None
id) lobe, I may praise, I praise, etc, bit tobeft, />fo# may est praise er lobe, //£ w#y praise totr toben, w* ?//#/ praise i^r lobet, j^w w^y praise (©te) fie loben, Cv^«) they praise (6te) fte loben, (you) they may praise PRETERIT. id) lobte, I praised, etc. bu lobteft, thou praisedst er lobte, he praised ttrir lobten, 2^ praised it)r lobtet, jK£w praised id) lobte, I might praise, 1 praised \ etc. bu lobteft, thou mightest praise er lobte, he might praise nrir lobten, we might praise \$)X lobtet, you might praise (@te) fte lobten, (you) they praised (©te) fie lobten, (you) they might praise. 148 APPENDIX. id) r)abe gelobt, I have praised, etc. id) rjabe geto6t r I may have praised, I have praised, etc. bu Ijaft gelobt, thou hast praised bu Ijabeft gelobt, thou may est have praised er r)at gelobt, he has praised er rjabe gelobt, he may have praised fair Ijaben gelobt, we have praised fair Ijaben gelobt, we may have praised ifjr rjabt gelobt, you have praised ifjr r)a6et gelobt, /^w may have praised (©ie) fie r)aben gelobt, {you) they (6ie) fie rjaben gelobt, (j<w) ///<?/ have praised may have praised PLUPERFECT. id) rjatte gelobt, I had praised, etc. idj rjcttte gelobt, 7 w/^/ have praised, I had praised, etc. buljatteft gelobt, thou hadst praised bu rjatteft gelobt, thou mightest have praised er t)atte gelobt, he had praised er Ijatte gelobt, ^* m/^/// have praised fair fatten gelobt, we had praised fair fatten gelobt, we might have praised it)r r)attet gelobt, /0# had praised tr)r rjattet gelobt, j^« ////£#/ ^w praised (Sie) fie fatten gelobt, (you) they ((Sie) fie fatten gelobt, (you) they had praised might have praised FUTURE. id) faerbe loben, 7 shall praise, etc. id) faerbe Ioben, /shall praise, etc. bu fairft loben, thou wilt praise bu faerbeft loben, thou wilt praise er fairb loben, he will praise er faerbe loben, he will praise fair faerben loben, we shall praise fair faerben loben, we shall praise ir)r faerbet loben, you shall praise iljr faerbet loben, you shall praise (<Ste) fie faerben loben, {you) they (<5ie) fie faerben loben, (you) they shall praise shall praise VERBAL FORMS. 149 FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe gelobt Ijctfceu, I shall have idj ioerbe gelobt l)abeu, I shall have praised, etc. praised, etc. bu toirft gelobt Ijabeu, //fow wilt bu toerbeft gelobt l)abeu, thou wilt have praised have praised er toirb gelobt l^abeu, he will have er toerbe gelobt I)obeu, /#£ w*7/ ^w praised praised ttrir toerbeu gelobt Ijabeu, w*? jv^// toir toerbeu gelobt Ijabeu, w^ j&z// ^# w praised have praised iljr toerbet gelobt Ijabeu, you will iljr toerbet gelobt Ijabeu, you will have praised have praised (©ie) fie toerbeu gelobt Ijabeu, (you) (©ie) fte toerbeu gelobt Ijabeu, (you} they will have praised they will have praised CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj toiirbe lobett, I should praise, idj toiirbe gelobt Ijabeu, / should etc. have praised, etc. bu toiirbeft lobett, thou wouldst bu toiirbeft gelobt l)abeu, thou praise wouldst have praised er toiirbe lobeu, he would praise er toiirbe gelobt Ijabeu, he would have praised toir toiirbeu lobeu, we should toir imirben gelobt Ijabeu, we should praise have praised it)r toiirbet lobeu, you would praise iljr toiirbet gelobt Ijabeu, you would , have praised (<Sie) fie toiirbeu lobeu, (you) they (@ie) fie toiirbeu gelobt Ijabeu, (you) would praise they would have praised IMPERATIVE. lobe (bu), praise (thou) lobet (iljr), praise (you) lobeu <5ie, praise (you) INFINITIVES. lobeu, to praise gelobt Ijabeu, to have praised PARTICIPLES. lobeub, praising gelobt, praised 150 APPENDIX. PASSIVE (§§ 199-203). Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. id) toerbe gelobt, I am praised, etc. idj toerbe gelobt, / {may) be praised, etc. bu ttrirft gelobt, />to art praised bit merbeft gelobt, thou may est be praised er ttrirb gelobt, ^* is praised er werbe gelobt, ^^ «w^ fo praised ttrir tuerbett gelobt, w£ are praised ttrir ioerben gelobt, we may be praised tl)r toerbet gelobt, you are praised t^r toerbet gelobt, you may be praised ((Erie) fie toerben gelobt, (you) they (<Sie) fie toerben gelobt, (you) they are praised may be praised PRETERIT. id) ttmrbe gelobt, I was praised, id) ttriirbe gelobt, 1 might be praised, etc. I were praised, etc. bu tourbeft gelobt, thou wast bu ttritrbeft gelobt, thou mightest praised be praised er ttmrbe gelobt, he was praised er ttmrbe gelobt, he might be praised ttrir ttmrbeu gelobt, we were ttrir ttmrbeu gelobt, we might be praised praised ttjr ttmrbet gelobt, you were t^r ttmrbet gelobt; you might be praised praised (<5ie) fie ttmrbeu gelobt, (you) (<5ie) fie ttmrbeu gelobt, (you) they were praised they might be praised PERFECT. idj bin gelobt toorben, / have been idjfei gelobt ttjorben, /(may) have praised, etc. been praised, etc. bu bift gelobt ttiorben bu feieft gelobt morben er tft gelobt tuorben er fei gelobt roorben ttrir finb gelobt ttiorben ttrir feien gelobt tt)orben it)r feib gelobt morben t^r feiet gelobt moreen ((5ie) fie finb gelobt ttiorben (Sie) fie feien gelobt toorben VERBAL FORMS. ISI PLUPERFECT. id) toar gelobt toorbeu, I had been id) mare gelobt toorbeu, / might praised, etc. bu toarft gelobt toorbeu er toar gelobt toorbeu toir warm gelobt toorbeu iljr toaret gelobt toorbeu (©ie) fie toareu gelobt toorbeu have been praised, etc, bu toareft gelobt toorbeu er mare gelobt toorbeu toir toareu gelobt toorbeu iljr toaret gelobt toorbeu (8ie) fie toareu gelobt toorbeu FUTURE. idj toerbe gelobt toerbeu, / shall be id) toerbe gelobt merbeu, / shall be praised, etc. bu urirft gelobt toerbeu er toirb gelobt toerbeu toir toerbeu gelobt toerbeu iljr toerbet gelobt toerbeu (6ie) fie toerbeu gelobt toerbeu praised, etc. bu toerbeft gelobt toerbeu er toerbe gelobt toerbeu toir toerbeu gelobt toerbeu tt)r toerbet gelobt toerbeu (<Sie) fie toerbeu gelobt toerbeu FUTURE