None
Danish invasion of England, 6 Dare, 121, note, 249b Dative case, 31 Dative constructions, 66-70; in- direct object, 66, 67; with like and near, 68, 69; dative of interest, 70; dative of possession, 70; absolute, 88e Dative object. See Indirect object. Dative-accusative case. See Objec- tive case. Days, 274c Declarative sentence, one that makes a statement. Order of words in, 262; do-phmse in, 142b Declension, the orderly arrangement of the inflectional forms of sub- stantives and adjectives. See 3i» 39. Defective verbs, 137 Definite adjectives. See Limiting adjectives. Definite articles, 104, 105; repetition of, 112 Degree, adverbs of, iS9e Degree, clauses of, 217-220; express- ing equality, 218; expressing in- ' equality, 219; variation in the same proportion, 220; subjunctive in, I25g; ellipses in, 225, 227; infinitive phrases for, 259 Degree and result, clauses of, 221 Demonstrative adjectives, 89, 100; repetition of, 112 Demonstrative pronouns, 55; as adjectives, 100 Dental-preterit suffix, 133 Dependent clauses, 190. See Adjec- tive clauses. Adverbial clauses. Substantive clauses. Participles as substitutes for, 238a, b, c; in- finitives as equivalents of, 251a, 255, 256 Descriptive adjective clauses, 191 Descriptive adjectives, 89 Determinative adjective clauses, 191, 198 Determinative appositive adjectives, 108 Determinative or limiting appo&- itives, 82 Diagramming, Appendix B Die, 23e Direct discourse, 206 Direct object, 71. See also Object complement. Disjunctive conjunctions, 172b, 175b Distributive subjects, 12 2d Do, inflection of, 136b; as an auxil- iary, 142; used to avoid repetition, i42e I?<7-phrase, 141, 142; to make a syllable in a line, of poetry, 142a; for emphasis, 142b, 149b; in negative sentences, 142c, 149b; in interrogative sentences, i42d; in imperative sentences, 149b, 264 Double comparison, 96b Double meaning, clauses of, 221 Each other, reciprocal, 48 Either,, origin of as a correlative of <?r, 175, note 2 Either . . , or, 175b Elder, eldest, 94d Ellipses, 167c, 195, 214a, e, 224-230; in compound sentences, 187; in infinitive phrases, 259, 260; in clauses of degree, 218-220, 225; exclamatory sentences, 178, 229, 230 Else, 32c, 47, note, 271 Emphasis, 86, 142b, 149b Emphatic verb-phrase. See Do- phrase, £»-plurals, 26 English, relation of to other lan- guages, I, 2; development toward the uninflected type, 5-8 English grammar, how to study, 9- 14; history of, 303-313 Entreaty, 142b Equality, clauses of degree express- ing, 218, 225, 227a Errors in usage, 284-302 Ethical dative, 70 EvU, 94a Digiti ized by Google 366 INDEX Except^ with a conditional clause, 213; preposition, 253a ExcepUngi 19 Exclamation, infinitives used in, 258 Exclamatory sentences, those ex- pressing by their form some strong or sudden feeling; see 178, 179, 228a, 230; order of words in, 265 Explanatory expression. See Appos- itive. Expletives. See It, There. Factitive complements, 76, no Farther y farthest, 160 Fear, verb, 203a, note Fed, 249c Feminine sex-reference, or gender, in nouns, 37; in personal pro- nouns, 39 Find, 249c Finite verb, the asserting word of the sentence; not an infinitive or a participle, 232 For, introducing a subjective com- plement, S7b, 109, note 4; intro- ducing an objective complement, 76, no, note i, 176c; introducing co-ordinate and subordinate clauses, 185, note For, preposition, 253c Foreign plurals, 29 Forward-moving clauses, 199; sub- junctive in, i25h Fractions, 102 Frequentative verb-phrases, 147 Further, 160 Future conditions, 213, note Future perfect verb-phrases, 145 Future verb-phrases, 144, 146 Can, 249b Gender, of nouns, 37; of personal pronouns, 39. See also Sex- reference. Genitive case, of nouns, 31-35; of personal pronouns, 39, 41; of mdefinite pronouns, 45, 47; of reciprocal pronouns, 48; of pro- nouns as possessive adjectives, 