None
Aldehyde, glycerin, 1001 methyl, 977 paraformic, 977 Aldehydes, behavior and preparation of, 977 Alimentary canal, bacteria of the, 248 digestive processes in the, object of, 213 movements of the, 307— —defecation, 324 —deglutition, 310 —mastication, 310 —movements, intestinal, 320 —movements of the stomach, 315 —vomiting, 325 osmosis of the, 252 Alkalies, action of, in promoting pancreatic se- cretion, 177 Allantoin, 998 Allochiria, 844 Altitude, influence of, on the number of red corpuscles in blood, 344 Alveoli and the blood, interchange of C and CO2 between, 522-527 of resting mammary gland, epithelial cells of, 202 of the lungs, number and size of, 504 of the pancreas, 172 of the sebaceous glands, 197 secretory, of mammary gland, incompletely formed before pregnancy, 201, 204 Amines, the, 984 of the olefines, 986 Ammonia, 955 Ammonium, 967 carbonate, 218, 967 cyanate, 985 Amnion, the, 911 Ameeba, 33, 34 Amphibia, removal of cerebral hemispheres of, effect of, 706-709 Ampho-peptones, 231, 241 Amygdalin, 985 Amylodextrin, 223, 1007 Amylopsin, 243, 1008 end-products of, 243 specific reaction of, 243 Anabolism defined, 19 Analysis, chemical, defined, 962 Anatomy of the ear, 807-824 physiological, of the central nervous system, 644 .| Anelectrotonus, 69 Animal “starch,” 266 Animals, cold-blooded, body-temperature of, 575 class of, 575 retention of vitality of, after death, 39 heat-production in various, 590 human physiology founded upon experimen- tation on lower, 30 nerve-cells in different, size of, 609 neurons in different, size of, 609 reflex action of central nervous system of, 704 removal of cerebral hemispheres of, result of, compared, 705-710 reproduction in, periods of desire and power - of, 898 sense of smell in lower, 851 warm-blooded, body-temperature of, 575 class of, 575 Anode, electrical, 44 physical and physiological, defined, 62 ~ Antalbumid, 231, n. Antipeptone, 231, 241 Anti-peristalsis, 317, 320 Antrum pylori, 315 Apex-beat of the heart, 409 Aphasia, 697 Apnoea, 548, 549 INDEX. Apparatus, electric, 43-45 Area, visual, cortical subdivisions of, 712. Areas, cortical. See Brain. Arteries and heart, general changes in, 404 blood-speed in the, 393 coronary, closure of the, changes i in the heart- beat from, 473 exciting cause of ventricular arrest from, frequency and results of ventricular ar- rest from, 473 ‘in the dog, 471 terminal nature of, 472 great, changes in the, in the open chest, 407 Articulation, defined, 874 Articulations, the, 855 of the auditory ossicles, 812 Asparagin, 1000 Asphyxia defined, 548 stages of, 552, 553 Assimilation. See Nutrition. Astigmatism, 763-765 Atavism, 933 Atropin, action of, upon the salivary glands and their secretions, 170 Auditory meatus, external, 807 ossicles, 810 sensation, theory of, 824 Auricle a feeble force-pump, 427 are the venous openings into the, closed during its systole? 430 changes in the, from vagus excitation, 455 connections of the, 426 function of the, 428 is the, emptied by its systole? 430 - pressure of the systole of the, 427 within the, negative, 429 Auricles, beating, changes in size of, 404, 405 changes in the, in the open chest, 407 color of the, 407 functions of the, 426. See also Heart. Auricular cycle, relations of time of the, 413 Auscultation, inventor of, 410 Automatism, muscle, defined, 35 Axilla, temperature of the, mean, 577 Axis-cylinder of nerve, 36, 151 BACTERIA, intestinal, 248-250 pathogenic, destruction of, by the leucocytes of the blood, 346 Basilar membrane, cochlear, 821, 824 fibres of the, number of, 824 Basophiles, 345 Baths, influence of hot and cold, on body-tem- perature, 579 Beats in notes or tones, production of, 830 Benzol, 1010 Benzopyrol, 1013 Bidder’s ganglion, 440 Bile, 261 absorption spectrum of, 262 analysis of, chemical, 261 antiseptic properties of, 266 circulation of the, 263 color of, 185, 186, 262 constituents of, 186, 261-265 —hile-acids, 263 —bile-pigments, 262 —cholesterin, 264 —fats, 265 —lecithin, 265 —nucleo-albumin, 265 ejection hee from the ’vall-bladder, process of, 188 normal mechanism of, 189 formation of, action of ‘secretory nerve-fibres upon the, 188 65 1025 Bile, formation of, during the digestive process, not controlled by the nervous system, 185 function of, 154 importance of, physiological, 265 influence of, in the emulsification of fats, 246 in the blood, action of the presence of, 187 method of obtaining, 261 quantity of, secreted, 186, 261 reaction and specific ‘gravity of, 262 Bile-acids, 263, 264 Bile-capillaries, relations of the, to the liver- cells, 185 Bile-duct, complete occlusion of the, effect of, 189 Bile-ducts, lining epithelium of, relationship be- tween the liver-cells and the, 185 Bile- “pigments, 262, 1015 Gmnelin’s test for, 262, 1015 reabsorption of, 265 relationship of hemoglobin to, 343 Bile-salts, 154 Tees oe conditions influencing the amount of, 187 digestive function of, 265 normal mechanism of, 189 quantity of, 186 relation of, to the blood-flow in the liver, 187 Bile-vessels, motor nérves of the, 188 Bilirubin, 262, 1015 Biliverdin, 262, 1015 Birth. See Parturition. body-growth before and after, 924, 925 length and weight of fetal body at, 925 Birth-rate, relative, of the two sexes, 922, 923 Births, multiple, 920, 921 periods of largest number of, 899, 2. Bladder, changes in size of the, from reflex stimulation, 329 contraction of the, influence of the force of, upon the urinary stream, 328 contractions of the, physiological mechanism of, 329 mechanism