Dutch Conversation-grammar
Gentlemen, m happy to inform you that the presumption you ex- to me in your favour of the 4"^" of May has turned be weU founded, inasmuch as we have found no more bales of inferior quality, N°=' 201 and 206; the 8 other ime up to the sample, and I keep them, — asking you lame time to dispose of the 2 bales of inferior quaiitj. ■aiting the rectification of your invoice, I am, Gentlemeu, eat esteem. Yours truly, P. J. Meulenaar, Prepositions. 258 Gesprek. WelkNederlandsch werk wordt wel het meest gelezen? Is Hildebrand niet een pseu- doniem? Hoe weet gij, dat dit werk het meest gelezen wordt? Dat wil wat zeggen voor een klein land als Nederland! En in den vreemde wordt het zeker nauwelijks gelezen? Mij dunkt, dat het geen ge- makkelijk werk moet zijn, de Camera Obscura te ver- talen. Sommige r^itdrukkingen zal men wel in geen andere taal kunnen weergeven; maar is dat niet met elk boek het geval? Dan zon de Camera den vreem- deling zeker een goed kijkje geven in onze eigenaardige levenswijze, althans in die onzer ouders, want het boek is nu ruim 50 jaar oud! Begint men thans de Neder- landsche taal in het buiten- land niet meer te beoefenen dan vroeger? Zoo dat wist ik niet, dat onze taal van zoo groot weten- schappelijk belang is. Maar zon de Nederlandsche letterkunde het ook niet ver- dienen, wat meer gelezen en bekend te worden? Welk vooroordeel bedoelt gij? Zonder twijfel Hildebrands Camera Obscura. Ja, de schrgver is de oud-h'oog- leeraar Nicolaas Beets. Omdat er na de verschijning in 1839 r^ds zestien druk- ken zijn verschenen; zonder de prachtuitgaven mee te rekenen. Het oorspronkelijke waarschijn- lijk zelden, maar er zijn ver- talingen van in het Fransch, Duitsch en Engelsch. Zeker niet, zelfs de beste verta- lingen laten te wenschen over; soms zifn geheele zinnen weg- gelaten, omdat de vertalers er geen raad mee wisten. Ik geloof, dat een gewone ro- man weinig verliest, als hij goed vertaald is. De Camera is echter geen ro- man, het is een schildering van echt Hollandsche ge- woonten en zeden. Stellig is dit werk meer daar- voor geschikt dan een half dozijn beschrijvingen van menschen, die slechts eenige uren of dagen in Nederland geweest zijn. Zeker, men begint in te zien, dat het Nederlandsch on- misbaar is voor eene weten- schappelijke, studie der Ger- maansche talen. Zij vormt een schakel van den keten, die Duitschland met Engeland verbindt. Dat zal later vanzelf volgen, vooral wanneer men maar eenmaal over het bestaande vooroordeel is heengestapt. Dat het Nederlandsch maar een dialekt is en dus geen zelf- standige letterkunde bezit. 254 Lesson 39. Wat zegt g\j daar, zou men Helaas ja! Zelfe ontwikkelde zoo iets geloofd hebben? mannen verkondigden die dwaze stelling. Thirty-ninth Lesson. Negen en dertigste Les. Waarom wordt men klerk? (Slot.) Doch, zeg mij, bebt gij in die bonte wemeling van standen, in die wereld in bet klein, ergens een toekomstigen kantoor- bediende gezien? Helaas, neen! Er ligt te weinig po^zie in dien toestand, dan dat bij den onbevangen blik der jeugd zon knnnen aanlokken. Stel u de jonkbeid v6<Sr, zoo als ge wilt, onder den invloed van begrippen, aan den natuorstaat verwant, of akeeds bebeerscbt door den zin, die onze bescbaving kenscbetst. Het werktuigelijk beroep beloofl zoomin geluk als genot; het waarborgt even weinig vrijbeid als de scbadeloosstelfingen voor deze: weelde. gezag, roem. Denk niet, dat ik der volksjeugd zoo groote wijsbegeerte toescbrijf, dat zij zicb van die oorzaak bewust is, dat zij er zicb reden van geeft. Verre van daar. Maar des ondanks moet gij als ik dikwijls bebben opgemerkt, dat zij slecbts sympatbie over beeft voor alles, waarin kracbt scbuilt, dat de populairste beelden tevens de onafbankelijkste zijn. Het is of in den boezem des volks bet bewustzijn der oorspronkelijke bestenuning van bet mannelijk karakter wordt omgedragen: pntwikkeling aller kracbten, aller gaven. — Enecbt — klerk — bofineester — boveling — bebt gij ooit een jongen ontmoet, die u zeide, dat bij een dier vier dingen worden wilde? Allen leeren spoedig genoeg — in de laagste kringen het spoedigst, — dat er iets, dat er veel van de vrijbeid moet worden opgeofferd, om den wille van bet geld; — maar er gebeel afstand van te doen, maar zicb zelfsrerloocbening ten taak te stellen, en dat wel een ganscb leven lang, dit is eerst in lateren leeftijd bet gevolg 6f van nooddwang, 6f van dweeperij, of in exceptioneele toestanden, van deugd. (E. j. PotgUter.) Constrnction. WoardsehikMng. § 581. Dutch construction differs very much from EngUsh, as the student may have observed already in some of the foregoing examples. Attentive reading of the best authors will be a good help in learning this part of the Dutch grammar, as the principal rules only can .be stated here. See also Lesson 5, 23, 25. I. The Principal or Simple Sentence. § 582. In the regular order, the subject stands in the Mst place, the verb (in simple tenses) in the second, and the oiirect object in the third. Construction. ' 255 M^n breeder (Ik) ontving een brief my brother (I) received a letter. § 583. With compound tenses the complement of the auxiliary, be it an Infinitive or a Participle, stands at the end of the sentence. Ik zdl een brief ontvangen I shall receive a letter. Ik heb een brief ontvangen I have received a letter. § 584. When there are two direct objects in a sentence, the dative object precedes the accusative object. Hij heeft mljn breeder een langen brief geschreven. Wij hebben hem (D,) het nieuws (A,) medegedeeld. § 585. When both objects are pronouns, the smaller comes first; when both are monosyllabic, the Accusatiye precedes the Datiye. Ik heb hem (D,) aXles (A.) medegedeeld, Zeg het (A,) hem (B,). Hebt gij het hem geschreven, § 586. The indirect object follows the direct object. Ik heb de boeken aan mijn vriend gezonden. -# Hij raadpleegde zijn breeder bij alle gelegenheden, § 587. Adverbs of manner follow the direct object. H\j ontving mij zeer vriendel\jk, Hij heeft mij zeer vriendelijk ontvangen, Hebt gij het hem beleefd gevraagd? § 588. Adverbs and adverbial expressions of time^), take the third place, immediately after the predicate or auxiliary. Wij zijn onlangs naar Amsterdam gegaa/n, Wij ztdlen in een uur terug zijn. Except when the object is a personal pronoun without a preposition. Hebt gij hem gisteren gezien? Neen, ik zal hem morgen gaan bezoeken, § 589. Adverbs and adv. expressions of place are put at the end of a sentence, with compound tenses they precede the Participle. Waar waart gij toch? Men zochi u overal. Men heeft u overal gezocht, § 590. The negation niet follows the direct object, but precedes the indirect object. A simple adverb of time always precedes an adv. ex- pression of time. "i Komt gij morgen om 4 uur? Neen, ik ga nooit 's middags uit, maar wel '8 avonds. 