99, ma; genitive plural, 33; genitive constructions, 59-65; genitive of possession, 59; ethical genitive, 60; genitive of kind, 6oa; poetic genitive, 6ob; genitive of origin or source, 6oc| adverbial, 6od, 8oa, note 4; gemtive of emphasis, 6oe; subjective, 62, 63; objective, 62, 63; appositive, 64, 85; partitive, 65; see also 274; i)ositions of: adherent, 107; appositive, 108; subjective complement, 109; objective com- plement, no; substantive, in; after of, in, note; not translated l>y ^/f 79; repetition of the sign of the genitive, 34; with the gerund, 61, 243 Gerunds, 231-235, 243-247; have be- come mere nouns, 243; inflection of, 232, 244; uses, 245; subject, 245a; subjective complement, 245b; object, 245c; objective comple- ment, 245d; object of a preposition, 245e; appositive, 245f; adverbial noun, 245g; dative, 245h; gerund in the original form of the passive- progressive verb-phrase, 156b; modifiers of, 233; complements, 234; thought subject, 232; gerund in compound nouns, 246; inter- changeable with participles, 247; with infinitives, 251a, note 3; in future verb-phrases, 146c; in fre- quentative verb-phrases, 147; sub- jective genitive before, 243; exer- cise on, pp. 282-3 Gerundial phrase, a gerund with its modifiers and complement. Get, i2ob, 143b Gill, Alexander, 304 Co, inflection of, 136a; goirtg as a future auxiliary, 146 Good, comparison of, 946 Got in have got, 143b; in passive verb- phrases, 156c Grammar, method and value of the study of, 9-14, 301, 313-321 Greene, Samuel Stillman, 311 Group object, a term used in this work to signify the object of a verb (or a preposition) composed of an "accusative subject" and a participle or an infinitive; see Digiti ized by Google INDEX 367 338b, c, 251a, 253c; here may be included also the gerund and its subjective or objective genitive, 243; divides in passive sentences, 281 Craw, 1 20b Had as lUf, 260 Had ought, why incorrect, 137 Had raiher, 260 Harris, James, 307 Hart, John, 303 Have, had, as perfect and pluperfect auxiliaries, 143, 145, 146, 232a, 237, 244, 248; in obligative verb- phrases, 152b, 244, note, 248, note; with an object and an infinitive without h, 249c Hear, 249c Help, 249b Historic^ present tense, 127b Hortative verb-phrases, isia Haw, introducing a substantive clause, 205, note Idioms, 67, 79, III, 259, 260, 268-283 //, 176b, 203c, 213, 214 III, 94a, 160 Iniperative mood, 124, 149; form of, 128, 129; in compound sentences, i82e; in exclamatory sentences, 177b Imperative sentence, one that ex- presses a command, 142b, 149b; order of words in, omission of the subject, 129b, 264; position of the subject in, 129b, 264 In^rative verb-phrases, 149, 155, 156, 158 Imperfect tense. See Past tense. Impersonal object, 71b Impersonal subject, 56, 57, notes I, 2, 3, 80a, note i Impersonal verbs, dative with, 67 In case, 19, 174, note 3 In order, 256a In order thai, 19, 174, note 3, 216 In proportion as, 174, note 3, 220,' notes I, 2, 3 Inasmuch, 174, note 3 Indioative activity, 155 Incomplete predication, verbs of, I 14-120 Incorrect usage, 284-302 Indefinite adjectives, 46, 89, 97, 304a, 214c Indefinite adverbs, 214c Indefinite articles, 104, 106 Indefinite pronouns, 45-48; used as adjectives, 97; introducing sub- stantive clauses, 204; introducing concessive clauses, 214c; used ad- verbially, 80a, note 2 Indefinite relative. See Indefinite pronoun. Independent clauses, i8ob; sub- junctive in, 125a; omission of, 229 Independent constructions. See Ab- solute constructions. Indicative mood, 124, 125, isSd: form, 128, 129; in conditional clauses, 213, note Indirect discourse, 206 Indirect object, 66, 67, 75; with the infinitive, 251b; as the subject of passive sentences, 279 Indirect questions, introduced by interrogative pronouns, 50, note Indo-European languages, z, 289 Inequality, clauses of, 219, 225, 227a Infinitive