None
Microscopic Appearance.— Long filaments with rounded ends, rectilinear, or more often undulatory or spiral-shaped. From 0-5 p. to 0-6 Abroad and extremely variable in length, from 4 yu and 6 /J. to 92 /j., and sometimes longer. Forms spores 0'8 fj. in diameter. Not properly motile. (Gombert.) Cultures. — GELATINE PLATES. — Forms in four or five days small greyish white cloudy spots in the depth of the gelatine. They have an opaque dark grey centre, whilst the periphery is white and semi-transparent. The gelatine is depressed in the vicinity of the colony. On endeavouring to detach a portion of the colony with a platinum needle the whole is removed. Under a low power they are blackish in colour, and the periphery consists of a number of short, irregular, and stiff hairs, recalling the appearance of a chestnut in its spinose capsule. The surrounding gelatine does not become brown, as is characteristic of the growth of Cladothrix cultures. Slow liquefaction of the gelatine ensues. (Gombert.) AGAK-AGAB. — Grows abundantly and rapidly at both 20° and 37° C. A whitish thin crust forms over the growth, which loses at once its white colour when washed over with liquids. (Almquist.) BKOTH. — Forms at the end of a few days at 37° C. white spinose spherules, which float in the liquid or attach themselves to the walls of the tube. The liquid remains clear and becomes slightly darker, but never assumes the brown tint characteristic of Cladotlirix dicliotoma. (Gombert.) STEKILISEJ) TAP-WATER. — Grows fairly well. Remarks. — Not pathogenic to animals (Gombert, Gasperini, and Eoux). FUSARIUM AQUAEDUCTUUM 519 f . ' F[ SARIUM AQ(rAFJXJCTUlTM (Fusisporium moschatum) I LIQUEFIES GELATINE I Authority. — Kabenhorst and Kadlkofer described it under the name of Sclenosporium aquaeductuum. Eyfert, ' Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Selenosporium aquasductuum Babenhorst und Eadlkofer,' Botanische Zeitung, 1882, p. 691. Kitasato, ' Ueber den Moschuspilz,' Centralblatt fiir Bakterio- logie, vol. v., 1889, p. 365. Heller, ' Zur Kenntniss des Moschuspilzes,' Central- blatt fiir Bakteriologie, vol. vi., 1889, p. 97. Von Lagerheim, ' Zur Kenntniss des Moschuspilzes,' Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, vol. ix., 1891, p. 655. Where Found. — Found by Eyfert in enormous numbers on mill wheels and turbines in Brunswick, actually impeding the motion of the wheels. He also mentions that the intensely strong aromatic smell which it generated was so penetrating as to give the men working in the mill headaches. Found by Kitasato in hay infusions ; found by Lagerheim in the tap-water of Upsala, forming large greyish white slimy masses, which hung down like long raga from the opening of the pipe. It is also sometimes pale pink and brownish in colour. Microscopic Appearance. — The spores are semilunar, or meniscus-, also sausage- or club-shaped, and are about 7 /u. to 13 /j. long and 1 /a to 1'5 n broad, each spore possessing three to four transverse walls, which, however, are not always equally distinct. These spores, when dried and preserved for five months, will still grow. Highly refractive bodies are visible in the spore, which must be regarded as small drops of oil. The spores are easily stained with aqueous solutions of aniline colours, but the latter are removed by the usual decolorising agents. They are also stained by Gram's method. At 15° to 18° C. in from twelve to fifteen hours a tube-like extension is visible, pro- ceeding from the pointed end of the sickle-shaped spore, which in eighteen hours is three to four times as long as the spore, and exhibits numerous small swellings indicating the commencement of the branching of the filament. These filaments grow rapidly, producing lateral branches, and later small mould centres, which quickly increase in size. The spores are produced from the filament both laterally and terminally. (Lagerheim.) Cultures.