None
This alkaloid, similar to morphine in structure, is insoluble in water, but dissolves in alcohol and ether, and crystallises in plates ; m.-p. 193°. It is insoluble in alkalies. Its alcoholic solution is alkaline. Thebaine gives a blood-red solution with strong sulphuric acid. When heated with hydrochloric acid, it yields an isomeride, thebenine, which gives a blue colour with sulphuric acid. Thebaine is very poisonous, producing tetanic convulsions. Narcotine, C^H^NO,, is extracted by digesting with acetic acid the residue left after exhausting opium with water. The narcotine is dissolved and is precipitated on adding NH3. It crystallises from alcohol in prisms, which contain Aq.,- but like morphine, is almost insoluble in water ; it dissolves in ether, however, which extracts it from powdered opium, leaving the morphine. Narcotine is insoluble in potash, and melts at 176°. It is a very feeble base, not alkaline, dissolving in acids, but not forming well-defined salts. It has no narcotic effect, but resembles quinine in its action, hence it is more appropriately called anarcotine. When narcotine is long boiled with water it splits up into a monocyclic amido-aldehydic base, co'arnine, m.-p. 132°, soluble in water, and meconine, the lactone of meconinio (not meconic) acid or 5 : 6-dimethoxyphthalide (phthalide being the lactone of 1:2- /C°\ methylbenzoic acid, C6H4^ /O). Meconine also exists ready formed in opium XCH/ about 0-5 per cent.), is sparingly soluble in water and melts at 102°. Cotarnine hydro- chloride, also called stypticin, is employed in medicine. Cotarnine in forming salts with acids eliminates water and closes into an isoquinoline nucleus, an unusual reaction amongst alkaloids, also observed in its combination with meconine to reform <K-nar- cotine or gnoscopine, which on resolution with a-bromocamphorsulphonic acid yields the Z-modification or ordinary narcotine. Meconine and cotarnine have both been synthesised and therefore narcotine also. Narcotine on oxidation yields opianic acid, 5 : 6-dimethoxyphthalaldehydic acid, (CH30)2.C6H2.CHO.COOH. The following equation explains the reactions referred to. OMe OMe //S^ OMe /N' .CO Y i CH2.0 Meconine OMe CHO NHMe "■OMe CO CH.O OMe CH CH CH2 Narcotine. QUININE 819 The chemistry of narcotine affords an instructive study to the student, and is of general interest on account of its close relationship to hydrastine, berberine, narceine, and other bodies of pharmacological importance. Narceine, C23H27N08, exists in opium, and may be produced from narcotine by heating with methyl iodide and then with potash ; the isoquinoline nucleus is broken, but the meconine group remains attached. It forms silky needles, sparingly soluble in water, m.-p. 170°. Papaverine, C20H21NO4, occurs in opium, consists of dimethoxy-benzene joined through CH2 to dimethoxyisoquinoline, constructed on the same model as narcotine. Crystalline needles, insoluble in water, m.-p. 147°, strongly narcotic. Hydrastine, C21H2iNO0, m.-p. 132°, similar in structure to narcotine, occurs (1-5 per cent.) in the root of the golden seal, Hydrastis canadensis, together with (4 per cent.) berberine C20H17NO4, also related to narcotine. It is colourless and forms colourless salts. By acid oxidation hydrastine breaks up into opianic acid and hydrastinine, a body related to cotarnine. Berberine is more widely distributed, e.g. in barberry root, Berberis vulgaris, calumba root, &c. Berberine and its salts are yellow. M.-p. 145°, optically inactive. The nitrate is sparingly soluble. Cinchona alkaloids, of which the chief are quinine, quinidine, cincho- nine, and cinchonidine, exist in the barks of the trunks, branches and roots of various .trees of the genus Cinchona. They grow on the slopes of the South American Andes, whence the name Peruvian bark, but it has for three or four decades been extensively cultivated in the East Indies, especially in Java, with most satisfactory results. The value is determined by the alkaloid al content (the mixture of total alkaloids is sold as quinetum) which may exceed 10 per cent, considerably, or more usually by the yield of quinine sulphate which may vary from 2 or 3 per cent, to 7 or 8 per cent. Fifty years ago quinine was very expensive owing to the great demands, particularly in time of war, and during an attempt at its artificial production Perkin discovered the first aniline dye. The quest for artificial quinine was followed enthusiastically for several years, but it was relinquished, except for scientific interest, when the cheapness of the cultivated drug destroyed all hope of financial remuneration. All these alkaloids are quinoline derivatives and yield quinoline when distilled with zinc dust. A large number of facts regarding the structure have been ascertained, but so far the whole constitution of none of them appears to have been settled finally. Quinic acid (p. 623) and quinotannic acid (p. 622) also exist in the bark in combination with the alkaloids. Quinine, C20H24N2O2, is prepared by boiling the bruised bark with diluted hydrochloric acid, and mixing the filtered solution with lime diffused through water, until it is alkaline. The precipitate, containing quinine, cinchonine and colouring-matter, is filtered off and boiled with alcohol, which dissolves both the alkaloids, leaving the excess of lime undissolved. A part of the alcohol is then recovered by distillation, and the solution neutralised with sulphuric acid, boiled with animal charcoal till decolorised, and filtered. On standing, quinine sulphate crystallises out, leaving the cinchonine sulphate in solution. The quinine sulphate is dissolved in water, and decomposed by ammonia (carefully avoiding excess in which quinine is soluble), which precipitates the quinine. Quinine crystallises in prisms containing 3Aq, which dissolve in 1900 parts of cold water and easily in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; when anhydrous it melts at 117°. Its solutions are alkaline and bitter. Quinine is characterised by exhibiting a beautiful blue fluorescence when dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, and by producing a fine green colour when its dilute acid solutions are mixed with a little chlorine- or §20 CINCHONINE bromine- or euchlorine- water (seejp. 