None
Chemical Composition; C. .34%, Mn. .64%, Si. .20%, P. .010%, S. .036%, Ni. 3.65%, Cr. 1.24%. Description of Pieces Treated; One inch rounds, 25 inches long; 14 pieces, all from same billet. Description of Test Pieces; One test piece from each of the* 14 pieces, turned to a diameter of % inch, as in Fig. 47. HEAT TREATMENT PHYSICAL TESTS Hardening and Refining Deg. C Anneal and Draw, Deg. C. Tensile Strength Elastic Limit Elongation in 2"% Reduction in area % Brinell Number Scleros- cope Test As Rolled 172,500 138,000 11.5 26.5 444 57 Heated to 76 0° and 125,000 78,000 18.0 47.2 255 38 cooled in F urnace Heated to 427° 190,000 166,000 12.5 50.0 415 55 845° quench- ed in oil 482° 538° 170,000 142,000 154,000 126,000 15.0 20.0 44.3 57.8 341 321 41 43 593° 127,500 115,000 22.0 62.3 285 36 649° 117,000 99,000 23.0 64.7 255 37 704° 115.000 69,000 24.0 56.0 255 35 Heated to 427° 164,000 152,000 17.5 56.0 375 51 845° quench- 482° 160,000 147,500 15.5 53.9 341 48 ed in water 538° 145,000 130,000 21.0 58.6 321 43 593° 124,000 100,000 22.5 62.8 269 40 649° 120,000 99,000 24.0 63.7 248 36 704° 120,000 69,000 17.0 50.0 269 36 VANADIUM STEEL 595 SECTION V. VANADIUM STEELS. Simple Vanadium Steels do not at present have the standing they formerly had, and the only reason for mentioning them here is to enable the reader to get an idea of the effects of vanadium alone, so that he can better understand the reasons for chrome vanadium steel, to be considered later. Since 1917 the Carnegie Steel Company has manufactured but one grade of vanadium steel, known as type "F," which is used as a flux in oxyacetylene, oxyhydrogen, and electric welding. Influence of Vanadium: Unlike nickel and chromium, vanadium is an intense deoxidizing agent, being capable of carrying the cleansing of the steel beyond the point obtainable by manganese, or even silicon and aluminum. Thus, this element performs the double function of a curative and an alloying element. It is added to the steel, in the form of ferro- vanadium, containing about 35% of the element, at the time of tapping, if the steel is being made by the open hearth process, and preferably after the other ladle additions to avoid undue wastage. Of the vanadium that is retained by the steel, only very small amounts, from .15% to .25%, are required to affect the physical properties of the steel. Like most of the alloying elements, it tends to give a finer and denser structure than that of carbon steel, and for the most part its action is similar to other alloying elements. But in some respects, at least, it presents characteristic phenomena. Thus, there are good reasons to believe that, when present even in the small amounts noted above, it is both dissolved in the ferrite, like nickel, and exists as a carbide or a double carbide in the cementite, like chromium. It has a powerful influence upon the transformation ranges, as is seen from the fact that while steels containing .2% carbon and .7% vanadium, or .8% carbon and .5% vanadium, are pearlitic, any increase of the vanadium content over these limits renders the steel cementitic as shown in the following diagram: Cement itt 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 Per Cent. Carbon FIG. 122. Constitutional Diagram for Vanadium Steels. As revealed by the static physical tests, the benefits from vanadium are somewhat similar to those for the pearlitic nickel steels, that is, it gives a combination of high elastic limit and ductility. With proper heat treatment, it is also said to resist shock, alternate stresses, wear and fatigue. 596 ALLOY STEELS SECTION VI. CHROME- VANADIUM STEELS. Effect of Combining Chromium and Vanadium: In order that the influence of vanadium as indicated above may be realized to the fullest, the presence of another element as an intensifier is required. Just as chromium intensifies the influence of nickel, so does it also stimulate vanadium, but to a much greater degree, it is said, than with the former. Hence, though various combinations have been tried, such as vanadium- nickel, chrome-vanadium-nickel, etc., the tendency at present points to the general adoption of the one combination, chrome-vanadium. Properties and Uses of Chrome- Vanadium Steels : The hot working of these steels presents no difficulties, the steel behaving in the press and rolls much like the higher carbon plain steels. In physical properties, they are similar to chrome-nickel steel except that their contraction of area for a given elastic limit is a little greater. They are also said to be more easily machined than chrome nickel steel and are more free from surface defects, such as scale-pits and seams. While some enthusiasts maintain that it is the steel best adapted to resist shock and fatigue, others hold that the chrome-nickel steel answers all requirements just as well. Perhaps the truth of the matter is that, while both steels are available for most purposes, there are limited fields in which one may excel the other and