— GELATINE TUBES. — In three to four days forms a cloudy growth consisting of masses of fine interwoven threads, at the edge of which the individual threads are distinctly seen. The central portion becomes more and more opaque, and assumes first a white, then a yellow, and finally a red colour. In consequence of slight liquefaction the colony sinks somewhat into the gelatine. AGAK-AGAR. — Grows as in gelatine, but without liquefaction. POTATOES. — Forms a white, star-shaped expansion, which becomes larger and thicker, and gives rise to delicate, bundle-shaped ramifications, which extend over the surface. As the culture becomes older the white colour gives place to pale pink, and finally vermilion. BROTH. — Produces masses of flocculent material of a dirty grey colour, which collect at the bottom of the tube. Remarks. — It grows best at 15° C., very slowly at 3° C., and not at all at -5° C. The spores are destroyed at 38° C. in forty-eight hours. The spores will germinate very readily in distilled water. It is strictly aerobic. It is pathogenic to frogs when subcutaneously injected (Heller). In all cultures a strong odour of musk is produced. 520 MICRO-ORGANISMS IN WATER B FIG. 26. — FUSISPOEIUM MOSCHATUM. FIG. 27.— FUSISPORIUM MOSCHATUM. A ppcarance in gelatine-cultures 8 days old. Natural size. A. Bed central portion. (After Heller.) (Jrowtli on gelatine" plates. Magnified 100 times. A. Spore in the act of breaking off. B. Spore. (After Heller.) FUSISPORIUM MOSCHATUM. Spores taken from a gelatine-culture. Magnified 300 times. (After Heller.) or THE UNIVERSITY or Pldte .1 IB / 1C o 1 ,> - ID ^>: - . . : sus - :;.JLbtiliS. &-0 Prdtikland del. e . II , ;- 3A. - INDEX The names written in italics indicate that a tabular description of the organism is given in the Appendix. ' A ' (coccus), 490 Acid coal-tar colours, 43 Acidi lactici, B., 477 Aerated waters, bacteria in, 235- 242 Aerogenen, M., 493 AeropJiihis, B., 482 Agar-agar, preparation of, 16 — wort, 13 — iron, 14 — blood serum, 19 Agilis, M., 497 Agitation, influence of, on multipli- cation of bacteria, 247-252 Alba, Sarcina, 505 Albus, JB., 443 Albus putidus, B., 479 Albus, Streptococcus, 508 Albus, Pediococcus, 494 Albuminoids, growth of spirillar forms in presence of, 280 Alkalinity of gelatine-peptone, de- termination of, 65, 66 — potatoes and cholera cultures, 23 Altona water supply, 152-154 Alum, agitation of water with, 203- 205 — purification of sewage with, 208- 210 Aluminium oxide, agitation of water with, 199 Ammonium carbonate, addition to gelatine-peptone of, 67 Amyliferum, Spirillum, 409 Amylozyme B., 469. Anaerobic cultivations, 38-41 Anaerobic micro-organisms in water, detection of, 79 Aniline water, 45 Anthracis, B., 416 — spores of and high temperature, 184 - — production of, at different temperatures, 383 detection in water of, 283 — action of ozone on, 243, 244 — influence of agitation on, in water, 248 — behaviour of, in ice, 253, 254 — effect of freezing on gelatine cultures of, 255 — discovery of, in water, 260 - vitality in water of, 310-318 — microscopic figure of, 310 — action of light on, 338-347, 349- 351, 362-371, 375-384, 392 — effect of desiccation on, 363-367 Anthrax asporogeiie, 365 — action of light on, 365, 367 Aquatilis, B., 450 Aquatilts, B. (Percy Frankland), 450 A quatilis fluoresce ns, B., 426 Aquatilis graveolens, B., 481 Aquatilis, M., 494 , — multiplication in water of, 231, 232 Aquatilis sulcatus L, B., 413 Aquatilis sulcatus II.. B., 413 Aquatilis sulcatus III., B., 414 Aquatilis sulcatus IV., B., 414 Aquatilis sulcatus V., B., 415 Aquatilis, Vibrio, 401 Aqueous alcoholic staining solu- tions, 44 Aqueous humour of eye of ox, in- solation of anthrax in, 343 Arbor escens, B., 482 522 MICRO-ORGANISMS IN WATER Argenteo-plwspliorescens liquefac- iens, B., 453 Artesian well, bacteria in, 106, 182 Asbestos filters, 181 Ash, Hard-wood, agitation of water with, 201 Asiatic cholera, bacillus of (see Cholera bacillus) Aspergillus