None
Diam. Circumf. Area. Diam. Circumf. Area. I-64 .049087 .00019 2. 1-16 6.47953 3-34TO 5. 3-16 16.2970 21.135 1-32 .098175 .00077 1-8 6.67588 3.5466 1-4 16.4934 21.648 3-64 .147262 .00173 3-16 6.87223 3-7583 5-16 16.6897 22. 1 66 1-16 .196350 .00307 1-4 7.06858 3.9761 3-8 16.8861 22.691 3-32 .294524 .00690 5-16 7.26493 4.2OOO 7-16 17.0824 23.221 1-8 .392699 .01227 3-8 7.46128 4-4301 1-2 17-2788 23-758 5-32 .490874 .01917 7-16 7.65763 4.6664 9-16 17.4751 24.301 3- 16 .589049 .02761 1-2 7.85398 4.9087 5-8 17-6715 24.850 7-32 .687223 .03758 9-16 8.05033 5.1572 11-16 17.8678 25.406 1-4 .785398 .04909 5-8 8.24668 5.4119 3-4 18.0642 25.967 9-32 .883573 .06213 11-16 8.44303 5.6727 13-16 18.2605 26.535 5-16 .981748 .07670 3-4 8.63938 5.9396 7-8 18.4569 27.109 11-32 1.07992 .09281 13-16 8.83573 6.2T26 15-16 18 6532 27.688 3-8 1.17810 .11045 7-8 9.03208 6.4918 6. 18.8496 28.274 13-32 1.27627 .12962 15-16 9.22843 6.7771 1-8 19-2423 29.465 7- 16 1-37445 •15033 3. 9.42478 7.0686 1-4 19-6350 30.680 15-32 1.47262 .17257 1-16 9.62113 7.3662 3-8 20.0277 3i-9T9 1-2 1.57080 •19635 1-8 9.81748 7.6699 1-2 2O.42Oz 33-183 17-32 1.66897 .22166 3-16 0.0138 7.9798 5-8 20.813I 34.472 9-16 1.76715 .24850 1-4 0.2102 8.2958 3-4 21.2058 35.785 19-32 1.86532 .27688 5-16 0.4065 8.6179 7-8 21.5984 37.122 5-8 1.96350 . 30680 3-8 0.6029 8.9462 7. 21.9911 38.485 21-32 2.06167 •33824 7-16 0.7992 9. 2806 1-8 22.3838 39.8 71 11-16 2.15984 .37122 1-2 0.9956 9.6211 1-4 22.7765 41.282 23-32 2.25802 .40574 9-16 II.I9I9 9.9678 3-8 23.1692 42.718 3-4 2.35619 .44179 5-8 H.3883 10.321 1-2 23.5616 44.179 25-32 2-45437 •47937 11-16 11.5846 10.680 5-8 23.9546 45-664 13-16 2.55254 .51849 3-4 II.7810 11.045 3-4 24.3473 47-173 2732 2.65072 •559*4 13-16 n-9773 11.416 7-8 24.7400 48.707 7-8 2.74889 .60132 7-8 12.1737 11-793 8. 25.1327 50.265 29-32 2.84707 . 64504 15-16 12.3700 12.177 1-8 25.5254 51.849 15-16 2.94524 .69029 4. 12.5664 12.566 1-4 25.918 53.456 31-32 3.04342 .73708 1-16 12.7627 12.962 3-8 26.310 55.088 1. 3.14159 .78540 1-8 12.9591 13-364 1-2 26.703 56.745 1-16 3-33794 .88664 3-16 13.773 5-8 27.096 58.426 1-8 3.53429 .99402 1-4 13.3518 14.186 3-4 27.4880 60. 132 3-16 3.73064 1075 5-16 13-5481 14.607 7-8 27.8816 61.862 1-4 3.92699 .2272 3-8 13-7445 15.033 9. 28.274 63 617 5-16 4-12334 .3530 7-16 13.9408 15.466 1-8 28.6670 65-397 3-8 4.31969 4849 1-2 14.1372 15.904 1-4 29.059 67.201 7-16 4.51604 .6230 9-ie 14-3335 16.349 3-8 29-452-1 69.029 1-2 4.71239 .7671 5-8 14.5299 16.800 1-2 29.845 70.882 g-ie 4.90874 9-75 n-i£ 14.7262 17.257 5-8 30.237 72. 760 5-8 5 • 10509 2.0739 3-4 14.9226 17.721 3-4 30.630 74.662 n-ie 5.30144 2.2365 13-1 15.1189 18.190 7-8 31.023 76.589 3-4 5-49779 2.4053 7-8 15.3153 18.665 10. 31.415? 78. 540 13-rf 5.69414 2.5802 15.5116 19.147 1-8 3i.8o8e 80.516 7-8 5.89049 2.7612 5. 15.7080 19-635 1-4 32.201 82.516 15-9043 20. 129 3-8 32-594C 84.541 2. 6.2831 3.1416 1-8 16.1007 20.629 1-2 32.986 86.590 16.16 16.077 20.629 75.0055 447.69. 3-4 33-7721 90.763 3-8  5-8 55.3706 243.98 1-4 76.1836 461.86 1-8 34-9502 97.205 3-4 55.7633 247-45 3-8 76.5763 466. 