clause, 251a, note 4 Infinitive group, equivalent to a substantive clause, 251a, b Infinitive phrase, 146, 15 2b, 248, 255-257 Infimtives, 2 j 1-235, 248-360; ver- bals, 231; mflection, 232, 248; to with, 248; for to, 248, note; omis- sion of to, 249; modifiers of, 233; complements, 234; assumed sub- ject of, 151a, 232, 249c, 253c; infinitives in verb-phrases, 140, i^8e, 249a, 251, note 4; in do- phrases, 142; in future phrases, 144-147; in modal phrases, 152; after let, 149a, 249c, 251a; uses: subject, 250; object, 251; in a group object of a verb, 249c, 251a; subjective complement, 249c, 252, 281; object of a preposition, 249d, 2^3; in a group object of a preposition, 253c; appositive, 254; Digiti ized by Google 368 E^EX adjective phrase, 255; adverbial phrase, 256, 257; absolute, 258; with as or than, 259, 260; exercise on, pp. 298-303 Inflection, 5, 21, note, 31; personal pronouns, 39; verbs, 121; verbals, 232; participles, 237; gerunds, 244; infinitives, 248 Insomuch, 221a Instead, 168 Instrumental case, 31 Intensive expressions, 95b Intensive use of the compound per- sonal pronoim, 43 Interjections, 88e, 177-179 Interrogative adjectives, 50, 89, 98, 204b Interrogative pronouns, 49-50; used as adjectives, 98; in exclamatory sentences, 179; introducing sub- stantive clauses, 204b Interrogative sentences, order of words in, 263; (fo-phrases in, i42d Into, 168 Intransitive verbs, 1 15-120; taking a cognate object, 71a; taking an impersonal object, 71b Introducing conjunctions, 176, 203 Introductory subject. See Expletive. Inversion of the order of wonis, 213 Irregular comparison of adjectives, 94 Irre^Iar verbs. See Strong verbs. //, impersonal subject, 56a, 57a, note 1, 109, note, 198, 250, note i, 251a, note 2; impersonal object, 71b, 251, note 2; impersonal object of a preposition in some idioms, i66a, note; referring to persons, 39; expletive, 56b, 201, 245a, 250, 251, note 2 // is, to avoid repetition, i42e, note i, 213, note It is I, S7i note, 289 Itis , . , that, 198, 27s Its, a recent form, 40 Jonson, Ben, 305 Kind of, 278 Kine, 26a Kirkham, Samuel, 310 Know, 249c Late, comparison of, 94c, 160 Less and least in the comparison of adjectives, 93; of adverbs, 160 Less vivid conditional clauses, 213, note 2 Lest, introducing a substantive clause, 176b, 203a; introducing a clause of purpose, 216 Let, in verb-phrases, 149, 151; followed by a group object, 249c; introducing a concessive clause, 2I4f Like, followed by a dative, 68; by a phrase, 69, note; by a clause, 200, note 4; by a gerund, 24sh Limiting adjectives, 89 Linking verbs. See Copula. Little, comparison of, 94f, 160; used adverbially, 274d Locative case, 31 Locative clauses, 208 Long, in aU day long, 273 Main clause. See Independent clause. Make, 249c Making, verbs of, followed by a factitive complement, 79 Manner, adverbs of, 159 Manner, clauses of, 212, 227 Many, comparison of, 94b Many a, 97b Masculine sex-referettce in nouns, 37; in personal pronouns, 39 May, might, forms of, 137; as an auxiliary, 249a; as potential auxil- iary, 150; optative, 150, note, 151; in conditional clauses, 213, note; in purpose clauses, i25f, note Me seems, methinks, 67 Middle English, 7, 100, 244, 245e, note, 260, 297 Might, See May, Modal auxiliaries. See Can, May, Must, Ought, ShaU, WiU, Modal clauses, 212; ellipses in, 227 Modal verb forms are predicating or finite verbs, those used as the basis of the predicate of the aen- Digiti ized by Google INDEX 369 tence; that is, indicative, sub- junctive, or imperative forms. Modal verb-phrases, 125, 148-153, ISS» 156, iS8e Mode. See Mood. Modifiers, order of, 267. See Adjec- tives, Adverbial nouns, Adverbs, Appositives, Clauses, Genitives, Indirect objects. Infinitives, Participles, Phrases. Mood, 124, 125. See Imperative mood, Indicative mood, Sub- junctive mood. More^ most as comparative