None
St. Quentin, Travauz Sod^t6 Academique des Sdences, Arts, Belles-Liettres, et Agriculture de St. Quentin (Aisne) St. Thomas's Hosp. Reports St. Thomas's Hospital Reports Stahl Bisen (Zts.) Stahl und Eisen, Zdtschrift fOr das deutsche Eisen- hfittenwesen Stavanger Mus. Aarsber. Stavanger Musetuns Aarsberetning Staz. sper. agrar. ital. Stazioni sperimentali agraria italisma, La Steiermark. Geog. Mont. Bericht des Geognostisch-montanistischen Vereins fur Ver. Ber. Stdermark Steiermark Mitth. Mittheihmgen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Steiermark Steiermark. Mont. Lehr- Die Stdermarldsch standische montanistische Lehran- anst Jahr. stalt zu Vordemberg Stein, Ajm. Annalen der Geburtshulfe uberhaupt und der Ent- bindtmgsanstalt zu Marburg insbesondere Stettin, Entom. Ztg. Entomologische Zdtung; herausg. v. d. Entomo- logischen Vereine zu Stettin Steyermark. Zts. Steyermarkische Zdtschrift Stirling Fidd Qub Trans Stirling Pidd Club Transactions Stirling Soc. Trans. Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society. Transactions Stockholm, Akad. Handl. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Hand- lingar Stockholm, Bihani: Akad. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handl. Handlingar Stockholm Bot. Sallsk. See Bot. Centrbl. CIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Stockholm Entom. Fdr. Stockholm, Horti Bergiani Acta Stockholm, 5fversigt Stockholm Physiol. Lab. Mitth. Stockholm, Svenska Lak. Sallsk Handl. Stockholm, Vet. Akad. Lefnadsteckn. Stockholm, Ymer Strasbourg Soc. Hist. Natur. Mem. Strasbom-g Soc. Sd. Bull. Strasbourg Soc. Sd. J. Strasbourg Soc. Sci. Mem. Stray Feathers Strieker Sts. Settl. P. Student Sturgeon, Ann. Elect. Sturgeon, Ann. Phil. Sucr. Sucr. Bdge Sucr. ind. colon. Suddeut. Apoth. Ztg. Suisse Soc. Zool. Ann. Surveyor Sussex Natur. Hist. Soc. Proc. Svea ■Svensk farm. Tidskr. Svensk Kem. Tidskr. Svenska Lak. Sallsk. Forh. Svenska Mosskulturfdr. Svenska Sallsk. Antrop. & Geogr. Swart, Verh. Swed. P. Swiss P. Sydney Sydney Aust. Mus. Mem. Sydney, Austral. Mus Records Symons, Meteorol. Mag. Tablettes Zool. See Ent. Tidskr. Acta Horti Bergiani. Medddanden fran Kongl. Svenska Veten^ps-Akademiens Tradgard Bergie- .. lund utgifna af Bergianska Stiftdser Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens Forhand- lingar Mittheilungen vom Physiologischen Laboratorium des Carolinischen Medico-Chirurgischen Instituts in Stockholm Handlmgar ved Svenska Lakare-SSllskapet Lefnadsteckningar dfver KongL Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens efter ar 1854 c&dna Ledamoter Ymer. Tidskrift utgifveH af Svenska Sallskapet fdr Antropologi och Geografi Memoires de la Sod6t6 du Musetun d'Histoire Natur- elle de Strasbourg Bulletin de la Soci6t6 des Sdences Naturelles de Strasbourg Journal de' la Soddt£ des Sdences, Agriculture, et Arts, du departement du Bas-Rhin Memoires de la Sod^td des Sdences, Agriculture, et Arts, de Strasbourg Stray feathers. A journal of Ornithology for India and its dependencies See Medlzin. Jahr. Straits Settlement Patent The Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art Annals of Electridty, Magnetism, and Chemistry, and Guardian of Experimental Science Annals of Philosophical Discovery and Monthly Reporter of the Ftogress of Practical Science La sucrerie indigene Sucrerie Bdge, La Sucrerie indigene et colonaile, La Suddeutsche Apotheker Zdttmg See Rev. Suisse Zool. Stu^eyor and Munidpal and County Engineer, The See Brighton Nat. Hist. Soc. Proc. Svea. Tijdskrift fdr Vetenskap och Konst Svensk farmaceutisk Tidskrift, Stockholm Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift Forhandlingar ved Svenska Lakare-Sallskapets Sam- mankomster Svenska Mosskulturfdreningens See Stockh., Ymer Verhanddingen en Berigten betrekkdijk het Zeewezen en de Zeewaartktmde Swedish Patent Swiss Patent Sec New South Wales The Australian Musetmi, Sydney. Memoirs Records of the Australian Museum Sjrmon's monthly Meteorological Magazine Tablettes Zoologiques IrlST OF ABBRBVIATIONS TO IXtHRATUKQ CV Tagbl. Prankf . Naturf. Taprobanian Tasmania J. Natttr. Sci. Tasmania P. Tasmania, Roy. Soc. Monthly Not. Tasmania, Roy. Soc. Re- ports Taylor, Sci. Mem. Tech. Blatter Tech. Chem. Jahr. Tech. GemeindebL Technikum Technol. Technol. Quart. Teign Field Club Prpc. Tekn. Tidskr. Tdegr. Eng. J. Telegr. J. Tdegr. Ver. Zts. Temminck, Verb. Termr. Fflz. Termt. KdzlOn. Terrestrial Magn. Tcias Acad. Sci. Trans. Text. Amer. Test. Col. Text Farb. Ztg. TcxtMfr. Text. Rec. Text World Rec. Text. Ztg. Textilfreund Teykr's Verb. Thcrap. Gaz. ^^"herap. Monats. Thenp. Neuheit Therepist Tageblatt Frankfurter Naturforscher The Taprobanian, a Dravidian Journal of Oriental Studies in and around Ceylon, in Natural History, Archaeology, Philology, History The Tasmanian Journal of Natural Sdence, Agricul- ture, Statistics, etc. Tasmanian Patent Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings of the Ro3ral Sodety of Tasmania Reports of the Royal Sodety of Tasmania Sdentific Memoirs, sdected from the Transactions of Fordgn Academies and Learned Sodeties and from Foreign Journals Technische Blatter. ViertdJEdurschrift des Deutschen Polytechnischen Vereins in Bdhmen Technisch-Chemisches Jahrbuch (Biedermann) Technisches Gemeindeblatt Technikum des Ledermarkts Le Technologiste (F. Malepeyre) Technology Quarterly Reports of the Proceedings of the Tdgn Naturalists' Fidd Chib Teknisk Tidskrift Journal of the Sodety of Tdegraph-Hngineers and Electricians The Tdegraphic Journal and Electrical Review Zdtschrift des Deutsch-dsterreichischen Tdegraphen- Vereins Verhanddingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden der Natuurkundige Commissie in Oost-Indie en andere schrijvers Termeszetrajzi Ffizetek. . .Kiadja a Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum. (Natural History Magazine. . .published by the Hungarian National Museum) Termeszettudomanyi Kdzldny. . .Kiadja a K. M. Termeszettudomanyi Tarsulat. (Natural Sdence Papers. . .Published by the Royal Hungarian Natural Sdence Sodety) Terrestrial Magnetism (and Atmospheric Electricity). An International Quarterly Journal Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science Textile American The Textile Colorist Textil und Farberd-Zdttmg The Textile Manufacturer The Textile Record Textile World Record Textil Zdtung Der Textilfreund Geologische Verhandel af Antwoord af de in 1828 uitgeschrevene en in 1830 herhaalde Prysvraag: Wat men van Geologic, etc. The Therapeutic Gazette Therapeutische Monatshefte Therapeutischen Neuheiten, Leipzig Therapist (The) London CVl LIST Olf ABBREVIATIONS TO LITlSRATURE Thomson, Ann. Phil. Thomson, Archiv. Entom. Thomson, Rec. Thonind. Ztg. Throndhjem, Skrifter Tidskr. Kemi. Farm. Terapi Tidskr. Mat. Tidskr. Mat. Fys. Tidskr. Phys. Chem. Tiedemann, Zts. Tijdschr. Entom. Tijschr. Genootsch. Vis. Unita Tijdschr. In^. Tijdschr. nijv. Tijdstroom. Tilesius> Jahr. Timehri Tirol, Bcr. Ver. Durchf. Tischl. Ztg. Tokio Univ. Mem. Tokyo Bot. Soc. Tokyo, Coll. Sci. J. Tokyo Geogr. Soc. J. Tonind. Ztg. Topfer Ztg. Torino, Accad. Sci. Atti Torino, Accad. Sci. Mem. Torino, Ann. Clin. Torino, Lavori Sd. Fis. Mat. Torino Mus. Boll. Torrey Bot. Club Bull. Torrey Bot. Club Mem. Tortolini, Ann. Toulouse Acad. Sci. Bull. Toulouse, Acad. Sci. Mem. Toulouse Fac. Sci. Ann. Toulouse Obs. Ann. Annals of Philosophy, or Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, and the Arts Archives Entomologiques Records of General Science Thonindustrie-Zeitung Der Kongelige Norske Videnskabers-Selskabs Skrifter i det 19 de Aarhtmdrede Tidskrfit for Kemi Farmaci Terapi Tidsskrif t for Matematik Tidskrift for Matematik och Fysik, tiUegnad den Svenska Elementar-Undervisningen Tidskrift for Physik og Chemi samt disse Videnskabers Anvendelse Zeitschrift fur Physiologic Tijdschrift voor Entomologie; uitgegeven door de Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging Tijdschrift voor Genees-, Heel-, Verlos-, en Schei- kundige Wetenschappen, van Wege et Genootschap: "Vis Unita Fortior," te Hoom. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieura Tijdschrift ter befordering van nijverhed De Tijdstroom; Maandschrift gewijd van Wetenschap, etc. Jahrbuch der Naturgeschichte zur Anzeige tmd Prufung Timehri being the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana Bericht uber die Genend-Versammlung des Vereins zur geogr. montan. Dtu'chforschung des Lancfes Tirol, etc. Deutsche Tischlerzeitiing Memoirs of the Science Department, University of Tokio, Japan See Bot. Mag., Tokyo The Journal of the College of Science, Imperial Uni- versity, Japan Journal of the Tokio Geographical Society Tonindustrie Zeitung Deutsche T6pfer und Ziegler Zeitimg Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino Memoire deUa R. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino Annali Clinici Notizia storica dei lavori fatti dalla Classe di Scienze Fisiche e Mathematiche della R. Accademia delle Scienze negli anni 1864-65 Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia com- parata della R. Universita di Torino Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club Annali di Scienze, Matematiche, e Fisiche BuUetm de 1' Academic des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Toulouse Memoires de TAcademie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Toulouse Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse, pour les Sciences Mathematiques et les Sciences Physiques Annales de I'Observatoire Astronomique, Magnetique et Meteorologique de Toulouse. UST OP ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE CVU Toulouse Soc. Hist. Natur. BtiU. Toulouse See. Sen. Bull. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. Amer. Ceram. Soc. Trans. Amer. Electrocliem. Soc. Trans. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng. Trans. Amer. Inst. Homoeop. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans. Amer. Med. Assoc. Sec. Pharm. Therap. Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng. Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. Trans. Can. Inst. Trans. Engl. Ceram. Soc. Trans. Faraday Soc. Trans. Geol. Soc S. Africa Trans. Ilium. Eng. Soc. Trans. Inst. Brew. Trans. Jenner Inst. Prcv. Med. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans. Med. Trans. Min. Geol. Inst. India Trans. Natl. Edec. Med. Assoc. Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci. Transv. P. Trans. Path. Soc. Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. Trans. Roy. Soc. Can. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. Trans. Roy. Soc. I^ondon Trans. Soc. Engin. Trav. Com. Hyg. Publ. Trenton Natur. Hist. Soc. J. Treviso, Mem. Ateneo Trier, Jahr. Triest Zool. Sta. Arb. Trieste, Boll. Trieste Mus. Civ. Atti Trieste, Program. Civ. Scuola Bulletin de la Soci£t6 d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse Bulletin de la Soci6t^ des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Toulouse Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis Transactions of the American Ceramic Society Transactions of the American Electrocheniical Society Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Transactions of the American Institute of Homoe- opathy, Philadelphia Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers Transactions of the Section on Pharmacology and Therapeutics of the American Medical Association Transactions of the American Microscopical Society Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engi- neers Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Transactions of the Canadian Institute Transactions of the English Ceramic Society Transactions of the Faraday Society Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society Transactions of the Institute of Brewing Transactions of the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science Transactions Medicales; Journal de Medecine pratique Transactions of the Mining and Geological Institute of India Transactions National Eclectic Medical Association Indianapolis Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science Transvaal Patent Transactions of the Pathological Society Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada Transactions of the Royal Society of Edmbtu-gh Transactions of the Royal Society of London Society of Engineers, Transactions Recueil des Travaux du Comite consultatif d'Hygiene Publique de France et des Actes Officiels de 1' Ad- ministration Sanitaire Journal of the Trenton, New Jersey, Nattu-al History Society Memorie Scientifiche e Litterarie dell' Ateneo di Treviso Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft fiir ntitzliche Forsch- ungen ta Trier See Wien. Zool. Inst. Arb. BoUettino della Societa Adriatica di Scienze Naturali in Trieste Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste Programma della Civica Scuola Reale autonoma in Trieste CVUl LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO UTBRATURB Trinidad Field Natur. Club J. Trinidad P. Trinidad, Proc. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, Sd. Assoc. Proc. Tronunsdonrfif, J. Pharm. Trbmso. Mus. Aarsh. Tropenpflanzer Tsch. Mineral. Mitth. Tuberculosis Tubinger Blatter Tubingen Bot. Inst. Un- ters. Tunis P. Ttuin, Mem. Acad. Tyneside Natur. Field Club Trans. U. K. Mar. Biol. Assoc. J. U. S. Btu*. Anim. Ind. Bull. U. S. Bur. Anim. Ind. Re- port U. S. Chief Signal Off. Ann. Report U. S. Coast Geod. Surv. BuU. U. S. Comm. Agric. Report U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Report U. S. Dept. Agric. Yearb. U. S. Disp. U. S. Div. Biol. Surv. Bull. U. S. Div. Chem. Bull. U. S. Div. Entom. Bull. U. S. Div. Entom. Insect Life U. S. Div. Entom. Tech. Ser. U. S. Div. Omith. Mamm. Bull. U. S. Div. Soils Bull. U. S. Entom. Comm. Bull. U. S. Entom. Comm. Re- port U. S. Fish Comm. BuU. U. S. Fish Comm. Report Journal of the Trinidad Field Naundists' Club Trinidad Patent Proceedings of the Scientific Association of Trinidad Proceedings of the Scientific Association of Trinidad Journal der Pharmade fiir Aerzte und Apotheker, und Chemiker Tromso Museums Aarshefter Tropenpflanzer (Der), Berlin Tschermak's Mineralogische Mitteilungen Tuberculosis. The Journal of the National Associa- tion for the Prevention of Consumption and other forms of Tuberculosis Tubinger Blatter fttr Naturwissenschaften tmd Arznei- kunde XJntersuchungen aus dem Botanischen Institut zu Tubingen Tunis Patent Memoires de TAcademie Royale des Sdences de Turin Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalist's Field Club Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer (of the Army) to the Secretary of War United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Bulletin Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture, U. S. Reports of the Department of Agriculture, U. S. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agri- culture United States Dispensatory U. S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Bio- logical Survey. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculttu'e. Division of Chemis- try. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agricultiu-e. mology U. S. Department of Agriculture, mology. (Periodical Bulletin.) U, S. Department of Agriculture, mology. Technical Series U. S. Department of Agricultture. Division of Eco- nomic Ornithology and Mammalogy. Bulletin U. S. Department of Agriculttu'e. Division of (Agri- culttual) Soils. Bulletin Department of the Interior. . .Bulletin of the United States Entomological Commission (U. S.) Department of the Interior (Agricultture) . .. Report of the United States Entomological Com- mission Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner Division of Ento- Division of Ento- Insect Life Division of Ento- trIST O^ ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE XJ. S. Geot Stirv. U. S. Moothly Weath. Rev. XJ. S. Mus. Bun. XJ. S. Mus. Proc XJ. S. Mus. Report XJ. S. Mus. Spec. Bull. XJ. S. Naval Inst. Proc U. S. Naval Med. Bull. U. S. Naval Obs. PubL XJ. S. N. Amer. Fauna U. S. P. U. S. Pfa. XJ. S. Secty. Agric. Report XJ. S. Signal Serv. Notes XJ. S. Signal Serv. Pap. XJ. S. Surv. Terr. Reports XJ. S. Weath. Bur. Bull. XJ. S. Weatli. Bur. Report XJ. Serv. Inst. J. XJdine, Relazioni XJhland's Tech. Rund. Umschau XJng. Naturwiss. Ver. Jahr. Univ. lU. BulL XJnters. Naturlehre , XJpsala, Arsskrift XJpsala Bot For. XJpsala, Diss. Acad. XJpsala, Prey Tidskr, XJpsala Lakarefdr. Fdrh. XJpsala Naturvet. Student- sallsk. XJpsala, Sec Sci. Nova Acta Urug. P. XJtrecht Aanteek. Prov. Utrecht, Ann. Acad. Utrecht, Eliniek Utrecht, Nictiwe Verh. Prov. Gyootsch. United States Geological Survey (United States) Monthly Weather Review Department of the Interior. . .Btdletin jof the United States National Museum Department of the Interior.. .Proceedings of the United States National Museum See Smithsonian Rep. Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Special Bulletin United States Naval Institute Proceedings United States Naval Medical Bulletin Publications of the United States Naval Observatory U. S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Orni- thology and Mammalogy. North American Fauna United States Patent United States Pharmacopoeia Report of the secretary of agriculture United States of America: War Department. Signal Service Notes United States of America, War Department. Pro- fessional Papers of the Signal Service . . .Annual Report of the United States Geological (and Geo^phical) Survey of the Territories U. S. Department of Agriculture. Weather Bureau. Bulletin 'U. S. Department of Agriculture. Weather Btu'eau. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau Journal of the royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard Relazioni intomo agli Atti dell' Accademia di Udine Uhland's Technische Rundschau Umschau, Die Abhandltmgen aus dem dritten Bande der Jahrbucher des Ungarischen naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Pest, in Deutscher Uebersetzung Red. von J. Szabo University of Illinois Bulletin Untersu<±ungen zur Naturlehre des Menschen und der Thiere Universitets Arsskrift utgifven af Kongl. Vetenskaps- Societeten i Upsala See Bot. Notiser Dissertationes Academicae Upsaliae habitae Frey Tidskrif t fdr Vetenskap och Konst Upsala Lakareforenings Forhandlingar See Bot. Centrbl. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Sdentiarum UpsaUensis Uruguay Patent Aanteekeningen van het Verhandelde in de Sectie* Vergaderingen van het Provinciaal Utrechtsch . Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschapi)en Annales Academiae Rheno-Trajectinae Kliniek: Tijdschrift voor Wetenschappenlijke Genees- kunde Nieuwe Verhandelingen van het Provinciaal Utrechsch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen ex LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Utrecht, Onderzoek. Utrecht, Scheik. Onder- zoek* Utrecht, Verh. Prov. Geaootsch. Valais Soc. Murith. Valencia, Act. Med. Valendennes, Mem. Soc. Agric. Valentin, Rep. Van Diemen's Land, Roy. Soc. Papers Van Diemen's Land, Roy. Soc. Reports Van Nostrand's Mag. Vargasia Varsovie Soc. Natur. Trav. Varsovie Soc. Natur. Trav. (Mem.) Vaucluse Acad. Mem. Venez. P. Venezia, Ateneo Venezia, Ateneo Esercit. Venezia, Atti Venezia, Atti Ateneo Venezia, lat. Atti Venezia, 1st Mem. Venezia, Mem. 1st Beneto Ver. Anal. Chem. Verh. Genootsch. Occ. Qui Non. Verh. Ges. deut. Naturf. Aerzte Verh. poly. Ges. Verh. Ver. Gewerbefleis. Veroffent. kais. Gesundh. Verona, Soc. Ital. Mem. Vet. J. London Vet. Med. Assoc. Trans. Veterinarian Victoria Dept. Mines Spec. Reports Victoria Field Natur. Club Victoria Inst. J. Victoriai Natur. Onderzoekingen gedaan in het Physiologisch Labora- torium der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool Scheiktmdige Onderzoekingen, gedaan in het Labora- torium der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool Verhandelingen van het Provindaal Utregtsch Genoot- schap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen See Bull. Murith. Actas del Instituto Medico Valendano Memoires de la Soci6t^ d' Agriculture, des Sciences, et des Arts, de TArrondissement de Valenciermes Repertorium fur Anatomic tmd Physiologic Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land Reports of the Ro3ral Society of Van Diemen's Land (For Horticulture, Botany, and the Advance of Science) Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine Vargasia: Boletin de la Sociedad de Ciendas fisicas y naturales de Caracas Comptes Rendus et Memoires de la Soci^6 des Natur- listes (a TUniversite Imperiale) de Varsovie Travaux de la Sod£t6 des Naturalistes de I'Univ^ite Imperiale de Varsovie Memoires de I'Academie de Vauduse Venezuela Patent L' Ateneo Veneto: Rivista mensile di Sdence, Lettere ed Arti Esercitazioni Sdentifiche e Letterarie dell' Ateneo di Venerzia Atti delle Adunanze dell' I. R. Istituto Veneto di Sdenze, Lettere, ed Arti Atti dell' Ateneo Veneto Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Sdenze, Lettere ed Arti Memorie dd Reale Istituto Veneto di Sdenze, Lettere ed Arti Memorie ddl' I. R. Istituto Veneto di