None
gill = 118.29 11.829 1.183 0.118 pint 47.318 4.732 0.473 quart = 9.464 0.946 gallon = 37.854 3.785 barrel = 119.241 0.119 hogshead = 238 . 482 0.238 pipe 476.965 0.477 tun 953.929 0.954 (Dry) pint = 550.61 55.061 5.506 0.551 quart = 110.122 11.012 1.101 gallon = 44.049 4.405 peck 88.097 8.810 L bushel = 35.239 0.035 1 chaldron = 1.269 CAPACITY (METRIC TO BRITISH) (Wet and dry) Gills Pints Quarts Gallons Pecks Bushels 1 1 milliliter = 0.007 centiliter = 0.070 0.018 1 deciliter = 0.704 0.176 0.088 0 .022 1 liter = 7.043 1.761 0.880 0 .220 0 .110 0 .028 1 decaliter = 8.803 2 .201 1 .100 0 275 1 hectoliter = 22 .008 11 .004 2 ,751 1 kiloliter = 220 083 110, 042 27 510 1 rnyrialiter = 275. 104 CAPACITY (BRITISH TO METRIC) (Wet and dry) Ml. Cl. Dl. L. Kl. 1 gill = 142.0 14.199 1.420 0.142 1 pint = 56.797 5.680 0.568 1 quart = 11.359 1.136 1 gallon = 45.437 4.544 1 peck = 90.875 9.087 1 bushel = 36.350 0.036 The conversion factors in these tables have been derived independently from the following standards: 1 meter (U. S.) = 39.37 in. (1 in. = 25.4 mm.); 1 sq. meter = 39.S72 -T- 144 = 10.76386736 sq. ft.; 1 cu. meter = 39.373 -=- 1728 = 35.31445447 cu. ft.; 1 liter = 61.02338189 cu. in.; 1 U. S. (Winchester) bushel = 2150.4 cu. in.; 1 British (Imperial) bushel = 2218.192 PU. in. DENOMINATE NUMBERS 411 CONVERSION OF COMPOUND UNITS In the conversion of compound units from the United States to the metric system, and vice versa, it is more convenient and saves much time and frequently avoids error arising from confusion of terms to em- ploy a single factor. The following are the more common conversion factors : WEIGHT PER UNIT LENGTH 1 Ib. per ft (0.4536 X 3.28) = 1.488 kg. per m. 1 Ib. per yd (0.4536 X 1.0936). = 0.496 kg. per m. 1 ton per mi (0.9072 X 0.6214) = 0.5637 tonnes per km. 1 long ton per mi (1.016 X 0.6214) = 0.6313 tonnes per km. WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA 1 Ib. per sq. ft (0.4536 X 10.764) = 4.882 kg. per m2 1 ton per sq. ft (0.9072 X 10.764) = 9.765 tonnes per m2 1 ton per sq. yd (0.9072 X 1.196) = 1.085 tonnes per m2 1 ton per acre (0.9072 X 2.471) = 2.2417 tonnes per hectare 1 long ton per acre (1.016 X 2.471) = 2.5105 tonnes per hectare WEIGHT PER UNIT VOLUME 1 oz. per cu. in ... (28.35 X 0.06102) = 1.73 g. per cm3 1 oz. per cu .ft (0.0283 X 35.3145) = 1.00 kg. per m3 1 Ib. per cu. ft (0.4536 X 35.3145) = 16.0184 kg. per m3 1 Ib. per cu. yd. ... (0.4536 X 1.308) = 0.5933 kg. per m3 1 ton per cu. yd . . (0.9072 X 1.308) = 1.1866 tonnes per m3 1 ton per acre-ft. . . (0.9072 X 8.106) = 7.3538 tonnes per hectare-m. 1 long ton per acre-ft (1.016 X 8. 106) = 8. 2357 tonnes per . hectare-m. It is worthy of note that ounces per cubic foot are equivalent to kilo- grams per cubic meter, or grams per liter, since 1 m3 = 1000 liters. WEIGHT PER UNIT CAPACITY — LIQUID 1 gr. per gal.— U. S (64.8 X 0.264) = 17.107 mg. per 1. 1 oz. per gal ( 28.35 X 0.264) = 7.484 g. per 1. 1 Ib. per gal (453.59 X 0.264) = 119.748 g. per 1. 1 gr. per gal.— Gt. Br (64.8 X 0.22). = 14.256 mg. per 1. 1 oz. per gal (28.35 X 0.22) = 6.237 g. per 1. 1 Ib. per gal (453.59 X 0.22) = 99.790 g. per 1- WEIGHT PER UNIT CAPACITY — DRY 1 Ib. per bu.— U. S (0.4536 X 28.378) = 12.872 kg. per stere 1 Ib. per bu.— Gt. Bt (0.4536 X 27.51) = 12.479 kg. per stere PRESSURE 1 oz. per sq. in (28.35 X 0.155) = 4.394 g. per cm2 1 Ib. per sq. in (453.59 X 0.155) = 70.306 g. per cm2 1 Ib. per sq. ft. . . . (0.4536 X 10.764) = 4.882 kg. per m2 412 MINE GASES AND VENTILATION WORK 1 inch-pound (2.54 X 453.59) = 1152.1 gram-centimeters 1 foot-pound (0.3048 X 0.4536) = 0.1383 kilogram meters 1 ton-pound (0-3048 X 0.9072) = 0.2765 tonne-meters WORK IN HEAT UNITS 1 B.t.u.— 778 ft.-lb (778 X 0.1383) = 107. 564 kg.-m. 1 pound-calorie (107.564 X 1.8) = 193.615 kg.-m. 1 calorie (193.615 X 2.2046) = 426.844 kg.-m. CALORIFIC OR HEATING VALUE 1 B.t.u. per Ib (0.252 X 2.2046) = 0.55556 cal. per kg. 1 B.t.u. per Ib 5/9(2 . 2046) = 1 . 22478 Ib.-cal. per kg. 1 B.t.u. per cu. ft (0.252 X 35.3145) = 8.89925 cal. per m3 1 Ib.-cal. per Ib (0 . 4536 X 2 . 2046) = 1 . 00000 cal. per kg. 1 Ib.-cal. per Ib = 2.20462 Ib.-cal. per kg. 1 Ib.-cal. per cu. ft (0.4536 X 35.3145) = 16.01866 cal. per m3 POWER The metric horsepower (force de cheval), which for convenience may be abbreviated "cheval," is the power capable of performing 75 kg.-m. of work per second, or 75 X 60 = 4500 kg.-m. per min. 1 horsepower (33,000 X 0.1383) = 4563.9 kg.-m. per min. 1 horsepower (4563 . 9 -r- 4500) = 1 . 0142 chevals 1 cheval (4500 H- 4563.9) = 0.986 hp. POWER FACTORS 1 sq. ft. per hp (0 . 093 X 0 . 986) = 0 . 0937 m2 per cheval 1 cu. ft. per hp (0. 028 X 0. 986) = 0. 0276 m3 per cheval FUEL OR WATER CONSUMPTION 1 Ib. per hp.-hr (0 . 4536 X 0 . 986) = 0 . 4472 kg. per cheval-hr. 1 ton per hp.-hr (0 . 9072 X 0 . 986) = 0 . 8945 tonnes per cheval-hr. 1 gal. (U. S.) per hp.