and superlative signs, 92, 160, 170b; in clauses of degree, 218-220 More as a comparative suffix, 94h More vivid conditional clauses, 213, note 2 Most as a superlative suffix, 94h Muchy comparison of, 94b, 160 Mulcaster, Richard, 304 Multiplicative numerals, 103 Murray, Lindley, 309 . Musty 137; as an auxiliary, 249a; as an obligative auxiliary, 149a, 152 Naming, verbs of, with an objective complement, 76 Near, comparison of, 94g; followed by a dative, 69, 200, note 4, 24Sh Need, 121, note, 249b; obligative construction, 152b Needs, 274a Negation, particles of, i63f Negative phrases, 149b Negative sentence containing ^ a clause of equality, 218; containing a clause of inequality, 219 Negatives, two, 288 Neither . . . fwr, i7sb Neuter sex-reference, in nouns, 37; in personal pronouns, 39 Neuter verbs are intransitive verbs, which may be regarded as having no true active form because they can have no passive; verbs neither active nor passive. Neutral clauses, 213, note 2 New conjugation. See Weak verbs. Next, 94g Nigh, 94g, 160 Nights, 274c No, i63f No less than, 219 No longer than, 174, note 3 No matter, 2i4d No sooner than, 174, note 3, 219 Nominative absolute, 58, 88a Nominative by address. See Voca- tive. Nominative case, of nouns, 31, 35; of personal pronouns, 39; of who, 45, SO, SI, S4 Nominative constructions, S^-S^; subject, 56; subjective comple- ment, 57; absolute, 58, 88a; appos- itives, 83 Non-committal clauses, 213, note Non-modal verb forms, those not used in predication: gerunds, in- finitives, and participles, which have no mood mfiection. Non-restrictive adjective clauses. See Descriptive adjective clauses. Norman Conquest of England, in- fluence of on the language, 7 Notional verb, the last word in a verb-phrase; not an auxiliary. Notwithstanding, 2i4d Noun clauses. Su Substantive clauses. Nouns, definition of, 21; inflection, 22-37; number, 22-30; case, 31-3S; person, 36; gender, 37; construc- tions, 56-88; subject, 56; subjec- tive complement, 57, 58; genitives, 59-65, 107-111; indirect object, 66, 67; dative after like and near, 68, 69; dative of interest, 70; dative of possession, 70; direct object, 71-7S1 objective complement, 76, 77; object of a preposition, 78, 79; adverbial noun, 80, 81; appositive and adherent, 82-86; absolute, 87, 88, 177b, c, 239d, 258; become adjectives and verbs, 19 Nouns, verbal. See Gerunds. Noways, 274a Number of nouns, 22-30; of personal Digiti ized by Google 370 INDEX pronouns, 39; of demonstratives, Ss; of verbs, 121-123 Numerab, 89, 101-103 Object, of a preposition, 44b, 78, 166, 245e, 253, 282. See also Group object. Object complement, 71, 114-118; after verbals, 234; gerund as, 245c; mfinitive as, 251; compound pro- noun as, 44a; in declarative sen- tences, 262a; in passive sentences, 279. See also Cognate object, Im- personal object. Reflexive object. Objective attribute. See Objective complement. Objective case, of nouns, 31, note 2, 35; of personal pronouns, 39; of w^t 45* 50, 51; indirect object, 66, 67; with like and near, 68, 69; other datives, 70; direct object, 71-75; two objects with ask, 72; with other verbs, 73, 74; objective com- plement, 76, 77; object of a prep- osition, 78, 79; adverbial noun, 80; appositive, 83; absolute, 88b, d, e; subject accusative of an infinitive or a participle, 238b, c, 251a, 253c; subjective complement after an infinitive or a gerund, 57a, note 2, 243, note 4 Objective complement, 114, 117- 119; substantive, 76, 77; gerund, 245d; adjective, no; participle, 239, note; phrase, 167a; adverb, 163a; clause, 200; with verbals, 234; modifying infinitives, 251, notes 2, 3; becomes a subjective complement in the passive con- struction, 283; in declarative sentences, 262a Objective genitive, 62, 63; before a gerund, 243, note i Obligative verb-phrases, 149a, 152 Oblige, 152b Of and off, 19 