None
o.x 0.2 0.3 0.4 o.s 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 i.o I.I 1.2 13 14 I.S 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.00 2.536 3.S86 4.393 5.072 5. 671 6.212 6.710 7.173 7.608 8.020 8.412 8.785 9.144 9.489 9.82a 10. 145 I0.4S7 10.760 o.oi 2.660 3.675 4.46s 5. 135 5.727 6.263 6.757 7.218 7.650 8.060 8.450 8.822 9.179 9.523 9.855 10.176 10.487 10.790 0.02 ' 11.055 11.084 2.778 3.762 4.536 5.197 5.7S3 6.315 6.805 7.262 7.692 8.099 8.487 8.858 9.214 9.557 9.888 10.208 10.518 10.820 II. 113 0.03 2.892 3.846 4.628 5.259 5.838 6.365 6.852 7.306 7.734 8 139 8.525 8.894 9.249 9.590 9.920 10.230 10.549 10.849 II . 142 Head in Ft. 0.0 O.I 0.2 2 II. 3 II. 6 II. 9 3 13.9 14. 1 143 4 16.0 16.2 16.4 5 17.9 18. 1 18.3 6 19.6 19-8 20.0 7 21.2 21.4 21.5 8 22.7 22.8 23-0 9 24.1 24.2 24.3 10 25.4 25.5 25.6 IX 26.6 26.7 26. 8 12 27.8 27.9 28.0 13 28.9 29.0 20 I 14 30.0 30.1 30.2 15 31. I 31.2 31-3 z6 32.1- 32.2 32.3 17 33.1 33-2 33.3 z8 34.0 34.1 34.2 19 35. 0 35.0 35.1 30 35 9 36.0 36.0 21 36.8 36.8 36.9 0.04 3.001 3 929 4.676 5.320 5.893 6.416 6.899 7.350 7.776 8.179 8.563 8.930 9. 284 9.624 9.953 10.271 10.579 10.879 II. 171 0.05 3.106 4.010 4-745 S.380 5.947 6.465 6.946 7.394 7.817 8.218 8.600 8.967 9 318 9.657 9.985 10.302 10. 611 10.908 II. 199 0.3 0.4 12.2 12.4 14.6 14.8 16.6 16.8 IS.5 18.6 20. I 20.3 21.7 21.8 23.1 23. 3 24.5 24.6 25.7 25. 9 27.0 27.1 28.1 28.2 29-2 29.4 30.3 30.4 31.4 31.5 32.4 32.5 33.4 33-5 34-3 34.4 35.2 35.3 36.1 36.2 37.0 37.1 0.5 12.7 15.0 17.0 18.8 20.5 22.0 23 4 24.7 26.0 27.2 28.4 29. 5 30.5 31.6 32.6 33. 5 .34-5 35.4 36.3 37.2 0.06 3.208 4.089 4.8X2 5.439 6.001 6.525 6.992 7.438 7.858 8.257 8.638 9.002 9.353 9.690 10.017 10.333 10.640 10.938 11.228 0.6 12.9 15.2 17-2 190 20.6 22.1 23.5 24.8 26. I 27.3 28.5 29-6 30.6 31.7 32.7 33.6 34 6 35.5 36.4 37.3 0.07 0.08 3.307 4.167 4.878 5.498 6.054 6.564 7.038 7.481 7.898 8.296 8.675 9.038 9.387 9-724 10.049 10.364 10.670 10.967 11.257 3.402 4.244 4 944 S-556 6.107 6.613 7.083 7.523 7.939 8.335 8.712 9.073 9.421 9. 757 10.081 10.395 10.712 10.996 11.28s 0.7 0.8 13.2 13.4 IS. 4 15.6 17.4 17.6 19.2 19.3 20.8 20.9 22.3 32.4 23.7 23.8 25.0 25.1 26.2 26.4 27.4 27.5 28.6 28.7 29.7 2P.8 30.7 30.9 31.8 31-9 32.8 32.9 33.7 33-8 34.7 34.8 35.6 35. 7 36. 5 36.6 37.4 37.4 0.09 3.496 4.319 5.008 5. 614 6.160 6.662 7.128 7.566 7.979 8.373 8.749 9.108 9.455 9.790 IO.X13 10.425 10.730 II .026 I I. 314 0.9 13.7 15.8 17-8 19. 5 21. X 22.5 23.9 25.2 26.5 27.7 28.8 29.9 31.0 32.0 33.0 33.9 34-9 35-8 36.7 37. 5 VELOCITY TABLES 615 TABLE LVIII. AVERAGE WEIGHT. IN POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT. Earth, more moist moderately rammed Eaxth, as soft flowing mud. . .. Earth, as soft mud well pressed into a box Mud, dry, close Mud, wet, moderately pressed. Mud, wet, fluid Masonry and its materials: Brick, best pressed Brick, common hard Brick, soft, inferior Brickwork, pressed brick, fine joints. Brickwork, medium quality. .. Brickwprk. C9arse, inferior soft bricks Cement, pulverized, loose Cement, pressed Cement, set '. Concrete, 1:3:6 Gravel, loose Gravel, rammed Masonry of granite or stone of like weight: Well dressed Well-scabbled rubble, 20 per cent mortar. . . .- Roughly- 'Scabbled rubble 25 to 35 per cent mortar Well-scabbled dry rubble Roughly scabbled dry rubble. Masonry of sandstone or stone of like weight weighs about seven-eignths of the above: J22-162 72-80 82-92 90-100 70-76 66-68 75-90 90-100 104- 1 12 1 10- 1 20 80-110 110-130 104-120 ISO 125 100 140 125 100 72-105 115 168-187 140 82-125 90-145 i6s IS4 ISO 138 125 Substance Masonry and its materials — CoH' tinned. Mortar, hardened. Sand, pure quartz, dry, loose. Sand, pure quartz, dry, slightly shaken Sand, pure quartz, dry, rammed Sand, natural, dry, loose Sand, natural, dry, shaken. . .. Sand, wet, voids full of water .. Stone Stone quarried, loosely piled .. Stone, broken, loose <. . .. Stone, broken, rammed Metals and alloys: Brass (copper and zinc). Broaze (copper and tin). Copper, cast , Copper, rolled Iron and steel, cast Iron and steel, average.. Iron and steel, wrought. Iron and steel, average.. Spelter or zinc' Tin, cast Woods, seasoned and dry: Ash Hemlock . , " ' Hickory Oak, white Oak, red, black, etc Pine, white Pine, yellow, northern Pine, yellow, southern Poplar Spruce Woods weigh one-fifth to one- half more green than dry; and ordinary building tim- ber, tolerably seasoned, weighs about one-sixth more than dry timber. Weight 90-1 IS 87-106 92-110 100-120 80-110 8S-I2S 118-128 135 195 80-110 77- 112 79-121 487-524 524-537 537-548 548-562 438-483 450 475-494 481 425-450 450-470 40-53 25 37-58 37-56 32-45 22-31 30-39 40-50 22-31 25 616 TABLES TABLE LIX. COSVENIBNT BQUIVALENTB LENGTH f tiich «i^ foot *- .037778 ywd «.ooooiS783 mile «3.54 ccntimeten. I foot ■■ 13 inches • | yard ^.00018939 mile —.3048 meter. I yftrd «36 inches »3 feet *. 000568 18 mile «.9i44 meter. I mile -63360 inches *S28o feet * 1760 yards - 1.60935 kilometers. I meter « 100 centimeters « .001 kilometer - 39-37 inches « 3-38o8 feet » 1.0936 yards * .00062137 ntile. suvrACE I tqtiare inch "".006944 square foot •.0007716 square yard «. 000000 IS94 acre*.oooooo- 0003491 square mile B6.45163 square centimeters. I square foot* 144 square inches «i square yard «. 000023957 acre*. 00000003587 square mile '■.093903 squarr meters. I square yard « 1396 square inches «9 square feet «. 0003066 acre «. 0000003228 square mile '■.83613 square meter. X acre —6273640 square inches— 43560 square feet— 4840 square yards— .0015635 square mile —308.71 feet square —.404687 hectare. Z square mile -4014489600 square inches - 27878400 square feet -3097600 square yards * 640 acres — 359 hectares. I square meter — loooo square centimeters —.0001 hectare — .000001 square kilometer — 1550 square inches - 10.7639 square feet — 1. 