None
THE SECRETION OF MILK. When fully formed, each mammary gland consists of fifteen to twenty lobes embedded in connective tissue. Each lobe is made up of a mass of secreting alveoli which lead by narrow ducts into one large lactiferous duct. These lactiferous ducts, one from each lobe, open on the nipple, undergoing in the nipple itself an oval enlargement. Before secre- tion begins, the alveoli as well as the ducts are lined with a cubical epithe- lium. When secretion commences a marked difference develops between the epithelium of the alveoli and that of the ducts. While that of the latter retains its previous character, the cells of the secreting epithelium grow in length and project into the lumen of the gland. In the innermost part of the THE SECRETION AND PROPERTIES OF MILK 1297 protoplasm numerous fat globules make their appearance. If sections be made of the gland during the various stages of its activity and stained by Altmann's method (acid fuchsin and picric acid), it will be seen that the commencement of activity is marked by the growth of the innermost part of the cells and the development in these of a number of granules (Fig. 579). These granules finally lengthen into shapes like spirilla, while others of them form fat and become metamorphosed into fat granules. The nuclei of the cells also divide, apparently in preparation for the replacement of some cells which undergo complete degeneration and are cast off into the secretion. We know verv little about the mechanism of milk secretion. It seems FIG. 579. Sections of mammary gland of guinea-pig (fat granules stained black with osmic acid). A, during rest. B, during active secretion. It will be noticed, that in this case the active formation of products of cell metabolism (granules, etc.) begins with the commencement of secretion, and does not occur almost exclusively during rest, as in the salivary glands. In the mammary gland, the active growth of protoplasm, the formation of granules from the protoplasm, and the discharge of these granules in the secretion appear to go on at one and the same time. impossible at present to explain the very close adaptation between the activity of the secretory cells and the needs of the infant or young animal. Two at least of the constituents of milk, caseinogen and lactose, are peculiar to this secretion. It has been assumed that the caseinogen is produced by some sort of alteration in the nucleo-proteins of the gland cells, and that the lactose is derived in the same way from some sort of gluco-protein or gluco- nucleo protein ; but the evidence for either of these assumptions is very scanty. The growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy is largely determined by some form of chemical stimulation, the specific hormone being produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary and possibly also in the growing foetus- It has been suggested by Hildebrandt that this stimulus is inhibitory in character — inhibitory, that is to say, of secretion — and therefore tending to the con- tinuous growth of the gland cells. With the expulsion of the foetus at birth 82 1298 PHYSIOLOGY the source of the inhibitory stimulus is removed and the overgrown gland cells enter into a condition of spontaneous activity. However this may be, there is no doubt that the secretion of the gland, once formed, is continued independently of the foetus or indeed of any of the pelvic organs. The onset of a IIQW pregnancy brings the secretion to a close. Removal of the ovaries in a cow is sometimes employed as a means of prolonging the secretion of milk. The only condition in the human being, which is necessary for secretion to continue during six to nine months after birth, is the repeated emptying of the gland, i. e. the removal of the secreted milk. The process of suckling not only removes the milk already secreted but excites the secretion of more milk. The secretion is certainly subject to nervous influences, but physiologists have not succeeded in either pro- ducing secretion by stimulation of the nerves going to the glands, or in stopping secretion by section of these nerves. Moreover the food of the animal may be varied within very wide limits without altering the composi- tion or amount of the milk secreted, provided that the food is sufficient in amount. The only constituent of the milk for which we have direct evidence of alteration by changes in the food supply of the mother is the fat.. It is well known that the composition of butter may be affected according to the food supplied to the cow. A large supply of oilcake, for instance, may result in the production of a butter which is deficient in the higher fatty acids and is therefore oily at ordinary temperatures. Abnormal fats and fatty acids such as iodised fats or erucic acid, when administered to an animal in lactation, may appear among the fats of the milk. Not only can the secretion and composition of the milk be affected reflexly through the nervous system, as e. g. under the influence of emotions, but the influence may be reciprocal. This is especially marked in the case of the pelvic organs. The act of suckling excites tonic contractions of the uterus. Putting the child to the breast shortly a{ter birth is therefore an important means of causing contraction of the uterus and stopping any tendency to haemorrhage from the venous sinuses opened by the separation of the placenta and fcetal membranes. The nursing of the child is thus an important means of procuring a proper involution of the uterus after labour. Many uterine troubles among women may be ascribed to the previous neglect of this elementary duty. INDEX ABSORPTION OP FATS, 784 of foodstuffs, 779 intestinal, 779 through membranes, 131 from tissues, 1068 Acapnia, 1151 Accelerator nerves, 470 Accessory food substances, 693 Accommodation, amplitude of, 527 effect of drugs on, 52 8 of old age on, 528 of eye, 496, 524 in birds, 504 innervation of, 527 in man, 504 mechanism of, 526 spasm of, 538 theories of, 524 Acetone in urine, 1173 Acid albumin, 96 intoxication, 810 Acidosis, 810 Acids, organic, 48 Acroodextrine, 68 Acrose, 62 Acrylic acid series, 54 Activity associated with disintegration, 4 Adaptation, 5, 177 dark, 556 sensory, 483 visual, 508, 570 Addison's disease, 1234 Adenine, 100 Adrenaline, 51 action of, 1234 on heart, 1020 on nerve endings, 278 on pupil, 509 influence of, 1046 in muscular exercise, 1055 production of glycosuria by, 840 Adsorption, 145 by protein, 72 JSrotonometer, 1107 Afferent impulses, 345 After image, 567 cause of, 574 fate of, 570 utility of, 574 Alanine, 80 Albumin, crystallisation of, 73 in plants, 44 Albuminoids, 