of the, nervous, 330 of urinary injection into the, 327 movements of the, 328 nerve-fibres of the, sensory and motor, 330 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 500 “Blind spot,’’ retinal, 774 Blood, absorption-coefficient of, for O, 523 alkalinity of, degree of and test for, 332 ammonia carbamate of the, 276 appearance of, in asphyxiation, 553 arterial, gases of, alterations in the, 519 per cent. of, of various animals, 519 proportions of O and CO: in, 519 pulmonary, color of, 519 speed and pressure of, compared, 393 bile in the, presence of, action of the, 187 capillary, speed and pressure of, compared, 393 COz in the, influence of the quantity of, 551 composition of, chemical, 347 gaseous, effects of, on the respiratory 1 move- ments, 548 importance of, upon the respirations, 566 defibrinated, 331, 332 defibrination of, 352, 353 functions of the, 73, 331 gases in the, alterations in the, 519 extraction of, 528 hemoglobin in, amount of, 336 in the body, distribution of, 360, 361 quantity of, 360 in the central system, 734-736 “laky,’”’ 333 menstrual, amount of, discharged, 896 1026 Blood, menstrual, character of the, 896 movement of the, in capillaries, minute arte- ries and veins, 371-377 of pregnancy, 916 of various animals, nutritive value of, 482 of the mammalian heart, 482 peptones and proteoses in, 256 properties of the, general, 331-347 reaction of, 332 regeneration of, after hemorrhage, 361 solutions of, isotonic, 334 specific gravity of, 332 spectra of, absorption, 338 structure of, histological, 331 sugar of the, form of, 257 temperature of the, 577 ; time spent by the, in a systemic capillary, 395 transfusion of, 362 urea present in the, amount of, 275 venous, proportions of O and COy in, 519, 520 speed and pressure of, compared, 393, 394 Blood and the alveoli, interchange of C and COz between the, 522-527 and the tissues, interchange of O and COz be- tween the, 527 Blood-circulation. See Circulation. Blood-clotting. See Coagulation. Blood-corpuscles. See Corpuscles. Blood-flow, capillary, 372 causes of the, 369 course of the, 368 in the small vessels, direct observation of, 372 summary of, 377 through the kidneys, 195 the lungs, 395 venous, subsidiary forces assisting the, 387 Blood-leucocytes. See Leucocytes. Blood-passages in the frog’s heart, 471 Blood-path, circle of the, 368 pulmonary, 370 Blood-plasma. See Plasma. Blood-plates, 347 Blood-pressure, aortic, 377-383 arterial, capillary, and venous, 377-383 causes of, 383-389 causation of, 383, 385 arterial and venous, manometric and graphic, method of studying, 377-380 manometric trace of, 381, 382 capillary, 376, 438 why pulseless ? 387 cardiac, effect of stimulation of cardiac nerve-fibres on the, 463-467 changes in, from stimulation of the brain, due to reflex action, 494 effects of respiratory movements on, 555 intracranial, 735, 736 symptoms of bleeding in relation to, 383 the mean arterial, capillary, and venous, 382 venous, causation of, 386 Blood-pressures within the ventricles, 416 Blood-proteids of lymph, 363 Blood-serum, 331-334 action of, bactericidal, 334 globulicidal, 334 Blood-speed and pressure compared, 393 in arteries, capillaries, and veins, 390-395 in large vessels, measurement of, 390, 392 in the arteries, 393 in the capillaries, 393 in the minute vessels, 375 in the veins, 393 varies inversely as the collective sectional area of its path, 394 Blood-stream, evidence of the more rapid move- ment of the central part of, 373 INDEX. Blood-stream, pulmonary, 395, 396 Blood-supply and heart-beat, relation of, in the coronary circulation, 477 effect of the, on nerve and muscle, 73 - importance of the, upon the respirations, 566 influence of the, on body-temperature, 579 of the brain, 723, 734-736 Blood-vessels, chorionic, 912 clotting within the, production of, 358 condition of the, due to asphyxiation, 553 contractility of the, early experimental demonstrations of, 48 innervation of the, 482-501 large, speed of the blood in, 390-392 minute, speed of the blood in, 375 placental, 912 retinal, 767 small, flow in the, direct observation of, 372 why blood does not clot within the, 359. See Arteries, Capillaries, Veins. Body, chemistry of the, 943-1021 equilibrium, dynamic, 833, 843, 845-849 static, 849 locomotion of the, 860 ‘‘Body of Aranzi,” 404 Body-activity, influence of, on heat-production, 592 Body-fat, origin of, theories of, 290, 291 Body-heat. See Heat, also Temperature. chemic production of, 302 specific, 948 Body-growth before and after birth, 924, 925 diminution of, progressive, 926, 928 influence of race upon, 926 rapidity of, relative, in both sexes, 926 Body-metabolism, 282-302 Body-surface in relation to heat-dissipation, 594, 595 Body-temperature. See Temperature. Body-weight in death, 930 influence of, on heat-production, 590 loss of, from starvation, 301 relations between weight of central nervous system and the, 719 Bone a mineral, 969 Bones, action of muscles upon the, method of, 857 d : in human skeleton, number of, 855 muscles of, contraction and reaction of, 107 of the skull, conduction of sound-sensation through the, 815 union of. See Articulations. “Border cells,’ 178 Brain, atrophy of the, in old age, 720, 726 blood-supply of the, 734 frontal lobes of, effect of removal of, 703 growth of the, 724 hemispheres of the, effect of injury to the two, 699, 700 nervous pathways within the, 696-702 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 494 relations of the, to vaso-motor centres, 493 removal