None
925 3.8 .2 4.5 .3 115 779 31 5.5 4,471 .5 3.8 1.2 415 3,493 563 46.9 I 6,349 3.0 5.2 .4 .6 3.0 6.7 27.5 .6 11.0 1.7 1.7 (°) 1.6 .1 .3 2.8 2.0 .3 .5 31.7 .4 .3 .2 .1 11.3 7.3 1.5 1.8 .7 .3 .4 .4 12.8 5.1 1.6 1.5 4.6 .1 5.4 461 814 31 132 389 830 3,569 123 4,844 940 819 164 59 136 1,190 1,146 210 180 7,988 .5 3.2 .1 18.2 1.7 14.2 2.3 25.8 1.9 3.3 .1 .5 1.6 3.4 14.5 .5 19.7 3.8 3.3 .7 .2 .6 4.8 4.7 .9 .7 32.5 130 117 61 35 3,711 .5 .5 .2 .1 15.1 Swedish. First genera- tion (bom abroad). Num- ber. 57,045 2,272 193 2,024 55 906 78 482 346 43,358 866 2,124 146 323 3,501 1,106 36,075 217 1,684 206 319 2 182 26 61 516 238 39 93 8,825 31 26 11 26 6,042 2,322 671 574 144 59 162 203 1,929 495 334 241 859 69 1,512 9.4 2.7 2.3 .6 .2 .7 .8 7.8 2.0 1.4 1.0 3.5 .3 0.2 3,554 386 1,324 778 22 32 65 1,316 334 115 134 733 20 1,284 Per cent. 100.0 4.0 .3 3.5 .1 1.6 .1 .8 .6 76.0 1.5 Z.7 .3 .6 6.1 1.9 61.5 .4 Second gen- eration (bom in United States). Num- ber. 24,118 347 245 93 9 2,196 263 1,775 158 59 533 6 113 430 326 10,728 54 3.0 .4 .6 '% (•) .1 .9 .4 .1 .2 15.5 6.2 .7 2.3 1.4 («) .1 .1 2.3 .6 .2 .2 1.3 («) 2.2 519 651 27 64 80 991 757 125 46 6,066 79 53 16 15 4,004 2,350 566 794 294 13 99 50 721 88 80 70 483 42 974 Per cent. 12,249 SaS 100.0 1.4 LO .4 (•) 9.1 1.1 7.4 .7 .2 2.2 («) .6 1.8 L4 44.5 .2 3,260 13.6 2.2 2.7 .1 .3 .3 4.1 3.1 .6 .2 26.2 .3 .2 .1 .1 16.6 9.7 2.3 3.3 1.2 .1 .4 .2 3.0 .4 .8 .3 2.0 .2 4.0 a Less tban ai per cent. 838 The Iininigratioii Commission. Table B. — WhUe female breadwinners of foreign parentage, dasmfUd by nationalUy {at determined by country of birth of parents) and general naHviiy Number and per cent in each specified occupation — Continued. UNITED STATES: lOOD-Omttntwd. Oooopatlon. AH oocupaUons Agricultural pursuits Agricultural laborers Fanners, planters, and overseers All others in this class Professional service Musicians and teachers of mu^ Teachers and professors in colleges, etc All others in this class Domestic and personal service Boarding, lodging house, and hotel keepers... Housekeepers and stewardesses Janltresaes Laborers (not speclfled) Laundresses Nurses and mldwives Servants and waitresses All others in this class Trade and transportation Bookkeepers and accountants Clerks and copyists Hucksters and peddlers Mochants and dealers (except wholesale) Messengers and errand and office girls Packers and shippers Saleswomen Stenographers and typewriters Telegraph and telephone operators All others in this cuss Manufecturing and mechanical pursuits Bookbinders Box makers (paper) Gold and silver workers Hat and cap makers Needle trades Dressmakers MUlhiers Seamstresses Tailoresses Paper and pulp mill operatives Printers, lithographers, and presswomen Shirt, collar, and cuil makers Textile mill operatives Cotton mill SUkmlll Woolen miU Other textile mill Tobacco and dgar fiictory operatives AU others in this class SwlH. First genecaUon (bom abroad). Number. 7,856 7eo 63 658 30 335 31 244 50 4,012 148 391 46 54 386 339 2,586 72 430 35 04 7 129 3 13 118 31 10 20 1,829 7 13 1 7 850 539 64 150 88 6 7 12 493 21 356 20 96 29 404 Percent 100.0 ia3 .0 8.0 .5 4.4 .4 3.3 .7 Second eeoentloD (bom In United States). Number. 54.5 2.0 5.3 .6 .7 5.2 4.5 35.2 1.0 5.8 («) .5 .9 .1 1.8 .2 1.6 .4 .1 .3 24.9 .1 .2 .1 11.6 7.3 .9 2.2 1.2 .1 .1 .2 6.7 .3 4.8 .3 1.3 .4 5.5 7,766 364 126 222 16 Percent. 850 116 657 77 2,740 65 266 3 53 174 109 2,056 23 1,181 182 206 46 10 56 201 57 20 2,621 41 23 0 16 1,5U 831 244 278 158 14 42 40 383 48 183 24 138 71 473 100.0 ■■-■— 4.7 1.6 2.0 .3 lao 1.5 8.5 1.0 85l4 (•) .8 3.4 .7 SL8 1.4 3&5 .3 15.2 2.3 2.7 .6 .2 .7 4.0 2.6 .7 .4 83.8 .5 .3 .1 .3 10.5 1&7 3.1 3.6 2.0 .3 .5 .5 4.0 .6 3.3 .3 1.7 .0 6.1 aLess than 0.1 per oent. INDEX. A. AbyBsinian: Number of employees studied, i, 320-333, 33&-347: length of reeidence, i. 349-^56; Uteracy, i, 444447. Accidents, increased liability to, due to recent immigrants, i, 538, 539. Adelphi Collie, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii, 7. Advertisements of inmiigrant banks, ii, 421. Advertising for immigrants: To secure laborers, ii, 381, 382, 384; promises of employ- ment prohibited, ii, 571, 734; by various States, i, 192; by Canada, ii, 607-610; law r^arding, ii, 734. Asians, among East Indians, i, 676. Amca: Number of immi^nts from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; Germans in, i, 242; Gypsies in, i, 245; Italians in, i, 252. African: Number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 215; niunber in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101; literacy;, i, 99, 438-447. (See also Negro, foreign.) Age: Voting, and citizenship, i, 148-156; liability to insanity, ii, 236. Age at time of coming: Effect on ability to speak English, i, 481-484, 609, 769, 770; on literacy, i, 446, 447, 612, 771; on retardation in school, ii, 38. (See auo separate races.) Age classification: Of population, i, 146-148; of employees studied, i, 463-467; of persons in agricultural pursuits, i, 602, 603; of immigrants in cities, 1, 737-739; of charity seekers, ii, 135-137; of charity patients, ii, 269, 286-290; of departing aliens, i, 115, 183; native and foreign bom compared, i, 466, 467; old and new immigration compared, i, 172, 183, 467. (See also separate races.) Agents, male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Amcultural communities studied: Race of, i, 551-553, 555; Bohemian, i, 588; Hebrew, i, 577; Italian, i, 571, 574j Polish, i, 582; in the South, i, 566. Agricultural deleeates from Canada, li, 607, 608. Agricultural implement and vehicle manufacturing: Households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-333; weekly earnings, i, 384-386, 388-395. Aericultural labor: Seasonal, i, 593-601, 687. 