G^-phrase, for the genitive, 6of, 63, 6S» 79> 9Sa» 274c; possessive of which, 49, 51; possessive of what, 49; in "a friend of mine,** ma, note 2; 0/ omitted, 79 Old, comparison of, 94d Old conjugation. See Strong verbs. Old English, 5, 6, 24-27, 37, 40-42, 54. SS* 8S» 94» "la, note 2, 121, 127c, 129a, 164, 244, 248, 251a, note 2, 268-271, 273-275, 279; study of, 312. See also Anglo- Saxons. On condition that, 19, 213 On purpose, 256a One another, reciprocal, 48 Only, 229c Opposites, 19 Optative verb-phrases, 151 Order of words, 56b, note, 198, 213, 214b, 261-267 Ordinal numerals, 102 Ordinary case of nouns, 35 Otherwise, i63e Ought, 137; in obligative verb- phrases, 149a, 152a; incorrect after had, 137 Over, adverb, 161, note 4 Own, 270 Paradigm, the orderly arrangement of the inflectional forms of a word. See under Conjugation, De- clension. Parenthetical clauses, 188; sub- ordinate in form, 223 Parsing, pp. 70, 91, I49. $0$ Participial infinitive. See Gerund. Participles, 231-242; modifiers, 323; complements, 234; assumed sub- ject, 232, 238b, c; inflection, 232, 237; appositive adjective, 238a; in a group object, 238b, c; in an absolute group, 238d; subjective complements, 239; adverbial pred- icate, 239b; objective comple- ments, 239, note; as adjectives, 19, 239c, 240, 269, 270; as substan- tives, 240a; absolute, 241; as adverbs, 242; interchangeable with a gerund, 247; in compounds, 246; in verb-phrases, 140, 143, 145, iS5» 156, 237, 244, 248; exercise on, PP- 275-77 Particle, 163d, 165. A word without inflectional changes, as preposi* Digiti ized by Google INDEX 571 txrns, oonjiuictioiis, and some adverbs. F&rtitive genitive, 65, 167c; pseudo- partitive genitive (7/-phrase, iiia, note 2 Parts of speech, the eight eatc^ries into which words are divided according to their meaning and function: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Passive gerunds, 244 Passive infinitives, 248, 249c; some- times active in form, 255a Passive participles, 237 Passive progressive verb-phrases, iS6b, 158 Passive sentences, 279-283 Passive verbals, 232a Passive verb-phrases, 156-158 Past conditions, 213, note Past future tense, a verb-phrase in- dicating something future in rela- tion to past time. I knew that he would write. The form of would is past, but the sense of would write in relation to knew is future. Past participle, of strong verbs, 130-132; of weak verbs, 130, 133, 134; in verb-phrases, 140, 143, 156; see also Participles, Passive phrases, Perfect phrases, Pluper- fect phrases. Future perfect phrases. Past perfect tense. See Pluperfect tense. Past tense, 126, 128; ptast subjunc- tive for present time, i25d, 213, note Pea, 23e Penny^ 2$e Perfect verbals, 232a; participles, 237; gerunds, 244; infinitives, 248 Perfect verb-phrases, 143, 155, 156 Person, of nouns, 36; of pronouns, 39; of verbs, 1 21-123 Personal pronouns, declension of, 39-41; genitives as adjectives, 99 Phonetics, 15-17 Phrasal past participles. See Perfect participles. Phrases, 166-170; composition of, i66, 24sd, 253; functions, 167, 177c; equivalent to adverbial nouns, 81; genitives equivalent to, 6oc; indirect object equivalent to, 66; after like and near, 69, note; in a partitive sense, 65; with a geni- tive, 34b; modification of, 163c, 170; appositives eouivalent to, 85. See also Verb-phrases. Place, adverbs of, 159 Place, clauses of, 208 Pleonastic absolute, 88c Pluperfect verb-phrases, 143, 155, 156; pluperfect subjunctive for past time, i25d, 213, note Plural number, of nouns, 22-30; of possessive nouns, 33; of personal pronouns, 39; of demonstratives, 55; of oney 47; of verbs, 1 21-123; of genitives, 33 Poetic genitive, 60 Positive degree of comparison of adjectives, 89-96; of adverbs, 160 Possessive adjectives, 41, 99 Possessive case. See Genitive case. Possessive pronouns, those used in the genitive