in which each has its own sphere of usefulness. Most of the chrome-vanadium steel made by the Carnegie Steel Company is used for driving axles and other forgings for locomotives, automobile springs and axles, compressed air flasks, torpedo tubes, and gun forgings. They are nearly always heat treated before being put into service, but in some automobiles the frames, and even part of the forgings and shafts, are made of the steel in its natural state. The composition and properties of three grades of this steel in the untreated condition are given herewith. Table 70. The Composition and Mechanical Properties of Untreated Chrome=Vanadium Steels. COMPOSITION Grade No. C. % Mn. % Si. % s. % P. % V. % Cr. % Tensile Strength, Pounds Elastic Limit, Pounds Contra- ction of Area, % Elonga- tion in 2 Inches% 1 2 3 0.57 .46 .18 0.84 .48 .32 0.27 .20 .18 0.04 .03 .03 0.01 .01 .01 0.31 .14 .20 1.36 1.17 .74 142,000 125,000 65,000 114,000 95,000 47,200 42 55 62 14 20 23 TENSILE PROPERTIES Some idea of the general results obtained from heat treating the chrome vanadium steels and of the methods employed may be gained from the following table: CHROME-VANADIUM STEEL 597 Table 71. Physical Properties of Treated Chrome= Vanadium Steels. Tests made on Small Rolled Sections CHEMICAL COMPOSITION HEAT TREATMENT MINIMUM PHYSICAL RESULTS AFTER TREATMENT Carbon PerCent. Manga- nese, PerCent. Chrome- ium, PerCent Vana- dium, PerCent Water Quenched, Deg. C. Draw Deg. C. Tensile Strength, Lbs. per Sq.In. Elastic Limit, Lbs. per So. In. M Reduction of Area, Per Cent. *.19 .49 .96 .23 850. 749 101,400 91,200 27 69 712 109,500 98,800 24 66 675 121,200 113,100 22 66 635 129,600 121,200 21 60 596 136,000 125,700 20 60 574 146,900 . 137,200 20 58 *.25 .30 .85 .14 850. 748 88,640 78,960 29 77 697 98,520 92,200 26 72 657 118,700 114,100 24 72 607 121,800 118,200 22 69 ... 574 132,400 125,800 20 64 f.38 .41 .97 .24 815 704 ' 100,000 88,000 27 65 649 118,000 101,000 23 60 593 130,000 108,000 18 52 538 130,000 108,000 16 50 482 157,500 142,000 15 47 .... 427 177,500 155,000 11 36 Oil Quenched 815 700 95,000 75,000 30 65 650 117,000 98,000 20 57 595 125,000 105,000 18 56 540 133,000 113,000 18 50 .... 480 143,000 116,000 16 48 430 149,000 120,000 15 49 Annealed 760 88,500 58,000 30 59 * As Rolled 127,500 96,500 20 48 *Silicon .05%. Phosphorus under .035%. Sulphur under .04%. fSilicon .25%. Phosphorus .021%. Sulphur .041%. Tests on 1" rounds. WORD INDEX Abrasion tests 35 Abramsen straightening machine 468 Absolute temperature 7 Absorption 5 Acetanilide 109 Acetylene ' 69 Acid 8-15 Acid anhydride 15 Acid Bessemer iron 129 " ore 40 Acid Bessemer process 172 to 194 Acid Bessemer steel 187 Acid Flux 118 Acid lining in converter 184 " in open hearth 200 Acid refractory 29 Acid slag 123 Adamite rolls v 323 Adhesion 4 Afterblow 200 Air chamber in open hearth 216 Air cooling 211-542 Airport 213 Alkalies 39 Alligator Shears 473 Allotrimorphic crystals 533 Allotropy 23-528-532 Alloy 8 Alloy steel 579 Alloy steel ingots 362 Alloy treated steel 579 Alphairon 532 Alternating current 251 Alternator 246-247-253 Alumina 26-39 39-41-160 118 Aluminum 1 1-26-166 Ammonia 25-116 Ammonia gas 100-116 Ammonia liquor 99-116 Ammonium sulphate 116 Amorphous carbon 23 Ampere 245-262 Angles 462 Angular fracture 306 Angular method of rolling 446 Anhydride 15-16 Aniline 109 Aniline hydrochloride 109 " salt.. 109 in ores Annealing steel box " oven (furnace). temperatures . .. Anthracia oils 539 546 459-546 540-541 115 Anthracite coal 66-78-190-228 Anthranilic acid 113 Antifriction metal (see bearing metals) ... 331 Antimony 12 Antipyrin 115 Arc, electric 264 Arc, furnace 261-265 Archean era 79 Armor plate 591 Arsenic 12 " in blast furnace 166 Ash in coal 75-76-80 " in coke 85-160 Aspirin 115 Atomic weights 11-12 Atoms 10 Austenite 526 Austenitic nickel steel 584 Available base 118 Avogadro's hypothesis 13 Axles, manufacture of 508 to 515 Azo benzene ... 109 Ball stuff 184 Banking 159 Bank ovens 87 Barium 11 Barium carbonate in case hardening 565 Bar mill 474 Base, chemical 8 Base of rail 449 Basic anhydride 15 " Bessemer process 172 " flux 118 " open hearth process 198 " ore 40 " pig iron 129 " process 175 " refractories 30 " slag 123 Battery of coke ovens 86 Bauxite 31-32 " brick 32 Beams 465 Bearing metal 331 600 WORD INDEX Beehive coke 86 to 90 " coke oven 86 " process 86 Belgian mill 477 " oven 90 Bell and hopper 139 Bellypipe 134 Bending test 308 Benzaldehyde 112 ...69-105 to 110 Benzene series sulphonic acid 110 Benzenyl trichloride 112 Benzidine 108-109 Benzine 69 Benzol 101 to 110 " manufacture of 100 to 105 " gradesof 107 " usesof 107-109 Benzoic acid 112 Bertrand-Thiel process 201 Bessemer converter, construction of 183 Henry 176 " ore 40 " iron 129 " steel 190 steel process 175 " (steel) converter 183 to 186 reactions in 193 to 196 Beta iron 532 Billet 365 " mill 391 to 406 Binary compounds 18 Binder in coal 80 Binding material for refractories 29-30-31 Birmingham ore district 42 Bituminous coal 66-78-80 Blanks for wheels 497-505 Blast for Bessemer converters 180 " for blast furnace 150 " for cupola 179 " furnace, construction of 131 equipment of 130 foundation of 131 " gas 66-71 Bleeder 141 Blind pass 426 Blister 435 Block of ovens 87 Bloom 365 Blooming mill 366 to 384 Blow 187 Blower 188 Blowing engine 150-180 Blowholes... 