119), and afterwards with ammonia. The green colour is due to the thalleioquin, formed by the reaction — C20H24N2O2 + NH3 + 202 = CWB^NsO,,. The constitution of quinine approximates the following, so also does that of cin- chonine, save that the OCH3 group is missing. CH2 : CH CH CH2 / \ CH3°— 7 \ CH— CH2— CH2— N < > \ / \ / CH2 CH CH(OH) / \N Quinine is a di-aoid base, but it sometimes forms salts in which it is monacid ; there are two hydrochlorides ; Q,i^S^S.i<d%.'2S£\ is converted by water into C20H24N2O2.HCl, which crystallises in needles of the formula 2(C20H24N2O2.HCl).3Aq. Normal quinine sulphate, C20H24N2O2.H2SO4.7Aq, is soluble in 10 parts of cold water, but the ordinary sulphate, (C2oH24N202)2.H2S04.8Aq, requires 780 parts of cold water to dissolve it. This is the quinine salt generally used in medicine ; it forms very light silky needles, which dissolve easily in dilute sulphuric acid, forming the acid sulphate, C2oH24N202.(H2S04)2.7Aq, which is very soluble. Quinine is very slightly soluble in potash, and sparingly in ammonia, though it is more soluble in NH3 than is any other cinchona alkaloid. If normal quinine sul- phate be dissolved in strong acetic acid, warmed, and an alcoholic solution of iodine added gradually, thin rectangular plates are deposited on cooling, having the formula (C20H24N202)4.(H2S04)3.(HI)2.l4.6H20. These crystals (herapathite, or artificial tour- maline) are bronze-green by reflection, but transmit light of a pale olive colour, which is perfectly polarised, like that transmitted by tourmaline, so that, if another plate be laid upon the first, no light is transmitted when their principal axes are at right angles. Quinidine, C20H24N2O2, is isomeric with quinine, and is extracted from a brown substance called guinoidine, or amorphous quinine, which is obtained from the mother- liquors of quinine sulphate and sold as a cheap substitute for quinine. It is also obtained in quantity from some of the inferior varieties of cinchona, such as Cinchona cordifolia, which yields the Carthagena bark. Quinidine forms larger prismatic crystals than quinine, and these contain only 2Aq. Its salts are more soluble than those of quinine, and they are strongly dextro-rotatory for polarised light, whilst those of quinine are lsevo-rotatory. Quinicine, also isomeric with quinine, is formed by heating quinine or quinidine with dilute sulphuric acid to 130°. It is resinous, but its salts crystallise. Its solutions are feebly dextro-rotatory. Cinchonine, CjgHaa^O, remains as sulphate in the mother-liquor from quinine sulphate (v.s.), and may be precipitated by ammonia. It is almost insoluble in water, and sparingly soluble in alcohol. Ether scarcely dissolves it, and is used to distinguish it from quinine. It crystallises from hot alcohol in anhydrous prisms, which have an alkaline reaction. It melts at 225° and sublimes in hydrogen. The salts of cin- chonine are more soluble than those of quinine, and give a much more voluminous pre- cipitate with ammonia, which is insoluble in a large excess, and is not cleared up by shaking with ether, as is the case of quinine. Cinchonine sulphate, (C19H22N20)2.H2S04.2Aq, fuses when heated, evolving an aromatic odour and becoming red. Solution of cinchonine sulphate is less strongly fluorescent than one of quinine sulphate. Cinchonine also differs from quinine in yielding solutions which are strongly dextro-rotatory. Cinchonidine is isomeric with cinchonine, but is strongly lsevo-rotatory. Cinchonicine, another isomeride, resembles quinicine in origin and properties. Emetine, (C^H^NO^ 01. 2, and Cephaeline, (C14H20NO2)1 or 2, are two similar alkaloids in ipecacuanha root. Emetine is colourless, amorphous, m.-p. 68°, strongly alkaline to litmus, becomes yellow on exposure to light, is insoluble in caustic alkali, forms crystalline salts. Cephaeline is crystallisable, less soluble in ether, soluble in STRYCHNINE 821 caustic alkali, m.-p. 102°. They are both powerful emetics, the latter being twice aa active as the former. Strychnos Alkaloids. — Strychnine and brucine are obtained from nux-vomica, the seeds of the tropical plant, Strychnos nux-vomica, from false angostura bark,1 which is the bark of the same tree, and from Ignatia amara, or St. Ignatius' bean. Nux-vomica, or crow-fig, contains about 1 per cent, of strychnine and 1 per cent, of brucine. Strychnine, C21H22N202, is extracted from the crushed seeds of nux- vomica by boiling them with very dilute HC1. The solution is mixed with milk of lime, and the precipitate filtered off and boiled with alcohol, which dissolves the strychnine and brucine, and deposits the strychnine first when evaporated. The mother-liquor is neutralised with HN03, when strychnine nitrate crystallises out, leaving brucine nitrate in solution. Both alkaloids are lsevo-rotatory. Strychnine crystallises in rhombic prisms, soluble in 7000 parts of water, and melting at 284°. It is insoluble in ether and in absolute alcohol, but dissolves in dilute-alcohol. It is very soluble in chloroform, which is the best agent for collecting it from aqueous solutions. " Its intensely bitter taste is very remarkable, and may be imparted to one million parts of water (one grain in fourteen gallons). Its alcoholic solution is alkaline, and it is a monacid tertiary base, combining with methyl iodide to form strychnine- methylium iodide, C21H2202N2-CH3I, which yields the corresponding hydroxide base when decomposed by AgOH. But this ammonium base is not bitter, nor poisonous unless injected under the skin, when it induces paralysis. Strychnine is extremely poisonous, giving rise to tetanic convul- sions. Potash precipitates strychnine from its solution in acids, and an excess does not dissolve it ; the precipitate by ammonia dissolves in excess, but the strychnine crystallises out after a time. The smallest particle of strychnine may be identified by dissolving it in strong sulphuric acid and adding a minute fragment of potassium dichromate, which produces a fugitive blue- violet colour. It forms an insoluble ferrocyanide with K4Fe(GN)6 in acid solution, and may thus be separated from brucine. Strychnine is remarkably stable, persisting in a corpse many months after decomposition has set in. One of the N-atoms in strychnine is the tertiary ammonia nitrogen ; the other ,0,0 yCOOH appears to be in the form of a lactam group (p. 709) £^ | which becomes ^ , XN XNH yielding strychnic acid, when strychnine is heated with sodium ethoxide. When N(CH3)I the methylium iodide (see above) is treated with AgOH, the grouping -r^CO ^NH ^N(CH)3 becomes — CO ^NH Brucine, C23H26N204, is precipitated by KOH from the solution of brucine nitrate obtained in the extraction of strychnine. It is more soluble in water and alcohol than strychnine is, and crystallises in prisms with 4Aq, melting at 178° when anhydrous. Like strychnine, it is nearly insoluble in ether. It is intensely bitter and strongly basic. HN03 dissolves it with a fine red colour, which becomes violet on adding stannous chloride. Both strychnine and brucine yield quinoline bases when distilled with KOH ; indicating their relationship with quinoline. The proportion of methyl alcohol obtainable from brucine by distilling it with Mn02 and H2S04 shows that it 1 True angostura bark is obtained from Qalipea officinalis and Q. cusparia, belonging to the order Kutaceae. It is used as a febrifuge. 