-hr . . (3 . 785 XO . 986) = 3 . 7320 liters per cheval-hr. 1 gal. (Gt. Bt.) per hp.-hr. (4 . 544 X 0 . 986) = 4 . 4804 liters per cheval-hr. EVAPORATION FACTORS 1 gal. per sq. ft.— U. S (3.785 X 10.764) = 40.7417 1. per m.2 1 gal. per Ib. fuel (3. 785 X 2. 2046) = 8. 3444 1. per kg. 1 gal. per B.t.u (3.785 X 3.968) = 15.0189 1. per cal. 1 gal. per B.t.u (3.785X1.8) = 6.8130 1. per Ib.-cal. 1 gal. per sq. ft.— Gt. Bt (4 . 544 X 10 . 764) = 48 . 91 16 1. per m2 1 gal. per Ib. fuel (4.544 X 2.2046) = 10.0177 1. per kg. 1 gal. per B.t.u (4.544 X 3.968) = 18.0306 1. per cal. 1 gal. per B.t.u (4.544 X 1.8) = 8. 1792 1. per Ib.-cal DENOMINATE NUMBERS 413 EQUIVALENTS IN AIR MEASUREMENTS Atmospheric pressure, sea, level, normal, 14.696 Ib. per sq. in. (14 . 696 X 0 . 0703) = 1 . 033 kg. per cm2 (14.696 -7-0.4911) = 29. 925 in. mercury (29.925 X 25.4) = 760 mm. mercury /29.925 X 13. 6\ ,0 ft ,, I — j = 33.9 ft. water column (33.915 X 0.3048 = 10.34m. water column The specific gravity of mercury (32 deg. F.) being 13.593, 1 in. ba- rometer (standard reading) corresponds to 13.6 in. water gage and, roughly, to (13.6 X 815) -t- 12 = say 900 ft. air-column. Pressure, in fan ventilation is frequently expressed in ounces per square inch, instead of in pounds per square inch. The following table giving the equivalent values in these denominations and inches of water gage. Water Lb. per Oz. per Water Lb. per Oz.per gage sq. ft. sq. in. Gage sq. in. sq. in. 0 3 15.60 1.733 H 0.65 0.072 y± 16.90 1.878 K 1-30 0.144 Y2 18.20 2.022 H 1.95 0.216 Y± 19.50 2.167 H 2.60 0.289 4 20.80 2.311 % 3.25 0.361 y± 22.10 2.456 % 3.90 0.433 Y2 23.40 2.600 % 4.55 0,505 % 24.70 .2.744 1 5.20 0.578 5 26.00 2.889 H 6-50 0-722 y± 27.30 3.033 % 7.80 0.867 % 28.60 3.178 % 9.10 1.011 % 29.90 3.322 2 10.40 1.156 6 31.20 3.467 y± 11.70 1.300 K 32.50 3.611 % . 13.00 1.444 y2 33.80 3.756 % 14.30 1.589 % 35.10 3.900 The table on the following page will be found convenient in comparing short and long tons. It expresses the decimal equivalent of the short and long ton, per hundredweight, to 20,000 Ib. or 10 short tons. 414 MINE GASES AND VENTILATION TABLE OF COMPARATIVE VALUES OF THE SHORT AND LONG TON POUNDS^ <««i£fSs nml _MO -*55 4600J _1M -2S5. M!^ n.ioo: m -*B 1WLJ&-5® mat_si5._a5 7ifloj _iiQ -Ufl 9?OQ: 4jM "** 9500 : 4f& 4.15 IIJOQ- »5 9«!L JJO _4jfl ll^fifij _S7Q iQBt JUB JK INDEX NOTE. — Numbers refer to pages. Letters are used to abbreviate words in the same line or in the heading in which they stand. Other abbreviations are those in common use. Absolute pressure, 192 A. temperature; A, zero, 18 Rel. of a. p. to a. temp., 20 Acceleration, 26. Acetylene gas, Generation of, Burning a. g. ; Oxygen con- sumed; Calculation, 310 Chem. reactions, 309 Properties of a. g., 311 Acetylene lamp (See L., Miners' Carbide) Acids, Bases, Salts: Nature of a.; Distinguishing character- istics, 61 Affinity of atoms, 59 Afterdamp: Composition, etc., Ill Air, 1 (See Respiration) Composition of a., 4; Per- centage c. calculated, 30 Density of a. calculated, 30 Dry a., 4, 70; Formulas, 4, 79, 80 Dry a, vs. wet a., 79 (Sec Hygrometry) Early theories of a., 1 Mechanical mixture, 2, 61 Moisture in a. (See Hygrom- etry) Normal a., 4, 5; Exhaled a., 3; Free a., 19; Residual a., Tidal a., 133 Weight of a.: Formulas 4, 79, 80 Weight of a.: Dif. altitudes and temp, (tables) 11, 15 Air bridges: Overcasts; Under- casts; Natural o., 251 Air crossings, 249 Air columns — Atmospheric (See Atmos. pressure) Average temp, (atmos. a. c.) Calc. of, 14; Observed temp. Table of, 15 Air columns, in mines: Estimation of, 166; Condi- tions affecting; Positive and negative a.c., 167; Downcast, Upcast c. 168; Calculation of a. c.; Ef- fective depth, 169; Prob- lems, 170; Relation of a. c. to unit ventilating press., 184; Wwater gage, 184; Barom, pres., 185 Air currents, Conducting, 249 (See Mine Ventilation) Appliances used: Air bridges (overcasts undercasts), brattices, doors, stop- pings, regulators, 249-251 Circulating system : Intake and discharge openings, 161; Intake and return airways, 258; Coursing the a.; Single current not adequate, 218 - Distribution of a., 257; A. splits, 258 Measurement of a. c., 199 Splitting the a. c. (See S. the A. C.) Velocity of a. c., 173, Danger of high v., 179; How v. is estimated and meas- ured, 180; Rel. of pres. and v., 173 415 416 INDEX Air splits, 258 (See Splitting of the A. Current) Airways : Definition of a., 187; Essen- tial features; Shape, 188 Intake and return a., 258 Potential of a., 200; Table, 202 Similar a., 189, Principle of s. a., 191; Rule, 192 Systems of mine a., 262 Resistance of a.; How r. varies, 191; Unit of r. ; Coef. of fric.; Calcula- tion of r. of an a., 192; Formulas for r. 196, 198 Anemometer, The, 180 Artificial respiration (See R.) Sylvester method, 158; Schae- fer method, 159 Ashworth-Hepplewhite-Gray