Sdenze, Lettere, ed Arti • See Repert. Anal. Chem. Verhandelingen van het Genootschap: "Occidir qui qui non servat." Verhandlimg der Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte Verhandltmgen der poltechnischen Gesellschaft Verhandlungen des Vereins ztu* Befdrderung des Gewerbefleisses in Preussen Verdffentlichungen des kaiserlichen Gesundhdtsamts Memorie di Matematica e Fisica della Sodeta Italiana della Scienze Veterinary Journal, London Transactions of the Veterinary Medical Association The Veterinarian Victoria. Department of Mines. Special Reports See Victorian Natlist. Joiunal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute or Philosophical Society of Great Britain The Victorian Naturalist. The Journal an^ Magazine of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria UST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURB CXI Victoria P. Victoria Fharm. Soc. J. Victoria Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria Trans. Phil. Inst. Victoria Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria Zool. Soc. Proc. Vierteljalirsclir. arzt. poly. Viertdjahrschr. gericht. Med. VierteUahrsclir. sesiind- heitspf. Viertdjahrschr. 2^hnhei1k. Virchow's Archiv path. Viviani, Ann. Bot. Voget, Notizen Voigt, Mag. Vosges Soc. Emul. Ann. W. Austral. P. Wag. Free Inst. Sci. Trans. Wag. Jahr. Walker, Elect. Mag. Warwick. Field Club Proc. Warwick. Natur. Hist. Soc. Rep. Washburn Obs. Publ. Washington Washington Washington Biol. Soc. Proc. Washington, Mem. Natl. Acad. Washington, Natl. Inst. BuU. Washmgton Phil. Soc. BuU. Wasser Abwasser Water Supply Papers Watford Nat. Hist. Soc. Trans. Weak, Quart. Papers Weber, Aichiv Weimer, Zts. Geburtsk. Weinlaube Wernigerode Naturwiss. Ver. Schr. West. Brewer West. Chem. Met. West. Drug. A^ctorta Patent Quarterly Journal and Transactions of the Pharma- ceutical Society of Victoria Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria Transactions of the Philosophical Institute (afterwards Royal Society) of Victoria Transactions of the Royid Society of Victoria Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria Vierteljahrschrift der arztlichen Polytechnik Vierteljahrschrift fur gerichtliche Medizin und fiffent- liches Sanitatwesen Vierteljahrschrift fur Gesundheitspflege Vierteljahrschrift fur Zahnheilkunde Virchows Archiv fur pathologic, Anatotnie, und_His- tologie Annali di Botanica Notizen aus dem Gebeite der practischen Pharmacie Magazin ftir den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunden, mit Riicksicht auf die dazu gehdrigen Hulfswissen- schaften Annales de la Soci6t6 d'Emulation du Department des Vosges West Australian Patent Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia (Wagner's) Jahresbericht uber Chemische Technologic The Electrical Magazine Proceedings of the Warwickshire Naturalists' and Archaeologists' Field Club Annual Reports of the Warwickshire Natural History and Archaeological Society Publications of the Washburn Observatory of the University of Wisconsin Int. Med. Congr. Trans., 1887 See also under U. S. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences Bulletin of the Proceedings of the National Institu- tion for the Promotion of Science Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington Wasser und Abwasser Water Supply Papers Transactions of the Watford Natural History Society and Hertfordshire Field Club Quarterly Papers on Engineering Archiv fur die systematische Naturgeschichte Gemeinsame Deutsche 2^itschrift fiir Geburtskunde Die Weinlaube Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins des Harzes in Wernigerode Western Brewer, The Western Chemist and Metallurgist Western Druggist czu LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO I^ITERATURB Westphal» Prov. Blatt. Westphal, Vcr. Jahr. Wetter Wetterau. Ges. Ann. Wetterau. Ges. Festgabe. Wetterau. Ges. Jahr. Wetterau. Ges. Naturk. Ber. Wiad. Mat. Wieck's Gewerbeztg. Wied. Ann. Phys. Wied. Archiv Wied. Zool. Mag. Wiegmann, Archiv Wien Abh. Wien Akad. Ber. Wien Akad. Denkschr. Wien Akad. Sitzber. Wien Almanach Wien Alpen-Verein, Jahr. Wien Anthrop. Ges. Mitth. Wien Anz. Wien Denkschr. Wien Hmbryol. Inst. Mitth. Wien Geogr. Ges. Abh. Wien Geogr. Ges. Fest- schr. Wien Geogr. Ges. Mitth. Wien Med. Chir. Acad. Abh. Wien Med. Chir. Acad. Beob. Wien Naturhist. Hofmus. Ann. Wien Omith. Vrr. Mitth. Wien Phot. Corresp. Wien Schr. Westphalische Provincial-Blatter. Verhandlungen der GeseUschaft zur .Befordening der vaterlandischen Cultur in Minden Jahres-Bericht des Westfalichen Proviozial-Vereins fur Wissenschaft und Kunst Das Wetter. Meteorologische Montasschrift fur Ge- bildete aller Stande Annalen der Wetterauischen GeseUschaft fur die gesammte Naturkunde Naturhistorische Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Wetterau Jahresbericht der Wetterauischen GeseUschaft fur die gesanunte Naturkunde Bericht der Wetterauischen GeseUschaft fOr die ge- sammte Naturkunde zu Hanau Wiadomosci Matematyczne Deutsche Gewerbezeitung (F. Wieck) Annalen der Physik und Chemie (Wiedemann's) Archiv fur Zoologie und Zootomie Zoologisches Magazin Archiv fur Naturgeschichte Naturwissenschaf tliche Abhandlungen Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademle der Wis- senschaften; Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Kiasse, II Abthlg. Wien Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen- schaften. Mathematisch - Naturwissenschaftliche Classe Sitztmgsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissen- schaftlichen Classe der kaiserUchen Akademie der Wissenschaften Almanach der kaiserUchen Akademie der Wissen- schaften Jahrbuch des Oesterreichishcen Alpen-Vereins Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen GeseUschaft Anzieger der kaiserUchen Akademie ker Wissen- schaften: Math.-Naturwissensch. Classe Denkschriften der iCaiseUchen Akademie der Wissen- schaften: Mathematisch - naturwissenschaf tUche Classe Mittheilungen aus dem Kmbryologischen Institute der k. k. Universitat in Wien Abhandlungen der k. k. Geographischen GeseUschaft in Wien Festschrift der k. k. Geographischen GeseUschaft 1884- 1898 MittheUungen der k. k. Geographischen GeseU- schaft in Wien Abhandlungen der k. k. medidnisch-Chirurgischen Josephs-Academie zu Wien Beobachtungen der k. k. medidnisch-chirurgischen Josephs-Academie zu Wien Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums MittheUtmgen des Omithologischen Vereins in Wien Photographische Correspondenz. Organ der Photo- graph. Gesellsch. in Wien Schriften des Vereines zur Verbreitung naturwissen- schaftUcher Kenntnisse LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Cxiu Wien SHzber. Sitztingsberichte der Mafhematisch-nattirwissenschaft- lichen Classe der.Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen- schaften Wieiit Soonblick-Ver. Jalir. Jahres-Bericht des Sonnblick-Vereines. Wien Wien. technol. Blatter Wiener techndogishe Blatter Wien Ver. Naturwiss. Schriften des Vereins zur Verbreitung Naturwissen- Kennt Scbr. schaftlicher Kenntnisse in Wien Wien, Ver. Ges. Aerzte. Verhandlungen der k. k. Gesellscliaft der Aerzte zu "^en Wien Verb. Gewerb- Verhandlungen des Neiderdsterreicbischen Gewerb- Vereins. Vereins Wien Wochenbl. Aerzte Wocbenblatt der k. k. Gesellschaft der Aerzte in Wien Wien Zts. Ges. Aerzte Zeitscbrift der k. k. Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wien Wien, Zool. Bot Ges. Fest- Festschrift zur Feier des ffinfundzwanzigjahrigen schr. Bestehens der k. k. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesell- schaft in Wien Wien, Zool. Bot. Verb. Verhandlungen der k. k. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien Wien, Zool. Inst. Arb. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institute der Uni- versitat D^en ind der Zoologischen Station in Triest Wiener Entom. Monatschr. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift Wiener Entom. Ver. Jahr. Jabresbericht des Wiener Entomologischen Vereins Wiener Entom. Zool. Winchester, J. Sd. Soc. Journal of Proceedings and Annual Reports of the Winchester and Hampshire Scientific and Literary Society Wisconsin Acad. Trans. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Wisconsin Natur. Hist. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society Soc Bull. Wisconsin Natur. Hist. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Soc. Pap. Wisconsin ^Hsconsin Natur. Hist. Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Wis- Soc. Proc. consin Wisconsin Univ. Bull. Sd. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. Science Series Wiss. Abb. Phys.-Teoh. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Physikalish- Rdchsanstalt Technischen Rdchsanstalt Wtss. Meeresuntersuch. Wissenschaftliche Meeresimtesuchungen herausge- geben von der Kommission zur wissenschaf tlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere in Kiel und der biologischen Anstalt auf Helgoland CXIV LIST OI^ ABBREVIATIONS TO LITERATURE Wochenbl. Archit. Ver. Wochenbl. Papierfabr. Wochensch. Brau. Wochenschr. Centr.-Ver. Rubezuker-ind. Wochenschr. dsterr. Ing. Ver. Wochenschr. Ver. deut. Ing. Wollen-Gewerbe WoUen Ztg. Wombat Woods HoU Mar. Biol. Lab. Bull. Woods HoU Mar. Biol. Lab. Lect. Woolhope Field Club Trans. Woolwich, Proc. World's Paper Trade Rev. Wunderlich, Archiv. Heilk. Wurttemberg. Aerzt. Ver. Mitth. Wurttemberg, Jahresh. Wiirzburg, Arb. Bot. Inst. Wiirzburg, Arb. Phys. Lab. Wiirzburg. Med. Zts. Wfirzburg. Naturwiss. Zts. Wurzburg Phys. Med. Festschr. Wurzburg, Phys. Med. Sitzber. Wurzburg, Phys. Med. Verh. Wurzburg, Zool Inst. Arb. Year Book Pharm. Year-book of Pharm. Yn Lioar Manninagh Yokohama, Mitth. Deut. Ges. Yonne Yonne, Bull. Yorksh. Natur. Union Trans. Yorksh. Phil. Soc. Report Wochenblatt, herausgegeben von mitgliedem des Architekten-Vereins zu Berlin Wochenblatt der Papic^abriken Wochenschrift fiir Brauerei Wochenschrift des Central-Vereins fur Rubenzuker- industxie in der Oesterr-Ung-Monarchie Wochenschrift des dsterreichischen Ingenieur und Architekten Vereins Wochenschrift des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure Das Deutsche Wollen-Gewerbe Wollen Zeitung The Wombat. The Journal of the Geelong Field Naturalists' Club, and the Gordon College Amateur Photographic Association Biological Btdletin. Edited by the Director and Members of the Staff, of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods HoU, Mass. Biological I^xtures delivered at (from) the Marine Biological Laboratory (of) Woods Holl (Mass.) Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal ArtiUery Insti- tution World's Paper Trade Review See Roser tmd Wunderlich Mittheilungen des Wurttembergischen Aerztlichen Vereins Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg Arbeiten des Botanischen Instituts in Wurzburg Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Wurzburger Hochschule WurzbtU'ger medidnische Zeitschrift Wurzbtu*ger Natiuivissenschaftliche Zeitschrift; Herausgegeben von der Physikalisch-Medicinischen GeseUschaft Festschrift zur Feier ihres ftinfzigjahreign Bestehens herausgegeben von der Physikalisch-Medizinischen GeseUschaft zu Wurzburg Sitztmgsberichte der Physikalisch-Medicinischen GeseUschaft zu Wurzburg Verhandlungen der PhysikaUsch-Medicinischen GeseU- schaft Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Wurzburg See Brit. Pharm. Confer. Proc. Year-book of Pharmacy Yn Lioar Manninagh. The Journal of the Isle of Man Natm^l History and Antiquarian Society MittheUtmgen der Deutschen GeseUschaft fur Natur und Volkerkimde Ostasiens See Auxere Bulletin de la Soci^te des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de I'Yonne The Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union Annual Report of the Council of the Yorkshire Philo- sophical Society' I,IST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO LITBRATURQ CXV Yorksh. Proc. Phil. Soc. T^Bch, Corresp. Zadi, Monat. Corresp. Zahntech. Zantedeschi. Ann. Pis. Zeeuwscli Gcnootsch. Nieuwe Verh. Zeeuwsch Genootsch. Wet. Archief Zentr. Biochem. Biophys. Zentr. exp. Med. Zentr. inn. Med. Zentr. oesterr - ungar Papierind. Zentr. Phjrsiol. Zentr. Physiol. Path. Stoff- wech. Zeuner, Ctyilingenieur Ziva Zool. Anz. Zool. Beitr. Zool. Bull. Zool. Congr. Zool. Jahr. Zool. J. Zool. Soc. Proc. Zool. Soc. Trans. Zool. Vortr. Zodogica Zoologist Ztg. Blechind. Zts. Akklimat. Zts. allg. Erdkunde Zts. aUg. osterr. Apoth. Ver. Zts. allg. Physiol. Zts. anal. Chem. Zts. Anat. Zts. ang. Chem. Zts. ang. Mikr. Zts. anorg. Chem. Zts. Bauwesen Zts. Berg-Hfitten Salinenw. Zts. Biol. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society Correspondence Astrauomiqne, Geographique, Hydro- graphique, et Statistique Monatliche Correspondenz zur BefOrdenmg der Erd- und Hinunels-Kunde Die Zahntechnische Reform Annali di Pisica Nieuwe Verhandelingen van het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen Archief Vroegere en Latere Mededeelingen voor- namelijk in Betrekldng tot Zeeland, uitgegeven door het Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen Zentralblatt fflr Biochemie und Biophysik Zentralblatt der experimentellen Medizin (former name Zentralblatt fitr die gesamte Physiologie und Pathologic des Stoffwechsels) Zentralblatt ftir innere Medizin Zentralblatt fur die oesterr-ungar Papierindustrie Zentralblatt fur Physiologie Zentralblatt fOr die gesammte Physi<dogie und Patho- logic des Stoffwechsels, Berlin und Wien Der Civiiingenieur, Zeitschrift fur das Ingenieurwesen Ziva: Casopis prirodnicky Zoologischer Anzeiger Zoologische Beitrage Zoological Bulletin See Congr. Int. Zool. C. R. Int. Congr. Zool. Proc. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Zeitschrift fiir Systematik, Geo^graphie und Biologic der Thiere The Zoological Journal Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings (General Meet- ings for Scientific Business) of the Zoological Society of London Transactions of the Zoological Society of London Zoologische Vortrage Zodogica.* Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Ges- ammtgebeite der Zoologie The Zoologist; a monthly Journal of Natural History lUustrierte Zeitung fur Blechindustrie Zeitschrift fur Akklimatisation: Organ des Akklima- tisations-Vereins in Berlin Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Erdkunde Zeitschrift des allgemeinen dsterreichischen Apotheker- Vereins Zeitschrift ffir allgemeine Physiologie Zeitschrift ffir analytische Chemie Zeitschrift fur Anatomie und Entwickeltmgsgeschiphte Zeitschrift ffir angewandte Chemie, und Zentralblatt ftir technische Chemie 2Mt9chrift fur angewandte Mikroskopie mit besond- erer Rfidcsicht auf die mikroskopischen Unter- suchimgen von Nahrungs- und Genussmitteln, technischen Produkten, Krankheitsstoffen, etc. Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie 2Mtschrift fur Bauwesen Zeitschrift fur das Berg-Hfitten und Salinenwesen im Preussichen Staate Zeitschrift fur Biologic CXVl LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO UTERATURB Zts. Bot. Zts. Chem. Zts. ckem. Apparat. Zts. Chem. Ind. Zts. chem. Ind. Kolloide Zts. Chemotherap. Zts. deut. geol. Ges. Abh. Zts. deut. Landw. Zts. Dreschler Zts. Dtingerw. Zts. Electrochem. Zts. Entom. (Breslau) Zts. Ethnol. Zts. exper. Path. Therap. Zts. Farben-Ind. Zts. Feuerwehr. Zts. Fischerei Zts. Fleisch. Milchhyg. Zts. Geburtsh. Zts. Geburtsh. Gynakol. Zts. ges. Brauw. Zts. ges. Getreidew. Zts. ges. Naturwiss. Zts. Ges. Omith. Zts. ges. Teztilind. Zts. ges. Wasserwirts. Zts. Heilk. Zts. Hyg. Zts. Immunit. Abt. I. 13. Abt. Ref. Zts. Induk. Abst. Vererb- ungslehre Zts. Instrumentenk. Zts. Klin. Med. Zts. Krebsforsch. Zts. Kryst. Mineral. Zts. landw. Versuchsw. Zts. Malakozool. Zts. Math. Phys. Zts. math. Unterr. Zts. Mikro. Tek. Zts. Morphol. Anthrop. Zts. Nahr. Genuss. (Z. genuss) Zts. Naturwiss. Zeitschrift fur Botanik Zeitschrift ftir Chemie Zeitschrift fur chemische Apparatenkunde (Discon- tinued) Zeitschrift fur die Chemische Industrie mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der chemisch-technischen Unter- suchungsverfahren 1887; later Zts. ang. Chem: Zeitschrift fiir Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide Zeitschrift ftir Chemotherapie und verwandte Gebiete. (formerly Folia Serologia) Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft Abhandltmgen Zeitschrift fiir deutsche Landwirthe Zeitschrift ffir Dreschsler, Elfenbeingraveure und Holzbildhauer Zeitschrift fur Dungerwesen Zeitschrift ftir Electrochemie Zeitschrift fur Entomologie im Auftrage des Vereins ftir schlesische Insektenkimde zu Breslau Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie Zeitschrift fur ezperimentelle Pathologic tmd Therapie, Berlin Zeitschrift ftir Farben-Industrie lUtistrirte Zeitschrift fur die deutsche Feuerwehr Zeitschrift fur Fischerei Zeitschrift fur Fleisch- tmd Milchhygiene Zeitschrift fur Geburtshulfe tmd Frauenkrankheiten 2^tshrif t fur Geburtshulfe tmd Gynakologie Illtistrirte Zeitschrift das gesammte Brauwesen Zeitschrift ftir das gesamte Getreidewesen 2^tshrift fur die Gesammten Nattirwissenschaften Zeitschrift ftir die gesammte Omithologie Zeitschrift ftir die gesamte Textilindustrie Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Wasserwirtschaft Zeitschrift fur Heilktmde, als Fortsetziing der Prager Vierteljahrsschrift f^ praktische Heilkunde Zeitschrift ftir flygiene tmd Infektionskrankheiten Zeitschrift fur Immtmitatsforschung tmd experiment telle. Therapie. Abteiltmg I. 13. Abteiltmg II. or Ref. 1 vol. Zeitschrift ftir Induktive Abstammtmgs- tmd Vererb- ungslehre Zeitschrift fur Instnunentenktmde Zeitschrift fur Klinische Medizin Zeitschrift ftir Krebsforschung Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie Zeitschrift ftir das landwirtschaftliche Versuchswesen in Oesterreich Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie Zeitschrift fur Mathematik tmd Physik Zeitschrift fur mathematischen und naturwissenschaft- lichen Unterrricht Zeitschrift ftir Miicroscopischen Teknik. 2^tschrift ftir Morphologie tmd Anthropologie Zeitschrift fur Untersuchtmg der Nahnmgs tmd Genussmittel, sowie der Gebrauchsgegenstande Zeitschrift fur Natturwissenshaften. . .im Auftrage (Organ) des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fOr Sachsen tmd Thtiringen LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO I^ITERATURE CXVU Zts. 6ffentl. Chem. Zts. Ohrenlieilk. Zts. Osterr. lug. Ver. Zts. paraf . Ind. Zts. Parasit. Zts. Pflanzenkrankheiten Zts. physik. Chem. Zts. Physik. Chem. Unteir. Zts. Physiol. Chem. Zts. pndct. Geol. Zts. Psychol. Zts. ration. Med. Zts. Reprodukt. Zts. Rubenzuckeiind. Zts. Schiess Spreng. Zts. Spiritusind. Zts. Telegr. Ver. Zts. Thiermed. Zts. Tuberkulose Zts. Ver. deut. Ingen. Zts. Ver. Rubenzuckerind. Zts. Ver. Zuckerind. Zts. Wiss. Geogr. Zts. wiss. Mikro. Zts. wiss. Photochem. Zts. wiss. Zool. Zts. Zuckerind. Zts. Zuckerind. B5hm. Zurich Denkschr. Med. Chir. Ges. Zurich Mitth. Zurich, Monats. Zurich naturf . Ges. Zurich Physik. Ges. Jahr. Zurich, Schweiz. Ges. Neue. Denkschr. Zflrich, Soc Entom. Zurich, Unters. Phydol. Lab. Zurich, Verb. Zurich, ^erteljahrachr. Zwickau Ver. Naturk. Jahr Zwolle, Voortdtgang. Zeitschrift fiir dffentliche Chemie Zeitschrift fOr Ohrenheilkunde an deutscher und englischer Sprache Zdtsdirift des Osterreichischen Ingenieur und Archi- tekten Vereins Zeitschrift Mr Parafin Industrie 2^tschrift fur Parasitenkunde Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Stfichiometrie und Verwandschaf tslehre Zeitschrift fur dem physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht Zeitschrift fiir pkysiologische Chemie (Hoppe-Seylers) 2^tschrift fur praktische Geologic Zeitschrift fur Psychologic und Physiologic der Sinnes- organe Zeitschrift fur rationelle Medidn 2Mtschrift fur Reproduktiontechnik Neue Zeitschrift fhr Rfibenzuckerindustrie Zeitschrift fur das gesammte Schiess- und Spreng- stoffwesen Zeitschrift fur Spiritusindustrie Zeitschrift des deutsch-osterreicEischen Telegraphen- Vereins Zeitschrift f Or Thiermedicin Zeitschrift fur Tuberkulose tmd Heilst&ttenwesen Zeitschrift des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure 2^tschrift des Vereins fur die Rtibenzucker-Industrie des deutschen Reichs Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zuckerindustrie Zeitschrift fiir wisaenschaftliche Geographie Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Mikroscopie Zdtschirft fiir wissenschaftliche Photographic, Photo- physik, tmd Photochemie 2^tschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie Zeitschrift fiir Zuckerindustrie Zeitschrift fur Zuckerindustrie in Bohmen Denkschrift der medizinisch-chirurgischen Gesell- schaft des Kantons Ziirich Mittheiltmgen der Natiurforschenden Gesellschaft in Ziirich Monatsschrift des wissenschaftlichen Vereins in Ziirich Vierteljahrschrift der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Ziirich . . . Jahresbericht der physikalischen Gesellschaft in Ziirich Neue Denkschriften der allgmeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fiir die gesammten Naturwissen- schaften Sodetas Entomologica. Organ fiir den intemationalen