19598 square yards - .0003471 acre —.0000003861 square mile. VOLUME f cubic inch —.004339 U. S. gallon —.0005787 cuMc foot — 16.3873 cubic centimeters. I U. S. gallon —231 cubic inches —.13368 cubic foot —.00000307 acre-foot —3.78543 liters. I cubic foot— 1728 cubic inches— 7.4805 U. S. gallons —.037037 cubic yard— .000022957 acre-foot -28.317 liters. I cubic yard -46656 cubic inches -27 cubic feet —.00061983 acre-foot -.76456 cubic meter. I acre-foot -325851 U. S. gallons —43560 cubic feet — 1613^ cubic yards — 1233.49 cubic meters. Z cubic meter, stere or kiloliter — x 000000 cubic centimeters — 1 000 liters —61033.4 cubic inches -364.17 U. S. gallons -35-31 45 cubic feet -1.30794 cubic 3rards— .000810708 acre-foot. HYDRAULICS I U. S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds avoirdupois. I cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds avoirdupois. I second-foot — 448.S U. S. gallons per minute - 26929.9 U. S. gallons per hour —.646317 U. S. gn lions per day. —60 cubic feet per minute '-'3600 cubic feet per hour —86400 cubic feet per day —3x536000 cubic feet per year —.000214 cubic mile per year. —.9917 acre-inch per hour — x. 9835 acre-feet per day — 723.9669 acre-feet per year. — 50 miner's inches in Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico. North Dakota, and South Dakota— 40 miner's inches in Arizona. California, Montana, and Oregon -38.4 miner's inches in Colorado. -.028317 cubic meters per second -T.699 cubic meters per minute -101.941 cubic meters per hour —2446.58 cubic meters per day. Z cubic meter per minute -.5886 second-foot -4.403 U. S. gallons per second -1.1674 acre-feet per day. X million gallons per day -i. 55 second-feet -3.07 acre-feet per day -2.629 cubic meters per minute. X second-foot falling 8.8t feet - x horse-power. X second-foot falling xo feet -X.13S horse-power. X second-foot falling x X feet - 1 horse-power, 80 per cent efficiency. X second-foot for x year will cover i square mile 1.13X feet or X3.573 inches deep. X inch deep on x square mile -2323200 cubic feet -.0737 second-foot for i year. CONVENIENT EQUIVALENTS 617 MISCELLANEOUS I foot per second =.68 mile per hour » 1.097 kilometers per hour. X avoirdupois pound «7000 grains —.4536 kilogram. z kilogram = 1000 grams ».ooi tonne « 15432 grains '2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. ' 15 pounds per square inch. I ton per square foot. I kilogram per square centimeter. Acceleration of gravity, g ^32. 16 feet per second. I mil «.ooi inch. I atmosphere —about I circular mil =—(.001)' or .0000007854 square inch. 4 I square inch « 1273240 circular mils. No. 10 Birmingham gage wire has a diameter of 134 mils and a cross-sectional area of 17996 circular mils. 1 horse-power =5604120 foot-gallons per day —550 foot-pounds per second —33,000 foot- pounds per minute ' 198.000 foot-pounds per hour— 2545 B.T.U. per hour — 76 kilo- grammeters per second — 1.27 kilogrammeters per minute— 746 watts. I horse-power boiler rating, requires the 'evaporation of 34 i pounds per hour of water at 212° P. to dry steam at the same temperature; or the expenditure of 33,317 B. T. U.; and in practice is developed by burning 3} to 4t pounds per hour of coal under 10 to 12 square feet of heating surface. z B.T.U. -778 foot-pounds. z pound of bituminous coal contains about 14.100 B.T.U. or z 1,000,060 foot-pounds of energy. INDEX "A" frame dams described, 384 Abandoned irrigated lands, 185 Acoustic current meter, 156 Acre-foot, definition of, 165 — table of equivalents, 616 Acre-inch, definition of, 165 Advantages of irrigation, 5 Agricultural Department experiments on duty of water, 143-145 Agua Fria, underground waters, 47 Air in running water, 293 Air-lift pumping, 92 Alcohol pumping engines, 85, 86 Aldershot, sewage irrigation at, 126 Alexander, W. H., book by, 63 Alfalfa as a nurse crop, 105, ic6 — as preventive of alkali, 13 Algeria, area irrigated in, 4 AUnement of canals, 212-215 Alkali, concrete lining protection, 238 — in canals, prevention of, 521 — or injurious salts, 8-15 — rise of, brief dbcussion, 190, 191 — resistance to, table, 11, 12 — tests of cement pipe, 199, 200 Alkaline salts, discussion of, 8-15 — soils, effect on metal, 308-314 Allegheny River, flow and area, 592 Allier River, France, flood, 595 All Saints Church, pressure on founda- tion, 447 Alluvial soils, definition of, 7 Alvord, J. W., book on floods, 63 Ambursen type dam, mention, 487. See Hollow Dams. American River, flood and area, 593 flow of, 42 Folsom dam, 385 Americas Society of Agricultural Engi- neers, data, 148 Analysis of soils, table, 9 — Shoshone Dam, illustrated, 474 Ancient irrigation works, mention, 2 Androscoggin River, flood and area, 592 Anticlinal valley as reservoir site, 345 Application of water to land, 111-136 Appropriation, water, doctrine of, 496- 500 Appurtenance to land, water rights, 500, 501 Aquatic plants, growth of, 521-524 Aqueduct, Ganges Canal, India, 301 — Nadrai, India, 313 — Strawberry Valley, illustrated, 336 Arabs, irrigation by, in Sahara, 62 Arch Bridge pressures, 447 — dam, definition of, 443 — dams, design of, 469-474 — spillway. East Park, 485 Ard^he River flood, France, 355, 595, 596 Areas irrigated in countries, table, 4 — reservoirs, table, 598 — river drainage basins, 592-596 Argentina, area irrigated, 4 Arizona Canal, data about, 230 Arkansas River, flow of, 42 Arrowhead Dam, height and length, 599 — Reservoir, evaporation, 71 Arrowrock coffer dam, illustrated, 402 — Dam, and gunnite, 452 balanced valve, 365 data, 600 plans and section, 458-460 *• pressure, 447 specifications, 535-54^ — Reservoir, area, cost, etc., 598 619 620 INDEX Arroyo Seco, 'flood and area, 594 Artesian areas, 50, 51 — wells, 48-59 books on, 63, 64 Ash Fork Dam, Arizona, 487-490 data, 600 Ashti Dam, India, data, 599 Asse River, France, flood, 595 Assiout Dam, Egypt, data, 600 Assuan Dam, data, 600 * silt removal at, 376, 377 steel canal below, 241, 242 Assyria, records of irrigation in, 2 Auckland Dam, data, 600 Aupa River, Germany, flood, 596. Ausable River, flood and area, 593 Australia, area irrigated in, 4 — Goulburn Weir, 397 — Rainfall records, 356 — regulator gates in, 254 Australian salt-bush and alkali, 13 — water meter, 177 Austrian Soc. E. and Arch., pressure data, 447 Automatic recording gage, 160, 161 — shutters and gates, 392 — spillways, 275-277 Tieton, 280-282 Avalon Dam failure explained, 422 — Reservoir, area and capacity, 598 Azischos Dam, data, 600 Azusa hydrant meter, 173 B Babylonia, records of irrigation in, 2 Backfilling over drain tiles, 197 — specification clause, 559 Bacteria, sewage irrigation and, 128 Badana Dam, data, 600 Baker, I. O., pressure data, 447 Baker, M. N., book on sewage, 64 "BaflSe piers" at dams, 477, 478 Balanced valves, 360, 365 illustrated, 364-369 Balmorhea Dam, data, 599 Ban Dam, France, data, 600 Barage du Nil, mention of, 387 Bargaglino Cr., Italy, flood, 596 Bark, Don H., address by, 26 — article by, 15 — book by, 152 — bulletin by, 183 — seepage data, 234 Barker Dam, data, 600 Barossa Dam, data, 600 pressure, 447 