PERFECT. idj toerbe gelobt toorbeu feiu, I shall idj toerbe gelobt toorbeu feiu, I shall have been praised, etc. bu toirft gelobt toorbeu feiu er toirb gelobt toorbeu feiu toir toerbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu iljr merbet gelobt toorbeu feiu have been praised, etc. bu toerbeft gelobt toorbeu feiu er toerbe gelobt toorbeu feiu toir toerbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu iljr toerbet gelobt toorbeu feiu (<5ie) fie toerbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu (<Sie) fie toerbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu CONDITIONAL. idj tour be gelobt toerbeu, / should be praised, etc. bu toiirbeft gelobt toerbeu er toiirbe gelobt toerbeu toir toiirbeu gelobt toerbeu iljr toiirbet gelobt toerbeu (<3ie) fie toiirbeu gelobt toerbeu CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj toiirbe gelobt toorbeu feiu, 1 should have been praised, etc. bu toiirbeft gelobt morbeu feiu er toiirbe gelobt toorbeu feiu toir toiirbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu tljr toiirbet gelobt toorbeu feiu (<5ie) fie toiirbeu gelobt toorbeu feiu 152 APPENDIX. IMPERATIVE. toerbe (bit) gelobt, be (thou). toerbet (ifjr) gelobt, be (you) praised praised tt>er ben 6te gelobt, be (you) praised INFINITIVES. gelobt toerben, to be praised gelobt toorben fein, to have been praised PARTICIPLES. gelobt toerbenb, being praised gelobt toorben, been praised Note. — The passive of any transitive verb, whether weak or strong, separable or inseparable, may be formed by putting its past participle in the place of gelobt in the above paradigm. b. Conjugation of a Strong Verb : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. ftngen, fang, gefungen Indicative (§ 76). Subjunctive (§ 170). PRESENT. tdj fhtge, I sing, etc. id) fhtge, I may sing, etc. bu ftngft bu ftngeft er ftngt er finge rotr ftngen ttnr fingen tfyr ftngt tljr ftnget (Ste) fie ftngen (©ie) fie ftngen PRETERIT. tdj fang, / sang, etc. tdj fange, I might sing, etc. bu fangft bu fangeft er fang er fange toir fangen totr fangen tr)r fangt ifjr fanget (<5tc) fie fangen (3te) fie fangen VERBAL FORMS. 1 53 PERFECT. id) Ijctbe gefungen, / have sung, idj fjabe gefungen, / may have etc. sung, etc. 5u §aft gefungen, etc. bu Ijabeft gefungett, etc. PLUPERFECT. idj fjatte gefungett, I had sung, etc. idj Ijdtte gefungen, / might have sung, etc. bu Ijatteft gefungen, etc. bu Ijatteft gefungen, etc. tdj toerbe ftngen, I shall sing, etc. idj merbe ftngen, I shall sing, etc. in tturft fingen, etc. bu toerbeft ftngen,- etc. FUTURE PERFECT. idj toetbe gefungen fjaben, / shall id) toerbe gefungen fjaben, / shall have sung j etc. have sung, etc. bu mirft gefungen Ijaben, etc. bu merbeft gefungen f)aben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj ttmrbe ftngen, I should sing, etc. idj ttmrbe gefungen fjaben, I should have sung, etc. bu ttmrbeft ftngen, etc. bu ttmrbeft gefungen fyxben, etc, IMPERATIVE. ftnge (bu), sing (thou) ftnget (iljr), sing (you) fingen Se, sing (you) INFINITIVES. ftngen, to sing gefungen Ijaben, to have sung PARTICIPLES. ftngenb, singing gefungen, sung (54 APPENDIX. c. Compound tenses of a Verb with fein : — Indicative (§ 91). Subjunctive (§ 176). PERFECT. id) bin gefommen, I have come, id) fei gefommen, /may haze come, etc. etc. bu bift gefommen, etc. bu feteft gefommen, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) toar gefommen, / had come, id) rota gefommen, / might have etc. come, etc. bu toarft gefomtnen, etc. bu tocireft gefommen, etc. FUTURE. id) toerbe fomtnen, I shall come, id) toerbe fommen, / shall come, etc. etc. bu nrirft fomtnen, etc. bu merbeft fommen, ^<r. FUTURE PERFECT. tdj toerbe gefommen fein, I shall id) roerbe gefommen fein, / shall have come, etc. have come, etc. bu nurft gefommen fein, etc. bu toerbeft gefommen fein, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) toiirbe fommen, I should come, id) toiirbe gefommen fein, I should etc. have come, etc. bu toiirbefi fommen, etc. bu toiirbeft gefommen fein, etCr INFINITIVES. fommen, to come gefommen fein, to have come PARTICIPLES. fommenb, coming gefommen, come VERBAL FORMS. I 5 5 d. Conjugation of fjctben : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fjabeu, ^atte, geljabt Indicative (§ 61). Subjunctive (§ 162). PRESENT. tdj Ijabe, / have, etc. id) fyxbe, / may have, etc. bit Ijaft' bu ^abeft er f)at er fjabe ttrir f)abeu ttrir fjabeu iljr fjabt tljr fy*bet (@ie) fie fjaben (©ie) fie Ijabeu PRETERIT. id) fjatte, / A*ft/, *fc. idj Ijatte, I might have, etc. bu iatteft bu ^atteft er fjatte er IjjStte totr fatten toir fjdtten iljr t)attet . iljr Ijattet (<5ie) fie Ijatteu (©ie) fie fatten PERFECT. id) Ijabe geljabt, / have had, etc, id) Ijabe gefjabt, / may have had, bu Ijaft ge^abt bu t)aBeft gef)abt [etc. er r)at ge^abt er Ijabe ge^abt ttrir ^aben getjabt ttrir Ijabeu get)abt tf)r fyxbt ge^abt tr)r f)abet .gefjabt (Sie) fie fjaben ge^abt (@ie) fie f)abeu gefytbt PLUPERFECT. idj t)atte gef)abt, I had had, etc. idj t)dtte getjabt, I might have had s bu t)atteft gefyxbt bu fjatteft geljabt [etc. er l)atte geljabt er t)atte geljabt ttrir Ijatteu getjabt ttrir fjatteu getjabt if)x tyattet gefyabt U)r pallet geljabt «5ie)- fie Ijatteu geljabt (@te) fie fatten geljabt m6 APPENDIX. tdj toerbe fyabtn, 1 shall have \ etc, bu ttrirft f)abeu er urirb f)aben ttnr toerbeu Ijaben iljr merbet Ijaben (©ie) fie toerbeu ^aben id) ttJerbe Ijabeu, ^ shall have, etc bu toerbeft fyiben er tuerbe f)abeu ttrir merben Ijabeu iljr toerbet f)abeu (<Sie) fie tt)erben ^aben FUTURE PERFECT. idj roerbe geljabt fjabeu, I shall have id) toerbe geljabt Ifyaben, / shall had, etc. bu ttrirft geljabt f)abeu er urirb geljabt Ijaben ttrir tuerben geljabt Ijaben iljr u>erbet geljabt Ijaben (<5ie) fie merben geljabt Ijaben CONDITIONAL. id) ttmrbe §aben, / should have, etc. bu ttmrbeft fjahtn er ttmrbe Ijaben ttrir ttmrben f)aben