of the, in animals, result of, 705-715 sensory and motor regions of the, 684-687 specific gravity of the, 716 ““speech-centre”’ of the, 698, '702 s water in the, percentage of, 716 weighing the, method of, 718, 719 white matter of, composition of, 150. Encephalon. Brain-weight among the insane, 722 at birth, 726 : comparative, 718, 719 of eminent men, Manouvrier’s table, 721 decrease in, in old age, 742, 928 differences in, conditions determining, 718 increase in, with age, 724 See also - a ti INDEX. $027 Brain-weight, influence of social environment on, 721 \ interpretation of, 720 of criminals, 722 of different races, 722 variations in, according to age, sex and stat- ure, 718, 719, 720 “leper and weight of the pia and fluid, 71 of the spinal cord, 715-724 Breathing. See Respiration. Cells of pancreas, histological changes in, during | Chorion, the, 911, 912 activity, 174 characters of, 172 of parotid, appearance of, after stimulation, 16 in a fresh state, 168 in a resting condition, 167 of tubules of kidney, secretory functions of, definite, 192, 193 of the cortex. See Cortex. of the gastric glands, histological changes in, during secretion, 182 histological characteristics of, 178 of the intestinal glands, 184 olfactory, 850 “oxyntic,” 178 Chromatin, 22, 28, 889, 892 Chromo-proteids, 1018 Chromosomes, 22, 28, 884, 889 number of, in fertilized ovum, 908 Chronograph, the, 100 Chyme, 237, 318 “Circulating proteid,”’ 285 Circulation (blood), cerebral, 495 circuit of, time required to complete the, 371 coronary, blood-supply and heart- beat, 477 volume of, 476 course of the, 368 defined, 368 discovery of the, 362, 368 effects of obstruction of the air-passages on “ parietal,” 178, 179 the, 559° secretory, appearances of, histological, 157 of the respiration of rarefied and compressed. lumen of the, 161 air on, 559 of sweat-glands, 198 spindle-shaped, of plain muscle-tissue, 307 sustentacular, auditory, 818 “wandering,” 346 of the respiratory movements on the, 555 influence of, on heat-dissipation, 595 on heat-production, 590 influences of intrathoracic and intrapulmon- Cellulose, 1007 ary pressure upon the, 517 Centre of gravity of the human body, 859 in the central nervous system, conditions con- Centres, nerve-, cardiac, 467-470 trolling the, 734, 735 of the cortex. See Cortex. mechanics of the, 371 thermogenic, 598, 600, 601 placental, 912, 913 thermo-inhibitory, 599, 601 proofs that the heart unaided can maintain vaso-motor, 489-493 the, 390 Centrosome, 20, 22, 908 rapidity of the, 371 Cephalization defined, 703 retinal, 768 Cerebellum, changes in the, in old age, 743 Climacteric, the, 898, 927 removal of, effect of, 714 changes of, pathological, physical, and psychi- Cerebral cortex. See Cortex. cal, 927 hemispheres, bilateral symmetry of the, 723 | Climate, effect of, on sexual maturity, 927 blood-supply to the, 723 influence of, on body-temperature, 578 functions in the, localization of, 704, '705 on heat-dissipation, 593 of the two, relative, 699 on heat-production, 591 nervous pathways within the, 696 Clothing, influence of, on heat-dissipation, 593 removal of the, 705-715 Clotting. See Coagulation. Cerebrin, 1001 COz, effect of respiration of, 547, 548 Cerumen, 198 elimination of, during muscular work, 299 Charcot’s crystals, 884, 885 during sleep, 300 Chemical tonus, 133, 134 from variations in temperature, 300, 301 Chemicals and drugs. See Drugs. excretion of, from the skin, 282 Chemistry of digestion and nutrition, 213-304 exhaled through the skin, quantity of, 530 of muscle and nerve, 144-151 tension of, 524 of the body, 943-1021 CO2-dyspneea, cause of, 550, 551 Chemotaxis or chemotropism, 904 Coagulation, blood, 352 Chest, opened, effects on the heart and vessels conditions necessary for, Schmidt’s classi- of the, 407 fication, 355 observation of heart and vessels in the, 405 intravascular, 358, 359 unopened, probable changes in the heart’s means of hastening or retarding, 359 position and form in the, 408. See —by action of albuminose solutions, 360 ; Thorax. —by action of neutral salts, 360 Chief-cells, changes during secretion in, 182, —by action of oxalate solutions, 360 183 —by cooling, 359 of the gastric glands of the stomach, function —by use of leech extracts, 360 _ .. of, 178, 179 mechanism of, 352 Chinolin, 1012 . necessity of calcium salts to, 296 Chloral hydrate, 980 physiological value of, 353 Chloride, calcium, 967 process of normal, 356 sodium, 965 relation of calcium salts to, 355 potassium, 963 theories of, 353 Chlorides of the urine, quantity of, 280 —Hammarsten’s theory, 354 Chlorine, 951 —Lilienfeld’s theory, 356 in the body, 952 —Pekelharing’s theory, 355 Chlorocruorin, 1018 —relation of salts to, 355 Chloroform, 977 —Schmidt’s older theory, 354 Chocolate, physiological effect of, 297 —Schmidt’s recent theory, 354 Cholesterilin, 1016 ' time of clotting, 353 , Cholesterin, 264, 1016 lymph, 363 : elimination of, 264, 265 milk, rennin process of, 234 formation and distribution of, 264 muscle, in rigor, 146, 147 Cholin, 986 Coats, muscular, of the bladder, 328 Chondro-mucoid, 1019 of the stomach, 315 INDEX. Coats of the ureters, 327 Cochlea, anatomy of the, general, 819 membranous, 817, 819, 821 osseous structure of, 816 Coffee, physiological effect of, 297 Cold and warm points, cutaneous, 841 application of, to the body, reactions produced , 603 effect of, on muscle-protoplasm, 147 on muscular contraction, 127 on the development of rigor, 145 Collagen, 288, 1020 Colloid, 1019 of the