safe- ty lamp, 283 Atmosphere, The, 5 (See Air) Constant composition, 61 Pressure expressed in a's, 19 Atmospheric pressure, 5 A. p. at dif. altitudes, Table of, 11; Relation of a. p. to altitude, temp., etc., Table of, 15 Calculating a. p. (Differential method), 15 Measurement of (See Baro- metric Pressure) Variation of, Daily and yearly, 6 Atoms, corpuscles, electrons, mole- cules, 22 Atomic heat, re a. wt., 53 Atomic volume, unit of gaseous v., 29, 63 Atomic weight, rel. w., 59; A. w. of elements (table), 28 Attraction, Law of, 22, Terrestrial a., 23 Authorities: Abel, 122; Atkinson, 191; Avogadro, 29; Beard, 305; Berzelius, 122; Boyle, 19; Burrell, 296; Cavendish, 1; Cham- berlin, 90; Charles, 18; Clowes, 311; Dalton, 22; Davy, 269; Dulong, 53; Emich, 113; Fairley, 191; Favre, 66, 68; Galloway, 304, 305; Gay Lussac, 18; Gibbs, 143; Graham, 37; Haldane, 106, 107, 109; Hopkins, 157; Lav- oisier, 1 ; LeChatelier, 114, 311; Mallard, 114; Man- ning, 157; Mariotte, 19; Paul, 147; Petit, 53; Priestley, 1; Remsen, 53; Schaefer, 159; Silber- mann, 66, 68; Stephen- son, 268; Stewart, 134; Stoney, 22 ; Sylvester, 158; Taffanel, 123; Thomson, 22 Avogadro's law of gaseous vol- ume, 29 B Barometer, The, 6 Aneroid b., 9 Mercurial b., 6; Description, 8; Principle of b., 7 Barometric pressure, 6 (See At- mospheric P.) Calculation of p. from b. reading 6; Calculation for any altitude, 12; Form- ula, 13 Standard, b. readings, 8 Table of b. p. at dif. altitudes, 11 Bases, in chemistry, 61 Battery, Edison storage, 313 Beard-Mackie sight indicator, for gas, 297 INDEX 417 Birds, Effect of carbon monoxide on, 106; Table showing length of exposure and recovery, 108 Blackdamp, 110 (See Carbon Diox- ide) Carbide lamps in b., 311 Definition; Production in mines; Effect on human system, 110 Blood, Circulation of, 3 (See Respi- ration) Absorption of carbon mono- oxide by the b., 103; Rate of a., 104 B. test for carbon monoxide, 106 Percentage of saturation in b. re p. c. in air breathed, 105; P. of carbon mon- oxide fatal to life, 107 Blowers, Gas, 87 (See Geological Conditions) Blownout shot, cause of mine ex- plosion, 127 Boiling, Evaporation, Vaporiza- tion, 50 B. points of dif. liquids, Table, 51; Effect of pres. on b. p. and v., 50 Bonnet, Lamp (See L. Mine Safety) Box regulator, The, 231 (See Regulators) Area of opening, Example, 234, 240 Pres. due to b. r., 232 Brattices, 249; How built, 250 Breathing Apparatus, 132 (See Respiration) Design; Development, 135 Permissible b. a.; Definition, 148. Principle of b. a., 132 Regenerator, 136 Specifications by the Bureau 27 of Mines: Conditions of testing, 148; Character of tests, 150; Construc- tion of b. a., 151; Detail of procedure in tests, 153; Approval of a., 155 Notification to manufac- turer; Fees for testing; Application for test of a., 156 Testing b. a., 136 Types of b. a., 137: Draeger b.a., 137; Essen- tial parts; Capacity, 139 Fleus Proto b. a., 139; Essential parts, 140; Ca- pacity, 142 Gibbs b. a., 143; Circu- lation, 144; Testing 145 Paul b. a., 147 British thermal unit, 51 Burrell gas detector, The, 299 Bureau of Mines, 147 Requirements in breathing apparatus, 147; Specifica- tions b. a, 148; Electric mine lamps, 319; Mine safety lamps, 288 C Calorie, 52 Pound, c., 52; Equivalent B.t.u., etc., 53 Canary, (See Birds etc.) Cap, Flame, ( See F. C.) Cap lamp, Electric, (See E. Mine L.) Carbide lamps (SeeL. equa.), 65 Detection in air; Blood test, 106 Effect on birds and mice; on flame, 106; on life, 103; Haldane's conclusions, 107 Explosive and inflammable range (table) ; Effect of high press, and temp., 114; Moisture necessary, 114, 121 Flame temp., Calculation of, 120 Production in mines, 105 Properties, 103 Treatment for c. m. poisoning, 103 Catalysis, 122 Centigrade re Fahrenheit scale (table), 44 Conversion formulas; Ex- amples, 45 Charts: Explosive mine gases; E. range; Max. e. point; Inflammable limits; Symbols; Molecular wts., Densities; Wt. per cu. ft.; Vol. per pound; Specific heats; Heat of combustion in oxygen ; Chem. equation showing reaction, 115 Flame caps in safety lamps; Height of f. cap or elon- gation of f. for dif. illumi- nants and dif. percentages of gas; Inflammable and explosive zones, 303 Humidity of air for dif. dry-and-wet bulb read- ings; Percentage and weight of water vapor in air, 81; Table, 75 Pressure (atmospheric) at dif. altitudes; Corresponding water column and baro- meter; Mean observed temp, of atmosphere, 15 Pressure, power, volume: Lb. p. sq. ft.; Oz. p. sq. in.; water gage, inches, 184 Temperature : Expansion curve for air and gases; Relation of absolute t. and volume, 19 Chemical affinity, 46, 56 C. change; C. reaction, 56, 62; Examples of c.r.; Effect of heat 57; C. compound, 60; C. equation; How written, 62; What it shows, 67; Use of c. e., 63; C. symbols, 58 Chemistry of gases, 56 Chesneau safety lamp, 