822 VERATRINE contains 2(OCH3); it may, therefore, be regarded as dimethoxy-strychnine. It Is much less poisonous than strychnine. Aconitine, C33H45N013, is extracted from the root of Aconitum napellus, a plant of the Eanunculaceous or Buttercup order, known as monk's hood or blue rocket. It crystallises from alcohol in anhydrous plates, m.-p. 189°, and at slightly higher tempera- tures it evolves acetic acid ; it is dextro-rotatory, but forms well-defined salts, which are lsevo-rotatory. On hydrolysis it yields acetic acid and benzaconine, and this on further hydrolysis gives benzoic acid and aconine, C^HaNOu. Aconitine is one of the most poisonous alkaloids, and, as yet, no trustworthy chemical test for it is known, so that the toxicologist is obliged to place a little of the suspected substance on the tongue, when aconitine produces a numbing, tingling feeling, lasting for some time. The preparations sold as aconitine are often impure bases of very variable quality. Pseudaconitine, C36H49N012 + H20, is also a highly poisonous alkaloid, m.-p. 201°, obtained from Aconitum ferox, an Indian plant of the same natural order. Heated with potash, it yields pseudaconine, C27H41N09, and the potassium salt of veratric (or dimethyl protocatechuic) acid (p. 748). Veratrine, C37H53N011; is extracted from the root of white hellebore {Veratrum album), and from the seeds of Veratrum sabadilla, plants of the natural order Colehicacese. The alkaloid is present in very minute quantity. It is extracted by digesting the root with alcohol containing a little tartaric acid, evaporating the alcohol from the filtered solution, dissolving the residue in water, liberating the alkaloid by caustic soda, and shaking with ether, which dissolves it. The ethereal layer leaves the alkaloid when evaporated. Veratrine is characterised by its power to cause violent sneezing when a particle of the powder is drawn into the nose. It dissolves in HC1, and the solution becomes red when gently heated. Strong H2S04 gives a yellow solution passing into carmine-red, and becoming purple with bromine -water. Cevadine, C32H49N09, is another alkaloid which causes sneezing, and is extracted from Cevadilla seeds ( Veratrum sabadilla). Veratralbine, C28H43N06 ; jervine, C26H37N03 ; pseudojervine, C29H43N07 ; and rubijervine, C26H43N02, are also extracted from the Veratrums. These plants are chiefly used for poisoning vermin. Colchicine, C22H26N06, occurs in meadow saffron, Colchicum autumnale (belonging to the same order as the Veratrums) ; much used as a remedy in gout. It is a very feeble base, and is, in fact, the methyl ester of another alkaloidal principle, colchicein. It is soluble in water and alcohol, and does not crystallise. Physostigmine, or eserine, C15H21N302, is obtained from the Calabar bean, the seed of a Papilionaceous plant. It is sparingly soluble in water, but dissolves in alcohol, is strongly alkaline, and very poisonous. It has the property of contracting the pupil of the eye. Cytisine, CnH^I^O, is the poisonous alkaloid contained in the seeds of Gytisus laburnum, a Papilionaceous plant. Chelidonine, C20H19NO6, has been extracted from celandine (Chelidonium majus), a plant of the Poppy order. Ddphinine, C22H35N06, is the poisonous alkaloid contained in larkspur or stavesacre (Delphinium staphisagria), the seeds of which are used for destroying vermin (aconite belongs to the same order). Pilocarpine, C11H16N202, is extracted from Jaborandi leaves, Pilocarpius pennati- folius, a plant of the Rue order. The base itself is not crystalline, but the hydrochloride and nitrate are crystalline salts, which are used in medicine. Jaborandine, Cj0H12N2O3, is another alkaloid obtained from the same source. INDEX Where several references to a subject are made, the pages where the more important information is to be found are given in heavy type. derivatives, 684 distinction between, 694 Amino-acids, 693, 708-714, 785, 786 anthraquinone, 756 arseno-benzene compounds, 694 hydroxy-propionic acid, 785 oxyphenyl-propionic acid, 786 phenylarsinic acid, 691 arsenoxides, 691 826 INDEX Amraelide, 739 Ammeline, 739 Ammonia, 124, 182-189, 227, 241, 273, 289, 393,440,452 absorbed by charcoal, 241 absorption by ammonium nitrate, 380 action of chlorine on, 107 of iodine on, see Nitrogen iodides and cobalt salts (cobaltamines) 458 bases, see Amines combustion of, 185 by chlorine, 186 decomposed by spark, 186 derivatives, 545, 692-721 freezing machines, see Freezing gas, dried, 84, 183 heat of dissolution, 184 of formation, 183 of vaporisation, 81 liquefied, 32, 81, 82, 83, 331, 361 meter, 185 Nessler's test for, 418 nitrification of, 42 oxidation of, 191 salts, see Ammonium soda process, 371, 373, 696 solution, solubility, 80, 184 sources of, 182, 183 Ammoniacal liquor, 183, 273, 380 Ammoniacum, 749 Ammonium, 380 acetate, 702 alum, 424 amalgam, 187 antimonates, 478 arsenite, 230 bases, 692, 693 bicarbonate, 372, 380, 381 borofluorides, 291 bromide, 382 carbamate, 380, 707, 740 carbonate(s), 82, 380, 381, 707 chloride, 44, 53, 183, 314, 345, 381, 405 dissociation, 314, 340 chloroplumbate, 505 cyanate, 737 cyanide, 726, 738 ' formate, 702, 725 hydroxide, 184, 187 hypoiodite, 209 iodide, 209, 382 isocyanate, 704, 705, 737 isothiocyanate, 707 molybdate, 470 mucate, 796 nitrate, 196, 200, 211, 380 nitrite, 53, 191 oleate, 337, 612 oxalate, 625, 704, 707 oxamate, 707 parabanate, 810 persulphate, 362 phosphate, 218, 224 (microcosmic salt) 383 phosphomolybdate, 470 picrate, 746 platinichloride, 532 platinochloride, 532 purpurate, 810 quaternary compounds, 641, 693, 716 salts, 380 sesquicarbonate, 380 stannic chloride, 489 Ammonium succinate, 626 sulphate, 182, 183, 380 sulphides, 152, 382 sulphocyanide, 176 tartrates, 626 thiocarbamate, 708, 740 thiocyanate, 708, 738 urates, 808 vandates, 481 zinc ferrocyanide, 728 Amorphous condition, 333 phosphorus, see Phosphorus Ampere, 132 Amygdalic acid, 780 Amygdalin. 597, 725, 780 Amyl, 606 acetate, 668 alcohols, primary, 582, 607, 652, 679 secondary, 581 amine, 712 ethyl ether, 652 nitrite, 665, 715 sulphuric acid, 652 valerate, 668 Amylene, 555, 556 Amyl-ethyl ether, 652 Amyloid, 773. 