moth, *40; of egg of saw-fly, *39; of egg of water scavenger-bee- tle, *38; of honey-bee, 522; of malaria-produc- ing Hzemameeba in hu- man__ blood-corpuscle, *618; post-embryonic, of locust, *42; of scales on wing ‘of Anosia plexip- pus, *505; of scales on wing of Euvanessa anti- opa, *594; of wing-buds Index of giant crane- -fly, *48; Diverse-land geometer, of wings of locust, *42 | *300 Devil’s darning- -needle, 76. Dixa-flies, 304 Dexia, 346 Dexiinz, 341, 346 Diabrotica 12-punctata, 279; longicornis, 279; soror, 279, *280; vittata, 279 Diapheromera *13I, 132; *603 Diaspis rose, *190 Diastrophus nebulosus, 473 Dicerca divaricata, 267 Dichelia sulfureana, *380 Dicromorpha viridis, *141 Dictyopteryx, 73 Diedrocephala mollipes, 170 Diestranmena marmorata, I Differential ‘locust, 141 Digestive epithelium, cells of, of crane-fly, *17 Digger- -wasps, 463 Dimorphic, 469 Dineutes emarginata, *257 Diopside, Diopsis (% di, two; yc opsis, eyes), 347 Dioptide (prob. de, dis, twice; Suc, opsis, seen, referring to the two generations per year in some forms), 407 Diplosis pini-radiata, *324 Diptera (44, di, two; mrTepbv, pterum, wing), 56, 301; genuina, 303; life-history of, 302; mouth-parts of, 302 Dipterous larve, histo- blasts or imaginal discs of, 47 Directive coloration, 607 Discal area or spot or cell (near center of base of wing) Diseases, insects in rela- tion to, 615 Dissosteira carolina, *141, 143; brain of, #22 + ner- vous system of, *22; pericardial membrane of, "18; respiratory system of, *18 femorata, mat ff ; Dixa sp., *319; larva of, *318; mouth-parts of, *319; pupa of, *319; ve- nation of wing of, *320 Dixide, Dixa (prob. “séc, dixus, double, or dciére, dixis, a showing, dis- play), 304, 319 Dobson-fly, *226 ; alimen- tary canal of, *16; head of showing mouth-parts, Dobsons, 55 Docophorus californiensis, 116; communis, 116, *120, 122; cursor, 116; excisus, 116; icterodes, 116, *119; lari, 116; per- tusus, 117; platystoy- mus, 116 Dog- and cat-flea, *354 Dog-day locusts, 167 Dog-louse, sucking, *217 Dolichopodid, venation of wing of, *336 Dolichopodidz, Dolicho- pus (doAcyérovc, dolicho- pus, with long feet), 332, 335 Dolichopus lobatus, *335 Dorcus parallelus, 273 Dorsal (backward, oppo- site of ventral) Dorsal vessel, valves of, *18; of locust, *17 Doryphora 10-lineata, *278 Dorypteryx, 113 Double-eyed sphinx, *435, ee Dragon-flies, 53, 75; col- lecting nymphs of, 87; colors of, 80; distribu- tion of, 78; egg-laying of, 82; food of, 81; life- history of, 84; preserv- ing adults, 88; rearing nymphs of, 87; struc- ture of, 79; table for classification, 89 Dragon-fly, #76; circula- tory system of, *17; giant, stages in develop- ment of, *83; hero, 93; nymph of, *76, *77; ve- nation of wing of, *89; — poh Ae water-prince, *95; wind- sprite, *96 Drosophila ampelophila, 349 Drosophilide, Drosophila (dpéco¢, drosus, dew ; gidoc, philus, loving), 349 Dynastes grantii, 276; her- cules, 276; tityrus, *12, *276, *277 Dysdercus suturellus, 210 Dyspepteris —_abortivaria, *307, 398; venation of, * 3 Dyticus, *255, *256 Dytiscide, Dytiscus (durixdc, dyticus, fond of diving), 252 Dyticide, 252 Earwigs, 53, 162, *162 Echocerus maxillosus, 289 Ecitomyia wheeleri, *553 Eciton caecum, *543; opa- cithere, 543; schmuitti, *543 é Ecitoxenia breviples, *552 Ecpantheria deflorata, 413; mugina, 413 Ectobia germanica, 128, -*128 Egg, development of, of water scavenger-beetle, *38; fertilization of, 14; of fish-moth, develop- ment of, *40; of saw- fly, development of, *39; tubes, *248 Egg-case of cockroach, *127; of Hydrophilus