283 Chokedamp, 109 (See Carbon Dioxide) Circulation in mines (See M. Venti- lation) Flow of air in airways, 172; Potential of c., 201; P. values for dif. c., 202; Table, 203; Pres. pro- ducing c., 174; Power required to produce a given c., 249 Tandem c.; Summation of potentials, 214; Formulas, INDEX 419 215; Examples int. c., 216, 237; T. vs. split c., 222 Circulation of blood, 3 (See B., C. of) Clanny safety lamp, 277 Clowes hydrogen safety lamp, 284 Coal: Condition of gas in c. ; Escape of g. from c. ; Gas evolved from c. in vacuum, 90; Heat value of some coals (table), 66; Inflammability of c., 124 Coal dust, 123 (See D., C.) Coefficient of friction of air: Atkinson c; Fairley c., 192 Cohesion, 22 Combustion: A form of oxidation; Products of C. ; Slow c.; Supporter of c., 57 Heat of c. (exothermic) ; Formula; Table of h. of c'., 66; Calculation of h. of c., 67 Rapid (active) c. ; Spontaneous c., 58 Composition, Percentage : By vol- ume, 40; By weight, 39 Conducting air currents, 249 (See A. C., C.) Conduction of heat, 52 Convection, 52 Conversion formulas: Degrees of temp., 45; Heat units, 52 Conversion tables, 406 (See T.) Corpuscles, 22 Critical temp, of a liquid, 81 D Damps, 94 Davy safety lamp, The, 275 Deliquescent, 48 Denominate numbers, 397 Density defined; Formula, 29 Calculation of d. from relative (atomic) wts., 30 Mass, volume, d., 24 Dew point, 5, 76 D. p. temp., 76 Diffusion of ah- and gases 34, 36 Law of d., 36; Graham's 1.; Illustration ; Experiment, 37.; Calculation of den- sity based on 1. of dif- fusion; Formula, 41 Dip workings, Ventilation of, 162 Distribution of air in mines, 257 Division of air: (See Splitting the A. Current) Natural d. 220; Proportionate d. 230 Door regulator, The, 231; Area of opening; Use of the d. r., 235; Example, 240 Doors, Mine, 249 Double -entry system, 263 Draeger breathing apparatus, 137 Drainage, Mine 252 Dust, Coal, 123 (See D. Explosion) Anthracite d., 124 Effect of c. d. on. flame, 123 Inflammability of c. d., 124 Dust, Shale or Stone, Barrier to propagation of explosion, 125 Catalytic action of s. d., 122 Dust explosion, 116 (See E., D.) Dynamic force, 25 E Edison storage battery for mine lamps, 313 Electric mine lamps, 128, 313 (See Incandescent L.) Battery, Selecting a suitable; Edison storage b., 313; Charging the b., 315; Cap 1. and cable, 314 Permissible e. m. 1.; Defini- tion, 319 Specifications (Bureau of Mines) ; Conditions of testing, 319; Require- 420 INDEX ments for approval, 320; Tests of design. and construction; safety devices, 323; short circuit ; — lighting 324; cur- rent consumption, candle power, life of bulb; — leakage of electrolyte; Approval, 325; Notifica- tion of manufacturer; Fees for testing, 326 Use of e.m.l., 317 Electric wires, switches, fuses, brushes, sparking of, 127 Electrons, 22 Elements, The, 28 Classification of the e., 60 Combining power; Valence, 59 Heat of e. ; in reaction, always zero, 65 Emission of gases, 34 (See Trans- piration of G.) Endothermic reaction, 65, 67 Energy: Definition; Forms of e; Kinetic e.J Potential e., 27; Heat e. never lost, 67 Equations: Chemical e., 62; Ther- mochemical e., 67; E. of time, 402 Ethane, 89; Occurrence and properties, 92 Ethene (ethylene), 89 (See Ole- fiant Gas) Equivalents hi measurement, 184 Air column re water gage; re unit of vent, pres., 184; re barometric pres., 185 Atmospheric pressure e., 413 Barometric pressure re air column; re unit of vent. pres., 185 Power, volume (diagram), 185 Pressure e. (table), 185 Evaporation, 50 (See Boiling, E. etc.) Exothermic reaction, 65, 67 Expansion of air and gas ; 17 Adiabatic e. ; Formulas, 21; Isothermal e., 22 Coefficient of e. or contraction, 17 Effect of press, and temp., 17; Addition of heat, 20 Pressure re abs. temp., 20; re volume (Boyle's or Mariotte's law), 19 Temperature (absolute) re volume (Charles' or Gay Lussac's law), 18 Volume, press., abs. temp., Rel. of; Formulas, 20 Work of e., calculated in two ways, 20, 21 Explosion, Dust, 116: Absence of gas; Character of d.; Influence of d. on e.; Pioneering cloud of d. ; Weight of d. per cu. ft. of air to render air explosive, 123; Inflammability of coal d., 124 Anthracite d. not explosive; Volatile combustible mat- ter in coal an index of its explosibility, 124 Incombustible d, Influence of, 125 (See D., Shale or Stone) Explosion, Gas (See Mine Gases; E., Mine) Definition of g. e., 116 E. of g.; Influence of pres. and temp, on e., 121; I. of catalysis, initial impulse, moisture, volume and in- tensity of flame, 122; I. of coal dust on e., 123; I. of rock dust to arrest e., 125 Peculiarities of e. of methane, 114 INDEX 421 Explosion, Mine, 126 (See E., Dust; E., Gas) Causes of m. e., 127 Definition of a m. e., 116 Development of the e., 126 Propagation of an e. in a m.; Pioneering cloud, 123 Prevention of m. e., 129; Shale or stone dust (See D., S. or