thyroids, formation of, 207 Color contrast, retinal, 792 sensation, 778, 779 theory of, Hering’s, 782 Mrs. Franklin’ 8, 783 Young-Helmholtz, 781, 782 vision, cerebral centre for, 785 Color-blindness, 784 practical importance of determining, 785 test for, Holmgren method, 785 Color-mixture, spectral, 779 Color-reactions of proteids, 1016 Color-sensations, 778, 779 Color-theories, 781 Colorimetry, 584 Colors, binocular, combination of, 803 “complementary,” defined, 780 luminosity of different, 786 mixture of, physiological, 780, 781 Colostrum, 204 corpuscles, origin of, 203 “Combustion equivalent,’ 303 Commutator, mercury, Pohl, 51 Conceptions, multiple, 920 periods of the largest number of, 899, n. Crystals, Charcot’s, 884, 885 hemoglobin, 337, 338 Curare experiment on the independent irrita- bility of muscle, 41 Cyanamide, 985 Cyanate, ammonium, 985 Cyanide, methyl, 985 potassium, 985 Cystein, 990 Cystin, 990 Cytology, 30 Cytoplasm, 20, 81 ~ differentiation of, from protoplasm of the cell- nucleus, 99 d-FRUCTOSE, 1005 d-galactose, 1006 d-glucose, 1005 ‘* Dangerous region,”’ 389 Daniell cell, the, 43 Deafness, cause of, 696 Death from extirpation of the thyroids, 208 symptoms preceding, 208 from removal of suprarenal capsules, 40 of living protoplasm, molecular alteration, 23 of the tissues, 929 rise of body-temperature after, causation, 604 somatic, 929, 930 Death-processes, effect of, on conduction, 92 Decidue, the, 909-912 Decomposition, bacterial, intestinal, 248 Decussation of nerve- fibres, 647, 680, 681, 768 Defecation, 324 involuntary factor in, 324 mechanism of, 324, 325 voluntary factor in, 324, 325 Degeneration, nerve-, Wallerian, 633 of nerve-fibres, of the central system, 634 secondary, 687 of non-medullated nerve-fibres, 633 of nucleated portion of nerve-fibres, 635 Deglutition, 310 Kronecker-Meltzer theory of, 313 nervous control of, 314 cesophageal, number and time elapsing be- tween, 313, 314 sound, 312, 313 stages of, 310, 311 Demilunes (cells), 160 Dendrons, neuric, 607 Depth-perception, 801 Deutero-proteoses, 230 Deutoplasm, 888, 889 Dextrose, 218, 1005 Diabetes mellitus, 206, 207, 293 sugar in the urine in, 268 Dialysis defined, 251 cv Diaphragm, movements of the, respiratory, 506 structure of the, 506, 507 Diastase, 218 Diastole, auricular, 370, 396 ventricular, 370, 396, 405 Diet, accessory articles of, 296, 298 composition of healthy, 305 effect of, on respiratory quotient, 545 influence of, on body-temperature, 578 on heat-production, 591 Dietetics, object of, 304 Diets, effect of various, on gastric secretion, 181 Digestion, action of steapsin in, physiological value of, 245 of unorganized and organized ferments on, 249 albuminoid, 288 bile in, physiological importance of, 265, 266 carbohydrate, 292 di-saccharides of, 247 INDEX. Digestion, effect of condiments and flavors upon, 298 of stimulants upon, 297 formation of bile during, 189 gastric, 225-237 proteoses of, 1018 influence of, on body-temperature, 578 on heat-production, 591 on the volume of gases respired, 539 intestinal, 238-248 action of the intestinal juice upon, 247 secretions acting in, 238 normal, flow of gastric secretion during, cause of, 181 physiological value of saliva on, 224 object of the processes of, in the alimentary canal, 213 of fats, 235, 289 pepsin-hydrochloric acid, 229, 240 product of, 255 peptic, 240 action of bile on, 266 end-products of, 229, 230 in the stomach, 228 steps in, 230 study of artificial, 229 physiology of, 217 products of, routes of absorption of the, 250 proteid, 285 end-products of, 255, 350, 1021 proteolytic, Kihne’s theory of, 231, n. Neumeister’s schema, 243, n. salivary, 220, 224 stomach, movements of the, during, 316 of carbohydrates, 235 of fats, 235 processes of, schema of, 242 products of, 240, 255 the, not essential in, 237 tryptic, 240 Digestion and nutrition, chemistry of, 213-304 Dioptric system, 746-748 Dioxide, carbon, 961 silicon, 963 Dioxyacetone, 1001 Disaccharides, the, 247, 1006 Discord, 831 Diseases, infectious, transmission of, 935, 936 Distance-perception, retinal, 799 Dress, adaptation of, to climate, factors in, 593 Drowning, death from, causation, 553 Drugs, action of, upon the salivary glands and their secretions, 170 application of, to the eye, effects of, 771 upon the mechanism of eye-accommoda- tion, 757 effect of, upon body-temperature, 580 upon heat-dissipation, 596 upon heat-production, 592 upon intestinal movements, 323 upon the sweat-glands, 200 Drugs and chemicals, effect of, on conduction, 94 upon muscular contraction, 128 upon the irritability of nerve and muscle, Drum-skin (ear), 809 Du Bois-Reymond law of electric nerve irrita- tion, 47 Duct of Bartholin, 158 of Wirsung, 172 of the gastric gland, 179 Ducts, gland-. See Gland-ducts. lymphatic, 362, 437 of Rivinus, 158 of the testis, 886 1031 Ducts of the mamme, 201 pancreatic, 172 See Secretion. See also Brain. End-bulbs of sensory nerve-fibres, 835 End-organs, nerve, importance of, in cutaneous sensation, 839 transmission of excitation by, to muscles and nerves, 85, 86 Endosmosis, 251 ‘“‘Endosmotic equivalent,’ 251 End-plates, motor, 41 Enemata, absorption of, 255 Energy, body-, influence of inorganic salts on, 294 muscular, electrical, amount developed, 135 liberation of, 129 —mechanical, 130 —thermal, 132 source of, 215, 298, 299, 302 nerve, specific, 842 potential, liberation of, 302-304 direct and indirect conversion of, into heat, 582 Enzyme, 176, 944 fat-splitting, pancreatic, 244 glycolytic, 293 