tt)r ttmrbet Ijaben (©ie) fie ttmrben Ijaben have had, etc. bu merbeft geljabt Ijaben er toerbe geljabt f)aben ttrir tt>erben gef)abt Ijaben iljr merbet geljabt Ijaben (@ie) fie tterben geljabt Ijaben CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj ttmrbe geljabt f)aben, / should have had, etc. bu ttmrbeft geljabt Ijaben er ttmrbe gefjabt Ijaben ttrir ttmrben gefyibt. Ijaben ir)r ttmrbet get)a6t Ijaben (Ste) fie ttmrben geljabt Ijaben IMPERATIVE. fyibe (bu), have (thou) Ijabet (\f)x),.have (you) Ijaben Sic, have (you) Ijaben, to have fjabenb, having INFINITIVES. geljabt Ijaben, to have had PARTICIPLES. geljabt, had VERBAL FORMS. *57 e. Conjugation of fetn : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fein, tr-ar, getr-efen Indicative (§ 56). Subjunctive (§ 174). PRESENT. id) bin, l am, etc. idj fei, / may be, etc. bu bift bu feieft er ift er fei ttrir finb ttrir feien tljr feib tl)r feiet (<Sie) fie ftnb (©ie) fie feien PRETERIT. id) tr-are, I might be, etc. bu tr-are, I might be, etc. bu tr-are, I might be, etc. bu tr-are, I  sein CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) ttntrbe getr-efen fein, / should have been, etc. bu ttmrbeft getuefen fein er ttmrbe gettjefen fein tt)ir ttmrben getejefen fein tfjr ttmrben getoefen fein fein, to be IMPERATIVE. fet (bu), be (thou) feib (if)r), be (you) feien <5ie, be (you) INFTNITIVES. gemefen fein, to have been feienb, being PARTICIPLES. geraefen, been VERBAL FORMS. 159 /. Conjugation of toerben : — PRINCIPAL PARTS. merben, ttmrbe, gemorben Indicative (§ 79). idj toerbe, I become, etc. bu ttrirft er ttrirb ttrir toerbeu i!jr toerbet (Ste) fie merben Subjunctive (§ 175). PRESENT. id) toerbe, / ^ztf/ become, etc. bu toerbeft er toerbe toir toerben itjr toerbet (@ie) fie toerben idj ttmrbe (or toarb), 1 became, etc. idj ttmrbe, I might become, etc. bu tourbeft (or toarbft) bu toiirbeft er ttmrbe (or toarb) er toiirbe tt)ir tourben rntr toiirben if)r ttmrbet iljr miirbet (<5ie) fie tourben ((5ie) fie toiirben id) bin getoorben, / have become, id) fei getoorben, / may have be> etc. come, etc. bu 6ift getoorben er ift getoorben toir fiub getoorben iljr feib getoorben (6te) fie fiub gemorben bu feieft getoorben er fei getoorben mir feten gemorben tljr feiet getoorben (6ie) fie feieu gemorben i6o APPENDIX. PLUPERFECT. idj roar geroorben, I had been, etc, bu toarft getoorben ix roar gem or ben ioir toaren getoorben iljr toaret getoorben (<5te) fie toaren getoorben idj roare gem or ben, / might have been, etc. bu toareft getoorben er ware getoorben roir toaren getoorben iljr toaret getoorben (<5te) fie toaren geroorben id) toerbe toerben, / shall become, eh, bu roirft toerben ix toirb toerben totr roerben roerben ifyx roerbet toerben (@ie) fie roerben toerben id) toerbe roerben, / shall become, etc. bu toerbeft toerben er toerbe toerben totr roerben roerben tr)r roerbet roerben (@ie) fie roerben roerben FUTURE PERFECT. Idj toerbe geroorben jem, / shall have become, etc, bu roirft geroorben fein er roirb getoorben fein roir toerben getoorben fein itjr roerbet geroorben fein (©te) fie toerben getoorben fein CONDITIONAL. idj roitrbe roerben, I should become, etc. bu roitrbeft toerben er roitrbe roerben roir roitrben roerben iljr toitrbet roerben (©ie) fie roitrben toerben idj toerbe geroorben fein, / shall have become, etc. bu toerbeft getoorben fein er toerbe getoorben. fein roir toerben getoorben fein it)r roerbet geroorben fein (@ie) fie toerben getoorben fein CONDITIONAL PERFECT. idj roitrbe getoorben fein, / should have become, etc. bu roitrbeft getoorben fein , er roitrbe getoorben fein roir roitrben getoorben fein iljr toitrbet geroorben fein (@ie) fie roitrben getoorben fein VERBAL FORMS. l6l IMPERATIVE. toerbe (bit), become {thou) toerbet (tfjr), become (you) toerben ©ie, beco?ne (you) INFINITIVES. toerben, to become getnorben fein, A? ^#w become PARTICIPLES. roerbenb, becoming gemorben, become g. Conjugation of a Separable Verb (§§ 185-189): — PRINCIPAL PARTS. anfangen, fing an, angefangen Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. id) fange an, I begin, etc. id) fcmge an, / may begin, etc. bu fangft an, etc. bu fangeft an, etc. PRETERIT. id) fing an, / began, etc. id) finge an, / might begin, etc^ bn fingft an, etc. bu fingeft an, etc. PERFECT. id) fjabe angefangen, I have begun, id) fjafie angefangen, / may have etc. begun, etc. bu Jjaft angefangen, etc. bu Ijabeft angefangen, etc. PLUPERFECT. \d) fjatte angefangen, / had begun, id) tjatte angefangen, / might have etc. begun, etc. bu r^atteft angefangen, etc. bu Ijatteft angefangen, eU FUTURE. id) merbe anfangen, I shall begin, id) toerbe anfangen, / shall begin % etc. etc. bu nrirft anfangen, etc. bu tnerbeft anfangen, etc. 1 62 APPENDIX. FUTURE PERFECT. idj merbe angefangen tjaben, I shall idj merbe angefangen fjaben, I shall have begun, etc. have begun, etc. bu ttrirft angefangen Ijaben, etc. bu toerbefi angefangen Ijaben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) amrbe anfangen, I should begin, id) tnurbe angefangen fjaben, I should etc. have begun, etc. bu nmrbeft anfangen, etc. bn nmrbeft angefangen Ijaben, etc. IMPERATIVE. fange (bu) an, begin (thou) fanget (iljjr) an, begin (you) fangen 6ie an, begin (you) INFINITIVES. anfangen, to begin angefangen fjaben, to have begun PARTICIPLES. anfangenb, beginning angefangen, begun Present and Preterit Tenses of a Separable Verb con- jugated for a Subordinate Clause : — Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. (bafj) id) anfange, (that) I begin, (baft) id) anfange, (that) I may etc. begin, etc. (baft) bu anfangft, etc. (baft) bu anfangeft, etc. (baft) idj anfing, (that) I began, (baft) id) anfinge, (that) / might etc. begin, etc. (baft) bn anfingft, etc. (baft) bu anfingeft, etc. VERBAL FORMS. 