triangularis, *259 Eggs, micropyle of, *37; of Anopheles sp., *306; of Culex incidens, 306; of katydid, *149 Elaphidion villosum, 285; stages of, *284 Elater acerrimus, larva of, *268; nigricollis, 268; rubricollis, 268; san- guinipennis, 268 Elateride, Elater (/Aarnp, elater, driver), 266, 267 Eleodes, *288 Elephantiasis and mos- quitoes, 633 Elm-leaf beetle, 278 Index Elipsocus, 113 Elytra, 249 Embia texana, *109 Embiide, Embia (éuBcoe, embius, living, viva- cious), 109 Embryo, 37 Emesa longipes, 204, *205 Emeside, Emesa (Emesa, city of Syria), 195, 204 Empidide, Empis (éu7¢, empis, mosquito), 332, 334 _ _ fof, #335 Empis, venation of wing Empodium (appendage be- tween two tarsal pul- villi) Enchenopa binotata, 168; gracilis, *169 Encoptolophus *145, 146 Endropia armataria, *399 Ennonos subsignarius, 398 Ensign-flies, 463 Entomobryide, Entomo- brya (prob. Epicerus imbricatus, 205 Epicordulia princeps, *95 Epidapus scabies, 325 Epimartyria, 371 Epimenis, grape-vine, 409 Erax cinerascens, mouth- parts of, *331; venation of wing of, *331 Erebia, 457 Erebus odora, 401 Eretmoptera browni, *311 Ergates spiculatus, *282, 284 Eriocampa cerasi, 466 677 Eriocephala, 371 Eriocephalide, Erioce- phala (prob. #piov, eri- um, mound; kegasy, cephale, head), 368 Eristalis sp., mouth-parts of, *340; tenax, *339, 340 Erynnis sassacus, 443 Erythroneura comes, *170; vitis, 170; vulnerata, *170 Eubyia cognataria, *398 Euclea del phinit, 384; penulata, 384 Eucleide, Euclea (ed«Aea, euclea, glory), 384 Eudamus proteus, 442 Eudemis botrana, 381 Eudryas grata, *409, 410 Eugonia californica, 456; j-album, 456 Eumacaria brunneraria, Eumenes, 408; vase mud- nest of, *499 Eumenide, Eumenes (¢, eu, good; pévoc, menus, disposition), 498 Euphoria inda, 276, *277 | Euphydryas phaeton, 456 Euplectrus comstockti, 485 Euplexoptera (et, eu, well; zAexo, pleco, fold- ed; mtepdv, pterum, wing), 53, 162 Eurymetopus, 118 Eurymus eurytheme, 446; philodice, 446 Eustigme acrea, 415 Euthrips tritici, 221 Euvazessa antiopa, 455 Evaniide, Evania (evdvoe, euanius, taking trouble easily), 463 Exoprosopa sp., *334 Exoskeleton, 4; attach- ment of muscles to, *4 Exuvia, 186; of stone- fly nymph, *71 Eye, of horsefly, *31; of moth, *31; of Lasio- campa quercifolia, *32; of Catocala nupta, *32; of May-fly, *32; of reise *33; spots, Pl. oy Eyed grayling, 457 675 Eyes, compound and sim- ple, 30; of May-flies, *69; of net-winged midges, *316 Eye - spotted bud - moth, *381 Fabre, J. H., on instinctive behavior, 643 Fall canker-worm, 397 False crane-flies, 327 Family, 56 Feather-wings, 376 Femur, *3, *6 Feniseca tarquinius, 444 Fermenting fruit-flies, 349 Fertilization of egg, 14; of plants, 564 Fig-insect, *487 Figitide (figo, to attach by piercing), 475 Figs, caprification of, 487; on a branch, *488; show- ing effect of non-caprifi- cation and of caprifica- tion, *489 Filariasis and mosquitoes, 632 Filiform, 364 Fireflies, 265, 260 Fish-moth, *58, *62; de- velopment of egg of, *40 Flannel-moths, 369 Flat-bug, 195, 208, *209 Fleas, 56 Flesh-fly, 343, *344 Flies, 56; life-history of, 302; mouth-parts of, 302; two-winged, 301 Flower-bug, 195, *209; in- sidious, 206 Flower-fly, 332, *339 Flower, pistil and ovary, showing pollen tube, #564. Flowers and insects, 562; colors of, developed for attraction of insects, 566; cross-pollinated by humming-birds, 573; en- tomophilous, 570 Food-habits of Hemiptera, 164, 165; variety of, 8 Footman, banded, 410; painted, 409; pale, 410; striped, 409 Footman-moths, 370, 409 Foot of house-fly, *341 Forest-fly, *352 Index Forest-moths, eight-spot- ted, *408 