S.) Rescue and first-aid work; Entering a. m. after an e., 131; F-a. suggestions, 132 (See F-A. W.; Breathing Ap- paratus) Explosive Mine Gases, 112, 115 (See M. G.; Firedamp) Chart showing e. range, etc. of m. g., 115 Effect of high pres. and temp. on e. range, 114 E. and inflammable limits; E. range of g. ; Maximum e. point ; Lower and higher limits; Degree of explo- siveness, how affected, 113; Table, 114 Inflammation of gas; Theory of, 116 (See Inflammable M. G.) Fahrenheit scale, 43 F. re centigrade, s. (table), 44; Conversion formulas; Examples, 45 Faults in mining (See Geological Conditions) Feeders, Gas; Blowers, 87; Com- position of f. g., 91; Oc- currence, 87 Federal Bureau of Mines (See B. of M.) Firedamp, 94 Definition, 94 Firedamp, Effect of dust and other gases, 95 F. is a mechanical mixture, 38 Inflammable and explosive range, Table of, 101; Lower i. limit, 95; Cal- culating the 1. i. 1., 96; Percentage of gas, 98; L. e. limit; Max. e. point, 98; Percentage of gas, 99; Higher e. limit, 99; Per- centage of gas, 100; High- er i. limit, 100 Fitst-aid work, 157 (See Artificial Respiration; Breathing Apparatus) Resuscitation, 157 Suggestions on f.— a. to ex- plosion victims, 132 Flame, Nature and temperature of, 117 Effect of coal dust on f., 123; E. of carbon dioxide on f . , 109 ; E. of c. monoxide on f ., 106 Extinction of lamp f. in car- bon dioxide, 109; E. of carbide f . by depletion of oxygen, 312 Kinds of f. : Gas-fed f.; Oil-fed f., 109, 312 Lamp f., Chart of, 303 Temp, of f., Theoretical; Cal- culation of f. t., 118; Methane in air, 119; Carbon monoxide in air, 120; Temp, of f. re temp, of ignition of gas, 118 Volatile-oil f . sensitive to gas, 288 Volume of f., Estimated, 121 Zones inf., 118,301 Flame caps: Fuel c.; Gas c., 302 Calculation of height of f. c. 304; Formulas, 305 Chart of f. c., 303 422 INDEX Flame caps : Height of f .% c. re percentage of gas, 303, 305 Flame test, The, 301 (See Testing for Gas) Flashdamp: Definition; Calcula- tion of composition of f., 101; Percentage com- position, 102 Fleuss Proto Breathing Apparatus, 139 Flow of air in airways, 172 (See Air Currents, ; Conduct- ing; Airways). Appliances for conducting the a., 249 Coefficients of friction : Atkin- son jFairley, 192 Pressure producing circula- tion, 174; Power required to produce c., 249 Resistance of a.; How r. varies, 191; Unit of r., 192 Fluid ounce, The, 405 Fluid state, 23 Force: Measurement of f.; Static f.; Dynamic f., 25 Formulas and symbols, 192 Basal f . ; Important principles, 196 How factors vary, 195 Use of f., 194; Illustration of f., 197 Free air, 19 Free split, 233 Freezing points of liquids (table), 51 Difference bet, melting and f. p.; Effect of pres., 49 French thermal unit, 52 Friction, Coefficient of; Atkinson c. ; Fairley c., 192 Fuel cap in testing for gas, 302 Furnace ventilation; Principle of f. v.; Location of a mine furnace; Construction of f., 164; Area of grate; Wt. of coal burned per hr., 165; Formula; Ex- ample, 166 Fusion, Heat of, 48; Table of h. of f., 50 Effect of pressure on f ., 49 G Gas cap, in testing for g., 302 (See Flame C.) Gases, 23 (See Mine G.; Geologi- cal conditions) Blower g., 87 (See Feeder G.) Composition of g. ; Simple or elementary; Compound, 38 Density, Standard for g., 31 Expansion and contraction of g.; Coef. of e. or c. 17 Gaseous state, 23; Distribu- tion of heat by convection in, g., 52 Hydrocarbon g. (See H. G.) Natural g., 87; Gases, Olefines; Paraffins, 92 (See Hydrocarbon Gases) Vapors and g., Difference, 24 Gas explosion, 116 (See E., G.) Gas feeders, 87 (See F., G.; Geo- logical conditions) Gas indicators, 296; Beard-Mack- ie, 297; Burrell, 299; Liveing, 296 Geological conditions, 86 Condition of gas in coal; Es- cape of g. ; Composition of g. evolved, 90 Effect of faults, 87 Gas feeders, Blowers, 87; Composition of f. g. (table), 91 Gas, oil and water in the strata, 86 INDEX 423 Geological conditions, Natural gas, 87 Occluded gases; Pressure of o. g., 35, 88 Outbursts of gas, 88 Water level in strata, 87 Gibbs breathing apparatus, 143 Gram-atom, 53; G. -calorie, 67; G.-molecule, 47, 54 Gravitation : Gravity, 23 H Haemoglobin or red corpuscles of the blood, 3; Affinity of h. for carbon monoxide, 103 Haulage, as affecting plan of mine, 253 Direction of road for given grade; inclined seam ; Rule and formula, 254 Heat, 42 Definition; Theory of h.; H. in bodies, 42; Ab- sorption of h., 47; Dis- appearance of h.; Total h. in a body, 48; H. cal- culation, 67; H. changes; H. of decomposition; H. of elements, H. of formation or combi- nation, 65; H. of fusion; h. of vaporization; H. of condensation, 48; H. of reaction, positive h., nega- tive h., 67 H. energy, 20; No h. e. lost, 67; Transformation of h. e., 47 H. re temp., 43; Sensible h.; Latent h., 46 Kinds of h. : Atomic h., 53; Chemical h. ; Molecular h., 46; Combining h. ; H. due to fric- tion, impact, pressure, 47; Heat, H. of combustion, 66; Spe- cific h. or relative h. ca- pacity, 54 Measurement of h., 51 (See M. of H.) Mechanical equivalent of .h, 53 Sources of h., 46 Tables: H. of combustion, 66; H. of formation or com- bination, 68; H. of fusion, 50 Specific h., solids and liq- uids; S. h., gases and vapors, 55 Transmission of h.; Radia- tion ; conduction ; con- vection. 