104 Albumins, 95 Alcaptonuria, 814 Alcohol as food, 702 Alcohols, 46 Aldehydes, 47 Aldol condensation, 118 Aldoses, 60 Aleurone crystals, 72 Alexia, 456 Allantoin, 822 ' All or none ' law, 205 Alveolar air, analysis of, 1101 Amboceptor, 1085 Amines, 49 formation from amino -acids, 76, 154 Amino-acetic acid, 80 Amino-acids, 48, 75-95 action of bacteria on, 76 aromatic, 83 containing sulphur, 85 conversion into sugar, 845 into urea, 803 distribution in albumoids, 106 in proteins, 89 energy value of, 805 fate after absorption, 795 formation of, 154 in plants, 37 heterocyclic, 84 intestinal absorption of, 793 linkage of, 87 optical activity of, 78 pancreatic digestion of, 750 properties of, 77 separation of, 79 synthesis of, 80 8 in plant, 112 transformation of, 116 value as food, 690 Amino -propionic acid, 80 Ammonia, effects on muscle, 186 estimation in urine, 1177 excretion of, 809 formation of purines from, lli> of urea from, 803 Amoeba, removal of nucleus in, 28 structure of, 14 Amoeboid movements, 248 Amphoteric nature of amino-acids, 79 of colloids, 147 Amylodextrin, 68 Anacrotic pulse, 971 Anaesthesia, 454 Anaesthetics, influence on peripheral nerves, 260 Anelectrotonus, 265 Anisometropia, 539 Anode, 187 excitation at, 263 Antidromic impulses, 323, 1041 Antigens, 1085 1299 1300 INDEX Antithrombin, 889 Antitoxins, 1080 of milk, 1296 Aphasia, 454 Apnoaa, 1145 Appetite, influence on gastric "secretion, 736 Aqueous humour, 516 Arabino.se, 61 Archi pallium, 416 Arcuate fibres, 366 Arginine, fate of, 810 Aromatic compounds, 49 groups, metabolism of, 814 sulphates, 813 in urine, 1170 Arteries, blood flow through, 962 pressure in, 916 structure of, 915 Asparagine, 81 in seedlings, 112 Aspartic acid, 81 Asphyxia, 1129 influence on circulation, 1027 Assimilation, 2, 25 by cells, mechanism of, 24 relation of nucleus to, 31 Associated fibres of brain, 424 Association processes in brain, 451 Asthma, 1099 Astigmatism, 538 radial, 532 Ataxia, 346 Auditory ossicles, 602 sensations, 611 Auricles, pressure in, 945 Auriculo-ventricular bundle, 936, 993 Axis cylinder, electrolytes in, 172 Axon, 295, 301, 309 -reflexes, 323, 475 ' BAHNTJNG,' 305 Basal metabolism, 675 Batteries, electrical, 186 Beats (sound), 613 Benzene derivatives, 49 Bidwell's experiment, 572 Bile, 759-763 composition of, 760 digestive functions of, 762 secretion of, 762 Binocular vision, 588-594 Biogen molecule, 20 Biophore, 20 Biuret reaction, 92 Bladder, functions of, 1206 in spinal animal, 332 innervation of, 1211 in man, after transection of cord, 337 Blindness, 577 Blindspot, 549 Blood, 853-912 characters of, 854 circulation of, 913-1060 coagulation of, 882 conductivity of, 906 -corpuscles, 854 destruction of, 1085 • •numeration of, 901 haemolysis of, 23 red, 861 Blood corpuscles, red, life history of, 874 white, 856 functions of, 34 gases of, 1103 general composition of, 907 osmotic pressure of, 906 oxygen capacity of, 901 -pigment of cephalopods, 44 -plasma, absorption of, 891 collection of, 882 composition of, 909 properties of, 885 protein of, 909 relative amount of, 900 -platelets, 879 in coagulation, 887 -pressure, 916 dependence on heart output, 929 diastolic, 919 in different vessels, 922 distribution of, 919 effect of asphyxia on, 1027 of spinal centres on, 1032 influence on heart, 1023 of capacity on, 927 measurement of, 916 in man, 920 in spinal shock, 331 systolic, 919 venous, 922 quantity of, 897 reaction of, 904 regeneration of, 874 serum, composition of, 910 proteins of, 910 specific gravity of, 903 tension of gases in, 1107 velocity of, 931 methods of measuring, 932 -vessels, chemical control of, 1045 nervous control of, 1025 tone of, 1033 -volume, estimation of, 897 Body, material basis of, 36-120 Bone, composition of, 105 Brain. See Cerebral hemispheres, chemical composition of, 58 development of, 360 nerve cells of, 426 path of motor impulses in, 389, 422 -pressure, 464 -stem, conduction in, 381 descending tracts of, 389 functions of, 390-394 structure of, 360-394 tracts of, 384 structure of, 416 vertebrate, comparative structure of, 363 Broca'a convolution, 454 Bronchi, innervation of, 1096 Brown-Sequard paralysis, 359 Bulbo-spinal animal, 391 Burch's experiment, 573 Butyric fermentation, 119 CAFFEINE, 101 Calcium, 43 INDEX 1301 Calcium, importance for blood clotting, 884 Calorie value of normal diet, 695 Calorimeter, construction of, 668 Cane sugar, 67 Capillaries, blood flow through, 1048 circulation through, 973 in muscles, 1054 inflammatory changes in, 1074 measurement of pressure in, 974 Capillary electrometer, 173, 227 Capsule, internal, 375, 423 Carbamino-acids, 79 Carbohydrates, 45 absorption of, 789 chemistry of, 59-70 as constituent of protein, 86 of nucleins, 102 conversion into fat, 830 digestion of, 767 influence on metabolism, 681 metabolism of, 839 tests for, in proteins, 93 Carbon, assimilation of, 107-111 by plants, 37 as a constituent of protoplasm, 36 Carbon dioxide, assimilation by green plants, 108 ^ in atmosphere, 38 condition in blood, 1015 effect on circulation, 1047 elimination in lungs, 1121 influence on nervous con- duction, 261 production in isolated mus-' cle, 216 reduction in plants, 37 as regulator of respiration, 1137 Carbon monoxide, influence on blood, 1153 Cardiac cycle, 938, 951 Cardinal points, 522 Cardiograph, 948 Cardiometer, 957 Cartilage, chemical composition of, 104 Caseinogen, 98, 730, 752, 1291 Castration, influence of, 1269 Catacrotic pulse, 971 Catalysis, 158 mechanism of, 159 specificity of, 159 Catelectrotonus, 265 Cathode, 187 excitation at, 263 Cell organs, 32 as structural unit, 13 structure of, 16 -wall, 22 Cells, chemical reactions in, 153 division of, 31, 35 histological differentiation of, 31 galvanic, 186 osmotic phenomena in, 22 of plants, 13 surface layer of, 21 vital phenomena of, 25 Cellulose, 22 properties of, 69 use in food, 800 Central nervous system, 288-311 Central nervous system, continuity in, 309 Centres, cortical, arrangement of, 431 motor, 439 sensory, 443 Cereals, proteins of, 96 Cerebellar functions in man, 403 tracts of cord,*354 Cerebellum, 370 functions of, 395-404, 451 influence on muscular tone, 336, 398 removal of, 402 stimulation of, 401 structure of, 398 tracts of, 387, 400 Cerebral cortex, connection with cord, 356 functions of, 394 influence on equilibrium, 654 localisation of functions in, 433 stimulation of, 435 structure of, 416, 426 hemispheres, 415-460 afferent tracts of, 421 association fibres in, 424 commissural fibres in, 425 effects of removal of, 439 efferent tracts of, 422 evolution of, 419 functions of, 433 general character of functions of, 449 higher associative func- tions of, 451 localisation