None
R., 295 Mines, Bureau of, 4 Moeller, 335 Mohr, O., 564 Mohr, William F., 595 Montague, H. E., 456 Moore, vii, 52, 126, 394, 395 Moore, H., 4, 33, 34, 35, 58 Morgan, D. G., 124 Morrell, 52, 126, 592 Mueller, 17 Murray, T. E., 163 N Nash, 547 Nastjukoff, 48 Natural Gas Association of America, 654 National Petroleum News, 654 Natural Gas Association, 645 Navin, 594 Neilson, 266 Nelson, 283 Nelson, J., 436 Nencki, 385 Nernst, 369 Neville, William H., 542 New Jersey Chemical So- ciety, 568 New Oil Refining Process Company, 266 New Oil Refining Process, Ltd., 339 New Process Company, 269 Newton, 36 Nikiforoff, 532, 537 Noad, 264 Nobel Brothers, 535 North, C. O., 297 Northrop, J. D., 473 Oil Shale Mining Co., 578 Olin, 526 Olivier, S. C. J., 384 Ollander, O., 562 Oltmans, J., 334 Oppenheimer, 541 Optime Motor Spirit Syn- dicate, 335 Ormandy, 508 Ormandy, W. R., 21, 542 Ossa, Belisario Diaz, 7 Ostwald, Wa., 52 Otto, 547 Owen, 59 Owen, F., 59 Owen, J., 542 Oberfell, 22, 504 O'Brien, J. M., 4 Oglobin, 539 Oil Age, 654 Oil and Gas Journal, 654 Paal, C., 375 Padgett, F. W., 270 Palmer, 114, 190 Pamfilow, 539 Paris, A. J., Jr., 477 Parker, 263 Parker, J. H., 147 Parr, 526 Parsons, C. C., 103 Pasenmeyer, 644 Pawlewski, 533 Payne, T., 498 Pearse, A. L., 580, 595 Peckham, 170 Pennsylvania Department of Internal Affairs, 506 Perdew, 572 Perkin, 247, 249 Perkin, F. M., 113, 114 Perrier, 385, 386 Peterson, 473 Peterson, E. P., 655 Petroleum Committee of the Royal Automobile Club, 508 Petroleum Gazette, 655 Petroleum News, 655 Petrol Patents, Ltd., 283 Petrol World, 655 Pfeifer, F., 436 Philip, A., 36 Phillips, F. C., 649 Phinny, T. G., 656 Pickering, 127 Pictet, 386, 526 Pielsticker, 293 Pilat, S. V., 495 Pilgram, 173 Pilot, S., 449 Pintsch, 642 Pirani, 368 Pitt, 104, 113 Planes Limited, 355 Plotnikeff, 385 Pohlman, E. F., 373 Poole, W. B., 212 Porges, 442, 444 Porter, 300, 525, 527 Porter, H. C., 518 Pratt, 313 Preston, C. H., 366 Prevost, C. A., 595 Prichard, Thomas W., 595 Prutzman, 127, 162 Pumpherston, 595 Q Quaglio, G., 653 Quayle, 600 Quinaux, 23 R Ragosin, 127, 206 Rainbow Petroleum Prod- ucts Company, 595 Ramage, A. S., 444, 448 Rather, 375 Rau, 526 Read, 530 Reber, 464 Redwood, 33, 58, 59,. 112, 171, 204, 221, 265, 542, 590 Reed, 595 Referee, 59 Regnault, 154 Reid, 375, 467 Reinicker, 519 Renard, 247, 248, 283, 340 Rhead, 531 Rice, T. E., 24 Richards, 170, 473, 507, 556 Richards, William, 656 Richter, 116 Ricketts, E. B., 163 Rideal, E. K., 561 Rider, 300 Riebeck's Mining Works, Inc., 172 Riedler, A., 26 676 INDEX OF AUTHORS Rittman, 45, 50, 324, 489, Semet-Solvay, 662 Stewart, D. R., 569 532, 538, 669 Senderens, 272 Stillman, 170 Roots, James, 656 Setzler, 205 Stone, Lauson, 547 Robertson, 283, 463 Shaw, 356, 507 Stoneham, J. A., 7, 498 Robinson, C. I., 108, 125 Shedlock, 335 Strache, 442, 444 Robinson, S. W., 656 Sheets, E. H., 477 Stransky, 444 Roeschlaub, H. M., 580 Sherman, 202 Streatham, 469 Roger, 521 Siedler, P., 373 Strong, 31, 550 Rogers, 323 Sievers, E. G., 474 Strong, M. H., 442 Rollason, A., 598 Simmonds, C., 560 Strong, Robert M., 547, 565 Rose, J. R., 381 Simon-Carv6, 11 Stutz, C. C., 330 Rosen, J., 456 Simon, L. J., 8, 49 Suchy, P., 18 Rosenbaum, R. R., 254 Simplex Refining Co., The, Suckert, 261 Rosner, 171 258 Sutton Brothers, 473 Rossini, 266 Simpson, 569 Synthetic Hydrocarbon Co., Roth, 437 Simpson, Louis, 595 The, 297 Rowe, 669 Singer, 171 Swaton, 294 Rowe, W. T., 556 Skinningrove Iron and Steel Swiss Liquid Gas Co., 642 Rowsey, 200 Works, 563 Royal Automobile Club, Slocum, F. L., 330 508 Smith, A. D., 206 Royal Society of Arts, 559 Smith, David J., 19 Rue, La, 533 Smith, Everett, 597 Tagliabue, 36 Ruff, F. C., 45, 382 Smith, E. W., 531 Tait, E. W., 376 Rutula, 387 Smith-Jervis, 26 Tammann, 540 Ryberg, 375 Snelling, 110, 193, 194, 381, Tariff Commission, U. S., 478 514 Snodgrass, 256 Tausz, J., 44, 45, 48, 50, 54 Sperr, F. W., 512 Taylor, 525 Sabatier, 272, 274, 354, 309, Spicer, F., 11 Taylor, F. H., 644, 656 381 Spilker, 171 Torres, E., 541 Salzmann, 533, 535 Spilker, A., 511 Testelin, 247, 248, 283, 540 Saybolt, G. M., 117, 473, Sprent, C., 369 Thole, 190, 249, 269, 304, 656 Socie"t£ Lyonnaise des Eaux 315, 557 Saybolt, 399, 475 et de 1'ficlairage, 540 Thompsen, A. L., 124 Sayner, G. S., 332, 543 Society of Automotive En- Thompson, 58 Schauer, F. F., 381 gineers, 15 Thompson, N. W., i62 Schill, E., 476 Sommer, F., 358 Thompson, W. P., 355, 357 Schiller, 335 Sorel, E., 55 Thomson, Elihu, 566 Schmidt, A. T., 103 South Metropolitan Gas Thorpe, 531 Schmidt, W. A., 494 Co., 112 Thumm, C. F., 444 Schnable, S., 50 Stalman, Otto, 595 Thurlow, E. W., 593 Schneider, 171 Standard Oil Company, Todo, P., 498 Schneider, W. P., 642, 656 vii, 227, 425 Tompsett Brothers, 473 Schniewind, F., 644 Starke, E. A., 110 Topographic and Geologi- Schorlemmer, 533 Starke, 540 cal Survey, 506 Schwartz, S., 213 Starke, P. A., 110 Townsend, 266 Schwarz, A., 375 Steele, 384 Tracy, Joseph, vii, 25, 29, 30 Schweitzer, H., 644 Steely, James E., 565 Trotter, 195 Scot, 170 Stern, 507, 556 Trumble, 127, 257, 300 Scott, 595 Stevens, L., 431 Trumble, M. J., 159 Seeger, 292 Stevens, W. H., 24 Tryon, F. G., 657 Seigle, 262 Stevenson, G., 525 Tumski, 113 Seigle, A., 432 Steuart, 582 Turner, C., 190 Selden, G. B., 24 Steuart, B., 589 Turner, C. W., 333 Selinsky, 540 Stewart, C. B., 595 Twomey, 45, 50, 669 INDEX OF AUTHORS 677 U Ubbeholde, 54, 55 United Gas Improvement Company, vii, 516, 541, 564, 668 United States Bureau of Mines, vii, 4, 59, 576 U. S. Department of Agri- culture, 559 U. S. Fuel Administration, 542, 664 U. S. Geological Survey, vii, 473, 567, 631, 657 U. S. Industrial Alcohol Co., 16 Ujehely, 116 Valpy, 276 Van Beck, 113 Vandenberghe, H., 47 Vander Weyde, P., 116 Van Dyke, 134 Van Steenbergh, 343 Van Wyck, 116 Veith, 533 Vernon Boys, 343 Venturino, 437 Vidstand, E. H., 357 Vidstrand, E. H., 334 Vidstrand, M., 542 Vignon, 526 Vignon, L., 357 Vincent, 170 Von Groeling, 174, 285, 490 Von Pohrnhoff, 337 von Putnoky, N., 54 Vuilleumier, 339 W Wade, C. B., 303 Wade, H. C., 345 Walden, 126 Wadsworth, J. M., 127 Walker, 492 Wallace, 577 Wallace Coke, Oil and By- Products Company, 595 Wallace, George W., 595 Walther, 172, 173 War Department, 88 Warth, C. H., 344 Washburn, C. H., 339 Washburn, F. M., 63 Wassmer, 467 Watson, 507, 556 Watson, W., 566 Weegman, 669 Weir, J. B., 498 Wellmann, 298 Wells, 276, 283 Wells, F. E., 157 Wells, A. A., 436 Wells, W. C., 157 Westcott, H. P., 656 Western Refiners Associa- tion, 270 Wheeler, R. V., 525 White, 12, 427, 546 White, C., 16 White, Thomas L., 565 Whitaker, 17, 302, 324, 374 Whitehead, S. E., 542 Whitman, J. C., 117 Wichelhaus, 533, 535 Wijs, 41 Wiley, H. W., 559, 