A gazetteer of Massachusetts, containing descriptions of all the counties, towns, and districts, in the Commonwealth, also, of its principal mountains, rivers, capes, bays, harbours, islands, and fashionable resorts; to which are added, statistical accounts of its agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, with a great variety of other useful information
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There are no incorporated villages in Massachusetts ; but there are numer- ous collections of buildings, or settlements, denominated villages, scattered throughout the state; many of which have different names from those of the towns in which they are located, and in which many of our Post Offices, bearing the names of villages, are situated. Every town in the state, except Raynham and Hull, have Post Offices of the same names ; and there are but few towns in the Commonwealth without one or more Post Offices having 7iorth, east, south or west attached to its name. These offices are easily found by the names of the towns, and are omitted in the following list of Post Offices whose locations are more difficult to discover. Adamsville, Coleraine. Agawam, West Springfield. Annisquam, Gloucester. Ashleysville, Sheffield. Baldwinsville, Templeton. Belville Port, Newbury. Byfield, Newbury. Cabotsville, Springfield. Centreville, Barnstable. Charlton Depot, Charlton. Chester Factories, Chester. Chickopee Falls, Springfield. Clapville, Leicester. Cotuit Village, Barnstable. Cold Brook, Oakham. Curtisville, Slockbridge. Chiltonville, Plymouth. Ervinssville, Orange. Falley''><! Roads, Chester. Farnumsville, Grafton. Feeding Hills, West Springfield Fellonville, IMarlborough. Forge Village, Westford. Franklin City, Franklin. Hartsville, Tyringham. Haydensville, Williamsburg. Holmes' Hole, Tisbury. Holyoke Place, South Hadley. H)'annis, Barnstable. Hyannis Port, Barnstable. Ireland, West Springfield. Jamaica Plains, Roxbury. Lock's Village, Petersham. Long Plain, Fairhaven. Manchaug, Sutton. Marston's Mills, Barnstable. Mattapoiset, Rochester. ]Merrimac, Lawrence. 35 Middlesex Village, Chelmsford. Millington, New Salem. Mill River, Stockbridge. Montague Canal, Montague. Monument, Sandwich. Millville, Blackstone. Neponset Village, Dorchester. New Boston, Tolland. New England Village, Grafton. Newton Centre, Newnon. Newton LoAvcr Falls, Newton. Newton Upper Falls, Newton. Norlhville, Abington. Oystennlle, Barnstable. Palmer's Depot, Palmer. Pocasset, Sandwich. Rock Bottom, Stow. Rockville, Medway. Saxonville, Framingham. Scotland, Bridgewater. Shelburne Falls, Shelburne. Shirley Village, Shirley. Sippican, Rochester. Stearnsville, Pittsfield. Three Rivers, Palmer. Townsend Harbor, Townsend. Unionville, Hopkinton. Vandeusenville, Great Barrington Weir Village, Taunton. Waterford, Blackstone. Whitingsville, Northbridge. Wilkint;onville, Sutton. Willimanset, Springfield. Wood's Hole, Falmouth. Woodsville, Hopkinton. Westport Point, Westport. Yarmouth Port, Yarmouth * Swiimpscot, Lynn. 410 GAZKTTKEH OF MASSACHUSETTS. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge. This university, the oldest in the United States, was incorporated in 1638, and named Harvard College, from the Rev. John Harvard, its principal founder. Its endowments have been since greatly increased by donations from the State, as well as by numerous acts of private bounty ; and, with regard to funds, library, professorships, and literary advantages in general, il is the first institution of the kind on the American continent. It com- prises a department for under-graduates, and one for students preparing for each of the learned professions, theolog}^, law, and medicine. The principal college buildings are— University Hall, an elegant edifice of granite, containing a chapel, lecture rooms, dining halls, &;c. ; Harvard Hall, a brick edifice, con- taining the library, philosophical apparatus and mineralogical cabinet ; four other brick edifices, called Massachusetts, HoUis, Stoughton, and Holworthy halls, each four stories high containing rooms for the accommodation of under-graduates ; Divinity Hall, a large brick edifice for the accommoda tion of the theological students ; and Holden Chapel, containing the anatom- ical museum, chemical laboratory, and lecture rooms. The library is the largest in the Union, and contains about 50,000 volumes. The philosophical apparatus is probably not surpassed by any in the country. The chemical laboratory, anatomical museum, and cabinet of minerals, are all valuable. The botanic garden comprises seven acres, laid out