None
330 weights, 312 Combustion in dry gases, 531 of a candle, 146 of charcoal, Lavoisier's, 145 of hydrogen and oxygen, 117, 131 of olive oil, 146 of organic compounds, 388, 391, 392, 395 of phosphorus, 178 of spirit of wine, 146 oxygen and chlorine as sup- porters of, 450 tube, Morley's, 131 with copper oxide, 394 Common differences, Dumas's, 454 Complex molecules of gaseous elements, 338, 352 570 SUBJECT INDEX Composition by volume of am- monia, nitric oxide and muriatic acid, 342 of ammonia, sulphuric acid, carbonic anhydride, 331 of hydrogen chloride, 335 of oxides of nitrogen, 332 of sal-ammoniac and sal- volatile, 331 of water, 341 of air, 191 of ammonia, 263 of artificial sulphide of iron, 174 of carbohydrates, 390 of carbonic anhydride by volume, 143 of carbonic anhydride by weight, 145, 148 of carbonic oxide by volume, 143 of chalk, 378 of fulminating gold, 261 of iron pyrites, 174 of lead nitrate, 379 sulphate, 314, 374, 375. 377 and sulphide, 317 of muriatic acid, 216 of nitric acid, 199, 202 of nitric oxide, 194, 207, 332 of nitrogen peroxide, 195 of nitrous oxide, 193 of oils and resins, 391 of olefiant gas, 155 of organic acids, 391 of oxides of copper, 307 of iron, 307 of lead, 307 of sulphur, 307 of potassium chlorate, 315,377 of prussic acid, 243 of sal-ammoniac, 264 of silver chloride, 354 and chlorate, 317 of silver iodate and iodide, 317 of slaked lime, 283 of sugar, starch and wood, 390 of sulphides of iron, 307 of sulphuretted hydrogen, 171 of sulphurous anhydride, 168 Composition of the alkalis, 283 of water, 120, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 415 Compound ethers, 401 organic radicals, 398 radical, 245 acetyl, 405, 409, 430, 431 amide, 401 ammonium, 267 amyl, 422 benzoyl, 399 butyryl, 430 carbonyl, 431 cyanogen, 245, 399 ethyl, 402, 431 formyl, 430 methyl, 404, 431 methylene, 404 phenyl, 422 picramyl, 409 propionyl, 430 sulphuryl, 428, 429, 430, 439 radicals, metallic and non- metallic, 270 Compounds, copulated, 433 heterogeneous, 421 homogeneous, 421 molecular, 441 Condensation, 418 Conjugated radicals, 430 Conservation of mass, 389 Copper, 7 gain in weight on burning, 28 native, 7 nitrate formed in an explosion- vessel, 188 oxide reduced by hydrogen, 125 use of, in combustion of organic compounds, 394 water not decomposed by, 118 Copulated compounds, 433 Copulation, 417 Coronium, 493 Corrosive sublimate, 225 Counterpoise, used by Regnault, 128 Crystal, 6 Cyanogen chloride, 243, 255, 407 SUBJECT INDEX 571 Cyanogen gas, 245 radical, 245, 399 D Density of carbonic oxide, 139 of gases, 340, 345 of hydrogen, 129, 481 of nitrogen, nitric oxide, and oxygen, 337 of oxygen, 128 Dephlogisticated air, 40 marine acid (chlorine), 212 Diamond, 5 allotropy of, loi combustion of, 99 Diatomic gases, 352 radicals, 433 Didymium, 303 Diminished nitrous air (nitrous oxide), 77 Dimorphism, 381 Dissociation, 514 of acetic acid, 523 of aluminium chloride, 361, 380 of ammonia, 517 of ammonium chloride, 521 of calomel, influence of moist- ure on, 529 of carbonic anhydride, 516 of dry nitrous anhydride, 530 of ferric chloride, 361, 380 of ferrous chloride, 361, 380 of hydriodic acid, 239 of nitrogen peroxide, 525 of sal-ammoniac, influence ot moisture on, 528 of stannous chloride, 361, 380 of water, 515, 535 Dissolution, 301 Dualistic theory, 394 ^ , Dulong and Petit's Law of Atomic Heats, 362 Dutch Liquid, I55 Earths prepared from salts, 57 Ekaaluminium, 476 Ekaboron, 476 Ekamanganese, 478 Ekasilicon, 476 Elastic fluids, 71 Electric battery, 272, 273 in dissolution of metals, 534 current, 271 decomposes alkaline earths, 287 ammonia, 265 potash, 273 salts, 273 soda, 278 water, 272 Electro-chemical theory, 397 Electrolysis, chemical change as reversed, 534 Elements, 112 and compounds, 221 Boyle's views on, 448 classification of (Davy), 4.50; (Dumas), 452 ; (Lavoisier), 449 ; (Mendeleeff), 457. 314. 315. and atomic weights, 314 determined by Stas, 315 of acids and bases, 311 relations between, 454 table of, 313 Ethane, 431 Ether, acetic, 402 analysis of, 387, 388 chlorination of, 410 hydrochloric, 402 preparation of, 387 572 SUBJECT INDEX Ether, structure of, 401 sulphuric, 402 vapour-density of, 401 Etherification, 423 Ethers, compound, 401 mixed, 424 Ethylamine, 422 Ethyl chloride, 402, 427, 432, 440 compounds, 403, 432 radical, 402 Ethylene, 155 chloride, 155 chlorination of, 407 preparation from alcohol, 387 Eudiometer, 75 Priestley's, 90 ; Volta's, 122, 123 Even series, 460 Expansion of gases by heat, 325, 327 F Fats, 6 Fermentation, vinous, 388 Ferric chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Ferrous chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Finery cinder, reduced by char- coal, 138 Fire-air, 44 " Fire-damp," 64 Fixed air, 50 a product of combustion, 94 an acid, loi an oxide of carbon, 97 density of, 67 dissolves chalk and mag- nesia, 103 dissolves iron, 107 dissolves zinc, 103 from burning charcoal, 95 from combustion of dia- mond, 99 of graphite, loi from mercuric oxide and charcoal, 97 from red-lead and charcoal, 96 Fixed air from reduction of calces, 95 in chalk, 50 in common air, 51, 94 in magnesia, 94 in mild alkalis, 53, 94 in sal-volatile, 56, 94 in water, 51, 94 not produced by combustion of hydrogen, 116 produced by breathing, 385 by burning charcoal, 386 by fermentation, 386 properties of, 94, 385, 386 quantity of, in various com- pounds, 69 reddens litmus, 102 solubility of, 70 Fixed proportions, 296 as a test of chemical com- bination, 300 Flame in vacuo, 30 Fluids, elastic, 71 Fluorine, 233 isolation of, 252 Fluor-spar, 233 crystals of, 234 Formic acid, 430 Formula of chalk, 379 of cinnamic acid, 373 of lead nitrate, 380 of lead oxide, sulphide and sulphate, 374 of potassium chlorate, 378 Formulae, empirical, 373 graphic, 439 molecular, 373 of salts, 374 of volatile compounds, 352 structural, 439 Fuller's earth, 5 Fulminating gold, 58, 260 composition of, 263 Galena, crystal of, 173 Gallic acid, formula of, 393 Gallium, 477 Garnets, isomorphism of, 370 SUBJECT INDEX 573 Gas pingue, 64 sylvestre, 64 Gases, balanced actions in, Boyle's Law, 325 Charles's Law, 327 collected over water, 65 density of, 340, 345 expansion by heat of, 325, 327 Hales' apparatus for experi- ments with, 84 kinetic theory of, 324 Mayow's apparatus for collect- ing, 33. 