266 LesBOD 89. JIfvfn broeder wint het proces niet, tcA bet proces met vHmten, heeft het proces niet gewimnen. Ga nid uit in euik weer. Zy gaan mief naar A. Note. In questions, however, tUet sometimes precedes the direct object: Sebt gij niei het reckt eoo te spreken? Bat: Beefl ww broeder het proces niet gewonnen? § 591. Ifiet preceding an adverb of place or manner is put at the end of the sentence. Gy hebt dezen brief niet mooi genoeg geschreven. Behandel xulke zaken niet ai te lichtvaardig. % 592. When prefixes of separable compound verbs are detached from the verb, tbey are placed at the end of the clause. Sij mim eyn hoed af en deed eijn handschcenen uit. Schrijf dezen brief nog eens overf Tbe InversiOD. § 693. As in English the regular arrangement of words is often inverted by removing one of the parts of speech from its usual place. Tbe inversioii of tbe subject and verb appears almost as in English. Geloofi ^ het? Was hij maar hier! Intusscken wob de lente aangdtroken. § 594. The object is inverted to lay more stress upon it; the subject is then placed after the verb or after tbe auxiliary. Cp, : Ik heb dezen brief niet geschreven, — dezen brief heb ik niet geschreven. fly Aeeft den brief, maar niet de boeken ontvangen — den brief heeft h4j ontvangen, maar de boeken niet. § 595. When adyerba or adv. expressions are in- verted, the verb (or auxiliary) precedes the subject. Langeaam ging hij naar huis terug. Onder een hevige hagelbui hwamen wij in de stad. Vote. As in English a sentence may be expressed in varions ways, according to the stress laid upon the words. Op. : Wij Ae66eM nog nooit eulke wonderlyke dingen hier geeien. ZaUee wonderUjke dingen kebben wij hier nog nooit geeien. Hier hebben wy' etdke wonderUjke dingen nog mtoit geeien. Nog nooit hebben wij eulke wonderUjke dingen hier geeien. n. Tbe Componnd Seitenoe. A. Co-ordinate eomponnd sentences. § 596. Co-ordinating sentences (nevenschildiende einnen) may be placed beside each other without any Construction. 257 coimection or connected with other words: demonstrative pronouns and conjunctions. The place of the different parts of speech wiU be seen from the foUowing examples. Ga maar Icmgzadm door, ik volg zoo dadelijk. Be stoom- ftuit weerkhnk, de trein eette zich in heweging, — Voltaire en Napoleon war en twee heroemde mannen; deze streed met het zwaard, gene met de pen. Rijkdom en gduk gaan niet dltijd somen, dit zien wij vaak in het dagdijksch leven. — De zon verdween aa/n den horizon en de duisternis viel plotseling in, Hij kon niet komen, want er was geen hoot meer om dien tijd, Ik verwacht nog hezoek; daarom mod ik thuis hlijven, Deze leerling is niet lui, maar integended zeer vlijtig, Hd is waar of het is nid waar, Ik was wel op hare komst voorhereid, desniettegenstaande voelde ik mij hij haar verschijnen eenigszins verlegen, B. Compound sentences with subordinate clauses. § 597. Compound sentences with subordinate clauses (onderge^chiJcte zinnen) consist of a principal sentence (hoofdzin) and a subordinate sentence (hijzin). They are connected by relative pronouns, relative or interrogative conjunctions or adverbs and subordinate conjunctions. § 598. The subordinate clauses are characterised by the following particulars: The verb stands at the end. Dit is de man, waarmede (md wien) uw vader sprak. Er was reeds veel geheurd, toen de revolutie uithrak. In compound tenses the auxihary generally follows the participle. Dat is de man, van wien ik gesproken heb* Dat is de reden, dat (waarom) hij gezwegen heeft, Hier is de eigenaar van het hotel, waarin ik mijn intrek heb genmnen. Wij gaan naar hd koffiehuis, waar ik gisteren geweest ben (hen geweest). Auxiliary verbs of mood are placed before the infinitive. Gelooft gij, dat hij zou Tcunnen Uegen? Hij vroeg mij, of ik md hem mee tvUde gaan. In separable compound verbs the prefix is not separated. Hij vroeg mij, of ik md hem m^eeging. Wed gij, of hij long zal uithlijven? Dutch Grammar. 17 258 Lesson 39. The objects are placed between the subject and the verb. / Hij fvist nietf of gij deee boekm nog cum tw? hroeder moest verzenden. Zij hebhen op ons verzoek vergeten te cmttooorden, 'tgeen mj htm aUijd hwodijk genamen hebben, § 599. The subordinate sentence may be the first member as well as the second; if it is the first, the subject of the second (the principal sentence) is placed after the verb. Cp.: JSa kon niet komen, daar hij Boar hij geen tijd had, kan geen tijd had, hii niet komen, Hij wist niet, of zijn hroeder Of zijn hroeder heden nog zou heden nog zou vertrekken, vertrekken, tvlst h4j niet, § 600. The subordinate sentence may also be inserted between the words of the principal sentence, without aflecting the order of the latter. Ik zag dadelijk, toen ik op straat kwam, dot er hrand was, Ik wist al, voordat ik nog iets gevraagd had, wie de schtddige was. § 601. The conjunction ato or indien is often omitted ; in this case the verb is not removed to the end. Had ik alles geweten, ik zou niet gekomen zijn. Waren alle menschen wijs, het leven zou veel aangenamer z\jn (or dan zou het leven veel aangenamer zijn), § 602. Objective clauses are generally preceded by dot, whereas in EngUsh this conjunction is frequently omitted. Ik vrees, dat gij te loot zult komen, Ik gdoof, dat hij naar de West gegaan is. (Beets.) Ik hoop, dat g^ het ondervinden zult. (Beets.) Jonathan kon het niet gelooven, dat zijn vader een meineedige (a perjurer) z^jn zou. (Van der Palm,) § 603. Sometimes dat is omitted, i. e.: Ik zeg u: het zal dooien, (Beets), Het is de aangenaamste tijd van het leven, zegt men, (Beets,) Geloof mij, hij zal het zwaard trekken. (van Lennep.) Hij is, hoop ik, wekarende. Bit is, meen ik, niet onbda/ngrijk, § 604. Dat is always omitted, when the words of another person are quoted just as they were used. Mijn vader zegt altijd: „men mod maar gduMig zijn." Voder Cats zei: „vroeg rijp vroeg rot, vroeg wijs vroeg zot." Constraction. 259 Exercises. 