in, 434 minute structure of, 426 motor functions of, 435 projection fibres of, 421 sensory functions of, 443 stimulation of, 435 structure of, 415 time relations of, 457 tracts of, 420 Cerebral vesicles, 361 Cerebrin, 58 Cerebro-spinal fluid, 462 Cetyl alcohol, 47 V Charpentier's bands, 566 Chemical energy of dissolved substances, 128 sense, 639 Chemiotaxis, 27, 639, 1075 Cheyne- Stokes' breathing, 1146 Chitin, composition of, 65 Chlorides of urine, 1162 Chlorine, 43 Chloroform, influence on nervous conduction, 261 Chlorophyll, function of, 6, 37, 107 necessity of iron in formation of, 43 Chloroplasts, 17, 107 Cholesterin, 47 as constituent of surface layer, 23 1302 INDEX Cholesterol, significance of, 56 esters, 56 Choline, composition of, 57 Chondroitin, 104 -sulphuric acid, 104 Chorda tympani ne^rve, 412 effect on secretion, 710 Choroid, 500 structure of, 506 Chromatic aberration, 530 Chroma tin, 17 Chromoproteins, 99 Chromosomes, 31, 33 Cilia, 33 Ciliary body, structure of, 506 movement, 248 muscle, action of, 526 nerves, functions of, 511 Circulation, physiology of the, 913-1060 action of heart on, 935 through arteries, 919, 962 capacity of, 925 through capillaries, 973 capillary, regulation of, 1048 cerebral, 464 chemical relation of, 1045 coronary, 1010 influence of anaemia on, 1060 on lymph, 1066 of nervous system on, 1025 of plethora on, 1058 in invertebrates, 913 during muscular exercise, 1051 pulmonary, 979 through veins, 976 Circulatory system, evolution of, 34 Clark's column, 325 Clonus, 241, 336 Clotting of blood. Coagulation of blood, 855, 882-896 of colloids, 148 heat, 93, 148 history of, 892 intra vascular, 889 mechanism of, 149 of muscle plasma, 212 of protein, 72, 93 theory of, 891 of transudations, 892 Cochlea, 606 Cochlear nerve, 411 central connections of, 379 Ccalenterata, differentiation in, 33 nervous system of, 289 Ccelomata, 33 Ccalum, 34 Coil, induction, 188 Coitus, physiology of, 1279 Collagen, digestion in stomach, 732 Colloidal compounds, influence on diffusion. properties of protoplasm, 20 solution of metal, 138 Colloids, 72, 137-151 adsorption by, 145 amphoteric nature of, 147 classification of, 137 coagiilation of, 148 combination between, 148 Colloids, definition of, 137 electrical charges on, 147 properties of, 144 imbibition by, 149 molecular weight of, 138 optical properties of, 143 osmotic pressure of, 140 precipitation of, 145 properties of, 137-151 surface phenomena in, 145 Colostrum, 1289 Colour blindness, 578 mixing, 562 triangle, 486 vision, effect of intensity on, 581 peripheral, 581 theories of, 583 Colours, complementary, 487 mixture of, 487 Combination tones, 616 Comma tract, 353 Commissural fibres in brain, 425 Complement, 1085 Complemental air, 1095 Complementary colours, 571 Concentration battery, 170 Conchiolin, 106 Condenser, 191 - Conditioned reflexes, 453 Conduction in brain stem, 381 irreciprocal, in synapse, 275 in spinal cord, 351 Cones, function of, 583 Conjugated proteins, 98 sulphates, 813 Conjugation in metazoa, 1254 in protozoa, 1252 Consciousness, 9, 451, 481 Conservation of energy in living beings, 2 of mass in living beings, 2 Consonance, 614 Consonants, 625 Contractile stress of voluntary muscle, 200 tissues, 177-249 Contractility of muscle, 179 Contraction of muscle, 194-204, 234-238 arrested, 200 isometric, 197 isotonic, 197 osmotic theory of, 235 surf ace tension, theory of, 235 energy of, 236 in relation to surface tension, 24 secondary, 233 -wave in muscle, 228 Contrast, effect on sensation, 483 simultaneous, 571 successive, 571 Co-ordination of eye movements, 495 of movement in spinal anim.il, 331 muscular. :{!»."> influence of eyes on, 406 part played by afferent im- pulses in, 345 Copper as necessary constituent of certain plants and animals, 44 INDEX 1303 Cornea, 500 structure of, 504 Coronary circulation, 1010 Corpora quadrigemina, 373, 392, 405 Corpus luteum, 1275 striatum, functions of, 442 Cortex, cerebral. See Brain. Grampian's muscle, 504 Cranial nerves, connections and functions of, 414 Creatine metabolism, 811 Creatinine, origin of, 811 in urine, 1166, 1178 Cretinism, 1239 Crusta, 373 Crystallin, 95 Cuorin, 58 Curare, effect of, 185, 259 on nerve endings, 277 Currents, galvanic, 186 induced, 188 Cutaneous sensations, Head's classification of, 635 Cystine, 74, 85 Cytase, 70 Cytolysins, 1085 Cytoplasm contrasted with nucleus, 30 Cytosine, 102 DABK ADAPTATION, 556 Deaminisatioh, 153, 803 of amino-acids, 796 Death, 6 Decarboxylation, 154 of amino-acids, 76 Decerebrate rigidity, 392 Defaecation, 777 Defence, cellular mechanisms of, 1070-1078 chemical mechanisms of, 1079- 1087 Degeneration of nerve fibres in cord, 320 retrograde, 320 Deglutition, 721-727 nervous mechanism of, 726 Delirium cordis, 1011 Demarcation current, 225, 233 Dendrites, 301 Depressor impulses, 1044 nerves, 1022 Depth perception, hypothesis of, 593 Development of egg, 1264 Dextrorotatory compounds, 52 Dextrose, 63 Diabetes, 838, 843, 851 glycogen in, 848 Diabetic puncture, 843 Dialysis, 134 Diamino-acids, 82 in histones, 95 Diamino-trioxydodecoic acid, 83 Diapedesis, 1073 Diaphragm, 1090 Dicrotic notch, 969 Diet, distribution of foodstuffs in, 698 influence on urinary composition, 802 of man, 695 Diffusibility in relation to electrical potential, 171 Diffusion, 122, 129-136 Digestion, 25, 703-800 Digestion, course in dog, 797 intestinal, 748-758, 767 loss of food in, 698 in mouth, 706-720 of protein, 76 in stomach, 728-741 Dilemma, 460 Diphasic variation, 229 Disacchafides, 61, 67 Discrimination, tactile, 631 Dissimilation, located in cytoplasm, 31 Dissociation of colloidal salts, 135 Dissonance, 613 Diuretics, action of, 1201 Diving, respiration in, 1153 Ductless glands, 1230-1247 interaction between, 849 EAR, INTERNAL, 600, 606 middle, 601 structure of, 600 EcTc's fistula, 804 Edestin, 74 Edridge Green's theory of colour Vision 566 Efficiency, mechanical, of body, 684 Egg albumin, 95 molecular weight of, 74 Elastin, 106 Electrical changes, in voluntary contraction, 241 in living tissues, 169-173 in muscle, 169, 224-233 in retina, 545 Electrodes, 187 Electrotonic current, 280 Electrotonus, 264, 280 Elements essential to life, 36 Embryo, nutrition of, 1283 Emulsions, formation of, 56 Emulsoids, 139 Endocardiac pressure, 942 Endplate, 275 fatigue situated in, 276 Energetic basis of body, 121-173 Energy balance sheets, 666 chemical, of dissolved substances, 128 evolved in fermentative changes, 155 income and output, 3 of muscular contraction, 201 muscular, effects of, 169 source of, 686 origin in cells, 25 from fat, 830 value of amino-acids, 805 Enterokinase, 751 Epiblast, 33 Epicritic sensibility, 636 Epilepsy, 437 