flavescens, vitality in water of, 327 Aurantiaca, Sarcina, 507 Aurantiacus, B., 449 Aurantiacus, M., 501 — vitality in seltzer-water, 240 Aureits, B., 448 Aureus, Vibrio, 405 * B ' (coccus), 490 Bacilli which liquefy gelatine, 396, 397 — which do not liquefy gelatine, 397 - found in water, 399-489 — pathogenic, found in water, 398 Bacterial forms, figure of, 395 Bacterial harpoon, 36, 37 Basic aniline colours, 43, 44 aqueous alcoholic solutions of, 44 Beggiatoa, 509 Beggiatoa alba, 509 — mirabilis, 510 — nivea (see Thiothrix nivea), 511 — roseo-persicina, 510 Berkefeld filter, 5, 176 — and cholera bacillus, 177, 178 — and typhoid bacillus, 177-181 Berlin water-supply, 142, 143 Berolinensis indicns, B., 473 Berolinensis, Vibrio, 400 discovery of, in water, 282 Biskra, M,, 489 Blood serum, filtration of, 5 — preparation of, 18, 19 - addition of glycerine to, 19 — — addition of agar-agar to, 19 — Loffler's additions to, 20 — addition of, to water contain- ing ozone, 243, 244 Boiled water, multiplication of bacteria in, 2%29 Borke, Lake of, bacteria in, 109, 110 Brevi*, B., 429 Brewing waters, examination of, 67-73 Brick-dust for filtration purposes, 169-171 — agitation of water with, 199 Broth, beef, 9, 25 - formalin, for diagnosis of ty- phoid bacillus, 285 Brown pigment, bacteria producing a, 431, 432, 498 Brunneus, B., 432 Butyricus, B., 478 Buzzard's Bay, bacteria in, 115 ' C ' (Bacillus], 476 Calcium carbonate, agitation of water with, 198 Canal-bacillus, ' Kapseltragender,' 258 (see B. capsulatus) — kurzer, 259 (see B. brevis) Candicans, M,, 492 Candida, Sarcina, 505 Candidus, M., 493 Capsulatus, B., 430 Carbolic fuchsine and- metlrylene- blue staining solutions, 46 Carbonated waters, bacteria in, 235- 242 Carbonic-acid gas, and cholera ba- cillus, 237 — and water bacteria, 237 Carneus, M., 496 Carnicolor, B., 477 Cerasinus siccus, M., 497 Cereus albiis, M., 493 Chalk and water purification, 194 Chamberland filter, 172 176 and typhoid bacillus, 175, 176, 285 — chemical effect on water after passing through, 172 Chanteniesse and Widal, detection of typhoid bacillus, 274 Charcoal, animal, for filtration pur- poses, 169-171 agitation of water with, 194 — vegetable, for filtration purposes, 169-171 agitation of water with, 195, 199 Chelsea Company's filter-beds, bacterial examination of, 136 Chemical analysis of water from Hamburg, 305 INDEX 523 Chemical analysis of water from river Ouse before and after sand nitration, 118 of water before and after ni- tration through coke, also animal charcoal, 171 — effect on water, by nitration through Chamberland filter, 172 — precipitation, effect of, on sew- age bacteria, 205-216 Chemicals, cost of, for sewage puri- fication, 210 Cholera bacillus (Comma bacillus or Spirillum cholerae asiaticae), 399 Cholera bacillus, growth on pota- toes of, 23 and sand filtration, 158 — and Berkefeld filter, 177, 178 — and high temperature, 184 — behaviour in ice of, 254, 255 — detection in water of, 276- 283 inoculation of, into guinea- pigs and marmots, 282, 399 behaviour in carbonic-acid gas of, 237 — discovery in water of, 262- 264 — action of peroxide of hydro- gen on, in water, 246 behaviour of, in water in : presence of various salts, 301- i 306 — action of light on, 372, 386- 388 - insolation and virulence of, 386-388 - vitality in water of, 296-309 — microscopic figure of, 296 — spirilla found in water re- sembling, 283, 400-403 Cholera and Hamburg water supply, 152-154, 305, 306 Altona water supply, 152-154 Cholera-red-reaction, 281 Choleras gallinarum b, vitality of, in water, 324, 329 Choleroides o, B,, 401 Clioleroides /3, B., 402 Cinnabar eus, M., 4961 Circulans, B., 436 Citreus, M., 499 Cladothrix, 513 Cladothrix dichotoma, 514, 515 Cladothrix invulnerabilis, 516 — intricata, 517 Clark's process for softening water, 185, 190, 191, 196 Clay, potter's, agitation of water with, 198 Cloacae, B., 433 Caeruleus, B., 474 Cohn, Culture solution, 26 Coke, the