Barrin Juick Dam, data, 600 Basic Creek, flood and area, 594 Bassano Dam, design mention, 477, 478 Baum Co., F. G., constant angle dam, 472 Bazin formula, pipe, 326 Beacon Brook, N. Y., flood, 595 Bear River, flood and area, 594 flow of, 44 canal drop, 285 crib dam, illustrated, 401 Bear Grass Creek, flood and area, 594 Bear Valley Dam, plan and section, 473 pressure on, 447 Bear Valley Dams, Big and Little, 600, 601 Beaumont rice pumping plant, 98 Beavers, first dam makers, 382 Beetaloo Dam, data, 600 "Before and After" irrigation views, loo-ioi * Belle Fourche Dam, paving, illustrated, 418 material used, 423 gravel blanket on, 436 outlet works of, 358 section of, 406 — — Reservoir data, 598 tunnel data, 334 Bench marks, specification, clause, 553 Beneficial uses of water, law of, 497, 499 Berlin, deep well near, 51 Betwa Dam, India, data, 600 — weir flashboards. illustrated, 393 Bezwara Weir, India, section, 391 Bhatgur Dam, India, data, 600 Big Bear Valley Dam, data, 600 Bigclow, F. H., paper on evaporation, 71 Billings, Mont., analysis soils, 9 INDEX 621 Bjorllng's formulas for water wheels, 80,82 "Black Alkali," definition of, 8 Black Lick River, flood and area, 594 Bleone River, France, flood, 595 Bligh, W. See also Arrowrock Dam. — River, flow of, 43 hydrograph of, 34 — Valley, analysis soils, 9 ground water charts, 186-189 steel flume in, 307 Bond, specification clause, 548 Boonton Dam, N. J., data, 600 ^ Border methods of irrigation, 1 1 2-1 1 7, 124 Borings, dam foundations, 493, 494 Boxrow pits, specification clause, 558 Bowman Dam, data and section, 437, 599 Bow River, flow of, 44 Box turnout, U. S. R. S., plans, 267 Boyds Comer Dam, data, 600 Brasimone Dam, data, 600 Brazil rainfall records, 356 Breaks in canals discussed, 271 Breast-wheels, description of, 81 Bridge Pont-y-Prydd, pressure on, 447 Bridgeport Dam, data, 600 Bridges over canals, 335-337 — steel, specifications, 579-584 Briggs, L. J., book by, 25 investigations of, 20, 21 Broad River, flood and area, 593 Brodie data on masonry pressure, 447 Brooklyn Bridge, pressure on, 447 Brown, Hanbury, books by, 152, 527 Buck scraper, description of, 229 Buckley, R B., book on irrigation by, 71 Budlong Creek, N. Y., flood and area, 595 Buech River, France, flood and area, 595 Bumping Lake Dam data, 598 section, 433 Burdick, C. B., book on floods, 63 Bureau of Soils, analyses by, 9 ; Bureau of Standards alkali tests, 199, 200 Burkholder, J. L., article by, 201 Chart of Rio Grande, 187, 188 Bums Creek, superpassage, illustrated, 316 Burrin Juick Dam, pressure, 447 "Burro" Dam described, 382 Burrowing animab, 525, 526 Butterfly valves, illustrated, 362, 366, 367 By-pass, Umatilla Canal, 288 Cabbage Tree Dam, data, 600 Cable station, stream gaging, 161 Cache La Poudre, flow of, 42 seepage to, 245 Cain, Wm., book by, 495 Cairo, Barage du Nil near, 387 Calaveras Dam, data, 599 failure of, 429, 430 — River, flood and area, 594 Calcium carbonate and alkali, 14 Califomia. irrigation in, book on, 63 — rainfall records, 356 — State Board of Health, 5 — stovepipe well drilling, 57 Calloway Canal, Cal., silt in, 25 weir at, 388-390 Camp, specification clause, 537 Canada, area irrigated in, 4 Canada Creek, W., N. Y. flood, 594 Canal cross sections, illustrated, 204 — lining, 236-245 — losses and prevention, 233, 234 — riders, duties of, 503 — specifications, 557-559 — stmctures, chapter on, 247-369 622 INDEX Canal superintendent, duties of, 502, 503 — zone, rainfall records, 357 Canals, list of U. S. R. S., 230-232 — and laterals, chapter on, 202-246 Cane Creek, flood and area, 594 Canvas Dam used in irrigation, 112, 113 Canyon Creek Dam, Utah, data, 599 Capillarity of soils, table of, 18 Capillary movement in soil, 16, 17, 18 Carbon dioxide in tunnel, 335 Carbonate of sodium, 8, 11 Carey Act, mention of, 3 Carlsbad canab, lining and costs, 242 Carpenter, L. G., book on duty of water, 152 bulletins by, 182, 246 experiments, return seepage by, 24s Carson River, East, flow of, 43 regulator, 251-257 Carver's data on hydraulic rams, 92 Casey, Col. T. L., masonry pressure, 447 Casselman River, flood and area, 593 Cast-iron ^)ecifications, 563 gates, lateral illustrated, 269 Castlewood Dam, section, 438 Cataract Dam, data, 600 Catawba River, flood and area, 592, 593 Catskill Creek, flood and area, 594 Cattaraugus Creek, flood and area, 593 Cavour Canal, Italy, views, 298 Cedar River, flood and area, 594 flow of, 44 Cement drains, use of, 198-200 — gun work, Arrowrock Dam, 452 — lining canab, coefficient, 235 Cement, specification clause, 536, 537, 559, 565, 566 Centrifugal pumps, 86-90 Certified check, specification clause, 547 Chagres River, flood and area, 593 Chamberlain, T. C. report on wells, 63 Chandler, A. E., book by, 501 Changes, specification clause, 550^ 551 Chapter House, Elgin, pressure on, 447 Charges for water, basis, 514, 515 U. S. R. S. toblc, 146 Chartrain Dam, data, 600 Chattahoochee River, flood and area, 592, 593 Chaustiere Dam, data, 600 Cheat River, flood and area, 593 Check and farm turnout, illustrated, 264 Check system of irrigation. Salt River, illustrated, 122 Checks, drops and chutes, 282-290 — used in irrigation, illustrated, 116 Chemical properties, metal, 578 Chemung River, flood and area, 592 Cherry Creek, Colo., water supply, 59 Cherryvale Creek, Kansas, flood, 595 Chezy formula, 163 China, mention of irrigation in, 2, 4 — rainfall at Hongkong, 356 Chinamen, market gardening of, 58 Church, Irving P., book on fluids, 182 Chute or inclined drop, 212 Chutes, checks and drops, 282-290 Chuviscar Dam, Mexico, data, 600 " Cienegas," term for swamps, 194 Cippoletti weir, book on, 182 definition of, 166, 167 formula for, 167 Clarion River, flood and area, 593 Clarke, Sir Andrew, masonry data, 447 Classification, masonry dams, 443 Clay in hydraulic fill dams, 428 Clay, used in earth dams, 423 Cleaning canals of silt, 520, 521 Cleaning up, specification clause, 553 Clear Lake Reservoir, data, 59S Clearing of irrigable lands, 104 Clentangy River, flood and area, 593 Climatic conditions, specifications, 553 Climatology of U. S., book on, 63 Closed drains, definition of, 191 Coast Range and rainfall, 28 Coefficient of roughness, 602, 603 Coefficients of friction, table, 448 Coffer dam, Arrowrock Dam, 402 specification clause, 544 Coghlan, silt data, 371 Cohoes Iron Weir, section^ 486, 489 Cold Spring Dam, building, illusttated, 437 INDEX 623 Cold Springs Dam, flood at, 355 Reservoir data, 598 