775 Amylose, 770 Anaesthetics, 200, 548, 656, 657, 816 Analysis, 14 gravimetric, 4 of gaseous hydrocarbons, 269 organic, 538-541 calculation of, 540, 541 qualitative, 4 quantitative, 4 theory of reactions in, 331 volumetric, 4 Ananas oil, 668 Anarcotine, 818 Anatase, 490 Ancaster stone, 391 Andrews, 84 Anethol, 655, 678 Angelic acid, 611, 649 Anglesite, 495, 504 Angostura bark, false, 821 Anhydrides, acid, 89, 606 bimolecular, 709 halogen compounds, 662 Anhydrite, 393 Anhydrosulphuric acid, 160 Anilides, 698 Anilido-acetic acid, 710 Aniline, 559, 697, 804 blue, 759 dyes, 757 empirical formula, 541 oil, 699 for blue, 700 red, 700 safranine, 700 salts, 698 substitution products, 698 sulphonie acid, 699 yellow, 718 Animal charcoal, 242 chemistry, 64, 131, 181, 182, 209, 235, 387,585,671 fats, 585 Animi resin, 679 Anions, 94, 327 Aniseed, essential oil of, 599, 655 Anisic acid, 620, 654 INDEX 827 Arrisio aldehyde, 599 Anisol, 654 Annatto, 782 Anode, 16 Anthracene, 569, 672, 621, 805 chlorine compounds, 572, 660 constitution of, 572 dihydride, 573 oil, 572 Anthrachrysone, 755 Anthracite, 271 Anthranil, 713 Anthranilio acid, 713, 800 Anthranol, 754 Anthrapurpurin (-ates), 755 Anthraquinoline, 805 Anthraquinone, 572, 754 sulphonic acids, 755 Antiarin, 781 Antichlore, 159, 171 Antifebrin, 702 Antimonates, 478 Antimonic acids, 477, 478 anhydride, 62 Antimonietted hydrogen, 477, 478 Antimonious acid, 477 anhydride, 477 Antimonites, 477 Antimony, 62, 474, 476-480, 497 alkides, 689 alloy, 476 amorphous, 477 ash, 477 black, 476. sulphides, 232, 233 tests for, 227 white, 202, 228 Arsenical alcohol, 690 iron, 225 nickel, 225 pyrites, 225, 228 soap, 230 Arsenides, 225 Arsenio-siderite, 232 sulphides, 225 Arsenious acid, 128 oxide, 228 828 INDEX Arsenious oxide, crystalline, 228 opaque, 228 solubility of, 229 vitreous, 228 sulphide, 232 Arsenites, 229, 230 Arsen-methyl dichloride, 690 oxide, 690 Arsenoxides, 691 Arsines, 226, 690 Arsinio acids, aromatic, 691 Arsonic acids, 691 Arsonium compounds, 691, 228 Aryl radicles, 566 Asbestos, 283, 402, 404 platinised, 160 Aseptol, 747 Asparagine, 713 Asparagus, 591 Aspartic acid, 713, 785, 7.90 Assafcetida, 749 Assay of gold by cupellation, 526 Asymmetric carbon atoms, 141, 636 substitution-products, 564 Atacamite, 514 Atmolysis, 77, 78 Atmosphere, 48 ; see Air Atom defined, 6 disintegration of, 296 modern view of, 327 Atomic heat, 298 theory, 6, 10, 396 volume, 304-306 weight, 6, 296-307 and specific heat, 297 determined, 297-301 standard for, 97 ,unit, 6, 137 Atomicity, 297 of gaseous molecules, 310, 311 Atoxyl, 691 Atropic acid, 615 Atropine, 704, 815, 816 Augite, 425 Aurantia, 699 Auric salts, see Gold Aurieyanides, 732 Aurin, 758, 759 Aurosulphides, 528 Aurothiosulphuric acid, 528 Aurous salts, see Gold Autogenous soldering, 162 Auxochromes, 718 Available chlorine, 116 Avidity of acids, 344 Avogadro's hypothesis, 9, 10, 96, 309 mathematical expression, 313, 314, 319 Axial-symmetrical configuration, 638 Azelaic acid, 627 Azines, 806 Azobenzene, 691-692, 717 Azo-compounds, 714-721, 717 dye-stuffs, 718, 721 Azoimide(s), 189, 719-721 Azoles, 801 Azonium compounds, 720, 807 Azote, 49 Azoxybenzene, 717 Azulmamide, 723 Azulmic acid, 722 Azulmin, 726 Azurite, 506 Azylines, 718 Bacon, Roger, 296 Bacteria, 73, 42, 181 Baddelyite, 492 Baeyer, 642 Baking powders, 70 Balard, 121 Balloons, 21, 22, 96 Balmain's luminous paint, 394 Balsams, 679 Barbier, 687 Barbituric acid, 810 Barff's process for protecting iron, 454 Barilla, 368, 369 Barium, 18, 298, 385 carbonate, 385, 386 chlorate, 117, 386 chloride, 298, 386 chromate, 466 chromic oxalate, 625 cyanurate, 736 di-oxide, see Barium peroxide ethoxide, 578 hydroxide, 386 hypophosphite, 222 manganate, 463 methylsulphate, 664 nitrate, 386 oleate, 611, 612 oxide, 386 perearbonate, 143 platinocyanide, 356, 732 peroxide, 54, 141, 386, 422 salicylate, 620 sulphate, 160, 385 acid, 385 sulphide, 385 tannate, 622 tungstate, 471 Barlow and Pope, 299, 335 Barometer, 48, 414 Baryta, 386 water, 386 Barytes, 385 Baryto-calcite, 389 Basalt, 390, 425 Base, acidity of, 89 equivalent of, 89 Bases, 51, 62, 88, 94 Basic carbonates, 244 oxides, 51, 62, 88, 112 oxygen, 137 properties, 88 salts, 93 slag, 446 Basicity of acids, 90, 221, 432, 600 Bassorin, 773 Bath stone, 390 Batteries, Leclanche, 382 Battery, galvanic, 15, 326 Baume's flux, 364 Bauxite, 88, 421, 423, 424, 428 Bay, oil of, 676 salt, 368 Bear, 470 Beckmann's apparatus, 321 methods, 321, 323 Becquerel, 356 Beef suet, 673 Bees' wax, 583, 609, 668, 674 Beetroot sugar refuse, &c, 579, 656, 695, 710 Beggiatoa alba, 145 Behenic acid, 612 Belladonna, 816 Bell-metal, 487, 510 INDEX 829 Bell "process, 374 Bengal saltpetre, see Potassium nitrate Benzaconine, 822 Benzal chloride, 597, 613, 615, 660 Benzaldehyde, 584, 597, 614, 642, 780, 801 Benzaldoximes, 642 Benzamide, 703, 710 Benzamido-acetic acid, 710 Benzanthrone, 756 Benzene (e), 274, 321, 323, 335, 559, 614, 647, 745, 752 acetylene, 567 addition products, 559 adjacent, symmetrical and asym- metrical, 564 azomethane, 717 bromo-, 562, 565, 566, 660 chlorides, 660 commercial, 566 constitution of, 560 derivatives, 564 dibromo-, 565 dihydro-, 568 disulphonic acid, 748, 749 formulae discussed, 561 from acetylene, 557 hexahydride, 568 hexahydro-, 568 homologues of, 566 hydrocarbons, general preparation of, 567 isopropyl-, 567 Kekule's formula, 561 objection to, 564 methylisopropyl-, 567 monobromo-, 562 of crystallisation, 324, 569 olefine, 567 orientation of, 563, 564, 565 ortho-, meta-, para-, 564, 566. phenyl-, 568 ring, 561 substitution-products of, di, 563 mono, 562 tetra, 564 tri, 564 sulphonic acids, 652, 681, 703, 744, 750 tetrahydro-, 568 tetramethyl-, 567 trimethyl-, 567 Benzhydrol, 585 Benzidine, 701, 719, 720 dye-stuffs, 719 migration, 701, 720 Benzindulenes, 807 Benzine, 548 Benzoacetic anhydride, 614 Benzoates, 613 azoles, 801 flavine, 806 furfurane, 796 Benzoic acid, 322, 559, 597, 613, 642, 710 aldehyde, see Benzaldehyde anhydride, 614 chloride, see Benzoyl chloride ether, 668 peroxide, 614 series of acids, 613 sulphinide, 703 sulpho-imide, 703 sulphonamide, 703 Benzoin gum, 613, 679 Benzole, see Benzene Benzoline, 548 Benzomercuramide, 703 metadiazines, 806 nitrile, 642, 710, 734 paradiazine, 807 phenone, 585, 649 pyrazoles, 802 pyridines, 804 pyrrol, 796, 802 quinone, 752 thiophen, 796 trichloride, 660 Benzoyl, 614 acetone, 802 azoimide, 721 chloride, 614, 662 compounds, 614 ecogonine, 816 formic acid, 650 glycocoll, 709, 710 hydrazide, 721 hydride, 614: hydroxide, 614 salicin, 779 Benzyl, 614 alcohol, 584, 654 