in an ornamental style, and is furnished with an interesting collection of trees, shrubs, and plants, both native and foreign. The legislative government is intrusted to a corporation, consisting of the president of the university and six fellows, and to a board of overseers, com- posed of the president, the governor of the state, lieutenant-governor, members of the council and senate, and the speaker of the house of representatives, ex officiis, together with thirty others, fifteen clergymen and fifteen laymen, elected for the purpose. The officers of the university, to whom the business of instruction is confided, are a president, twenty-one professors, two tutors, and several instructors. The president, a part of the professors, and the tutors, constitute the immediate government of the institution. The course of education requisite to obtain the first degree in arts in this university, as in American colleges generally, is completed in four years. In the theological school, the course of education is completed in three years and the students are divided into three classes, junior, middle, and senior. rUBLlC INSTITIITTOIS'S;. 411 Tuition is afforded free of expense to all pupils in this school, and further assistance is given to such as are indigent. Graduates of any college, of good moral character, may be admitted to share in all the benefits of this institution. The law school was established in 1817. Candidates for admission must be graduates of some college, or qualified, according to the rules of court, to become students at law. Students in this department, who are graduates of a college, complete their education in three years. Those who are not gradu- ates, complete it in five years. The lectures for the medical students are delivered in Boston, at the Mas- sachusetts Medical College, which is a spacious edifice of brick, and contains a medical library of about 4,000 volumes. They commence annually on the third Wednesday in November, and continue three months. In order to obtain a degree of M. D., it is necessary for a student to attend two courses of lectures, and to pass three years, including the time occupied in attending the lectures, under the direction of some regular practitioner. In 1846, the number of under-graduates was 279, theological students 32, law students 145, medical students 157 ; resident graduates, 15 ; — total, 628. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. The academical year is divided into two terms, of twenty weeks each, and two vacations. The first vacation is from the end of the first term, six weeks ; the second, from the end of the second term, to Friday after commencement, six weeks. Acccssus. 1640. Aug. 27. Eev. 1654. Nov. 27. Rev. 1672. Sept. 10. Rev. 1675. April 7. Rev. 1682. April 10. Rev. 1085. June 11. Rev. 1701. Sept. 6. Rev. 1707-8. Jan, .14. Hon. 1725. July 7. Rev. 1737. Sept. 28. Rev. 1770. March 21. Rev. 1774. Oct. 14. Rev. 1781. Dec. 19. Rev. 1806. March 6. Rev. 1810. Nov. 14. Rev. 1829. Jan. 15. Hon. 1846. April 29. Rev. Succession of Presidents. Exit us. Henky Dunster, M. a 1654. Charles Chauncy, B. D 1672. Leonard Hoar, M. D 1675. Uriah Oakes, M. A 1681. JoHiN Rogers, M. A 1684. Increase Mather, D. D 1701. Samuel Willard, M. A., V. Pres 1707. John Leverett, M. A 1724. Benjamin Wadsworth, M. A 1737. Edward Holyoke, M. A 1769. Samuel Locke, D. D 1773. Samuel Langdon, D. D 1780, Joseph Willard, D. D., LL. D 1804. Samuel Webber, D. D 1810. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D., LL. D. . . 1828. JosiAU Quincy, LL. D 1845 Edward Everett, LL. D 412 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. WILLIAMS COLLEGE, IViUiamstown. This institutioa was incorporated in 1793, and the first commencement was held in 1795. It was named in honor of Col. Ephraim Williams, the founder, a native of Newton, near Boston, and eldest son of Col. Ephraim Williams, one of the first settlers of Stockbridge. The buildings consist of one brick edifice of four stories, and two of three stories for students ; a brick chapel 93 by 38 feet, an observatory for astronomical purposes, (the first erected in the United States,) a magnetic observatory, and a laboratory. The chemical and philosophical apparatus is among the most extensive and valuable in the country ; and the college library, together with the " Adelphic Union," or students' library, numbers about 10,000 volumes. The terms of admission, and the course of studies, are essentially the same as at other New England colleges ; and all the expenses, except for clothing, are less than one hundred dollars a year. The fast property of the college, with the library, apparatus and cabinet of minerals, cost about $50,000, and the productive fund is $50,000. Besides the president and tutors, there is established a professorship of divinity, of intellectual and moral philosophy, of languages, of natural history, of natural philosophy and astronomy, of rhetoric and political economy, of chemistry, and of mathematics. Com- mencement is on the third Wednesday in August. Vacations : — From com- mencement four weeks ; from the third Wednesday in December, six weeks ; and from the first Wednesday in May, three weeks. Students in 1846, 168. Succession of Presidents. Accessus. Exitus. 