case without a follow- ing noun. The book is mine. Potential verb-phrases, 150 Predicate adjectives, 109; distin- guished from participles in verb- phrases, 157. See also Subjective complement. Predicate nominative, a noun or pronoun used as a subjective complement. Predicate nouns. See Subjective complement. Predicate objective. See Objective complement. Prepositions, 165-170; definition, 165; double, 168; position, 169; modifiers of, 163c, 170c; attached to passive verbs, 282; omitted be- fore clauses, 202; before gerunds, 245e; group objects after, 238c, 251a; .distinguished from adverbs, 162; adverbs after, 163b; infinitives after, 253; ez^cise on, pp. 174- 76 Digiti ized by Google 37^ INDEX Present conditions, 213, note Present participles, in verb-phrases, 140, iSS Present perfect tense. See Perfect verb-phrase. Present tense, 126-128; for past time, 127a; present subjunctive for present or future time, i25d, 213, note; present indicative for future time, 127c Preterit tense. See Past tense. Preteritive-present verbs. See Can, May, Musty Ought, Shall. Principal clause. See Main clause. Principal parts of verbs, 130; of strong verbs, 131, 132; of weak verbs, 133, 134 Progressive gerunds, 244; infinitives, 248; participles, 237; verb-phrases, ISS, IS7, iS8c Progressive-passive verb-phrases, iS6b Pronominal adjectives, 47, 97-100. See also Demonstrative pronouns. Genitive case of pronouns. In- definite pronouns, Interrogative pronouns, Relative pronouns. The term refers to the five classes of words named above when these words are found in the adjective construction. Pronouns, classes and inflection of, 38-ss; definition, 38; persoiial, 39- 41; compound personal, 42-44; indefinite, 45-48, 204, 214c; inter- rogative, 49, 50; relative, 51-541 192-196; demonstrative, 55; con- structions, 56-88; subject, 56; sub- jective complement, 57, 58; geni- tives, 59-65, 99, 107-111; indirect object, 66, 67; dative after like and near, 68, 69; dative of interest, 70; dative of possession, 70; direct object, 71-75; objective comple- ment, 76, 77; object of a preposi- tion, 78, 79; adverbial construc- tion, 80; appositive and adherent, 82-86; absolute, 87, 88; used as adjectives, 97-100 Proper adjective, one derived from a proper noun, as German^ Russian. This distinction had no grammat- ical significance. Proper noun, one that names an individual person or place. This term has no grammatical signif- icance, and is not, therefore, in- cluded in the text of this volume. Prosody, 313b Provided that, 213 Purpose, clauses of, 216; subjunctive in clauses of, i25f Purpose, expression of, i58d Purpose, infinitives of, 256 Qualifying adjectives. See Descrip- tive adjectives. Questions, do-phmses in, Z42d; order of words in, 263 Quotations, direct, 205, note 2, 206; indurect, 206 Quoth, 131b Rather, in had rather, 219, 260 Rather than, 219 Reason, clauses of, 185 Reciprocal pronouns, 48 Redundant verbs, those that have more than one form in good use for one of the principal parts, as knit, knit (knitted). Reflexive objects, pronouns as, 44, 71C Regular verbs. See Weak verbs. Relative adjectives, 52, 98a, 194 Relative clauses. See Adjective clauses. Relative pronouns, forms and in- flections of, 51-54; agreement of verbs with, 122a; in adjective clauses, 192-196 Relative pronouns. See As, But, That, Which, Who. Repetition, for emphasis, 86; use of do to avoid, i42e; use of that to avoid, 55 Restrictive adjective clauses. See Determinative adjective clauses. Result, clauses of, 215; subjunctive in, i25f Result and degree, clauses of, 221 Retained object, 279, 282 Digiti ized by Google INDEX 373 Root infinitive, the infinitive as opposed to the gerund. Save, savings with a conditional clause, 213 ■ Save, preposition, 2S3a Say, with a conditional clause, 213 See^ verb-phrases of, 139, 140; infini- tive after, 