zymogen and, of pancreatic secretion, 176 Enzymes, 217 action of the, incompleteness of, 219 theories of the manner of, 219 classification of, 218 —amylolytic, 218 —coagulating, 218 —fat-splitting, 218 —glucoside-splitting, 218 —inverting, 218 —proteolytic, 218 —urea-splitting, 218 INDEX. Enzymes, “‘ diastatic,’’ 218 of gastric juice, 226 of intestinal secretion, 247, 248 of the secretion of the gastric mucous mem- brane, 179 ' pancreatic, 239 reaction of, 218 —effect of temperature, 219 —incompleteness of action, 219 —relation of the amount of enzyme to — the effect it produces, 219 —-solubility, 219 > Eosinophiles, 345 Epiglottis, the, 861, 862 movements of the, in swallowing, 311 Equilibrium, body-, maintenance of, 859, 960. See Body-equilibrium. Erythrodextrin, 223, 1007 Ether, ethyl, 980 Ether molecules, rate of vibrations of, 777 waves, retinal changes produced by, 777 synonymous terms used, 777, 778 Ethers, mixed, preparation of, 980 .Ethyl] alcohol, 978 compounds, 978 ether, 980 hydroxide, 978 Ethylamine, 985 Eudiometer, the, 529 Eupneea defined, 548 Eustachian tube, structure and function, 814 Excitation, cardiac, electrical variation in, 454, propagation of the, 454 in muscle, rate of transmission and direction of, 66 of contraction-wave, 88 of muscle and nerve, conditions which deter- mine the effect of, 42 muscular. See Muscle. nerve, rate of, 122 respiratory, due to products of muscular activity given to the blood, 552 vagus, inhibitory power of, on the heart, 453- 457 Excitation-wave, cardiac, 443-446 Excitations, muscular, effect of double, 118, 119 voluntary, more effective than electrical, 126 Excretion, formula of, 260 Excretion of CO2 by the skin, amount, 282 Excretions defined, 154 of the skin, 281 Exercise, effect of, 80, 81 muscular, effect of preliminary movements on, 112 heat-production from, amount of energy of, 132, 133 promoting endurance and strength of mus- cles, 80 Exosmosis, 251 Expiration, mechanism of, 506 muscular movements of, 514, 515 Extracts, adrenal, physiological action of the, 210 testicular, physiological action of, 211 thyroid, therapeutic value of, 208, 209, 901 Eye aberration, 760, 761 accommodation, 752 ‘‘astigmatic,”’ 755 axial, 757, '758 changes produced by the act of, 755, '757 theories of the mechanism of, 755, 756 diminished power of, with age, 760 for distant objects, 752-758 for near objects, 752-758 focal, 752-757 INDEX. Eye, accommodation, mechanism of, 758 influence of drugs upon the, 757 pupillary, 757, 758 range of, in myopic and hypermetropic eyes, 760 normal, 758 to various amounts of light, 771, 772 astigmatic, 763, 765 blood-vessels of, methods of observing, 767 centre of rotation of the, 744 constants, methods of determining, 749 curvature of refracting surfaces of the, meth- ods of determining, 750 defined, 744 dioptric apparatus of the, 746-748, 760 ‘‘far-point”’ of the, 758, 760 hypermetropic, 759, 760 images of the, intraocular, 765 iris of the, 768. See Jris. movements of the, mechanical, 744 musce volitantes of the, 766 muscles of the, 745, 746 myopic, 759 “near-point,’”’ 758, 760 nodal point of the, position of, 751 perception of time intervals by the, 832 positions of the, axial, 745 presbyopic, 760 “reduced,” 750 refracting media of the, 748 retina of the. See Retina, also Vision. FACE, respiratory movements of the, 516 Fallopian tube, the, 894 entrance of the spermatozoa into the, mode of, 903 reception of the ovum by the, mechanism of, 894 structure and function of, 894 Fat in the body, 1002 formation of, 290 subcutaneous, influence of, on heat-dissipation, 593 Fatigue, effect of, on muscular contraction, 111, loss of conductivity of muscle by, 95 muscular, 76 decline of functional activity from, 79 effect of nutriment on, 78 from functional activity, 77 recuperation from, time required for, 78 of nerves, 79, 80, 97 of voluntary muscular contractions, 126 of the ear to sound, 831 of the nervous system, 737 - of the retina, 790 Fatigue-products of the blood, 78 Fats of the body, 215 absorption of, 257 from the stomach, 253 action of gastric juice on, 235 of steapsin in the decomposition of, 244 combustion equivalent of, 303 emulsification of, 245 energy of, potential, determination of, 303 nutritive value of, 215, 289 Feces, color of, 359, 260 composition of, qualitative, 259, 260 —cholesterin, 260 —excretin, 260 —indigestible material, 259 —inorganic salts, 260 —micro-organisms, 260 —mucus, and epithelial cells, 260 —pigments, 260 —products of bacterial decomposition, 260 —undigested material, 259 1033 | Feces, composition of, quantitative, 259 odor of, derivation of the, 260 weight of, 259 Ferments, digestive, 217 Ferratin, 972 Ferrosulphide, 972 Fertilization (impregnation), process of, 904-906 Fetal membranes, 911 ; Fetus, position of, at end of pregnancy, 917 respiratory centre in the, condition of, 572 Fever, body-temperature in, 580 Fevers, influence of, on heat-dissipation, 597. on heat-production, 592 Fibres, muscle-, form and arrangement of, 32 secretory, effect of stimulation on the, 163, 164 proofs of definite, 163 stimulation of, effect of, on the nature of secretion, 163, 164 to the sweat-glands, 199 Fibrin defined, 352 ferment, 354, 355, 357 solubility of, 148 “ Fibrin-globulin,” 354 Fibrinogen, 351 amount of, in the blood, 352 coagulation-temperature of, 351 composition of, 351 occurrence and origin of, 351, 352 reactions of, 351 value of, physiological, 352 “ Fibroplastin,”’ 354 “Fictitions meal,’ experimental, 180 Fission, 878, 