1793. . . . Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D. D 1815 1815. . . . Rev. Zephanxah Swift Moore, D. D 1821. 1821. . . . Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D 1836. 1836. . . . Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst. This institution is situated on elevated ground, and commands an exten- sive and delightful prospect. There are three brick buildings for the accom- modation of the scholars ; halls, lecture rooms, &c. The institution was opened in 1821, and incorporated in 1825. The basis of the institution is a fund of $50,000, subscribed by individuals, five sixths of the interest of which is appropriated to the education of indigent young men for the ministry. The officers are, a president and PUEMC INSTITUTIONS. 41^ professors of divinity, mathematics, natiinil iihilosophy, languaf^cs, ami Oriental literature. Commencement is on the last Thursday of July. Vacations : — From com- mencement, four weeks ; from the Wednesday preceding the annual thanks giving, six weeks ; and from the third Wednesday in April, two weeks. Volumes in libraries, 12,500. Number of students, 157. Succession of Presidents. Accesstis. Exitut 1821. . . . Rev. Zepiiamau Swift Mooke, D. D 1823 1823. , . . Rev. Heman HuMniuEY, D. D 1815. 1845. . . . Rev. Edward Hitchcock, LL. D See Note No. 4. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Andover. This theological seminary is properly a branch of Phillips' Academy, inasmuch as it is under the supervision of the same Board of Trustees, and grew out of this school. Aside from this connection, however, it is an ent'rely distinct institution. This Seminary was formed in 1808. Early in its history it had the good fortune to enlist in its behalf the zeal of several- wealthy and large-hearted men. The founder of the Abbot professorship of Christian Thcolog}-, after having largely aided the institution in other ways, made its board of trustees his residuary legatee ; thus contributing, in all, about $120,000 to its objects. The founder of the Bartlett professorship of Sacred Rhetoric, besides giving 825,000 to endow this professorship, erected, at his sole expense, two valuable dwel- ling houses for professors ; built one of the large halls and the chapel ; paid the salary of a president for five or six years, which was $1,500 per annum : contributed largely with others to found still another professorship; and bequeathed $50,000 to the institution in his will. And from other sources the seminary has received numerous donations in sums varying from $500 to $10,000 or more'; so that it may now be said, for an American institution, to be liberally endowed — although it cannot vie in this respect with the older in'siitutions of the other continent. For several years there were but three professors ; now there are five, one of whom acts as president. Each mem- ber of the faculty has a salary of $1,500 per annum, together with the use of a dwelling house and a few acres of land. The number of volumes in the library is between fourteen and fifteen thousand. The library of the Porter Rhetorical Society connected with the seminary contains 2,500 volumes. And there is also a valuable library of 1,400 volumes, which belongs ic the Society of Inquiry, together with a museum and cabinet of minerals, con- taininsT contributions from various missionary stations in all parts of the 35*- 414 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. world. The site on which the seminary edifices stand, is •well chosen, and the grounds in front of the buildings are tastefully laid out. The number of students at this time is 86 ; of the whole number, from the beginning, 970. Its Alumni are widely dispersed. NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. (See Newton.) WESLEYAN ACADEMY. (See Wilbraham.) CATHOLIC COLLEGE. (See Worcester.) MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL (See page 