688; wages, i, 597, 598, 670, 680; male oreadwinners engaged in, i, 821-829; female breadwinners, i, 830-^838; East Indians in, i, 679, 680; Mexicans in, i, 687, 688; Chinese displaced by Japanese, on Pacific coast, i, 658; low wages for, in Europe, a cause of emigration, i, 186. Aericultural pursuits: Male breadwinners engaged in, i, 39, 799-803, 821-829; female breadwinners, i, 830-838; persons studied, i, 601-615; Austrians in, i, 799, 821, 830; Bohemians in, i, 587-591, 799, 821, 830; Canadians in, i, 799, 822, 831; Chinese in, i, 655, 656; Danish in, i, 800, 823, 832; English and Welsh in, i, 800, 823, 832; French and Germans in, i, 800, 824, 833; Hebrews in, i, 575-581; Hungarians and Irish in, i, 800, 825, 834; Italians in, i, 559-575, 800, 826, 835; Japanese in, i, 591, 592, 664, 667, 670-672; Magyars in, i, 591; Negroes, Indians, and Mongolians in, i, 800; Nor- wegians in, i, 800, 826, 835; Poles in, i, 581-587, 800, 827, 836; Portuguese in, i, 592, 593; Russians in, i, 800, 827, 836; Scotch in, i, 800, 828, 837; Slovaks in, i, 591; Swedish in, i, 8(X), 828, 837; Swiss in, i, 800, 829, 838; immigrants in cities engaged in, i, 761, 762; in Western States, i, 627-634, 638-642, 650; in Hawaii, i, 716, 719, 720; immigrants to Canada, ii, 613, 614, 616, 617; immigrants to Australia, ii, 631. Agriculture, recent immigrants in: Abstract of report on, i, 543-615; number studied, i, 554, 557; deterrent influences, i, 562; conclusions, i, 39; schedule forms used, ii, 653-667, 680, 681. (See also Agricultural pursuits.) Aid furnished to immigrants: By charity oiganizations, ii, 124-127; United States Government, ii, 755, 756; Hebrew societies, i, 575-578; immigrant societies, i, 650; immigrants in Canada, ii, 615, 627; in Argentina, ii, 642; emigrants in England, ii, 615, 616. Aid societies, immigrant: Abstract of report on, ii, 305-322; conclusions, i, 30, 31. Ainos: Number in Japan, i^ 253: not Mongolians, i, 256. Air space. 8u Space required for steerage passengers. 840 The Immigration Commission. Alabazna: Foreign-bom in, i, 127, 129; Italians admitted and departed, i, 568; immigranta destined to, i, 105-109; employees in manufactures, mmes, and quar- ries, i, 492; Italian communities studied, i, 560, 566: insanity, ii, 232; peonage, ii, 445; regulation of banking, ii, 435. (See aUo South, bituminous coal mining.) AlasKa: Immigrants destined to, i, 105-109* insane in, ii, 233. Albanian: Number in Greece, i, 244; number in Sicily, i, 273; employees studied, i, 320-^3, 336-347; a^e classification of charity patients, ii, 288; length of residence, i, 349-356; residence m United States of charity patients, ii, 263; wages and earnings, i, 36^-403; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261; literacy, i, 444-447; citizenship, i, 484- 489. Albany, N. Y., immigrant banks in, ii, 413. Albion, N. Y., Italian rural community, i, 574. Alcoholism: Conclusions, i, 35: charity patients, ii, 267, 268, 270-278, 281, 285, 290. Alien seamen. See Seamen, alien. Aliens admitted to other countries: Aigentina, ii, 640, 641; Australia, ii, 632: Brazil, ii, 645, 646; Canada, ii, 611, 612, 614, 615, 629; New ZealMid, ii, 637. Aliens admitted to United States: Number, by country of origin, 1820-1910, i, 60-96; by race or people. 1899-1910, i, 97; various yeare, i, 56-60, 113, 182-184, 215, 625; ii, 378, 589, 590; oasis of enumeration, i, 55, 56; character of immigration, i, 169, 170; origin of, 1819-1910, i, 13, 23; destination of, 1899-1910, i, 105-109; for Southern States, i, 567, 568; for Western States, i, 625; from British ports, 1846-7, ii, 591, 592; from Canada, 1908-9, ii, 619; from Germany, 1820-1910, i, 243; East Indians, 190^1910, i, 676, 677; Italians, 1909, i, 568; Japanese, 189^1907, 1909-10, i, 660, 661; Mexicans, 1901-1909, i, 682; at Castle Garden, 1856-1873, ii, 595; at Canadian and United States ports, 1908, ii, 623, 624; mental condition, i, 28; ii, 245; pro- posals to limit number, i, 47, 48; ii, 575, 579; to Hawaii, i, 702, 703, 709-711. {See also separate races.) Aliens debarred at United States porta: Number, 1892-1910, i, 110, 111, 194; ii, 378; 1907, i, 26; 1907-1909, i, 196; 1908, ii, 623, 624; East Indians, i, 677; contract labor, ii, 378; prostitutes, ii, 330: mentally unsound, ii, 227-229] for medical causes, i, 196, 202; must be returned by steamsnip companies, i, 197; ii, 750, 762, 800; appeals, ii, 317, 735, 740, 750, 751, 758, 800. Aliens debarred from Canada, 1908, ii, 623, 624, 626. Aliens departing: Number, 1908-1910, i, 112-118, 180-184; Italians from Southern States, i, 567, 568; Japanese, number exceeds that of immigrants, i, 41; from Hawaii, i, 709-713; from Aiventina^ ii, 641; Australia, ii, 632; Canada, ii, 618; New Zealand, ii, 637. (See also Emigration, Return movement. Visits abroad, etc.) Aliens deported: Contract labor, ii, 379; prostitutes, ii, 330-332; mentally imsound, ii, 229, 246; Italian criminals, ii, 221; from Canada, ii, «25, 626. (See also Deporta- tion.) Aliens excluded. See Aliens debarred. Aliens rejected at porta of embarkation, i, 193-201. Alsatian: Definition, i, 241; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347; length of resi- dence, i, 349-356; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; immigrants to Canada, ii, 611. America: Number of Poles in, i, 259; number of Negroes in the Americas, i, 257. American. See Native-bom. American Emigrant Co., ilnporters of labor, ii, 565. American Federation of Labor, arguments against Chinese