filtration of water through, 169-171 — agitation of water with, 195, 200 Coli communis, B., 411 - discovery in mud of, 259, 260 — presence with typhoid in water of, 268 — diagnosis of typhoid in pre- sence of, 268-276 — production of gas by, 269, 270 action of light on, 371 Concentricum, Spirillum, 408 Concentricus, M., 495 Constrictus, B., 484 Copperas, purification of sewage with lime and, 206, 207 Cotton-wool, sterilisation of, 11 — multiplication of bacteria in vessels plugged with, 234, 235 Counting bacteria, apparatus for, 34, 76-79 Cover glasses, cleaning of, 50 Cover-glass preparations, 50-52 Crassus aromaticus, B., 480 Cremo'ides, M., 500 Crenothrix, 511 Crenothrix Kiihniana, 512 Culture media, 6-28 - action of light on, 345-347, 349, 355, 356, 358, 359 — use of special, in water ex- aminations, 63-7B - liquid, 24-28 - Pasteur's, 26 - Cohn's, 26 — Naegeli's, 26 - Percy Frankland's, 26, 27 - Warington's, 27 — Uschinsky's, 28 solid, 7-24 — amount of sulphur normally present in, 16 Cuniculicida, B., 429 — and septicaemia, 258 — vitality of, in water, 323 524 MICROORGANISMS IN WATER Cuticularis, B., 476 Cuticularis albus, B., 442 Cyaneus, M., 495 'D' (Bacillus), 476 Decolorisation of preparations, 47 Dee, river, bacteria in, 100-102 Delicatulus, B., 438 Dentriticus, B., 475 Depths of water, bacteria in various, 110, 113, 114 - insolation of bacteria in various, 372, 374, 375 Desiccation, effect of, on anthrax, 363-367 Devorans, J9., 471 Dialyzed silicic acid, preparation of, 17 Diffusus, B., 471 Dilution method, isolation of bac- teria by, 28 — numerical estimation of bac- teria in water by, 73 Diphtheria bacilli and high tempera- tures, 184 Distilled water, growth of organisms in, 217, 231-233 — action of ozone on anthrax in, 243 Double staining, 53 — — Gunther's method of, 53 — — Fiocca's method of, 54 Drain-water, action of light on bacteria in, 374, 375 Drop-cultures, 58, 59 — action of light on anthrax in, 349 Dundee water supply, 111 Earth, infusorial (see Berkefeld- filter) — agitation of water with, 198 Ehrlich's solution, 45 — — Loffler's modification of, 46 - Weigert-Koch's modification of, 46 • Mine neue Vibrioncnart,' 402 Electric light, action on bacteria of, 354, 357,358 Erysipelas streptococcus, vitality of, in water, 321 Erythrosporus, B., 439 Erythrosporus, B., multiplication in water of, 231, 232 Esmarch tube -cultures, 35 Ferric salts, purification of sewage with, 208 Fervidosus, M., 500 Filiformis, B., 470 Filter-beds, renewal of, 127, 144- 146 — London Companies', exami- nation of, 131-142 - Zurich, examination of, 144- 147 — covered and uncovered, 145 — construction of, at Konigs- berg, 148 — frost and, 153 Filters, domestic, Berkefeld. 176-180 - Chamberland, 4, 172-176 — Chemical effect on water by passing through Chamber- land filter, 172 — effect of temperature 011 efficiency of, 174 — retention of typhoid bacillus by, 175-181 — retention of cholera bacillus by, 177, 178 - stone, 181 — asbestos, 181 Filtration of water through silver- sand, 169-171 — green sand, 169-171 — coke, 169-171 - powdered glass, 169-171 - brick-dust, 169-171 — iron sponge, 169-171 — animal charcoal, 169-171 — vegetable charcoal, 169- 171 - Chamberland filter, 172- 176 — and detection of ty- phoid bacillus by, 285 - Berkefeld filter, 176-180 - stone filters, 181 — asbestos filters, 181 Filtration, sand, 117-154 — experimental. 