62.) McLEAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. This establishment is located on a beautiful rise of ground, in Somer- ville, near East Cambridge, and about a mile and a half from the City Hall, in Boston. The buildings are large, and exceedingly well adapted to their philanthropic design. They cost about $186,000. This house was opened lor patients on the 6th of October, 1818. Belonging to and surrounding this asylum, are about fifteen acres of land, appropriated to courts and gardens. These are laid out with gravelled walks. The former are furnished with summer houses, and the latter are ornamented with groves of fruit and ornamental trees, shrubbery and dowers. Surrounding the lower garden, and within the enclosure, is a carriage path, where patients are taken to ride. In the centre is a small fresh water pond, containing several hundred gold and silver fish, and immediately contiguous is a summer house, where the patients at times resort for games and amuse- ments. The system of moral treatment adopted and pursued, is founded upon princi- ples of elevated benevolence and philanthropy, and an acquaintance with iiuman nature, and the capabilities and wants of the insane. The previous tastes, habits and pursuits, and the present inclinations and feelings of each individual are habitually consulted. A library for the use of the patients has been purchased, and those of them who are disposed to read, are permitted at stated Tieriods to send in their names and the number of the book desired ; the PUBLIC mSTlTUTIONS. 415 list is exijmined and approved by the physician, and the books are distributed hy the librarian. In the same way writing materials are distributed, and patients are engaged in keeping journals— wriling sketches of their lives, poetry, addressing letters to their friends, drawing, ficc. Some engage in games, as bowling, throwing the ring, battledore, graces, jumping the rope, chess, draughts, back-gammon, Arc, or arc occupied in walking and riding into 'he country, or in making fishing excursions in the company of their attendants, while others are working on the farm and in the garden. The female pa- tients, besides being employed in various kinds of needle and ornamental work, are engaged in various domestic labors. The quiet and convalescent patients regularly attend the religious exercises of the family, and a portion of them join in the vocal and instrumental music of the occasion ; a part of this number also attend church on the Sabbath, in company with the nurses and attendants, and dine with the family. A regulated intercourse with the family and society is regarded as an important auxiliary in the means of cure, and on suitable occasions they are invited into the house, where par- ties are made for their special amusement and benefit. John McLean, Esq., of Boston, an eminent merchant, who died jn 1823, aged 64, bequeathed a large amount of property to this institution ; hence its name. See page 62. STATE LUNATIC HOSPITAL, Worcester. Tms hospital, established in 1832, is an institution honorable to the nature of man. It is a beautiful building, delightfully located, and admirably con- ducted. Its plan and arrangements are so excellent as to render it a model for similar institutions in other states. This institution is a receptacle for all persons arraigned as criminals, but found to have committed the oflences in a state of insanity ; of paupers, and of those who are so furiously mad as to render their continuance at large dangerous to the community. Although the worst cases of insanity are found here, yet exi)erience has proved that there are very few cases of derangement which may not be ameliorated by the kindly influence of humane treatment. The number of patients committed to this hospital, since its foundation, to November 30, 1845, was 2,306 ; the number discharged, was 1,946, and the number recovered was 1,038. The number remaining was 360 ; the average number in the hospital was 316. The establishment can accommodate about 400 patients. The whole number of officers and attendants connected with the institution, including the superintendent, two assistant physicians, chaplain, steward, nntron, supervisors and assistants, was seventy-five. 416 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Dr Samuel B. Woodward, a gentleman of great learning and experience, and under whose superintendence the hospital was conducted from its es- tablishment to 1846, in his last report, says : " In my experience of six years as physician of a prison, and thirteen as superintendant of this