879 Fistule, pancreatic, methods of making, 238 Fluoride, calcium, 967 Fluorine, 953 circulation of, in the body, 954 Food, absorption of food-stuffs in articles of, ex- tent of, 306 calcium salts in the, importance of, 296 circuit taken by and the effect upon the, in the digestive process, 318 deglutition of, normal process of, 311, 312 digestion of. See Digestion. influence of, on heat-production, 591 passage of, along the intestines, time required, 254 potential energy of, 302 proteid, necessity of, to the body, 214, 286 value of inorganic salts as constituents of, 294 variations in character of human, 213 Food-consumption, effect of muscular work upon, 8 Foods, animal and vegetable, analyses of, 216 composition of, 213-219 energy-yielding, 302 “nitrogenous,” 214 Food-stuff, amount of energy in a, determina- tion of, 302 capacity of, for digestion and absorption, 305 heat given off by any one, amount. of, 303 Food-stuffs, absorption of, in articles of food, ex- tent of, 305, 306 albuminoid, nutritive value of, 288 average amount of, required by an adult male, 305 carbohydrates of, nutritive value of, 292 classification of, 213-217 —albuminoids, 215 —carbohydrates, 215 —-fats, 215 —proteids, 214 —water and salts, 213, 214 defined, 213 energy-yielding, constituents of, 582 fats of, nutritive value of, 289, 290 nutritive value of, 285-294 1034 Food-stuffs, nutritive value of, methods of de- termining, 282 plastic or respiratory, defined, 286 potential energy of, liberation of, 302 proteid, nutritive value of, 285 Formose, 977 Fovee centrales, 804 ‘‘ Fraunhofer lines,’’ 339 Fruit-sugar, 1005 Furfurol, 264 GALL-BLADDER, motor nerve-fibres of the, 188 Galvani, experiment of, on the irritating effect of the electric current, 43 Galvanometer, the, 136 Galvanotonus, 64, 123 Gamogenesis, 879 Ganglion-cells, intracardiac, 440 sympathetic, position of, Langley’s method of determining the, 501 Gas, cyanogen, 985 intestinal, composition of, 260 Gases in the lungs, blood, and tissues, 517 of saliva, amount of, 162 respiration of, various, effects of, 548 respired (O, CO2), conditions affecting the vol- ume of, 536 —age, sex, and constitution, 538 —atmospheric pressure, 542 —body-weight and body-surface, 537, 538 —composition of inspired air, —diurnal variations, 539 —food and digestion, 539 —muscular activity, 541 —nervous system, 542 —rate and depth of respiratory move- ments, 538 —species, 537 —sunlight, 539 —temperature, 540 Gastric juice, acid of, 226 action of, digestive, beginning of the, 225 on carbohydrates and fats, 235 on the albuminoids, 235 analysis of, 226 artificial, 229 chlorides of, reaction in decomposition of the, 228 color, reaction, and order of, 226 free acid of, 226, 227 free mineral acids of, color tests for, 227 non-digestion of the stomach by the, 236 non-putrefaction of, 226 normal, methods of obtaining, 225 origin of the HCl of, 227 properties and composition of, 226 specific gravity of, 226. See also Secretion. Gelatin a typical albuminoid, 215 nutritive value of, 288, 289 Gelatoses, 235 Generative organs. See Organs. Germ-cells of the female. See Ova. of the male. See Spermatozoa. -plasm, 936, 937 Gestation, duration of, 916 Gland, adrenal, 210 mammary, epithelial cells of resting, 202 influence of the uterus on the, 204 pancreatic, histological changes in, during activity, 174 histological characters of, 172 parotid, cerebral fibres of the, course of, 159 histological structure of, 160 nerve-fibres of the, 159 position of the, 158 pituitary, 211 prostate, 886 INDEX. Gland, salivary, electrical changes in, during activity of, 172 secretory, defined, 152 sublingual, histological structure of, 160 position of, 158 submaxillary, histological structure of, 160 position of, 158 ihe tubular, compound, 153 and racemose, 153 Gland-cells, connection between the secretory nerve-fibres and, 161 fundic, of the stomach, histological character- istics of, 178 of the gastric mucous membrane, histological characteristics of, 178 participation of, in the formation of secre- tions, 155 pyloric, histological characteristics, 178 Gland-ducts, cutaneous, 197 pancreatic, 238 Gland-secretion, 153, 154 of organic material, conditions determining the, 164, 165 Glands, albuminous, 156 histological changes in, during activity, 167 cutaneous, secretory, 197 gastric, histological changes in the, during secretion, 182 influence of the, on the growth of the nervous. system, 737 intestinal, secretion of the, 246 mammary, 201-205 histological changes during secretion, 202 histology of the, 201 mucous, 156 changes in, during activity, 167, 169 of Brunner, 184 of Cowper, 885, 887 of Lieberkuhn, 184 of Littré, 886 of the gastric mucous membrane, 178 of the kidney, 189-195 of the liver, secretory, 184-189 of the stomach, secretory, 172, 178-182 salivary, 158-172 action of drugs upon the, 170 changes in, electrical, during activity, 172 histological, during activity, 167 nerve-fibres of the, 159 number of, 158 secretions of, character of, 160, 220 method of obtaining, 162 structure of, 160 sebaceous, characteristics of, 197 distribution of, 281 secretory, albuminous, examples of, 157 classification of, 153, 156, 157 mucous, examples of, 157 of the intestines, 184 secretions of the, chemical differences in,, 157 seminal, 885 stomach, changes in, during secretion, 182 characteristics of, 178 sublingual, nerve-fibres of the, 160 submaxillary, nerve-fibres of, 160 sweat-, 198-200 testicular, 211 thyroid, secretions of, 207, 209, 210 Glauber’s