analysis of spasms in, 241 Equilibration, 397 Equilibrium, maintenance of, 654 Erepsin, 766 Erythroblasts, 876 Erythrocytes. Erythrodextrin, 68 Ether, influence on nervous conduction, 261 Eustachian tube, 604 Excitability, 26 1304 INDEX Excitation, propagation in invertebrate ner- vous system, 296 in involuntary mus- cle, 246 Excitatory process, nature of, 284 Eye, abnormal refraction of, 534 accommodation of, 524-528 anatomy of, 500 central connections of, 405 chromatic aberration of, 530 comparative anatomy of, 502 diffraction in, 529 development of, 501 malnutrition of, 518 minute anatomy of, 504 movements, 409, 493-499 muscles, nuclei of, 406, 409 nourishment and protection of, 514- 518 optical constants of, 521 defects of, 533 system of, 519-528 peripheral aberrations of, 532 reduced, 524 refraction in, 522, 529-539 refractive indices of, 522 spherical aberration of, 531 Eyeball, muscles of, 494 nerve supply to, 505 structure of, 500-513 Eyelids, anatomy of, 514 closure of, 514 Eyes, conjugate deviation of, 496 fixation of, 589 FACIAL NERVE, 412 Facilitation, 305 Faeces, 799 False image, produced by squint, 498 Faraday-Tyndall phenomenon, 143 Fasting, influence on metabolism, 666 Fatigue of muscle, 208 of nerves, 259, 285 of reflex arc, 304 of sense organs, 482 situated in endplates, 276 in synapse, 343 Fats, 45 absorption of, 784 chemistry of, 53-58 formation of, 155, 828 in plants, 37 sugar from, 837 history in body, 826-838 identification of, 56 influence of bile on digestion of, 763 on metabolism, 681 metabolism of, 826, 838 of milk, 55 origin of, 827 oxidation of, 155, 835 properties of, 55 significance in diet, < '>'.>!» synthesis of, 117-120, 168 Fatty acids, 48 formation of, I I s list of, 54 Fatty degeneration, 832 Fechner's law, 485 Ferment action, 152-168 Ferment action> influence of concentration on, 162-165 mechanism of, 160 methods of investigation, 163 reversibility of, 166 Ferments, action of, 148 as catalysts, 158 chemical character of changes effected by, 153 colloidal character of, 157, 167 definition of, 156 list of, 157 as synthetic agents, 167 Fertilisation in man, 1279 nature of, 1262 nervous mechanism of, 1280 Fibrin, 884 -ferment, 885 Fibrinogen, 95, 884 tissue-, 99 Fibroin, 106 Fillet, 367 Filtration-angle of eye, 516 Fischer's methods of separating amino-acids, 79 Flicker, 568 -method, 565 Fluorine, 44 Focus, depth of, 530 Foatus, circulation in, 1285 Food, changes during digestion, 704 effect on metabolism, 677 faecal residue from, 800 in normal diet, 695 passage from mouth to stomach, 712 requirements of man, 696 of woman, 696 Foodstuffs, absorption of, 779 distribution in normal diet, 698 fate in body, 3 heat value of, 667 history in body, 801-852 inorganic, 692 significance of, 688 as source of energy, 2 Foramen of Monro, 375 Fore brain, 373 connection with cord, 356 structure of, 373 Formaldehyde, formation of amino-acids from, 114 from carbon dioxide, 109 , as stage in carbon u^>imil;i- tion, 109 Fornix, 375 Fovea, 543 vision by, 548 Fructose, 63 formation in plant, 111 GALACTOSE, 64 as constituent of phospholipines, 58 structure of, 66 Galactosides, 58 Ganglia, 293 functions of, 474 inhibition in peripheral, 475 root development of, 298 INDEX 1305 Gastric digestion, 728-741 juice, 728 acidity of, 730 action on albuminoids, 732 on carbohydrates, 734 on food, 730 on milk, 733 effect of vagus on, 737 secretin, 740 secretion of, 734 chemical mechan- isms in, 738 Gauss' theorem, 522 Gelatin, 105 diffusion through, 140 as food, 681 Gels, 137 properties of, 139 Gemmules, 20 Geniculate bodies, 373, 375, 386 Geotaxis, 27 Germ-cells, formation of, 1257 Glands, ductless, 1230-1247 mammary, 333, 1270, 1289 Glaucoma, 509, 517 Gliadins, 96 Globin, 868 Globulin, 74 precipitation of, 95 Glomeruli, functions of, 1192 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 413 Glucosamine, 65 from proteins, 86 Glucose, 67 conversion into lactic acid, 113 formation from ammo-acids, 808 in plants, 111 tests for, 62 Glucosides, formation of, 65 hydrolysis of, 166 methyl-, 66 Glutamic acid, 81 Glutelins, 96 Glycerides, 53, 59 Glycerin, effects on muscle, 186 origin of, 119, 831 Glycerol, 53 Glycine, 80, 114 Glycocoll, 80 Glycogen in diabetes, 848 formation of, 840 ini muscle, 218 preparation of, 839 properties of, 69 Glycoproteins, 103 Glycosuria, 843 Glycuronic acid, 65 in urine, 1173 Glyoxilic acid in plants, 114 Golgi method, 309 network, 309 Gout, nature of, 824 Gracilis experiment (Kuhne), 254 nucleus, 365 Grape sugar, 63 Growth, 4 relation of nucleus to, 31 of tissues, 681 Guanine, 100 H^MATIN, 868 chemical relations of, 870 Hsematoblasts, 854 Hsematocrit, 900 Haematocytes (blood platelets), 879 Hsematoporphyrin, 870 Haemin, 868 Haemochromogen, 870 Hsemocyanin, 44 Haemoglobin, 99, 863 crystallisation of, 73 derivatives of, 868 dissociation curve of, 1109 fate of, 877 molecular weight of, 90 osmotic pressure of, 75 properties of, 864 Haemolymph glands, 1245 Haemolysis, 23, 1085 osmotic pressure of electrolites, 126 Haamopyrroles, 872 Haemorrhage, effects of, 1060 Halogen-proteins, 96 Hausmann's method of protein analysis, 90 Hearing, physiology of, 595-617 central paths of, 411 cortical localisation of, 448 Heart, 933-961 apex beat of, 947 arrangement of muscle fibres in," 935 -beat, causation of, 982 -block, 988 blood pressure in, 940 changes in form of, 946 compensation in, 1004 contraction wave in, 990 effects of potassium on, 1018 of salts on muscle of, 1005 of sympathetic on, 1018 electrical changes in, 230, 990-996 -failure in asphyxia, 1027 filling of, 953 frog's, anatomy of, 982 influence of length of muscle fibre on contraction, 1001 of reaction of blood on, 1008 of temperature on, 1005 of tension of, 1001 of vagus on, 1013 inhibition of, 1017 law of, 1003 of Limulus, 988 mammalian, contraction of, 992 origin of rhythm in, 994 mechanical measurement of, 935 methods of determining output, 955 -murmurs, 950 -muscle, excitation time of, 272 -nerves, circulation of, 1012 nutrition of, 1009 output of, 954 during exercise, 1052 physiological properties of muscle, 998 -pressure curves, 942 propagation in, 986 reflexes from, 1021 refractory period in, 999 rhythm of, 983 sequence of contraction in, 93S 1306 INDEX Heart sounds, 949 ' staircase phenomena ' in, 999 tone of, 1004 valves of, 938 work of, 959 during exercise, 1054 Heat-formation in muscle, 219-223, 237 -loss, regulation of, 1226 in isolated muscle, 291 in nerve, 285 -production in body, 3, 668, 1223 -value of foods, 667 Heller's test, 94 Helmholtz, theory of hearing, 611 Helweg's tract, 353 Hemiansesthesia, 445 Heminanopia, 553, 577 Hemiplegia, 445 Heredity, 1264-1268 Bering's