amines, 700, 734 benzene, 569 benzoate, 584, 668 chloride, 597, 660 cinnamate, 584, 668 cyanide, 734 ether, 654 hydride, 614 hydroxide, 614 morphine, 818 Benzylidene, see Benzal Benzylideneaniline, 805 Berberine, 819 Bergamot oil, 678 Berthelot, 671, 776 Berthollet, 4, 115, 117, 148, 721 Beryl, 411 Beryllium, 303, 411, 419, 650 chloride, 303, 412 ethide, 687 Berzelius, 94, 178, 186, 492 Bessemer converter, 446, 508 Bessemer process, 443, 446 Betaine, 695, 701, 710 Betol, 747 Biborate of soda, see Borax Bicarbonate of soda, see Sodium bicarbonate Bicarbonates, 244 Bichromates, 465 Bicyclic terpenes, 675 Bicycloheptane, 570 Bicyclopentane, 570 Biebrich scarlet, 719 Bile, 701 constituents of, 793, 794 Biliary calculi, 585 Bilifuscin, 793 Biliprasin, 793 Bilirubin, 793 Biliverdin, 794 Biochemistry, &c, 181 Bioses, see Disaccharides Biotite, 425 Bi-rotation, 640, 762 Bischofite, 405 Biscuit porcelain, 427 Bismarck brown, 718 Bismuth, 401, 474 830 INDEX Bismuth gallale. Chamber acid, crystals, process, see Sulphuric acid Chamomile oil and flowers, 611 Chance's sulphur recovery process, 371 Changes, chemical, physical, &c. 1, 3, 12 of state, 32, 348 phenomena of, 325 Charbon roux, 113 Charcoal, 194, 238 „ M ...,,, absorption of gases by, 54, 84, MO,i» action of steam on, of sulphuric acid on, 156 animal, 242 834 INDEX Charcoal as fuel, 273 ash, 240 burning, 239 coconut, 241 composition and variation in, 240 decolorising by, 242 deodorising by, 240 for gunpowder, 365 oxidised by nitric acid, 194 preparation of; 239 prepared at different temperatures, 240 ' retort, 239 specific gravity, 241 suffocation, see Carbon di- and monoxide varieties, 238-242 wood, 238 Charles' law, 9 Chelidonic acid, 632 Chelidonine, 822 Chemical affinity, 1, 341, 342 measurement of, 341 change, velocity of, 345 changes and physical phenomena, 296 combination, 1 influence of moisture on, see Water laws of, 5 compounds, 1 decomposition, 2 energy, 1, 12, 15, 326, 347 and measurement of, 341, 345 equivalent, 13, 19, 341 intensity, 341 properties, see Properties Chemistry, 1 inorganic, origin of term, 538 of carbon compounds, 538 ; see Organic organic, origin of term, 538 Chill-casting, 442 Chimney, hot air, for lamps, 265 ventilation by, 69 China moss, 773 Chinese wax, 583 white, 409 Chinoline, see Quinoline Chitin, 791 Chloracetamides, 702 Chloracetic acids, 661 Chloracetyl chloride, 787 Chloral, 660 alcoholate, 661 hydrate, 315, 658, 661, 677 Chloralum, 389 Chloramines, 700 Chloranhydrides, 198 Chloranil, 753 Chloranilic acid, 753 Chloranilines, 698 Chloranthracenes, 572 Chlorate of potash, see Potassium Chlorates, 56 Chlorethers, 653 Chlorhydrins, 659 of glycol, &c, see Glycol, &c. Chloric acid, 117 Chloride of calcium tube, 538 of nitrogen, see Nitrogen Chlorides, 105, 112, 298 Chlorine, 21, 82, 101-121, 256, 298, 374 absolutely dry, 104 and acetylene, 255, 659 and hydrogen, 104 and oxygen, compounds of, 113 " available," 116 Chlorine, bleaching by, 107, 108 dioxide, 119 disinfecting properties, 108 electrolytic process, 103, 374 experiments with, 101-108 group of elements, 101-136 heptoxide, 120 hydrate, 82, 103, 341 monoxide, heat of formation, 114 oxides, 113 oxyacids, 113 peroxide; 119, 120 valency, 113 water, 103, 106 Chlorinated lime, 108, 114, 115* 369 soda, 114, 115 Chlorinating agent, 479 Chloriodoform, 659 Chlorisatins. 107, 798 Chlorite, 120, 425 Chlorobenzenes, 660, 745 benzoic chloride, 663 chromic acid, 468 malseic acid, 663 chloride, 663 (tri)-methylchloroformate, 666 naphthalenes, 660 phenol sulphonic acid, 750 phenols, 745 propionic chloride, 662 Chloroform, 107, 323, 569, 599, 657, 812 of crystallisation, 324, 620 Chloroformoxime, 741 Chlorophosphamide, 224 Chlorophyll, 54, 781 Chlorophyllides, 782 Chlorophyllin, 782 Chloropicrin, 666, 682, 746 Chloroplatinates, 532 Chloroplatinites, 532 Chloroplumbic acid, 505 Chloropropylene, 659 Chlorosaligenin, 779 Chlorosulphonic acid (S02.C1.0H), 158 Chlorotoluenes, 660 Chlorous acid, 120 Chloroxalethyline, 704 Chlor-zinc-iodine, 774 Chocolate, 813 Choke-damp, 68 Cholesterol, 585, 671, 673, 794 acetate, 337, 585, 674 dibromide, 585 Cholestrophane, 810, 814 Cholic acid, 794 Cholin, 701, 794 Chologlycholic acid, 794 Chondrin, 791 Chondroitic acid, 791 Chromamines, 468 Chromates, 465 Chrome-alum, 467 iron-ore, 453, 465, 529 yellow, 466 Chromic acid, 466 anhydride, 465, 466, 467, 754 chromate, 467 hydroxide, 467 oxide, 465, 467 (per-) acid, 144, 465, 468 Chromites, 467 Chromium, 350, 465-470, 534 acetate, 468 ammonium salts, 353 INDEX 835 Chromium chlorides, 468 compounds, preparation of, 465 cyanides, 730 dioxide, 465, 467 group reviewed, 473 metallic, 465 monoxide, 465 oxides, 465, 468 oxychloride, 468 sulphate, 467 sulphide, 468 Chromogens, 718 Chromophore, 718 Chromoproteins, 784 Chromyl chloride, 467, 752 Chrysaniline, 806 Chrysean, 739 Chrysene, 573 Chrysoberyl, 411 Chrysoidine, 718 Cigars, 815 Cinchona alkaloids and bark, 623, 819 Cinchonicine, 820 Cinchonidine, 819-820 Cinchonine, 638, 819-820 Cinder (or coke), 272 (finery), 443 Cineol, 677 Cinnabar, 412, 418 Cinnamein, 668 Cinnamene, 567, 615 Cinnamic acid, 567, 585, 598, 614, 801 aldehyde, 570. Electrolytic bleach, 374 cell, 14 dissociation, 327, 330 gas, 16 production of alkali and chlorine, 359, 361 Electron (alloy), 402 Electrons, 296, 327, 328, 356 Electrostatic concentration of ores, 406 Element, 1, 7 Elements, densities of, 304 ephemeral, 303, 357, 400, 401 groups of, 7 radio-active, 296 solid, 298 the, their properties, and theories relat- ing to, 296 transmutation, 296, 357 typical, 302, 304, 305 vapour densities, 311 Ellagic acid, 621, 622 _Ellagitannie acid, 622 ^nlaHSaon, 356 radium, see Niton thorium, 357 Embolite, 521 Emerald, 411 green, 605 Emery, 424 Emetics, 631 Emetine, 820 Empirical formulae, 540, 541 Emulsin, 597, 778 Enantiomorphous, 638 Endothermic, 114, 141, 347 Energy, 137 general, 1, 12 see also Chemical heat, &c. Enol- form, 736 Enzymes, 333, 575, 672 INDEX 841 Eosins, 628, 758, 759, 760 Eotvos, 316 Ephemeral elements, 295, 302 Epichlorhydrin, 669 Epinine, 745 Epsom salts, see Magnesium sulphate Equations, 4, 11, 12 Equilibrium, see Phase rule stage of reversible reaction, 343 Equisetum, 280 Equivalent denned, 13 electro-chemical, 329 Equivalents, chemical, 301, 328, 329 determination of, 297 of acids and bases, 89, 91 Erbla, 431 Erbium, 433 Ergot, 746, 769 Erucie acid, 612, 673 Erythrene, 556 Erythrio acid, 749 Erythrin, 591 Erythrite, erythrol, 556, 590, 591, 761 Eryfchro-dextrin, 771 Erythrose, 761 Erythryl tetranitrate, 591 Eserine, 822 Essential oils, 664, 674 extraction of, 674 Esterification, law, 