64 1-4 35.3429 99.402 7-8 56. 1560 250.95 1-2 76.9690 47L44 3-8 35-7356 101.62 18. 56.5487 254.47 5-8 77.3617 476.26 1-2 36.1283 103.87 1-8 56.9414 258.02 3-4 77-7544 481.11 5-8 36.5210 106. 14 1-4 57-3341 261.59 7-8 78.1471 485-98 3-4 36-9T37 108.43 3-8 57-7268 265.18 25. 78.5398 490.87 7-8 37-3064 110.75 1-2 58.95 268.80 i-8 78.9325 495-79 12. 37.6991 113. 10 5-8 58.5122 272.45 1-4 79-3252 500.74 1-8 38.0918 115-47 3-4 58.9049 276.12 3-8 79.7179 505.71 1-4 38.4845 117.86 7-8 59.2976 279.81 1-2 80.1106 510.71 3-8 38.8772 120.28 19. 59-6903 283.53 5-8 80.50 33 5I5.72- 1-2 39.2699 122.72 1-8 60.0830 287.27 3-4 80.8960 520.77 5-8 39.6626 125.19 1-4 60.4757 291.04 7-8 81.2887 525.84 3-4 40-0553 127.68 3-8 60.8684 294.83 26. 81.6814 530-93 7-8 40.4480 130.19 1-2 61.2611 298.65 1-8 82.0741 536.05 13. 40.8407 132.73 5-8 61.6538 302.49 1-4 82.4668 54L9 1-8 4L2334 135-30 3-4 62.0465 306.35 3-8 82.8595 546.35 1-4 41.6261 137.89 7-8 62.4392 310.24 1-2 83.2522 55L55 3-8 42.0188 140.50 20. 62.8319 314.16 5-8 83.6449 556.76 1-2 42.4115 143.14 1-8 63.2246 318.10 3-4 84.0376 562.00 5-8 42. 8042 145.80 1-4 63.6173 322.06 7-8 84.4303 567.27 3-4 43.1969 148.49 3-8 64.0100 326.05 27. 84.8230 572.5& 7-8 43-5896 151.20 1-2 64. 4026 330.06 1-8 85.2157 577.87 14. 43-9823 153-94 5-8 64.7953 334.10 1-4 85.608.4 583.21 1-8 44-3750 156.70 3-4 65.1880 338.16 3-8 86.0011 588.57 1-4 44.7677 159.48 7-8 65.5807 342.25 1-2 86.3938 593-96 3-8 45 • 1604 162.30 21. 65.9734 346.36 5-8 86.7865 599-37 1-2 45-5531 165.13 1-8 66.36 61 350.50 3-4 87.1792 604.81 5-8 45.9458 167.99 1-4 66.7588 354-66 7-8 87-5719 610.27 3-4 46-3385 170.87 3-8 67-1515 358.84 28. 87.9646 615.75 7-8 46.7312 173-78 1-2 67.5442 363-05 1-8 88.3573 621.26 15. 47.1239 176.71 5-8 67.9369 367.28 1-4 88.7500 626.80 1-8 47.5166 179.67 3-4 68.3296 37.54 3-8 89.1427 632.36 1-4 47.993 182.65 7-8 68.7223 375.83 1-2 89.5354 637.94 3-8 48.3020 185.66 22. 69.1150 380.13 5-8 89.9281 6-13-55 1-2 48-6947 188.69 1-8 69.5077 384.46 3-4 90.3208 649.18 5-8 49.0874 19.75-75 1-4 69.9004 388.82 7-8 90.7135 654.84 3-4 49.4801 194.83 3-8 70.2931 393-20 29. 91.1062 660.52 7-8 49.8728 197-93 1-2 70.6858 397.61 1-8 91.4989 666.23 16. 50.2655 201.06 5-8 71.0785 402.04 1-4 91.8916 671.96 1-8 50.6582 204.22 3-4 71.4712 406.49 3-8 92.2843 677.71 1-4 51-0509 207.39 7-8 71.8639 410.97 1-2 92.6770 683.49 3-8 51.4436 210.60 23. 72.2566 415.48 5-8 93.0697 689.30 1-2 51-8363 213.82 1-8 72.6493 420.00 3-4 93.4624 695-13 5-8 52.2290 217.08 1-4 73-0420 424-56 7-8 93-855I 700.98 3-4 52.6217 220.35 3-8 73-4347 429.13 30. 94.2478 706.86 7-8 53-0144 223.65 1-2 73.8274 433-74 1-8 94.6405 712.76 17. 53-407I 226.98 5-8 74.2201 438.36 1-4 95.0332 718.69 1-8 53-7998 230.33 3-4 74.6128 443-01 3-8 95.4259 724.64 TABLE OF  1-8 116.632 1082.5 5-8 137.052 1494.7 3-4 96. 6040 742.64 1-4 117.024 1089.8 3-4 137.445 1503.3 7-8 96.9967 748.69 3-8 117.417 1097.1 7-8 137.837 1511.9 31. 97.3894 754-77 1-2 117.810 1104.5 44. 