249c •S«//-pronouns. See Compound per- sonal pronouns. Sentences, how to study, 317-321; simple, i8od; analysis of, pp. i93»- 195, 204-207, 256-265, 343-353; kinds, see Declarative, Exclam- atory, Imperative, Interrogative sentences; Complex, Compound, Compound-complex, Simple sen- tences. Sequence of tenses, 154 Seraphim, 2gi Sex-reference, of nouns, 37; of per- sonal pronouns, 39 Shall {should), forms of, 137; as an auxiliary, 153, note, 249a; as a future auxiliary, 144, 145; in clauses of result, i25f, note Should, 213, note; as an obligative auxiliary, in modal phrases, 152a, 153; in modal verb-phrases, 148. . See also Shdl. Simile, in modal clauses, 212 Simple sentences, iSod Singular number, of nouns, 22; of personal pronouns, 39; of demon- stratives, 55; of verbs, 1 21-123 Smith, Sir Thomas, 303 So, 163a, e, 213, 216, 218, 22ia So as, 256a, note 2, 259, 274, 275 So that, 215, 216 Somebody dse^s, 32c, 34a, 47, note, 271 Sort of, 278 Sounds, 15-17, 23, 32, 133, 134 Spit, 134a 5-plurals, 23 Strong verbs, 130-132 Subject of the sentence, 56; omitted in imperative sentences, 129b; gerund as, 245a; infinitive as, 250; adverb as, 163b, note 3; compound pronoun as, 44a; phrase as, 167c; clause as, 200; adjective as, iit; in passive sentences, 279; in illiter- ate speech, 296; order, 262 Subject accusative, with a participle, 238b, c; with an infinitive, 151a, 232, 249c, 251a, 253c Subjective case. See Nominative case. Subjective complement, 57, 109, 114, 120; phrase as, 167a; adverb as, 163a; with verbals, 234; participle as, 239; gerund as, 245b; infinitive as, 249c, 252; in the objective case after an infinitive or a gerund, 57, note 2, 243, note 4; in de- clarative sentences, 262a; in pas- sive sentences, 283. See also Predi- cate adjective, Predicate nomina- tive. Predicate noun. Subjective genitive, 62, 63; before a gerund, 243 Subjunctive mood, forms of, 128, 129; uses of, 124, 125, 150, note, 151;. in verb-phrases, 155, 156, 158; in modal verb-phrases, 151a, note, b, note; in concessive clauses, 214; in conditional clauses, 143c, 153d, i, 213, note Subordinate clauses, definition of, 190; parenthetical, 223; infinitive phrases for, 256; participles for, 238a. The group object is also an equivalent of a clause. See also Adjective, Adverbial, Dependent, Substantive clauses. Subordinate conjunction, 173, 174; with a correlative adverb, 175c; a group of words as a single con- junction, 174, note 3; in ad- jective clauses, 197; in adverbial clauses, 208-223; introducing sub- stantive clauses, 203; with an infini- tive, 256a; with a participle, 238a Substantive clauses, 200-206; uses of, 200-202; introduced by conjunc- tions, 203; by indefinite or in- terrogative pronouns or adjectives, 204, 266; by adverbs, 205, 266; subjunctive in, 125b; exercise on, pp. 217-19 Substantives, a name used to des- Digiti ized by Google 374 INDEX ignate nouns, pronouns, and words and groups of words used like nouns and pronouns. Governed by prepositions, i66a; adjectives used as, iii; participles used as, 240a; adverbs used as, 163b; phrases used as, i66d, 167c; clauses used as, 200-206; absolute, 87, 88; appositive, 82^86, 254; ger- unds, 245-247; exercises on, pp. 70-74, 91-^4 Suchy 47» 97, i9S» 221a Superlative degree, of adjectives, 89-^6; of adverbs, 160; in clauses of degree, 220 Suppose, with a conditional clause, 213 Syntax, that part of grammar dealing with the structure of sentences and the relations of words in sentences. Take, 277 Temporal clauses, 209; subjunctive in, 125c Tense, 1 26 ; sequence of, 1 54. See also Past tense, Present tense. Tense phrases, 143-147, is8e. See also Frequentative, Future, Future perfect. Perfect, Pluperfect phrases. Terminology, 316 Teutonic languages, i, 2 Than, 19; in clauses of degree, 219, i27a; with infinitives, 259, 260; case after, 272 That, demonstrative