Entomologenverein. Ziirich Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Labora- toritmi der Ziiricher Hochschtde Verhandltmgen der Medicinisch-chirurgischen Gesell- schaft des Kanton Ziirich im Jahr 1826 Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesell- schaft in Ziirich Jahresbericht des Vereins fiir Naturkunde zu Zwickau De Vooruitgang; Tijdschrift voor Wetenschap CHAPTER IX. NITROCELLULOSE THEORY. When the celluloses in a comparatively high state of purity are brought into contact with certain organic or inorganic acids, either alone or more usually in conjunction with a dehydrating agent, union occurs, the number and nature of the combinations formed being dependent in a large measure on the anhydrous state of the cellulose, the concentration of the re-acting acid mixture, the temperature and time of contact between the cellulose and re-acting mixture, the volume and avidity of the dehydrating agent employed, and the physical condition of the cellulose molecule. Of the synthetical derivatives of cellulose, the nitric esters — ^the cellu- lose nitrates— primarily on account' of their varied application in both the peaceful and warlike arts, are technically of the most importance. Historical. The earlier investigations of the cellulose nitrates had entirely to do with those higher derivatives and explosive forms used in military operations and it was not until a much later period that the products of lower nitration — ^the so-called pyroxylins, collodions and photographic nitroceQuloses — and the thermo-plastic pyroxylin combinations typified by celluloid and xylonite, began to assume a commensurate industrial importance. The detailed history of the rise of the nitrocelluloses of lower nitration may perhaps be more properly considered in connection with the foundation and rise of the celluloid, lacquer, collodion and artificial silk arts, in which their commercial ramifications are so extensive at the present day. The Xyloidine of Braconnot. The first distinct nitrocellu- lose compound to be described was a body discovered by Henri Braconnot in 1833, at that time professor of chemistry in Nancy ^ who prepared an inflammable, combustible and explosive body from starch, wood fiber and similar substances, by treatment with 1. The statement is to be found that Robiquet in 1832 (Muspratt Ency. 1883, 2, 124) treated starch with concentrated nitric acid, but am unable to corroborate. It is true that Tunnerraann (Jahrb. Ch. Ph. 19, 121 ; abst. Bcrz. Jahr. Chem. 1829, 8, 279) distilled starch with nitric acid and obtained a new vc^tile acid, the nature of which is not clear. It was Berzelius who suggested the name "nitroamylin." 1567 1568 TECHNOLOGY OF CELLUWSE ESTERS concentrated nitric acid, the body so converted being designated by the generic term of "xyloidine." This substance when washed and treated was found to explode when exposed to light and even if heated to 356° P., and also to detonate when subjected to a smart blow.^ Braconnot describes his work as follows: **It is well known that dilute nitric acid dissolves potato starch, producing a gummy liquid very soluble in water. Quite different results, however, are obtained with concentrated nitric acid. The author has treated 5 gm. of starch with a considerable quantity of concentrated nitric acid with continuous agitation. A thick transparent liquid was obtained. This liquid, when poured into water, throws down a copious white curdy precipitate, which, when well washed and dried, weighed exactly five gm. It is white, pulverulent, tasteless, and does not redden blue lit- mus paper. It is colored brown by a solution of iodine. Bromine, on the other hand, has no action upon it. On boiling with water it is not dissolved, but unites together into a mass. It is not attacked nor dissolved by dilute sulfuric acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid produces a clear solution of a gummy nature, which is not precipitated by water. Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves it readily, especially when heated. The addition of water throws down the original material again, in an unchanged condition. Of all the vegetable acids, acetic acid alone reacts with it. It is readily soluble, especially on heating, and so much can be got into solution that the liquid becomes gummy in con- sistency. In contact with water a white, hard, tluck coagulated precipitate is produced. On drying at a low heat a transparent material is obtained, which retains its transparency when placed in water. This thick acid liquid when applied to paper or other materials, leaves a very brilliant varnish-like coating, superior to that furnished by the best gums, whilst, at the same time it is perfectly impervious to water. Linen, coated with this material, retains its impermeability even on boiling with water. These properties show the advantages this material is able to offer in the arts. Boiling wood vinegar dissolves it, and a slight pre- cipitate is thrown down on cooling. Neither ammonia nor caustic potash dissolves it, but they convert it into a transparent body. On boiling a brown solution is obtained, and by neutralization a precipitate is produced but slightly differing from the original materials. It is softened by boiling water without being dis- 1. Ann. Chim. Phys. 1833, 52, 290; Ann. 1833, 7, 245; Pogg. Ann. 1833, 23, 176; Schweiger J. 1833, 68, 368; Amer. J. Sci. 1835, 28, 131; Berz. Jahr. 1835, 14, 325; 1840, 19, 437. In this connection, see Ann. Chim. Phys. 1833. 52, 286; Berz. Jahr. 1835, 14, 325; Erdmann J. 1833, 18, 66; Ann. 1833, 7, 242; Pogg. Ann. 1833, 29, 173. Braconnot claimed his product to be soluble in dilute boiling acetic acid, the solution so obtained being suit- able for use as a lacc^uer, NltROC^LmU)SE l^HBORY 1569 solved, and acquires, by drying, the transparency of a gum. On exposing this material to heat it ignites with great readiness. It suffices even to heat it upon a piece of thick paper to produce rapid carbonization and liquefaction, whilst the cardboard itself, exposed to the heat, is not sensibly damaged. Heated in a small glass retort, it leaves a residue of one-sixth of its weight of carbon, difficult to incinerate, and gives a brownish liquid distillate con- taining much acetic acid. In contact with a solution of indigo sulfate, largely diluted with water, it is not sensibly colored blue and does not decolorize the solution. It does not show any indi- cation of reacting with ferrous sulfate. As this material appears in some respects to resemble lignin, the author proposes for it the name of Xyloidine. Severed other vegetable substances are acted on in a similar manner by the addition of nitric acid. The following observations were made on the action of concentrated acid upon lignin and gummy materials. Sawdust, when acted on by nitric add, swells up without dissolving. On exposing the mixture to a certain temperature there is no sign of effervescence, which is very remarkable. A gummy solution is obtained so thick that it solidifies on cooling. The addition of water sep- arates abundantly a material precisely similar to that obtained by the action of concentrated nitric acid on starch. Cotton and linen warmed with the same add are partially dissolved, without any sensible reaction, and are converted into xyloidine. Sugar cane, mannite and milk sugar produce nothing, except in the case of the sugars, a very bitter material. Gum tragacanth, the gum arable, inulin as well as saponin, which the author has discovered in the bark of gymnocladus canadensisy are by the action of nitric add, converted into xyloidine. It is true that it is accom- panied by a very bitter material from which we may conclude that these gummy materials contain sugar in some form." This discovery apparently excited little attention and it was not until five years later that anyone took up the examination of the substances described by Braconnot, when J. Pelouze published his Memoir in the Comptes rendus in 1838.