immigration, referred to, ii, 583. American Medical Missionary College, Battle Creek, Mich., ii, 7. American Republican Party, establishment of, ii, 561. Americanization. See Assimilation, Citizenship, etc. Ammon, investigations of, referred to, ii, 550. Anarchists: Excluded by law, ii, 574, 620, 621; law regarding, ii, 732, 742; liable to deportation from Canada, ii, 621. Anglo-Saxon, definition, i, 234. (See also English.) Annexation of Hawaii, effects of, i, 701, 702. Annual earnings. See Wmjcs and earnings. Family income, etc. Anthracite coal mining: Households and employees studied, i, 294; silk industry established in Pennsylvania coal region, i, 541. Anthropological investigation. See Changes in bodily form. Antwerp, Belgium: Inspection of emigrants, i, 197; number of immigrants from, and number debarred for medical causes, i, 202. Apartments, size of: Immigrants in cities, i, 741, 742; in manufacturing and mining, i, 426-428. (See also Households, size of; Persons per room, etc.) Appeals from inspectors' decisions, law r^^arding, ii, 671, 735, 740, 760, 761, 768, 800. Index. 841 Arabia, Arab population of, i, 217. Arabian: Definition, i, 217; number in Arabia, i, 217; in Persia, L 259; in Syria, i, 280; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; a^ classincation of charity patients, ii, 288; length of residence, i, 349-356; residence in United States of charity patients, ii, 263; chs^t^ seekers, ii, 95-108; in charity hospitals^ ii, 258-261; literacy, 1, 438-447; in schools, li, 10-16, 64-66; immigrants to Canada, li, 611. Arcadia, Greek bootblacks from, ii, 399. Aijgentina: Immigration situation in, ii, 63^-643; number of immigrants to, 1863-1908, u, 640; immigration and emi^tion, 1871-1908, ii, 641; solicits immijzration in Europe, i, 192; number of Italians in, i, 252; immigration law, ii, 641-643. Arizona: Foreign-bom in, i, 127, 129, 149, 155, 623; population and number of foreign- bom, i, 623; male population, i, 149, 155; citizenship, i, 150; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; regulation of banking, ii, 435. Arkansas: Immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; Italians admitted and departed, i, 568; Italian communities studied, i, 560, 566; Polish farm settlements studied, i, 583; insanity, ii, 232; peonage, ii, 444, 445; no regulation of private or immigrant banks, ii, 435. Armenian: Definition, i, 217; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215, 217^ 625: proportion of males, i, 98; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in Umted States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; population in Eiurope, i, 214, 217: number in Persia, i, 259; number in Roumania, i, 263; number of households ana persons studied, i, 316-320, 639-641; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English- speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 172, 173, 357-363; length of residence, i, 116, 349-366, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, * 263-266, 280-285; occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366; wages and earnings, i, 366;403, 405-411; family income, i, 412-417; charity seekers, ii, 95-109; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237. 270; status of children, i, 470-474- in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 49-55, 64-66^ 76-80; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438- 447; En^hsh-speaking, i, 474-484; ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 417; conjug^ condition, i, 447-460; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; number in Fresno County, Cal., i, 654; number in Lawrence, Mass., i, 515; immigrants to Canada, ii, 611. Armour InstituteDf Technology, Chicago, 111., ii, 7. Arthur, Chester A. : Recommended legislation regarding care of immigrants at ports of debarkation, ii, 569; vetoed bill suspending Chinese immigration for 20 years, ii, 580. Aryan: European population of Aryan stock, i, 218; family of inflected languages, defined, i, 217-219. Asia: Number of immigrants from, i, 65-96; Germans in, i, 242; Gypsies in, i, 245; Hebrews in, i, 246. (See also separate countries.) Asiatics: Number in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; opposition to, on Pacific coast, i, 41; number of immigrants to Australia, ii, 635; liable to exclusion from Australia by literacy test, ii^ 633-^35; money requirement for entering Canada, ii, 623. Assimilation of immigrants: Bohemians, i, 589 1 East Indians, i, 681, 682; Italians, i, 564, 565, 570, 574, 575; Japanese, i, 675; Mexicans, i, 689; Russian Hebrews, i, 580* Scandinaviaoo. i, 651 j in cities, i, 768-772; in the West, i, 644, 646, 650; seasonal agricultural laoorers, i, 600. 601; single or unaccompanied men, i, 38, 39; changes in bodily form, i, 43, 44; ii, 501-566; retardation, i, 38, 39, 46, 497, 570, 580, 648, 681, 682, 689; conclusions and recommendations, i, 42, 46, 47. Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Labor, appointment of additional, recommended, i, 33, 46. Assisted immigration: Report on, ii, 371-386: conclusions, i, 29; prohibited by law, i, 25; ii, 376, 377, 571, 620, 621; law regarding, ii, 376^ 377, 732; little or noJ)ublic assistance now, i, 29, 192; official aid, 1888, ii, 570; private aid, i. 187-191; Greeks, ii, 404, 405; Italians, i, 568; Russian Hebrews, i, 577; to Hawaii, i. 699, 701-708, 720, 721; cost of, Hawaii, i, 703, 704; from England to British colonies, i, 168, 192; homeless children, to Canada, ii, 615; prohibited by Canadian law unless approved by agent abroad, it, 616, 620, 621; to Australia, ii, 631, 633; to Brazil, ii, 647; to New Zealand, ii, 637. Afls^pan children in schools, ii, 10-16. Atlonson, C. S., secretary of Immigration Commission, furloughed, i, 12. Atlanta, Ga.. immigrants as charity seekers, ii, 93-116. Atlantic Medical Collie, Baltimore, Md., ii, 7. 