84 method of weighing, 68 Priestley's apparatus for work- ing with, 86 work on, 70 properties of, 320 specific heats of, 353 stored over mercury, 70 Gay-Lussac's Law of Volumes, 334 Generator for gases, 84 Germanium, 478 Glass, manufacture of, 6 Glauber's salt, 18 Gold, 7 fulminating, 58, 260 Graphic formulae, 439 Graphite, combustion of, loi allotropy of. 101 Green vitriol, 9, 17 Gum, composition of, 390 formula of, 393 Gun-barrel, 88, 118 Gypsum, 16, 18, 19 H Halogens, 247 Haloid salts, 247 Hardness of water, 105 permanent, 107 temporary, 106 Heat capacity of gases, 353 Hepatic gas, 171 Hot-cold tube (Deville's), 516, 517 Hydracids, 247 Hydrides, 227 Hydriodic acid, 239 properties of, 240 Hydrocarbon, 155 Hydrochloric acid and chlorides, 218 displaced by oxalic acid, 509 Hydrocyanic acid and cyanides, 245 Hydrofluoric acid, 234, 235 Hydrogen, 117 and oxygen do not explode when dry, 531 as standard of atomic and molecular weights, 343 atomic weight of, 347 chloride, 218 composition by volume, 222 decomposed by sparking over mercury, 224 gas collected by, Priestley, 82 liquid, properties of, 533 properties of, 82 density of, 481, 129 radical, 420 removed without replacement, 407 theory of acids, Hydrol, 527 Hydro-salts, 264 Hypochlorous acid and hypo- chlorites, 228 Hypoiodous acid, 254 Ice, dense, 528 light, 528 -molecules, 527 Indestructibility of matter, 389 Indicators, 15 Indium, atomic weight of, 475 Inflammable air, 66 density of, 67 Inorganic chemistry, develop- ment of, 383 types, 422 Iodic acid, 254 anhydride, 254 Iodide of nitrogen, 239 574 SUBJECT INDEX Iodides, metallic, 238 Iodine, 237 an element, 237 chloride, 238 discovery of, 235 oxide, 238 properties of, 236 Iron, 7 Age, 7 dissolved by fixed air, 107 gain in weight on burning, 28 pure, does not act on copper sulphate, 533 does not dissolve in acids, 533 does not rust, 533 smelting of, 7 water decomposed by, ii8 Isomeric change, 399 Isomorphism, 368 complete and incomplete, 381 of alums, 370 of carbonates, 369 of garnets, 370 of manganates, chromates, selenates and sulphates, 371 of perchlorates and perman- ganates, 371 of phosphates and arsenates, 368 of spinels, 382 perfect and imperfect, 382 Isomorphous mixtures, 370 K Kinetic Theory of Gases, 324 Kopp's Law of Molecular Heats, 367 Lactic acid, 13 Laughing gas, 77 Law of fixed proportions, 296, 297 accuracy of, 301 of isomorphism, 369 applications of, 371 exceptions to, 372 Law of multiple proportions, 303 accuracy of, 308 of octaves, 456 of periodicity, 458 of reciprocal proportions, 309 accuracy of, 316 of volumes, 334 an approximation, 334 rejected by Dalton, 335 Laws of chemical combination, 296 Lead, 8 atomic weight of, 303 calcined, 27 in air over water or mer- cury, 34 nitrate, composition of, 379 formula of, 380 sulphate, composition of, 314, 374. 375. 377 and sulphide, composition of, 317 formulae of, 377 Lime, 7, 48 an oxide, 283 dry, properties of, 529, 533 Limestone, 5, 7, 48 Lime-water, 49 Litharge, 8 Litmus, 15 turned red by fixed air, 102 Liver of sulphur, 170 Long periods, 460 Lunar caustic, 19 M Magdeburg hemispheres, 320 Magnesia, 19 dissolved by fixed air, 103 Magnesium, 281 Malic acid, 13 Manganese, 210 Marble, 5 Marcasite, 8 crystals of, 8 nodules of, 9 Marsh gas, composition of, 157 decomposed by sparking, 157 SUBJECT INDEX 575 Marsh gas, discovery of, 156 properties of, 156 structure of, 440 type, 437 Mass action, 501, 502, 504, 511 Matter indestructible, 389 Mercury, 7 atomic weight of, 351 calcination of, 40 oxide heated alone, and with charcoal, 97 red oxide of, 39 trough, 88 ; Lavoisier's, 147 Metalepsy, 406 Metalloids, 451 Metals, action of nitric acid on, 79 and non-metals, 451 burning of, 26 not attacked by dry chlorine, 533 not dissolved by dry acids, 533 specific and atomic heats of, 363. 