hospital, I have seen many individuals who were broken off abruptly from all stimulat- ing drinks, yet I do not think a single case of delirium tremens has occurred. " Alcohol is not the only narcotic which affects the brain and nervous system. Tobacco is a powerful narcotic agent, and its use is very deleterious to the nervous system, producing tremors, vertigo, faintness, palpitation of the heart, and other serious diseases. That tobacco certainly produces insanity, I am unable positively to observe ; but that it produces a predispo- sition to it, I am fully confident. Its influence upon the brain and nervous system generally, is hardly less obvious than that of alcohol, and if used excessively, is equally injurious. " The very general use of tobacco among young men at the present day, is alarming, and shows the ignorance and devotion of the devotees of this dangerous practice to one of the most virulent poisons of the vegetable world. The testimony of medical men, of the most respectable character, could be quoted, to any extent, to sustain these views of the deleterious influence of this dangerous narcotic." STATE PRISON. This institution was founded in 1800, and soon after located on a point of land in Charlestown, near East Cambridge, and which is connected with Canal bridge by a lateral bridge of 1,820 feet in length. After having struggled with many and great difficulties attendant on the establishment of an institution so entirely new, the state, by the agency of suitable men, have so placed it as to eflect all the objects proposed, without any expense to the commonwealth. The number of commitments to this institution since the year it was opened, (1805,) to February 23, 1846, was 3,926 ; averaging about 96 a year. The largest numbers were committed in 1817, (161,) 1818, (151,) and in the year 1834, (141 ;) the smallest numbers were in 1806, (42,) 1807, (55,) and in 1831, (60.) The number pardoned, during that period, was 460. The number com- mitted for life, and pardoned by the governor and council, was 125. " The average period of imprisonment of convicts committed for life, and pardoned, was five years and nearly nine and a half months." The whole number of prisoners, September 30, 1845, was 287, of which number 103 were natives ol Massachusetts, 118 of other states in the Union, 18 Englishmen, 27 Irish- men, and 21 from other countries. GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 417 VOTES FOR GOVERNOR. Votes for the two prominent candidates for Governor, throughout the State of Massachusetts, from 1800 to the present time. la 1831 the Constitution of the State was amended ; the June session of the Legislature abolished, the time for electing a Governor was changed from April to November, and the commencement of the political year was altered from the last Wednesday in IMay to the first Wednesday in January. The names of the successful candidates are in the first column. In the years 1834, 1842, 1843, and 1846, the Governors were elected by the legisla- ture, there being no choice by the people, the preceding years. Rateable Polls. — We give the rateable polls in the State at the six decennial valuations to show the comparative interest excited at the various elections. The number of rateable polls in the State, including Maine, in 1791, was 106,427; in 1801, 126,010; in 1811,167,770; in 1821, (without Maine,) and in 1841, 185,908. Polls in Boston, see p. 41. 122,715; in 1831, 150,591 1800. Caleb Strong,. 1801. do. .. 1802. do. .. 1803. do. .. 1804. do. .. 1805. do. .. 1806. do. .. 1807. James Sullivan, 1808. do. 1809. Christopher Gore, 1810. Elbridge Gerry, 1811. do. 1812. Caleb Strong,. 1813. do. 1814. do. 1815. do. 1816. John Brooks, 1817. do. 1818. do. 1819. do. 1820. do. 1821. do. 1822. do. 1823. William Eustis, 1824. do. 1825. Levi Lincoln, 1826. do. 1827. do. '1828. do. 19,630. Elbridge Gerry, .. . 16,958. 25,452. do. . .. . 20,169. 29,983. do. . .. . 19,584. 29,199. do. . .. . 11,656. 30,011. James Sullivan, .. . 21,979. 35,204. do. . .. . 33,250. 36,433. do. . .. . 36,031. 41,954. Caleb Strong, . .. . 39,224. 41,193. Christopher Gore, .. . 39,643. 47,916. Levi Lincoln, . .. . 45,118. 46,541. Christopher Gore, .. . 44,272. 43,328. do. . .. . 40,142. 52,696. Elbridge Gerr}', . 51,396. 56,754. Joseph B. Varnum, . 42,789. 56,374. Samuel Dexter, . 45,953. 50,921. do. .. . 43,938. 49,578. do. .. . 47,384. 46,160. Henry Dearborn,. . . 38,129. 39,533. B. W. Crowninshield, . 30,041. 42,875. do. . . 35,271. 31,072. William Eustis,. . . 21,927. 28,608. do. . . 20,608. 28,487. do. . . 21,177. 