154-159, 169, 170 — chemical effect on water of, 118 INDEX 525 Filtration, sand, bacterial effect on filtrate of rate of, 126, 148-150, 151, 154-157 - inefficient, 148-154 — and sewage purification, 159- 167 Finkler-Prior B., vitality in water of, 326 Flagella, staining of, 54-58 Flavescens, B., 448 Flavescens, vibrio, 406 Flavocoriaceus, B., 446 Flavus desidens, M., 502 Flavus liquefaciens, M., 501 Flavus tardigradus, M., 502 Flavus, Vibrio, 405 Fluorescens aureus, B., 449 Fluorescens liquefaciens, B., 427 Fluorescens longus, B., 425 Fluorescens non liquefaciens, B., 425 Fluorescens tenuis, B., 424 Formalin broth for diagnosis of typhoid bacillus, 285 Fraenkel's anaerobic culture-tube,40 Frankland, Percy, culture -solution, 26,27 method for detection of an- thrax spores in water, 283 Freezing, effect of, on gelatine cul- tures of bacteria, 255, 256 — B. prodigiosus, 252 Proteus vulgaris, 252 — Staphylococcus pyoge- nes aureus, 252 — typhoid bacillus, 252 — anthrax bacillus, 253- 255 — cholera bacillus, 254, 255 Freiburg, bacteria in water-supply of, 99 Frost and filter-beds, 153 Fuchsine stain for bacteria, 44 Fulvua, B., 470 Fusarium aquceductuum, 519, 520 Fuscus, B., 431 Fuscus, M., 498 Fuscus limbatus, 5., 432 Gaillet and Huet's process for softening water, 191 Gas, production of, by B. coli com- munis, 269-270 Gas, carbonic acid, and cholera ba- cillus, 237 and water bacteria 237 Gaslight, action of, on anthrax, 338, 339 Gasoformans, B., 468 Gelatine-peptone, preparation of, 9 — addition of glycerine to, 12 — preservation of, 11, 12 — alkalinity of, 63-67 — behaviour of B. typhosus and coli communis in, 269 — Vitalitv of bacteria when frozen in, 255, 256 Gelatine wort, 13 — iron, 14 - potato, 22 — ammonia, 67 Gelatine-plate cultures, 30, 76, 80 — dish cultures, 34 — tube cultures, 35 Geneva, Lake of, bacteria in, 109 Gen. nov., B., 467 Glanders bacillus, growth on pota- toes of, 24 vitality in water of, 325 Glass, powdered, for filtration pur- poses, 169-171 Glaucus, B., 469 Glycerine -gelatine peptone, 12 Glycerine, addition of, to blood serum, 19 ' Golden Yellow Water bacillus,' 444 Grand Junction Company's filter- beds, bacterial examination of, 131-133 — reservoirs, 187, 188 Granulosus, B., 454 Gram's method, 47 Gram-Giinther method, 48 Botkin's modification of, 48 Graveolens, B., 467 Green or fluorescent "^pigment, bacilli producing a, 424-428 ' Grey coccus,' 492 Guinea-pigs and cholera inocula- tions, 282 Guttatus, B., 466 Haematimeter, 29 Hail, bacterial contents of, 88 Halophilus, B., 457 526 MICRO-ORGANISMS IN WATER Hamburg water supply, 152-154 chemical analysis of, 305 and cholera epidemic, 305- ! 306 Harpoon, bacterial, 36 Helvolus, B., 444 High-pressure steam steriliser, 3 Holz's method for detection of typhoid bacillus, 271 Hot-air steriliser, 4 Hyalina, Sarcina, 507 Hyalinus, B., 437 HydropJiilus fuscus, B., 431 discovery of, in water, 260 Hydrosulfureum Pontictim, B., 458 Ice, bacterial contents of, 85-88 — behaviour of bacteria in, 252, 255 Incanus, B., 465 Indol-reaction and typhoid bacillus, 273 - — — and cholera bacillus, 281 Inoculation of test-tubes, 37 — of guinea-pigs with cholera ba- cillus, 282 — of marmots with cholera ba- cillus, 282, 399 Insolation of bacteria (see Light) Inunctus, B. 464 Iridescens, B., 465 Iron sponge for filtration purposes, 169-171 agitation experiments with, 194 Irrigation and bacterial purification of sewage, 167-169 Isar, river, bacteria in, 95 — action of light on, 373 Isolation of micro-organisms, 28 - by dilution, 24, 28, 29, 73- 76 — — gelatine-plate cultures, 30-33, 76-79 — gelatine-dish cultures, 34 gelatine -tube cultures, 35 Janthinus, B., 472 Jaundice fever induced by bathing in foul water, 259 Jelly, high temperature, 14 — • silica, 17 Katrine, Loch, bacteria in, 110 — multiplication of bacteria in water from, 230 Kiel, Bacille rouge de (see also Buber, B.) — action of light on, 352, 353 Koch and Weigert's modification of Ehrlich's solution, 46 Koch's steam steriliser, 2 Konigsberg water-supply, 146-150 Kiihne's carbolic methylene blue solution, 46 Lactis aerogenes, 412 Lactis cyano genus, B., 478 Lactis viscosus, B., 479 Lakes, bacteria in, 97, 109-112 Lambeth Company's filter-beds, bacterial examination of, 137- 139 Latericeus, B., 439 Lea, river, bacteria in, 89, 90, 119- 124 — multiplication of bacteria in raw water of, 219 ' Lemon-yelloio ' bacillus, 445 TLieptotlirix ochracea, 513 Leucomelancum, Spi rill inn, 408 Levelling apparatus for plate- cultures, 32 Light, action of, on