theory of colour vision, 583 Herpes zoster, 349 Hexone bases, 82 Hexoses, 61 derivatives of, 64 in nucleins, 102 Hibernation, 837 Hind brain, connection with cord, 354 Hippuric acid in urine, 1169 Hippus, 512 His, bundle of, 936, 993 Histidine, 85 metabolism of, 816 Histological differentiation, 7 Histones, 95 Hofmann's test, 83 Homogentisic acid, 51, 814 Homoiothermic animals, 1221 Hopkins' reactions for tryptophaue, 92 Hormones, 1230-1247 food-, 693 Horopter, 590 Hunger, influence of gastric movements on, 746 Hyaloplasm, 18 Hydenia, 1058 Hydrocarbons, 45 Hydrogels, 138 Hydrogen, sources of, 39 peroxide, production in green plant, 110 effect of platinum on, 158 Hydrolysis of protein, 97 Hydrosols, 137 properties of, 140 Hypermetropia, 534, 536 Hypoblast, 33 Hypoglossal nerve, 414 Hypoxanthine, 100 IMBIBITION BY COLLOIDS, 149 Iminazol, 84, 101 synthesis of, 115 Immunity, 1079 Ehrlich's theory of, 1083 Incisure, 969 Indol, 813 Inflammation, 1073 Inhibition, 26 in central nervous system, 306 of cord, effect of strychnine on, 347 Inhibition of heart, 1017 nature of, 1017 in peripheral ganglia, 475 of reflexes, 306 of voluntary muscles, 339 Inhibitory functions of cortex, 450 nerves, 248 Innervation, reciprocal. Inogen,_237 Inosite,*116 Insanity, 457 Intellectual processes in brain, 457 Intercostal muscles, 1092 Internal capsule, 375, 423 secretion, 1230-1247 Intestinal juice, 764 villi, functions of, 780 Intestines, large, functions of, 768 movements of, 775 law of, 773 small, movements of, 771 peripheral nervous system of, 469 secretion by, 764 Intraocular fluid, 516 pressure, 517, 526 Introduction,, 1-9 Inulin, 69 Involuntary muscle, 243-248. See Muscle. influence of temperature on, 247 propagation of excita- bility in, 246 Iodine, in living mechanisms, 44 in thyroid gland, 1241 Iris, functions of, 507 innervation of, 510 structure of, 505 Iron, excretion of, 43 in haemoglobin, 74 oxidative functions of, 43 sources of, 42 Irradiation in cord, 339 Irreciprocal conduction in nervous system, 302 in synapse, 275 Irritability of muscle, 184 of nerves, 265 Isoleucine, 81 Isomerism in amino-acids, 77 Isometric method, 197 Isotonic method, 197 KERASIN, 58 Keratin, 105 ' Kernleiter,' 281 Keto-acids, 49 Ketonic acids, formation of amino-acids from, 115 Ketose, 60 Keys, electrical, 178 Kidneys, function of , 1160-1213 structure of, 1181 KjeldaM's method, 90, 1175 Knee jerk, 333, 451 LABYRINTH, ANATOMY or, 652 auditory, 606 functions of, 396 Lactation, 1289 INDEX 1307 Lacteal, 780 Lactic acid, 804 formation in muscle, 215, 237 of amino-acids from, 113 as stage in fat synthesis, 117 tests for, 215 Lactose hydrolysis, 164 time relations of, 164 Laevorotatory compounds, 51 Lsevulose, 64 Langerhans' islets, 850 Lanoline, 56 Lardaceous tissue, 104 Larynx, anatomy of, 618 Latent period of muscle, 19S Lateral nucleus, 369 Law of contraction in human nerves, 269 Pfliiger's, 267 of the minimum, 36 Lecithin, composition of, 57 formation of, 43 in surface layer, 23 Lens, crystalline, 519 composition of, 95 influence on refraction of eye, 533 refraction by, 520 Leucine, 81 Leucinide, 87 Leucocytes, 858 action in inflammation, 1073 classification of, 1076 formation of, 858 functions of, 859 Leucocytosis after ingestion of nucleins, 824 Leucoplasts, 109 Liebermanris reactions for proteins, 92 Life, conditions of, 6 definition of, 4 fundamental phenomena of, 2 evolution of, 5 without oxygen, 26 Light, absorption of, 488 chemical changes due to, 490 diffraction of, 489 physical properties of, 486 -reflexes, 512 refraction of, 490 white, composition of, 486 Liminal stimulus, 193, 482 Limulus, heart of, 988 Linoleic series, 54 Lipaemia in diabetes, 849 Lipase, 168 Lipoid character of protoplasm surface, 23 Liver, formation of urea in, 803 secretory functions of, 759 Localisation, cerebral, 433 tactile, 632 Lock's fluid, 1006 Locomotion in spinal animal, 331 Lungs, circulation through, 979 exchange of oxygen in, 11 11, 11 20, 11 24 movements of, 1089 Lymph and tissue fluids, 1061-1069 absorption of, 1068 movement of, 1066 Lymphagogues, 1065 Lymphatics of brain, 464 Lysine, 82 MoDoUQALL'S THEORY Otf COLOUR VISION, 587 Magnesium, 43 Maltase, influence on glucosides, 166 Maltose, structure of, 66 Mammary glands, development of, 1270 growth in spinal animal 333 secretion by, 1289 Mannose, 64 Marey's law, 1023 Marginal bodies, 291 Marie, tract of, 353 Meat, value of, 701 Mechanical efficiency of body, 684 Mechanism, 8 Medulla oblongata, 364 centres in, 414 functions of, 390 respiratory function's of, 1127 Medusa, nervous system of, 290 Membrana tympani, 601 Membranes, electrical differences at surface of, 171 passage of dissolved substances through, 129-136 Mendel's law, 1267 Menstruation, 1269, 1275 Metabolism, 659 of aromatic groups, 814 basal, 675 of carbohydrates, 839-852 of fat, 826-838 influence of fats and carbo- hydrates on, 681 of food on, 677 of muscular work on, 683 of proteins on, 677 methods employed in investi- gating, 660 of nuclein, 818-825 of protein, 801-817 of purine, 818-825 during starvation, 670-676 of sulphur, 813 tissue-, 801 Methyl glucosides, 66 Micellas, 20 Micturition, 1205-1213 Mid brain, connection with cord, 356 structure of, 364, 372 Milk, action of gastric juice on, 733 composition of, 1290 fats of, 55 secretion of, 1289, 1296 in spinal animal, 333 sugar of, 67 Mitten's reaction, 83, 92 Molisch's test, 63, 93 Monosaccharides, 61 Moore's test, 63 Motor centres, 439 end plate of muscle, 182 functions of nervous system, 434 impulses, path in brain, 389, 422 nerve roots, 322 Mountain sickness, 1149 Movement, ciliary, 248 1308 INDEX Movement, dependent on differences of sur- face tension, 24 mechanisms of , 177-287 of co-ordinated, 338- 348 sense of, 648 Movements of eye, 409, 493-499 Mucins, 86, 103 Mucoids, 104 Mutter's law, 255, 481 Muscle, action of salts on, 210 of drugs on, 211 afferent, impulses from, 334 arrangement in frog's leg, 189 break-excitation of, 192 chemical changes in, 212—218 ciliary, action of, 526 conditions affecting mechanical re- sponse of, 205-211 contraction, 194-204 arrested, 200 isometric, 197 isotonic, 197 osmotic theory of, 235 surface tension, theory of, 235 effects of ammonia on, 186 of constant current on, 192 of glycerin on, 186 of length on contraction of, 201 of load on, 200-203 on polarised light, 182 of temperature on, 207 electrical changes in, 169, 224-233 energy of contraction of, 236 excitation of , 185-193 time of, 271 extensibility of, 203 fatigue in, 208 heart-, 178, 272 of insects, 182 intimate nature of contraction of, 234-238 involuntary, 178, 243-248 ' all or none ' law in, 205 double innervation of, 247 influence of tempera- ture