346 Blow in Blow off valve Blowing in burden . .. Blow pipe Body of rolls Boil in a converter . .. ' "open hearth. Bone coal Boron Bosh... 152 143-156 153 134 322 188 221 80 12 135 135 " brick 137 " plates 136 " plate boxes 136 Bott 134 Bottom blown converter 183 " casting 229-324 " of blast furnace 132 " of converter 185 of open hearth 219 " pouring 228 " stuff 185 Box annealing 546 Box pass 323 Boyles' law (see volume of a gas) 2 Braddock insulated rail joints 454 Braddock works (see Edgar Thomson) .... 177-183 Brasses 331 Breaking load 304 Breakout in open hearth 230 Breeze, coke 90 Brick, silica 29 " clay 30 " hearth and bosh 137-138 " in-wall 137-138 " top 137-138 Bridge wall 211 Brightman straightener 468 Brine for hardening 551-552 Brinell tests 310-311 " hardness number 310-311 Briquettes (or Briquets) 66-220-242 British thermal unit 7-60 Bronze 331 Brookville coal bed 79 Brown coal 77 Brown ore 36-37 B.T.UorB. t. u 7-60 Buckles in plates 426-435 " in bars 494 Bucket hoist 140 Buggy for Bessemer plant 182 ' for open hearth 207 Bulkhead 211 Bullens 517 Bull head rail 437 WORD INDEX 601 Bundling merchant bars " for export • Burdening blast furnace Burden on a blast furnace Burned steel Bustle pipe Butane Butterfly method of rolling By-pass By-product coke gas (Cokeoven Gas) plant process advantages of 491 491 159 159 ... 495 ... 135 70 .. 462-463 150 85-90 to 98 . . . 66-71 98 90 . . 91 Carbon monoxide in steel " steel (see plain steel) " in pig iron " combined " graphitic " steel " steel for case hardening... Carbonizing agent box materials mixtures " pack Carbonless iron Car dumper 269-518 579 127 127 127 570 563 564 564 564 565 566 518 151 ...497 to 506 504 567 562-568 172 152 312 429 475 77 533 Carnegie Schoen wheels tape size Calcination of dolomite " limestone " magnesite Calcined dolomite magnesite Calcining plant , Calcite (see limestone) Calcium carbide in electric furnace slag Calcium carbonate fhiroide (seeFluorspar) 120-223- oxide silicates " sulphate sulphide 25 25 ... 25-231 32 32 202 36 . ... 11-25 . . .122-228 . ... 25-166 268-270-282 25 123 237 . . 270-287 503 Case " hardening Casting iron machine " steel Castors Catcher Cellulose Cement carbon Cementation process Cementite in pig iron " steel Cenozoic era Centering for axles Centigrade Channels 173-562 127 518 79 511 6-7 463-464 66 324 Caliper Charcoal . . . 60-61 60-63 " iron " intensity Charging blast furnace boxes machine Chemical calculations 156 207 206 19  8 Carbolic acid 115 equations formulas nomenclature " radicals " reactions, laws of 13 13 18 14 17 Carbon 23 ' compounds ' dioxide in Bessemer process . .. " in blast furnace. . .. " in O. H. process — " in producer gas in blast furnace iron diagram ' monoxide in Bessemer process " blast furnace. . .. " " case hardening... " electric furnace.. " 0. H. process. ...  Chill depth of 9 3 325 " test 155 Chilled hearth 158 324-326 324 " roll Chimneying 158 143 11 Chocks. .. ...322-331 602 WORD INDEX Chromite 26-31-32-231 Chrome brick v 31 " nickel steel 590 " ore 231 " steel 587 " vanadium steel 595 Chromium 26 in blast furnace 166 " steel for case hardening 564 Cinder 120 " cooler 134 " notch ' 134 1 pitman 218 Circular mil 257 Circular shapes 497 to 507 Clairtoncoke plant , 93 Clarion coal bed 79 Clay 29 " fire 29 " flint 29-138 " plastic 29-138 " brick 30 Cleaning plant for blast furnace gas 146 Cleavage 533 planes. 533 Clinton iron ore 79 Closed pass 323 Coal, kinds of 66 " gas 66-71 " tar 66-67 Cobalt 11 Cobble 414 Cogging mill 365 Cohesion 4 Coil, of hoop 473 Coke 66-80-85-160 " breeze 90-98 " oven Gas 66-71 Coking process 88 Colby 263-576 Cold bend tests 308 " blast 150 " short 233 ' templet 439 " blast valve 143 " working 313-459 Collar marks 414 Collars on axles 512 " rolls 323 Combination mill 330-477 Combination plate 427 Combined carbon 127 water 15-41 Combining weights 9-10 Combustion 60 Compression tests 33 Concentric converter 183 Conduction of electricity 244-256 " heat 59 Conductors of electricity 245 Confining die 460 Congo red 114 Coning of wheels 504 Constitutional diagram 585-588-595 Continuous coil 473 " furnace 421 mill 397 to 405 Contraction of area (see reduction of area) 307 of ingots 343 tests 34 Convection of heat 59 Converter 183-186 " reactions 193-197 Cooling bed 479 for annealing 543 " hardening 551 " tempering 557 Cope i. 324 Copper.' 