Colorado River, bulletin on, 63 flow of, 42 headgates, 251, 253, 256 value of silt of^ 25 Columbia River flow of, 43 maximum flow of, 592 Compressed air used in pumping, 92 Compression, on masonry, 447 Concentrated crest spillway, illustrated, 274 ConconuUy Dam, flumes used, illus- trated, 431 outlet works, 359, 360 section of, 435 — Reservoir, water records, 40 — tunnel data, 334 Concrete, canal lining, 237-245 — gravel, pressure on, 447 — pipe specifications, 574-576 — specifications, 54o-543> 559-S6i — turnout, lateral, illustrated, 270 Cone, V. M., bulletin by, 183 flume invented by, 179 "Constant angle" dams, 472, 473 Dam, book on, 495 Construction, earth dams, 424-426 Continuous stave pipe, 324 Contract specifications, text of, 547-554 Contracted orifice, definition of, 169 Contraction joints, concrete lining, 237 in dams, 453 Contractor, specification clause, 548 Contractor's bond, specification clause, 548 Coolgardie Dam, data, 600 Cooperation with water users, 504 Coosawattee River, flood and area, 593 Corbett Dam, cross section, 248, 249 — Tunnel, data, 334 Core wall, concrete, Kachess Dam, 414 concrete, Minidoka Dam, 436 earth, Bumping Lake, 433 gravel in dam, 423 puddle, Conconully Dam, 435 steel, Otay Dam, 438 Core walls, earth dams, discussed, 422 Corrugation system of irrigation, 119, ^20 Cost, clearing lands, 104-106 — drainage ditches, article on, 201 — drains, U. S. R. S., 200, 201 — earth dams, table, 599 — estimates of, projects, 531-533 — leveling land, no — lined canals, U. S. R. S., 242, 243 — masonry dams, table, 600, 6oi — puddling, canal lining, 243 — pumped irrigation water, 511 — Reservoirs of U. S. R. S., 598 — silting porous canals, 244, 245 — tunnels, built by U. S. R. S., 334 — water, Reclamation Service projects, 146 — well drilling, 57 Cosumnes River, flood and area, 593 Cottonwood Creek, flood and area, 594 Coulon River, France, flood and area, 595 Court decision, Salt River, 149 Covell Creek Dam, Australia, data, 6or CowgiU's diagram of flood irrigation, 117 Creager, W. P., book by, 495 Creager's compressive tests, 446 Crib dams, illustrated, 401, 402 Crib work, underground, 59, 60 Cronholm, F. N., article by, 201 Crops and duty of water, 139-142 Crossings, drainage, 293-299 — , highway, 335-337 Cross River Dam, data, 600 Cross-section and subgrade, 2ic>>2i2 Croton Dam, cross-section, 464 , N. Y., data, 601 , Old, section, 479 Croton Falls Dam, data, 600 Croton watershed, paper on, 380 Crowley Creek Dam, data, 600 Cuba, rainfall records, 357 Cubic foot per second, definition, 165 Cultivation and duty of water, 140, 141 Cultivation under irrigation, 515, 516 Culverts, irrigation canals, 314-323 Current meter measurements, 171, 172 Current meters, description of, 155-163 624 INDEX Current wheel on Salmon River, 89 "Cusec" definition of, 165 Cuyamaca Dam, data, 599 Cylinder drop, Franklin Canal, 289 D D'Arcy pipe formula, 326 Dalles, flow Columbia at, 592 Dabrowka Creek, Austria, flood, 596 Damages, specification clause, 552 Dams, canvas and steel, for irrigation, "3 — chapters on, 381-495 — list of books on, 495 — submerged, 61 — tables, height, cost, etc., 599-601 — undeiground water, 61 Darton, N. H., report on deep borings, 63 , underground water, 47 Davis, A. P., books by, 98, 201, 380 Dean and Follansbee, bulletin by, 63 Deer Flat Embankment, cross section, 416 Deer Flat Embankment, gravel face, illustrated, 418 Deerfield River flood and area, 593 Deerflat Reservoir, area, cost, etc.. 598 leakage, 347-349 Defective work, specifications, 553 Dehree Weir, India, illustrated, 391 Del Rio, Texas, pumping plant, 95-97 Delaware River, flow and area, 592 Delays, specification clauses, 549, 550 Derwent Dam, Eng., data, 600 Deschutes River, book on, 63 flow of, 43 outlet, Tumalo, 347 Desert Land Act, mention of, 3, 497 Design, Masonry Dams, 455, 475 Dethridge meter for measuring water, 175-176 Devil's Creek, flood and area, 594 Devil's River, flow of, 44 DeVries, analysis of soils by, 9, 10 Dew Point, definition of, 27 Diamond drilling dam foundations, 494 Direct explosion pumps, 95-97 Discharge measurements of streams, 154-157 Discharge records of streams, 42-44 Ditch riders, duties of, 503 Ditcher, "V" illustration of, 107 Ditching, irrigableriands, no Ditching machine, view of, 228 Diversion dams or weirs, 382-404 , overfall, 475-49© Dixville Dam, data, 599 Domodossoia Dam, Italy, data, 599 Drag line excavator, view of, 192 Drainage area, effect of, 40 of rivers, 592-596 Drainage, books on, list, 201 — , chapter on, 184-201 — crossings, 293-299 — , irrigation and health, 5, 6 — systems, design of, 193-198 Drains, classification of, 191-193 Drake, E. F., report by, 183 Drilling dam foundations, 493-495 Drilling wells, methods, 53-57 Drop and turnout, canal, 268 — , canal, pump at, 90 Drops, checks and chutes, 282-290 " Dry lakes," formation of, 345 DuBois, A. Engineer, specification clause, 543 Engines for pumping, 84-86 Ensign, balanced valve, 360, 365 Eolian soils, definition of, 7 — type of land, 219 Erosion and canal design, 214 — prevention of, in canals, 519, 520 — protection against, 290-295 Escondido Dam, data, 599 Esopus Cr., flood and area, 594 Estacado Dam, paper on grouting, 495 pressure on, 447 Estanzuela River, Mexico, flood, 595 Estimates and reports, specifications, 536 — of cost of project, 531-533 Etcheverry, B. A. books by, 15, 26, 98, 136, 246 , lined canal experiments by, 242 — , silt data by, 373 Eucalyptus globulus, effect of, 6 Evaporating pan, illustration of, 67 Evaporation and rainfall, 41 — , books on, list of, 71 — , chapter on, 65-72 — table, cities of U. S., 69 — , table on, by months, 72 Evaporometer, observations, 68 Excavating machinery, views of, 192 Excavation, specification clauses, 538- 540 Expansion joints, concrete lining, 237 in dams, 453, 457-461 Experience, specification clause, 551 Explosion, pumps, direct, 95-97 Extra work, specification clause, 550 Eyach River, Germany, flood, 596 Failure, masonry dams discussed, 444, 447,449 Famine in India, 185 Fanning, J. T., book by, 182 , pressure data, 447 — discharge formula, 596 Farm laterals, construction of, no Farm turnout and check, illustration, 264 Fay Lake outlet works, illustration, 360, 361 Feather River, flood and area, 592 , flow of, 4 2 "Federal vs. Private irrigation," 6 Fernow, B. E., evaporation data by, 70 Fertility and soil surveys, 101-103 Fertilizing effect of sediments, 25 Fertilizing effects of sewage, 1 28, 1 29 