1^3 h. Conjugation of a Reflexive Verb (§§ 190-193): — PRINCIPAL PARTS. fid) freuen, freute fid), gefreut Indicative. Subjunctive, id) freue midj, / rejoice, etc. bu freuft bid) er freut fid) nrir freuen m% i^r freut eudj (<3te) fie freuen fid) tdj freute mid), / rejoiced, etc. bu freuteft bid}', etc. id} freue mid); I may rejoice, etc. bu freueft bid) er freue fidj rotr freuen un§ ifu* freuet eudj (@te) fie freuen fidj PRETERIT. id) freute mtdj, / might rejoice, etc. bu freuteft bid), etc. PERFECT. id) Ijabe mid) gefreut, / have joked, etc. bu Ijctft btdj gefreut, etc. re- id) fja6e mtdj gefreut, / may have rejoiced, etc. bu Ijabeft btdj gefreut, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) tjcttte mtdj gefreut, / had re- id) fjatte midj gefreut, / might have joked, etc. rejoiced, etc. bu Ijatteft btdj gefreut, etc. bu Ijatteft bid) gefreut, etc. FUTURE. tdj merbe mtdj freuen, / shall re- id) roerbe midj freuen, / shall re- joke, etc. joke, etc. bu mtrft btdj freuen, etc. bu merbeft bid) freuen, etc. 1 64 APPENDIX. FUTURE PERFECT. i&l merbe mid) gefreut fyxben, I shall tdj tt>erbe mtdj gefreut fjaben, I shall have rejoiced, etc. have rejoiced, etc. bu urirft bid) gefreut I)abeu, etc. bu tnerbeft bid) gefreut fjaben, ^. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. td) toiirbe mid) freueu, / should re- idj ttmrbe midj gefreut fjaben, I should joice, etc. , have rejoiced, etc. bu roitrbeft bid) freueu, etc. bu ttmrbeft bid) gefreut Ijabeu, etc. IMPERATIVE. freue (bu) bid), rejoice (thou) freuet (iljr) eud), rejoice {you) freueu 8ie fidj, r#0*r* (j^) INFINITIVES. fid) freueu, to rejoice fidj gefreut Ijabeu, to hw* rejoiced PARTICIPLES. fid) freueub, rejoicing fid) gefreut, rejoiced (only in com- pound tenses) £ Conjugation of a Modal Auxiliary (§ § 205, 206 ) : — - PRINCIPAL PARTS. fouueu, fomtte, gefonut Indicative. Subjunctive. PRESENT. id) fcmu, / can, etc. idj fonne, / can, etc. bu fannft bu fonneft er fanu er f oune tt)ir fonnen ttrir fouueu itjr f onut iljr f onnet (®ie) fie fouueu (©ie) fie fouueu VERBAL FORMS. 1 65 Id) fortnte, / could, etc. id) f onnte, / could, etc. bit fonnteft, etc. bu fonnteft, etc. id) fjctfce gefonnt or fonnen, / have id) Ijabe gefonnt or tinmen, / may been able, I could, etc. have been able, I could, etc. bu r)aft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. bu fjabeft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. PLUPERFECT. id) fjatte gefonnt or fonnen, / had id) tjatte gefonnt or fonnen, I might been able, I could have, etc. have been able, I could have., etc. bu fjatteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. bu r)atteft gefonnt or fonnen, etc. FUTURE. idj toerbe fonnen, I shall be able, etc. id) merbe fonnen, I shall be able, etc. bu hrirft fonnen, etc. bu toerbeft fonnen, etc. FUTURE PERFECT. id) toerbe gefonnt ^aben or Ijjaben id) toerbe gefonnt fyiben or ^ctben fonnen, I shall have been able, fonnen, / shall have been able, etc. etc. bu ttrirft gefonnt ^aben, etc. bu toerbeft gefonnt Ijaben, etc. CONDITIONAL. CONDITIONAL PERFECT. id) miirbe fonnen, I should be able, id) tourbe gefonnt fjaben or fjaben etc. fonnen, I should have been able, etc. bu nmrbeft fonnen, etc. bu tmirbeft gefonnt fyxben, etc. IMPERATIVE. Wanting. 1 66 APPENDIX. INFINITIVES. fonnen, to be able gefonnt Jjaben or fjabert fonnett, to have been able PARTICIPLES. fomtenb, being able gefomtt, able Note. — The Inseparable Verb (cf. § 180) is omitted, as it differs from other verbs only in the absence of ge in its past parti- ciple. The Impersonal Verb (cf. § 195) is also omitted, as its conjugation differs in no way from that of the third personal singular of a weak or a strong verb. STRONG VERBS. 236. The strong verbs are here given, arranged In classes according to the vowel of the preterit and past participle. Sufficient information is given in § JJ to guide in the formation of the imperative. Whenever the preterit or past participle has some irregularity in spelling or otherwise, the form is given. Regular forms are not given. The second and third persons singular of the present indicative are also given whenever they change their vowel. Observe that the infinitive, preterit, and past participle have each a different vowel in §§237 and 238, that the infinitive and past participle have the same vowel in § § 239-243 (with a few exceptions), and that the preterit and past participle have the same vowel in the remaining verbs. The auxiliary is under- stood to be Jjaben unless f. (fetn) is noted. 237. Preterit a, Past Participle u : — binben, bind geltungert, f., succeed (only in bringen, f. r press third singular) Stubett, find flingen, sound STRONG VERBS. 167 mistifttgen, fail (see ge* stnfen, f., sink lingen) spring ringen, spring ringen, wring fttnfen, sink tingen, sling trtnfen, drink stubett, sink stubett, swing jttrirtgen, force stubett, sing Note. — Verbs marked * have u occasionally in the preterit. 238. Preterit a, Past Participle : — befetjert, command, -fiet, stetjlen,* steal, steejtft, steejt, steejt bergen, f., burst, btrgt berften,* f., burst, btrgt breden, break, britt, bldjt empfefylert, recommend (set befet) Ien) gebarert, bear, -bterft, -biert gelten, be worth, gilt, gilt feent(dat), help, ^Ufft, fjitst  fd^redEen, be afraid, fdjrtcfft, fd^rtdEen, stick, fiict)ft, ftid)t fterben,t I, die, fttrbft, ftirbt treffen, hit, trifft; pret., traf t)erberben,t spoil, -btrbft, -birbt (trans, usually weak) roerben,t sue, totrbft, ttrirft toerfen,f throw, ttrirfft, toirft beginnert,* begin gettnnnen,* win rtnnen,* ). t Jow fdjttummen,* f., swim finnen,* think spirmen,* spin fommert, f., come; pret., lam Note. — Verbs marked * have and those marked f have u very commonly instead of a in the preterit subjunctive. The preterit in- dicative of these verbs occasionally has or u instead of a. 1 68 APPENDIX. 