138.230 1520.5 1-8 97.7821 760.87 5-8 118.202 mi. 8 1-8 138.623 1529-2 1-4 98.1748 766.99 3-4 118.596 1119.2 1-4 139.015 1537.9 3-8 98.5675 773-14 7-8 118.988 1126.7 3-8 139.408 1546.6 1-2 98.9602 779-31 38. 119.381 1134.1 1 -2 139.801 1555-3 5-8 99.3529 785.51 1-8 119.773 1141.6 5-8 140.194 1564.0 3-4 99.7456 791-73 1-4 120.166 1149.1 3-4 140.586 1572.8 7-8 100.138 797.98 3-8 120.559 1156.6 7-8 140.979 1581.6 32. 100.531 804.25 1-2 120.951 1164.2 45. 141.372 1590.4 1-8 100.924 810.54 5-8 121.344 1171.7 1-8 141.764 1599-3 1-4 101.316 816.86 3-4 121.737 II79-3 1-4 142.157 1660.2 3-8 142.550 1617.0 1-2 102.102 829.58 39. 122.522 1194.6 1-2 142.942 1626.0 5-8 102-494 835.97 1-8 122.915 1202.3 5-8 143.335 1634.9 3-4 102.887 842.39 1-4 123.308 1210.7 7-8 144.121 1652.9 33. 103.673 855.30 1-2 124-093 1225.4 46. 144.513 1661.9 1-8 104.065 861.79! 5-8 124.486 1233.2 1-8 144.906 1670.9 1-4 104.458 868.31 3-4 124.878 124.878 124.0 1-4 145.299 1680.0 3-8 104.851 874.85 7-8 125.271 1248.8 3-8 145-691 1689.1 1-2 105.243 881.41 40. 125.664 1256.6 1-2 146.084 1698.2 5-8 105.636 888.00 1-8 126.056 1264.5 5-8 146.477 1707.4 3-4 106.029 894.62 1-4 126.449 1272.4 3-4 146.8691 IO7.20 914.61 5-8 127.627 1296.2 1-8 148.048 1744.2 1-4 107.600 921.32 3-4 128.020 1304.2 1-4 148.440 1753.5 3-8 107.992 928.06 7-8 128.413 1312.2 3-8 148.833 1762.7 1-2 108.385 934-82 41. 128.805 1320.3 1-2 149.226 I772.I 5-8 108.778 941.61 1-8 129.198 1328.3 5-8 149.618 178I.4 3-4 109.170 948.42 1-4 129.591 1336.4 3-4 150.011 1790.8 7-8 109.563 955-25 3-8  1369.0 1-4 15L582 1828.5 3-8 15L582 1828.5 3-8 15L582 1877.2 3-8 15L582 1857.0 3-4 15L582 1857.0 3-4 15L582 1866.5 7-8 112.705 1010.8 3-8 133.125 1410.3 7-8 153-545 1876.1 36. 113.097 1017.9 1-2 133.518 1418.6 49. I53.938 1885.7 1-8 113.490 1025.0 5-8 133.910 1427.0 1-8 I54.33I 1895.4 1-4 113.883 1032.1 3-4 134.303 1435.4 1-4 154.723 1905.0 3-8 114.275 1039.2 78 134.696 1443.8 3-8 I55.H6 I9I4.7 1-2 114.668 1046.3 43. 135.088 1452.2 1-2 I55.509 1924.4 5-8 II5.06I 1053.5 1-8 I35.48T 1460.7 5-8 155.902 1934.2 3-4 "5.454 1060.7 1-4 135.874 1469.1 3-4 156.294 1943.9 7-8 115.846 1068.0 3-8 136.267 1477.6 7-8 156.687 1953-7 THE GOETZ Box ANCHOR AND POST CAP. Certainly the most admira- ble system now known for SlOW-Burning ' Posts are fastened to caP forming continuous post from cellar to roof. Falling parts are Construction. self-releasing. In the New Schedule for rating risks, adopted by the National Board of Underwriters, November, 1892, a reduction in rate is made on all buildings that make use of the Goetz methods. A dovetail box of cast-iron built into the wall ; a notch in the girder fits over lug in box, forming a self-releasing anchor. TOP VIEW. Showing dovetail form of sides by which the box is locked in the wall. HOME OKKICE, No. 7O STATE STREET, NEW ALBANY, IND., for details and catalogue in which this self-releasing method of anchoring is applied to various conditions. Manufacturing Agents in Every Large City. SKELETON CONSTRUCTION AS APPLIED IN BUILDINGS. By \VIVE. H. Fully Illustrated with Engravings from Practical Examples of High Buildings. 