12 ' bearing steel 576 " effects on steel 576 " in blast furnace 166 " in bearing metal 331 Corrosion of steel 577 Cort, Henry 318 Cotton seed oil 553 Cotton tie 472-49«5 Coulomb 245 Coupling box 318-322-330-334 Covington drawing machine 90 Cracks in billets and blooms 417 " " ingots 349 Cresole 115 Critical points 527 " range 527 Cross country mill 330-479 Crucible of blast furnace 132 " steel 174 Crude still 102 Cryohydrate 522 Crystals 533 Crystallization 5-348 of steel 533 water of 15 Cup and cone 139 Cupola 179 " charge 178-204 Cupped fracture 306 Cutting axles 511 " rails 450 " shapes 466-468 Cuyuna ore range 47 WORD INDEX 603 Dalton Debenzolating tower .... Decalescence Decane Deep seated blow holes.. 10 100 527 70 346 Defects in semi-finished material 413 to 417 Definite proportions, law of 9 Deformed bars 469 Deliquescent substance 16 Delta connections 255 Dendrite 533 Density 4-34 Deoxidation of Bessemer steel 190-197 in electric furnace 269-286 Dephosphorizing slag 270 Destructive distillation 85 Desulphurizing 269-286 Detinned scrap 577 Diagonal method of rolling 447-465 Diamond, form of carbon 23 pass 323 Di-basicacid 19 Die for punching rail joints 459 Differential hardening 553 Diffusion 5 Dilation of steel 530 Dimethylaniline 112 Diphenylamine 112 Direct current 253 ' process, Siemens 199 Discard 343-498-509 Divided circuit 258 Dolomite 26-31-32-119-230 Double acting hammer 315 annealing 546 " bell and hopper 139 Down comer 141 " take 141 Drag-over mill ^. 330 Draught 339-381 Drawing coke 89 Dressing rolls 329 Drill tests for ore 47 (See drill exploration) Drop bottom 179 " forging 318 " tests 309-515 Dry bases of analysis ' 41 Dry blast 150 Dry chemistry 15 Drying Bessemer bottoms 186 blast furnace 152 " O.H. furnace 218 Ductility ... 5 Duquesne Works 368 rail joint 453-455 gas cleaning plant 147 Duplex process 293 to 297 " slag 297 Dust catcher 146 Dynamic stress 301 Dynamo 250 Dyne 243 Eccentric converter 180 Edgar Thomson mills 447 splice bar shop 458 works 180 Edging pass 462-468-471 Efflorescence 15 Effusion 5 Elastic deformation 304 " limit 303-307 Elasticity 4 Electric arc 264 " furnaces 265 current 246 to 256 furnace slag 208 furnaces 261 to 267 " heating 262 to 267 pyrometers ^ 64-65 " steel, properties of 289 to 291 " steel, uses of 291 Electrical resistance pyrometer 64 Electrodes 277-279 Electrolysis 14-261 Electrolytes 8 Electro magnetic induction 249-250 Electromotive force 246 Electron (theory) 13 Element, chemical Elongation, per cent, of 301-307 Empirical formula 68-69 Endothermic reaction 8-16 Energy 5-243 ' kinds of " laws of 6 Erg 244 Ethane 70 Ether Ethylbenzene 105-106 Ethylene 69 Eutectic alloy 348-523 Eutectoid 525 " steel 525-527 Exothermic reaction 8-16 Expansion tests Exploration for iron ore 47 Explosion doors 141 Extension * 604 WORD INDEX Fahrenheit scale Falling weight test (see drop test). Fatigue stress Feldspar Ferric oxide Ferrite. .. 174 7 309 301 29-36 22-36 518 " in pig iron ...................... 127-524 " "steel .................... • ..... 518-524 Ferro chromium ....................... 228 " manganese ................... 129-190-228 " phosphorus ...................... 228 " silicon ....................... 129-190-228 " vanadium ....................... 228 Ferroso-ferric oxide ..................... 22-36 Ferrous and ferric compounds ........... 27 " compounds .................... 27 oxide in open hearth ............ 234 products ...................... 169 " sulphate ....................... 27 Fibrous structure ...................... 170 Fillet ................................. 408 Fin .................................. 336-494 Finish on bars ......................... 489-495 Finished products ...................... 418-515 Finisher (see finishing stand) ............ 337 Finishing period in 0. H. process ........ 270 " rails ......................... 450-452 rolls ......................... 337 splice bars .................... 452 stand ........................ 337 steel ......................... 190-226 " temperature .................. 313-450 Firebrick ............................. 32 " clay .............................. 32 " clay brick ......................... 32 " cracks on rolls ..................... 495 " damp ............................ 69 Firestone ............................. 185 First helper ........................... 218 Fish oil for hardening .................. 552 Fixed carbon .......................... 76-85 Fixed converter ........................ 183 Flame in converter ..................... 188 " " open hearth ................... 220 Flare on hoop ......................... 473 Flats, finish of ......................... 489 " rolling of ......................... 468 Floors in open hearth ................... 209 Flue dust ............................. 38-146 Fluid compression ...................... Fireclay .............................. 29 Fluor spar ..................... 120-223-268-270 Fluorine. . . 12 Flushing cinder (see tapping slag) 122 tar Flux " in the electric furnaces Flying shear Foot-pound Force Forge iron Forging axles " hammer " press ' wheel blanks Former bar Foundry iron Four pass stove Fracture tests at blast furnace. " open hearth.. Fractures of steel Free cementite . .. .... 