472 Methyl alcohol, 403, 405 Methylamine, 422 Methyl compounds, 405, 432 radical, 404 Mice, 12, 39, 86, 87 Milk of sulphur, 171 Milk-sugar, formula of, 393 Minium, 8 Missing elements (Mendeleeff) , 476 ; (Newlands), 455 total number of, 492 Mixed types, 429 Moisture, influence of on dis- sociation, on combustion, and on chemical change, 528 — 533 Molecular compounds, 441 formulae, 373 heat of nitrogen peroxide, 526 heats of compounds, 367 weights determined by Avo- gadro's hypothesis, 340 exact, 356 Monatomic gases, 352, 354 radicals, 433 Mortar, 6 Mucic acid, composition of, 391 formula of, 393 Multiple proportions in car- bonates in gases, 304, 305, 306 in oxalates, 305, 306 in oxides of carbon, 308 of copper, iron, lead, sulphur, 307 in sulphates, 306 in sulphides of iron, 304, 307 types, 427 Muriates of copper, gold, iron, lime, magnesia, potash, soda, 20 Muriatic acid, 14 composition of, 216 contains hydrogen, 215 radical, 218, 222, 225 N Natural series, Dumas's, 453 Nebulium, 493 Neodymium and praseodym- ium, 303 Neumann's Law of Molecular Heats, 367 Nitrate of potash, 19 of silver, 19 of soda, 19 Nitrates, 199 Nitre, 5, 19 acid spirit of, 14 decomposed by heat, 198 Egyptian, action of vinegar on, 5 mother of, 58 Nitric acid, 14, 73, 198, 199 analysis of, 200 composition of, 199, 202, 379 displaced by vitriol, 22, 498 formed during explosion of hydrogen and oxygen, 116, 188 produced by sparking air, 188 pure, properties of, 533 structure of, 439 576 SUBJECT INDEX Nitric acid, synthesis of, 200 oxide, absorbed by ferrous salts, 72 and oxygen do not unite when dry, 530 combination with oxygen, 201 composition of , 194, 207, 332 density of, 520 properties of, 72 Nitrites, igg Nitro-aerial spirit, 32 Nitrobenzene, 417 Nitrobenzoic acid, 431 Nitrogen, 45, 121 atomic weight of, 349 from fulminating gold, 261 iodide, 239 peroxide, 73, 197 composition of, 195 dissociation of, 525 dry, boiling-point of, 530 molecular heat of, 526 properties of, 75 solid, 525 vapour-density of, 525 Nitrous acid, 73, 199 gas, 73 Nitrous air {see also Nitric oxide), 72 combination of oxygen with, 73 diminished (nitrous oxide), 77 Nitrous anhydride, dry, boil- ing-point of, 530 dry, properties of, 530 fumes (nitrogen peroxide), 73 oxide as an anaesthetic, 80, 81 composition of, 193 from ammonium nitrate, 79 properties of, 78, 79 Noble metals, 8 Nomenclature chemical, 17 ; ammonia, 57; ammonium, 267 ; anhydrides, 250 ; bar- ium, 281 ; bromine, 240 ; calcium, 281 ; carbon, 98 ; carbonic acid and carbonates, 103 ; carbonic oxide, 140 ; chloric acid and chlorates, 228 ; chlorides, 218 ; chlorine, 212 ; crystals, 6 ; cyanides, 245 ; cyanogen, 399 ; fluorine, 233 ; hydriodic acid, 239 ; hyjrochloric acid, 218 ; hy- drocyanic acid, 245 ; hydro- fluoric acid, 235 ; hydrogen, 117 ; iodides, 238 ; iodine, 237 ; magnesium, 281 ; ni- trates, 199 ; nitric acid, 14, 198, 199 ; nitric oxide, 194 ; nitrites, 199 ; nitrogen, 45, 191 ; nitrogen peroxide, 73, 197 ; nitrous acid, 199 ; ni- trous oxide, 193 ; oxygen, 42 ; phosphoric acid and. Nordhausen oil of vitriol, 13 Nuclei, derived, 416 fundamental, 416 O Octaves, Newlands's, 456 Odd series, 460 Oils, 6 composition