Forest _ tent-caterpillar moth, *417 Fork-tailed katydid, *152 Formica exsectoides, 545; nitidriventris, 547; san- guinea, 547; schaufussi, 547; subanescens, 547; subsericea, 547 Formicina (see For mi- coidea), 463, 539; key to families of, 540 Formicoidea, Formica (formica, ant), 539 Frenate (frenum, that which holds things to- gether), 368 Frenulum, *376 Fritillaries, 456 Frog-hoppers, 170 Froth production of frog- hoppers, stages of, *171 Fruit-worms, parasite of, 405 Fulgoride (Fulgora, god- ie of lightning), 166, I Fungus attacking chinch- bugs, 212 Fungus, parasitic, of Cali- fornia flower-beetle, *346 Fungus-gnat, 304, 324, *325; venation of wing of, *325 Gadflies, 328 Galerucella luteola, stages of, *278 Galgulide, Galgulus (gal- gulus, a small bird), 194, 202 Galgulus oculata, *202 Gall, blackberry, 473; fi- brous, of the California live-oak, ‘*472; of the California white oak, *473; Tose, 473 Galleria mellonella, 379 Gall-flies, 56, 463, 467; al- ternation of generations of, 469 Gall-fly, *468; ovipositor of, *468 Gall-forming aphids, 180 Gall-gnats, 304 Gall-midge, 322 Galls, 467; growth of, 474; jumping, of the oak, *473; made by a Cynipid gall-fly, *469; on leaf, *471; on leaf of Califor- nia white oak, *470; on twigs of California white oak, *471; trumpet, on leaves of California white oak, *470; variety of, 470 Ganglia, 21 Gastropacha 416, *418 Gastrophilus equi, 337, *338; nasalis, 338 Gelechia_ cerealella, galle-solidaginis, pinifoliella, 376 Genus, 56 Geometer-moths, 396 Geometra iridaria, 308 Geometrid moth, larva of, *305, *306; larva of, in protective position, *603 Geometrid, venation of a, Geometrina, Geometra (y#, ge, earth ; pérpov, me- trum, measure), 370, americana, 3755 350 ; 3 Geotrupes, 275 Geotrupes excrement, 275; Opacus, 275; splen- didus, 275 Ghost-moths, 372 Giant-skippers, 441 Giebelia, 118 Gills of young May-fly, 68; tracheal, 20; of May- fly, nymph, *20 Girdler, currant-stem, *465 Gloveria arizonensis, base of scale of, *591; scales from wing of, *593 Glow-worm, Goatweed-butterfly, 455 Golden-eyed fly, *228 Gomphide, Gomphus (yougoc, gomphus, a fast- ening), 92 Gomphus exilis, 92 Goniodes, 118 Goniocotes, 118; holo- gaster, 119 Goniotaulius dispectus, 243 Gopher crickets, 155 Gossamer-winged _ butter- flies, 443 Gnophela latipennis, 407 Grain-cephus, European, 467 : Grain-weevil, 297 Granddaddy-long-legs, 321 Grape-berry moth, 381 Grape-phylloxera, 172,176; various forms of, *176, 177 Grape-vine amphion, *438; flea-beetle, larva of, *280; roots infested by phylloxera, *178; sphinx-moth, *434; root- borer, 391 Grapholitha sebastiane, 383 Grapta sp., part of wing of, showing insertion pits of scales, *590 Grasshoppers, long- horned, 126, 149 Grass-stem flies, 350 Grass-thrips, 221 Green fly of gardens, 172 Green-fruit worms, *402; parasitized, *486 Greenhead, *328 Green-leaf insect, *602 Green-striped locust, 144, *145 Grouse-locusts, 136, 147 Gryllide, Gryllus (gryllus, cricket), 126, 157 Gryllatalpa borealis, 161; columbia, 161 Gryllus abbreviatus, *158; assimilis, 158; domesti- cus, *158; luctuosus, 158; pennsylvanicus, 57 Guest bumblebee, 519 Gypsy-moth, 405 Gyrinidz, Gyrinus ( yupivoc, gyrinus, a circle, a whirl- pool), 252, 255 Gyrinus marinus, larva of, *257 Gyropidz, Gyropus (yupoc, gyrus, crooked; otc, pus, foot), 118 Gyropus, 118, 121 Hzemameeba, malaria-pro- ducing, development of, in human blood-corpus- cle, *618 Index 679 Hematopinus acanthopus, | Head-louse, *216 218; antennatus, asini, 218; eurysternus, 217, *218; ovis, *219; pedalis, 