adjective, 100 That, demonstrative pronoun, 55, 174, note 2 That, relative pronoun, 51-54, 197c, note; often omitted, 193; never follows a preposition, 169, 193 That, subordinate conjunction, 174, 176b, 197b, 203, 211, 215, 216, 32ia, 229c; pleonastic with sub- ordinate conjunctions, 174 The, adverb, 105b, 164, 220 The, article, 104, 105, 112 There, expletive, 56b, note, i63g, 243, note 3, 245a They, indefinite, 39 This, these, demonstrative, 55, zoo Thau, suppbmted by you^ 40 Though, 1^,214, See Bbo As though. Thus, 163a Time, adverbs of, 156 Time, clauses of, 209; subjunctive in, 125c Times, adverbial noun, 80a, 122b, note 3 Titles as adherent nouns, 82 To, with infinitives, 248; omitted before infinitives, 249, 256b To be, introducing complements, 57b, 76, 251 Too, 163d Transitive verbs, 115-120 Turn, i2ob Umlaut, 17; umlaut plurals, 35 Unless, 213 Unvoiced sounds, 16 Usage, 284-302 Used to, in frequentative verb- phrases, 147 Variation in the same proportion, clauses expressing, 220, 225 Verbal adjectives. See Participles. Verbal nouns. See Gerunds. Verbals, 113, 231-235; modifiers of, 233; complements of, 234; use of, 235; exercise on, pp. 303-8. See also Gerunds, Infinitives, Par- ticiples. Verb-phrases, 138-158, 251, note 4; kinds, 141; form of in condi- tional clauses, 213, note; parsing of, p. 149. See also Do-phnses, Modal, Passive, Progressive, Tense phrases. Verbs, 1 13-158; complete and in- complete predication, 1 14-120; transitive, 115-120; person and number, 121, 128; agreement with the subject, 122, 123; mood, 124- 125; tense, 126-129; principal parts, 130-135; strong, 130-132; weak, 130, 133, 134; anomalous, 13s, 136; defective, 137; conjuga- tion, 128; form in conditional clauses, 213, note; order, 262; ex- ercise on, pp. 149-153 Vocative case, 31, 88a Digiti ized by Google INDEX 375 Voice, that inflection of the verb which shows whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action. To indicate passive voice, English uses verb-phrases. See Active, Passive verb-phrases. Voiced sounds, i6 Wallis, John, 306 We^ royal and editorial form, 39, 42 Weak verbs, 130, 133, 134 Webster, Noah, 308 Welly adverb, 160 Whatf indefinite adjective, 46, pyd, 161, note 2, 204a, note i; interroga- tive adjective, 49, 50, 98 WhcU, indefinite pronoun, 45, 46, 54, 80, note 2; interrogative pronoun, 49» SO, S4» 98; not a relative, 51, note, 189, note What a, 97d, 161, note 2, 179 WhaleveTf whatsoever, indefinite ad- jective, 47, 204a; indefinite pro- noun, 45, 204, 214 When, 197b Where, 197b Whether, indefinite pronoun, 203c, note; interrogative pronoun, 49; subordinate conjunction, 19, 176b, 203c, 2i4e; correlative of or, 175, note 2, 2i4e Which, indefinite adjective, 46, 97d; interrogative adjective, 50, 98; relative adjective, 52, 98a, 194, 199 Which, indefinite pronoun, 45, 46, 54; interrogative pronoun, 49, 50, 54; relative pronoun, 51-54, 192, 194, 199) 355h; the which, 52b Whichever, whichso, whichsoever, in- definite adjective, 46; indefinite pronoun, 45, 204a, note i, 214 While, 19 Who, declension of, 45, 49, 51, 54; indefinite pronoun, 45, 46, 54; in- terrogative pronoun, 49, 50, 54; relative pronoun, 51-54 Whoever, whoso, whosoever, indefinite pronoun, 45, 204, 214 Why, 197b Will (would), form, 137; auxiliary, 249a; future auxiliary, 144, 145; modal auxiliary, 153, note; in frequentative verb-phrases, 147 Wish, expression of, 125, i58d, 229a W//A-phrases, 123a, 253c Within, i68 Without, 168, 213 Wont, in frequentative verb-phrases, 147 Word order. See Order of words. Worth, followed by three adverbial nouns, 8oa; by an adverbial noun, 245g Worthy, followed by a noun, 79b Wot, 137 Would, complete verb, 151c; auxil- iary in modal verb-phrases, 153; in frequentative verb-phrases, 147; in conditional clauses, 213, note Yes, i63f Yon, yonder, demonstrative, 55 Yore,  