micro-organisms, 333-393 - in water, 370-384, 392, 393 — virulence of pathogenic bacteria, 385-387, 392 — in purification of water, 393 Lime-water for water purification and softening, 190-192, 196, 201, 202 Lime, agitation of water with, 201 — purification of sewage with, 205 — copperas and, 206, 207 — ferric sulphate and, 208 — alum and, 208-210 Limniat, river, bacteria in, 96-98 INDEX 527 Limosus, B., 456 Lintrathen, Loch of, bacteria in, 111, 112 Liodermos, B., 460 Liquefaciens, B., 461 Liquidus, B., 461 Litoralis, B., 455 Litoralis, Sarcina, 507 Loch Katrine, bacteria in, 110 multiplication of bacteria in water from, 230 Loch of Lintrathen, bacteria in, 111, 112 Lockjaw (see Tetanus) London water supply, 119-142 — monthly reports on, 121- 123 Lucerne, Lake of, bacteria in, 110 Lutea, Sarcina, 506 Luteum, B., 444 Luteus, M., 499 Luteus, Diplococcus, 509 Magenta stain for bacteria, 44 Magnesium oxide, agitation of water with, 200 Main river, bacteria in, 98 Malaria microbes and high tempe- rature, 184 Mallei B., vitality in water of, 325 — growth on potatoes of, 24 Marburg well-water, bacteria in, 104 Marinum, Spirillum, 407 Marmot and cholera inoculations, 282, 399 Marne, river, bacteria in, 91 — multiplication of, 226 Marsh-water, descriptions of bac- teria isolated from, 448, 464, 465 Massachusetts Board of Health, sewage purification experiments, 159-167, 205-216 Megaterium, B., 418 Membranaceus amethystinus, B., 474 Merrimac river, bacteria in, 164 Mesentericus fuscus, B., 463 Mesentericus ruler, £., 462 Mesentericus vulgatus, B., 463 Methyl violet, 44 Methylene blue solution, 44 — - — Loffler's alkaline, 45 Micrococci, action of light on, 337 — which liquefy gelatine, 398 — do not liquefy gelatine, 398 - found in water, 489-509 — pathogenic, found in water, 398 Milk, sterilisation of, 3, 25 — filtration of, 5 — growth of B. typhosus and coli communis in, 269 Milk-serum, 5 — gelatinised, 13 Miquel's method of water exami- nation, 73-76 Mirabilis, Streptococcus, 508 Missouri river, sediment in, 189, 190 Mordant used in staining flagella, 55 ' Moscliuspilz,' 519, 520 Mud, sea, bacteria in, 114, 115 Multipediculosus, B., 485 Multiplication of micro-organisms, 103, 234, 235, 217-256 — water organisms in presence of typhoid bacillus, 294 — cholera bacil- lus, 301 Murisepticus, B., 428 - vitality of, in water, 323 — and septicaemia, 258 Musco'ides, B., 484 Mycoides, B., 419 Naegeli, culture solution, 26 Naples, Gulf of, bacteria in, 112- 114 Neva, river, bacteria in. 99 j New Kiver Company's filter-beds, bacterial examination of, 139, 140 — reservoirs,. 188, 189 Nitrifying organisms, 233 Nubilus, B., 460 Ochraceus, B., 445 ' Orange-red ' Water bacillus, 445 Ourcq canal water, bacteria in, 91 — multiplication of, 226 Ouse, river, bacteria in, 100 — chemical analysis of water of, 118 Ozone, action of, on bacteria in water, 242 528 MICRO-ORGANISMS IN WATER of Paisley water supply, 150, 151 Pararosaniline colours and Grain's method, 49, 50 Parietti's method for detection of typhoid bacillus, 272 Pasteur, culture solution, 26 Pathogenic bacteria, detection of, in water, 257—285 vitality in water of, 286-332 insolation and virulence of, 385-387 — list of, found in water, 398 Peroxide of hydrogen, action of, on bacteria in water, 244-247 — generation of, during inso- lation, 389—390 Petri culture-dish, 34 Apparatus for counting colo- nies on, 34 Phenol broth and detection typhoid bacillus, 272-276 Phosphor escens indicus, 13., 451 — indigenus, B., 452 — gelidus, B., 451 Photobacteriographs, 360-362 Photobacterium luminosum Argenteo pliospliorescens lique faciens) Photographic record of plate- cultures, 80-82 Picrocarmine solution, 49 Pigments, bacterial, action of light on, 347, 351 Pipettes, cleaning and sterilisation of, 79 Plicatile, Spirillum, 409 Plicatus, B., 459 Plumosus, M., 494 Pneumoniae, B., vitality in water of, 325 Potato cultures, 20-24 — gelatine, 22 — acidity and alkalinity