642 Esters, 317, 545, 662, 663-702 sulphuric, 664 Etching glass, 131, 133 Ethal, 583 Ethane, 547, 550 constitution of, 547 Ethene, 557, see Ethylene Ether (ethyl), 81, 254, 311, 583, 651 decomposition of, 254 of crystallisation, 653 preparation, 651 properties of, 652 Ethereal salts, 545, 663, see Esters Etherification, continuous, 651 theory of, 652 Ethers, 545, 606, 650-655 aromatic, 654 derivation from alcohols, 650 internal, 653 mixed, 650 perfuming and flavouring, 668 table of, 650 Ethine, 556 Ethionic acid, 555, 681 anhydride, 555 Ethiop's mineral, 418 Ethoxides, 578 Ethyl, 684 acetamide, 702 acetate, 604, 666 aceto-acetate, 600, 649, 667, 802 acetylene, 557 dicarboxylate, 802 alcohol, see Alcohol aldehyde, see Aldehyde allophanate, 706 amines, 696 ammonium ethyl thiocarbamate, 741 arsenite, 666 benzoate, 668 borate, 666, 688 boric acid, 688 bromacetoacetate, 753 bromide, 656 Ethyl butyrate, 668 caprate, 668 carbamate, 707 carbamine, 735 carbimide, 739 carbinol, 582 carbonate, 666 chloride, 656 cyanide, 734 diazo-acetate, 715, 802 diethylacetoacetate, 667 dimethyloxamate, 694 ether, 651-653 ethylacetoacetate, 667 fluoride, 656 formamide, 735 formate, 666, 702 glycol ethers, 653 hydride, see Ethane iodide, 575, 658, 685, 686 isocyanate, 739 isocyanide, 735 isothiocyanate, 740 malonate, 600, 669 morphine, 818 mustard oil, 740 naphthalenes, 572 nitrate, 665 nitrite, 665 nitrolic acid, 581 nitrosamine, 696 orthocarbonate, 666 oxalacetate, 669 oxalate, 669, 694, 704 oxalic acid, 669 oxamate, 704 oxamide, 704 palmitate, 668 pelargonate, 668 phenylhydrazine, 720 phosphates, 666 phosphines, 691, 692 phosphmic acids, 692 phosphites, 666 quinol dicarboxylate, 753 salicylate, 668 silicates, 666, 688 sodaceto-acetate, 667 sodethylaceto-acetate, 667 stearate, 668 succinyl succinate, 753 sulphates, 555, 664 sulphides, 586 sulphmic acid, 681 sulphites, 680, 681 sulphone, 586 sulphonic acid, 680, 681 sulphoxide, 586 sulphuric acid, 651, 652, 664 thiocarbimide, 740 thiocyanate, 740 ureas, 739 Ethylates, 578 Ethylene, 5, 123, 161, 251, 255, 262, 274, 479, 542, 555, 587, 656, 657 addition products, 555 alcohol, see Glycol bromide, 587, 626, 657, 700 chlorhydrin, 701 chloride, 555, 657 cyanide, 626 diamine, 700 glycol, see Glycol iodide, 657 842 INDEX Ethylene lactic acid, 617, 618 naphthalenes, 572 oxide, 653, 794 structure of, 542 succinic acid, 626 Ethylidene chloride, 657 cyanhydrin, 595 diethyl sulphone, 684 glycolsulphonic acid, 594 lactic acid, 617, 635 oxide, 653 succinic acid, 626 Eucaine, 816 Eucalyptol, 677 Eucalyptus oil, 676, 677 Euchlorine, 119 Eudiometer, 25, 26, 27, 261 Eugenol, 599, 678 Eupyrion matches, 120 Eurhodines, 807 Eurhodoles, 807 Europia, 431 Europium, 433 Eutectic, 486 composition, 486 mixture, 486, 497 point, 486 Euxanthic acid, 783 Euxanthine, 783 Euxanthone, 783 Euxenite, 431 Evaporation, 29, 156, 347 and dissociation, 347 influence of pressure on, 347 Even numbers, law of, see Law Evernic acid, 749 Everninic acid, 749 Evolution, 357, 399 Exalgin, 702 Exchange of atoms, 12 Exitele, 477 Exothermic, 56, 347 Expansion coefficient, 9 Explosions, 24, 105 in coal-mines, 258, 260 influence of barometric pressure, 367 sympathetic, 777 Explosives, 87, 118, 119, 12Q, 140, 208, 209, 365. 415, 519, 591, 606, 669, 682, 741, 746, 773-777 (safety), 380 Extinguishing flame, 66, 67, 157 Fagoting, 444 Family, 302 Faraday, 81, 82, 83, 328, 329, 559 Farinose, 771 Fast green, 749 yellow, 747 Fats, 589, 640, 671-674 Fatty acid series, 600 Fehling's test, 631 Felspar, 283, 358, 367, 420, 424, 427 Fenchene, 674, 675 Fenchone, 677 Fennel oil, 677 Fermentation, 64, 271, 761-770 acetous, see Acetic acid alcoholio, 575, 626 arrested, 157 visoous, 591, 773 Ferrates, 454 Ferric acetates, 604 acid, 454 Ferric ammonio-citrate, 633 benzoate, 614 carbonate, 454 chloride, 455 cyanide, 728 ferrocyanide, 724, 727 hydroxide, 453 iodide, 456 oxalate, 625 oxide, 56, 62, 161, 453 oxychloride, 455 phosphate, 455 pyrophosphate, 455 salts, 452 succinate, 626 sulphate, 454, 455 (basic) 161, 454 thiocyanate, 737 Ferricum (i.e. Iron in ferric state), 401 Ferricyanides, 729 Ferrite, 351 Ferrocyanio acid, 722 Ferrocyanidea, 722 Ferrocyanogen, 722, 727 Ferro-aluminium, 446 chrome, 465 chromium, 442 manganese, 442, 446, 461 pyrophosphate, 526 silicon, 442, 446 titanium, 446, 492 Ferrosoferric oxide, 21, 62, 453 ferrocyanide, 728 Ferrosum (i.e. Iron in ferrous state, 726) Ferrous ammonium sulphate, 455 arsenate, 455 bromide, 456 carbonate, 454 chloride, 455 cobalticyanide, 727 cyanides, 727 ferricyanide, 728, 729 ferrocyanide, 727 hydroxide, 453 iodide, 127, 361, 455 oxalate, 456, 625 oxide, 62, 453 phosphate, 455 pyrosulphate, 455 salts, 452 silicate, 443 sucrate, 768 sulphate, 96, 108, 151, 161, 324, 453, 454 513 sulphide, 151, 154, 456 Ferrum redactum, 452, 454 Ferruretted chyazic acid, 722 Fibrin, blood, 784, 789 muscle, 789 vegetable, 790 Fibrinogen, 784, 789 Fibroin, 791 Finery cinder, see Cinder Fire-bricks, 428 -clay, 420 -damp, 257, 260 indicator, 261 Fires, blue flame in, see Carbon monoxide coloured, see Pyrotechny Fireworks, &o., see Pyrotechjry Fischer, 761, 785, 786 Fish oils, 673, 674 shells, 388 Fittig, 752 INDEX 843 " Fixed " alkalies, 188 Fixing photographic prints, 172 Flags, Yorkshire, 390 Flake- white, 475 Flame, 18, 60, 61, 138, 359-369 analysis of, siphon, 263 behaviour with gauze, &c, 259 blowpipe, 267 candle, 262 cause of luminosity in, 261 effect of pressure on, 265 extinction by gases, 23, 66, 67, 69, 157 ',' mantle " of, 264 oxidising and reducing, 268 structure of, 261 temperature of, 263 to illustrate nature of, 468 Flash-point, definition, 548 Flavanthrene, 756 Flavin, 780 Flavopurpurin, 755 Flesh, juice of, 711 sugar, 751 Flint, 280 and steel, 280 Floss-hole, 444 Flotation concentration of ores, 406 Flowers bleached, 157 Fluoborio acid, 291 Fluoplumbates, 288 Fluor spar calcium fluoride), 131, 133, 134, 286, 394. 