None
364-366, 368 Dorking, England, sedimentation, 85 trickling filtration, 355 Dortmund tanks, see Deep tanks Dosing devices, see Automatic dosing devices Double contact beds, 268, 276, 284, 285 See also Contact beds Drainage, sanitary significance of, xxv Dresden, Germany, screening, 63, 6/^ Dry closets, xxi-xxii Dublin, Ireland, sludge disposal, 174 Ealing, England, sludge disposal, 187- 188 Earth disposal of excreta, xviii East Cleveland, Ohio, septic treatment, 130, 131, 142 Waring filters, 315 Eastry, England, contact treatment, 286 Edinburgh, Scotland, broad irrigation, 194, 201 England, analytical methods, 399, 400, 401, 409 broad irrigation, 194, 210, 220 chemical precipitation, 86, 97, 106 contact treatment, 265, 273, 280, 289, 294, 298-300 disinfection, 379 intermittent filtration, 224-225 trickling filtration, 327, 334, 339, 349, 355, 360 English cities, sewage of, 8, 12 Ems tanks, 162, 163 Essen tanks, 162, 163 Excreta, composition, xvii dangers, xix earth disposal, xviil Exeter, England, contact treatment, 2 7 2, 277, 279, 287, 291, 292, 299, 379 septic treatment, 116-118, 121, 122, 123, 140, 141, I43f i45i 146-147, 379 Fats, 14, 18 Fatty acids, 19, 119 Ferric sulphate, precipitation with, 88, 90 Ferric hydroxide, precipitation with, 90 Ferrous sulphate, precipitation with, 87-92 Ferrozone, precipitation with, 89 Fiddian distributor, 335, 337 Filling materials, bacterial surface, 274- 275 for contact beds, 273-277 trickling filters, 322, 328-331, 357, 359, 369 renewal of, 293-294, 297-298 Filtration, rates of, broad irrigation, 197, 203,211,213,219 contact beds, 266, 267, 268, 286-287 intermittent filters, 223, 224, 227, 246, 251, 254, 255 trickling filters, 314, 3^7, 349, 372 Fixed sprinklers, 334, 339-349 Fosses mobiles, xxi Framingham, Mass., intermittent fil- tration, 229, 238, 242, 259, 260 screening, 59 sewage, 6, 11 Frankfurt, Germany, sedimentation, 74 sludge disposal, 182 Frankland's experiments, 223-224 Fresno, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Gardner, Mass., intermittent filtration, 229, 258, 259, 260, 262, 264 Digitized by Google 430 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Gardner, Mass. Greeley, Colo., broad irrigation, 215 Grit chambers, 70-73 Grit chamber detritus, 73, 1 70-1 71, 332 Guildford, England, contact treatment, 277, 291 disinfection, 383, 390 septic treatment, 141 Halton, England, contact treatment, 277 sedimentation, 85 Hamburg, Germany, contact treatment, 144, 268-269, 274, 275, 277, 289, 293 screening, 54 septic treatment, 144 sewerage, xxiii trickling filtration, 322 Hamburger test, 406 Hampton, England, contact treatment, 277, 288 hydrolytic tanks, 153-159 septic treatment, 145 Hampton doctrine, 153, 156-158 Hanley, England, filling material, 275, 322, 324, 330, S3^ trickling filtration, 322, 324, 332, 338, 353, 360 Hanover, Gennany, sedimentation, 74 Harburg-on-EIbe, sludge disp^al, 179- 182 Hartley-Wintney, England, contact treatment, 277 septic treatment, 141 Hastings, Neb., broad irrigation, 215, 216 Haywood, England, trickling filtration, 360 Health of Towns Commission, mi, 194 Helena, Montana, broad irrigation, 215 Hendon, England, trickling filtration, 3$3y 350, 353 Hermite process, 382 Hopedale, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 260, 262 Horfield, England, trickling filtration, ^ 317.330,331,333,355 Huddersfield, England, contact treat- ment, 298-299 septic treatment, 140, 145 sludge disposal, 188 Humus matter, 20, 23 Hyde, England, trickling filtration, 349, 350 Hydrolysis, see Anaerobic changes Hydrolytic tanks, 153-159 Hypochlorites, see Bleaching powder Ilford, England, septic treatment, 145 trickling filtration, 333 Illinois River, self-purification in, 27-32 Imhoff tank, 162 India broad irrigation, 220 septic treatment, 125 