565 Wilkinson, A. W., 127 Williams, 36, 530 Williams, C. H. G., 656 Williams, F. N., vii Williams, O. H., 642 Wilputte, 662 Wilson, 507, 556 Winch, 17 Winchester, 569, 576, 595 Wingett, 16, 154, 577, 595 Winkler, J., 355 Wolcott, E. R., 464 Wolf, L., 642, 656 Wolf, H., 44, 45 Wolf, H. J., 577 Wolski, 642, 656 Woltereck, 335, 340 Woo, 656 Wood, R., 18 Woodward, James F., 506 Woodward, S. M., 565 Wrana, R. O., 479 Wright, L. T., 649 Yaley, T. E., 270 Yocum, J. H., 381 Yoeman, E. W., 48 Young, 170, 531 Yunck, J. A., 470 Zelinsky, 539 Zerning, H., 338 Zimmermann, Aug., 564 Zintheo, C. J., 565 SUBJECT INDEX A PAGE Absorption plants, for making gasoline 503, 504 process, development of 475, 476 for gasoline recovery 472, 499 Acceleration test, of motor fuels and engines 30 Acetone, use of in fuels 7, 16 Acetylene, action of , on oil 425, 426 as an agent of flame propagation 22 combustion characteristics of 23 diluents for 23 dilution of, complications arising from 23 dissolved, use of 22 dissolved, safety of, compared with gaseous acetylene 22 explosibility of 22 generation of, from calcium carbide 23 hydrogenation of 373 properties of 643 Acetylene gas, and alcohol 12 as fuel 22 utilization of, in Switzerland 22 with mineral oils 17 Acetylenic gases, production of 289 Acetylenic hydrocarbons as causes of bad odor 105 Acid, (free) in oils fuels 37 (heat) test of gasoline, determination of 38 (heat) test of motor fuels. consumption of, per brake horsepower per hour 552 denatured, low heating value of 551 exhaust gases from explosion of, in motors, quantitative relations of . . 546 explosive range of compound with gasoline 549 from coke oven gases 560, 562, 563, 564 from flowers of mahua tree 561 from peat 562 from potatoes 562 from sawdust 561 from wood cellulose and sulphite liquor 561 impregnation of, with oil refinery gases 558 incomplete combustion of 557 mixed with benzol and used as motor fuel 561 motors, efficiency of 555 potential and actual supplies of 546 profit, in manufacture of 19 problems, involved in use of, as motor fuel 547 solubility of gases in 558 slow ignition of 547 slow propagation of flame in burning vapors of 547 use in motor fuels 5, 7, 11, 19 use of, as motor fuel, in England 560 with shale naphtha 568 vegetable sources of 559, 561, 562 yield of, from coke oven gases 563 Alkalies, as refining agents 105, 110 treatment of naphtha with 85 Alkyl esters, formation of, in refining with sulphuric acid 119 Alloy of nickel chromium and steel as catalytic agent 333 Alumina, sulphate of as refining agent 117 Aluminum, as catalytic agent 266 bronze 413 bromide 420 chloride, action of on Alsace petroleum 390 aromatic or coal tar oils 386, 387 benzene and chloro compounds 384 coal tar naphtha (coumarone and indenes) .. distillate from cracked fish oil 390, 391 fractions of lignite tar 390 a naphthene base oil and recovery of, after action on oil 411, 412 Ohio petroleum 390 oil 397,412,415 paraffin base kerosene petroleum and naphthalene 384 shale oil 391 solvent naphtha 423, 42 thiophene from lignite tar typical organic compounds 392, 393 SUBJECT INDEX 681 PAGE Aluminum chloride, distillation of oil with 397, 398, 423 distillation of oil with and refluxing of distillates; action of, on oil, and detailed description of results obtained 399-410 generation of, in contact with oil 423 manufacture of lubricating stock, by means of 388, 389 polymerizing action of 387 polymerizing action on ethylene and olefins 387 possible mechanism of action of on oils 383 process, applied to pressure still products 418 reactions, mechanism of 384, 385 solution of, in higher fractions of oil 386 use of for refining gas naphtha 390 metallic oxides with 420 Aluminum compounds, recovery of, from oil 423, 424 of, and use of same in cracking oils 420, 421, 422 Aluminum, metallic, action of on oils 424 Aluminum, oxide of, as an aid in formation of aromatics from petroleum .... 282, 283 Aluminum sulphate, application of, to oil 419 Ammonia, as a desulphurizing agent 114 from oil shale 574 refrigeration use of, in recovering gasoline from natural gas 479 yield of, from coke ovens 665, 666 nitrate, in motor fuels 11 Analysis, ultimate, of motor fuels, value of 33 Aniline, critical temperature of solution of for determining aromatic hydro- carbons in gasoline 49 in motor fuel 15 Apparatus for laboratory distillation and fractionation of gasoline 60, 61, 62, 63 Arc, electric, use of in distilling 468, 469 Aromatic, derivatives, evidence of, in crude oil 531 hydrocarbons by the oxidation of oils 445, 446, 447 determined by means of dimethyl sulphate 50 determination of in motor fuels and gasoline, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 determined by the use of sulphur dioxide 52, 53 in gasoline, Halphen's method for determining 51, 52 use of picric acid in determining 50, 51 determination of 50 nitration method for determining. 47 note, concerning correction to be applied in determina- tion of 48 determination of, by the specific gravity method .... or pressure still bottoms, from distilling paraffin distillate 184 production of, and gasoline, from asphaltic crudes by evapora- tion 158, 159 production of in continuous stills 100, 101 still bottoms 184 Syrian, products obtained by distilling 598 Atomizer, for vaporizing gasoline from petroleum 149 Autoclave, or digesting method, for cracking oils 195 Automobile, popular demand for xviii Aviation gasoline, German 8 B Baffle plates, use of in pipe stills 293, 294 Baffles, use of, in distributing heat in pipe stills (diagram) 188 Baku oils, Mercaptans in 113 residues, cracking of 171 Balls, steel, use of, in revolving still for removing carbon 210 use of, in pipe still, for removing carbon deposit 210 Benzene, determination of, in benzol motor fuels 52 formation of, from burning oil 282, 283 see also benzol xviii Benzine, definition of xvii Benzol xviii and motor fuel from coal 513 and toluol, as motor spirit, lowering of boiling point of, by solution therein of gases from cracking operation 309 by action of heated coke on oil and steam 334 from coal, yield of, as influenced by distillation in presence of limestone 525 from European and Asiatic petroleums 535, 536 from petroleum 316, 318, 533, 539, 540 manufacture of, from petroleum 531-543 production of, by decomposing solvent naphtha 528 production of, from petroleum 326, 327 promising source of, from petroleum 533 recovery and refining of 523, 524, 525 recovery of, specifications for wash oil for 522 as motor fuel, advantages of 508, 512, 513 changing to, from gasoline 512 character of exhaust gases from motor 512 comparison of, with gasoline and alcohol benzol mix- tures 508 proportion of air to use with 508 carbon deposit in engines from, cause of 507 combustibility of, at low temperatures 557 critical temperatures of inflammation of mixtures of, with gasoline .... 