52 Units of h., 51; Conversion formulas, 52; Definition of a u. of h., 54 Horsepower in mine ventilation: Calculation of h. from mine potential, 207, 212, 213; C. of h. in natural division of air, 227; Proportionate div. of air, 232; secondary splitting, 239 Humidity (Relative) of air, 74; How measured 71; Tables, 75, 81 Hydrocarbon gases, 91; Acety- lenes; Olefines; Paraffins, 92 General formulas for h. g., 91 Heavy h. g.; Ethane; Ethene, ethylene or olefiant g. 92 Light carbureted hydrogen, methane, 92 Occurrence and formation, 92 Hydrogen: Symbol, mol. wt., density, sp. gr. (table) 89 Explosive range, Inflammable limits (table) 114 424 INDEX Hygrometer, The (Psychrometer) , 71 Indicates degree of saturation of air, 74 Principle of the h., 73 Swing p., 73 Wet-and-dry-bulb h., 72 Hygrometry, 70 Calculation of wt. of moisture in air, 70; Formulas, 79, 80; Caution, 78 Dew point, The, 76 Dry vs. wet air, Deg. of saturation, 70 D. and w. a compared, 79; For- mulas, 79, 80 Humidity (Relative) of air, 74; How measured, 71 Tables, 75, 81 Vapor pressure, Actual; How calculated, 75; Saturated (table), 77 Vapors, Laws of, 80 Illuminants for safety lamps, 307 Light volatile oils: Benzine, gasoline, naphtha, 308 Mineral oils: Crude petroleum (rock o..), 307; Coal o. (kerosene), 308 Incandescent lamps : Cause of mine explosions, 127 Conditions of breaking, 128 Indicators, Gas (See G. 1.) Inertia, a property of matter, 23 Inflammable and Explosive Mine Gases, 112, (See E. M. G.) 1. gases, The, 112; I. limits of gases (table) 114; range, 112 Inflammation of gases; Theory of, 116 Lamp flames (chart;, 303 Lamphouse or station, 293 Lamps, Acetylene (Carbide), 308 (See A. Gas) C. 1. in blackdamp, 311 Extinction of c. L, 312 Precautions in use of c. 1., 313 Lamps, Electric Mine, 313 (See E. M. L.) Lamps, Mine safety, Bonnet or shield, 271; Effect on flame cap, 303 Chart of 1. flames, 303 Classification of s. 1., 270 Defective s. L, cause of explo- sion, 127 Historical grouping of s. L, 286, 287 Illuminating power, 273 Lock fastenings, Lead 1.; Magnetic 1., 272 Oil-burning 1. ; Non-volatile o.; Volatile o., 271 Permissible m. s. L; Defini- tion, 288 Principle of construction ; Pro- tecting shield ; Stephen- son L, 268; Wire gauze, 269 Requirements of a good test- ing 1.; Sensitive to gas, 270; R. of working 1., 272 Specifications by the Bureau of Mines, 274; Conditions of testing, 288; Mechani- cal tests; Photometric t. Explosion t., 290; Tests of glasses; Igniter t., 291; Approval of s. 1., 292; Notification to manufac- turer; Fees for testing, 293 INDEX 425 Lamps, Mine safety: Types of 1., Characteristic, 275: Davy, 275; Clanny, 277; Marsaut, 278; Mu- eseler, 279 Types of 1., Special, 281: Pieler, 282; Chesneau; Ashworth - Hepplewhite- Gray, 283; Stokes alco- hol; Clowes hydrogen, 284, Wolf, 285; Miscella- neous 1., 286, 287 Use and care of s. 1., 293; Handling of s. 1., 294 Volume of 1. chimney, 269 Latitude etc., 402 Laws of gases : Avogadro, law of gaseous volume, 29; Application, 64 Boyle-Mariotte, law of vol. re pres., 19 Charles-Gay Lussac law of vol. re temp., 18 Graham, law of diffusion of air and g., 36, 37 Liquid state, 23; Liquefaction, 48; Distribution of heat by convection, in liquids, 52 Logarithms : Definition; Systems; Charac- teristic, Mantissa, 328; How to find 1. of a number, 329; Use of 1., 330; Rules; Arithmetical comple- ment, Antilog. 331; Ex- amples, 332; Table of 1. 333-351 Lighting, Mine lamps and, 268 Liveing gas indicator, 296 Longwall plans, 256, 257 Ventilation of 1. workings, 256 Longtiude etc. 402 M Marsant safety lamp, 278 Marsh gas (See Methane) Mass, property of matter, 22 M., volume, density; Unit of m., 24; Measure of force, 25 Matter, 22 Definition; Divisions of m.; Properties of m., 22 Heat a condition of m., 51 M. is indestructible, 62 Molecular theory of m., 59 Measurement, 25 Distance; Force; Static f., Dynamic f.; Formulas, 25; Tine; Special units of m.; Compound units, 26 Energy; Forms of e.; Kinetic e.; Potential e. 27 Measurement of air currents, 199 (See Mine Potential) Measurement of heat, 51 Standards of h. m.; Thermal units; British t. u., 51; French t. u. or calorie; Pound c.; Conversion formulas, 52 Measurement of time, 402 Sun t.; Equation of t.; Sid- ereal t.; Local t. ; Stand- ard t., 402; Eastern t.; Central t., Mountain t., Pacific t.; Civil t. ; Astro- nomical t., 403 Measurement of humidity (See H. of Air) Measurement, Relative (See Spe- cific