salt, 966 Globulins, 335, 1018 Globulose defined, 230, n. Glomerulus, histology ef, 190 Glutamin, 1000 Glutoses, 235. Glycerin, 1000 aldehyde, 1001 INDEX. Glycerin, gana of, to glycogen-formation, Glycerose, 1001 Glycocoll, 981 Glycogen, 266; 1005, 1008 conversion of, to dextrose, how effected, 269 derived from carbohydrates, functions of, 269 from proteid foods, functions of, 270 end-products of, 266 formula, 266 function of, 269, 270 in animal and vegetable bodies, extent of dis- tribution of, 270 in the human body, 270 in the liver, 205, 267-270 in the muscles and other tissues, value of, 270 muscle, conditions affecting the supply in, 270 origin of, 267 reaction of, 266 _ Glycogen-consumption in muscular work, 300 in starvation, 301 Glycogen-formation defined, 269 Glycogenic theory, 269 Glycolysis, 293 Glyco-proteids, 1019 Glycoses, the, 1004 Glycosuria from removal of pancreas, 206, 207 Goitre, treatment of, with thyroid extracts, 209 Graafian follicles, 892 Grammeter, 584 Granules, cell, of the gastric glands, 183 of the pancreatic glands, 172 of the parotid, 167-169 zymogen, 169, 183 Grape-sugar, 1005 ; Growth-changes of the body, influence of thy- roid gland on, 737 of the brain, 724-732 Guanidin, 993 glycolyl methyl, 994 Guanin, 996 H2MATIN, 335, 342, 1014 Hematogen, 295 Heematoidin, 342, 1015 Hematopoiesis, 343 Heematoporphyrin, 342, 1015 Hemerythrin, 1018 Heemin, 342, 1014 medico-legal value of, 342 Hemochromogen, 335, 342, 1014 molecular formula of, 336 Hemoglobin, 335, 1014 carbon-monoxide, 336 absorption spectrum of, 342 composition of, 335 compounds of, derivative, 342 —bile-, and urinary pigments, 343 —hematin, 342 —hematoidin, 342 —hzmatoporphyrin, 342 —heemin, 342 —hemochromogen, 342 —histohematins, 342 —methemoglobin, 342 with oxygen and other gases, 366 condition of the, in red blood-corpuscles, 333 crystallization of, 337 decom position-products of, 335 distribution of, 335 molecule of, formula, 335 presence of iron in the, 337 nature and amount of, in red blood-corpuscles, 335 “reduced,’’ 336 absorption spectrum of, 340, 341 Hair-cells of Corti, 822, 824, 825 1035 Hand, contractions of, fatigue from muscular, 77 Harmony, 831 “ Harveian circulation,” 368 Hawking, 562 HCl, origin of, in the gastric juice, 227 Head, vaso-motor nerves of the, 496 Hearing, sense of, 807-833 cortical centres for the, 696, 697 special nerve of, 679 Heart, beating. See Heart-beat. method of exposing the, 405 position and form of, changes in, 404 blood-passages in the frog’s, 471 changes in form and size of, during ventric- ular systole and diastole, 406 conduction in the, means of, 85 contractions of the, in heat-production, 400, 597 without fatigue, 77 contraction-wave of the, 443 cords of the, tendinous, and their uses, 401 excitation-wave of the, 443-446 impulse or apex-beat of the, 409 innervation of the, 440-470 irritability of the, diminished by vagus exci- tation, 455 lymphatics of the, 477 mammalian, constituents of blood of, 482 nutrition of the, 482 muscle-fibres of the, 84, 85 nerves of the, 450 centres of, 467-470 inhibitory, 452 sensory, 463, 466 vaso-motor, 497 ventricular, 463 nutrition of the, 471-482 pulse-volume of the, 397, 398 pumping mechanism of the, 370 the ‘‘ pause” or “ repose”’ of the, 414 vagus influence on the, nature of, 457 stimulation on the, effect of, 453-457 —action on bulbus arteriosus, 455 —arrest in systole, 456 —changes 1n the auricle, 455 —changes in the ventricle, 453 —comparative inhibitory power, 456 —diminished irritability of the heart, 455 —effects of varying the stimulus, 455 —nature of vagus influence on the heart, 457 —septal nerves in the frog, 456 valves of the, mechanism of, 400-404 ventricle of, average pulse-volume of the human, 398 voluntary coutrol of the, defined, 469. See also Auricles, Ventricles. Heart and arteries, general changes in the, 404 and vessels, observation of changes of the, in the open chest, 405 —changes in the beating auricles, 407 —changes in the great arteries, 407 —changes in the great veins, 407 —changes of position in the beating ven- tricles, 406 —changes of size and form in the beating ventricles, 405 Heart-beat, alterations in the, by vagus excita- tion, 452-458 changes in the, from closure of the coronary arteries, 473 conditions influencing the, 413 effect of carbon dioxide on the, 481 of stimulation of augmentor nerves, 460 following cessation of respiration, 553 influence of oxygen on the, 481 1036 Heart-beat, influence of sex and age on the, 412, 413 inhibition of the, vagus, 453-457 ; maintenance of the, artificial, Martin’s ex- periment, 75 “negative impulse” of the, 409 of pregnancy, 916 phenomena of the, 396 ; refractory period and compensating pause of the, 447 rhythmic, cause of, 440 solutions maintaining the, 477, 479, 480, 481 precautions to be observed in testing, 479 stopping of the, a gradual process, 929 theory of muscular, 442 nerve-, of, 441 Heart-beat and blood-supply, relation of, in the coronary circulation, 477 and body-temperature, relationship between, 579 Heart-beats, frequency of, 412. Heart-muscle, failure of tetanus in, 122 function and contraction of, 107 Heart-muscles, papillary, and their uses, 402 Heart-nerve, depressor, 464 sympathetic, 467 Heart-nerves, inhibitory centre of, 467 irradiation, 468 origin of the nerve-fibres, 468 tonus of, 468 Heart-sound, first, acoustic analysis of, 411, 412 second, cause of, 410. Heat, animal body-, 575-604 body-, 575-580. See Temperature. sexual, animal, 898 Heat-centres, 