508 definition of 513, 514 from California petroleum 531 high ignition point of, and influence of this on "knocking " 34 in shale naphtha 58 manufacture of 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 et seq. mixture of gasoline with 507 SUBJECT INDEX 683 PAGE Benzol motor fuel 505-543 necessity of refining 511 recovery of, from Calif ornian and Japanese petroleum 541 relative volatility of, and that of gasoline and alcohol-benzol mixtures . . 509 toluol, etc., by the oxidation of petroleum oils 448, 449 production of 449 use in motor fuel 4, 5, 9 yield of, from coke ovens 665, 666 Bituminous coal, motor fuel from 506 Blau gas, properties of 644 Blended gas naphtha 83 Blending vi agents, for -use with fuel mixtures 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 of kerosene and casing head gasoline 473 of natural gas gasoline and refinery naphtha 484, 489 Blue oil 585 Boiling point, initial, of cracked gasoline, improved by cracking in presence of natural gas 240, 241 Bone black, in refining oils 116 Brake load 29 Bricks, porous, use of, in cracking oil in stills 203 use of, in cracking oils 382 Bromine absorption value determination, compared with iodine method 39 absorption value determination, discussion of 40 absorption value of gasolines 39 Brushes, rotating, for removing carbon 206, 207, 208 Burning oil, desulphurizing with sulphuric acid 108, 109 increase in yield of, by pressure distillation 170 raising fire test of 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 Burton process 89, 90 et seq. Butane, properties of 649 C Caddo crude oil, yield of gasoline from, by the Greenstreet process 348 Calcium carbide 12, 114 Calorific value, of fuel 34 of fuels, determination of 58, 59 of motor fuels 37 Camphor, as blending agent 17 Canadian petroleum, alkyl sulphides in 112, 113 Carbide of calcium, as a desulphurizing agent 114 Carbonate of soda, refining agent 124 Carbon, "active," as refining agent 116 Carbon and coke deposit, attempt to overcome difficulty of in pressure stills by using a fused lead bath 239, 436-441 Carbon, bisulphide, in motor fuel 8, 14 in petroleum 113 black, from natural gas 474 coky, effect of, on diolefins 281 deposit 30 deposit minimized by use of steam 292 removal of, by circulating oil through carbon filter 238, 239 means to decrease amount of, by use of cooling device 236, 237, 238 684 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Carbon deposit, continuously actuated brushes for removal of 206, 207 difficulties arising from 204-213 relation of, to time of cracking 217 removal by continuous scrapers 205 relative, from oils of different boiling points (Parker process) 263, 264 lessening of difficulty of, by using vertical still 259, 260 rotating still with scrapers for removal of 208, 209 rotating still to overcome difficulty of 202 removal of, by means of scrapers 238, 239 Carbon dioxide, use of, in distillation 127 use of, in distillation of shale and coal 368 use with acetylene 22 Carbon filters. .202, 203, 238 Carbon, heated, as an agent to promote decomposition of oil in presence of steam 332 Carbon monoxide, action on, of hydrogen 357 as desulphurizing agent 106 by action of superheated steam on oil 333 Carbon, small deposition of, in tube stills 197 Carbon tetrachloride as blending agent 18 Carbureting water gas, Rittman's method for 329 Carburetion, as a difficulty connected with use of heavy fuels 3 Casing head gasoline, development of industry of 473 Castor oil, as blending agent 17 Catalysts, destruction of activity by deposition of carbon and methods for preventing 274 distillation of oil with 425 for cracking hydrocarbons 445, 446, 447 for the oxidation and cracking of oil 442, 443 metallic, action of, on oils 424 Catalytic, action of iron 264, 265, 266, 267, 268 agents 264, 265, 266, 268 used, as aids in partial combustion or oxidation 442-456 agents, use of, in cracking to obtain benzol and toluol 541, 542 or contact bodies, use of 272-285 surfaces, action of , on oil 368, 369 Caucasian oil, cracking of 170 Centrifugal, cracking process 263, 264 force, as applied to the cracking of oils 263, 264 Cerium oxide 443 Chains, use of, to loosen carbon deposits 204 Charcoal, as an absorbent for ethylene, vs. sulphuric acid 563 use, in recovering gasoline from natural gas 504 use of, in decomposing oils 536 in pressure still 203 in recovering ethylene from coke oven gases 563 with iron and calcium oxides, as refining agent 103 wood, as refining agent 1 16 Charging stock, for pressure stills 195 Chlorides, metallic as refining agents 118 Chlorine, use of, in cracking oils 41 3, 415 as desulphurizing agent 106 Chloroform, as blending agent 18 " Choking" inadvisability of Chromium oxide, as oxidizing catalyst 450 SUBJECT INDEX 685 PAGE Chlorides, metallic, action of, on organic bodies 386 Circulation of oil, during cracking 207, 213-220 in tubes of pressure still 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 Clark still, or tube still, discussion of 89 Cloud test, regulation of distillation of crude oil by means of 146 Coal, and oil, relative production and importance 505 bituminous, distillation of, and products obtained 600 bituminous, motor fuel from 506 cannel, distillates obtained from 604 cannel, motor fuel from 603, 604 conversion of, into liquid fuel 505, 506 for by-products manufacture, supply of 524 gas, properties of 643 hydrogenation of 359 "Coalite" 507 Coal, low temperature distillation of 505, 525, 529 Santo Tomas cannel ti03 Cobalt, as catalyst in cracking 272, 273 Coke, as contact agent 335 beehive, and pig iron, production of 658 by-product, rate of production of 659, 660 industry, in 1919 657-666 ovens, by-product, completed in 1919 ^. 661 by-product, under construction in January 1920 662 types of 663 production of, in 1919 658 660 from asphaltic crudes 100 Coke still, based on film evaporation principle 163 test, of motor fuels, value of 33 Coloring matter, generated by refining cracked naphtha with sulphuric acid. 125 Compression, of unsaturated products of cracking operation at high temperature 305 mechanical, use of, in improving motor spirit. 