of, 391 of bitter almonds, 399 of vitriol, 9, 13 contains sulphur, 163 displaced by nitric acid, 498 sulphur in, 14 Olefiant gas, 155 composition of, 155 decomposed by sparking, 156 discovery of, 154 preparation from alcohol, 387 Ordinals, 493 SUBJECT INDEX 577 Organic analyses, alcohol and ether, 388 of Berzelius, 392, Liebig, 395 ; Gay-Lussac 390 bodies containing metals, 435 chemistry, rise and develop- ment of, 384 compounds, carbon and hy- drogen in, 385 formulae of, 391 Organo-metallic compounds, 435 Orthrin, 401 Oxalic acid, 13 composition of, 391 displaces hydrochloric acid, 509 formula of, 393 Oxidation, 124 Oxide of iodine, 238 Oxides, 43 of nitrogen, composition of, 204 reduced by potassium, 277 Oxyacids, 247 Oxygen, 42 as standard of molecular and atomic weights, atomic weight of, 348 density of, 128 discovery of, 38, 43 displaced by chlorine, 226 from nitre, 44 from nitric acid, 44 from red lead, 39 from red oxide of mercury, 39. 44 . ^ Oxymuriatic acid (chlorme), 215 Oxy-salts, 264 Palladium tube, 130 Pearl-ashes, 3, 68 Pearls, 6 Periodic acid, 254 Periodic classification, 462 Law, 459 Periodicity, 457, 458 of atomic heats, 471 HIST. CHEM. Periodicity of atomic volumes, 469 of valency, 468 Peroxide of manganese, 211 of potassium, 283 of sodium, 283 Peroxides, 211 Perissads, 442 Philosopher's stone, 2 Phlogisticated acid of nitre, 198 ; air, 31 Phlogiston, 31 Phosphates and arsenates, iso- morphism of, 368 Phosphonium iodide, structure of. 433 salts, vapour-densities of, 519 Phosphoric acid, and phosphates, 179 displaces sulphuric acid, 509 Phosphoretted hydrogen, 180 from phosphorous acid, 181 not an acid, 181 Phosphoric anhydride, 179 Phosphorous acid and phos- phites, 180 Phosphorus, atomic weight of, 351 burning of, 178 distilled in dry oxygen, 531 preparation of, 177 properties of, 178 smouldering of, 179 supposed to contain hydrogen, 265 pentachloride a molecular compound, 442 dissociation of, 523 vapour-density of, 523 Picramyl radical, 409 Plaster of Paris, 16 Plumbago (see Graphite), loi Polyatomic radicals, 433 Polymerisation, 351 Polymorphism, 372 Polysulphides, 177 Potash, 3 action of heat on, 55 as an element, 257 caustic, isolated, 55 P P 578 SUBJECT INDEX Potash decomposed by electric current, 273 by iron, 275 Potassium, 275 amalgam, 276 chlorate, 227 composition of, 315, 377 formula of, 378 chloride, 276 decomposes water, 277 ethoxide, 423 hydroxide, 284 iodate, 254 iodide, 239 oxidation of, 275 properties of, 275 Prehistoric Period, i Principles, three alchemistic, 162, 448 Producer gas, 142 Proin, 400 Propionic acid, 430 Protyl, 482 Prout's hypothesis, 480 and the law of probabilities, 485 tested, 483, 484 Prussian blue, 242 Prussiates, 243 Prussic acid, 242 anhydrous, 24 composition of, 243 structure of, 440 Pyrites, 8 composition of, 174 contains sulphur,i63 crystals of, 9 oxidation of, 174 sulphur in, 14 vitriolisation of, 174 Pyrolusite, 210 Q Quadrivalency of carbon, 437, 438 Quartz, 288 crystals of, 6 Quickhme, 49 R. Radicals, compound, 245 conjugated, 430 derived, 416 diatomic, 433 fundamental, 416 monatomic, 433 polyatomic, 433 Radio-active elements, 466 Radio-elements, 466 Rare-earth elements, 465, 492 Rathbone Place water, 103 Receiver for gases, 84, 88 Reciprocal proportions, 309 in acids and bases, 310 Red calx of mercury, 39 