239. Preterit a, Past Participle e: — bitten, beg, ask; pret., bat, getten, f., recover p. p., gebeten gefdE)et)en r f., happen, e3 ge- liegen, lie fd)te()t (only in 3d sing.) fifcen, sit; pret., fafj; p. p., lefen, m*^, lief eft, lieft gefeffen meffen, measure, mijst, mifet fefjen, air, stet)ft r fie£)t (im- effen, eat, ifct, ifct; p. p., ge* per. also stetje) geffen treten, f. f tread, tritt, tritt freffen, ^/, fri&t, frtfet fcergeffen, forget, — gtfet r geben, #k/*, gibst, gtbt -fli&t Note. — In the second singular instance, fifeft, etc., may be used instead of the form given, if$t, frage, etc. % of the preterit is here long; so the subjunctive is age, frage, etc. (cf. §44). 240. Preterit u, Past Participle a: — baden, bake, badft, bacft; tragen, carry, tragst, tragst, pret., but (often weak toacf) set, grow, rucic(fe)ft except in past parti- tDadjft ciple) toafcljen, wash, tufifdj (e)ft, fafjren, f., drive, fast, fast, master mafdjt. graben, dig, grabst, grabst, grabst, laben, Aawf fteljen, stand; pret., stand; fd^affen, create p. p., geftanben (pret. fcf)lagen, strike, fdjlagft, fdjlfigt formerly stuttb) 241. Preterit ie, Past Participle a: — btafen, &foze>, Maf(ef)t, blast fatten, hold, Mftst, pit braten, r^^, bratft, bratft, lassen, let, laftt or lassen, taftt fallen, \., fall, fallst, fallst; ratcn, advise, ratst, rat pret., fiel fd)(afen f */**/, fdfsilafft, fd^laft STRONG VERBS. 169 242. Preterit t, Past Participle a: — fangen, catch, ffingt, geljen, I, go; pret., gegangen 243. Preterit te, Past Participle as Infinitive : — Ijcwen, hew; pret., Ijieb rufen, shout, call laufen, f*/w», faufft, Ifiuft ftofeen, /»jA, ftfl&(ef)t, ftfl&t 244. Preterit te, Past Participle as Infinitive : — Ijcwen, hew; pret., Ijieb rufen, shout, call laufen, f*/w», faufft, Ifiuft ftofeen, /»jA, ftfl&(ef)t, ftfl&t 244. Preterit te, Past Participle as Infinitive : — Ijcwen, hew; pret., Ijieb rufen, shout, call laufen, f*/w», faufft, Ifiuft ftofeen, /»jA, ftfl&(ef)t, ftfl&t 244. Preterit te, Past Participle as Infinitive : — Ijcwen, hew; pret., Ijieb rufen, shout, call laufen, f*/w», faufft, Ifiuft ftofeen, /»jA, ft It is Past Participle: — (fief)) fiefeten,  when meaning soft) APPENDIX. 245. Preterit te, Past Participle te: — bletben, f., remain fdjroetgen, be silent (weak gebetfjen, f., thrive tetijen, lend metben, avoid preifen, praise retben, rub fdjetben, f., part (weak when meaning sever) fdjetnen, shine, seem fdjreten, write fdjreten, scream when meaning silence) fyeten, spit ftetgen, f. f mount, rise treiben, drive toetfen, show jeitjen, accuse. fetfjen, bid, call; Ijetften p. p., ge- 246. Preterit 0, Past Participle: — a. Infinitive te (it). rtedjett, smell btegen, bend bteten, offer ftiegen, \. } fly fttefjen, \.,flee fltefcen, \. } flow frteren, freeze gemeJ3en, pour fief en (old inf. of litren) ftteben, cleave (generally weak) frtedjen, f., creep Wren, choose  shut fdjmeben, snort fteben, &?/// pret, fott; p p., gefotten fprtefeen, f., sprout ftteben, f., disperse triefen, drip; pret., troff; p. p., getroffen trfigen, deceive STRONG VERBS. berbrücken, vex Jügen, draw; pret., jog; p. bertteren, lose p., gejogen toiegen, weigh b. Infinitive e. betoegen, (weak except when quellen, gush,  weak) fd)ncmbett, snort fdjrauben, screw (also weak) fcf)toaren, suppurate fd)tooren, swear (pret. also fdjttmr) toagen, weigh (sometimes weak) jaugen, suck 247. Preterit u (or rarely a), Past Participle u, bhtgen, engage fdjmbett, ^j 172 APPENDIX. 248. The following are irregular: tun f do; pret., tat; p. p., getan toerben, f., become; cf. § 235 c fetn, be; cf. § 235, b 249. The following may have the forms here indicated, but are usually weak: — fatten, fold; past participle sometimes gefalten fragen, ask; sometimes like fasten, but past participle always gefragt. marten, grind; past participle gematlen radjen, avenge; rarely strong like btegen except in past participle fatjen, salt; strong only in past participle gefalten f patten, Split; strong only in past participle gefalten f patten, Split; strong only in past participle bet- toorren Note. — Some of the strong verbs other than those so noted are occasionally weak or have variant forms. 250. Modal Auxiliaries : — fonnen, can ; pres., fann, fannft, fann ; pret., fonntc ; p. p., gelonnt mogen, may ; pres., mag, magft, mag; pret, modjte; p. p., gemodjt bitrfen, be permitted ; pres., barf, barfft, barf; pret., burfte; p. p., geburft miiffen, must; pres., mnfc, muftt, mufc; pret, mnfcte, p. p., gemufet STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 73 foffett, ought; pres., foil, foffft, foil; pret., foUte; p. p., gefoHt tooKen, will; pres., ttriK, toiHft, toiU; pret, toollte; p. p., getoollt Note. — The present indicative plural and the whole of the pres- ent subjunctive are made on the infinitive stem. The preterit sub- junctive of fonnen, ntogen, biirfett, tniiffen has the modified vowel. See Lesson XXVI. 251. Irregular Weak Verbs, Principal Parts: — bretmen, burn, brcmrtte, gebrctmtt femten, know, fomtte, gefctnnt nenrten, name, ncmnte, genamtt remtett, f., run, rannte, geramtt fenbert, send, fanbte, gefanbt (also regular) toenben, turn, tocmbte, getocmbt (also regular) brtngen, bring, bradjte, gebradjt (pret subj., brittle) benfett, think, bad)te, gebad)t (pret subj., badjte) tt)tffert r know, touj^te, getDU^t (pres. indie, sing., toetfj, toetfet, toet§; pret. subj., toiifcte) Ijaben, have, fjatte, gefjabt (cf. 235, a) Note The preterit subjunctive is bremtte, femtte, etc., unless otherwise indicated. LIST OF STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. In the following list are given the infinitive, the preterit indicative and preterit subjunctive, and the past participle of the German strong and irregular verbs. The second and third person singular of the present indicative and the second person singular of the imperative are also given whenever irregular. A dash indicates that forms so marked are regular (that is, according to the rules of the weak conjunction). Forms in parenthesis are unusual. As in