305, 306, 307, 308, 309 of fuels, determination of maximum 35 of gases, heat of, and absorption of this heat 476, 477 of vapors from pressure still 195 Combustion, as a difficulty encountered with fuels heavier than gasoline 3 internal, for cracking oils 442, 456 heat of, determination 34 of fuel, effects of, on engine parts 31 Compressibility, maximum, without preignition 545 Constants and chemical tests of gases and liquids formed in a tubular cracking apparatus (Hall's) 315 Cooling, areas, employed in cooling natural gas after compression 482 by means of expanded gases 477 coils, in natural gas gasoline industry 481 used in condensing natural gas gasoline 503 device, for use on bottom of pressure stills 236, 237 methods employed in making natural gas gasoline 480, 481 of compressed natural gas, by expansion 482 Condensate, from natural gas, and gas, relative direction of flow of 481 Condensers, aerial, or air 198, 199 air-cooled, dimensions of, for a 1000 barrel crude still 139, 140 for natural gas gasoline 503 fractional air 73 water cooled. 76 686 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Condensation, air, of vapors from pressure stills 229, 230 fractional 73, 152 of vapors, control of 136 under pressure 195 under pressure inside still 213 under a pressure regulated independently of still pressure 195 Continuous, method for treating light naphtha, diagram showing 84 pressure stills 185, 186, 187 steam stills, construction of 85, 86, 87 stills, use of heat exchangers with 81 Control of pressure distillations 93 Copper, as catalyst in cracking 272, 273 as catalytic agent 266 metallic as a desulphurizer 104 oxide 443 as desulphurizing agent 81 as refining agent compared with copper oxide (Frash process). distillation of in Tower Still 76-81 Cyclic, hydrocarbons, power characteristics of 13 hydrocarbons, saturated and aromatic, determination of in gasoline ... 49 Cylinder stock, etc., produced by evaporation with aid of gases 157 D Dehydration, of oil emulsions 97, 98 Dephlegmating devices 148 towers 151, 152 Desulphurization, by means of calcium carbide 114 carbon monoxide 106 chlorine and hypochlorites 106 SUBJECT INDEX 687 PAGE Desulphurization, by means of sodium carbonate, hydrated lime, litharge, lead acetate, etc 115 sulphuric acid 81, 82, 83 by oxidation 106, 107 of naphtha and burning oils by digesting with heavier un- saturated oils (Snelling process) Ill of oils, importance of 102 of tar oils, by means of hydrogen 112 in liquid state, compared with desulphurization in vapor state 120 Desulphurizing, by means of caustic soda and zinc dust 337 gaseous ammonia 115 iron oxide 114 lime 425 burning oil with sulphuric acid 108, 109 of oil, use of heat and pressure in 261 oils by charging with sulphur dioxide gas (Hall's process) .... Ill practice 82 processes, beginning of 114 processes for 113 tests carried out at Atlantic Refining Company's plant 115 with organic manganese compounds 425 with sulphuric acid 83 Diaphragms, use of, in pressure stills 199 Diesel principle 19 Dimethyl sulphate, use of 50 Diolefins, effect of heat on 120, 280 formation of, from olefins 281 formation of, and study of 279, 280 preparation of 280, 281 rate of formation of 280 reaction of, with trioxymethylene sulphuric acid 48 Distillate from pressure stills, tank gravity of 95 Distillation, and condensation under pressure (Burton process) 88, 225-235 and condensation under pressure as practiced by Dewar and Redwood 221-224 by means of electrical heating elements 146, 147 by steam, Frasch's Method 128-134 complete of crude oil 135-145 continuous, by the evaporation method 151 method for 151 tower system for 151 cracking 170 Engler method 33 indirect by means of hot oil 152 in rotating still 202 intermittent under pressure 270 in vacuum 147 method for examination of motor fuels 60, 61, 62, 6b of crude oil, rate of 142, 143, 144 of gasoline and motor fuel, laboratory method for 60, 61, 62,63 Redwood method 33 under pressure 169 under pressure, continuous, compared with the ordinary batch process 185 688 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Distillation, without boiling 157 et seq. with the aid of evaporation 157-163 Distribution, of fuel in motors, as a difficulty attending use of heavy fuels ... 3 Doctor solution, effect of, on burning oil fraction of Lima petroleum 109 test, for gasoline 59, 60 importance of and determination 36 Dome, or vapor chamber, for cracking vapors from oil stills 294, 295 Dynamometers, electrical 26-30 fan 26 hydraulic 26 tongue or "cradle " 26 E Ease of starting, factors influencing 3 of fuels containing benzol and aromatics 4 of unsaturated hydrocarbons 3, 4 Economy of heat, in steam distillation 129-134 Efficiencies, for gasoline and alcohol engines, formulae for 548, 549 Thermal, of ideal air engine 548 Electric, discharge, high tension, use of, in cracking oils 458-465 used in making gas 457, 458 Electrically heated cracking still 466, 467 Electrical heating, for distillation of oil 146, 147 Electricity, use of, in cracking oils 457-470 Emulsions, oil, separation of oil from 154, 155 of oil and water, use of, as cracking stock, for tube cracking apparatus - 335 of oil and vapor, or foam, production of, in pipe still 257, 258 Endothermic, hydrocarbons formed during cracking 191 or heat absorbing reactions, during cracking process 191, 192 reaction of compressed olefins 305-310 reactions, use of 213 Engine tests of Hall's motor fuel 314 Equilibrium, established during cracking process 190 of chemical reactions, as applied to cracking oil in gas phase .... 325 Esters, neutral alkyl, formed in refining 119 Ethane, properties of 649 Ether, in motor fuel '. 7, 9 Ethyl iodide, in motor fuel 13 Ethylene, absorption of, by sulphuric acid 563 with catalysts 563 as one of products of combustion of acetylene 22 from coke oven gases, conversion of, into alcohol 560 hydrogenation of 369-375 manufacture of, from oil 479 propylene, etc., formation of 286 use of, in cracking oils 382 Exchangers, heat, for use on pressure stills 186, 187 Exhaust gases, influences of nature of, on efficiency 550 Expansion chambers or film evaporating towers 160, 161 use of, in Greenstreet process 348 of oils, after heating under pressure 253, 254 Expansion of products of reaction subsequent to cracking 305 Explosibility, uniform 545 SUBJECT INDEX 689 PAGE Explosive ranges, of fuels, value of determination of 34 Evaporating tower, spiral pans used in 159 Evaporation, as an aid in reducing or topping asphaltic oils 158, 159 by means of gases, as an aid in distilling oils 157, 163 method for distilling oil 151 of oils, as contrasted with boiling 157, 159, 160, 163 surface, in reducing crude oils 157, 163 velocity of fuels, importance of 37 Evaporators, film 160 F Fats, oils and waxes, cracking of 170 Ferric chloride 118 Ferrocyanide, of potassium, use of residue from manufacture of, as refining agent 116 Film evaporation, applied to the coking of reduced crude oil 163 evaporators 160-163 Films of oil, evaporation of naphtha from 160-163 Fire clay, as contact agent 333 Fire hazard, with pressure stills, attempts to diminish 210, 211, 212, 211 Fire test burning oil, production of 84 of burning oil, raising of 129-131 Fish oil, cracking of 179 Flame, direct exposure of hydrocarbon vapors to 300, 301 propagation, determination of, and value of determination 34 Flame-propagation properties of acetylene 22 Flash point of fuels 37 Flash points, control of cracking by means of 145 effect on of hydrogen sulphide 145 Flask, for laboratory distillation and fractionation of gasoline 60, 61 Floridine, or Fuller's earth, use of, in refining 120-123 Foam, production of in pipe still and effect on cracking and yield of gasoline. 