105. He carefully noted the prices. He did his work carefully. She saw at once the cogency of this reasoning. He had, in general, a laudable confidence in his own judgment. He heard again the language of his childhood. Putting in his hand a small token of my gratitude and good will, I departed. This strange occurence brings to my mind a marriage sermon of the famous Bishop Taylor, in which he thus aUudes to ill-assorted matches. They cherished in their breasts all that they had heard of their valour and noble lineage. But what was my delight, at beholding on its cover the identical painting of which I was in quest. He looked to his friends for protection. His story agrees with yours on all points. He complied with my request immediately. They condoled with the father on his sad loss. His account differs from yours in several important particulars. He refrained from personal interference on this occasion. Yesterday I wrote him a letter. In that way he will never succeed. Eich he will never be. This letter she showed to her father. Them also had he shielded from tyranny. Seven times did this intrepid general renew the attack. In vain did be endeavour to make the egg stand on its end. In a few months there remained not a trace of it. 106. Not less strange to us seemed the garb and manners of the people, their language and religion. Shortly after, there happened another accident more terrible yet than the first. We did not proceed on our journey, because there arrived a messenger who brought evil tidings. This state of things might have lasted for a considerable time, if there had not arisen new complications. Here I was interrupted. Then I saw my mistake. Happy is the man that findeth wisdom. So great was the irritation, that no messengers could be found to carry the tidings. Poor he was, but honest too. Indignant as the officers were, they did not show it. It is not gold that I demand. It was to him that we looked for support. It was not such men I was taught to look up to. I can't teU you what is my name and who I am. Besides, I know what were her feelings, and what they are now. He demanded what was the moral of the story, and what it went to prove. Never has greater impudence gone together with more ignorance. No sooner had I given way, than he put in another claim. Never did he show greater presence of mind than on this memorable occassion. His plan, they said, would have succeeded but for some unforeseen circumstances. A fatal accident, he told them, had just occurred. This, my father answered me, is the real state of affairs. Never, I replied to this taxmt, shall I suffer myself to be thus made a fool of. 17* 260 Lesson 39. 107. Wolves. The wolf has a hungry, skulking look. He is very fierce and very cunning; but he is at the same time a great coward. His acute sense of smell enables him to scent his prey far off. His speed is not very great; but he never tires in the chase; and he steadily follows even the fleetest of his victims till he has wearied them out and run them down. In the great and gloomy forests of Bussia, where the snow lies on the ground for at least eight months of the year, wolves roam about in vast troops; and it is a fearful thing for the traveller, especially if night has overtaken him, to hear their bowlings in the distance. An English gentleman, who lived for some time in St. Peters- burg, tells the following story: — At no great distance fix)m St. Petersburg a Russian peasant, when one day in his sledge, was pursued by eleven of these fierce animals. He was only about two miles from home, and as soon as he caught sight of the wolves, he urged his horse homeward at the very top of its speed. On reaching the gate at the entrance to his house, he found it closed. But the frightened horse dashed it open, and carried its master safely into the court-yard. They were followed by nine out of the eleven wolves; but most fortunately, at the very instant that the wolves entered, the gate swung back on its hinges, and thus they were caught as in a trap. In a moment the cowardly creatures, when they found escape to be impossible, became completely changed. So far from attacking any one, they shrank into holes and corners, and allowed themselves to be killed almost without making resistance! Gesprek. Hoe wordt Nederland verdeeld ? Het Koninkrijk der Nederlan- den bestaat uit de elf provin- ci^n : Noordbrabant, Gelder- land, Zuid-Holland, Noord- Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Friesland , Overijsel , Gro- ningen, Drenthe en Limburg. Hoe worden deze provinci^n verder verdeeld? In arrondissementen en deze in kantons. Welke is de hoofdstad van het land? Amsterdam. En welke de residentiestad? 's — Gravenhage Cs — Hage, den Haag). Hoe is de regeeringsvorm van Nederland? Het opperbestuur is in handen van een erfelijk vorst (eene vorstin), die den titel van Koning (Koningin) voert. Wie regeert er thans? Koningin Wilhelmina, dochter van den overleden Eoning Willem ni. Is de macht des Konings (der Koningin) onbeperkt? Construction. 261 Neen, zij is onderworpen aan deGrondwet; deKoning(in) gaat te rade met eenen Baad van StcUen en benoemt de Ministers, die verantwoor- delijk zijn voor de uitvoering der wetten. Hoe wordt het volk vertegen- woordigd? Door afgevaardigdeny die ver- deeld zijn in eene Eerste — en Tweede Kamer, te samen de StMen-Generaal uit- makende. Wie vertegenwoordigt den Ko- ning (de Koningin) in iedere provincie? De Cornmissaris des Konings, (der Kdningin)y die tevens toezicht houdt op de verrich- tingen derFrovincidle SkUen, Wordt in iedere provincie het Nederlandsch op dezelfde wijze gesproken of zijn er ook tongyallen? In Holland en Utrecht hoort men het Hollandsch, in Zee- land het Zeeuwsch, in Noord- Brabant en Limborg het Brabantsch en Limburgsch, in Gelderland, Overijsel en Drenthe het Nedeirijnsch, in Groningen het Groningsch. Welke taal wordt er nog ge- sproken, behalve het Neder- landsch? In Friesland het Friesch, ge- woonlijk Boeren- of Land- Friesch genoemd; het is van denzelfden stam als het Friesch in Noord-Duitsch- land. Welken muntstandaard heeft Nederland? Den dubbelen standaard. Welk goudgeld wordt er ge- munt? Slechts eene soort: het Tien- goldenstuk of de Gouden Willem (f. 10. — = 17 s.) En welk zilvergeld? De Rijksdaalder (f. 2. 50 = 4 s. 2 d.), de Gulden (f. 1. — = 1 s. 8 d.), de Halve gulden (f. 0. 50 = 10 d.), het Kwartje (f. 0. 25 = 5 d.), het Dubbeltje (f. 0. 10 = 2 d.), het Stuivertje (f. 0. 05 = 1 d.). Welke zijn de bronzen mun- ten? De halve stuiver (f. 0. 02^ == ^ halfpenny), de Cent (f. 0. 