of, 23 - growth of cholera bacillus on, 23 glanders bacillus on, 24 — B., prodigiosus on, 20 Pressure, effect of high, on bact- erial contents of water-filtrates, 1,48, 126-128, 148-150, 151, 154- 157 Prodigiosus, B., 410 — growth on potatoes of, 20 - vitality in seltzer-water of, 240 — behaviour in ice of, 252 Proteus fluorescens, B., 421 — detection of, in water, 259 — vulgaris, B., 420 behaviour of, in ice, 252 - mirabilis, B., 420 - ZenJceri, B., 421 Pseudo-anthracis, B., action of light on sporulation of, 360 Pseudo-cholera spirillum, 403 Pumping, effect of, on bacterial contents of well-water, 103-105 Punctatus, B., 486 Pure cultures by means of solid culture media, 7-9 — liquid culture media, 24, 28, 29 Purification of water for drinking purposes, 117-216 — by agitation with solid particles, 193-205 - — sewage, 159-169, 205-216 - water by insolation, 370-384, 392, 393 Clark's process, 190, 191 — Gaillet and Huet's pro- cess, 191 - Rockner-Rothe's pro- cess, 192 Putrificus coli, B., 486 Pyogenes aureus, Staphylococ.cus, 498 Pyocyaneus, B., 424 — vitality in water of, 327 - action of light on, 348, 353, 372 Pyrogallate of potash solution for anaerobic cultures, 41 Radiatus aquatilis, B., 459 Badiatus, M., 503 Rain, bacterial contents of, 88 Bamosus, B. (' Wurzel-bacillus '), 419 Red pigment, bacteria producing a, 439-442, 477, 496, 497 Beitenbachii, Sarcina, 507 Reservoirs, storage of water in, 184- 190 — use in America of, 189 Reticularis, B., 435 Rhine, river, bacteria in, 98 Aniline-water'1 Bacillus (Burri), 483 — Micrococcus (Burri), 491 INDEX 529 Rhone, river, bacteria in, 91, 92 Rivers, bacterial contents of, 89- 102 Rockner-Rothe's process for puri- fying water, 192 Bosettaceus, M., 503 ' Bother ' Bacillus, 441 Roux's method of cultivating bac- teria on potatoes, 22 Bubefaciens, B., 441 Euber, B. (Bacille rouge de Kiel), 442 action of light on, 352, 353 Bubescens, B., 438 Bubidus, B., 440 Bub rum, Spirillum, 406 Rufum, Spirillum, 409 Buc/ula, Spirillum, 407 Sand nitration, 117-154 experimental, 154-159, 169, 170 — bacterial effect of thickness of, 126, 144 — bacteria in, taken from Berlin filter-bed at different depths, 158 — bacteria in, taken from different depths of experimental filtering tank, 166 - silver, filtration by means of, 169, 170 - green, filtration by means of, 169, 170 — white, agitation of water with, 200 Saone, river, bacteria in, 91, 92 Saprogenes II., B., 432 Sapropliiles a, Vibrio, 404 — y, Vibrio, 404 Sea-water, bacteria in, 112 — descriptions of bacilli obtained from, 451-457 Sedimentation, effect of, on bac- teria in water, 95-98, 112, 184 193 ' Seidengldnzender Bacillus ' (Tata- roff ),. 489 Seine, river, bacteria in, 91, 220 — multiplication of, 226 Seltzer-water, vitality of bacteria in, 236-242 Septicaemia, symptoms of, induced by impure water, 257, 258 Septicaemia, bacillus of rabbit, dis- covery of, in water, 258 - mouse, discovery of, in water, 258 Serpens, Spirillum, 409 Sewage, purification of by Rockner- Rothe's process, 192 — experiments on, in Massachu- setts, 159-167, 205-216 — purification of, by sand filtration, 159-167 - irrigation, 167-169 — strength of, in America, 161 — bacterial contents of, 89, 101, 163, 168, 205-209 Silica jelly, 17 Slime and retention of bacteria in sand filters, 155-159 Snow, bacterial contents of, 84, 85 Soda crystals, addition to gelatine peptone of, 67 Sodium carbonate added to gelatine peptone, 63-67 — chloride, insolation of anthrax in presence of, 383 — sulphate, insolation of anthrax in presence of, 383 Softening of water by Clark's pro- cess, 185 — Gaillet and Huet's pro- cess, 191 Southwark and Vauxhall Com- pany's filter-beds, bacterial ex- amination of, 135, 136 Spectrum, action of different rays of, on bacteria, 334, 339, 353, 354, 356-360 Spirillar forms, detection in water of, 276, 279, 280, 283 — found in water, 399-409 — behaviour of, in presence of albuminoids, 280 Spirillum cholerae asiaticae (see