M.) Measures, Weights and (tables), 397 U. S. and British system, 398; Metric system, 403; Me- , trie abbrevations; Con- version tables 406; Com- pound units, 411 Mechanical equivalent of heat, 53 426 INDEX Melting points of substances, 49 Difference bet. m. p. and freezing p. ; 49 Table of m. p. of substances, 50 Mercurial barometer, The, 6 Methane (Marsh gas), 93 (See Firedamp) Combustion of m. in air or oxygen, 64; wt. of o. per Ib. of m., 96; Vol. of o. per unit vol. of m., 64; Effect of other gas.es and dust, 95; Heat of c. of m. in air (table), 66; Heat of formation of m. (table), 68; Heat cal- culation, 67 Explosive limits of m. (table), 114 Flame temp, of m. burning in air, calculation, 119 Occurrence and properties, 93, Occluded in coal forma- tions, 88 Percentage composition of m., 39 Mine air, 5 (See A.) Concussion of a. in mines, 127 Mine gases, 86 (See Geological Conditions) Chart of m. g., 115 Common m. g. (table), 89 Explosive m. g. (see E. M. G.) Inflammable m. g. (See 1. M. G.) Properties and behavior of m. g., 93 Mine potential, The, 199 (See P.) Effect of splitting on m. p., 203, Illustration, 204 ; Practical example, 205; Examples, 209; Formu- las: M. power p.; M. pressure p. 211 Mine potential : Formulas: Power p., 197; Pressure p., 198 General m. p., 212; G. m. p., equal splits, 213; G.m.p., natural division of air, Example, 228 P. of airway, 200; Table of values, dif. a., 202; P. of circulation, 201 ; Table of values, dif. c., 203 Mineral oil, 307 Mine -rescue work and appliances, 131 (See Explosion, M.) Mine Ventilation, 1G1 (See Fur- nace V.; V., Practical) Conducting air currents in mines (See A. C., C.) Formulas, 197-199; Basal f., 196 Kinds of v.; Natural v.; Slope and dip workings, 162 Power on the air; Work and p. synonymous, 182; P.- press.-vol. chart, 185; P. formulas, 199; P., press., quantity, 201 Pressure, Ventilating, 174: P. producing circulation; P. how produced, 174; P. how estimated; P. how measured, 175; P. formu- las, 198; unit of v. p., 177; P. calculated from m. potential, 206; P. due to regulator, 232; P. re velocity; 173; Equivalents in v. p. (table) 175, 185 Quantity of air, 181: Q. of a. required; Q. how esti- mated ; Q. how measured, 181; Q. formulas, 198; Q. calculated from m. po- tential, 207 INDEX 427 Mine Ventilation: Resistance of airways, 191 (See A.) Requirements in v., 161; R. of the m. law, 182, 199 Spitting air currents (See S. A. C.; Symbols and formulas, 192 Systems of v., 261 : Blowing s., 174, 262; Exhaust s., 174, 261; E. vs. B. s. of v., 261 Variation of factors, 247 Mixed lights in mines, 127 Molecular state, 23 M. forces: M. attraction; M. repulsion, 23; M. heat, 46; M. h. of reaction, 67; M. theory, 59; M. volume, 29; M. weight, 59 Molecule, The. — Definition, Sym- bol; Atoms in a m., 58 Mueseler safety lamp, 279 English and Belgian types, 280 N Natural division of air, 220 (See Splitting the A. Current) Natural gas, 87 Natural overcast, 251 Nitrogen in air: Percentage by vol., by wt, (table), 4; Rel. veloc, of trans- piration from coal (table), 35; N. in blackdamp, 110; N. in afterdamp, 111; Symbol, mol. wt., den- sity, sp. gr. (table), 89 Non-volatile oils used in safety lamps, 307 O Occlusion of Gases, 34 (See Geo- logical Conditions) Occlusion of Gases : Examples of o.; Pressure of o. g., 35, 88 Oil -burning lamps, 271 Oils: Non-volatile o. used in safe- ty lamps ; Animal o. ; Vegetable o., 307 Mineral o. (rock o.), 307; Coal o. or kerosene, 308 Volatile o., 271; Benzine, naphtha, gasoline, 308 Water, gas and o. in strata, 86 Olefiant gas (ethene, ethylene), 92 Composition, 59 Density, sp. gr., mol. wt., sym- bol, 89; Chart, 115 Inflammable, 112 Occurrence and properties, 92 Rel. rate of transpiration, 35 Olefines, 92 Open lights cause of explosion, 127 Open-flame lamp, (carbide 1.), 308 Ounce, The fluid, 405 Outbursts of gas, 88 Overcasts, 249, 250, 251 Oxides: Monoxide; Dioxide; Tri- oxide, 62 O. of nitrogen, 60 Oxygen : Absorption of o. in spontane- ous combustion, 58; A. by coal, 111 Consumed in breathing, 3 (See B. Apparatus) Density, sp. gr., mol. wt., sym- bol, 89 Depletion of o. in air, 4; Caused by absorption of o. Ill; Effect on flame, 312; Effect on life, 4; Increases poisonous ac- tion of carbon monoxide, 107 Normal percentage of o. in air, 4 428 INDEX Paraffins, 92 Paul breathing apparatus, 147 Percentage composition: By vol- ume, 40; By wt., 39 Calculation of p. c. of air, 30 Percentage of gas re height of fame cap; Chart; 303 Calculation of h. of f. c., 304; Diagram; Formu- las, 305 Permissible breathing apparatus, 148 (See B. A.) Permissible electric mine lamps, 319 (See E. M. L.) Permissible mine safety lamps, 288 (See L., M. S.) Phlogiston, 1 Physics of air and gases, 17 (See Expansion of A. and G. ; Hygrometry) Tension (pressure) of a., 19 Pieler safety lamp, 282; Chart of 1. flame, 303 Plan of