^ He carried the inves- 1. Compt. rend. 1838, 7, 713; Ann. 1839, 29, 38; J. prakt. Chem. 1839, Ifi, 168; Berz. Jahr. 1840, 19, 437; Amer. J. Pharm. 1839, 12, 82. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 809; Annuaire Chim. 1847, 3, 454. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 837; Annu. Chim. 1847, 3, 454; Bibl. Univ. Arch. 1846, 3, 273. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 823; Annu. Chim. 1847, 3, 454. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 861; Annu. Chim. 1847, 3, 454; Ann. 1847, €4, 491. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 892; Berz. Jahr. 1849, 28, 348; J. prakt. Chem. 1847, 40, 200; Annu. Chim. 1847, 454. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 902; Annu. Chim. 1847, 3, 454. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 1020; Annu. Chim. 1847, 3, 454. Compt. rend. 1847, 24, 2; Dmgl. Poly. 1847, 103, 224; Pogg. Ann. 1847, 70, 320; n, 144; Wag. Jahr. 1864, 9, 247; Annu. Chim. 1847,3,454; J. prakt. Chem. 1847,40,414; Jahr. Chem. 1847-1848. 1, 1133; J. Pharm. Chim. 1847, U, 297. Compt. rend. 1^7, 24, 205; Amer. Jour. Sci. 1847, (2), 3, 142, 259; Athenaeum, No. 996; 1570 TECHNOWXiY OF CBLLUWSR ESTERS ligations a step fiirther in that he proved the presence of the nitric acid content, a point not recognized by Braconnot. Pelouze demonstrated that xyloidine would bum spontaneously when heated to 180° C. ; that it could also be exploded by a sharp blow or pressure and recommended it for use in the fibreworks industry. He also extended his researches to the nitration of cotton, paper and vegetable substances generally, ^but did not take the imporT tant step of mixing sulftu-ic acid or other dehydrating agent with the nitric acid and, outside of theoreticsd generalizations, failed to make any practical application of the explosive produced by him. To the nitrocellulose produced by him he gave the name "pyroxylin." C. Bernard and L. BarreswiP conducted feeding experiments on domestic animals over a period of more than five years, with xyloidine and although they state it is unalterable in passage through the intestines, they recommended it as a foodstuff on accoimt of its high nitrogen content. The xyloidine with which they experimented was insoluble in water, soluble in acetic acid and in alcohol. The experiments of Braconnot were corroborated and ex- tended by J. de Vrij, who determined that xyloidine dissolves in acetone in considerable quantities.* He says, "With four ^ains of starch I prepared a charge for a pistol and obtained the same results as if I used six grains of ordinary sportsman's powder." The results of E. Cottereau,' R*. Morel,* Salmon,^ Piobert,' Dingl. Poly. 1847, 104, 139. Compt. rend. 1848, 26, 64. Compt. rend. 1849, 28, 110, 146; Jahr. Chem. 1849, 472; Wag. Jahr. 1864, 10, 234. Instit. No. 672, 381; abst. Berz. Jahr. 1848, 27, 419. See also Chem. Gaz. No. 103, 56. Berz. Jahr. Chem. 1840, 19, 438 contains the statement that Liebig had shown previous to Pelouze that nitric acid is contained in nitrated starch, the original reference of which we have been unable to locate. 1. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 944. 2. Compt. rend. 1841, 12, 120; Compt. rend. 1847, 24, 19; Liebig and Kopp's, Ann. Report. 1847-1848, 2, 371; J. prakt. Chem. 1847, 40, 420; Jahr. Chem. 1847-1848, 1, 1139; Watt. Diet. Chem. 1877, 5, 410; Berz. Jahr. 1849, 28, 348. Under the auspices of Midder, xyloidine was investigated by C. Buijs- Ballot (Scheik. Onderzoek. Phys. Lab. Utrech. 1842, 1, 274; abst. J. prakt. Chem. 1844, 31, 309; Ann. 1843, 45, 47; Berz, Jahr. 1844, 23, 385; J. de Pharm. 1843, 3, 298) who obtained a coarse, granular inflammable precipitate, readily combustible, but containing only 5.72% N. "That it contains nitric acid is seen by the manner in which it bums; whether it contains an H atom, as indicated by the number of O atoms, is undecided." 3. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 1157; 1847, 24, 205, 391, 822; Jahr. Chem. 1847-1848, 1, 1139. J. prakt. Chem. 1847, 40, 418; Annuaire de Chimie. 1847, 3, 454. 4. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 718, 1043; Annuaire de Chimie, 1847, 3, NlTROCElrLUI.OSE THEORY 1571 A. Gaudin,^ Bonjean' and J. Fordos and A. Gelis,' amplified and carried a step further the results obtained by Braconnot and Pelouze and determined more perfectly the physical character- istics and chemical composition of these bodies. It was further demonstrated that the product formed by the nitration of starch is far from homogeneous. Their investigations formed an inter- esting prelude to. the researches of Schonbein on guncotton, which together, it may be said, constitute the fimdamental basis upon which the art of nitrocellulose and nitrated carbohydrates rests at the present time. It had been known before this time^ that dilute nitric acid dissolved potato and other starches, producing a gummy liquid very soluble in water, but which had no explosive nor combustible tendencies. Braconnot by his treatment of dried starch with a considerable quantity of concentrated nitric acid with continual agitation, producing thereby a thick transparent liquid insoluble in water but readily precipitated by it, and which upon washing to neutrality and dr3dng, gave an odorless and taste- less pulverulent mass of ready inflammability, was a distinct scientific advance. ^However, outside of imperfectly describing the phenomenon, he made no careful investigation of the bodies discovered by him, and his co-workers that followed up to the year 1847 apparently contented themselves with an academic in- vestigation of the subject rather than endeavoring to place it upon any economical utilitarian basis. Nitramidine of Dumas. J. Dumas admittedly deserves the 454. Compt. rend. 1847, 25» 860, 914; Des Mondes, 1864, €, 269. 5. Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 1117; Annuaire de Chimie, 1847, 3, 454. See also A. Seguir, Compt. rend. 1846, 23, 906. Compare Pehling, Roser and Krauss, Dingl. Poly. 1847, 103, 220; Jahr. Chem. 1847-1848, 1132. 