72289°— VOL 1—11 54 842 The Immigration Commission. Attorney-General of United States, opinions regarding contract-labor law, ii, 379, 380, Australia: Immigration situation in. ii, 631-635; number of immigrants from, i, 134. 136, 137; chiloren of immigrants nrom, employed, i, 320-333, 627-635; immi^tion and emi^tion, 1851-1901, ii, 632, 633; Irish immigrants to, i, 250; Asiatics, li, 635; asdsted immigration to, ii, 631. 633; number of Germans in Australia and Oc^mia, i, 242; emigration to New Zealand, ii, 637; immigration law, ii, 633, 634; area, ii, 631; population, ii, 631, 632. Australia and New Zealand, number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96. Australian: Immigrants from Honolulu, i, 712; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; length of residence, i, 349-356; wages and earnings, i, 366^-403; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; in Canada, ii, 611, 626. Austria: Provinces ot, ii, 694; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; Germans in, i, 242; Italians in, i. 252; Poles in, i, 259; Roumanians in, i, 263; insanity, ii, 248, 249; solicitation of emigration prohibited, i, 191; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 623; in cities of Umted States, i, 145; in Western States, i, 623; literacy in Umted States, i, 177. Austria-Hungary: Population, i, 219; Czechs in, i, 221; Hebrews in, i, 246: Ruthe- nians in, i, 214: number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167: Germans m)m, i, 243; deserting seamen from, ii, 360; immigrant remittances to, li, 425, 427, 429; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137; in cities of United States, i, 145; crime, ii, 194-197, 205-211; chUdren of immigrants from, em- ployed, i, 320-333, 33&-347, 506, 627-636; a^e classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. Austrian: Definition, i, 219, 241; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-^36; length of residence, i, 349-356; number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 821, 830* occupation, i, 821, 830; in a^cultural pursuits, i, 550, 799, 821, 830; in boot ana shoe manufacturing, i, 821; in building trades, i, 789, 821j in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 814, 821, 830; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufactunng, i, 830; in cotton nulls, i, 821, 830; in domestic and personal service, i, 804, 821, 830; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 821 j laborers, i, 780, 821; in laundries, i, 830; in manufacturing and mechani- cal pursuits, i, 821, 830; miners and quarrymen. i, 782, 821; in needle trades, i, 808, 830; in paper and pulp mills, i, 830; pedalers, i, 821, 830; in professional service, i, 787, 798, 821, 830; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 816, 821, 830; in silk mills, i, 830; steam railroad employees, i, 821; teachers, i, 819, 830; in textile mills, i, 786, 811 J 821, 830; in tobacco and cigar making, i, 821, 830; in trade and trans- portation, 1, 821, 830; in woolen mills, i, 830; padrone system, ii, 392; exploitation, li, 406; wages and earnings, i, 366-403; charity seekers, ii, 95-101; crime, ii, 198-204; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; fecundity, ii, 469-600| loca- tion of wife, i, 459, 460; in Canada, ii, 611, 625; immigrants to Argentina, i, 640, 641; to Brazil, ii, 645, 646. Austro-Hun^arian races inclined to distrust American banks, ii, 417. Austro-Prussian War, effect on emigration of Poles, i, 584. Azores Islands: Immigration from, i, 260, 592, 652; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification^ i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366^-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; induced immigration to Hawaii, i, 704; ii, 629. (See also Portuguese and Portugal, number of immigrants from.) B. Baldwin University, Berea, Ohio, ii, 7. Balearic Islands, Catalans in, i, 279. (See also Spain.) Balkan States: Geography of, i, 227; Greeks in, i, 245; Gypsies in, i, 245^ some emigration due to political conditions, i, 187; immigrant remittances to, ii, 425, 427. Baltimore^ Md.: Alien seamen at i>ort of, ii, 359, 362; stowaways, ii, 364; immigrants as chanty seekers, ii, 93-115; immigration to clothing industry, i, 516: public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; tefwhers, li, 49-63; parochial school pupils, li, 64-72, 75. Baltimore Medical College, Baltimore, Md., ii^ 7. Bank of Naples, remittances abroad through, li, 426, 427. Banks, immigrant: Abstract of report on, ii, 409-438; conclusiond, i, 31, 32; recom- mendations, i, 46; number investigated, ii, 413, 415; number and distribution of, ii, 414," origin, ii, 416; classification, ii, 419; relation with banking houses, ii, 431: responsible for heavy losses on part of immigrants, i, 31; ill^nd use of terms bank ana banker , ii, 421; unregulated, i, 31; various state laws regarding private banking, ii, 434-436. Baron de Hirsch fund, used for Hebrew colonizing, i, 576-^78. Index. 843 Baseland, Switzerland, criminal emigration from, ii, 665, 566. Basques: In Cuba, i, 231; in France, i, 239; in Spain, i, 279, 280; Celtic admixture, i, 260. Bavarian immigration to Canada, ii, 611. Bay City, Mich.