the Vocabulary cognates are printed in full-faced type. Verbs are to be conjugated with b, aben unless f. (fetn) or f. or b. follows the infinitive. Numbers refer to paragraphs in the Appendix where the verbs are treated in classes. APPENDIX. Infinitive. batten, 1 bake =baren, only befehlen, command beffeiften, see begtnen, begin betften, bite bergen, conceal betften, f./ burst bctticgcn, 2 induce biegen, bend btctt, offer binben, bind bitten, beg Mafeit, blow Wetbett, f., remain bleuhett, 4 bleach bratcit, roast urerf)cn f break bremten, burn brittten, bring =beiben, only benfett, think sbcrbCtt, only in bUtgeit, 5 engage brefchett, thresh sfcrteftett, only in bringen, f., press biirfeit, be per- mitted cmjjfcblen, rec- Commend effet, eat fabreit, f. or b., drive Present 2d and 3d Sing. * Most bacft ** gebarett, befteblft, befter?It fleiftett btrgft birgt birjiefl, birlr biaf(ef)t, bldfi bratft, brat bridjfi, brtdjt in gebeibett, btrgft, brtdjt in gebeibet, brtdjt, bbrjt bberbrieftett, barf, barf, empfterflfl, empftcb, It tff(ef)t i%t fdtjrfr, fabrt Preterit Indie. uuf •which  bdr|ie borfic bemoge boge bote bdnbe bdte bliefe bltebe bltdje brtere bracbe brennte bradjte badjte bflnge (brafdje) brofebe brange burfte empfabjle empfotjle afje futjre Imper. beftety birg birft brid? brifeb. wanting Past Part. gcbmfcn befobfen begonnett gcbiffcit geborgett geborftett benj0rt.cn gebogen geboten gebunben gebeten gebtofen QcbXicbcn gebltrben gebraten gcbrorhen gebrannt gebvacht gcbarbt gebungen gcbroffben gebtungen gebmrft cmbfohlcn gegeffen gefabren 1 Also weak except in past participle. 2 In other senses weak. * Has very rarely Pres. 2d and 3d Sing, beurfr, beut and Imper. Sing. beut. * Intransitive often, transitive always, weak. 6 Sometimes weak. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 175 Infinitive. fatten, U fall fatten, 1 fold fattgett, catch fedjtett, tight -f ehictt, only in fittfcett, And fledjten, twine fleiftett, apply fltegett, (.<"-*?/ fly flteften, f., flee flieften, f. or b„ flow fragett, 1 ask freffett, eat frieren, freeze fliircit, ferment flctmren, bear neb en, give gcfcciljen, \., thrive H elicit, f., go geUngen, 3 f.> succeed geltett, be worth gettefett, \., recover flemefeen, enjoy geftfjeften, 3 f./ happen =geffen, ^«<y getoinnett, win flicfjcit, pour ;gimtett, only gtetdjen, 4 resemble a let ten, f., glide gttmmett, gleam Present 2d and 3d Sing. faajt, faat fangjt, f&nqt ftdjtefl, ficbt fcef chlctt and flicbtft, fl\d,t (fragfrfrdgt) f riff(ef)t, frifct gebterft, gebtert gibft, gibt giltft, gilt gefebtefyt in Ucrgcffeit, ** bcgiitucn, Preterit Indie. fief fi«JJ fo«)t emfcfeftlett, fanb flotft flog (ftug) fraf? fcov gor ncbar gab nebieli at«g gclang gait gena§ genof? gefdjafi which see. gcnmmt oof* which see. altd) alitt gtomm Preterit Subjunc. (fruge) trifle frore gore gebare gabe gcMebe gtnge geldnge galte golte gendfe genoffe gefdjabe geroclnne gemonne goffc gltcfye glitte glomme Imper. ftcbt see. fltcbt fn§ gebier gib gilt wanting Past Part. gefattett gefalten gefangen gefodjten gefunben geflorijtcit gefliffett geflogen flefloljen gcfloffcn gefragt gefteffen gefroren gegoren geboren gegeben acbicben gegmtgen geltutgett gegoltett genefett genoffen rtefdjehen gchumucn gegoffett flCflltrflCtt geglitten geglommen 241 249 242 246 237 246 244 246 246 246 249 239 246 246 238 239 245 242 237 238 239 246 239 238 246 244 244 246 1 Generally weak throughout. 2 Very rarely forms in cu. See bieten. 3 Only ifl third person. 4 Transitive usually weak. 176 APPENDIX. Infinitive. geaben, dig greifen, seize habcn, have baltcn, hold hangett, hang haunt, hew beben, raise hetften, bid, call helfen, help fcifen, chide t emtett, know tiefen, 1 choose f lemmen, 2 press t Ueben, 3 cleave f ltmmcn, U climb f tina.cn, sound ftteifen, pinch. fttCi|JCtt, 4 pinch f ommcit, f./ come fbmtcn, can f riecften, creep. f iiren, choose. taken, load laffen, let laufen, f. or b., run leiben, suffer leiben, lend lefett, read licflcit, lie sltetCtt, only in :(ingen, only in Present 2d and 3d Sing. grabfr, grabt baft, b.at bdltfl, bait fydngfr, b,dngt bUffi, W (fommfi) (fommt) farm, fannft, fann Idbft, Idbt Idffeji lafjt Idufft, Iduft Hefejt, liefl berlteren, gelingen and Preterit Indie. grub B*if? vatic bielt bittg bieb bob imb W% half Kf? tannic flomm Hob flnmm Hang fniff tittup tarn lonntc tvoa) for lnt> Heft lief litt tiel) r*i lag which see. miftlhtgen, Preterit Subjunc. griibe grtffe bdtte fytelie fytnge b,tebe bobe fyiibe b,te§e bdlfe baife fiffe fennte fofe flomme flobe flomme flange flunge fniffe fntppe fame fonnte frocbe fore lube Iiefje Iiefe Iitte lteb.e [aft Idge Imper. hilf wanting lies Past Part. gegraben gegriffen acbabt gcbaltcn gehangen gebauett gcboben gebetften gebolfen geftffen gefannt gefofen geflommen gefloben gcflommcn gcflungcn gefntffen gefnibben gefommen gefount gerrodjen geforen gclabcn gelaffen gelaufen gclittcu gclicben gclefcn gelegen 1 Same word as fiircn, but less common. 2 Usually weak except in bet lemmctt. 3 Generally weak. * Often weak. • Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 177 Infinitive. lufcfjcit, 1 extin- guish litant, lie ttttl)len, 3 grind meiben, avoid melfen, 4 milk ttteffen, measure mtftlingen, 5 f/ fail mogen, may mitffen, must ttchmeu, take ttcnncn, name sttefett, only in stltC^Ctt, only in fcfeifett, whistle pflegett, 6 foster fcretfen, praise anellen, 1 \.or b., gush tatyen, 7 avenge taieit, advise mfcen, rub reiften, tear retten, f. *r b,., ride remteit, f. or \, run rietfjen, smell rtngen, wring rinnen, f. or b„ run mfett, call Present 2d and 3d Sing. lifcbeft Iifdjt (mdblft, mablt) (mllffr, milft) miff(ef)t, mifjt mag, magft, mag mufj, mufjt, mufj nimmfr, ntmmt genefen, gemeften, quillfi, qiullt rdtft, rdt Preterit Indie. log <llllll)l> micb molf miftlang morf)tc ttttt^tC nalnn nannte which see. which see. fcflog (Uflafl) fcrteS quod (rod)) rict riefc rif? ritt tannic rod) rang rung rann ricf Preterit Subjunc. Idfcbe loge (muble) mtebe molfe mafje melange mddjte miifjte ndbme nennte Pftffe pfloge prtefe quolle (rocbe) riete riebe riffe ritte rennte rocbe range riinge ranne ronnc rtefe Imper. lifd? (milf) mt§ wanting wanting] gemOfht gemnftt genommen genannt quill Past Part. gelofdjen gelogen gcmablcn gemteben gcmolfcn gemeffen miftlungen gefcfiffen gefcflogen gejiriefen geqnoHen gerodjen geraten geriefcen geriffen geritten gcrannt gcrorficn gerungen geronnen gernfen 246 246 249 245 246 239 237 250 250 238 251 244 246 245 246 249 241 245 244 244 246 237 238 243 1 Transitive weak. 2 Very rarely forms in cu. See bieten. 