Cholera bacillus) , Spores, staining of, 52-54 — resistance of, to high tempera- tures, 2 Spree, river, bacteria in, 92-95, 143 Springs, mineral, bacteria in, 108, 109 Spring-water, bacteria in, 107, 108 — multiplication of, 224 Staining of micro-organisms, 42-59 — nuclei of tissue, 49 flagella, 54-58 M M 530 M1CRO-OEGANISMS IN WATER Staining of spores, 52-54 — double, 53 - Giinther's method of, 53 Fiocca's method of, 54 Staphylococcus pyogenes aiCreus, 498 behaviour of, in ice, 252 discovery of, in mud, 259, 260 vitality in water of, 320 Stellatus, M., 503 Sterilisation, intermittent, 2 — by steam, 2 — hot air, 3 — nitration, 4. (See also under Filtration and Filters) — chemical agents, 6 - of water by heat, 181-184 Stolonatus, B., 485 Stoloniferus, B., 464 Stone filters, 181 Storage, effect of, on bacteria in water, 99, 126, 131-142, 184 Streptococcus pyogenes, vitality of, in water, 321 - erysipelatis, vitality of, in water, 321 Streptothrix Foersteri, 518 SubflawM, B., 447 Subsidence (sec Sedimentation) Subtilis, B. 417 — use of, in anaerobic cultures, 40, 41 Sulfur enm, B., 458 Sulphate of alumina, agitation of water with, 202 Sulphuretted hydrogen, production of, by bacteria, 14 16 Super ficiaUs, B., 434 Swine plague, bacillus of, vitality in water of, 324 Tartaric acid added to gelatine peptone, 64 Tegel, Lake, bacteria in, 111, 143 Temperatures, effect of, on filtra- tion, 174 bacterial condition of different | waters when heated to various, 182-184 - effect of high, on tubercle ba- | cillus, 184 anthrax spores, 184 typhoid bacillus, 184 Temperatures, effect of high, on diphtheria bacillus, 184 - malaria microbes, 184 - Koch's comma ba- cillus, 184 — on multiplication of bac- teria, 221-223, 230-232, 234, 235 - production of anthrax spores, 383 - jelly for cultivations at high, 14 Tenue, Spirillum, 409 Termo, B., 428 Test tubes, sterilisation of, 4, 11 - filling of, 10, 11 Tetcmi, B., (Tetanus bacillus), 423 — growth in broth of, 12 discovery of, in mud, 259, 260 - vitality in water of, 328, 330 Tetanus, insolation and virulence of products of bacillus of, 385, 386 Tetragenus, M., vitality of, in water, 322 Thalassophitus, B., 468 Thames, river, bacteria in, 89, 90, 119-124 - multiplication of bacteria in raw water of, 219, 234 — filtered water of, 221-223 — action of light on anthrax in water from, 376-383 — action of light on bacteria in, 374 Thermopliilus, B., 488 Thiothrijc, 510 — nivea, 511 — tennis, 511 — tenuissima, 511 Thoinot's method for detection of typhoid bacillus, 275 Tholoeidemn, B., 412 Tremelloides, B., 447 Tuberculosis, B., 422 - effect of agitation on, in water, 249 — discovery of, in ditch-water, 260 — spores (?) of, and high tem- perature, 1S4 vitality in water of, 319 INDEX 531 Tuberculosis, B., action of light on, 354 Turbid well-water, bacteria in, 105 Typhoid bacillus, 410 - vitality in water of, 289-296 — microscopic figure cf, 289 — bacilli resembling, 411-415 behaviour of, in ice, 253 - discovery in mud of, 259, 260 - water of, 264 267 — special detection in water of, 267-276,285 — action of light on, 355-359, 361, 372 — action of peroxide of hydro- gen on, in water, 246 and sand nitration, 158 Chamberland filter, 175 - Berkefeld filter, 177-179 — high temperature, 184 Typhoid fever and Zurich water supply, 147 Tyrothrix scaber, action of light on, 336 Vbiquitus, B., 434 Uffelmami's method for detection of typhoid bacillus, 270 Undula, Spirillum, 409 Ure, river, bacteria in, 100 Ureae, B., 487 •Ureae, M., 504 Urine, effect of insolation on, 389 Uschinsky, non-albuminous culture solution, 28 Vaccine, anthrax, obtained byinso- ! lation, 340, 392 — cholera, obtained by insolation, i 387 Vanne spring, multiplication of bacteria in, 224 Vermicularis, B., 418 Vermiformis, Streptococcus, 508 Versicolor, M., 504 Vibrio Metschiiikovi, 282 Vincent's method for- detection of typhoid bacillus, 273 Violaceus, B. 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