98-99 117 .... 271 .... 404 244 243 129 ....316-318 ... 508-510 316 .... 317 495 499 512 129 142 155 .... 224 305-537 520-526 " ferrite 520-526 Freezing of alloys 521 to 526 Frick Coke Company 86 " Furnace 264 Frothing slag (see run off) 222 Fuels 58 to 116 " for open hearth 203 Fuel oil 69 Full annealing 540 Fume from converter 193 Furnace cooling 459-545 lines 137 Fusion tests 33 Gag 451 Gag press 451 Gallium 11 Gamma iron 532 Gangue .• 39 Canister 29 " brick 29-32 Gas 2 " holes (see blow holes) 346 " port... 211 " producer 71 to 75 " volume, laws of 2 " washer 148 Gaseous fuels 70 to 75 Gasoline 69 Gayley dry blast 150 Generalized formula 68-69 Generator, electric 250 Girod furnace 266 Glucinum ... 1 1 WORD INDEX 605 Gob 86 Heat of vaporization 59 Goethite 37 " reactions in blast furnace 163-164 Gogebic iron range 43 " " " converter 194 Gold 11 " treating, axles .- 513-515 Gold-silver alloys 521 135 " car wheels " " rail joints 506 459 to 461 323 ' ' treatment 539 to 568 55 " units 7 Grains Gram 533-538 4 Heater Heating furnace 336-362 ...419 to 422 " calorie (see small calorie) 7 " " cinder 419-421 " molecular volume 13-21 102 " weight 21-61 448 Granulated slag 152 Helix 247 Granulating pit. 152 Helical Pinions 334 Granulation of steel .. 534 Hematite 36 Graphite .... ....23-31-32 Heptane .... . ... 70 Graphitic carbon Gravitation, law of 127 4 Heroult furnace Hexagon, rolling of 266-275 469 Gray iron 127 Hexane 70 264 High carbon steel 226 Grizzley bar 98 Hiorth furnace 264 Gronwall furnace 266 Hoist for blast furnace 14D Grooved roll 323 Holley, Alexander 177 Grooves in rolls 323 Hollow boring for axles 513 Guard 334 Homogeneous substance 8 Guide 334-475 Hooke's law 4 " rounds 467 Hoop 470 " marks 415 473 " mill \ . 330-475 470 Gun brick 94 470 to 473 " for blast furnace 155 139 Half cup fracture *. 306 244 Hammer forging 316 Hot blast 150 " steam 316 135 317 143 Hand guide mill 475 Hot iron 127-171 " mill 330-474 221 " round 467 313 Harden furnace 264 450-466-468 HarHfning P.arbnn 533 176 " process of 548 158 Hardness 5 " templet 441 311 " top mould 346 " test 309 " worked splice bars ... 460 Head of rails 440 " working ...313 to 321 " " water 245 2-332-368-378 Hearth brick 137 ....333-370 " jacket 132 " top .. 333-370 " of blast furnace " 132 Howard Axle Works .. ..508 to 515 " of open hearth 210 73 " and bosh brick 137-138 222 Heat " cracks in rolls 6 495 Hydraulic press (see forging press). 318 245 " of formation 60 „ 245 Heat of fusion 59 Hydrocarbon . .. 24 GOG WORD INDEX Hydrochloric acid 21 Hydrogen 12-22 Hydroquinol 109 Hydroxide : 19 Hygroscopic 16 Hyper-eutectoid steel 526 Hypochlorous acid 18 Hypo-eutectoid steel 526 Hysteresis 530 Idiomorphic crystals 533 Ignition point (see kindling temperature) . 70 Impact stress 301 " test 34-309 Impedance 259 Impenetrability 4 Impurities in steel 518 Incipient crack 508 Indigo 113 Inductance 259 Induction furnace 263 Inertia 3 Ingot 342 Ingot defects. . . '. 342 to 351 " mould 182-205 Ingotism 348 Inorganic chemistry 8 to 27 Inspection 417-430-451-493-498-504-509 department 493 of merchant mill products . . . 493 to 495 "plates 430 "rails 451 " semi-finished products 417 "wheels 504 Insulator 245 Invar 582 Inwall 136-137 " brick 137-138 Iodine 12 Ions 14 Iron 12-27-125 " action in the converter 194 " carbonate 27-36-37 " early history of 125 1 notch 132 " ore 36 " oxides 36 " oxides in open hearth 232 " pyrites 36 " silicates 36 " sulphates 27 " sulphides 36-39 Irregular fracture 306 Isomeric compounds 105 Jacket Jones, W. R.. 132 177 Joule 244-245 Journal 512 Jump roll : a plain roll wi th collars on each end. Used in rolling flats. Kaolin (see clay) 29 Keeper, one in charge of a blast furnace . . ' Keller furnace ' 266 Kelly, Wm 176 Kerosene 69 Kidney ore 37 Kilogram 4 " meter 244 Kilometer 4 Kilowatt 244 hour 244-262 Kindling temperature of gases 70 Kinks 494 Kish, graphite-like substance given off by pig iron Kjellin furnace 263 Koppers by-product coke oven 93 Laboratory tests on fuels 62 " refractories 33 Ladle, steel 204 " additions 190-226 " reactions 191 " test (see sampling) 192-229 Lag (see hysteresis). 530 Lake Superior ore 79 " " " district 42 Lamination : 435 Lap 336-494 Lard oil in quenching 552 Large calorie 7 Larry 86-97 Latent heat 59 Lauth.B. C ..... 423 " mill 423 Law of constancy of nature 15 " definite proportions 9 " "ebulition 59 " evaporation 59 " "fusion 59 " " heat exchange 58 ' " mass action 4 ' " multiple proportions 10 Lead 11 " bath, quenching ' 552 " hardening (sse quenching in lead) 552 " tempering 557 Lead-tin alloy 523 Leading spindle 333 Leg pipe 135 Lenz's law 250 Leveling in coke oven 88 WORK INDEX 607 Liberty mill Liftin" table 425 335-380 Malleability. 