01) ; 5 cent = 1 d., de Halve cent (f. 0. 00 5); 10 halve centen = 1 d. Welke is de munteenheid? De Gulden = 100 centen. Fourth Book. Word-Formation. Fortieth Lesson. Veertigste Les.. De poppenkftst. HerinEert ge u nog wel die yroegere vertooningenAi dat linnen theater en de poppenkast — van scb^de over mij, dat ik dien naam vergeten ben! — ik geloof, dat het Van den Ham was of zoo lets. — Die kast was omkleed met het klaasieke bonten overtrek, blauwe en witte ruiten, en 't mocbt toen ter t^d uiets anders wezen; de eenige gednlde afnijking was, dat de Foiten soms lichtrood waren. Het theater zelf was niet groot, misachien zel& wel wat klein, vooral als het buis opgezet was, of ids de kist op het tooneel stond. Msar tocb, er was voldoende mimte, Tooral omdat er slechts twee personen tegelijk op het tooneel waren. In zeldzame gevallen een derde, die dan door de beide anderen moest worden vastgehonden; want ten gevolge van het mechanisme, waordoor de poppen in beweging gebradit werden, konden er maar twee tegelijk in beweging zijn; — een mensr.h heeft toch maar twee handeni — En wat waren die conlissen eenvoudig! Bechts 66n en links 66n ^ eene streep lichtgrija behangselp^ier, en 't achterscberm dito. Formation of Nonns. I. By meam of vovel-oliange. § 605. Many nouns are root words; they have the game form as the root of the corresponding strong verb, generally with vowel-change. Some of these original root words now occur in derivations and com- positions only, 4|^ill be seen in the following examples. I. Class. JHB^ iorg (m.) bail, iurg or hurcht (m.) castle; hersien: barst (m.) burst; Uttden: band (m.) tie, bende (f.) troop, bond (m.^ confederation, birndd (m.) bundle; dringen: gedrang (n.) crow'd; drinken: drank (m.) drink, dronk (m.) drangbt; dwingen: dwang (m.) force; gelden: goud (from gold) gold; kelpen: hvlp (f) help; klinken: klanh (m.) sound, Idmk (f.) latch; krimpen: kramp (f.) cramp; springen: sprang (m.) leap; vinden: vond (m.) or vondst (f.) finding; icerpen: worp (m.) throw; eingen: zang (m.) song. Fonnation of Nouns. 263 n. Class. JBeren: hoar (f.) wave, bier, bar, gehaar (n.) gesture, heer (m.) buttress, herrie (f.) barrow, heurt (f.) turn, geboorte (f.) birth; hreken: hrok (m.) piece, breuk (f.) fraction, gebrek (n.) fault; helen: halm (m.) blade, helm (m.) casque, hd (f.) heU, hoi (m.) cave, heul (n.) aid; A»wew; Aww5^ (f.) coming; spreken: spraak (f.) speech, sprookQe (n.) tale, sprewA; (f.) saying, gesprek (n.) conversation; steken: staak (m.) stake, ^A; (m.) stick, stuk (n.) piece, $^e^ (m.) sting; wtjtfk^wraak (m.) revenge, wrok (m.) grudge. ^^H^ nb Class. Bidden: hede (f.) request, ^e&^SHHKrayer; pcvew: ^aa/* or ^ave (f.) gift, gift (f.) donation or (Pf poison; liggen: laag (f.) bed, gefag (n.) share i), leger (n.) army; meten: moat (f.) measure, vow meet a f from the beginning; wegen: waag (f.) balance, gewickt (n.) weight; wcvew; w^a/bZ (f.) Vafer; ^ ] ;efi#en; Zonclssaaf (m.) native, zet (m.) push, ;efe^c? (m.) seat. IV. Class. Bijten: 5e}f gap made in the ice, l)eitel (m.) chisel, heet (m.) bite, gebit (Of) bit; hlijken: hl'^k.(n.) token, hlik (m.) glance; grijpen: gr$ep (m.) handle*; knijpen: knip (m.) cut, ^neep (f.) pinch; krijten: kreet (m.) cry; ^jWen; leed (n.) grief; rijden: rit (m.) ride; ri;^6w; rjy (f.) row, m (m.) chorus, re^e? (m.) rule, reeks (f.) series; riiten: reet (f.) split; 5C^nJf?ew; schrede (f.) step; sZijfpew: sZip (f.) skirt, sleep (m,) train; snijden: snit (m.) cut, 5weele slice, edge; splijten: split (n.) slit, spleet (f.) split; stijgen: steiger (m.) scaffolding, sfee^ •« (f.) lane; strijken: streek (f.) line, region. Y. Class. Bedriegen: bedrog (n.) cheat, gedrocht (n.) monster, drogreden (m.) sophism ; hieden : hod (n.) offer, bode (m.) messenger, * ^ I gebod (n.) commandment; buigen: boog (m.) boj^ 6ocA^ (f.) J turning, beugel (m.) ring; genieten: genot (n.) enjoTftent, genoot f (m. or £) fellow; liegen: logen or let4gen (f.) lie;^<i|^w; re«*Aj ' (m.) smell; schieten: schot (n.) shot, 5cAoo^ (m.) lap, schewt ^ ^ (m.) shoot; slmten: slot (n.) castle, lock, shot (f.) difth, sleutel (m.) key; stuiven: stof (n.) dust; ^i^'w (obsolete): ^wi^ (n.) tackle, getuige (m. or f.) witness, tocht (m.) expedition, draught, toom (m.) bridle, ^ew^ (f.) draught, teugel (m.) rein, ^«*cA^ (f.) discipline; (ver)Uezen: verlies (n.) lost, leus (f.) device, ^e loor gaan to be lost, te leur steLlen to disappoint; vliegen: vlieg '• (f.) fly, vleugel (m.) wing, t^Zwc^ (f.) volley; vlieten: vliet (m.) nil, vlot (n.) raft, vZoo^ (f.) fleet. ' TL Class. jDragen: dracht (f.) load, costume; graven: grQckt (f.) canal, groeve (f.) furrow; nuden: mol (m.) mole, meel (n.) meal, moZm (m.) mould, nml (f.) dust; t^aren: vaart (f.) canal, t?eer (n.) ferry, voer (n.) cart-load. « ^) Gelagkamer (f.) bar-room, ^6^ ^eZo^ betalen to pa^ for it, i70or ^ ^eZ(i^ &2»jven zitten to be the sufferer. 264 Lesson 40. n. Formatfam of Nouns by means of Snfflxes. § 606. The suflfixes, by means of which nouns have been formed, are: awr^ de (te), e, egge (ei), el, em, en, er, ig, ik, in, ing, nis, $ (es, ie), sel, sent, et, ster; the diminntiyes: el, el^jn, Je, (pfe, 1^), hen; the foreign suffixes : HMn, age, eel, es, ier, iet, iet, ij. § 607. Derivatives in -€»ar denote persons, animals and things ; sometimes n has been inserted between the root and the suffix. Bedemmr orator, leeraar teacher, overtvinnaar conqueror ; Egyptenaar Egyptian, ParijzencMr Parisian; gewddencuir usurper, hunstcfKiar artist, weduumaar widower; duikelcuir diver, lepelaar spoonbill, rammelaar buck-rabbit; appelaar apple-tree, hazelaar hazelnut-tree, rozelaar rose-tree; hoezelaar apron, evencuir equator, lessenaar desk. § 608. After an accented syllable the suffix 'Oar has been weakened to -er; sometimes c2 is inserted, especially after r. Bdkker baker, jager hunter, vertdler translator; dooper baptizer, visscher fisher, zanger singer; diender police-man, hoarder hearer, verhuurder landlord; Nederlander Dutchman, Oostenrijker Austrian, Zwitser Swiss; doffer male pigeon, kaier tom-cat; hoender scrubbing-brush, gieter watering-pot, passer pair of compasses. § 609. The suffix -e occurs in a few words only, as in all other derivatives -€?6 (generally changed into "te) has been used to form nouns from adjectives. Koude cold, zonde sin; liefde love, breedte breadth, diepte depth, hoogte height, lengte length, vlaMe plain; groente greens, vegetables. § 610. The suffixes -^ge {"eij, 'Ster, -dn, -« (^es, -48) form names of females from names of male persons (animals). JDievegge thief, hlappei or labbei gossip, hedelaarster beggar- woman, schrijfster author, tuinierster gardener's wife, koningin queen, godin or godes goddess, leeuwin Uoness, wolvin she-wolf, dienares servant, kunstenares artist; cp.: zangeres = singer (artist) and zangster =^ muse or female singer. Remark. The ending -es (4s) has been added also to words of foreign origin. Abdis abbess, prinses princess, profetes prophetess. Formation of Nouns. 