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship,!, 152; public- school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 33-35, 75. Bayles, writer, emoted, i^ 508. Bayonne, N. J.: Population and immigration, i^ 528; foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152; immigrant banks, ii, 413. Beddoe, opinion of, on English race or people, i, 235. Beet-siigar industry: Employees studied, i, 627-629; Chinese in, i, 658; German- Russians, i, 653; Japanese, i, 658, 667, 687, 688; Mexicans, i, 687, 688; seasonal labor, i, 596, 667, 693; piece wages the rule, i. 597; living expenses of laborers, i, 599; housing conditions, i, 599; displacement of labor, i, 594, 658. Belgian: Definition, i. 219, 233; number of households and persons studied, i, 557, 601; employees studied, i, 320^333, 336-347, 627-636; length of residence, i, 349-356; residence in a^cultural locality, i, 604; in agricultural pursuits, i, 594, 596; wages and earnings, i, 366-403; charity seekers, ii. 96-101; in schools, ii, 64-66; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; location oi wife, i, 459, 460; number in Lawrence, Mass., i, 515; in Canada, ii, 611, 626; immigrants to Aigentina, ii, §40, 641; to Brazil, ii, 645, 646. {See also Dutch and Flemish.) Belgian law of 1843, referred to, i, 193. Belgium: Provinces of, ii, 694; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; population, i, 233; Flemish in, i, 233; French in, i, 240; langua^ of, i, 233; illiteracy in, i, 177; no emigration problem, i, 168; inspection of emigrants, i, 195; steerage laws, referred to, li, 600; deserting seamen from, ii, 360; immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96: 1882 and 1907, i, 167, 233; French immigrants from, i, 240; natives of, in tTnitea States, i, 134, 135, 137, 623; childreu of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636 J age classification, i, 463-467; eamings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; Canada induces immigration from, ii, 607, 608. Bellevue and Allied Hospitals, New York City: Report on immigrants in, ii, 257-290; insane in, ii, 238, 247. (See also Charity seekers.) Benefits in addition to wages: On Hawaiian sugar plantations, i, 715, 716, 720; welfare work inaugurated by religious and civic organizations, commended, i, 42. Bennet, William S., member of Immigration Commission, i, 11, 165; minority report of, i, 49 J minority report of Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1906, ii, 576; introduced bill in House of Representatives providing for Government super- vision over ships carrying steerage passengers, ii, 602. Benton CoU^ oi Law, St. Louis, Mo., ii, 7. Berea, Ohio^ Polish colony at, i, 585. Bermudian immigration to Canada, ii, 612. Berry-picking: Seasonal labor, i, 595; piece wages the rule, i, 597; living expenses, i, 599; nours of labor, i, 598;- housing conditions, i, 598; displacement of laoor, New Jersey, i, 594; Japanese in the West, i, 667. Bibles, sale of, at immigrant stations, ii, 315. Bituminous coal mining: Summary of data secured, i, 300, 301; households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-326, 332 333, 506, 507; races employed in Pennsyl- vania, i, 503; in Middle West and Southwest, i, 504; unskilled labor, i, 495; distri- bution of occupations, i, 502; racial displacements, i, 38, 503-507: labor unions, i, 532-537; daily eamings, i, 396, 397, 399-402; wages less in Pennsylvania than else- where, 1, 38, 534; expansion of industry, i, 503-505; output of Pennsylvania, i, 503; of Middle West and Southwest, i, 504. Black Russian, definition, i, 265. (See also Russian.) Blacksmiths, male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Bloomington, 111., immigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Blumenbach: Named white race Caucasian, i, 223; classification of races, i, 210, 211. 257. Boards of immigration. State, efforts to promote immigration, ii, 383. Boards of special inquiry: Proposed by joint committee, 1892, ii, 572; provided for, 1893, ii, 573; law regarding, ii, 740, 756, 763; representatives of aid societies before, ii, 317; conclusions regarding, i, 32, 33; recommendations, i, 46. Board and lodging: Furnished gratis to newly arrived immigrants in Argentina, ii, 642, 643; cost of Doard of ranch hands in Camomia, i, 670. Boarders and lodgers : Among immigrants in industries, i, 422-426 ; specified industries, i, 297-312; native and foreign bom compared, i, 423, 424, 426; old and new immigra- tion compared, i, 424, 426; among immigrants in cities, i, 728, 729. 748-751, 766, 767; contributions to family income, i, 414, 415, 766, 767; on Hebrew famis in Eaetem States, i, 578. 844 The Immigration Commission. Boarding or lodging house and hotel keepers, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. Boarding-boss system among immigrants, i, 422^ 426, 499, 648. Boas, Franz, author of report on clmnges in bodily form of descendants of immigrants, i, 4, 44; abstract of report, ii, 501-556. Bodily form of immigrants. See Changes in bodily form. Boers, number of, in South Africa, i, 232. Bohemia: Regarded as geographic entity, i, 209; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 623; in cities of Xjnited States, i, 145; males of voting age, i, 155, 156; treatment of infants in, ii, 546. Bohemian: Definition, i, 219-221; in agricultural investigation, i, 552; number of breadwinners, i, 587, 778, 803, 82L 830; occupation, i, 821, 830; in agricultural pursuits, i, 587-591, 799, 821, 830; in boot and shoe manufacturing, i, 821; in building trades, i, 789, 821; in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 814, 821, 830; in collar, cufif, and shirt manumcturing, i, 830; in cotton mills, i, 821, 830; in domestic and personal service, i, 