5 Manganese in converter in steel ..11-27-128-176-235 194 570 Light oil 101-102-115 ' rails Lignite Lime 452 66-77 30-39 223 " sulphide 98fi in steel for case hardening 563 Manipulator 873 " boil " cooling 545 Mantle of blast furnace 136 Limestone 25 Marquette ore range Marsh gas Martensite 43 69 526-549-550-553-558 584 " analysis of 120-160 " as a flux 119 in blast furnace in open hearth Limiting angle of rolling Limnite Limonite 160-170 223-239 340 37 36-37 Martensitic nickel ste°l Martin Brothers 201 " process 201 Mass " action, law of Massive pearlite 4 17 544 Liner 332 Lining of blast furnace 137 Matrix 585 " converter " electric furnace Linseed oil, quenching Liquid Lithium Locus of a point 184 275 551 2 11 521 Matter... 2 " classes of 2 ' conservation of ' sciences of " Btatesof Matthews and Stagg 2 3 2 551 Lodestone (see magnetite) 36 90 Maximum load 304 " stress 304 test piece 434 Mayari steel 591 Looping mill 330-477 Mechanical mixture properties Medium carbon steel Melter ..- 8 ....299-301-303-304 226 218 Lorry (see larry) 97 245 226 79 79 Loss in head . .. Lower Freeport coal bed Menominee ore range 43 Merchant bar .... 173 182 mill Mercury 474-482 38 11 Lute 97 aa quenching agent. Metadihydroxylbenzene .... Metal 551 110 9 Machine cast pig Macroscopic structure Macro-structure Magascopic (see macroscopic) Magnesia Magnesian limestone (see dolomite) 152 518 518 518 . . 25-30-39-166 26-31-119-231 25-32-228-231 11-25 247 247 247 248 27-36-37 248 Metalloid 9 Metallurgy 2 Metasilicic acid 123 Metaxylene Metcalf's Experiment Meter ...105-106 537 4 Methane 69-70 Magnet Metric system 4 Magnetic fields flux induction iron ore (see magnetite). Micro structure 518 Microscopic structure Middle Kittanning Mil 518 79 256 " foot 257 „ 247 Mill, classes of 365 246 " shoe 322-332 Magnetite 27-36 Milling pit system of mining ore Mineral 52 50-52 218 172 36 " cast iron... 172 " oil in quenching 551 608 WORD INDEX Missabe ore range 46 Mixer 181-204 Modolus of elasticity 301-307 Molds for ingots 182-205 Molecule 2 " of elements 13 Molecular weight 19 Molten metal (see hot metal) 221 Molybdenum 11 Monell charge 219 " process 201 Monkey for blast furnace 134 " cooler 134 Morgan, C. H 397 " mill 397 Mothballs 113 Motor Benzol 107 Mother liquor 100-521 " metal 525 Moulds for ingots 182-205 Muck bar 173 Multiple proportions 9 Muriatic acid (see hydrochloric acid) 21 Mushet.R 176 Naphtha 69-101-105-111 Naphthalene 101-113-114 Naphthionic acid 114 Naphthol 114 Nascent state 13 Natural gas 66-71 Neck of a roll 322 Necking of test piece 305 Neutral flux 120 refractories 31 " substance (see salt) 8 Nickel 11-228 " steel 580 " in steel for case hardening 563 Nickel-Chrome steel 590 Nigger heads in open hearth 224 Ninety per cent, benzol 103-107 Nitric acid 25 Nitro benzene 109 Nitrogen 12-25 in blast furnace 165 Nitronaphthalene 114 Nitrotoluene 112 Nodulizing (see spheroidizing) 547 Nomenclature 18 Non Bessemer ore 40 " coking coal 80 " electrolyte 8-9 " metal 9 Normalize 547 Nose of converter ... 183 Occlusion see absorption) 5 Octane 70 Offtakes 140 Ohm 245-257-262 Ohm's law 256 Oil and tar burner 68 " hardened (see oil quenched) 551-552-553 " scrubbers 101 " temper (see also oil quenched) 551-558 " of vitrol (see HaSOi) 23 One level type of open hearth 209 Open hearth 209 " process 198-242 " slag 122-234-242 " steel, making of 198-242 " pass 323 " pit 48-50 " " mining 50 " top blast furnace 139 Optical pyrometer 65 Ore 36 " analysis of 160 " boil 222 " bridge 151 " composition of 36-37 " down 224 " grading of 55 " transportation of 56 " valuation of 38 Orientation 533 Orthosilicic acid 123 Ortho xylene 105-106 Oval groove 467 Overblown steel 575 Overburden 53 Oxidation 16 Oxide 16 Oxygen 12-22 '* in blast furnace 162 " in the electric furnace 268-269 575 Palaeozoic era 79 P and A tar extractor 99 Parabenzene sulphonic acid 110 Paraffin wax 69 Paraxylene 105-106 Pass in rolling 323-337 Pass-over mill (see pull-over mill) 330 Pass templet 441 Pearlite 127-520-525 " in pig iron 127-524 " in steel 519-523-526 Pearlitic chrome steel 588 nickel steel 584 Peat... .81-82-83 " burner 84 Punching splice bars .... 459 Purification processes 175 Pyro-chemical process 128 Pyrometers 64 Quartz .... 24-36 Quenching 548-551 bath 552 " media 552 " tank 514 Quicklime (see calcium oxide) 25 Quick silver (see mercury) 11 Rabble 230 Radiation 59 " pyrometer 65 Radical 14 Ragging 340 marks 415 Rail, evolution of 437 " joints, rolling of 454 " " treatment of 459 " " types of .....453-454 " mills ..442 to 449 " rolling of ..448 to 452 " steel, Bessemer 190 610 WORD INDEX Raisers 53 Raw materials (see basic materials) 58 Reactions, chemical 13 " in blast furnace 163-171 Reaumur 7 Recalescence 527 Recarbonizing (see recarburizing) 191-226 Recarburizing, Bessemer steel 191 open hearth steel 226 Recuperative furnace 421-422 principle 63 Red ore 36 " short (see hot short) 176 Redstone coal bed 79 Reduction 16 of area 301-307 Refractories 28 Regenerative chambers 212-217 furnace 419 principle 63 Reheating furnace 419 to 422 Repeater 330-479 Repeating mill 330 Rephosphorization 226-298 Rerun benzol : 103-104 " toluol 104 Resorcinol 110 Residual manganese 191 Resiliency 575 Resistance, electrical 256 " furnace 