mine, General, 252 Requirements re drainage, haulage and ventilation; Economy and efficiency; Drainage, 252; Haulage, 253; Road angle re grade in inclined seam; Formu- las, 254; Distribution of air, 257 System of mining: Room-and- pillar, 254, 255; Long- wall, 256, 257; Single, Double, Triple-entry sys- tems, 263; Multiple-entry system; Economy of m. main airways, 265 Output, Estimation for given, 266 * Ventilation of longwall work- ings, 256 Potential (See Mine P.) Explanation of potential prin- ciple, 196 Formulas: P. of airway, 200; Values, dif. a. (table), 202 ; P. of circulation, 201 ; Val- ues, dif. c. (table), 203 Pressure p.; Power p. — Caution, 207; Equivalent p. f.; Power; Pressure, 208; Quantity, 209; Il- lustration 197, 198 Part p. values, 212; Illus- tration, 213, 216 Relative p. values, 221; Illus- tration, 224 Split p. formula, 204; Ex- amples, 205-207, 209; Split power p. and press. p. f. 211; Ex.; General s. p., 229 Summation of split p., 232 Tandem circulations, 214: Summation of p., 214, 215; General t. p. form- ulas, 216 Use of p. factors, 208 Pound : Unit of mass, 25 Pound -calorie, 52; Value of, 53; Pound-molecule, 67 Power on the air, 182 (See Mine Ventilation) Power, volume, pressure diagram, 185 Practical ventilation (See V. ,P.) Pressure (See Mine Ventilation) Effect of p. on air and gas, 17; E. on freezing, fusion, melting points, 49; E. on boiling point and vapori- zation, 50 Heat due to p., 47 Power, volume, p. diagram, 185 P. re absolute temp. 20 P. of occluded gas, 35 INDEX 429 Pressure : Primary and secondary splits, 219; P. and s. pressures, 239 Proportionate division of air, 230 (See Splitting the A. Current) Regulators required, 219, 230 (See R.) Psychrometer, 71 (See Hygro- meter, The) Pulmotor, 103 Q Quantity of air, 181 (See Mine Ventilation) R Radiation of heat, 52 Ratios, Solution by (in mine ven- tilation), 173 Reaction, Chemical, 56 Endothermic; Exothermic, 65, 67 Interchange of atoms, 62 Molecular heat of the r., 67 Regulate the air, To, 230 Regulators (in mine ventilation), 239, 251 Effect of r., 231 Kind: Box r.; Door r., 321 Pressure due to box r., 232; Area of opening in b. r., 234; Example, 240; Ve- locity and quantity of air passing, 233 Use of the door r. ; Area of opening; Example, 240; Quantity of air passing, 235 Rescue work in mines (See Ex- plosion, M.) Resistance of airways, 191 (See A.) Respiration (See Artificial R.) Action in r. wearing breathing apparatus, 133 Respiration : Capacity of lungs; Rate of breathing; Quantity of air exhaled each breath; Quantity of air inhaled per min. depending on exertion; Volume of car- bon dioxide exhaled about equal to vol, of oxygen inhaled, 133 Effect of carbon dioxide on r., 109, 110 Quantity of oxygen consumed in breathing, 3 Respiratory action, 3 Origin and regulation at nerve center; Transmitted to r. muscles produces breathing ; Oxygen ab- sorbed by the blood and carried in the circulation oxidizes the impurities, which are expelled largely in the carbon dioxide of the exhaled breath containing 2 or 3 per cent, of that gas, 3 Respiratory system, 2 Purpose to oxidize the organic matter of the body and accomplish its removal in form of carbon dioxide in the exhaled breath. Safety lamps, Mine (See L., M. S.) Salts, in chemistry, 61 Saturation of air (See Hygrometry) Scale of air, in ventilation, 260 Secondary splitting, 235 Diagram of s. s.; Formulas, general split potential and gen. tandem potential; Illustration of s. s., 236; 430 INDEX Examples, 237-239; Pri- mary and s. pressure, 239 ; Symbols, 236 Secondary splits, Primary and, 219 Shaft columns, in ventilation, 168 (See Air C.) Slope mines, Natural ventilation in, 162 Shaw gas machine, 297 Single -entry system, in ventila- tion, 263 Solids, 23; Conduction of heat in s., 52; Standard for s., 31 Solution, Solvent, 48 Specific, Meaning of the term : S. gravity; S. heat; S. volume; S. weight; Relative measurements referred to adopted standards, 28 Specific gravity, 30 Definition; General formula, 30; S. g. of substances (table), 32; Finding s. g. of gases, liquids; solids — formulas, 31; Use of s. g., 33; S. g. of mixed gases; Calculation, 40; S. g. caluclated by law of dif- fusion; Formula, 41; S. g. of mine gases (table), 89 Specific heat, 54 S. h. per gram-molecule is molecular h., 47; S. h. of a substance is its relative h. capacity, 54; S. h. of solids, liquids,, gases (tables), 55; S. h. varies with temp., 56 Specific measurement: Elements the basis of relative m., 30; Relative m. shown by chemical equation giving mol. wts. and vol's., 63; Rel. vol. of a gaseous atom the unit of vol., 63, 64; Relative humidity of air expressed by ratio of actual vapor pressure to the saturated v. p., 74 Specific volume (See Atomic V.) Specific weight (See Atomic W.) Specifications, by Bureau of Mines: Permissible breathing appa- ratus, 148 (See B. A.); P. 