3 Very seldom strong except in past participle. 4 Also weak. 6 Only in third person. • Usually weak. 7 Rarely strong except in past participle. i 7 8 APPENDIX. Infinitive. f alsett, salt ffUtfett, drink fruiflcn, suck fdjaffett, 1 create f rf)rtlteu, sound sfctyeftett, only in fdjeiben, f., part frfKtitcit, shine jrrjcttcn, scold fdjeren, shear fdjteben, shove fdjiefeett, shoot fdjmbeti, flay fdilafen, sleep fd)lageit, strike frhlcirheit, f./ sneak fd|)letfeit, whet fctyletften, slit frhltcfcn, f., slip frfjltefteit, shut fdjltttgett, sling fdjmetfeeti, smite fctymeljeit, 3 \.. melt fchimuucn, snort frhueibcn, cut ffhmcbcn, snort jrhrauben, screw fetyrecfen, 4 f./ be afraid irhrcibcit, write irhreicn, scream frhreitett, f., stride frhwarcit, sup- purate Present 2d and 3d Sing. fauffl/ ffiuft gefcljefceit, fcbtltft, fcbilt fcbterft, fcbiert fcbiafft fcblaft fcbldgfr, fcblagt fdjmtl3ejr / fcbmity fcbrtcffi, fcbricft (fdjmierf}, fcbmierr) Preterit Indie. foff fog frfmf frfjoU which see. feftieb fdjten frf)Olt fdjor frf)Oi) f$** fdjtmb Wief fdjlufl fd)U$> fWft Woff f#l0fe f^Iang fdjmif? fthtioB ftfmtti frfmob fdjrofc fchtaf frfjriefc fchrie ftfrttt fcf)ltior Preterit Subjunc. foffe foge febfife fdjotle fdjiebe febiene fcbalte fcbolte febore febobe feboffe fdjunbe fcbliefe fcbluge fcblidje f» WRffe fcbloffe fcbloffe fcblange febmiffe fdjmofoe fdjnobe febmrte febnobe febrobe febrdfe febriebe fdjrtec febritte febmore Imper. Wit febier fd?mil3 febrief Past Part. gefalsett gefalftt gejoffett gefogen gcfrhaffcit gcfrfjoUcn gefcfiicbcn gcfchtcncn gcfrhoUctt gefdjorett gefrftoben gefthoffen gefdjunbett gefrhlafcn gestagen gcirhlidjcn gefdjltffen gefdjUffen gefdjloffett gefd)Ioffett gcffftlmtgcii gefdjmtffen gcfrhntol^cn gefrfmohen gefdjnittett gefthnoben flc|d)robcit gefthrotfeu gefdjriefceit gefrbrteen gefrhritren gcirtjtuorcit 1 With other meanings usually weak. a Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. * Transit. 7e usually weak. * Transitive weak. STRONG AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 179 Infinitive. fd^meidett, 1 be silent fdjtoeHett, 2 f., swell [rhmimmett, f. or \\., swim fdjwtubcn, f., vanish fdjUnngen, swing frfjttiprcttr swear feften, see fetn, I, be fenbett, 3 send fteben, 3 boil lingett, sing ftttlett, f./ sink ftnnett, think U<?en, sit iodeit, ought ffcaltew, split ffceien, spit fpimten, spin f£letf?en, split ffcrerfjen, speak f$mef?ett, U sprout fprittgeit, f. or\., spring fredjen, stick fterfen, 5 stick fteftett, stand ftchicn, steal Present 2d and 3d Sing. fcbwillfi fcbruillt fleb.fr, ftcbt bin, btft, ift foil, foCft, foU fpncbfr, fprtcbt fHdjfr, flidjt fttcffr, jiicft fHetjIft jHetjIt Preterit Indie. fd))t)(TtUlU fd)tuumut fd)Umnt> fdiftmnb jrhhmna. frhiunr jdjumv faf> lunr fattbte fott fang fan! famt fottte We fpamt &m farad) ffctang ftatfj fial ftcmb fttmb ftafit Preterit Sub junc. febanege fcbrrolle fptee fpdnrte fportne fpliffe fprdd]C fproffe fprdnge flacfye fiafe frdnbe ftunbe ftatjle flotjle Imper. fcbmtil fteb. fet wanting fpricb 1ticb tfid 5 ftieb.1 Past Part. gefrfitutcgcii gefdjtooHen a,cfrf)h)om= men gefdjfemtts ben gefd)ftmn= flCtt aefdjtutfvett flCfcl)Ctt getoefen gefanbt gefortett gefmtgen gefmtfett gefonnett gefeffett gefollt geffcaltett gefjmitet gefbieen getyomten geffcUffeit acflu'orfjcn getyroffen gefprungett geftorheu geftocfett geftanbett geftoljlen 246 238 237 237 246 239 248 251 246 237 237 238 239 250 249 245 238 244 238 246 237 238 249 240 1 Transitive occasionally weak. ■ Transitive weak, rarely forms in eu. See bieren. 6 Usually weak. 3 Also weak. I Very i8o APPENDIX. Infinitive. Stetgett, f. or %, ' mount Stetgett, f. die Stiebeit, disperse Stützen, stink  246 237 251 250 2 45 246 237 Very rarely forms in eu. See bieten. INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 252. The effect of the inseparable prefixes upon the meaning of words can not always be traced, but the fol- lowing statement may be of assistance : — 93e (English be) is related to bet. It makes intransi- tive verbs transitive and usually changes the meaning or application of transitives. Thus : betoofjttett, to oc- cupy, 6efc£)ret6en r to describe. It also makes transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives and then means to pro- vide with, make. Thus : befreunben, to befriend, befreten, to free. (Sttt usually signifies separation or deprivation. Thus : entgcfyen, to escape, entfagen, to renounce. It becomes emp in empfattgen, emipfefjfot, empfmben. (£r often signifies getting or passing into a condition, or obtaining by the action of the verb. Thus : erbfoffen, to grow pale, er jagen, to get by hunting. @e seems often to have no effect on the meaning of 1 82 APPENDIX. the verb, and at other times has such various significa- tions that it is not further noticed here. 95er signifies forth, for. It may mean a complete carrying out of the idea of the verb, or it may convey the idea of loss, perversion, privation. Thus: berfpredjen, to promise, fcerfetmen, to mistake. 3er signifies to pieces, dissolution, apart, asunder. Thus: jerretf^en, to tear to pieces, gergltebern, to dis- member. SUMMARIES OF RULES FOR THE ORDER OF WORDS. 