439 Fluorene, 569 Fluorescein, 749, 760 Fluorescence, 356, 683, 749, 760, 779, 805, 819 Fluorio acid, 131, 286 Fluorides, 132 the storing of, 133 Fluorine, 21, 131, 133, 137 Fluorone, 574 Fluorsulphonic acid, 132 Fluostannates, 288 Flux, 131, 133, 394, 427, 451 Baume's, 364 Fog, 63, 73 Foot warmers, 605 Formal, 593 Formaldehyde, 128, 579, 593, 764 Formalin, 593 Formamides, 702 Formates, 248, 603 Formation, heat of, 129 Formazyl-derivatives, 721 Formic acid, 270, 579, 598, 600, 602, 805 aldehyde, see Formaldehyde esters, 666 ether, 666 thio-aldehyde, 596 Formins, 602, 672 Formonitrile, 603, 734 Formose, 593, 764 Formula, 11, 28 axial symmetrical, 638 calculation of, 196, 307, 540- constitutional, 543 empirical, 307 graphic, 543 molecular, see Molecular and Organio plane symmetrical, 638 rational (i.e. and glycerol, distinction, 589 (note] INDEX 845 Glycerol, 575, 583, 588-590, 596, 602, 630, 654, 659, 804 ; see also Glyoerin, &c. complex, 331 hydration of, 331 migration of, 327 Ipecacuanha, 820 Iridio-platinum alloy, 134 Iridium, 529-537 its properties and compounds, 536 ore, analysis of, 537 Iron, 62, 96, 408, 434-456, 458, 697, 782 acetate, 604 action of acids on, 195, 452 of air on, 453 of nitric acid on, 452 of steam on, 453 on water, 21, 452 allotropic form, 436 alums, 455 and carbon, 437 and oxygen, 62 and steam, 341, 342 bar, 445, 448 BarfP s process for protecting, 454 basic open-hearth process, 446 Bessemer process, 446 basic, 447 black, 476 oxide of, 453 blow-holes in, 446, 449 Bower's process for protecting, 454 carbide, 437, 724 carbon in, 237 carbonate, 454 carbonyls, 456 cast, 436, 440, 441, 443 wrought, and steel, distinction, 443 cementation, see Cementation chemical properties of, 451 chlorides, 455 cold-short, 445 decarburised, 443 dialysed, 453 direct extraction, 451 effect of process on composition, 447, 448 electric smelting, 451 refining, 451 extraction on small scale, 451 fagoting, 444 ferric state, 452 ferrous state, 452 fibrous structure, 445 foundry, 442 galvanised, 405 glance, 435 granulated, 324 grey, 441, 442 54 850 INDEX Iron group or series, 436-469 review of, 469 hydrated oxides, 453 ingot, 443, 445 iodide, 455 magnetic oxide, 453 malleable, 436, 442, 443, 445, 451 direct extraction from ore, 451 merchant bar, 445 metallurgy of, 422, 438-451 mottled, 441, 443 mould, 452, 774 Nos. 2 and 3 bar, 445 open-hearth process, 445 ores, 434-436, 451 calcining or roasting, see under Metallurgy of iron oxides, 43, 342, 453 passive state of, 452 perchloride of, see Ferric chloride peroxide, 453 phosphates, 455 phosphorus in, 445, 441 puddled, 443 puddling process, 443 pure, 436, 437 pyrites, 146, 161, 163, 166, 178, 271, 436, 456 pyrophorus, 248 red-short, 445 reduced, see Ferrura redactum refining, 443 regenerative firing, 445 rusting, 2, 452 sand, 436, 490 scurf, 428 Siemens Martin process, 445 smelting, 435 sulphate, see Ferric and Ferrous granulated, 324 sulphides, 456 sulphur in, 441 tannate, 452 tenacity, 436 Thomas process, 447 tincture of, 455 tinned, 485 detinning of, 490 tungstate, 471 welded, 445 white, 441, 442 wire-iron, 407 wrought, 443 Ironstones, 435 Isatic acid, 714 Isatide, 798 Isatin, 107, 714, 798 anilide, 801 chloride, 798 Isatoic anhydride, 714 Iserine, 490 Isethionic acid, 555, 681 chloride, 714 Isinglass, 791 Isobarbituric acid, 811 Iso- butane, 553 butyl alcohol, 582 butylene, 556 cholesterol, 585, 674 cyanates, 737, 739 cyanic acid and isocyanates, 737 cyanides, 734 cyanuric acid, 743 dialuric acid, 811 Iso-diazo salts, 716 Isomeric alcohols, 579 change, 736 dynamic change, 736 Isomerides; definition, 553 dynamic, 148 Isomerism, 138, 562, 579 dynamic, 735 position, 562 Isomers, 541 Isomorphism, 299, 513 Isomorphous compounds, 299 Isonitriles, 734 Isonitroso-derivatives, 699 Isoparaffms, 553 pentane, 553 phthalic acid, 628 propyl acetic acid, 607 alcohol, 580 benzaldehyde, 598 benzoic acid, 614 carbinol, 580 halides, 607 quinoline, 805, 818, 819 Isoprene, 675, 679 Isosmotic solutions, 319 Iso-succinie acid, 626 uric acid, 811 Isotonic solutions, 319 Isoxazole, 802 Isuret, 703 Itaconic acid, 628, 633 Ivory, artificial, 778 Jabobandinb, 822 Jalapin, 780 Jalapinol, 780 Jasper, 280 Jecoline, 673 Jervine, 822 Jet, 272 for burning gases, 23, 264 Jewellers' rouge, 453 Joule, 85, 326, 329 Kainit, 362 Kairine, 805 Kairolin, 805 Kakodyl, 690 chlorides, 690 cyanide, 690 oxide, 690 sulphide, 690 Kakodylic acid, 690 Kali, 19 Kaolin, 420, 427 Kassner's oxygen process, 502 Katigen blue, 757 Kauri resin, 679 Kekule's benzene theory, 560, 561 Kelp, 124 Kelvin- Joule effect, 85, 314 Keratin, 784, 791 Kermes, 480 mineral, 480 Kernel roasting, 514 Kerosene, see Paraffins Keten, 606 Ketodihydropyrazoles, 802 Keto-form, 736 Ketols, 649 Ketone- acids, 649 alcohols, 649, 760 INDEX 851 Ketone aldehydes, 649, 764 decomposition, 667 Ketones, 545, 581, 588, 647-650, 667, 720, 736 reactions of, 159, 648 Ketoses, 760-763 Ketoximes, 648 Kieselguhr, 670 Kieserite, 404 Kiln, 438 Kinetic energy, 308, 310 method of measuring affinity, 342, 315 theory of gases, 308 King's yellow, 232 Kino, 747, 750 Kipp's apparatus, 65 Kirchhoff, 380 Kish, 238 Kissingen, 121 Kjeldahl's method, 539 Klaproth, 179 Kola nut, 813 Kolbe, 619 Kosine, 781 Koumiss, 769 Kousso, 781 Kreasote, 748 Kreatine, see Creatine Kresol, see Cresol, 747 Kreuznach, 121 Kryolite, 131, 367, 421 Krypton, 293-295 Kundt's tube, 311 Kupfernickel, 225, 459 Kyanite, 425 Lab, 790 Labile form, 736 Lac, 679, 783 Lacquer, 783 Lacquering, 511 Lactamide, 703 Lactams, 709 Lactarine, 790 Lactates, 618 Lactic acids, 595, 607, 617, 635, 662 fermentation, 607 Lactide, 617 Lactims, 714 Lactobiose, 769 Lactones, 618, 649, 794 Lactonitrile, 595 Lactose, 769 Lactyl chloride, 662-663 Laevo-rotatory, 634 ; see Optical Lsevulinic acid, 649, 784 Lsevulosan, 763, 767 Lsevulose, 761-763, 772 Lakes, alumina, 423, 783 Laminaria, 125 (note), 591 Lamp-black, 238 Lamp, safety, 260 without flame, 531 Lamps, electric incandescent, 471, 482, 530 Dobereiner's, 77, 531 Landsberger's apparatus, 323 method, 323 Lanolin, 674 Lanthana, 431 Lanthanum, 431 and compounds, 433 Lapis lazuli, 426 Lard, 673 LardereUo, 289 Latent heat, 32 of fusion, 322, 642 of vaporisation, 323 Lathering, 608 Laudanum, 817 Laughing gas, 200 Laurel water, 725 Laurio acid, 608, 671 aldehyde, 596 Laurin, 672 Laurite, 536 Lauth's violet, 806 Lava, 425 Lavender oil, 678 Lavoisier, 3, 11, 20, 49, 50, 54, 81, 88, 101, 235 Law, Neumann and Kopp's, 298 of chemical combination, 5, 9 of conservation of mass, 3 of energy, 12 of constant proportions, 4 of electrolysis, 328 of esterification, 642 of even numbers, 541 of gaseous combination, 9, 26 diffusion, 77, 309 of multiple proportions, 4 of octaves, 301 of partial pressure, 79, 347 of reciprocal proportions, 5 periodic, see Periodic third, 319 Lead, 401, 413, 474, 494-505 acetate, 502, 503, 605 basic, 503, 605 action of acids on, 500 of, on water, 46, 501 alkides,689 antimonate (basic)', 478, 497 argentiferous, 497 carbonate, 495, 503 basic, 500, 503 chlorides, 504-505 chlorosulphide, 505 chromates, 466 basic, 467 cistern, 46 corrosion of, 46, 500, 501 cupellation, 498 dioxide, 502 extraction from ore, 495-497 in laboratory, 499 ferricyanide, 728 formate, 602 fume, 496 glass, 501 -glazed earthenware, 501 hard, 497 dross from, 497 hydroxide, 503 improving or