8vo, Cloth. This work includes the description and practical working details of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns in the construction of the skeleton frame, and their connections with the Floor and Curtain Wall Girders; Stability of the Structure; Wind Bracing, i.e., Knee and Lateral Bracing; Construction of Joints; Experiments on the Strength of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns, such as Z Bar Columns, Phoenix Columns, Plate and Angle Columns, and various commercial rolled shape columns; Floor Framing in the Skeleton Construction. New York Building Law of 1892 in relation to the Skeleton Frame and Curtain Walls. The same law in relation to the strength of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns. Illustration and Calculation of the Columns, Floor Plans, Tables of Material, Specification, Stairways, Elevators, and Roofs in buildings using Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns as a skeleton frame, such as "The New Netherlands," a seventeen-story building with nineteen tiers of Bells; the Home Life Insurance Building, and others. To be published in February or March. FOR SALE BY JOHN WILEY & SONS, 53 East Tenth Street, New York. ARCHITECTURAL IRON AND STEEL, AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS. INCLUDING BEAMS AND GIRDERS IN FLOOR CONSTRUCTION, ROLLED IRON STRUTS, WROUGHT AND CAST-IRON COLUMNS, FIRE-PROOF COLUMNS, COLUMN CONNECTIONS, CAST-IRON LIGHTS, ROOF TRUSSES, STAIRWAYS, ELEVATOR ENCLOSURES, ORNAMENTAL IRON, FLOOR LIGHTS AND SKYLIGHTS, VAULT LIGHTS, DOORS AND SHUTTERS, WINDOW GUARDS AND GRILLS, ETC., ETC., WITH SPECIALATION OF IRONWORK. AND SELECTED PAPERS IN RELATION TO IRONWORK, FROM A REVIS ON OF THE PRESENT LAW BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE AFFECTING PUBLIC INTERESTS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, IN SO FAR AS THE SAME REGULATES THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS IN SAID CITY. TABLES, SELECTED EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK, OF THE PROPERTIES OF BEAMS, CHANNELS, TEES AND ANGLES, USED AS BEAMS, STRUTS AND COLUMNS, WEIGHTS OF IRON AND STEEL BARS, CAPACITY OF TANKS, AREAS OF CIRCLES, WEIGHTS OF CIRCULAR AND SQUARE CAST-IRON COLUMNS, WEIGHTS OF SQUARE CAST-IRON COLUMNS, WEIGHTS OF SHEET COPPER, BRASS AND IRON, ETC. BY WM. H. BIRKMIRE, OF J. B. & J. M. CORNELL IRON WORKS, 141 CENTRE STREET. 1891. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON. ARTICLE PAGE 1. Iron 2. Smelting, 3. Pig Iron, WROUGHT IRON. 4. Puddling, 5. Piling, 6. Rolling, 7. Channels, 8. Quality of Wrought Iron, 9. Testing Wrought Iron, 10. Cold Bend Test, 11. Modulus of Elasticity, 12. Wrought Iron in Compression, 13. Weight of Wrought Iron, STEEL. 