218; piliferus, *217; sciuropteri, 218; spinulosus, 218; sutu- ralis, 218; urius, *218; ventricosus, 218; vituli, 217 ances subterraneus, 15 Hagenius brevistylus, 92 Hag-moth, 384 Hair-streaks, 444 Hair, tactile, innervation of, *26 Halesus tnd ‘stinctus, *241 Halictus, 517 Halis dota argentata, 414; carye@, *414; | becula, 414; maculata,*414; sp., larve of, *411; tesselata, *414; tesselata, cater- pillar of, *413; tesselata, venation of, *416 Halobates, 198; wiillers- dorfi, *197 Halteres, 302 Haltica chalybea, larva of, *280 Handmaid-moths, 392 Haploa clymene, 414; contigua, *415; fulvi- costa, *415; lecontei, 414 Harlequin-fly, alimentary canal of, *15; part of sympathetic nervous sys- tem of, *24 Harpalus pennsylvanicus, 255 Harrisina americana, 387; coracina, 387; metallica, 387 Harvester, 444 Harvest-flies, 167 Hawk-moth, 369, 431; posed before jimson- weed, *572 Head, interior of, of Mon- arch butterfly, showing arrangement of pharynx, cesophagus, etc., *361; of dobson-fly, parts of, *6; of locust, showing naan *124; parts of, 218; | Hearing, sense of, 29 Heart, 16; of locust, *17; valves of, *18 Heel-flies, 338 Heliconia sp., scales from wing of, *594 Heliothis armigera, 404 Hellgrammite, 226 Hemaris brucei, 439; dif- finis, larva of, *438; thysbe, 438 Hemerobiidze, Hemerobius (jpuEp6;300¢, hemerobius, ephemeral), 224, 229 Hemerobius sp., 229, 230; sp., larva of, *230 Hemerocampa leucostigma, degenerating muscle of, 5303 head of, *363; larva of, *405 Hemileuca electra, 4253 maia, 425; nevadensis, 425. Holorusia rubiginosa, anatomy of larva of, *21; degenerating mus- cle from pupa of, *50; development of wing- buds of, *48; salivary glands, before and after degeneration, of larva of, *51; salivary gland of, *16; stages of, *322 Homolomyia canicularis, 345 Homoptera (6ué¢, homus, same; M7Tépov, pterum, wing), 165; key to fam- ilies of, 166 Honey-ant, 545 Honey-bee, *521; alimen- Index tary canal of, *520; brood-comb with young stages, *46; comb, brood cells, *523; building comb, *527; developing muscle in pupa of, *51; development of mouth- parts, *460; East Indian, comb of, *520; first tar- sal segment of hind legs of, *528; gathering pol- len* and nectar, *522; head and mouth-parts of, *7; honey-making by, 528; larva and adult, *45; leg of, *521; life- history of, 521; nervous system of, *24; mouth- parts of, *459; section of body of pupa, showing histolysis and histogen- esis, *49; section of ocellus, *30; sting of, 460, *461; swarming of, 525; swarming reflex of, 639; ventral aspect of abdomen of worker, *527; visiting Asclepias, *574; Wax-making by, 526 Honey-dew of Aleyrodide, 192; of aphids, 175, 180; of black scales, 187 Honey-making by honey- bee, 528 Hop-merchants, 454 Horn, caudal, *432 Hornet, bald-faced, 506; nest, single-comb, *508 Horn-fly, 342, *343 Horn-tails, 463, 466 Horse-fly, 327, *328; cor- neal facets of compound eye of, *31; mouth-parts of, *329; venation of wing of, *328 Horse-louse, 218 Horse-stinger, 76 Horse-tick, 351, *352 Host, 479 House-crickets, 157 House-flea, *354 House-fly, *341, 342; foot of, *341; larva of, *342; mouth-parts of, *8, *301 ; nervous system of, *22; pupa in puparium of, *342 Hover-flies, 339 Human flea, 356 Humming-bird moth, 431 Humming-birds, cross-pol- linating flowers, 573 | Hyaliodes vitripennis, 210 Hydrobatide, Hydrobates (idwp, hydor, water; Barns, bates, one that treads), 195, 196 Hydrocharis obtusatus,260 Hydrophilide, Hydrophi- lus (idwp, hydor, water; gidoc, philus, loving), 256, 258 Hydrophilus, development of egg of, *38; external anatomy of, *247; inter- nal