34,402. Harrison G. Otis,. . . 30,171. 38,650. Samuel Lothrop,. . . 34,210. 35,221. All others, . .. . . 2,945. 27,884. do. ... . . 3,108. 29,029. do. ... . . 10,090. 27,981. do. ... . . 6,337. 418 VOTES FOR GOVERNOR IN BOSTON. 1829. Levi Lincoln, .... 25,217. 1830. do 30,908. 1831. do 24,448. 1832. do 28,804, 1833. do. ■ 33,946. 1834. John Davis, 25,149. 1835. do 43,757. 1836. Edward Everett, . v . 37,555. 1837. do 42,160. 1838. do 50,565. 1839. -do 51,642. 1840. Marcus Morton, . . . 51,035. 1841. John Davis, 70,884. 1842. do 55,974. 1843. Marcus Morton, . . . 56,491. 1844. George N. Briggs, . . . 57,899. 1845. do. ... 69,570. 1846. do. ... 51,638. 1847. do. ... 54,818. All others, 9,986. Marcus Morton, . . . 14,440. do. .... 12,694 Lothrop and Morton, . . 24,332 do. ... 29,952 J. Q. Adams & M. Morton, 33,767. Morton and Bayley, . . 28,843. Marcus Morton, . . . 25,227. do. .... 35,992 do. .... 32,987. do. .... 41,795. Edward Everett, . . . 51,034 Marcus Blorton, . . . 55,169 do 51,367. George N. Briggs, . . . 54,939. Marcus Morton, . . . 54,242. George Bancroft, . . . 54,714. Isaac Davis, . . . . 37,427. do. 33,119. VOTES FOR GOVERNOR, IN BOSTON. From the adoption of the Constitution in 1780 to the present time. Years. 1780. 1781. 1782. 1783. 1784. 1785. 1786. 1787. 1788. 1789. Votes given. 923. Names of promi- Vot nent Candidates. by John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, es rec'd each. 858 64 Years. 1790. Voles given. 765. Names of promi- Votes rec'd nent Candidates. by each. John Hancock, . . 739 James Bowdoin, . 24 1011. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 513 440 1791. 628. John Hancock, Francis Dana, .. 543 80 607. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 598 7 1792. 721. John Hancock, .. Francis Dana, .. 689 31 859. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 747 60 1793. 1176. John Hancock, .. Elbridge Gerry,. 1124 34 571. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 560 10 1794. 2302. Samuel Adams,. William Gushing,. 1400 894 951. James Bowdoin, Thomas Gushing, 574 337 1795. 2043. Samuel Adams,. William Gushing,. 2008 10 780. James Bowdoin, John Hancock,. 765 13 1796. 2464. Samuel Adams,. Increase Sumner,. 1614 848 1499. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 775 724 1797. 1959. Increase Sumner,. Moses Gill, . .. 1054 869 1437. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 1427 5 1798. 1581. Increase Sumner,. James Sullivan,. 1161 103 1835. John Hancock,. James Bowdoin, 1265 569 1799. 2452. Increase Sumner,. William Heath,. 1904 546 GAZETTEKli OF MASSACHUSETTS. •Ill) \ t irs. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815. 181G. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823 Names of pronii- neiil Cundidaies. Volea rec'd by each. Voles given. 3097. Caleb Stron-, . .1531 Eltridge Gcrrj', . 1555 3929. Caleb Strong, . . 1S51 Elbridge Gerry, . 2U78 3870. Caleb Strong, ' . . 2372 Elbriilgo Gerry, . 1498 2745. Caleb Strong, . . 18(34 El bridge Gerry, . 881 2C30. Caleb Strong,' . . 1980 James Sullivan, . 1)50 3S45. Caleb Strong, . . 2587 James Sullivan, . 1253 4114. Caleb Strong, . . 2503 James Sullivan, . 1605 5235. James Sullivan, . 20S6 Caleb Strong, . .3149 4737. James Sullivan, .2118 Christopher Gore, . 2t)10 4945. Christopher Gore, . 2982 Levi Lincoln, . . 1952 5288. E [bridge Gerr.v, . 2211 Christopher Gore, . 3070 5015. Elbndge Gerry, . 1879 Christopher Gore, . 3128 5669. Caleb Stronsj. . . 3830 Elbridge GeVry, . 1833 5069. Caleb Strong, . .3571 Joseph B. Varnum, 1440 5120. Caleb Strong, . . 3557 Samuel Dexter, . 1557 4579. Caleb Strong, . .3135 Samuel De.xler, . 1439 5550. John Brooks, . . 3522 Samuel Dexter . . 2022 4894. John Brooks, . . 3578 Henry Dearborn, . 1315 3747. John Brooks, . . 2999 B. W. Crowninshield, 744 5374. John Brooks, . . 3641 B. W. Crowninshield, 1744 5209. John Brooks, . . 3521 William Eustis, . 1682 4399. John Brooks, . . 3088 William Eustis, . 1303 4548. John Brooks, . . 3114 William Eustis, . 1421 5628. William Eustis, . 2728 Harrison G. Otis. . 2836 ears V"'"^'* Names of promi- Votes rrc'd given, iiciil Cundidaies. by cacti. 824. 6418. William Eustis, . 3055 Samuel Lothrop, . 3352 825. 3043. Levi Lincoln, . . 2493 Marcu.s Morton, . 8 826. 3706. Levi Lincoln, . . 2249 INIarcus Morton, . 11 827. 4449. Levi Lincoln, . . 2702 Marcus 3Iorton, . 34 828. 3750. Levi Lincoln, . . 2943 jMarcus IMorton, . 531 829. 2800. Levi Lincoln, . . 2290 Jlarcus IMorton, . 392 830. 3953. Levi Lincoln, . . 3142 JIarcus Mor'on, . 758 831. 3573. Levi Lincoln, . . 2840 Marcus Morton, . 640 832. 4255. Levi Lincoln, . . 