265 § 611. All words ending in -em or the compound suflBix 'Senh and nearly all words ending in -en are names of things. Adem breath, hezem broom, hloesem blossom, hodem bottom, deesem leaven, wasem vapour; leugen (f.) lie, reden (f.) reason, vasten (f.) lent; — lyfeigene (m., f.) serf. § 612. The suflRx -dng (seldom -ijr) originally denotes origin of persons, afterwards it was also used to form names of animals and things. As the iBnal I of such words as end in I was considered part of the ending, a new suffix "ling or ^eling proceeded from -dng. With names of persons derived from Adjectives by ^eHng, el has a diminutive meaning and then gener- ally expresses contempt. Contempt is also connected with some words derived from verbs, although generally denoting persons doing or suflfering the action expressed by the verb. Karoling (from Carolus) Carolingian, Meroving (from 2iferot7ew5) Merovingian, F7awm^ Fleming, koning^king, hemeling inhabitant of heaven, hokhing red herring, having herring, honig or honing honey; dorpeling villager, Jcloosterling monk, nun, lieveling darling; duisterling obscurant, stommeling stupid person, woesteling wild man; drerikeling drowned or drowning person, At^i^r^in^ hireling, kweekeling pupil, smeekding supplicant, zwerveling wanderer. Bemark L Names of things ending in -dng or -eUng denote origin or have a diminutive sense. Kettvng chain, krakeling cracknel, perming medal or farthing, vliering garret, zUverling silverling, zuring sorrel. Remark 2* A few nouns in --Ung are formed from numerals ; they have a collective meaning. Tweding twin, drieling one of three children at a birth &c. § 613. By means of the sufl&xes -dng or "St feminine substantives are formed from verbs. Belegering siege, kleeding dress, wandeling walk; kunst art, vangst catch, tvinst gain. § 614. The names formed by -<fc, "^rik have a derisive or contemptuous signification. BoUerik or stommerik blockhead, vuilik or viezerik a filthy person. Remark. Formerly there was another ending -rife, which does not exist any longer; it had the signification of lord, ruler — e. g.: Diederik = lord of the died people, Hendrik originally Heemrijk = lord of the heem home, place; also in names of animals and plants: ganzerik gander, draverik tare. 15. The 8u£Bx -nia is placed after verbs and !S. tents image, verffiffmis pardon, vuiltUs dirt. 16. The BufBx -el and the compound sufiiz put after verbal roots to denote: tools or in- ts and products. dkej, teugelhri^e, vleugelwing; dekselooT&r, schoeisd jfsel starch, haksel baking, sehepsel creature, saagsel arfc. A few Datcb words — i. e. houtced pick-axe, «iie, have taken -eel instead of -el throngh the in- >f words borrowed from the French language, as: istle £c. 17. Diminutives, which are much used in Dutch, rally formed by the suffix -Je: hoek book, boekje; ise, kuisje; kat cat, Jcatje. he noun has a long vowel, occurring in the aly, which has become short in the singular, inutive generally has the long vowel: pad path, slot casue or lock, slootje; tred step, treedje. al ng in an unaccented syllable becomes nk: ing, honinkje; wotting dwelling, woninkje; but if able ending in ng is not entirely unaccented added: verzamding collection, verzamelii^etje; g walk, wanddingetje. s ending is also used if the word has a short ith final I, n or »*." h(d ball, hcdle^e; ham comb, t; han jug, kannetje; har cart, karrdje. Also il g: Ug (or bigge) young pig, biggetje; (or higje). ich letters are preceded by a long vowel e is : jtaal stake, paaltje; schaar pair of scissors, ;. This ending (~tje) must also be used after uding in a rowel or in w: mama mamma, e; knie knee, Tcnietje; mouw sleeve, mouwtje; vrouic vrouwtje. er m the suffix -pje must be used instead of om tree, hoompge; raam window, raampje. i diminutive suffix -e? is obsolete; the poetical ilijn has b6en very likely borrowed from the . The suffix -hen or -he {originally -kijn: Mndektjn Formation of Nouns. 267 baby) is used very seldom; after guttural consonants 8 is inserted: hoek book, hoek8ke(n); jongen boy, jongsJce(n), penning medal or farthing, penningslce(n) or p€nmf^ke(n). Bemark* Some words are contracted in their diminutiye form: broeder brother, hroertje; meid girl, meisje; moeder mother, moertje or moedertje; vader father, vaartje or vadertje; weder weather, weertje; ztister sister, zusje. § 618. Some suflSxes have been borrowed from foreign languages and added to Dutch words; such are: -CMin^ -der or ^enier, -det, -dst or ^enist. Bloemist floriculturist, drogist druggist, herbergier inn- keeper, hovenier or tuinier gardener, kloMenist chimer, kruidenier grocer. — Amerikaan American, Arabier Arab, Azier or ^ioa^ Asiatic, JBatot^ierBatavian, ^wropeaaw European, Indiaan Indian, IMheraan Lutherian, JDarvnnist, Germanist, Bomanist. § 619. The foreign suflBx "Oge may be added to substantives with a collective meaning: bosschage grove, pakkage baggage; also to verbal roots: lekkage leakage, steUage scaffolding, vrijage courtship. § 620. Words ending in -ij^ 'erij or "emij are derived: From names of persons: Bakker baker, bakkerij bake-house. Bedelaar beggar, bedelarij beggary, begging. Bedrieger impostor, bedriegerij imposture. Burger citizen, burgerij citizens. Bief thief, dieverij theft, robbery. Heerschap master, heerschappij dominion. Uuichdaar hypocrite, huichelarij hypocrisy. Maatschap partnership, maatschappij society. Bijmelaar paltry rhymer, rijmelarij doggerel. Buiter horseman, ruiterij cavaky. Schelm rogue, schdmerij roguery. Schilder painter, schilderij picture, painting. Voogd guardian, voogdij or voogdijschap guardianship. From names of things: Boek book, boekerij library. Kleed dress, kleedij clothes, toilet. Koopvaart commercial navigation, koopvaardij, Cp. also: hoovaardij pride, lekkernij dainty. § 621. The foreign sufl&xes -ef, ^ment and -feif occur in very few words only. Breigement threat, flaumteit silhness, helmet helmet. 268 Lesson 40. Exercises. 