258 Fractional distillation of gasoline and motor fuel, laboratory method and apparatus for 60-63 distillation, value of 33 Fractionation, efficiency of, in refineries 154 Free acid in motor fuels 37 Freezing points of aromatic hydrocarbons 50 points, use of in determining aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline .... 50 Fuller's earth, as refining agent 117, 118, 120 in refining 124 use of, in clarifying cracked gasoline or gas naphtha 306 Fuel consumption per B.H.P. hour : 26-32 tests, conditions under which they are made 29 determination of 28 economy, conditions determining 29 curve illustrating 30 effects of, on engine 31 oil 95 Fuels, influence on ease of starting of physical properties of 3 relative merits of 31 Furnace, single tube cracking, for making gasoline, construction of 327, 328 Fused metal, use of, in cracking oils 239, 431-441 use of, in heating tubes of cracking still 202 690 SUBJECT INDEX G PAGE Gallic acid, as a blending agent 18 Gaseous state, cracking in, in absence of a liquid state or phase 324r-330 Gases, artificial, properties of 643 dissolved in liquids, use of to contribute ease of starting to motor fuel. 2 from cracking operation, combination of, with condensible hydro- carbons by mechanical compression 305, 306 from cracking operations, reduction of amount by compression 305-310 from cracking operation, utilization of 282 heated, used in vaporizing oil. 151 liquifaction of, by pressure 642 liquified, manufacture of, from natural gas 478 of combustion, use of in cracking oil directly 380, 381 use of, in distilling oils 127 Gas, from oil, or oil gas, composition of and factors governing 302, 303 from shale distillation, heat value and yield of 582 inert, use of in pressure distillation 378, 379 Gas-making processes, absorption of hydrogen during 374, 375 Gas, manufacture of, from oil 479 naphtha, blending of, with straight distilled naphtha 83, 85 definition of 78 diolefins in 280 from pressure distillate 95 or "cracked gasoline " yield of from pressure distillation of gas oil 96, 97 production of 169 refining of 118, 119 natural, use of in cracking oils •. and water, simultaneous recovery of, from crude oil 155, 156 bromine absorption value of and its determination 39 by the absorption process, character of 503, 504 by the oxidation of oils 442-444 chemical treatment of 81, 82 commercial, composition of xvii comparative fuel values of alcohol and 547 et seq. consumption 125 continuous treaters for treating 83, 84, 85 cracked, refining of 118, 119, 125 cracked, see also gas naphtha and cracked naphtha cracked, yield of, in Rittman process 327 desirable properties of 32 SUBJECT INDEX 691 PAGE Gasoline, desulphurization of, by means of sulphuric acid 81, 82, 83 diolefins in 280 doctor test for 59, 60 effect of water used with, in motors 553 exhaust gases from explosion of, in motors, quantitative relations of. 546 exports and imports of 607 explosive range of 546 extraction of, from natural gas 478 finished or commercial, produced by steam distilling naphtha .... 85, 87, 88 "fluidity" of 56,57 from heavy oils, efficiency of production of xvi from natural gas, collection of in accumulator tanks 481 development of the industry 471, 474 marketed in U. S 637, 638, 639 industry, development of 640-649 methods of cooling employed in recovery of 481, 482, 483 without use of pressure 479 from oil atomizer for use in valorizing 149 from the cracking of gas oils, character of 83 heavy, as motor fuel 9 high yield of, by action of highly heated pitches 439, 440 hydrocarbons in 667 increase in percentage of, in crude oil 34 increase in production of in 1919 631 laboratory distillation and analysis of 60, 61, 62, 63 lack of adequate definition of xvii light, as motor fuel 9 or naphtha, recovered from dehydrating process 155, 156 production and consumption statistics 607-636 of, from natural gas by the principal methods of manu- facture (1916 and 1917) 640, 641 of in U. S. during four months of 1920 607 rate of production of, from heavy oil, as a function of heating surface 259 recovered from natural gas by means of charcoal 504 refining of by chemical treatment 81-85 separation of, from kerosene 152 shipments of, to U. S. insular possessions. 607 single tube furnace, for making 327, 328 specifications 64-71 specific gravity 0.71 to 0.73, low heat value of 551 stocks of, on hand at refineries in 1917 608 stocks of, on hand 1920 and 1919 607 substitutes from coal distilled at low temperatures. 527 synthetic supply of, as influenced by adoption of higher end point unsaturated or cracked, characteristics of 276, 277 used as wash oil for natural gas value of fractional distillation test of water white, produced directly from crude oil, without rerunning or treating • J66 produced by cracking oils in liquid state. 247, 24fc produced by direct contact of kerosene vapor with flame 301 produced with aid of superheated steam 164, 169 yield of, by the pressure distillation of gas oil 177 yields of, in Dubbs process 271 692 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Gilsonite, destructive distillation of 599 properties of distillates from 599, 600 Granite, use of, as contact agent, with steam 336 Graphite, as an aid in converting petroleum oils into aromatics 282, 283 Gravel, use of, as contact agent, with steam 336, 337 Gravities of distillates in coking crude oil 143 " Gumming" of oils due to diolefins 120 H Halphen's method for determining aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline 51 Heat, absorption of, during cracking 191, 192 decomposition, of oils, time involved in 286, 287, 288 economy of, in steam distilling burning oil 129-134 exchange, direct oil to vapor 140, 141 direct oil to vapor with simultaneous distillation 153 exchanger, direct, vapor to oil, use of with pipe still 240 for pressure stills 93 Hopkins 92 oil to vapor, used with tube pressure still 92 used on continuous pressure stills 186, 187 used by Frasch 129-134 exchangers, advantages of 81 Heat, of distillation, furnished by superheated steam 164, 169 of vaporization, of distillates 154 production of during compression of natural gas 476, 477 Heating surface, amount of, used in steam stills 133 Heat test, of gasoline, determination of 38 of motor fuels 37 Heavy oils, relative ease of decomposition 197 Helix, use of, in giving heated vapors a whirling motion 263, 264 Heptane, properties of 649 Hexane, properties of 649 High boiling bodies, lowering the boiling point of 2 High temperature, effect of, upon cracking under pressure to obtain gasoline. 