lead, 8 precipitate, 60, 44 Reduction, 124 Residues, 417 Resin, composition of, 391 Reversible actions, 499, 501, 124 Rock-crystal, 6 Rouge, 13 Sal-ammoniac, 5 composition of, 264 crystal of, 4 dissociation of, 521 dry, properties of, 529, 533 influence of moisture on the dissociation of, 528 prepared from acid air and alkaline air, 83 volatile spirit of, 57 " Sal mirabile," 18 Sal sylvii, 20 Sal-volatile, 56 prepared from alkaline air and fixed air, 84 Salt, 3 Boyle's definition of, 3 common, 3 Epsom, 59 Glauber's, 18 sedative, 288 spirit of, 14 SUBJECT INDEX 579 Saltpetre, 5, 8, 19 crystal of, 4 Salts as binary compounds of two radicals, 270 crystallisation of mixed, 505, 511 decomposed by electric cur- rent, 273 formulae of, 374 insoluble, 1 7 insoluble, action of acids on, 507 neutral, 25 nomenclature of, i5 preparation of, i5 structure of, 394 Sand, 288 Scandium, 477 Sceptical chemist, 448 Sedative salt, 288 Selenite, 16, 18, 19 Semi-water gas, 143 Short periods, 459 Silica, 288 Silicon, 288 Silver, 7 chlorate and chloride, com- position of, 317 chloride, composition of, 354 iodate and iodide, composition of, 317 Slaked lime, 49 composition of 283 Smithy scale, reduced by char- coal, 138 Soda, 3 decomposed by electric cur- rent, 278 Sodium-amalgam, 279 chloride, 286 decomposes water, 279 hydroxide, 284 properties of, 278 sulphate, 21 Solid solutions, 370 Solutions, solid, 370 Specific heats, 364 at high temperatures, 366 at low temperatures, 365, 366,472 Specific heats of metals, 363 of solid elements, 365 Spectra, 475 high-frequency, of the ele- ments, 487, 488, 489 Spirit of hartshorn, 57 of salt, 14 of wood, 403 Spiritus nitro-iEneus, 32 Spring of the air, 320 Stalactites, 105, 106 Stalagmites, 105 Stannous chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Starch, composition of, 390 formula of, 393 Steam-molecules, 527 Strontium, 281 Structural formulae, 439 Structure of alcohol and ether, 401 of benzene, 440 of organic compounds, 398 of salts, 394 Substitution, 406 -value, 433 Succinic acid, formula of, 393 Sugar, 6 composition of, 390 formula of, 393 of lead, 20 Sulphate of copper, 18 of iron, 18 of lime, 19 of magnesia, 19 of potash, 18 of soda, 18 Sulphates, 17 decomposition of, by heat, 169 Sulphides, burning of, 173 conversion to sulphates, 174 metallic, 172 Sulpho-salts, 248 Sulphovinic acid, 402 Sulphur, association and disso- ciation of, 351, 524 atomic weight of, 350 combustion of, 163 crystals of, 163 displaced by chlorine, 226 dissociation of, 524 58q SUBJECT INDEX Sulphur dissolved by alkalis, 171 distilled in dry oxygen, 531 from pyrites, 162 in oil of vitriol, 163 liver of, 170 milk of, 171 native, 162 polymerisation of, 351 suppbsed to contain hydro- gen, 265 Sulphurets; 172 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 171 an acid,. 175 composition of, 171 decomposed by sparking, 172 Sulphuric icid, action on alcohol, 154 and sulphates, 163 composition of, 168, i6g, 375. 376 displaced by nitric acid, 498 displaced by phosphoric acid and by silica, 509 structure of, 439 anhydride, 169, 250 ether, 402 Sulphurous acid, and sulphites, 164 structure of, 430 anhydride, 250 composition of, Sulphuryl chloride, 439 Supporters of combustion, 451 Sylvine, 20 Synthesis of organic compounds,. 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