14. Steel, 15. Mild or Soft Steel, 16. Rolling Steel, 17. Billets, 18. Weight of Steel, 22. Cores, 22. Crushing Strength of Cast Iron, 24. Tenacity of Cast Iron, 24. Weight of Cast Iron, 25. VI CONTENTS, CHAPTER II. FLOORS. ARTICLE PAGE 25. Dead Load, 9 26. Live Load 9 27. Method of determining Rolled-iron Beams by Diagram, 9 28. Beams as Girders, n 29. To determine Coefficient for Beams, 9 30. Properties of Wrought-iron Beams 12 31. Deflection, 12 32. Coefficients for Steel Beams, 13 33. Properties of Steel Beams, 13 34. Channels, 14 35. Properties of Steel Channels, 14 56. Properties of Steel Channels, 15 37. Zee Bars, 15 38. Floors should be Rigid 15 39. Elastic Limit, 15 41 Framed Beams, 16 42. Tie Rods, 16 43. Beam Connections, 18 44. Bearing for Beams, 18 45. Pressure on Brick and Stone Work, 18 46. Knees for Beam Connections, 18 47. Bolts and Rivets for Beam Connections, 19 48. Tee Irons as Beams, 19 49. Angle Irons as Beams (Even Legs), 20 50. Angle Irons as Beams (Uneven Legs), 20 51. Beams not uniformly loaded, and Beams not supported at both Ends, 20 CHAPTER III. GIRDERS. 52. Compound Girders, 22 53. Webs 22 53. 54. Buckling, 22 55. Flanges 22 56. Deflection, 22 57. Rivets in Girders 22 58. Strain on Flanges of Girders 23 59. Shearing, 24 60. Flanges reduced in Thickness near Ends, 24 61. Weight of Brickwork, 26 62. Separators, 27 63. Cast-iron Plates on Girders for Walls 25 64. Bolts and Rivets, 28 65. Shearing and Bearing of Rivets, 28 66. Pins, 29 CHAPTER IV. CAST-IRON LINTELS. 67. Cast-iron Lintels, 30 68. Skew-back Lintels, 31 69. Lintels for Iron Fronts, 31 70. Sidewalk Lintels, 32 71. Window-head Lintels, 32 72. Double-web Lintels, 32 73. Window Sills, 32 74. Rule for Breaking Weight at Middle 32 75. Webs, 33 76. Tests of Cast-iron Lintels, 33 CHAPTER V. TRUSSES. 77. Roof Trusses, 35 78. Loads on Trusses, 35 79. Snow and Wind Pressure, 36 80. Ceiling Weight 36 81. The Graphic Method, 36 82. King-post Truss, 36 83. Truss No. 2, 38 84. Truss No. 3, 38 85. Truss No. 4, 39 86. Truss No. 5, 40 87. Details of Iron Trusses, 42 88. Ties and Struts 42 88. Truss No. 5, 40 87. Details of Iron Trusses, 42 88. Ties and Struts 42 89. Truss No. 5, 40 89. Truss No. 5, 40 90. Truss No. 5, 40 91. Truss No. 5, 40 92. Truss No. 5, 40 94. Truss No. 5, 40 95. Truss No. 5, 40 96. Truss No. 5, 40 97. Truss No. 5, 40 97. Truss No. 5, 40 98. Truss No. 5, 40 98. Truss No.  VI. STRUTS. 91. Rolled-iron Struts, 44 92. End Connections, 44 93. Factors of Safety, 46 viii CONTENTS. ARTICLE PAGE 94. Greatest Safe Load on Struts, 47 95. Channel Struts, 48 96. Angles as Struts, 48 97. Tees as Struts, 49 98. Properties of Beams for Struts, 51 99. Properties of Channels for Struts, 51 100. Properties of Tees for Struts, 52 101. Properties of Tees for Struts, 54 101. Properties of Tees for Struts, 54 CHAPTER VII. CAST-IRON COLUMNS. 102. Columns, Shafts Ornamented, 55 103. Capitals, 55 104. Cast-iron Column Connection, 56 105. Holes Drilled, 58 106. Column Flanges, 58 107. Fire-proof Column, 58 108. Dowel Columns, 59 109. Strength of Cast-iron Columns, 60 109. Weight to be Estimated for any Use, 62 in. Strength of Hollow Cast-iron Columns, 62 112. Factors of Safety for Cast-iron Columns, 63 113. Ribbed Base Plates, 64 114. Flat Base Plates, 65 115. Grouting, 65 116. Bedding, 66 117. Cast-iron Dowels for Wooden Columns, 66 118. Wrought-iron Pins and Cast-iron Star-shaped Dowels, 66 CHAPTER VIII. WROUGHT-IRON COLUMNS. 