255 Horizontal towers, use of 80 Horsepower, developed by engine, formula for determining 27 of engine, determined by torque and speed 29 factors determining 29 of engine, calculation of 27 Hydroaromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline, determination of 49 Hydrobromic acid 420 Hydrochloric acid, use of in cracking oils 412, 413 Hydrocarbon gases, use of in fuels 8 oils, high boiling, conversion of into naphtha, etc 283 Hydrocarbons, action on of silent electric discharge 462 acyclic, determination of 49 aromatic and unsaturated, determined by means of sulphur dioxide 52, 53 aromatic, determination of, in motor fuels and gasoline 46-53 determination of 50 use of dimethyl sulphate in detecting 50 use of picric acid in determining 50, 51 catalytic purification of 110 SUBJECT INDEX 693 PAGE Hydrocarbons, decomposition of, in presence of nickel, to yield hydrogen. 319, 320 case of decomposition of light and heavy 197 found in motor fuel 32, 667 heavy, selective action on during cracking 247 in gasoline, aromatic, Halphen's method for determining 51 light, use of in distilling oils. 127 of acetylene series, as causes of bad odor of oils 105 of gasoline series, separation of from kerosene hydrocarbons. 152 naphtha and kerosene, purifying 110, 111 rapid transformation of at high pressures and temperatures. 192 saturated cyclic, determination of 49 "smoky" removed by strong sulphuric acid 125 Hydrogen, absorption of, by products of cracking of gas oil ... 374, 425 action of, in gas-making processes 374, 375 on carbon monoxide 357 on kerosene 322 on oil in presence of nickel 358, 359 as a desulphurizing agent 104 generation of 381 generation of for hydrogenating cracked products 273, 274 in contact with oil 425 impregnating fuels with 8 mixed with oil vapors and passed through catalysts 367 nascent, action of and production of 422 produced by decomposition of oil in presence of nickel. .319, 320 production of by action of steam on metals 335 treatment of oils with 367 peroxide use of 24 sulphide, effect of, on flash points 145 under pressure, action of , on oil 357 use as desulphurizing agent 112 use of, in cracking oils (see also Noad) 264-266, 382, 419, 541 at high pressures, in hydrogenating coal, asphalt, etc 359 in distillation 127 in sweetening gas naphtha 283 Hydrogenation, by means of aluminum chloride 415 of oils by electrolysis of emulsions 470 effect of, on cracked gasoline 272 of acetylene 373 coal, oil, asphalt, etc.. at high pressure, apparatus for ... 3GO, 361 ethylene 369-375 ethylene and acetylene 375 oils and distillates (Day's proposal) 362-365 oils, by means of silent electric discharge 461 petroleum, attempts at 355, 356 possibilities of 354 Hypochlorites, as desulphurizing agents 106 with manganese, as desulphurizing agents 106 cobalt, nickel, copper or iron, as desulphur- izing agents 106 "Hyposulphite" of soda, use of as refining agent 103 694 SUBJECT INDEX I PAGE Ignition, point of fuels, influence of presence of benzol on 34 points, of benzol, alcohol, kerosene, napthalene 35 of motor fuel, from shale and from petroleum 35 temperature, method for determination of 35 as affecting ease of starting 4 of various fuels, comparison of 35 Illinois crude, yields of, distillates from 80 Illuminating gas, use in motors 19 Interchangers, heat, used in natural gas gasoline industry 501, 502 Internal combustion engine, fuel for 1 heat, use of in cracking oil 442-456 Iodine, added to motor fuel 13 and bromine values, of gasoline and motor fuel, value of determination - < of 33 numbers, of motor fuels, determination by the Hanus Method. .41, 42, 43 value, of various fractions of cracked gasoline 277 Iron, as catalyst in cracking 272, 273 as contact agent 264, 265 metallic, use as refining agent 104 ore, as refining agent 118 oxide 425 coating of, and formation of on interior surface of cracking coils 352 use of, in cracking oils 445, 446, 447 used in desulphurizing 115 with lime, use of as refining agent 103 use of, as catalytic agent 335 in obtaining water white gasoline from heavy oils 334 with oil and water , 264, 265 with steam, for generating gas from oil 340 J Jones pipe still 254, 255 K Kerogen, in shale, origin of 570 of bituminous shale 570 Kerosene, action of hydrogen on 322 and burning oils, process for converting heavy oil into 252, 253 combustion characteristics of 13 conversion of into light naphtha 195 into motor fuel, by blending with natural gas gasoline 484, 489 to gasoline 283 cracking in tubes, for production of 252 cracking of, by action of highly heated residues 439, 440 decomposition of, to yield gasoline 277 desulphurization of, with sulphuric acid 108, 109 desulphurizing by means of hypochlorites 108 ("Engine distillate") conversion of, into motor fuel 496 from Canadian petroleum, desulphurization of 112, 113 from paraffin distillate, by distillation under pressure 184 heated with superheated steam 343 heavy end, separation from light end, before desulphurizing 110 SUBJECT INDEX 695 PAGE Kerosene, improvement of 353 increase in production of during 1919 631 separation of, from gasoline, during distillation 152 Kimmeridge shale oil, properties and value of '. 113, 114 "Knocking," freedom from of fuel from Hall's cracking plant 312 "Knock-out" coils 503 L Labor difficulties attendant upon use of shell pressure stills 89 Latent heat of vaporization, of gasoline and motor fuels, value of determina- tion of 33 Lead acetate, as desulphurizing agent 115 fused 431, 432 decomposition of kerosene distillate with 436 description of apparatus for cracking oil with 436 for maintaining heat of cracking coil 248 in cracking still 436, 437 decomposing oils 434 distilling oils 158 heating tubes of cracking still 202 making oil gas 436 pressure stills 202, 239, 434, 435 special cracking apparatus 440, 441 Lead oxide, as desulphurizing agent, compared with copper oxide (Frasch Process) 103 oxide 443 oxide, use of with caustic soda, for removing sulphur compounds 82, 83 " Light distillate" nature of 93 Light naphtha, production of from kerosene 195 Light oil, distillation of by means of heavy heated oil 152 fractionation of 63 from coal, use as fuel 4, 5, 6 from petroleum, method