3007 Marcus Morton, . 531 833. 5335. Levi Lincoln, . . 3236 Marcus Morton, . 1217 834. 5686. John Davis, . '. . 2742 Marcus Morton, . 1233 835. 8584. John Davis, . . . 5590 Marcus Morton, . 1995 836. 6741. Edward Everett, . 4108 INlarcus Morton,' . 1989 837. 7028. Edward Everett, . 4689 Marcus IMorton, . 2928 838. 7416. Edward Everett, . 5312 Marcus Morton, . 2060 839. 8170. Edward Everett, . 5141 Marcus Morton,' . 2941 840. 8634. Marcus Morton, . 3702 Edward Everett, . 4906 841. 11,589. John Davis, . . 7115 Marcus IMorton, . 4397 842. 10,548. John Davis, . . 598C Marcus IMorton, 4373 843. 10,831. Marcus IMorton, . 4619 John Davis, . . 5636 844. 11,274. George N. Briggs, 6610 Marcus Morton. . 4222 845. 13,578. George N. Briggs, 852-1 George Bancroft, 4540 846. 10,241. George X. Briggs, 55^5 Isaac Davis, . .2213 847. 9,380. George N. Briggs, 6159 Isaac Davis, . . 1826 420 GAZETTEER OF BIASSACHUSETTS. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. Mash'achusetts is divided into ten districts for the choice of Representatives to Congress. The Representatives are elected by the people for the term of two years, on the basis of population. Each district elects one Representa- tive from a continuous section of the state, according to the law of 1842, requiring one representative for every 70,680 inhabitants. NUMBER ONE. The City of Boston. NtTMBER TWO. Eeverly, Chelsea, Danvers, Essex, Gloucester, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynn, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Maiden, Middleton, Medford, North Chelsea, Reading, Rockport, Salem, Saugus, South Reading, Stoneham, Topsfield, Wenham. NCMBER THREE. Amesbury, Andover, Boxford, Bradford, Georgetown, Haverhill, Methuen, Newbury, Newburyport, Rowley, Salisbury, and West Newbury, in Essex County; and Billerica, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Dracut, Dunstable, Groton, Lit- tleton, Lowell, Tewksbury, Tyngsboro', Westford, and Wilmington, in the County of Middlesex. NUMBER FOUR. Acton, Ashby, Ashland, Bedford, Boxboro', Burlington, Cambridge, Charles- town, Concord, Framingham, Hopkinton, Lexington, Lincoln, Marlboro', Pepperell, Shirley, Somerville, Stow, Sudbury, Townshend, Waltham, Wa- tertown, Wayland, West Cambridge, Weston, and Woburn, in the County of Middlesex; and Berlin, Bolton, Boylston, Fitchburg, Harvard, Lancaster, Leominster, Lunenburg, Northboro', Shrewsbury, Southboro', Sterling and Westboro', in the County of Worcester. NUMBER FIVE. All the towns in Worcester County, except the thirteen attached to District. Number Four, and Athol and Royalston, included in District Number Six. NUMBER SIX. Amherst, Belchertown, East-Hampton, Enfield, Granby, Greenwich, Had- ley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, Prescott, South Hadley, and Ware, in the County of Hampshire ; Brimfield, Holland, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Mon- son, Palmer, Southwick, Springfield, Wales, Westfield, West Springfield, and Wilbraham, in the County of Hampden ; Bernardston, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, and Whately. in the County of Franklin ; and Athol and Royaiston, in the County of Wr xster. CONOnESSIONAL UlSTKICTS. llJl NUMBER SEVEN. The whole of Berkshire County ; Ashfield, Buckland, Charlemont, Coleraine, Conway, Hawley, Heaih, Leydeii, Monroe, Rowe, and Shelburne, in Franklin County; Chesterfield, Curamuigton, Goshen, Middlefield, Norwich, PlainficM, Southampton, Westhanipton, Williamsburg, and Worthingion, in Hampshire County; and Blandford, Chester, Granville, Montgomery, Russell, and Tol- land, in the County of Hampden. NUMBER EIGHT. All the towns in Norfolk County ; Abington, North Bridgewater, Hin^- ham, and Hull, in the County of Plymouth ; and Brighton, HoUiston, Natick. Newton, and Sherburne, in the County of Middlesex. NUMBER NINE. The towns in the County of Plymouth, excepting Abington, Hingham, Hull, North Bridgewater, Rochester, and Wareham ; and all the towns in the County of Bristol, excepting Dartmouth. Fairhaven, and New Bedford. NUMBER TEN. The Counties of Barnstable, Nantucket, and Dukes ; and the towns of Dart mouth, Fairhaven, New Bedford, Rochester, and Wareham. For Valuation, Population, and the number of Polls in the several districts see Population and Town Tables. CANALS. MIDDLESEX CANAL. This Canal commences at Boston harbor, and passes in a northwesterl) direction through Charlestown and IMedford, 5 miles from Boston ; Wobum, 10 "Wilmington, 14, to LoweU, 27 miles, on the Merrimack River. It was incor porated in 1789, and completed 