805, 821, 830; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 821; laborers, i, 780, 821; in laundries, i, 830; in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, i, 821, 830; miners and quarry- men, i, 782, 821; in needle trades, i, 808, 830; in paper and pulp mills, i, 830; ped- dlers, i, 821, 830; in professional service, i, 797, 798, 821, 830; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 816,* 821, 830; in silk mills, i, 830; steam railroad employees, i, 821; teachers, i, 819, 830^ in textile mills, i, 786, 811, 821, 830; in tobacco and cigar making, i, 821, 830; in trade and transportation, i, 821, 830; in woolen mills, i, 830; immigrant banks, ii, 413; crime, ii, 198-204; fecundity, ii, 469-500; changes in bodily form, ii, 510, 511, 518-524, 526, 544, 545, 548, 549; in Canada, ii, 611^ 626. Bohemian and Moravian: Definition, i, 219-221; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215^ 221, 625; proportion of males, i, 98; destination, i, lOft-109; pre- vious residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; population in Europe, i, 214; number in Austria-Hungary, i, 219; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 557, 601, 733-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336- 347, 506, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, 602, 603, 737-739; ii, 136, 280-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 481-484, 609, 612, 769-771; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 172, 173, 357-363, 607, 608, 760; length of residence, i, 116, 349-356, 603, 636, 637, 740: ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 461-463, 477-480, 610, 613 751, 769; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; residence in agricultural locality, i, 604 occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366, 761, 762; in ag^cultural pursuits, i, 799, 800 in building trades, i, 789, 790; in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 792, 814, 815; in domestic and personal service, r, 804-806; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 785; laborers, i, 780, 781; miners and quarrymen, i, 782, 783; in needle trades, i, 808, 809; in professional service, i, 797, 798; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 794, 816, 817; teachers, i, 819, 820; in textile mills, i, 786, 787, 811, 812; waj^ and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-767; family income, i, 412-417, 766; charity seekers, ii. 95-153; in charity hos- pitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 270; gainful occupation in the home, i, 752; status of children, i, 470^74, 614, 763; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33^2, 49-61, 64-71, 76-82; proportion of chfldren, i, 739; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447, 612, 613, 770, 771; English-speaking, i, 474-484, 609-611, 768-770; li, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-489, 606, 771, 772: ii^ 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; location of wire, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470, 756; rent paid, i, 757-759; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430, 741-743; persons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426, 748-751; water supply, i, 753; toilet accommodations, i, 754; care of apartment^ i, 755; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, 1, 461-463; number in Whiting, Ind., i, 528. Bond: Release of immigrants on — United States law regarding, ii, 738, 740, 751, 756, 757, 771, 815; in Australia, ii, 634; in New Zealand, ii, 637. Chinese in United States, ii, 358, 367, 800, 808, 815. Required of bankers in certain States, ii, 435, 436. Required of ship masters by early legislation, ii, 567. Bonus paid to agents sending immigrants to Canada, ii, 607, 608. Bookbinders, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. Booking agents, Canadian: In United States, list of, ii, 608, 609; bonus paid to, ii, 607.608. Bookkeepers and accountants: Male breadwinners report-ed as, i, 821-829; female breadwinners, i, 830-838. Boot and shoe makers and repairers, male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Index. 846 Boot and shoe manufacturing: Summary of data secured , i, 306, 307; households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-333; earnings, i^ 384--386, 388-395; racial displace- ments, i, 517-519; Chinese in San Francisco, i, 655, 659; male breadwinnen en- gaeed in, 1 821-829. Bootblacks, Greek padrone system among, ii, 393-405. Bosco, Italian statistician, on crime in Italy, i, 251. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Mohanmiedans in, i, 282; Serbo-Croatians in, i, 230. Bosnian: Definition,, i, 221; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 214^ 215, 625; proportion of males, i, 98; population in Europe, i, 214; employees studied, i, 320- 333^ 336-347, 627-636; age classification of charity patients, li, 287; residence in Umted States of charity patients, ii, 263, 281; occupation abroad, i, 100-102; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637; wages and earmngs, i, 366-403; in charity hos- pitals, ii, 258-261; in schools, ii, 10-16; literacy, i, 99, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484- 489; in labor unions, i, 417. Boston, Mass.: Study of immigrants in, i, 723-772; households and persons studied, 1, 732-734. 