for extracting or vaporizing 148 production 7 recovery of, from coal gas 520, 521, 522, 523 yield of, from coke ovens 665, 666 Lignite vi Lime, action of, on acetone 428 on heated oil 426, 427 chloride of, in refining 105 use of, in cracking oil 427, 428 with iron oxide and charcoal, use of as refining agent 103 Limestone, use of in coking coals 525 Litharge, as desulphurizing agent 115 Liquid oil, temperatures of, compared with vapor temperatures during pres- sure distillation 182 Liquid phase or state, method of cracking heavy oils in 248, 249, 250, 251 state, cracking in 248-271 sulphur dioxide 119 Liquifaction of gases, by pressure 642 Losses, in refining 125 in refining petroleum and shale oil 582 Lowering the boiling point of high boiling bodies Low-test burning oil, steaming of 129-134 696 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Lubrication, "intramolecular" 477 Lubricating oil, distillation of 141 preparation of by means of aluminium chloride 388, 389 relation of, to cracking processes xvi M Manograph, limitations of 31, 32 photographs, made with 14, 15 purpose of 31, 32 use of, in studying fuels 31, 32 value of 31 Manganese salts, with hypochlorites, as refining agents 107 Mantles, for gas burners, increase in illuminating power obtained by means of 644 Maximum compression, of fuels, determination of theoretical 35 Mercaptans, as causes of bad odor of oils 105 in Baku oils 113 Mercurization test for unsaturated hydrocarbons 44, 45 Metallic, bodies, used in purifying oils in vapor state 110 salts of heavy metals as refining agents (Cazin process) 105 Metals, finely divided, in hydrogenating oils 272, 273 fused, use of 431, 441 Meters, used with tube stills 93 Methane, properties of 649 formation of, from water and carbon monoxide 357 preparation of, from water gas 381 Minimum boiling mixtures, as fuel 1 Moisture, effect of, on flash point of fuels 37 settling tanks, use of in continuous treating process 85 Molasses, as source of motor fuel 556 Motor cars, registration of viii Motor fuel, benzol as (see benzol) blended, from natural gas gasoline and refinery naphtha 484-489 calorific value determination 37 by the low temperature carbonization of coal 525-529 coke test of 33 determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in 46-53 determination of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons in by the use of sulphur dioxide 52, 53 determination of unsaturated hydrocarbons in, by means of mer- curic acetate 44, 45 determination of saturated cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons in. coal 507 coke ovens 507 natural gas 484 water gas tar 542 laboratory fractionation of 60-63 latitude in choice of substances intended for use as 1 produced by continuous refining of light naphtha 82-85 specific gravity of 33 specifications for 64-71 testing of 25-71 SUBJECT INDEX 697 PAGE Motor fuel, use of picric acid in determining presence of aromatic hydro- carbons in 50, 51 value of determination of cold test of 33 value of determination of specific gravity of 33 value of determination of viscosity 33 value of fractional distillation of 33 viscosity of 33, 54-57 Motor spirit, vapor tension of 37, 58 N Naphtha, coal tar, use of to carburet water gas 529 cracked, refining of 124, 125 desulphurization of 81, 82 desulphurizing together with kerosene 110 from asphaltic oils 99 paraffin distillate, by distillation under pressure 184 rerunning burning oil 128-134 shale oil 588 gas, production of by cracking gas oil with natural gas 301 light, continuous treatment of 83-85 production of by cracking kerosene 195 removal of by means of gases instead of steam 157, 158 unsaturated, refining of 118, 119 Naphthalene, as decarbonizer 16 by the action of steam on oils at high temperatures 333 mixture with mineral oil 23 use as fuel 10 Naphthenes, action of sulphur dioxide on 126 decomposition of, in coal distillation 528 Natural gas, bibliography of 652-656 compressed, development of power from 483 crude, composition of 646 development of method for extracting gasoline from. '. 645 industry, development of 640-649 liquified, pressures generated by heating 650 power developed by, in internal combustion engines 651 properties of 643 paraffins present in 649 use of in cracking oils 376, 377 refining 127 Natural gases, classification of 494 gas gasoline, blending of 478 with kerosene and apparatus for 497, 498 distillation of, from wash oil 495 industry, methods of cooling used in 481, 482, 483 refrigeration method of recovery 494 recovery of, by means of a bell washer 495 Navy specifications for gasoline 88 Nickel, action of, on mixture of water and oil 345, 425 with steam, contrasted with reaction between iron and steam 322 as a catalyst for inducing decomposition of hydrocarbons to yield hydrogen 319, 320 as catalyst in cracking 272, 273 as catalytic agent 335 698 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Nickel, use of as catalyst for hydrogenating olefins 273 in decomposing kerosene 283 in tubular cracking processes 319, 320 used in cracking oil in presence of hydrogen 419 used to make water gas 381 Nitration methods, for determining aromatic hydrocarbons 46, 47 Nitric acid, as desulphurizing agent 113 use of with sulphuric acid for refining oils 45 Nitro compounds, function of, in fuels 16 O Observations, made in testing fuel consumption and horsepower 28 Oil, and water, decomposition of 332 asphaltic, distillation of 602 burning, desulphurizing with sulphuric acid 108, 109 capacity of, to absorb various gases 498 continuous distillation of, in pressure stills 185-187 crude, complete distillation of 135-145 cracking of, without distilling 189, 190 dehydrating, in pipe still 155, 156 direct use of to effect condensation of vapors from pressure pipe still 240 distillation of, by electric heat 146, 147 by means of heat contained in compressed gases 492, 493 in partial vacuum 147 efficiency of extraction of, from oil sands viii evaporation method for distilling 151 from bituminous shale, yields of 580, 582 gas, factors influencing composition of 302, 303 properties of 643 tars 524 hot, used to distill light oil 152 reduced crude, coking by the film evaporation method 163 relative amount desirable in pressure stills 215 Rumanian crude cracking of fractions of 171 Russian, cracking of 171 sands, oil contained in viii Oil, volatile portions of, method for extracting 148 Oklahoma reduced crude, distillation of under pressure 177 Olefins, action of sulphuric acid on 119 and diolefins, transformation of, into more stable bodies 296 and paraffins, influence of pressure on production of, from heavy oils by pressure distillation 225 analytical determination of amount of 119 by the oxidation of oils 447 compression of, in presence of gasoline vapors 305 conversion of to paraffins 273 effect of high pressure on formation of 172 Olefinic gases and liquids, possibility of union of, to produce light motor fuel. 309 Olefins, in motor fuel, determination of percentage of 44, 45, 119, 120 in motor fuel, discussion of 40 manufacture of, for synthetic work 352, 353 mixture of, with paraffins, as motor fuel 323 polymerization of by sulphuric acid 119 preparation of 287-289 SUBJECT INDEX 699 PAGE Olefins, production of, by distilling paraffin under pressure 170 temperatures best suited for production of 287-289 utilization of, in synthetic and organic chemical reactions. 