119. Wrought-iron Column Sections 119. Wrought-iron Column Sections 120. Wrought-iron Column Sections 121. Wrought-iron Column Sections 122. Wrought-iron Column Sections 123. Wrought-iron Column Sections 124. Wrought-iron Column Sections 125. Wrought-iron Column Sections 126. Wrought-iron Column Sections 127. Wrought-iron Column Sections 128. Wrought-iron Column Sections 129. Wrought-iron Column Sections 130. Wrought-iron Column Sections 131.  Columns, 68 122. Safe Load on Wrought-iron Columns, 69 123. Radii of Gyration for Round Columns, 70 124. Radii of Gyration for Square Column, 70 124. Radii of Gyration for Square Column, 70 CHAPTER IX. STAIRWAYS. 125. Close-string Stairs, 7 126. Height and Breadth of Steps, 71 127. Cast-iron Stairs 71 127. Cast-iron Stairs 71 131. Deck-beam Stairs, 74 131. Channel Stings, 74 131. Channel Stings, 77 131. Plate and Angle Stings, 77 135. Treasand Risers, 78 136. Fascias, 78 137. Posts or Newels, 78 138. Brackets for Stair Handrail, 79 139. Stairs to be carefully constructed,  Method of  Finish of Ornamental Iron, 86 CHAPTER XI. ELEVA TOR ENCLOSURES. 147. Passenger-elevator Enclosure, 88 148. Freight-elevator Enclosure, . 90 149. Double Sliding Doors for Passenger-elevator Fronts, . . . .92 150. Elevator Guide Supports, 94 CHAPTER XII. DOORS AND SHUTTERS. 151. Circular-head Door and Frame, 95 152. Sidewalk Door, 95 153. Outside Folding Shutters,  Rings, 99 158. Cast-iron Brick, 99 159. Rolling Steel Shutters, 100 160. The Noiseless Shutter, .100 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. FLOOR LIGHTS AND SKYLIGHTS. ARTICLE PAGE 161. Cast-iron Floor Lights for Iron Beams 102 162. Cast-iron Floor Lights for Wooden Beams, ...... 102 163. Wrought-iron Floor Lights for Wooden Beams, 102 164. Skylights, ............ 106 165. Hip Skylight, 109 CHAPTER XIV. HOLLOW BURNT CLAY. 166. Hollow Blocks for  ANCHORS. 168. Ashler Anchors,*' ••.'•" 113  ........... 116 175. Government or V Anchors, ......... 116 176. Girder Straps, 116 177. Beam Straps,  117  Pipe Swivel and Arm Swivel, . .119 CHAPTER XVII. MISCELLANEOUS DETAILS. 189. Mail Chutes, 120 190. Folding Gates, ........... 122 CONTENTS.  200. Scuttle Ladder, .... 201. Iron Fronts, ..... 202. Plain Fire Escapes, 203. Brackets on New Buildings,. 204. Top Rails, , 205. Bottom Rails, .... 206. Filling-in Bars, .... 207. Stairs, ...... 208. Floors, 209. Drop Ladders, . . . . 136 210. Height of Railing, 137 211. Ornamental Fire Escapes, . . .137 212. Fire Escapes for Schools, Factories, etc., 137 213. Vault Cover and Frame, 137 214. Cast-iron Grating, . . .138 215. Strainers, 138 216. Plain Wrought-iron Bar Window Guards 138 217. Bridle or Stirrup Irons, 139 218. Chimney Cap, 142 219. Cast-iron Flue Door  222. Chimney Ladder, 143 223. Corrugated Iron, 143 224. Galvanized and Black Iron, 144 225. Finial and Crestings, 145 226. Vault Lights, 146 227. Wrought-iron Guard, 147 228. Dwarf Doors, . 