736; size of apartments, i, 741, 742; persons per room, i, 729, 743, 745, 746; boarders and lodgers, i, 748, 749; home ownership, i, 756* rent paid, i, 757, 758; gainful occupation in the home, i, 751; public school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63} parocnial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75; immigrants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115; alien seamen in port of, ii, 359, 362; stowaways^ ii, 364; immigrant banks, ii, 413; chief labor market for Maine forests, ii, 447; foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Boston College, Boston, Mass., ii, 7. Boston University, Boston, Mass., ii, 7. Bottles. See Glass manufacturing. Bouzos Brothers, promoters of Greek shoe-shining parlors, ii, 398. Box makers, pap^, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. BracheUi, opinion of, as to number of Celts in Europe, i, 249. Brava: Definition, i, 260; number of households ana persons studied, i, 316-320; age at time of commg, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 357-363; residence m United States, effect on English-speaking and hteracy, i, 445, 446, 477-481; occupation, i, 363-366; wages and earnings, i, 405- 411; funily income, i, 412-417; literacy, i, 444-447; EngliSi-speaking, i, 474-484; citizenship, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 417; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, 1, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; not permanent, i, 600. Brazil: Immigration situation in, ii, 645-647; area, ii, 645; population, ii, 645; Ger- mans in, i, 243; Italians in, i^ 252; negroes and mulattoes in, i, 257; immigration from, to Canada, ii, 611; immigration to, 1820-1907, ii, 645, 646; solicited in Europe, i, 192; Portuguese immigrants to, i, 260; immigration law, ii, 646, 647. Breadwinners: Occupations of males, i, 778-803, 821-829; of females, i, 803-820, 830- 838; of foreign parentage, i, 778, 803. {See also Wage-earners.) Breitenfeld, S., on treatment of infants, ii, 546, 547. Bremen, Germany: Inspection of emigrants, i, 197; rejections at, i, 199; number ol immigrants from, and number debarred for medical causes, i, 202. Breton: Celtic tongue spoken in France, i, 225, 240, 283; number of Bretons in France, i, 240. Bridgeport, Conn.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Brinton, classification of races, i, 211, 212, 223, 224, 239, 256, 258. British: Definition, i, 235; emigration, 1883-1903, i, 236; steerage law of 1848, re- ferred to, i, 193; children in schools in Hawaii, i, 714; immigrants to Australia, ii, 632, 633; to New Zealand, ii, 637. (See also separate races.) British Board of Trade, regulations regarding carriage of steerage passengers, ii, 598, 600. British Columbia: Attempts to exclude orientals, ii, 628, 629; immi^tion of East Indians to, i, 676; East Indians from, entering United States, i, 676; Japanese from, i, 660. British Isles, number of Gypsies in, i, 245. (See also separate countries.) British North America: Number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-^; French immigrants from, i, 240; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; immigrants destined to, from British ports, 1846 and 1847, ii, 591, 592. {Seealso separate countries.) Briton, definition of term, i, 235. Brooklyn, N. Y., immigrants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115. Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, Brooklyn, N. Y., ii, 7. Brooklyn Law Collie, Brooklyn, N. i., ii, 7. Brown University, Providence, R. I., ii, 7. Browne, Geo. Waldo, author, referred to, ii, 592. Bxyan, Tex., Italian agricultural colony i» 567, 568, 572. 846 The Immigration Commission. Bryce, P. H., chief medical officer Canadian immigration department, quoted, ii, 626. Buffalo, N. Y.: Study of immigrants in, i, 723-772; households and persons studied, i, 732*734, 736; size of apartments, i, 741, 742; persons per room, i, 729, 743, 745, 746; boarders and lodgers, i, 748, 749; home ownership, i, 756: rent paid, i, 757, 758; gainful occupation in the home, i, 751; public-school pupils, ii, 10, 11, 17-23, 33-35, 74; teachers, ii, 49-63; immigrants as charity seekers, li^ 93-115; immigrant banks, ii, 413, 415; foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Building tiudes, male bre^winners, engaged in, i, 788-790, 821-829. Bukowinian: Immigrants to Canada, ii, 611; deportations from Canada, ii, 626. Bul^ria: Races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; number of Turks in, i, 282; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; immigrant remittances to, ii, 429. Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro: Number of inmiigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167. Bulgarian: Definition, i, 221-223; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 214, 215, 625; proportion of males, i, 98; population in Europe, i. 214, 223; number in Rou- mania, i, 263; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506, 507, 627-636: age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100-102, 357-363: length of residence^ i, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speedang, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 263-266; occupation, i, 363-366; w^gesand earn- ings, i, 366-403; padrone system, ii^ 392, 393; exploitation, ii, 406; immigrant banks, ii, 413; charity seekers, ii, 95-109, in charity hospitals, ii, 25&-262; 270-272; insanity and mental defects^ ii, 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 64-66, 76-80; literacyj i, 99, 438-447; English-speaking, i, 474-484; citizenpnip, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 417; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; visits abroad, i, 461-463; in Canada, li, 611, 625. Bulgarian, Servian, and Montenegrin: Number of immigrants admitted, i, 171; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; occupation abroad, i, 172, 173; length of residence, i, 116; occupation, i, 117, 118; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237; prostitution, ii, 332; literacy, i, 175; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182. Burlingame treaty with China, ii, 578--580. Burnett, John L., member of Immigration Commission, i»ll» 165. Business, independent, entered by immigrants: In the West, i, 650, 664: Chinese, i, 659, 660, 718; East Indians, i, 678; Japanese, i, 664, 673-675, 717, 718; in Hawaii, i, 717, 718. Business in connection with immimnt banking, ii, 415, 416. Butte, Mont.: Foreign-bom in mi3e population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 153. C. California: Population and number of foreign-bom, i, 127, 129, 149, 151 j 155, 623; citizenship, i, 150. 152; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; Chinese, i, 655, 656, 662; ii, 578, 579; Chinese question studied hy Congressional committee, 1876-7, ii, 579; East Indians, i, 678; Japanese, i, 662; ii, 415; Portuguese, i, 652; r^^lation of banking^ ii, 435; households studied in agricultural investigation, i, 639; gainful occupations, 1870, i, 656. Gcunbridge, Mass.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Canada: Immigration situation in, abstract of report on, ii, 607-629; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; border ports of entry, ii, 761; immigration policy of, ii, 607-610; immigration law, ii, 619; agreement with United States, ii. 762-764: immigration to, i, 243, 250, 271, 661; ii, 591, 611-617, 623. 624; oriental immigration, i 661; ii, 627-629: rejections, ii, 623, 624; deportations, ii, 625, 626; English in, i, 235; Germans, i, 243; Irish, i, 249, 250; Japanese, i, 661; immigration from United States, ii, 612- 614, 616-618; return movement to United States, ii, 618; Scandinavians from United States, i, 271; assisted immigration to, i, 168; ii, 615, 616; juvenile immigrants^ ii, 615; money requirement, i, 102; insane in, ii, 248, 249; native-bom in population, ii, 618; efforts to repatriate Canadians in United States, ii. 617; arriving immigranta destined to Unitea States, ii, 619, 762-764; excludea classes coming by way of, 1888, ii, 570; transits from, ii, 775; Japanese from, i, 661; aliens depsSting by way of, i, 114, 117; crime among Canadians in United States^ ii. 194-197, 205-211; in- sanity and feeble-mind edness among Canadians in United States, ii, 239-242. (See also British Columbia and British North America.) Index. 847 Ganada, English: Natives of, in United States, i. 134, 136, 137; in cities of United States, i, 145; males of voting age, i, 155, 156; children of immigrsints horn, employed, ij 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; hteracy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. Canada, French: Natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; in cities of United States, i, 145; males of voting age, i, 155, 156; children of immigrsints from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-^6; age classijgcation, i, 46&^67; earnings, i, 366-403; hteracy, i, 438-447; conju^ condition, i, 447-460. Canadian: Number of immi^punts admitted, ii, 619; population in Canada, ii, 618; number in United States, li, 618; insane in hospitals, ii, 244, 249; crime, ii, 181, 182, 198-204, 211-220. Canadian, English: Number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 822, 831: occupation, i, 822, 831; in agricultural pursuits, i, 799, 800, 822, 831; in boot and snoe manufactiuing, i, 822; in building trades, i, 789, 790, 822; in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 792, 814, 815, 822, 831; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing, i, 831; in cotton mills, i, 822, 831; in domestic and personal service, i, 804-806, 822, 831; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 785, 822; laborers, i, 780, 781, 822; in laundries, i, 831; in manufacturing and mechanical piu^uits, i, 822, 831; miners and quarrymen, i, 782, 783, 822; in needle trades, i, 808, 809, 831; in paper and pulp mills, i, 831; peddlers, i, 822, 831; in S professional service, i, 797, 798, 822, 831; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 794, 816, 817, 22, 831; in silk mills, i, 831; steam railroad employees, i, 822; teachers, i, 819, 820, 831; in textile mills, i, 786, 787, 811, 812, 822, 831; in tobacco and cigar making, i, 822, 831; in trade and transportation, i, 822, 831; in woolen mills, i, &1. Canadian, French: Definition, i, 239, 240; number of immigrants admitted, i, 240; to New England cotton mills, i, 511, 512; immigrants from Honolulu, i, 712; popula- tion in Camuia, i, 240; number in United States, i, 239, 240; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467 ; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English- speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481484; occupation in Canada, i, 357-363; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 822, 831; occupation, i, 363-366, 822, 831; in agricultural pursuits, i, 799, 800, 822, 831; in boot and shoe manufacturing, i, 822; in building trades, i, 789, 790, 822; in clerical pursuits, i, 791^ 792, 814, 815, 822, 831; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufactiuring, i, 831 ; in cotton, mills, i, 822, 831; in domestic and personal service, i, 804-806, 822, 831; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 785, 822; laborers, i, 780, 781, 822; in laundries, i, 831; in manufacturing and mechani- cal pursuits, i, 822, 831; miners and auarrymen, i, 782, 783, 822; in needle trades, i. 