286 Oils, cracking of in presence of various gases 382 desulphurization of, importance 102 desulphurizing by means of chlorine and hypochlorites 106 oxidation 106, 107 direct heating of by hot gases of combustion 380, 381 distillation of, in presence of hydrogen 358 distilling, with the aid of gases other than steam 157, 163 fats and waxes, cracking of 170 heavy, cracking of in pipe still (Trumble) 257, 258 miscellaneous produced during 1919 609 residual, of improved nature obtained by circulating gas through oil during distillation 157 run to refinery stills in 1919 610 stocks of, on hand at refineries Dec. 31, 1919 612 Dec. 31, 1918 611 March 31, 1920 615 April, 1920 616 various, stocks of on hand at refineries Jan. 31, 1920 613 Feb. 29, 1920 614 Oxidation of hydrocarbons 442-446 Oxides, metallic mixed with metals, for use as hydrogenating catalysts 274 Ostatki, from Russian oil 171 Overhead stock obtained by the use of gases other than steam 157, 158 Oxygen, use of in cracking oils 442-456 P Paraffin, crystallized, production of by gentle cracking of paraffin distillate. 184 distillate 77 distillation of under pressure 170 distillate, pressure distillation of (Chamberlain process) 178-182 solid, from fish oil 171 Partitions, use of, in pressure stills 198-200 Patents, on motor fuel v Peat vi Pentane, properties of 649 Permanent gas, reduction of amount formed in pressure stills 213-215 Peroxide of hydrogen, use in motor fuel 24 Petrol, definition of xvii Petroleum, available supply of viii Canadian, alkyl sulphides in 113 continuous distillation of, with superheated steam 150 crude, increase in demand for V1U use of in motor fuel 24 disposition of, in U. S. during 1919 631 exports of, during 1919 631 imports of into U. S. during 1919 631 Japanese and Californian, recovery of benzol from 541 Lima, desulphurizing 108, 109 Mexican, imported into and used in U. S. 1919 oils, conversion into aromatic oils (Hall's process) 316, 317 700 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE Petroleum, products, comparative analysis of production and consumption of (first half of 1919 and 1918) 628 comparative analysis of production and consumption of (years of 1919 and 1918) 627 comparative analysis of production and consumption of (first 9 months of 1919 and 1918) 629 comparative analysis of production and consumption of (first quarter of 1918, 1919 and 1920) 630 output of, by geographical sections 1918 619 in U. S. by geographical sections 1919 621 by months 1917 617, 618 in U. S. by months 1918 620 in U. S. by months 1919 622 in U. S. for January 1920 623 in U. S. for February 1920 624 in U. S. for March 1920 625 in U. S. for April 1920 626 production of during 1919 631 Phenols, addition of, to motor fuels 16 Phosphoric acid, use of in cracking oils 430 Phosphorus, use of in motor fuel 23 Picric acid, in motor fuel 11 use of in determining aromatic hydrocarbons 50, 51 Pintsch gas, properties of 643 Pipe still, combined with pressure still 218 designed for rapid cleaning 156 Pipe, still, for cracking under pressure, dimensions of 307 for dehydrating oil 155, 156 for pressure distillation (Dubb's process) 270, 271 for treating Mexican and California crudes 97, 98 Jones, for cracking oils under pressure 254, 255 (J. L. Gray) tubes embedded in iron 302, 303 in communication with vapor cracking chamber 299, 300 intermittent operation of 299 optimum capacity of 299 pressure 253 used in conjunction with pressure still 261, 262 used as surface evaporator 162 Pitches, and residues, cracking of 190, 191, 192, 193, 256 Platinum as catalyst in cracking 272, 273 Plumb ite, sodium, effect of on kerosene from Lima petroleum 109 Polymerization of, oils, with production of synthetic resin 120 unsaturated compounds 120 Polymethylenes, cracking of 358 Power, development of by expansion of compressed natural gas 483 Preheating, of oil, in pressure distillation, method for 188, 189 Preignition influence on, of temperature of ignition of fuels 4 Pressure, amount used, in recovering gasoline from natural gas 480 and temperature, relative effects of on oils 192 as related to temperature and time 297 carrying reactions out under 295, 296 Pressure, distillation, as applied to recovery of propane and butane 475 combined with cracking in vapor state 297 discussion of 172, 226, 227, 232-235 of gas oils 89-95 SUBJECT INDEX 701 PAGE Pressure, distillation of paraffin distillate compared with that of gas oils. 178-185 intermittent, under pressure 270 production of large yield of light naphtha by means of. 177 under 169 high, effect of on yields of gasoline during cracking 172 pipe still 240 relation of, to temperature, in pressure stills 191, 192 still bottoms 184 still bottoms in residue, coking of, gravities and viscosities of distil- lates produced 228, 229 still, combined with aluminum chloride treatment 418 compression of vapors from 195 construction of 179, 180 dimensions of 179 for dehydrating oil 155, 156 in form of pipe still (Dubbs' process) 270, 271 naphtha from 83 removal of vapors from interior of vapor space of 215, 216 strength of, with bottom heated to redness 179 tar, characteristics of 184 distillation of, to coke 228 use of fused lead in 434, 435 use of internal combustion in 452, 453 use of pipe still connect with 261, 262 using tubes 196, 197 vertical, with tar pot 259, 260 with safety device to diminish fire hazard 210, 211, 212, 213 vertical with pump for collecting carbon (Bacon, Brooks, Clark) 259, 260 battery of and connections for 232, 233, 234, 235 continuous 93 continuous, heated with superheated steam 185, 186, 187 differences in vapor space of 214 exposed surface of 179 false bottoms for 169, 245 heating surface of 179 possible yield of gasoline or naphtha from 228 relative amount of oil desirable in 215 removal of carbon from by burning 456, 452, 453 use of absorbent material in 203 chains in, to loosen carbon deposits 204 fused lead on bottom of 239 oil to vapor heat exchangers for (Hopkins process). 