108. Which substantives are formed from the roots of the follow- ing verbs: bedriegen, beren, bergen, bersten, bidden, bieden, bijten, binden, blijken, breken, buigen, dragen, dringen, drinken, dwingen, gelden, genieten, geyen, graven, grypen, helen, helpen, klinken, kluiven, knijpen, komen, krijten, krimpen, liegen, liggen, lijden, malen, meten, rijden, rijgen, ruiken, schieten, schrijden, schrijven, slijpen, sluiten, snijden, splijten, spreken, springen, steken, stijgen, strijken, stuiven, tie^n, varen, verliezen, vinden, vliegen, vlieten, wegen, werpen, weven, zingen, zitten. 109. Which diminutives are formed from the following sub- stantives : bal, big, boek, boom, broeder, gat, huis, jongen, kam, kan, kar, kat, kmd, knie, koning, mama, man, meid, moeder, mouw, paal, pad, penning, raam, schaar, slot, tred, vader, vat, veder, verzameling, vrouw, wandeling, weder, woning, zoon, zoster. 110. Which names of animals and things are derived from the following words or verbal roots: appel, bakker, bedelaar, bedrieger, beelden, belegeren, boek, boenen, bosch, breed, dekken, dief, diep, dreigen, dmf, duikelen, even, flauw, gans, gieten, groen, hazel, heCn, hoog, houwen, huichelaar, kat, kleed, koopvaajrt, koud, kunnen, lang, lek, lekker, lepel, les, lief, pak, passen, rammelen, rijmelaar, roos, ruiter, schelm, scheppen, schilder, schoeien, smid, stellen, stijven, toonen, vangen, vergeven, vlak, voogd, vrijen, vuil, wandelen, winnen, zagen, zilver, zuur. , 111. Which names of persons are derived from the following words or verbal roots: abt, Amerika, Arabia, Azi^, bakken, bedelen, bloem, hot, Darwin, dief, dienaar, doopen, dorp, drenken, drie, duister, Egypte, Europa, geweld, god, hemel, herberg, hof, hooren, huren, IndiS, jagen, klok, klooster, koning, kruid, kunst, kumstenaar, kweeken, leeren, leeuw, lief, Luther, Nederland, Oostenrijk, overwinnen, Parijs, prins, profeet, schrijven, smeeken, stom, tuin, tuinier, twee, vertalen, verhuren, vies, visschen, vuil, weduwe, woest, wolf, zanger, zwerven. 112. Translate: The Royal Carpenter. Scene I. Peter. The year ist past already, and now I must leave this place. I have become attached to these simple industrious t, Formation of Nouns. 269 people. That Stanmitz is a good, honest fellow. I am half inclined to put confidence in him. Enter Stanmitz. Halloo, Peter, are you still here? What was that I heard you saying as I came near? P. Well, comrade, I am about to leave this place. S. What? leave Saardam? Where are you going? P. Back to my own country, — our country, I may say; for you know, like yourself, I come from Russia. I came here to learn shipbuilding, and now it is time to return home. I have been a whole year away. S. Must you go? Our master will be sorry to lose you. He says you are the steadiest workman in the yard; and he holds you up as an example to us all. P. I am glad to think of leaving a good name behind me. But won't all you workmen be glad to have me out of the way? S. No, Peter; I for one, at least, shall be sorry to miss you. We have been all along friends. I have really a liking for you. P. And so have I for you. Why should we part? Why not return with me to the old country? Is there no one who would be glad to see you there? S. Why — yes: there is my poor old mother, always wishing me back; and a good, pretty girl too, who, I am afraid, thinks oftener about me than I deserve. Still, I hardly dare. — Peter, why must you leave us? P. Because I have duties that call me home now. Duty first, you know, is the rule for every true man. S. Yes, so the priest says. P. So every brave man will say. You, I think, have no absolute duty here. Let us hope to meet again. S. Before you go, Peter, I think I may venture to tell you a secret. P. Do not tell me if it is anything you are ashamed of. S. No, no, not ashamed; but it is what makes me afraid to go home. I was bom at Moscow. P. Well, there is no crime in being born at Moscow; besides, that was no fault of yours. S. That's not what I mean. Listen ! It happened one day that a party of soldiers halted near my mother's cottage. The commanding officer presently took notice of me, and assured me that the Czar Peter had a particular need and desire for my services. In short — in short — there was plenty schnapps going, and before I well knew what he was doing, the ofGcer clapped a gun on my schoulder, and marched me off. P. In short, you were enlisted. S. I suppose so; but really I did not cqmprehend it at the time. ^"'^-first Lesson. Een en veertigste Les. De poppenkast (Vervolg.) )p z\j TBJi het tooneel stak een kromme ijzeren arm nit «n verroest blakertje aan het oiteinde; als 't donker was, dat met een dun kaaraje er op naar voren gedraaid, en 'as verlichting genoeg. Ik weet ook niet, waarvoor meer loodig wast wij wisten alien ten naasten by, wat er komen en konden 't desnoodg in het douker wel volgen. Vat was die Jan Klaassen een kerell Welk eene ge- jlijkheid en losheid in zijne bewegiugen! Wat kon bij di« slappe beenen met klompen met een onnavolgbaren zwier Sen rand van het tooneel gooien! En die vlagbeid en tieid. waarmee bq aan alle gevaren ontkwam! Of was het ^vaar, als Katrijn in den hoogsten aanval van hare woede hoofd vooroverbot^ tosschen de twee etijf overeindgezette narmen en als een woedende bok op hem aanrende? Maar en vlnggen zet, waannede h^ joist bijt^jds op zij weet te ren, zoodat ze met de hersens tegen den muur loopt. Formation of Noodb. . (End.) in. Composition. A. With obsolete particles, sow prefixes. ; 622. The prefixes; uf, umtf e(, ge, om, oor, and the foreign tw/rts were formerly particles ; now are inseparable prefixes. \ 623, Af denotes a distance or a negation. Sfdah penthouse, afdruk printed copy, afgod idol, afyrond ice, afgunst envy, afweg by-way. \ 624. Ant at et occur in the following words only: niwoord answer, el^roen after-growth, etmaal space of f-fonr honrs. ; 625. Ge') (= together) forms names of persons, NiWi a collective meaning. '•emaal husband, genoot fellow, genel companion. Substantives which are formed from verbs denote: A continuing action: j/etoop running, ^eproo* tattle, geschreeuw cry, ado. A product: g^ak pastry, gebouw building. Fitness: gehoor hearing, geduld patience. I The German language has a considerably greater number apounds with ge; see my Niederlandisdie KonversaHotts- latik, p. 286—287. Formation of Nouns. 