599, 713, 714 Heat-dissipation, channels of, 592 mechanism of, 601 physiology of, 584-597 Heat-dyspneea, causation of, 550 Heat-production after death, cause of, 604 by muscular energy, amount of, 132 mechanism of, 597 physiology of, 597 Heat-regulation of the body, 602 Helico-proteids, 1020 Hemianopsia, 697 Hemi-peptone, 231, 241 Hemorrhage, extent of, with safe recovery, 361 regeneration of blood after, 361 Heredity, 22, 28, 931-942 Hetero-proteose, 230 Heteroxanthin, 996 Hexoses, 1004 Hibernation, absorption and elimination of gases during, 542, 546 effect on heat-production of, 592 Hiccough, 563 Histohematins, 342, 1018 Histon, action of, in prevention of blood-coagu- lation, 356 Homothermous animals, 575 Horopter, 804 Hunger, sense of, 845 Hydrate, chloral], 980 Hydration, 947 Hydrazones, 977 Hydrobilirubin, 1015 of the feces, 260, 263 Hydrocarbons or paraffins, saturated, 975 Hydrogen, 943, 944 peroxide of, 949 ” preparation and properties of, 943, 944 sulphuretted, 950 Hydrolysis, 948 of enzymes defined, 219 Hydroquinone, 1011 INDEX. Hydroxide, ethyl, 978 Hypermetropia, 759 Hyperpneea defined, 548 Hypoxanthin, 278, 995 ILLUSIONS OF TOUCH, 840 optical, 794-803 Images, after-, retinal, 791 intraocular, 765 Imbibition, 948 Imidosarcin, 995 _ Imido-xanthin, 996 “ Impulse or apex-beat of the heart, 409 Incus, the, 810, 811 Indol, 260, 280, 1013 B-methyl, 1013 Induction apparatus, 48, 54 Inheritance, facts of, 931 of acquired characters, 934 of disease, 935 of latent characters, 932, 933 theories of, 936 Tnhibition, cardiac, seat of the power of, 452 vagus, 452-457 of reflex action of central system, 667 respiratory, 567, 570, 571 Innervation, dermal, 673 of the blood-vessels, 482-501 of the heart, 440-470 of the jaw-muscles, 310 of the lungs, 573 Inosit, 1014 Insane, brain-weight of the, 722 Inspiration, mechanism of, 506 muscles of, 506, 513 Inspiration and expiration, relative periods of, variations in, 532 Intensity of light, 778, 785 Intestine, large, absorption in the, 254 digestion in the, 248 gas of the, composition of, 260 muscle-tissue of the, contraction-wave of, 309 secretion of the, 246 small, absorption in the, 253 Intestines, decomposition in the, bacterial, 248 glands of the, secretory, 184 movements of the, 320 —pendular movements, 322 —peristalsis, 320-322 conditions influencing the, 323 nerves of the, extrinsic, 322 vaso-motor, 498 Iodine, 953 Iris, the, 768 movements of the, muscular, 771 muscles of the, 769 Iron, 971 compounds of, detection of, 972 in animal and vegetable foods, absorption and excretion of, 295 in hemoglobin, presence of, 337 in the body, 972 in the production of hemoglobin, 263, 295 “Tron-free” hematin, 342 Irradiation, retinal, 794 Irritability, 38-81 alterations of, electrotonic, 71 induced by anelectrotonic and katelectro- tonic changes, 71 anodic, 68, 69, 70, 72 degree of, method of ascertaining, 38 dependent upon oxygen-supply, 73, 74 duration of, as affected by temperature, effect of enforced rest on, 81 of exercise on, 80 of frequency of application of stimulus on, 72 66 INDEX. Irritability, effect on, from separation of nerves from the central nervous system, 75 efficacy of the blood to preserve, 74, 75 influence of the blood on, 73 kathodic, 68, 69, 70, 72 loss of, by separation of muscles, 76 by separation of nerves, 75, 76 of muscle, defined, 35 curare experiment, 41 independent, 40 of muscles and nerves, conditions which deter- mine, 64 effect of heat and cold on, 66 of nerves, 38-4 —chemical irritation, 40 —electrical irritation, 40 —mechanical irritation, 40 .—thermal irritation, 40 curare, experiment for determining, 40, 41 influence of constant electric currents on the, G result of change in the chemical constitution of muscles and nerves, 67, 68 vital, definition of, 18 Irritability and conductivity of nerve-fibres, 624 and contractility of ova, 37, 38 Irritant, electric current as a muscle and nerve, 43-60. See Electric current. Irritants, classes of, 38 effect of, study of the, 39 efficiency of, on muscles and nerves, 43 influence of, upon the irritability of muscle and nerve, 65 --effect of chemicals and drugs, 67 —effect of electric current upon the mus- cles, 68 —effect of electric current upon nerves, 69 | | —effect of temperature, 66 —effect of the frequent application of the stimulus on irritability, 72 —mechanical agencies, 65 relative value of different, 38 Irritation, direct, of muscle-protoplasm, proofs of, 42 nerve, by electric current, Du Bois-Reymond’s law, 47 frequency of stimuli and effect of, 65 of nerve and muscle, result of, conditions determining, 42 “Tsodynamie equivalent,” 304 Tsomaltose, 1007 Iso-nitril, an, defined, 985 JAUNDICE, causation of, 189 Jaw movements, muscles concerned in the, 310 Joint-movements, classes of, 856 —ball-and-socket joint, 857 —hinge joints, 856 —saddle joint, 857 —sliding joints, 856 Joints, union of bones by, 855 KARYOKINESIS defined, 19, 20 Katabolism defined, 20 of animal protoplasm, 20 Katelectrotonus, 69 Kathode defined, 44 — physical and physiological defined, 62 Keratin, 1020 Ketone, dimethyl, 982 Kidney, 189, 273 Kidneys, blood-flow through the, 195 action of diuretics on the, 195 regulation of, by the vaso-motor nerves, 196, 197 glands of the, secretory, 189-195 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 498 1037 Knee-kick, muscular reaction involved, 649- 652 reinforced nerve-impulses of, 665-666 Kymograph, the, 381 LABOR, nature of, 919, 920 stages of, 917-919. See also Parturition. 