on, 247 inhibition of, 248 propagation of excita- bility in, 246 rhythmic contraction in, 244 stimulation of, 244 structure of, 243 summation in, 245 irritability of, 184 latent period of, 198 make excitation of, 192 mechanical changes during contrac- tion, 194-204 methods of stimulating, 186-192 motor end -plate of, 182 oxidative changes in, 237 oxygen supply to, 1013 -plasma, 212 production of heat in, 219-223 Muscle, production of lactic acid in, 215, 237 of tension in, 202, 222 propagation of contraction in, 203 relation of energy of response to 'energy of stimulus, 27 of tension to length, 202 rigor of, 208, 214 sartorius, 189 -sound, 241 -spindles, 334, 648 summation in, 206 ' threshold ' or liminal stimulus, 193 tone of, 654 -twitch, 194-201 methods of recording, 194- 198 unstriated. Nicotine, action on nerve cells, 472 on nerve endings, 277 Nictitating membrane, 515 Night blindness, 578 Nissl bodies, 301 Nitrates, fate in plants, 114 Nitrification, 40 Nitrogen, assimilation of, 40 in cells, 40 distribution in protein molecule, 90 digestion in urine, 802 -fixing bacteria, 40 source of, 39 Nucleic acid, 99 decomposition of, 102 Nuclei of cranial nerves, 376-380 Nuclein, 99 decomposition of, 102 fate of, 821 formation of, 43 metabolism of, 818 phosphoproteins con verted into, 116 Nucleoplasm, 17 Nucleoproteins, 98, 99 fate in stomach, 733 Nucleotides, 103 Nucleus, 14, 33 of Bechterew, 379 chemical composition of, 27 cuneatus, 365 of Deiters, 379, 389, 410 functions of, 27 gracilis, 365 red, 376 structure of, 16 Nutrition, influence of nervous system on, 349 mechanism of, 657-1247 Nystagmus, 656 OCULOMOTOR NERVE, 409, 496 (Esophagus, action of, 724 Ohm's law (sound analysis), 616 Old age, effect on accommodation, 528 Olfactometer, 645 Olfactory apparatus, 420 bulb, connection of, 387 lobe, structure of, 420 Olivary body, 366, 381 Olivo-spinal tract, 353, 389 Ophthalmoscope, 553 Opsonins, 1086 1310 INDEX Optic chiasma, 386, 405 cup, 502 disc, 554 radiations, 422 thalamus, 373 functions of, 393 tracts, 386, 405, 551 Optical activity, 61 in sugars, 60 Orbit, anatomy of, 493 Organ of Corti, 609 Organic compounds, chief, of body, 45 Organs, evolution of, 34 Ornithine*, 82 Osazones, 62 Osmometer, 140 Osmosis, 129-136 Osm otic t machine, 123 'phenomena in cells, 22 pressure, 121 of blood, 906 of colloids, 140 of protein, 75 effects of, 134 measurements of, 123 by blood corpuscle method, 125 by depression of freezing point, 127 by plasmolysis, 125 by vapour tension, 127 relation to electrical changes, 171 Otolith organ, 397 Otoliths, functions of, 656 Ova, development of, 1273 Ovary, changes in, 1275 Ovulation, 1275 Oxidation in cells, 25 of fats, 155, 835 of fatty acids, 805 mechanism of, 156 relation to muscular contraction, 237 in tissues, 1155-1159 Oxyacids, 49 formation in plants, 114 Oxygen capacity of blood, 898 consumption by nerve, 256 functions of, 25 influence on muscular contraction, 217 lack of, 1138 life without, 26 source of, 39 supply to muscle, 1013 Oxyhaemoglobin, 99 molecular weight of, 74 Oxyproline, 84 PACCHIONIAN BODIES, 463 Pain, cause of, 634 referred, 476 in spinal animal, 331 Pancreas, effects of extirpation, 847 histological changes in, 767 Pancreatic juice, 748-758 activation of, 750 Pancreatic juice, action on carbohydrates, 752 on fats, 753 on intestinal secre- tion, 765 on milk, 752 on proteins, 749 conditions of activity, 750 secretion of, 753 Pangene, 20 Paradoxical contraction, 282 Paraglobulin, 95 Paralysis, cortical, 439 Paramucin, 104 Paramyogen, 213 Paramyosinogen, 95 Paraplegia, spastic, 336 Parathyroids, functions of, 1241 Parturition, 1285-1288 nervous mechanism of, 1288 Pelvic visceral nerves, 471 action on bladder, 1212 Pentose, 61 in nucleic acid, 102 tests for, 61 Pepsin, action of, 97 Peptones in gastric digest, 730 Perimeter, 549 Peripheral aberration of eye, 532 nervous system, 469 Permeability of membranes, 134 of surface layer of cells, 22 Peroxides, function in carbon assimilation, 110 Pfliiger's law, 266 Phagocytosis, 859, 1071 Phenyl alanine, 77, 83 Phenyl hydrazine tests for sugars, 62 Phloridzin diabetes, 844 Phosphates of urine, 1163 estimation of, 1179 Phosphatides, 57 Phospholipines, 57, 58 Phosphoproteins, 98 conversion into nuclein, 110 digestion in stomach, 733 Phosphoric acid in nucleic acid, 100 Phosphorus, sources of, 43 Phototaxis, 27 Phrenosin, 58 Physiology, scope of, 1, 7, 35 Pilomotor nerves, 469 Pineal gland, 604, 1245 Pituitary body, 1242-1245 Placenta, formation of, 1284 Plants, assimilation of nitrogen by, 4 1 chemical process in, 38 Plasma, blood-, 854, 882 muscle-, 212 Plasmolysis, 22, 30, 125 Plasome, 20 Plastids, 17, 33 permanence of, 20 Plethora, 1058 Poikilothermic animals, 1221 Polarimeter, 51 Polypeptides, 88 isoinerism in, 88 Polysaccharides, 62, 67 Pons Varolii, 368 functions of, 392 INDEX 1311 Posterior longitudinal bundle, 380, 389, 407 Postural tone, 450 Potassium, 43 Pregnancy, 1282 in spinal animal, 333 Pressor impulses, 1044 Pressure, intrathoracic, 1094 Principal point of eye, 522 Projection, tactile, 633 Proline, 84 Proprioceptive system, 395 Propriospinal fibres, 354 Protamines, 94, 99 Proteid, 98 (footnote) Proteins, 45, 71-106 absorption of, 790 action of bacteria on, 76 of intestinal juice on, 766 of neutral salts on, 94 of pancreatic juice on, 749 alkaloidal reaction of, 93 amino-acids of, 80 aromatic constituents of, 83 behaviour with acids and alkalies, 147 biological value of, 691 of blood plasma, 909 building up of, 86 carbohydrates contained in, 86 chemical analysis of, 79 chemistry of, 71-106 coagulation of, 93 colour reaction of, 92 compounds with salts, 93 conjugated, 98 crystallisation of, 72 derivatives of, 96 digestion of, 76, 730, 749, 766 disintegration products of, 80 distribution of nitrogen in, 90 .elementary composition of, 71 empirical formuli of, 74 formation of fat from, 831 gastric digestion of, 730 hydrolysis of, 75, 96 isomerism in, 88 metabolism of, 801-817 influence of carbo- hydrates, 846 molecular structure of, 75 weight of, 73, 90 origin of aromatic constituents, 11C osmotic pressure of, 75 physical structure of, 72 precipitation of, 94 putrefaction of, 76 significance of, 688 surface phenomena in, 21 specific dynamic action of, 681, 688, 804 sulphur in, 85 synthesis of, 87 in plant, 111-117 tests for, 92 transport in plant, 112 varying constitution of, 89 vegetable, 96 Proteoses, fractional separation of, 730 Protopathic sensibility, 635 Protoplasm, 14 Altmanns granules in, 17 definition of, 15 elementary constituents of, 36-44 fibrillar theory of, 18 granular theory of, 17 physical structure of, 17 proximate constituents of, 45-106 