Intermittent filtration, 222-264 bacteriology, 222, 232-235 chemistry, 222-224, 230-232 clogging of beds, 105, 251-252, 254 construction of beds, 235-240 costs, 105, 253-254, 263-264, 374 distribution, 238-241, 250 history of process, 222-230 nature of process, 223-224, 227-230, 235 operation, 240-246, 250-251 rates, 223, 224, 227, 246, 251, 254, 255 results, 252, 253, 258-263 sludge deposits, 105, 158, 171-173, 241-245, 250-252, 254 temperature, effect on process, 235, 242-246 International process, 89 International Waterways Commission, 373 Iowa State College, bacterial results, 262 Digitized by Google INDEX OF SUBJECTS 431 Iron, effect on contact treatment, 274 Irrigation, see Broad irrigcUion Jerusalem, sewage disposal, 193 Johnson sludge press, 178 Kenton, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Kingston, England, contact treatment, 277 sludge disposal, 182-183 Knowle, England, septic treatment, 141 Lake Forest, Illinois, intermittent fil- tration, 239-240 septic treatment, 130 Lakewood, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Lancaster, Ohio, disinfection, 385 Lausanne, Switzerland, sewage disposal, 193 Lawrence, Mass., sewage, 7. 292, 293-294, 295-297, 298, 299 detritus, 73 sedimentation, 74 septic treatment, 122, 133, i43» i45i 296, 297 sewage, 8, 12, 297 sludge disposal, 174 Manchester test for putrescibility, 403- 404 Mansfield, Ohio, contact treatment, 303-306 septic treatment, 131, 132, 135, 142, 147, 303-306 Mansfield State Reformatory, screenmg, 48 Marion, Ohio, disinfection, 385 screening, 47 septic treatment, 131, 142 Market-Drayton, England, trickling fil- tration, 353 Marlboro, Mass., intermittent filtration, 229, 238, 258, 259, 261, 264 septic treatment, 114 sewage, 6, 11 Massachusetts, intermittent filtration, 225-230, 235-239, 258-263, 264 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 226 See also. Technology experiment station Massachusetts Sewage Commission, 225-226 Massachusetts State Board of Health, 36, 43» 225, 244, 262, 264, 317 See also Lawrence experiment station Massachusetts Supreme Court, 40 Digitized by Google 432 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Massachusetts towns, analysis of sew- age, 5i 6 screen chamber data, 59 Mather and Piatt distributor, 335 Medfield, Mass., septic treatment, 113 Meriden, Conn., intermittent filtration, 229 Merrimac River, self-purification in, 38, 39 Mersey and Irwell joint board, 402 Merthyr Tydvil, Wales, intermittent filtration, 224 Methylene blue test, 406-408 Methylene green, 406-407 Metropolitan Sewage Commission, 96, 266 Milan, Italy, broad irrigation, 193, 195 Miller flush tank, 241 Mississippi River, self -purification in, 21 Moimt Vernon, N. Y., trickling filtra- tion, 342 Mouras scavenger, 111-112 Movable distributors, 334-3391 348 Munich, Germany, typhoid fever, xxiii Natick, Mass., intermittent filtration, 242, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 Native guano, analysis of, 183 Nebraska, broad irrigation, 215, 216 New Jersey, contact treatment, 300 disinfection, 385-387 New Jersey courts and stream pollution, 41 New Jersey State Sewerage Commission 302, 386, 387 New Orleans, La., sewage disposal, 44 Newport, R. I., septic treatment, 113 Waring filters, 315 Newton-le- Willows, England, contact treatment, 277, 289 New York, N. Y., sewage disposal, 41 Nitrification, 23, 222-224, 230-235, 265, 270, 318-319 Nitrobacter, 233, 234, 235 Nitrogenous compounds, determination of, 399-400, 401 Nitrosomonas, 233, 234, 235 Northampton Insane Hospital, typhoid epidemic, 208 Norwich, England, hydrolytic tanks, 159-161 Nottingham, England, broad irrigation, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206 typhoid fever, xxv Odor test for putrescibility, 408 Ohio contact treatment, 300 Ohio contact treatment {continuei^ — disinfection, 384-385 intermittent filtration, 256 septic treatment, 124, 131, 142, 144 Oldham^ England, contact treatment, 299 septic treatment, 147 Organic adds, 19 Organic compounds in sewage, 1-4, 13- ^ 15 Organic decomposition, i, 15-20 Organic stability, see StdbUUy Organic sulphur test for putrescibility, 405-406 Oswestiy, England, contact treatment, 277 sedimentation, 85 Oxychlorides, see Bleaching powder Oxygen consumed, 399-401 Oxygen dissolved test for putrescibility, 405 Oxygen, in self-purifying streams, 23-26 required for self-purincation, 32 Oysters, see Shellfish C^one, disinfection with, 381-382 Pail system of sewage disposal, xxi Paris, France, broad irrigation, 21 1-2 13, 220 sewerage, xxii Parker vs, American Woolen Company, 40 Pasadena, Cal., broad irrigation, 216- 219 Passaic Valley Sewer, 44, 46 Pawtucket, R. I., contact treatment, 289 intermittent filtration, 243 Pennsylvania courts and stream pollu- tion, 40 Peptones, 16 Percolating filters, see Trickling fiUration Permanganates, disinfection with, 382 Philbrick sewage tank, 113 Pittsfield, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 238, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 Plainfield, N. J., contact treatment, 281, 284, 300-302, 378, 379 sedimentation, 85 septic treatment, 147, 301 Plate beds, see Slate beds Polarite, chemical precipitation with, 89, 90 Pomona, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Prestolee, England, septic treatment, 141 Privy vaidts, xix Proteids, 13, 14, 16, 17, 119 Digitized by Google INDEX OF SUBJECTS 433 Providence, R. I., chemical precipita- tion, 91, 93, 96, 100 screening. 63 sewage, 7 sludge disposal. 167, 174 Putrescibility tests, 403-408 Rahway. N. J., disinfection, 387, 392- 393 Rates of filtration, see FUtralion^ rates of Reading, Pa., screening, 55-58, 62-64 sedimentation, 85, 371 septic treatment, 364-365 tncltling filtration, 331, 332, 355, 364- 36s, 371 Red Bank, N. J., disinfection, 386-387 Redlands, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Revolving distributors, 333-339 Ribble Joint Committee, 402 Riensch screens, 54 Riparian rights, 40 Rivers Pollution Commission, 195, 223- 224 Rochdale, England, septic treatment, 141 trickling filtration, 349 Roughing filters, 65-67 Royal Sewage Commission, 43, 85, 130, 140, 145, 146, 150, 164, 165, 182, 183, 191, 194, iQS, 197, 201, 202, 206, 209, 210, 275, 276, 280, 286, 291, 307, 331, 333, 349, 353, 3SS, 373, 390, 405 Rugby, England, broad irrigation, 203, 204, 205, 206 Russia, septic treatment, 125 St. Anthony Park, Minn., trickling fil- tration, 342 St. Louis case, 29, 31 Salford, England, chemical precipita- tion, 91, 93, 96 roughing filters, 136 sludge disposal, 174 trickling filtration, 317, 322, 328, 339, 340, 349, 353, 360 Salinas, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Salt Lake City, Utah, broad irrigation, 216 Sampling methods, 395-398 Sand, character of, 237 Sand filtration, see IniermiiUfU JUiration Sandusky, Ohio, septic treatment, 131, 142 Santa Rosa, Cal., broad irrigation, 215, 216 Saratoga, N. Y., intermittent filtration, 255 septic treatment. 132, 134, 136-139, 140, 145-146, 147, 258 Saratoga case, 149, 151-153 Scott-Monciieff's experiments, 114-115, 135, 231-232, 318 Screening, 45-67 amount of screenings, 60, 171 area of screens. 