Filtration, intermittent method, 126, 127 Financial obligations, specification clause, 551 Fippin and Lyon, book by, 26 — , analysis of soils by, 9 Fish Cr. N. Y., flood and area, 594 Fish screens, Umatilla project, 483 Fishkill Cr., flood and area, 594 Fitzgerald, Desmond, evaporation ex- periments, 66 Flashboard, automatic, dams, 392, 393 626 INDEX Flaafaboard weirs, 38&-390 — , I^guna gates, illustrated, 253 — use of, 257 Flathead project, sink holes, 224-226 Fleming, W. B. book on pumps, 98 Flinn, A. D., paper on weirs, 182 book by, 380 Flint River, flood and area, 593 Float, for leveling, illustrated, no Floats, stream measurement, 155 Flood discharges, table of, 592-596 — flows of rivers, examples, 355-358 — prevention, reference to, 380 Floods and spillways, 354-358 — , books on, 63, 64 Flooding method of irrigation, in, 112 Florida, subirrigation in, 135, 136 Flow of water, books on, 182, 183 , tables, 604-610 Fluctuations of ground water, 186-189 Flume, Bear River Canal, 295 — concrete, standard plans, 296 — steel, Uncompahgre Valley, illus- trated, 322 — tables, hydraulic data, 613 Flumes, chapter on, 299-308 — metal, specifications, 576-579 Flynn, P. J., book on irrigation canals, 182 Follensbee and Dean, bulletin by, 63 Follett, W. W., article by, 380 — book on silt by, 26 * — Rio Grande silt, 379-380 — silt data of, 371 Folsom canal gates, illustrated, 262 and weir, illustrated, 383, 385 — Dam, data, 600 Food for plants, chapter on, 22-26 Foote measuring weir, 173-175 Forbes, R. H., bulletin by, 26 Foreign countries, area irrigated, 4 Forms, concrete, specifications, 561 — pipe, Boise project, illustrated, 329 Formula, arch dams, 469 — canal design, 202 — erosion and canal design, 214 — flood discharge, 596, 597 — flow in pipe, 326, 330 Formula^ flow in turnout, 268, 269-271 — Kutter*s, 602, 603 — lateral capacity, 221 — loss of head siphon, 318 — orifices, 170 — seepage losses, 235 — siphon spillway, 275 — stream measurement, 163-170 — thickness of dam, 456 — velocity head, 614 — weirs, 167, i68 Fort Shaw canal spillway, illustrated, 277 Fortier, Sam*l, books by, 6, 26, 136-152 — bulletins by, 71, 246 — on duty of water, 148 — percolation of water by, 48 Foundation, earth dams, 405-409 Foundations, masonry dams, 490-493 pressures on, 447 Fox Cr. Crossing, L. Yellowstone, illus- trated, 320 France, area irrigated in, 4 — , examples of silt in, 25 — , flood flows in, 355 Francis formula for weirs, 167 Franklin Canal, cylinder drop, 289 Free board of canal banks, 210 French open weirs, illustrated, 394, 396 Fresno scraper, view of, 109 Friction, coefficients, table of, 448 Friez recording stream gage, 160 Frozen streams, measurements of, 162, 163 Furens Dam, France, data, 600 — River, France, flood, 596 Furrow Irrigation, bulletin on, 15 in Idaho, ilhistrated, 125 methods, 11 7-1 19 — system irrigation, CaL, illustrated 122 Gaging streams, iS3-i57 Galvanized sheets, advantages of, 309 Ganges Canal aqueduct, 301 super passage, 311 weirs, sections, 391 INDEX 627 Ganguillet and Kutter formukii 164 Garden City windmill and reservoir, 88 Garland Canal, dimensions, 232 turnout, 268 Gas engines for pumping, 84, 85 Gas tar, waterproofing dam with, 453 Gasoline pumping engines, 85, 86 Gate, cast iron, lateral illustrated, 269 Gate House, ConconuUy Dam, 360 Gates, canal wood and metal, 250-254 — , reservoir, illustrated, 361-369 Gatim Dam, design mentioned, 407-477 data on, 411, 412 volume of, 599 Gem Lake Dam, data, 600 Geologic structure and rainfall, 41 Geological Survey current meters, 156 stream flow records, 39 Geology, reservoir sites, 344-346 German patent roller dams, 394 Gila River, report of, 380 — stream flow records, 42 Gillepe Dam, Belgium, data, 600 Glacial soils, definition of, 7 Glatzer Neisse River, Germany, flood, 595 Godivery Weir, India, section, 391 Goldbach River, Germany, flood, 596 Goodwin Dam, Cal., data, 600 Goodyear Cr., flood and area, 595 Gorzente Dam, data, 600 Goss, Arthur, soil book by, 26 Goulbum Canal gates, Australia, 254 — Weir, Australia, illustrated, 397 Grade of lands for irrigation, 100 Grader, elevating, view of, 228 Grand River, flow of, 42 Dam, illustrated, 396-400 Grand Valley canals lining, 243, 244 lands subsidence, 225 tunnels, data, 334 Grande Ronde River, flow of, 44 Granite ashlar, pressure on, 447 Granite Reef Dam, plan and section, 476 in flood, 481 Granite Springs Dam, data, 600 Grant-Mitchell meter, 177 Gravel core, view Sherburne Dam, 434 Gravel protection. Deer Flat Reservoir, 415-417 Greasewood, presence of, 102, 104 Great Forks, analj^is soils at, 9 Great Salt Lake, origin irrigation, 2 Greaves, Chas., evaporation experi- ments, 66 Green, J. S., report by, 182 Green River, flow of, 44 hydrography, 35 water wheels on, 80 Gregory, W. B., book on pumps, 98 — pump data, 87 Grinnell well in Paris, 50 Ground water fluctuation, 186^189 required depth to, 195 supply for pumping, 74 Grouting dam foundations, 492, 493 — foundations, sp cifications, 542, 543 Grover, N. C. & J. C. Hoyt, book by Messrs., 63, 182 Gunnison tunnel, data, 334, 335 "Gunnite " on face Arrowrock Dam, 452 Gurley recording stream gage, 160 Gypsum and alkali, 14, 15 — formation, reservoirs in, 345, 349, 350 — leakage of canals in, 227 H Habra Dam, Algiers, data, 600 Haehl, H. L., evaporation report, 71 Hale's Bar Dam, data, 600 Hall, W. H., book on irrigation in Cali- fornia, 63 Hamlin, Homer, book on Salinas Valley, 64 underflow tests, 63 Hamlin's chart of California rainfall, 33 Hanna, F. W., article by, 246 hand book by, 183 — recording meter, 1 73 Happy canyon steel flume, illustrated, 322 Harding, S. T. O. and M., book by, 527 Harrison, C. L., paper by, 495 Hart, R. A., bulletin by, 201 Haskell current meter, 155, 156 Hatfield Dam, data, 600 628 INDEX Hauser Dam, New, Mon., data, 6oi Hawaii, area irrigated in, 4 Hawaiian Islands, article on, 98 pumping plant, 86 Hay, Prof. Robt., well reports, 63 Hazen, Allen, formula, 46, 47 Head, loss of, formula, 318 Head gates, canal, 248-262 Headworks, canal, 247-262 Health and irrigation discussed, 5, 6 sewage irrigation, 1 29, 130 Height of Dams, table of, 599-601 Hellreigel's data on plant water, 23 Hemet Dam, valve plug, illustrated, 362 Hemlock Dam, data, 600 Henne Dam, Germany, data, 600 Henny, D. C, article by, 6 flume invented by, 178 Henry, A. J., book by, 63 precipitation charts by, 36, 37 Henshaw, Lewis, bulletin by, 63 Herndon, Cal., stream flow at, 33 Highway crossings, 335-337 