ultramicroscopic structure of, 20 Pseudo-ions, 147 Pseudomucins, 104 Pseudopodia, 33 Pulse, arterial, 962 causation of secondary elevations in, 967 -curves, 970 abnormalities in, 972 - effect of exercise on, 1056 -rate, influence of altitude on, 1151 in man, 1024 ) velocity of transmission of, 967 Pupil, Argyll Robertson, 512 contraction of, 507 dilatation of, 509 effect of drugs on, 509, 513 movement of, 507 reflex paths of, 553 Purine bases, 100 origin in plants, 115 metabolism of, 818 synthesis of, 116 PurJcinje's fibres of heart, 994 figures, 554 Putrefaction of protein, 76 Pyramidal tracts, 352, 422 decussation, 365 Pyrimidine, 101 Pyrrol, 84 metabolism of, 816 origin in plants, 115 Pyruvic acid, 804 as stage in fat formation, 119 QUOTIENT, EBSPIEATORY. COMPOUNDS, 52 Rami communicantes, 468 Reaction of blood, 904 chemical, velocity of, 169 of urine, 1161 estimation of, 1175 based on consciousness, 482 cerebral, time relations of, 457 -time, 457 Receptor cells, 295 substance, 277 excitation time of, 277 Reciprocal innervation, 339 of eye movements, 497 in iris, 511 of voluntary muscles, 335 Recurrent sensibility, 323 Red marrow, 875 nucleus, 370 Reduced eye, 524 Reduction, mechanism of, 156 1312 INDEX Referred pain, 476 Reflex action, 177 characteristics of, 303-306, 344 in nervous system, 303-311 peripheral, 474 ' stepping,' 332 structural basis of, 299 arc, 177 of brain stem, 382 evolution of, 289 fatigue of, 304 irreciprocal conduction in, 202 of muscle, 335 axon-, 323 functions of brain stem, 393 mass, 337 Reflexes from heart, 1021 inhibition of, 306 light-, 612 segmental, 321 spinal, 328 structural basis of, 341 visual, 405 Refractory period of heart muscle, 999 of muscle, 206 of nerves, 273 Regeneration, influence of nucleus on, 29 Renal excretion, 1160-1213 Rennin, action of, 733 Reproduction, 4 physiology of, 1251-1298 in man, 1264-1281 Residual air, 1095 Resonance in ear, 611 Resonators (sound), 597 Respiration, 2, 1088-1159 action of vagi on, 1139 air movements in, 1095 blood changes in, 1104 changes in lungs, 1119 chemical regulation of, 1129 chemistry of, 1100-1125 Cheyne-Stokes', 1146 effect of altitude on, 1150 of changes in air breathed on, 1148 in diving, 1153 lung changes in, 1089 mechanics of, 1088 medulla oblongata in, 1127 -murmurs, 1094 of muscles, 1113 muscular mechanism of, 1090 nervous regulation of, 1129 underpressure, 1153 rib movements in, 1092 secretory processes in, 1124 by skin, 1218 -tissue, 1112, 1155-1159 Respiratory centre, functions of, 1127 exchanges, measurement of, 662 during starvation, 675 during work, 683 movements, influence on circu- lation, 980 quotient, 685, 830, 1100 effect of diet on, 834 Restiform body, 367 Reticulin, 105 IJi-tina, abnormalities of, 577 development of, 543 central connections of, 551 connections with brain, 445 effect of light on, 544 of periodical stimuli on, 500 electrical changes in, 545 fatigue of, 570 histology of, 540 pigments of, 545 Retinoscopy, 535 Retractor penis, 1281 Reverser, 188 Rheocord, 192 Rheonome, 270 Rheoscopic frog, 225 Rhythm of bladder, 1209 of cortex, 241 of heart, 983 of intestinal muscle, 77J of medusa, 292 of nerve impulse, 241 respiratory, 1128 of voluntary muscle, 240 of ureters, 1205 Ribose, 61, 103 Rigidity, decerebrate, 392 ' Rigor Mortis,' 208, 214 Ringer's fluid, 1006 Ritter- Valli law, 274 Rods, function of, 583 Roof nucleii of cerebellum, 381 Rotation, optical, 51 Rvbner on heat production in body, 3 Rubro-spinal tract, 353, 389 Rut, nature of, 1269 Rutherford's theory of hearing, 613 SACCHAROSE, 67 Saccule, 397 Saliva, different forms of, 708 digestion of starch, 707 secretion of, 708 uses of, 707 Salivary glands, 708 nerve supply to, 711 significance of double nerve supply, 718 Salmon, formation of generative glands in, 116 Salts, absorption of, 781 action on muscle, 210 • electrical changes in, 169 precipitation of colloids by, 144 in urine, 1165 value in food, 692 Saponification, 46, 55 Sarcolomma, 179 Sarcomeres, 179 Sarcoplasma, 179 Sarcosine, 83 Sarcostyles, 179 Sarcous elements, 180 Sartorius muscle, 189 Sclera, 500 structure of, 506 Scleroproteins, 104 ' Scratch ' reflexes, 331 Sebaceous glands, secretion of, 56 INDEX 1313 Sebum, 1216 Secre tin, gastric, 740 pancreatic, 755 Secretion, electrical changes accompanying, 169, 717 energy involved in, 719 histological changes during, 715 internal, 1230-1247 mechanism of, 713 of milk, 333, 1289, 1296 relation of nucleus to, 31 Seedlings, occurrence of asparagine in, 82 Semicircular canal, 652 Semipermeable, definition of, 123 Sensation bodies in brain, 421 cortical appreciation of, 446 disturbances of, 441 localisation of, 443 cutaneous, 626-638 gustatory, 640 histological elements involved, 637 in invertebrata, 293 labyrinthine, 651 localisation of, 303 measurements of, 479 of movement, 646 Mutter's law of, 481 olfactory, 642 pain-, 634 paths of, 324 in central nervous system, 446 •* in cord, 357 projection of, 481 relation to stimulus, 478, 482 in eye, 555-568 spatial, 651 static, 646 tactile, 629 temperature-, 626 Weber's law of, 483 Sense organs, physiology of, 478-656 classification of, 479 fatigue of, 482 projicient, 293 of skin, 637 Sensibility, recurrent, 323 Sensoparalysis, 345 Sensory functions of cortex, 443 nerve roots, 322 tracts in brain stem, 384 Septo-marginal bundle, 353 Serine, 80 Serum albumin, 74, 95 colloids, molecular weight of, 142 globulin, 95 Sexual process, essential functions of, 1251 reproduction, 1254 Shock, nervous, 330 in man, 337 Silicon, significance of, 44 Skatol, 813 Skin, functions of, 1214-1218" innervation of, 326 structure of, 1214 Sleep, state of pupils in, 508 Smecttey, theory of fat synthesis, 119 Smell, cortical localisation of, 449 Soaps, formation of, 55 Sodium, 43 Sols, 137 Solutions, energy of, 121 Sound analysis, 596 in ear, theories of, 609 appreciation of, 611 conduction of, 600 localisation of, 616 muscle-, 241 properties of, 595 Spastic paraplegia, 336 Specific dynamic action of protein, 681,688,804 irritability, law of, 255, 480 rotatory power, 52 Spectra luminosity, curves of, 556 Spectrum, 486 energy of, 489 Speech, central mechanism of, 453-457 mechanism of, 623-625 Spermatozoa, composition of, 95, 99 development of, 1271 formation of, 1259 Spherical aberration of eye, 531 Sphingosine, 58 Spinal animal, 329 conduction, 344 cord, 315-359 anatomy of, 351 classification of nerve cells in, 318 as conductor, 351-359 course of fibres in, 319 development of, 297 effect of poisons on, 347 of transection, 330 in man, 336 grey matter of, 324 hemisection of, 359 methods of studying tracts in, 319 motor functions of, 327 paths in, 324 of impulses in, 356 reflex functions