253. The following summaries give the usual position of the different elements of the sentence in each of the three word-orders. Details have been given in § 87, 220-225, and illustrative sentences may be found in any of the German Exercises. It should be observed that these three word-orders differ essentially only in the position of the personal verb. a. Normal Order (cf. § 102). Subject, Personal Verb, 1. Pronoun object, 2. Adverb of time, 3. Noun objects, 4. Other adverbs, 5. Negation, 6. Predicate adjective or noun, 7. Separable prefix, 8. Remainder of verb. b. Inverted Order (cf. § 102). Inverting element (ii any), Personal Verb, Subject, the other elements as in the Normal Order. c. Transposed Order (cf. § 146). Connective, Subject, the other elements as in the Normal Order, Personal Verb. DERIVATION. 1 83 Note. — While principal clauses may have either the normal or the inverted order, subordinate clauses can have only the transposed, except as provided for in § 222. DERIVATION OF VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES. 254. Derivation is the process of forming words from other words by the aid of prefixes, suffixes, or internal change of vowels and consonants. Two or more of these agencies may act together, although they are treated separately in the following paragraphs. The derivation of verbs, nouns, and adjectives is treated briefly here. There are, of course, words which do not come from other words by derivation or composition. These are called primitive words and are regularly mon - osyllables. VERBS. Verbs are derived: — a. From other verbs by a change of the vowel of the root, or by a change of the final consonant, with or without vowel-change. Thus: fallen, to fell, tegen, to lay from fallen and liegen (these are called causative verbs); bitten, to bend, from Megert, to bow. b. From nouns, usually without, and from adjectives, usually with vowel-change. Thus: fatteltt, to saddle, totert, to kill. Occasionally verbs are derived from other parts of speech in the same way. c. By the inseparable prefixes. See § 253. 1 84 APPENDIX. d. By suffixes such as eln, ent, lerett, etc. Thus: (adjeln, to smile, flappert, to rattle, flappert, to study. NOUNS. 256. Nouns are derived: — a. From verbs by vowel-change, sometimes with a change of the final consonant, and also by the suffixes te, be, t, b, e. Thus: gtufe, river, from flieffen; ©prctdje, language, from fpredjen. b. Rarely from adjectives without a suffix. Thus: Gk&Xt, green from the adjective grim. But see also § 145. c. By the suffixes d)en, e, et, el f er, en f l)ett, in, fett, tetn, ling, ttUf, fat, fet, fdjaft, turn, ung, etc. Thus: ©ute, goodness, @ottt)ett, godhead. Some Of these can be added only to one part of speech, others to two or more parts. By the prefixes ge, mtft, un, erj, ant. Thus: ©emalbe, painting, Unred, wrong. ADJECTIVES. 257. Adjectives are derived: — a. Rarely from verbs by vowel-change merely. Thus: bracJ), fallow, from bredjen. b. By the suffixes bar, en, er, em, f)aft, td), tfd), lei, lit), jam, t, etc. Thus; epar, eatable, golben, golden. By the prefixes, be, erj, ge, mt, un, ur. Thus: berett, ready, getreu, faithful. COMPOSITION OF VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES. 258. Composition is the putting together of two or more independent words, each with its own meaning, to make a new word. Derivation by prefixes and suffixes is really not essentially different from composition, as prefixes and suffixes were originally independent words which have now lost their independent meaning and use and are employed solely as parts of other words. In some cases a question may arise whether a particular word is really derived or compounded. For example, verb? formed from other verbs by the inseparable prefixes are usually called compounds, but may be as well considered derivatives. 259. In compound verbs, nouns, and adjectives, the last component is regularly a verb, noun, or adjective respectively. The preceding component or components may be any part of speech. Thus: ctufftefjert, to stand up, (Sbetftettt, precious stone, et^fctlt, ice-cold. Note. — German makes its words to such an unusual extent from other words of the language, that one of the easiest means of acquiring a large vocabulary is to watch closely the stems of words. The usefulness of this habit cannot be insisted upon too much. Frequently the knowledge of the meaning of a single stem will make clear the meaning of a large number of other words based on that stem. The habit of fixing the stem of a word at its first occurrence will save much examination of the dictionary and greatly facilitate progress in acquiring the language. GRIMM'S LAW . 260. This law, named after its expounder, has to do with the progression or rotation of mutes. It has been discovered that the mutes have moved forward one step from the original in most of the Germanic languages (English, Low-German, Scandinavian, etc.) and two steps in modern High-German. Thus, in the table of the original, the original should become theoretically English th (dfr) and German b; original th (dh), English d, German t; and so on through the series. This would require: — English /, th, d — p, ph, b — k, kh, g to be German % b, t— p\ b, p — flj, g, I 261. This is the theory. Actually there are many exceptions, especially in the labial and palatal series. German often has f and i) instead of pt and ft), and f or j instead of tt), as required by the table. Arbitrary changes in spelling also add to the confusion, Reading the table backwards, so as to place German first, and allowing for many regular variations, we get as a table of the actual correspondences, though still with many exceptions, the following: — German b, f (3), t— b, f, p — g, dj, f. English th, t, d — / {y), p y b — g (y, w), k (gh,y), ch. Thus: bct3, that, ttcf, deep; Field, half, reif, ripe, top-pel, stubble; %a§, day, safe, cheese t $8uti) t book. 