Hilgard, E. W., book by, 15 bulletin by, 26 soil experiments by, 14, 15, 21 Hill, Louis C, meter invented by, 176 Hill, Prof. Robt. T., book by, 63 — meter for measuring water, 1 76 Himalaya Mts., rainfall in, 357 Hindia Barrage, data, 600 History of irrigation, 2-4 Hiwassee River, flood and area, 593 HoUister, G. B., bulletin by, 183 Hollow concrete dams, 478-487 Holyoke Dam, section of, 475 Hondo Reservoir, leakage, 350 Hoosic River, flood and area, 593 Horse-power equivalents, 616, 617 Horseshoe Bend Dam, data, 599 — section, hydraulic tables, 612 Horton, R. Indian Government's investigations, 5 — t)q)e weirs, illustrated, 390, 391 — River Dam, N. Y., data, 600 Ingot iron, effect of alkali on, 309 Injurious salts or alkali, 8-15 Inspection gallery specifications, 54-56 — , specification clause, 551 Integration method of stream measure- ment, 158 "Intermittent filtration" methods, 126, 127 Internal combustion engines, 84, 85 Interstate Canal flume, 303, 308, 310 gates, illustrated, 251 headworks, 259 lateral gates, 269 lining, view, 239 sections, 204 siphons, illustrated, 317, 318 Investigation of a project, 528-533 lola, Kans., stream flow at, 34 Irawaddy River, India, flood, 596 Iron pipes, subirrigation by, 136 Iron weir, Cohoes, section, 486, 489 Irrigable lands, chapter on, 99-110 Irrigation, books on. See end each chapter. — definition of, i '* — Institutions,*' book, 501 — methods of, 11 1- 136 — rotation methods, 512-514 — rules, Utah, 150-152 Italians, market gardening by, 58 Italy, area irrigated in, 4 Jackson, L. D'A., book by, 64 Jackson Lake Dam, view of, 260 Reservoir, area, cost, etc., 598 Jaffa, M. £., soil experiments of, 13 Jamaica rainfall records, 356 James, George Wharton, book by, 6 James River Valley Wells, 51 Japan, area irrigated in, 4 — rainfall records, 356 Java, area irrigated in, 4 Jerome Reservoir, leakage, 351 John Day River, flow of, 44 Johnson grass and sheep, 525 Johnston, C. T., book by, 501 Jorgenson, L. R., book by, 495 — on arch dams, 469 Jorgenson's arch design, 484 Jump, hydraulic. Granite-reef Dam, 481 Juniper, clearing lands of, 105 K Kachess Dam, cross section and data, 414, 420 — Reservoir, data, 598 Keechelus Dam outlet, illustrated, 366 — Reservoir data, 598 Kennebec River, flood anJarea, 592 Keno Canal spillway, illustrated, 274 Kensico Dam, N. Y., data, 600 pressure, a 47 Keokuk Dam, Iowa, data, 600 Kern River, flow of, 42 diversion weir, illustrated, 388, 389 Khojok Pass, tunnel for water, 59 Khrishna River, India, flood, 596 Kinder River Dam, data, 599 King, F. H., book by, 15, 201 King's data on plant water, 23 — River, flood and area, 593 , flow of, 42 Kingman, Ariz., dam at, 403. 404 Kiskiminetas River, flood and area, 593 Klamath project. Lost River Dam, 252 — project spillway, illustrated, 274 — tunnel data, 334 Kneale and Tannatt, bulletin, 201 Kuichling, Emil, paper by, 63 — formula discharge, 596 — Prof., flood records, 358 Kutter's formula, 164 for pipe, 326 tables, 602-610 La Boquilla Dam, Mexico, data, 6oz La Grange Dam, Cal., data, 601 section, 480 630 INDEX La Jalpa Dam, Mexico, data, 6ox La Mesa Dam, data, 599 Labrador, evaporation in, 65 Lagastrello Dam, Italy, data, 599 T^agnna Dam headgates, illustrated, 251, 253) 256 plan and section, 386, 387 Lahontan Dam outlet, illustrated, 363 plan of, 408 — Reser\'oir, data table, 598 Lake Bonneville, settlement of canal at, 227 Lake Cheesman Dam, data, 601 Lake Conchos, evaporation on, 71 Lake Fife Dam, India, data, 601 Lake McAlillan, leakage, 349, 350 Lakes as reservoir sites, 342, 343 Lands, iirigable, chapter on, 99-110 Landslides on canals, 526, 527 — values, efifect on irrigation, 3 Laramie River, flow of, 44 Dam, data, 599 -^ Reservoir, flood and area, 594 Larue, E. C, bulletin by, 63 Las Vegas Dam, data, 599 Lateral canal S3rstems, 217-224 Laterals, canals and, chapter on, 202-246 — , farm, construction of, 1 10 Lauchensee Dam, data, 601 Lava, reservoir site in, 345, 351 Law of water, chapter on, 496-501 Lav^es and Gilbert's data on water, 2*3 Lawson, silt data, 371 Leaching of soils, 12-13 Leakage, canal, discussed, 224-227 — reservoir, discussed, 346-354 Leasbuig Canal gates, illustrated, 250 , sand box, illustrated, 339 — diversion weir, section, 478 Leffel turbine, water-whccl, 83 Leipsic, deep well near, 51 Length of season and duty of water, 138 leveling irrigable lands, 107-110 — of land, necessity for, 103 Lewis, John H., book by, 501 Lick Observatory Records of rainfall, 356 Lined canal, Okanogan, illustrated, 321 Lined canal section, 21 1, 2t$ Lining canals, 236-241 — steel, canal, Egypt, 241, 349 Lippincott, J. B., book by, 380 Lister Dam, Germany, data, 601 • Lithgow Dam, pressure, 447 Little Bear Valley. See Bear Valley, 601 Little Tennessee River, flood and area, 593 Local conditions, specification clause, 551 Lock-bar pipe described, 326 Log hoist, specification dause, 546 Loire River, flood of, 355 I^s Angeles, sewage irrigation, 130 Losses, canal and prevention, 233, 234 — early irrigation, 3 — seepage, 234-236 Lost River and Tule Lake, 352 diversion works, illustrated, 252 Loughridge, R. Lower Yellowstone Canal drop, 287 sluiceway, 278 culverts, illustrated, 315, 316 Dam, section, 387 pipe inlet, 294 sand gate, 340 siphon, illustrated, 320 Lyon, analysis of soils by, 8 Lyon and Fippin, book by, 15, 26 experiments on soil, r8 M McAdie, A. G., book on rainfall, 64 McAlester Dam, data, 599 McCall's Ferry Dam, section, 480 McCausland, bulletin by, 63 McCloud River, flood and area, 593 McDowell, Ariz., stream flow at, 35 MacMillan Dam, data, 599 — I^ke, data, 598 — Reservoir, leakage, 349, 350 Mahan, F. A., book on water wheels, 98 iNDEX 631 Mamteiumoe, operalion and, chapter, 502-527 — work, when to do, 518, 519 Malaria, effects of irrigation, 5, 6 — in India, 185 Malheur River, flow of, 43 Malleable castings, specifications, 564 Manholes, drain lines, 197, 198 Manning, Robt., book by, 64 Marklissa Dam, Germany, data, 601 Masonry Dams, chapter on, 442-495 table of data, 600, 601 Material and workmanship specifica- tions, 548-549 Mauer Dam, Germany, data, 601 Mead, D. W., book by, 63, 183 , rainfall tables, 32 — , ElwoocL book by, 501 bulletins by, 152, 246 Means, Thos. H., water investigations, 62 Measurement of irrigation water, 153- 183 water to the user, 164, 165 Measuring devices, 165-182 — visw of, detail of, 263 — water, books on, 182-183 Medina Dam, Texas, data, 601 Meer Allum Dam, plans of, 472 Merced Dam, Cal., data, 599 — River, flood and area, 593 Mercedes Dam, Mexico, data, 601 Mesquite, clearing land of, 104 Metal flumes, specifications, 576-579 — work, specification clauses, 545, 546 Meters for measuring water, 155-163 — water works not suitable, 172 Meyer, A. F., book by, 495 voids in rock, 491 Miami Valley floods, work of, 354, 355 Mill Brook, N. New Dam, Mexico, data, 601 New Hauser Dam, Mon., data, 601 New River, flood and area, 592 Newell, F. H., artesian well report, 64 article by, 6 books by, 98, 152, 527 report by, 183 Newell and Murphy, book by, 98 Nicaragua, report en hydrography of, 380 of rainfall, 357 — silt experiments, 374-376 Night irrigation, 511, 512 Nile, barage on, at Cairo, 387 — Valley, silt irrigation in, 25 Nitrates and plant food, 23, 24 Nitrogen and plant food, 24 Norwich Water Co., Dam, section, 477 North Platte. See also Interstate Canal Whalen Dam, 257, 259 River, flow of, 44 Notch drop, India, illustrated, 284 Interstate Canal, 286 Nurse crop of alfalfa and rye, 105,. 106 O O'Shaughnessy, M. M., article by, 98 Ocmulgee River flood and area, 592 Oconee River, flood and area, 594 Oder Dam, Germany, data, 601 — River, Germany, flood, 595 Ohio River, flow of, 592 Oil lining, canals, coefficient, 235 Okanogan Canal, lining, illustrated, .321 — project, chute, 294 irrigation methods, 513 — tunnel data, 334 Okhla weir, India, illustrated, 391 Old Croton Dam. See Croton Dam. Olive Bridge Dam, X. Y., data, 601 pressure on foundation, 447 Ontario Colony, Cal., water supply, 59 Open and closed weirs, 386-388 Open drains, definition of, 191 Operation and maintenance, chapter on, 502-527 charges, U. S. R. S., 146 Optimum water supply, 18-20 Orange grove irrigation, illustrated, 122 Oregon, water supply of, book on, 63 Organization, specifications of, 535, 536 Orifices, measuring 168-172 formulae, 170 table, 180, 181 Orland project, lined canal, O. & M. costs, 242. See also Elast Park Dam. Ormc, Dr. H. O., investigations of, 5 — S. H., sewage irrigation book, 64 Otay Dam, core wall, 438, 440 failure of, 441 lower length, height and volume, 599 views of, 439, 440, 471 Outlet works, reservoir, 358-369 Overfall dams, illustrated, 475, 490 Overhaul, specification clause, 558 Overshot water-wheels, 81, 82 Overturning, failure of dams by, 449 Owl Creek Dam, gravel blanket, 436 material used, 423 outlet works, 359 paving, illustrated, 418 section of, 406. See also Belle Fourche. Owyhee River, flow of, 43 Pacific Slope, rainfall on, 32-34 Pacoima Creek, dam on, 403 Paris, deep well in, 50 Pas Du Riot Dam, France, data, 601 Pasadena, Cal., sewage irrigation, 130 Passaic River, flood and area, 593 Patents, specification clause, 553, 554 Pathfinder Dam, Wyo., data, 601 view of, 470 — Reservoir, area, cost, etc., 598 Pecos Irrigation Co., canals, leakage, 227 INDEX 633 , la \^ td A.V 4 lire. Pecos River, flow of, 44 , Lake McMillan, 349 — Valley Dams, data, 509 Pelton water wheels, 84 Peguonnock Rivei, flood, 594 Percolation of water in dams, 417-423 in soils, 48 rate of, 46, 47 views of, 1 23 Periar Dam, India, data, 601 section, 463 Permeability of soils, table, 47 Persia, records of irrigation in, 2 Peru, area irrigated in, 4 Philippines, area irrigated in, 4 — rainfall records, 356 Piche evaporometer observations, 68 Pilarcitos Dam, data, 599 Pile weirs described, 384, 387 Piling, specification clause, 544, 545 Pinal Creek, flood and area, 594 Piiion, clearing lands of, 105 Pipe, concrete, specifications, 574-576 — formuUe discussed, 326, 330 — irrigation, sub-irrigation, 134, 135 — manufacture, illustrated, 328, 329 — steel, specifications, 572-574 — turnouts, U. S. R. S., plans, 266 — vitrified, specifications, 590, 591 — wood stave, specifications, 567-571 Pipes, concrete, metal and wood, 323- 330 — flow of water in, paper on, 183 Piscataquis River, flood, 594 Pishkun tunnels, data, 334 Plant food, chapter on, 22-26 — growth and water, 22, 23 Platte River, cribwork on, 59, 60 Plowing as remedy for alkali, 13 Po Valley Canal structures, Italy, 298 Pocolet River, flood and area, 594 Pomona, Cah, irrigation at, 98 Pompton River, flood and area, 594 Poncelot water wheels, 81 Potassium and plant food, 23, 24 Potholes in canals, 224, 225 Potomac River, flow and area, 592 Powder River, flow of, 43 Powell, J. W., report on wells, 64 Precipitation charts of U. S., 36 — in U. S., maps of, 29-31 Prehistoric irrigation works, 2 Preparation of land for irrigatioii, Z04- IIO and duty, 140 Preparing land, bnlletin on, 156 Pressures on masonry, table, 447 dams, 444-447 Price current meter, 155-157 Price River, flow of, 44 Priming canals, Grand Valley, 243, 244 ** Principles of irrigation practice," book, 6 "Private vs. Federal irrigation," 6 Profits of irrigation discussed, 4, 5 Progress of work, specification clause, 536 Project manager, duties of, 502 Proposal, specification clauses, 547 Prosser siphon and bridge, illustrated, 327 Protection of earth dams, 413-417 Protection of work, specification clause, 553 Provo River, flow of, 44 Puddling, cost in lining crjials, 243 — specification clause, 559 Pumping, books on, 98 — for irrigation, 73-98 Pumps, centrifugal, 86-90 Purchase specifications, 555-556 Putah Creek, flood and area, 593, 594 Quantities, specification clause, 552 Quels River, Germany, flood, 595, 596 Rafter, Geo. W., book on sewage, 64 Rainfall and duty of water, 138, 139 — books on, 63, 64 — character of, 41 — discussion of, 27-37 — excessive, records, 356, 357 — government projects, 145 — of Cal., report on, 64 634 INDEX Rainfall records, tables, 356, 357 — runoff and, 40, 41 — U. S. maps of, 2^31 Ram. See Hydraulic ram, 91, 92 Ramapo River, flood and area, 594 Rands, H. A., paper by, 495 Raritan River, flood and area, 593 Rating curve for stream measurement, 162 Rawhide crossing, illustrated, 317 "Reclaiming the arid West," book, 6 Reclamation Act, passage of, 3 " — Record," article on water, 152 Reclamation Service, canal linings, 238- 244 canals, table of, 230-232 drainage problem, 185 drains, table of, 200, 201 duty of water, 144, 145 O. & M. charges, table, 146 pipe formulae, 330 pumping plant, 90 reservoirs, 598 spillway standards, 272, 273 turnouts, plans, 266-270 Reconnaissance of project, 528 Recording water metefs, 172-179 Redwood for pipe discussed, 324 Regulator gates, canal, 250-256 Reinforced concrete dams, 478-487 Reinforcement bars, specifications, 559, 562 Remedies for alkali, 12-15 Remscheid Dam, table of data, 601 Reports and