of, 322, 329 structure of, 315-321 tracts of, 352 trophic functions of, 349 visceral functions of, 327 nerve roots, central connection of, 324 dilator functions of, 323 functions of, 323-337 reflex, nervous paths of, 328 reflexes, structural basis of, 324 shock, 330 Spindles, muscle-, 334, 648 Spino-tectal' tract, 354 Spino-thalamic tract, 354 Spleen, functions of, 1245-1247 Spongin, 106 Spongioblasts, 298 Spongioplasm, 18 Squint, 497 treatment of, 499 Stapedius muscle, 603 Starch, digestion by saliva, 707 formation in plants, 6, 17, 37, 107 molecular structure of, 69 properties of, 68 Starvation, loss of weight during, 671 metabolism during, 670 nitrogenous excretion during, 674 1314 INDEX Stenopseic aperture, 536 ' Stepping ' reflex, 332 Stereo-isomerism in the sugars, 60 Stimulation of muscle, 186-192 of nerve, 262-269 of sense organs, 479 Stimulus, definition of, 26 energy of, 262 influence of strength on, 205 of stress on, 205 inhibitory, 26 liminal, 193, 482 relation of response to, 26 summation of, 245, 272, 304 Stomach, digestion in, 728-741 influence of vagus on, 737 movements of, 742-747 Strabismus, 497 from myopia, 538 String galvanometer, 227 Stroma of red corpuscles, 863 Structural basis of the body, 13-35 Strychnine, effects of, 347 Substrate, 163 Suckling, importance to mothers, 1298 Sugar in blood, 839 conversion into fats, 117 into lactic acid, 113 formation from ammo-acids, 845 from fat, 837 of milk, 67 in urine, 843, 1172 synthesis of, 62 utilisation of, 842 value of, 701 Sugars, assimilable, 61 chemistry of, 59-67 reaction of, 62 Sulphates of urine, 1163 Sulphur in amino-acids, 85 in keratin, 105 metabolism, 813 in protein, 74 sources of, 42 test for in protein, 92 Summation in muscle, 206, 245 of stimuli, 245, 272 in reflex action, 304 Supplemental air, 1095 Suprarenal "bodies, 1233-1238 Surface action in emulsions, layer, properties of, 21 phenomena in soap solution, 56 tension in cells, 20 effect of electrical changes on, 172 in protoplasm, 19 Surfaces, electrical changes on, 172 Suspensoids, 139 Swallowing, 721-727 Sweat, secretion of, 1216-1218 Sympathetic action on heart, 1018 ganglia, 465 nerve, effect on blood veoels, 1037 on salivary glands, 712 -supply to eye-ball, 511 system, 4C>:> Synapse, fatigue in, 343 functions of , 310 between nerve and muscle, 275 structure of, 298, 308 TACTILE DISCRIMINATION, 631 sensibility, 629 Taste, cortical localisation of, 449 nerves of, 411 sense of, 640 Tears, secretion of, 515 Tecto-spinal tract, 389 Tegmentum, 373 Teleology, justification of, 5 Temperature changes in muscle, 219 effect on excitability, 273 on ferment action, 159 on heart, 1005 on muscle, 207, 247 nervous mechanism of, 1228 regulation of, 443, 1219-1229 -sense, 626 Tendon phenomena, 333 reflex, 333 Tension of muscle, 202 relation to heat produc- tion, 222 Tensor tympani, 603 Tetanus, closing, 264 involuntary movement, 240 in muscle, 206 -toxin, 347 Thalamo-spinal tract, 353, 389 Thalamus, optic, structure of, 373 functions of, 393 Theobromide, 101 Thermopile, 219 Thigmotaxis, 27 Thorax movements in respiration, 1091 ' Threshold value ' of sensation, 482 Thrombin, 885 Thrombogen, 887 Thrombokinase, 887 Thrombosis, 880, 888 Thymine, 102 Thyroid gland, 1238-1241 Tidal air, 1095 Timbre, 597 Tissue fibrinogen, 99, 889 metabolism, 811 Tissues, electrical changes in living, 169-173 Tone of muscle, 333, 654 Tonus cerebella, 398 Touch, sense of, 629 Toxins, 148 influence of, 1080 Tracts of brain stem, 384 of cord, 352 optic, 386, 405, 551 Training, influence of, 1055 Traube curves, 1031 Triglycerides, 54 Trammer's test, 63 Trophic functions of 5th nerve, 411 of spinal cord, 349 Trypsin, 749 action of, 97 action of polypeptides on, 88 velocity of reaction, 165 Trypsinogen, 751 INDEX 1315 Tryptophane, 84 metabolism of, 815 Twilight vision, 547, 583 Twitch, muscle-, 194-201 methods of recording, 194-198 Tympanum, functions of, 604 Tyrosin, 50, 83 action of bacteria on, 76 metabolism of, 814 URACIL, 101 Urates, 1168 Urea, estimation of, 1176 origin of, 802 production from arginine, 810 from creatine, 83 in urine, 1165 Uric acid, 100, 819 excretion of, 822 formation in birds, 804 origin of, 821 in urine, 1167 Urinary deposits, 1174 Urine, abnormal constituents of, 1171 in blood plasma, 1181 composition of, 1160-1180 inorganic constituents of, 1162 phosphates in, 1163 pigments of, 1170 organic constituents of, 1155 quantitative estimation of chief con- stituents of, 1175-1180 salts in, 1165 secretion of, 1181-1204 sugar in, 843, 1172 Urobilin, 871 Uterus, changes during birth, 1287 during menstruation, 1275 Utricule, 397 VAGUS, ACTION ON HEABT, 1013 on intestines, 775 on oesophagus, 726 on respiration, 1139 on stomach, 746 functions of, 473 respiratory fibres of, 413 Valves of heart, 938 of Vieiissens, 370 Vaso-dilatation in salivary glands, 712 Vaso-dilator nerves, 1039 Vaso-motor impulses, path in cord, 359 nerves, 469 course of, 1033 reflexes, 1043 system, 1025-1050 Veias, blood flow in, 976 pulse in, 977 Ventricles. pressure in, 940 Veratrin, action on muscles, 211 Vertigo, 656 Vesicular murmur, 1094 Vestibular nerve, 379, 412 functions of, 396 Vestibulo-spinal tract, 353, 389 Viscera, sensibility of, 476 Visceral nervous system, 465-477 afferent functions of, 476 Vision, physiology of, 486-594 binocular, 588-594 colour threshold for, 557 cortical localisation of, 447 different thresholds for, 561 types of, 502 field of, 549 intensity threshold, 555 mechanism of, 490 monocular, 590 paths in brain, 386, 405 peripheral, 551 colour-, 581 psychic cortex, 430 sensation curve of, 566 sensory cortex, 430 size threshold for, 558 stereoscopic, 591 subjective phenomena of, 566-576 theories of colour-, 583 Visual acuity, 558 determination of, 535 colour threshold for, 561 field, 549 impulses, path of, 406 impressions, 447 persistence, 568 purple, 545, 583 Vital force, 8 Vitalism, 8. Vitamines, 693 Vocal cords, 620 Voice, mechanism of, 618 production of, 621 Volition, 451 Voluntary contraction, 239-242 electrical changes in, 241 movement, effect of hemisection of cord on, 359 muscle. See Muscle. Vomiting, 746 Vowel sounds, 624 WALLERIAN METHOD, 320 Waller's theory of hearing, 613 Water, association to life, 6 Weber's law, 483 for touch, 631. Work of heart, 959 during exercise, 1054 of isolated muscle, 202 XANTHINE, 100 Xylose, 61 YOUNG'S THEOBY OF COLOUR VISION, 583 PRINTER IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, BRUNSWICK ST., 8TAMFOHD ST., S.E. 1, AND BUNOAY, SUFFOLK. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books not in de- mand may be renewed if application is made before expi- ration of loan period. 2 8 1941 347 2m-4,. 