263 " pyrometer 64 Resting period 302 Retardation 527 Retention theory 555 Retort coke (sse by-product coke) 85 to 98 oven (330 by-product coke) 93 Reverberatory furnace 420 Reversing mill 330-366-367-368-369 Rhombic sulphur 23 Roasting (see calcining) 25 Roll bearings 331-371 " design for billet mills 394-402 " " blooming mills 373-377-379-383 " " " merchant mills 482 " " rails 438-447 " " general remarks 327 " how to study 438 " marks 495 " size of 327-384 " table 335 " tables 322 Rolling defects 413-494 history of 318 " principles of 319-321 Rolls 322 to 331 " for billet mills 393-400-402 " " blooming mills 371-377-379-383 Roof of open hearth 211 Rotary shears 429 Rough surface, cause of 415 turning axles 512 Roughing passes 444-450-483-484 stand 477 rolls 337-423-444-416 Rounds, kinds 467 rolling of 467 " straightening of 468 Run off slag 222 Run-of-mine coal 86 Runners 141-155 Running stopper 205 Saccharin 112 Sack's mill 331 Salamander 132 Salt 8 Salt and ice 522 Salicylic acid 115 Sampling pig iron 155 " Bteel 192-229 Sand 32 " as a flux 118 " as a refractory 29 " bottom furnace 419 " roUV 323 " seal 514 " test 155 Sandstone (a sedimentary rock) Saturated solution 522 Sauveur 517 Scabs 349-415 Scaffolding 158 Scale .,..' 233 Scarf 538 Schedule for merchant mills 482-485 Schoen, Chas. Siemen's direct process 199 " furnace 199 " pig and ore process 201 pyrometer (see water pyrometer) 64 steel (see open hearth steel) 198 Siemens-Martin process 201 Silica 24-39 " brick 29 " in Bessemer process " " blast furnace 165 " " open hearth process 234 •• "sand 32 Silicate 121-123 Silicon, acids of . . jf " in converter " " open hearth process " "pig iron 24-127-129-171 Silicon in steel for case hardening Silico-spiegel.. Silver Simple steel Sine curve Single coil of hoop 5C3 129 12 579 252 473 ' level open hearth (see one-level) . . . 209 " phase current .................... 252-3 Sinkhead ............................. 206-324 Sintering .............................. 219 Skelp ................................. 190 Skew'back ............................ 211 " brick .............. .............. 211 " channels ........................ 211 Skewed rolls ........................... 404 Skimmer .............................. 279 Skin of ingot .......................... 343 Skip hoist ............................. 140 Skull ................................. 225 Slab .................................. 365 " rolling of ....................... 385 to 390 Slab-and-edging method of rolling flats ... 468 " " " rails 438 to 449 Slabbing mill ....................... 385 to 388 Slaked or Slacked lime (CaO+H20) ........ Slag ............................... 15-120-152 " in Bessemer process ................ 122 " "blastfurnace .................... 121 " " electric process .................. 122-288 " functions of ........................ 120 " hole .............................. 210 " notch (see cinder notch) ............ 134 " in open hearth process ........... 122-234-242 " pockets ........................... 211 Slagging tests ......................... 34 Sleevebrick ........................... 205 Slicing, system of mining ............... 53 Slips ................................. 157 Slivers ................................ 41M94 Sloppy heat ........................... Slurry ................. ............... 138 Small calorie .......................... 7 Smelt ................................ H7 Snake ................................ 435 Snort valve ........................... 150 Soaking ingots ........................ 359-362 » pit ........................... 342-352 " "efficiency of ................. 362 Soda (same as sodium oxide) ................ (also sodium carbonate) .................. Sodium ............................... H-166 Soft steel (see low carbon steel) .......... 226 Solid ................................. " solution .......................... 519-521 612 WORD INDEX Solute, dissolving substance Solution 8 Solvent, substance dissolved '. naphtha 113 Sorbite 543-559 Sorbitic steel 543 Spalling test 35 Spanner bar 432 41 block 432 Spar (see fluor spar) 120 Spawling tests (see epalling tests) 35 Special steel 579 Specific gravity ' 5 " heat 58 " pyrometer 64 " resistance 257 Speed in rolling 339 Spheroidize 547 Spiegel 129-190-228 " cupolas 180-204 Spindle 322-334-369-378 Splasher 132 Splice bar 453-461 " "analysis of 190 " finishing of 458 " rolling of 454 Spoon 225 Spout of open hearth 210 Spread in rolling 319-328 Spring heat (spring steel heat) Square mil 257 Stack of blast furnace 136 " " open hearth furnace 217 Standofrolls 322 Standard ferro 129 Standards (see housings) 322 Star connections 255 Stassano furnace 265 Static stress 301 Stationary furnace (one not movable) Stead 533 Steam shovel mining 48-50 Steel 173 " ladle 204 " rolls 323-326 " spout 210 " tie, rolling of 465 Sticker 224 Stock distributor 140 " house 151 " indicator 140 " line 133 " pile (see ore pile) 131-150-151 " yard 131-207 Stone (see limestone) 25 Stool... 