calcining, 497 in cider, &c, 501 in water, 46 iodide, 505 malate, 629 metallurgy of, 495 molybdate, 470 nitrate, 196, 503 oleate, 589, 612 ores, 495, 502 oxalate, 501 oxides, 495, 501-503 in. drying of oil, 501 in glazing earthenware, 501 in manufacture of glass( 501, 502 852 INDEX Lead oxides, puce, 502 oxyohlorides, 504 Parkes' desilvering process, 498 Pattinson's desilvering process, 497 peroxide, 502, 672 persulphide of, 382 plaster, 589, 612 poisoning, 504 polysulphide, 505 propionates, 607 • pyrophorus, 501 selenide, 505 sesquioxide, 502 silicate, 496, 501 silver, extraction of, 497 slag, 496 composition of, 496 Spanish, 497 sucrates, 768 sugar of, see Acetate sulphate, 143, 165, 495, 504 sulphides, 143, 153, 382, 495, 504, 505 tartrate, 501 telluride, 179 test for, 46 tetracetate, 502 tetramethide, 689 tetrethide, 689 thiosulphate, 172 tribasic acetate, 605 triethide, 689 uses, 500, 530 vanadate, 481 vitriol, 504 Leather, 622 Le Bel, 636 Leblanc alkali process, 369-373 Lecanoric acid, 749 Lecithin, 671, 701, 793 Leclanche batteries, 382 Legumin, 790 Leguminous plants, 181, 182 Lemery, 288 volcano, 150 Lemons, essential oil of, 676 Lepidine, 804, 805 Lepidolite, 383, 384 Leucaniline, 758 Leucic acid, 619, 712 Leucindigo, 799 Leucine, 712, 785, 791 Leuco-base, 758 compounds, 756 Leuco-pararosaniline, 758 Levulose, 650 Leyden jar, 25, 27, 181 Lichens, colouring-matters from, 749 Liebermann's reactions, 695, 745 Liebig, 705, 706 extract, 711 Light, influence, 54, 63, 105, 107, 108, 112, 117, 138, 140, 150,153, 158, 171, 181, 249, 356, 402, 415, 472, 520, 521, 531 oil of coal-tar, 559, 570 standard of, 548 Lignite, 271 Ligroin, see Petroleum spirit Lime, 387 ; see Calcium oxide air-slaked, 389 brominated, 124 burning, 64, 389 carbonate in waters, 45, 389 chloride of, see Chlorinated lime kilns, 389 Lime-light, 269, 493 mild, 388 quick, 389 slaked, see Calcium hydroxide stone, 64, 388, 389, 439, 440 superphosphate, 394 water, 390 Limited divisibility of matter, 6 Limiting volumes, 316, 334 Limonene, 638, 674, 676 Limonite, 88 Linalool, 676, 678 Linalyl acetate, 678 Linde's machine, 85 Linolenic acid, 613, 673 Linolic acid, 612, 673 Linseed, mucilage from, 773 oil, 612, 613, 672, 673 drying of, 501 Liquation, 476, 484 Liquid waxes, 674 Liquids, 315 Liquor ammonise, see Ammonia chlori, 103 iodi, 126 sodse chlorinate, see Chlorinated soda Liquorice root, 781 Litharge, 499, 501, 672 Lithia, 383 mica, 383 Lithic acid, 807 Lithium and its salts, 53, 358, 383 nitride, 53, 293 urates, 808 Lithopone, 410 Litmus, 18, 749 Liver oils, 673 Loadstone, 62, 436 Loam, 421 Logwood, 157, 783 Looking glasses silvered, 414 Lophin, 802 Lothar Meyer, 301 Low temperature, production of, 82, 156 ; see also Freezing Lubricating oils (paraffin), 549 Lucifer matches, see Matches Luminosity of flames, &c, 59, 60, 258, 861, 266 effect of pressure on, 265 Lunar caustic, 519 Lunge, 165 Lupetidin, 144 Lutecium, 431, 433 Luteo-.cobalt salts, 458 Luteolin, 782 Lutidine, 803 Luting for crucibles, 407 for iron joints, 150 Lycopodium, 260, 311, 420 Lye, 359, 589 Lysidine, 802 Lysine, 786 Lysol, 747 Macbride, 63 MacDougalTs disinfectant, 744 Maelurin, 783 Madder, 489, 754 lakes, 755 Magenta, 758 bronze, 471 Magnalium, 402, 422 Magnesia, see Magnesium oxide INDEX 8S3 Magnesite, 402, 403 Magnesium, 53, 97, 132, 402, 419, 579, 687, 782 action on water, 20 alkides, 687 alkyl compounds (Grignard),"B87 ammonio-chloride, 405 phosphate, 404 ammonium arsenate, 404 borate, 290, 404 boride, 291 bromides, 121 carbonate, 43, 358, 402, 403 chloride, 45, 47, 361, 368, 404, 464 citrate, 633 ethide, 687 fluoride, 131 group, review of, 419 hydroxide, 403 limestone, 390, 402, 403, 404 methide, 687 methoxide, 579 nitride, 53, 293, 403 oxide, 402, 403 oxychloride, 103, 405 phosphates, 404 platinocyanide, 732 silicates, 283, 402, 404 suicide, 285 Btearate, 609 sulphate, 43, 368, 402, 404, 410, 454 Magnetic, -ism, 58, 182, 291, 350, 356, 451, •459,793 concentration of ores, 406 field, 452 iron ore, 62, 436, 451 pyrites, 456 rotatory power, 640 Magnetite (Magnetic oxide of iron), 436 Magneto-chemistry, 350, 453 Magneto-fuse composition, 515 Magneton theory, 351 Magnus' green salt, 532 Mahler's bomb, 276 Malachite, 88, 506 green, 513, 758 Maleic acid, 627, 629, 638 anhydride, 627, 629, 638 Malenoid and fumaroid structure, 595, 638 Malic acid, 626, 629, 630, 639, 663, 713, 775 Malonic acid, 249, 624, 625, 629 ether, 669 Malonylurea, 810 Malt, 769 Maltose, 576, 769 Manchester brown, 718 Mandelic acid, 621, 650, 780, 816 Manganates, 462 " Manganese," 461 Manganese, 20, 351, 435, 437,441, 451, 461- 465, 469 black, 461 blende, 464 borate, 672 borides, 291, 351 bronze, 487 carbonate, 461 chlorides, 464 dichloride, 102 dioxide, 49, 55, 56, 101, 398, 461, 463, 464,672 hydrated, 462 dithionate, 173 ferrocyanide, 728 Manganese hydroxide, 462 iron, separated from, 464 nitrides, 351 oxalate, 625 oxides, 54, 461-462 peroxide, 461 recovery, 464 spar, 461 sulphate (manganic), 462 (manganous), 464 sulphides, 464 tetrachloride, 102 tungstate, 471 Manganic acid, 462 anhydrides, 462 Manganin, 459 Manganites, 463 Manganous acid, 463 Manna, 591 Australian, 770 trehala, 769 Mannitane, 592 Mannite (mannitol), 591, 763, 764 Mannonic acid, 591, 764 Mannose, 591, 761, 763, 764 Mannyl hexanitrate, 591 Mantles for incandescent burners, 267, 493 Manures, 362, 379, 394, 441, 739, 380 Maquer, 721 Marble, 3, 64, 388, 390 Marcasite (iron pyrites), 456 Margaric acid, 608 Margarine, 673 Margraf, 131, 132 Marine animal oils, 673 Marking-ink, 520 Marl, 421 Marsh-gas, see Methane series, 546 Marsh's test for arsenic, 227 Martensite, 437 Martius' yellow, 747 Mascagnine, 182, 380 Mass, 1 action, 343 active, 343 conservation, law of, 3 Massicot, 501 Mastic, 679 Matches, 120, 214, 215, 222 safety, 215 without phosphorus, 120 Mate, 813 Matlockite, 504 Matte, 459 Matter, 1, 2, 6 conservation, 2, 3 Mayer's reagent, 812 Mayow, 48, 49 Meadow-sweet, oil of, 598 Meconic acid, 817, 818 and meconates, 632, 817 Meconine, 818, 819 Meconinic acid, 818 Meerschaum, 402, 404 Melam, 739 Melamine, 739 Melaniline, 708 Melem, 739 Melezitose, 770 Melibiose, 770 Melissyl alcohol, 583 palmitate, 533, 668 Melitose, 770 854 INDEX Mellite, 633 Mellitio acid, 633 Mellone, 738, 739 Mellonides, 739 Melting-point, 32, 322, 339, 643 Menaocanite, 490 Mendeleefi, 8, 301, 303, 304, 423, 428, 494 periodic table, 8, 302 Mendipite, 504 Meniscus, 316 Menthene, 676 Menthol, 677, 678 Menthone, 678 Mercaptans, 585, 586, 648, 681 Mercaptides, 586 Mercaptol, 648 Mercerisation, 774 Mercuric acetamide, 702 chloride, 416, 489 and albumin, 416 cyanides,