estimates, specifications, 536 Reservoirs, built by U. S. R. S., table, 598 — storage, chapter on, 342-369 Residual soils, definition of, 7 Return flow measurements of, 245, 246 Returns of irrigation, 4, 5 Rhine River, Switzerland, flood, 595 Rice irrigation, 97, 98 pumping for, 86 — production in U. S. by States, 97 Right of way, specification clause, 553 Rio Das Lages Dam, data, 601 Rio Grande, bulletin on, 63 flow of, 42-44 sUt, book on, 26 , data, 25,371,372 deposits, 377-379 , Panama, flood, 595 Valley, duty of water in, 147 seepage, 185 water fluctuation, 187 wells in, 58 Rio Mora, flood and area, 593, 594 Riparian doctrine of water right, 496 River discharge, books on, 63 Riverside, Cal., irrigation illustrated, ii5> 122 Rivers, flood discharge table, 592-596 Road crossings, 335-337 Roads and fences, specification clause, 553 — on canal banks, 210 — specification clause, 537 Rockfill, specification clause, 545 — dams, 436-441 table of, 599 Rock sections of canals, 207, 208 Roller dams, illustrated, 394-400 Rolling earth dams, 425, 426 view of, 427 Rondout Creek, flood and area, 594 Rookery Building. Valley, court decision, 149 duty water in, 147 irrigation, illustrated, 122, 124 value of silt of, 25 Salton Sea, evaporation on, 72 Salts, injurious, and alkali, 8-15 San Andres Dam, da'ta, 599 San Carlos Project report, 380 San Diego flume, Cal., 302 San Fernando submerged dam, 403 San Gabriel River, flood and area, 594 flow of, 42 San Joaquin River, flow of, 33, 42 River, flood and area, 593 Valley, windmills in, 75 San Jose Dam, Mexico, data, 601 San Luis Rey, Cal. River, flood, 593 Valley, abandoned lands, 185 sub-irrigation, 133, 134 San Marcial, Rio Grande, silt at, 372 San MatSo Dam, Cal., data, 601 plans and section, 466 San Pablo Dam, data, 599 San River, Austria, flood, 595 Sand, specifications, 560 Sand boxes, illustrated, 338-340 Sand traps, canal, 337-341 and manholes, 197 Sandstone, pressure on, 447 Sandy land in soil surveys, 103 Sandy regions, clearing of, 105^106 Sanitary works, books on, 64 Sanitation, specification clause, 555 Santa Ana Canal lining, 237, 240 sand box, 338 flume, Cal., 302, 304 River, flow of, 42 Santa Catarina River, flood, 593 Santa Ysabel Creek, flood, 594 Saturation of earth dams, 409-411, 419- 423 hydraulic fill-dams, 428 soil discussed, 19 Savannah River, flow and area, 592 Saw, submarine, weeds, 523 Sawmill, specification clause, 537 Schantz, H. L., book by, 25 Scheidenhelm, F. W., paper by, 495 Scheidenhelm's coefficient of friction, 448 Schlichter & Wolf, book by, 98 Schlichter's experiments on soils, 48 Schoharie Creek, flood and area, 593 Scioto River, flood and area, 593 Schuyler, J. D., book by, 380 gates designed by, 360-362 pressure data, 447 Scobey, F. Side slopes of canals, 209 Sierra Nevada Mts. and rainfall, ^z Signature, specification clause, 547 Silt allowance in canal design, 203 — bearing water, effect of, 25 — books on, 380 — conditions. Imperial Valley, 222 — deposits in canals, 520, 521 — removal from reservoirs, 376-380 — table of weight of, 371 Silting leaky canals, 244, 245 — of reservoirs, 370-380 Sink holes, leakage from, 350 in canals, 224-227 Siphon spillways, illustrated, 275-277 Siphons, large canal, 317-320 Six-mile Creek, flood and area, 594 Six-tenths of depth method of measur- ing stream flow, 158 Slichter, C. S., underground waters, 64 Slichter's percolation experiments, 419 Sliding failure of dams, 447-449 Slides of canal banks, 526, 527 Slip scraper, illustration of, 106 Slope of lands for irrigation, 100 Slopes of earth dams, 409-417 Sluiceway, Lower Yellowstone, iQu»- trated, 340 — standard design, 278 Snake River, flow of, 43 Canyon, leakage to, 351 Dam, section of, 436 power plant on, 93-95 Snow and ice, evaporation on, 68 Snowfall, effect on stream flow, 37, 38 Soane Canal sluice gate, illustrated, 395 — weir flashboards, illustrated, 392 Sodium carbonate, effects of, 1 1 — sulphate and alkali, 14 Sodom Dam, N. Y., data, 601 Soil conditions and rainfall, 41 — moisture, chapter on, 16-21 — sur\'ey of lands, 101-103 Soils and duty of water, 139 — books on, 15 — chapter on, 7-15 Somerset Dam, data, 599 Sorgues River, waters for irrigation, 25 South America, area irrigated, 4 South Dakota, largest well in, 51. South Platte River, flow of, 42 seeptage to, 245 Spanish irrigation systems, 2 Spaulding Dam design, mention, 473 Specifications, chapter on, 534-591 Sperenburg deep well, 51 Spiers Falls, N. Y., Dam, data, 601 Spillway, East Park Dam, 485 — provisions, 354-358 Spillways, canal, illustrated, 271-282 Spiral lap seam pipe, 326 Sprague River Dam, view of, 258 Spring Canyon flume, 303, 308, 310 Spring Valley Water Co. well experi ments, 59 INDEX 637 Springs ia foundation of dams, 408, 409 Sprinkling earth dams, 425, 426 Spokane River, flow of, 44 Spou, Ernest, book on wells, 64 Stanislaus River, flood and area, 593 Stanley, F. W., book on Florida, irriga- tion, 136 Starch Factory Cr., Conn., flood, 595 Stave pipe specifications, 566-571 Steam-power pumping engines, 86 Steam R.R., specification clause, 537 Steel bars, specifications, 562, 563 — bridges, specifications, 579-584 — castings, specifications, 564 — dam used in irrigation, 113 — dams, illustrated, 487-490 — flumes, 303-308 — lined canal, Egypt, 241, 242 — mild, effect of alkali on, 309 — pipe, discussed, 325, 326 specifications, 572-574 — structural, specifications, 561, 562 Stevens automatic stream gage, 160 Stilling basin and drop, 291 Stony Cr., CaL, flood and area, 593 Stony River Dam, paper on, 495 Storage dams, illustrated, 404-436 — reservoirs, chapter on, 342-369 U. S. R. S., table, 598 — water and evaporation, 70, 71 Stove pipe method of well drilling, 57 Strange, W. I., book on India, 380 Strawberry Dam, section of, 410 — Reservoir, data, 598 — tunnel, data, 334 — Valley flume, illustrated, 310 lined canal, illustrated, 336 Stream flow, discussion of, 37-40 records in U. S. tables, 42-44 — measurement methods, 153-157 Structures, canal, chapter on, 247 Subgrade of canals, 210-212 Sub-irrigation discussed, 133-136 Submarine saw for weeds, 523 Submerged dams, illustrated, 402-404 — weir, measuring water, 166 Subsidence, Grand Valley lands, 225 Sub-surface water sources, 45-48 Sugar beets and alkali, 10 Sugar Loaf Dam, data, 599 Sulphur Creek wasteway, 293 Sunland River, flood and area» 595 Sunlight in arid regions, 2 Sunnyside Canal, dimensions, 332 Sun River tunnels, data, 334 Superpassage, Ganges Canal, illustrated. 