182 Stopper 182-205 Stove burners 143 " linings 145 " valves 143 Stoves, kinds of 142 Straightening axles 511 bars 492 machine 427-468-492 plates 427-433 press 451-511 rails 451 rolls 427 rounds 468 shapes 466 Strain 5 Strand 337 Stratified structure 519 Straw oil 101 Stress 5 " kinds of 301 Stretch (see elongation) 301-307 Strip 470 Stripper 181-205 Stripping 50-51 Structural formula 68-69 shapes, rolling of 461 to 469 steel, testing of 301 Subcutaneous blow holes (see blow holes near the skin) 346 Substance : 2 S-ulphanilic acid 112 Sulphates (see salts of sulphuric acid) .... 27-116 Sulphides 18 Sulphur 12-23 in Bessemer process 175 " blast furnace 165-171 "open hearth 236 " pig iron — Sulphuric acid Sulphurous acid Superficial hardening .. Surface defects . .. 128 23 19 568 .413-435-451-494-504 Surface hardening (see case hardening) ... 562 Sweat 221 Swedish Bessemer process 176 " iron 176 Sweep 324 Symbols, chemical 9 Synthesis 16 Table, of a tee shape 466 Tables, of a mill V. 335 Talbot furnace 294 process 201 Tandem mill (see Belgian mill) 477 WORD INDEX 613 Tap a heat (see tapping furnace) 154-225 Tap hole, blast furnace 132 " " open hearth furnace 210 Tape size 504 Tapping, blast furnace 154 " electric furnace 281 hole 132-210 " open hearth furnace 225 rod 225 slag (see basic slag) 122 Tar 99-114 " as a fuel 67 " burner 68 " extractor 99 " refmementof 114 •' uses of 115 Teaming (same as teeming) 192-228 Teerail 436 " rolling of 466 Teeming, Bessemer steel 192 electric steel 281 " ladle 182 open hearth steel 228 Temper colors 556 Temperature 6 " tests in open hearth 225 Tempering 554 austenic steel 558 " martensitic steel 558 troostitic steel 558 Templet 439-440-441-442 Temporary magnet 248 Tenacity (see tensile strength) 301 Tensile strength 301-307 Tensional stresses 301 Terminology 18-19 Ternary compounds 18 " steels 580-584-587-595 Test Mould. .; 229 Test piece „ 302-309 1 224-225 515 ...303-309 33 .299 to 311 149 58 .527 to 533 64 64 6-7 ...175-177 spoon. Testing axles machine refractories " steel Theiscn's cleaner Thermal capacity critical points Thermo- electric couple pyrometer .... Thermometer Thomas-Gilchrist process. Three-high blooming mill 377 to 384 " mill 330 " pass stove 142 " phase current 253-255 Ties, rolling of 464 Tilt hammer 316 Tilting converter 183 " furnace 200-294 " table 335 Tin II " insteel 577 Titania (Ti02) 166 Titanium 12-165 T.N.T Ill Tolerance, reasons for!90-226-329-348-428-430-467 Toluene Ill sulphonic acid 112 Toluidin 112 Toluol 101-105-106-111-112-113 Tongue and groove pass 406 Top brick 137-138 " of blast furnace 139-141 Torsional stresses 301 test 308 Total carbon 127 Toughening 559 Trade heat 219 Trainof rolls 477 Transformation range (see critical range) 527 Transformer 260 Transporting ores 56 Tri-basic acid 19 Trinitrotoluol (T. N. T.) Ill Triplex process 297 Troostite. 550-556 True annealing 540 Trunnel head 87 Try hole 140 Tub(seeladle) 204 Tungsten 12 Turgite 37 Turning rolls 329 Tuyere 134 " brick 134 " cooler 134 " cap 135 " stock 135 Tweer (see Tuyere) 134 Twere (see tuyere) 134 Twisted guide (see twisting guide) 400 Two Level Open Hearth 209 Two-high mill 330 Two-pass stove 142 Two phase current 253 Twyere (see tuyere) 134 Ultimate analysis 75-76 strength 304-307 Uncombined c arbon (see graphite) 1 27 Underfill 494 614 WORD INDEX Universal mill . .330-431-433 Watering coke 89-97 " plates 432 Watt 245-262 Up-and-down takes 211 Watt-hour 262 Upper Freeport coal bed 79 Waynesburg coal bed 79 " Kittanning coal bed 79 Web holes 504 Upset test 495 " of a rail 440-442-449 Uranium ... 11 Welding steel 538 Valence 10 Well of open hearth Wellman furnace 212 200 Vanadium 12 Wenstrom mill 331 " in case hardening 563 Wet chemistry 15 steel 595 Wheel blank. 497-504 Vaporization heat of 59 " seat 512 " "in hardening 552 540 V-connection Vermilion ore range Vibrating spindle Viscosity of quenching liquid Volatile matter of coal Volt 225 46 334-370 ,552 76-98 245-262 " metal Wicket Wind box Window of housings Wobbler Wood 331 211 186 332 322 66-76 Voltaic cell 246 Work 243 Wabbler (see wobbler) 322 " effects of on steel Working period in open hearth . .. 312-535 223 Wall of blast furnace Walls of open hearth 136 210 Works annealing Wrought iron. .. 540 170-171-173 Wash heat 219 " oil 101 Xanthosiderite 37 Washing open hearth furnace 219 Xylene 105 Waste heat 87 Xylol ; 105 Water, composition and formula. .. 4 ' annealing 13 545 Yield point 303 64 Y connections 255 551 Yellow brass 331 " gas hardening (see quenching) .. quenching " seal separator " trough... 71 551 551 73 149 139 Youngs modulus Zee's (or Z's) Zinc " in blast furnace Zone of fusion . .. 307 466 11 166 ...167-169 14 DAY USE :ETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. i books are subject to immediate recall. ~~ LD 21A-50m-12,'60 (B6221slO)476B m General Library University of California Berkeley YB 53337 425274 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 