59 bar screens, 46-47, 59 basket screens, 48 character of screenings, 171 costs, 64 design of screen chambers, 58-59 efficiency, 46, 60-64 revolving screens, 52 self-cleansing screens, 50-58 types of screens, 46 upward flow screens, 48-49 wire mesh screws, 47-48 Sea, disposal in, 41-44 Sedimentation, 68-85, 93, 37o~372 capadty of tanks, 76 costs, 164-166 critical velocity, 69, 74 design of tanks, 76-84 form of tanks, 76-78, 93 removal of sludge, 80-81 results, 85, 371 storage period, 75 types of tanks, 69 See also Chemical precipiUUion; Deep tanks; Septic treatmtnt Seine River, pollution of, 34 Self-purification of streams, bacterial, 26-27, 31 chemical, 22-26, 31 limits of, 32-39 Septic treatment, 108-166, 254-258 aeration after, 136, 139 bacteriology, 123-124 capacity of tanks, 128-132 chemistry, 11 8-1 23 construction of tanks, 127-136 costs, 164-166 deep tanks, 159, 162 gas production, 121^-123 history, 109-118 liquefaction of sludge, 131, 145-147 nature of process, 108-109 patent litigation, 149-153 removal of sludge, 146-147 results, 121, 140-149 ripening of tanks, 125-127, 149 scum, 147-149 storage period, 128-132 Digitized by Google 434 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Septic treatment {continued) — temperature relations, 124-127, 140- 142 Sewage, 1-20 analyses, see Analyses of sewage biolysis of, 15-20 • characteristics, i composition, 1-15 constituents in grams per capita, 9-12 variations in composition, 2, 395-398 Sewage analysis, 394-409 bacterial determinations, 395 chemical determinations, 395, 398- 402, 408-409 sampling, 395-398 standard methods, 408-409 standards of purity, 402-403 Sewage disposal, see Broad irrigation; Chemical precipitation; Contact treat- ment; Disinfection of sewage; Dry closets; Intermittent filtration; Screen- ing; Sedimentation; Self-purifica- tion; Septic treatment; Sludge dis- posal; Trickling filtration Sewage farming, see Broad irrigation Sewage of Towns Commission, 194-195, 208 Sewerage, xxii-xxv, xxvi Sheffield, England, chemical precipita- tion, 91. 93f 96 contact treatment, 287, 300 intermittent filtration, 264 septic treatment, 145 -sewage, 8,12 Shelby, Ohio, septic treatment, 149 Shellfish, pollution of, 43, 375-376, 385- 387 Size of filling material, 275-277, 288, 330-331 Slaithwaite, England, contact treat- ment, 277, 291 septic treatment, 141 Slate beds, 70, 306-310 Sludge, amount, 167 composition, 75, 142, 168-170 deposit on intermittent filters, 158 from chemical precipitation, 93-96 sedimentation, 85 septic treatment, 142, 145-147, 166 measurement, 169 Sludge disposal, 167-192 air drying, 1 74-1 75 burning, 185-189 costs, 105, 174, 179, 186, 188, 191-192 destructive distillation, 189-190 drying by centrifugals, 179-182 lagooning, 175-176 Sludge disposal (continued) — land treatment. 184-185 mechanical drying, 177 pressing, 103-104, 177-179 sea disposal, 173-174 trenching, 176-177 use as a fertilizer, 182-184 Smith's revolving screen, 53 Soaps, 15 Southbridge, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 South Norwood, England, broad irriga- tion, 203, 204, 205, 206 Spanish War, typhoid fever, xx Spencer, Mass., intermittent filtration, 259, 261, 264 screening, 59 Spencer alumino-ferric process, 89 Sprinkler nozzles. 339-343* 345-349, 364 Sprinkling filters, see Trickling fUlralion Squeegees, for sludge removal, 94-95 Stability, attainment of, 22-32, 229-232, 268-271, 318-320 determination of, 403-408 effect of bleaching powder on, 389-390 of broad irrigation effluents, 206 contact effluents, 284, 350-352 intermittent filter effluents. 246, 258-259 trickling effluents, 350-352 Standard methods of sewage analysis 408, 409 Standards of purity, 402-403, 405 Starches, 14, 120 Sterilization, see Disinfection of sewage Stockbridge, Mass., intermittent filtra- tion, 259, 261 screening, 59 sewage, 5, 10 Stoddart's distributor, 333-334 Stoddart's filter, 317 Stoddart's septic tank, 132 Stone Harbor, N. J., disinfection, 387 Stott's mechanical screen, 52 Strainers, see Roughing filters Stream pollution, 33-35 legal control of, 40-41 Sudbury River, self-purification in, 25-^ 26 Sugars, 14 Suspended solids, determination, 398- 399 effect on broad irrigation, 197-198, 201 contact treatment, 276-277, 287-294 Digitized by Google