271 Remark. If the suffix -te is added to words with ge, they denote collectiye names of animals and things: ^ed^er^e beasts, gevederte fowls, gewormte vermin; gebladerte foliage, gebeente bones, gebergte chain of mountains. § 626. On and wan express the contrary of the principal word. Onhruik disuse, ondetigd vice, ondienst bad service, ongenoegen displeasure, onmin disagreement, onraad danger; wanhedrijf crime, wanhetaling non-payment, wangeluid or wanklank disson- ance, wanhoop despair, wanorde disorder, wantrouwen distrust. § 627. Oor denotes the beginning or the consequence of an action. Oorkonde charter, oorlog war, oorsprong origin, oorzaak cause. § 628. The foreign Oiarts is connected with Dutch as well as with foreign words. Aartsbisschop archbishop, aartsgek first-rate fool, aartsvader patriarch, aartsvijand archfiend, aartswoeJceraar arrant-usurer. B; With obsolete words, now suffixes. § 629. The following particles are used now as inseparable sufl&xes: aard (erd), dom, held, schap. § 630. Words with aard have an unfavourable signification, except grijsaard old man. Gierigaard miser, grijnzaard grumbler, lafaard coward, vemzaard dissembler, wreedaard cruel man. In some compounds aurd is weakened to erd^ generally with the same meaning. Dikkerd plump, gluiperd sneak, leeperd shrewd one; — lieverd darling. Remark. Compounds with aard are imitations of French words with ardf such as: bdtard — hastaard bastard, richard — Hjkaard rich fellow, Savoyard — Savooiaard. This aard however is of German origin (hard) as may still be seen in proper names as: Bernard — Bernhard, Gerard — Gerhard, Bemaard — Eeinhard. § 631. Dom and schap denote: A quality. Mgendom property, ovderdom old age, rijkdom riches ; hlijd- schap joy, gramschap anger, wrath. Some have a concrete signification: HeiUgdom sanctuary, gereedschap tools. A dignity or rank: Adeldom nobility, hroederschap fraternity, ridderschap knighthood, vaderschap paternity. A collective meaning: )hristetidom Christianity, Aeideff/Jom paganism, broederschap srhood, genootschap company. A country or dominion: ?tst2f»n bishopric, hertogdom duchy, vorstendom principality, Khap earldom, county. I 632. Words with held are formed from nouns idjectivea, they denote persons (some with a collective ing) or abstract things. lodheid deity, menscAhdd humanity, overh&d authorities, Hd kindness, schoonheid beauty, voarxicMighHd pmdence. C With two words, § 633. In compounds of two noims the first member have a singular or a plural meaning, (f the first member expresses a plural it has as a the ending en, seldom a. SokJcenieder goat's akin, ganxenmarM goose - market, enfabri^ needle-manufactury, eedenleer morality. Cp.: '■esttil stable for one horse, paardenstal for more horses; evleesch meat of one sheep, sc/iapenvleesck of two or sheep. For compounds denoting persons or animals the ring rules must be added to the preceding: The plural form must be used, if the first member e name of a person representing the whole class. 3oerenwonifig iarm-hoase, gravirmenkroon crown of a ess, vrouioenhoed bonnet. AJso if the first member is the name of a male animal, ig no compounds with s and representing the whole es. Ser^tklauw bear's foot, leeuwenmuU lion's month, oasen- neat's blood. Eiceptions are a few compounds with •.: hanebalk cockloft, hanekam cock's comb, hcmeMauw ■ spar. If the first member is a mascuUne noun having Kiunds with s, a feminine or a neuter noun, the .Iform is not used. BoJckevel or iolcsvel goat's skin, moUegat molecast (cp. oop mole-hill), leaUestaart cat's tail, paardevoet horse's foot. iemark. For the sake of enphony m is sometimes inserted, i second member ends in a Towel or in hi ganzenei goose- iikenMui oak. If the first member always ends in e, no inserted: bodeambt doty of a servant, medearbdder co- tor, vredehandel negociation of peace. Formation of Nouns. 273 § 634. The first member of a proper compound often has an original or afterwards inserted e. BrUledoos spectacle-case, hagedoorn hawthorn, heereboer gentleman-farmer, pennemes penknife, wiUekeur caprice. Also the names of trees, the first part of which denotes the tree but not the fruit. Bmkeboom beech, dkeboom oak-tree, per^eom pear-tree, pruimeboom plum-tree, pereikeboom or perailoboom peach-tree. § 635. The greater part of proper compounds have no e between the first and the second member. Boekhcmdel book-trade, hrcmdspuit fire-engine, neushoorn rhinoceros, nmdvee cattle, stofregen drizzling rain. If the first member admits of a pluralform in eren^ it ends in er in the compound. Eierdop egg-shell, eierpruim horse-plum, Mndermeidnxirse' maid, nmdergebraad roast-beef. Sometimes the first member has the plural-ending en or s. Boekenkast book-case, Meerenmdker or kleedermaker tailor, menschehliefde philanthropy, bedelaarsherherg beggar's inn, manskleed man's coat. Remark 1. The genetive ending s is used in some com- pounds, even when the first member is a feminine noun: mans- persoon man, watersnood inundation, stad^poort town-gate. Remark 2. The position of the first member with regard to the second is not plain in such compounds as : hroederliefde fraternal love, kifiderliefde a child's love, moederliefde maternal love, ouderliefde parents' love, vaderliefde paternal love, atister'- liefde sisterly love ; — cp. : menschenliefde, waarheidsUefde love of truth. § 636. When an adjective is the first member of a compound it never has 6. Groofmeester grandmaster, hoogmoed pride, Tdeineoon grand- son, schoonmoeder mother-in-law, smcddeel squadron, zuurkodl sauerkraut* Words like hoogepriester, hoogeschool have already been mentioned as false compounds, see § 122. § 637. Some names of things compounded with adjectives denote persons, distinguishing themselves by the possession of the thing mentioned. Blauwbaard blue-beard, Uauwkous blue-stocking, domkop blockhead, langhcds long-necked person, platneus flat nose, rood- huid red-skin, spitsneus pointed nose, zwartkop black-haired one. Dutch Qrammar. 