148 229. Cast-iron Wheel Guards, . 148 230. Fire Pipes, ............. 148 231. Mansard Roof, 148 232. Railings for Roof Protection, ........ 148 233. Pipe Railing, 149 234. Corrugated Flooring,  ......... 155  159 Time of Completion, 160 Payments, 160 Constructive Work, 161 Wrought Iron, 161 Wrought Steel, 161 Cast Iron, 162 Painting, 162 Anchors, Clamps, Dowels, etc 162 Columns, 162 Girders, 163 Cast-iron Lintels, 164 Stairs, 164 Bulkheads on roof, 165 Miscellaneous, 165 Setting, 165 Average Weight in Pounds of a Cubic Foot of Various Substances, 166 , 167 168 Squares and Cubes, of Numbers from 1 to 440,... 169, 170, 171, 172 The Circumference and Areas of Circles from 1 to 50,.. 173, 174, 175 Weight per Foot of Flat Iron, 176, 177 Number of U. S. Gallons (231 Cubic Inches) Contained in Circular Tanks, 178 CONTENTS. Decimal Equivalents for Fractions of an Inch 178 Decimal Equivalents for Fractions of a Foot, 179 Weight of 100 Bolts with Square Heads and Nuts, 180 Weight of 100 Bolts of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper, and Brass, 181 Weight of Sheets of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper, and Brass, 181 Weight of of Square Cast-iron Columns in Pounds per Lineal Foot,..182 Weight per Lineal Foot of Circular Cast-iron Columns,..183 CHAPTER XXI. NEW YORK BUILDING LAW. Vault Lights and Areas Protected, 184 Buildings Increased in Size by Use of Columns and Girders, 185 Anchors, 185 Floors, Stairs and Ceilings of Iron, 185 Weight on Floors, 186 Framing of Beams, 187 Cast-iron Templates, 188 Iron Lintels, 188 Fire-proof Columns, 188 Iron Fronts Backed with Brick, 190 Thickness of Cast-iron Posts, 190 Curtain-wall Girders, 190 Rolled Iron and Steel Beams and Factors of Safety, 191 Girders to be Tested, 192 Beams, Lintels and Girders to be Inspected, 192 Stirrup Irons, 193 Beam Anchors, 193 Flitch-plates for Girders, 193 Smoke Flues Lined with Cast Iron, 194 Iron Shutters, 194 Railings around Well-holes, 195 Elevator Wells Inclosed with Brick or Iron, 196 Dumb-waiters, Skylights over Elevators, 196 Mansard Roof, 196 Bulkheads, 197 Cornices and Gutters, 199 Dormer Windows, Scuttles and Skylights, 197 Iron Ladders to Scuttles, 198 Fire Escapes, 198 Roof Gardens on Theatres, 198 Proscenium Wall Girder, etc., 199 Skylights and Doorways to Theatres, 199 XIV CONTENTS. Doorways through Proscenium Wall, Doors of Iron and Wood, Roof of Auditorium, Main Floor of Auditorium and Vestibule, Floor of Second Story over Entrance, Lobby and Corridors of Iron and Fire-proof Materials, 200 The Fronts of Galleries, Ceiling of Auditorium, Partitions in Auditorium, Entrance Vestibule, Partitions of Dressing-rooms and Doors in same to be Fire-proof, 200 Actors' Dressing-rooms and Fly Galleries, 201 Stage and Fly Galleries Fire-proof, 201 Proscenium Opening and Curtain, 201 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (415)642-6233 1 -year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW. 1990. 