INDEX OF SUBJECTS 435 Suspended solids (continued) — effect on intermittent filtration, 241- 242, 244, 254-258 self -purification, 37 trickling filtration, 320-321, 330» 3S3» 355 in sewage, 2-3 liquefaction of, 145-147 removal of, 6<>-64, 71-73, 85, 96-97, 140-143, 254-258, 370-372 See also Chemical precipiUUion; Screening; SedimenkUion ; Septic treatment Sutton, England, contact treatment, 268, 282, 283, 285, 287,, 292, 299 sedimentation, 74 septic treatment, 147 Talbot's sewage tanks, 11 5-1 16 Tank construction, 76-81, 82-^84, 93, 127-136, 159, 162 Tank treatment, see Chemical precipita- tion; Sedimentation; Septic treatment Taylor nozzle, 347-348 Technology experiment station, detritus tanks, 72-73 disinfection, 383-384, 388, 392 intermittent filtration, 231-232, 235 sedimentation, 371 septic treatment, 121, 140, 146, 372, 378 trickling filtration, 158, 318-319, 320, 321, 331, 337, 341, 342, 343-345, 346, 352, 353, 363, 371. 372, 378 Temperature, effect on, disinfection, 384 mtermittent filtration, 235, 242-246 putrescibility, 407 self-purification, 38 septic treatment, 124-127, 140, 142 trickling filtration, 318-321, 342- 343, 351 „ Thames River, pollution of, 33 self-purification in, 23-25 Thames Conservancy Board, 402 Tidal waters, disposal in, 41-44 Tipton, England, trickling filtration, 314, 322 Towchester, England, septic treatment, 115 Trade waste, at Bradford, England, 96 Trickling filtration, 314-374 advantages and disadvantages, 372- 374 aeration, 317, 318, 322, 324, 327 construction of beds, 324-333, 366, 367-369 costs, 339, 360, 370, 372-374 depth of beds, 323-324, 33i-333i 349 Trickling filtration {continued) — distribution of sewage, 314, 316-317, 333-349, 364-366. 368 filling material, 322, 328-331, 353, 357, 359, 369 fundamental factors, 321-324 history, 314-318 operation, 349*355 physics and chemistiy, 318-321 rates, 349 results, 349-355 sedimentation of effluent, 359, 3650 369, 370-372 time of passage, 322-323, 324, 331 underdrainage, 317, 326-327, 367, 368, 369 Trinidad, Colo., broad irrigation, 215 Triple contact treatment, 285-286 Tsarsko6-S61o, Russia, septic treat- ment, 125 Tuberculosis, xxv Typhoid fever, zx, zxiii, 31, 208 Underdrainage of, broad irrigation areas, 197 contact beds, 271, 272, 273 intermittent filters, 236, 250 trickling filters, 317, 326-327, 367, 368, 369 United States, analytical methods, 399, 400,401,403,408,409 broad irrigation, 215-219, 220-221 chemical precipitation, 100 contact treatment, 300 sewage disposal, xxvi trickling filtration, 331, 339, 349, 361 Upward-flow screens, 48-49 Urbana, III., septic treatment, 115 Urea, 13 Visalia, Cal., broad irrigation, 216 Waring's filter, 315, 316 Waring's tank, 11 2-1 13 Washington, Pa., screening, 47, 59-61 septic treatment, 148 trickling filtration, 365-367 Waterbury, Conn., septic treatment, 126,127 sewage disposal, 363 trickling filtration, 327, 340, 343, 347 Water-carriage system, xxii Wauwatosa, Wis., intermittent filtra- tion, 256-258 septic treatment, 130, 256-258 Webster process, 90, 382 Wellesley College septic tank, 114 West Allis, Wis., trickling filtration, 361 Digitized by Google 436 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Westboro, Mass., intermittent filttation, 258. 259, 261, 262, 364 screening, 59 sewage, 6, 11 WesterviUe, Ohio, septic treatment, 131 Wiesbaden, Germany, screening, 52, 63-64 Wilmersdorf, Germany, filling material, 274, 322, 324, 331, 332 trickling filtration, 360-362 Wire-mesh screens, 47 WithneU, England, contact treatment, 277 Wolverhampton, England, trickling fil- tration, 314, 350 Woolf process, 382 Worcester, Mass., chemical prediuta- tion, 91, 93, 96, loo-ios detritus, 1 70-1 7 1 detritus tanks, 71-72 intermittent fiiltration, lox, 105, 172, 173, 242, 259, 261, 262, 264 Worcester, Mass. 