18 274 Lesson 41. § 638. If the root of a verb is the first member of a compound it generally denotes the use of the sub- stantive. Drinkbeker cup, loopjongen errand boy, sckrijftafel writing- table, slaapkamer bed-room. Sometimes s has been inserted ot final d dropped. Leidsman guide^ scheidmnuur partitiion-wall, scheidmnan arbiter; leiband leading-string, rijtuig carriage. In some names of persons the substantive is to be considered as the object of the verb. Beugniet good-for-nothing, dwingdand tyrant, vemidal destroyer, waaghals dare-devil. In a few compounds the object stands as the first part. BeddjesJcoop seller of statues, eerbied respect, scharenslijp knife-grinder, tijdverdriijf pastime. § 639. Compounds with a numeral: Drieman triumyir, tienM number of ten, vierspcm team of four. Some have a possessive signification, such as: Drievoet triyet, dmzendpoot milleped, emhoom unioom, negenoog lamprey, tweeklanJc dipbtliong, vierkani square, vijfhoek pentagon, eevenster Reiades. § 640. Compounds with an adverb: Achterbuurt back street, acMerhoofd occiput, hinnenplacUs inner-court, huitenplacUs country-seat, huitenzijde outside, voor- oorded prejudice, voorproef fore-taste. § 641. Of some compounds the second member is eith^ lost or no longer used. Baker (orginally bakermoeder) dry nurse, das (dassevd) neck-cloth, kraag (kraagdoek) collar, kroeg (kroeghuis) public- bouse, min (mmnemoeder) nurse, spin (or spinnekop) spider, spoor (spoortrein, spoorweg) railway or train, tram (tratmoagen) tramway, winkd (winkdhtds) shop, zerk (French: cercuett = zerksteen) tomb -stone. IV. Other parts of speeoh used substantively. § 642. Other parts of speech, even whole expressions may be used as substantives. Het schoone the beautiftd, mijn dgen ik my own self, hd lezen reading, het ivaarom the reason why, het voor en tegen pro and con, het ach en wee (ach &n wee roepen to cry aloud), het ken u zelf self-knowledge. § 643. Some adjectives used substantively have got the character of a real noun. Formation of Noons. 275 Doode dead person, dtoaas fool, gulden guilder, heUige saint, jongen boy, mensch (from man) mim, schijndoode one that appears dead, vrek miser, zot fool; eMt;e2 eyil, (doel)wU aim, xfieZ sonl, ^oti^ yonng one; — eene schoane a beauty. Collective words without article. Goed (goederen) goods, ongelijk wrong, vuil dirt. Names of colours. Blauw blue, geel yellow, rood red, zwaH black &c, A few of such words are used with a diminutive- ending only. Een biUertje a glass of bitters, groove (little) grand-mother, em nkum(je a novelty. Also the numerals denoting a coin: Een dvbheltje = een dtibhele stuiver two-pence, een hwartje = een hwart gulden a quarter of a guilder, een tientje = een tienguldenstuk a ten guilder-piece. § 644. Infinitives used substantively have already been mentioned Lesson 33. Vermoeden supposition and gevoden opinion, are also used in the Plural; the PI. of leven: levens, has the signification of levensbeschrijving biography. Imperative forms occur in the words: Kruidje'roer'mij'niet sensitive plant, vergeet-mij-niet forget- me-not, sprh^g-dfirH-veld wild spark; also in the French ex- pressions: een passe-par-tout a master-key, een rendez-vous an appointment, een vqUau-venf a meat-pie. § 645. On the participles used substantively, see Lesson 34. Of the obsolete present participles used substantively we mention: Heiland from heflen (to save) Saviour, vijand fixan vijen (to hate) enemy, vriend fi-om vrijen (to love) fidend. Exercises* Translate: 113. After-growth, age, aim, anger, answer, appointment, arbiter, archbishop, archfiend, arrant-usurer, authorities, back street, bastard, bear's foot, beasts, beauty, bed-room, beech, beggar's inn, biography, bishopric, black, blockhead, blue, blue-beard, blue-stocking, bones, bonnet, book-case, book-trade, boy, brother- hood, building, by-way, caprice, carriage, cat's tail, cattle, cause, chain of mountains, charter, Christianity, cock's comb, cock's spor^ cockloft, collar, companion, company, co-operator, country* 18* 276 Lesson 41. seat, coward, erime^ crael man, cap, danger, dare-devil, darling, deity, despair, destroyer, diphthong, dirt, disagreement, disorder, displeasure, dissembler, dissonance, distrust, disuse, drizzling rain, dry nurse, du(^y, earld(»n, egg-shell, enemy, envy, evil, farm-house, fellow, fire-engine, foliage, fool, fore-taste, ^get- me-not, fowls, fi^temity, Mend, gentleman-farmer, goat's skin, good-for-nothing, goods, goose-egg, goose-market, grandmaster, grandson, grumbler, guide, guilder, hawthorn, hearing, horse's foot, horse-plum, humanity, husband, idol, inner-court, inundation, joy, kindness, knife-grinder, knighthood, lamprey, leading-string, lion's mouth, man's coat, master-key, meat-pie, milleped, miser, molecast, morality, mother-in-law, neat's blood, nobility, non- payment, novelty, nurse, nurse-maid, oak, oak-tree, occiput, old man, opinion, origin, outside, paganism, pastime, pastry, paternity, patience, patriarch, peach-tree, pear-tree, penknife, pentagon, penthouse, philanthropy, Pleiades, plump, plum-tree, precipice, prejudice, pride, principality, printed copy, property, prudence, public-house, railway, red, redskin, respect, rlunoceros, rich fellow, riches, roast-beef, running, saint, sanctuary. Saviour, Savoyard, seller of statues, set of four, shc^, shrewd one, soul, sauerkraut, spectacle-case, spider, squadron, square, supposition, tailor, tatticj tomb-stone, tools, town-gate, tramway, triumvir, trivet, tyrant, unicorn, vermin, vice, war, wild spark, wrong, yellow, young one. 114. The Royal Carpenter. (Gontinned.) Scene I. (End.) P. You were enlisted as a soldier of the Czar. How come you, then, to be here? S. Ah, there it is I I assure you the Czar made a great mist^e in wishing to have me for a soldier! I really am not the sort of man to make a hero of. I found the service did not agree with me at all. I had to leave my poor mother and Eaterina. I was ordered here, ordered there, — hard words, hard blows. One bitter cold morning in December I was called up at three o'clock to mount guard on a high windy rampart in the snow. I really had to walk in order to keep myself from being frozen, and — would you believe it? — I found myself at last walking five leagues away from the outposts! P. That is to say, you are a deserter. S. Is that being a deserter? I had my own fears that it was. P. My good fellow, do you know that if you be discovered you will be shot? S. That idea frequently occurred to me; so I thought it wise to go on a little further, and I made the best of my way to Saardam, imd here I am. So now you know my secret, and V Formation of Adjectives. 277 I IMnk I may tmst you; for I hare an impressicm that you are yourself in some scrape of the same sort* Pi I a deserterl most absurd! S. Well, I have always felt there was some mystery about you. But when you return- home you will keep my secret? for if any of ihe Czar's agents knew my story, it might be a serious matter for me. 