anatomy of, *248; triangularis, *259; trian- gularis, eg g-case of, *259; triangularis, larva of, *259 Hydropsychide, Hydro- psyche (idup, hydor, water; wvx7, psyche, butterfly), 244, 245 Hydropsyche, 243; sca- laris, *242 Hydroptilide, Hydroptila (édwp, hydor, water; ariiov, ptilum, feathers), 244, 245 Hygrotrechus,-196, *197 Hylotoma berberidis, de- velopment of egg of, *39 Hymenoptera (duqr, hy- men, membrane; 7répor, pterum, wing), 56, 459; aculeate, 490; key to groups of, 463; mouth- parts of, 460; parasitic, 476; sting of, 460 Hyperites, 113 Hypermetamorphosis, 200; of Epicauta vittata, 290 Hyperparasitism, 482 Hyphantria cunea, 412 Hypoderma bovis, 338; lineata, 338 Hypoprepia fuscosa, 400; miniata, 409 Hydroporus, 255 Icerya purchasi, *187; male and female, *186 Ichneumon-flies, 56 Ichneu.1.onidz, Ichneu* on (ichneumon, ichneumon fly), 463 | Ichneumonoidea (see Ich- neumonidz), 477 Ichneumons, 463 Imaginal discs of Dipter- ous larve, *47 Imago (adult) Imperial-moth, 426 Inchworm, in protective position, *603 Inchworms, 395 Indian Cetonia, 276; meal- moth, 378 Inocellia, 233 Inquilines, 475 Insect, pinned up, *637 Insecta, 3 Insect-killing bottle, #635 Insects, simplest, 52 Instinct, defined. 636; ex- amples of, 641, 642, 651 Instincts of ants, 554 Intelligence, defined, 637; of solitary wasps, 653 Io Emperor, 424, *425; larva of, *426 Iphidicles ajax, 449; mar- cellus, 449; telamonides, 449 Iris versicolor, 568 Isabella tiger-moth, 412 Ischnocera (prob. ‘xvée, ischnus, thin, thread- like; xépac, ceras, horn), key to genera of, 118 Ischnoptera pennsylvanica, 338 5-9 Isoptera (iooc, isus, equal ; nrépov, pterum, wing), 55, 99 Isopteryx, 73 Isosoma hordei, 487 Ithobalus acauda, 450; polydamas, 450 Janus integer, *465 Japanese locust, *155 Japygide (Japyx, mythical progenitor of Japyges of southern Italy), 60, 61 Japyx sp., *62; subter- raneus, *61 Jasside, Jassus (Jassus, a town in ancient Caria), 166, .169 Jennings, trial and error theory of behavior, 63 5 Index Jerusalem cricket, *156, 157 Jigger-flea, 355 Jimson-weed, hawk-moth posed before, #572 Jugate (jugum, yoke), 368 ugum, 368 umping plant-lice, 171 une-bugs, 273, #275 Junonia centa, 455 Kallima sp., *6o1 Katydid and eggs of, *149 Key, 53 Killing-bottle, for collect- ing insects, 635 Kissing-bug, 203 Labels, for collected in- sects, 637 Labellum, *8 Labeo longitarsis, *479 Labia minor, *162 Labidura riparia, 162 Labium (see mouth-parts) Labrum (see mouth-parts) Lace-bug, hawthorn, 208 Lace-bugs, 195, 207 Lace-wing fly, *228 Lachnosterna fusca, *275 Ladybird - beetle, *286 ; Australian, 186, *187 Lemobothrium, 119; loo- misi, 122 Lertias philenor, 450 Lagoa crispata, 383 Lake-flies, 65 Lamellate, *250 Lamellicornia (lamella, thin plate; cornu, horn), 251, 272 Lamp-chimney _ breeding- cage, *642 Lampyride, Lampyris (Aaurovpic, lampuris, a glow worm), 265, 269 Lance-tailed grasshopper, *154 Lantern-flies, 168 Laphria, 331 Lappet-moth, American, *418 Lappet-moths, 416 Largus succinctus, *210 Larridz, Larra (Fabricius, —derivation unknown), 500 681 Larva, 44; coarctate, 291; of a phorid fly attached to the larva of the ant, *553 Lasiderma serricorne, 271 Lasiocampa quercifolia, ommatidia of, *32 Lasiocampide, Lasio- campa (Adovoc, lasius, hairy; «dun, campe, a caterpillar), 370, 415 Lasius brunneus, 175, 545 Lateral (to right or left) Leaf-beetles, 277 Leaf-bug, four-lined, *209; predaceous, *206 Leaf-bugs, 195 Leaf-chafers, 273, 275 Leaf-cutter bee, nest of, *514 Leaf-hoppers, 169 Leaf-insects, 132 Leaf-miners, 375 Least skipper, 443 Leather-jackets,. 