1808; cost, $528,000. Summit level, 104 feet above tide water, and 32 above the IMerrimack at Lowell. Breadth at the surface, 30 feet; at bottom, 20 ; depth of water, 3 feet. Lockage, 136 feet ; 20 locks. This and other short canals on the Merrimack, open a navigable communication between Boston and Concord, the capital of New Hampshire. SOtTTH HADLET CANAL. Incorporated in 1792. This canal overcomes a fall at South Hadley, by a dam 1100 feet in length, 5 locks, and a cut through solid rock, 40 feet in lepth, and 300 in length. MONTAGtJE CANAL. This canal is in the town of Montague, on Connecticut River, 20 miles above Northampton, and was constructed for passing falls on that river. It 36 422 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. is 3 miles in length, with 75 feet lockage, and greatly promotes the naviga- tion of the river. BLACKSTONE CANAL. This canal commences at Worcester, 40 miles W. by S. of Boston, and extends to Providence, R. I. Length, 45 miles. Completed in 1828. Cost, $600,000. Fall, from the summit at Worcester to tide water at Providence, 451^6^^ fggt 48 locks. This canal serves to divert the trade of the large, fertile and manufacturing county of Worcester, and its neighborhood, from Boston to the beautiful and flourishing city of Providence. By this canal, 45 miles, with Providence River to Newport, 75 ; and Long Island Sound, 152 ; Worcester is 227 miles from the city of New York. Before the completion of a railroad from Boston to Worcester, a ton of merchandize might be transported from Worcester to New York for 25 per cent, less than to Boston. FARMINGTON CANAL. This canal commences at New Haven, and passes through Hampden, Cheshire, Southington, Farmington, Simsbury, and Granby, to the Massa- chusetts line at South wick, 58 miles north of New Haven. From thence it passes through Westfield and Easthampton to Northampton, by the Hamp- shire and Hampden Canal, 20 miles ; total length, 78 miles. The Connecticut part of the canal has 218 feet lockage, and a basin of 20 acres at New Haven. Completed in 1831, and cost $600,000. The great design of this canal is to place New Haven in a position to compete with Hartford, and other towns on the Connecticut River, for the valuable trade of the extensive, luxuriant, and highly cultivated valley of the Connecticut. RAILROADS. Before steam became a powerful agent in the transportation of persons and property, great and laudable exertions were made by the citizens of Massa- chusetts for the extension of their trade to the north and to the west, by the construction of turnpike roads and canals. But the elevated ridges of land which lie between their capital city and the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Hudson rivers, proved insuperable obstacles to their success. The trade of the extensive valleys which these rivers drain, and of the vast country far beyond them, could not be diverted from its accustomed channels by any- thing less than the magnificent power, which, setting at nought all animal strength, and outstripping the speed of the wind in its course, is destined to overcome the most difficult elevations, and plant its footsteps on the banks of every important lake and river in our country. While the Bostonians design to use their newly acquired agent in the pros- ecution of their internal commerce, with all that zeal and perseverance which have distinguished ihem on the ocean and in foreign lands, in the KAILROADS. 123 same pursuit, no intelligent citizen among them will deny the just and hon- orable claims of the citizens of New York, as their most jxiwerful competitors. The magnitude and wealth of that beautiful city, llie enterprise of its people, and us favorable location, renders it a durable mart of commerce, which no new mode of transportation can destroy, and which all modes will tend to reacn. The great basin, of which we shall presently speak, and the great commercial cities in Europe, are about as near to one of those cities as the other ; — what New York gains, in distance on the land, Boston gains a full equivalent on the sea. The following Table of the size of the vast bodies of water contained in the St. Lawrence basin, is taken from a Report of Douglas Houghton, Esq., Stale Geologist of Michigan : — Waters. .H 2 c _= 5'« ■f " ""'p — s ■cj ■sj c c s 2 s 2 < s S s ^05 < Lake Superior, Green Bay, .. Lake Michigan, " Huron,. " St. Clair, " Erie, " Ontario,. St. Lawrence,. 400 80 900 596 100 20 500 578 320 70 1000 578 240 80 1000 578 20 18 20 570 240 40 84 565 180 35 500 232 — 20 32,000 2,000 22,400 20,400 360 9,600 6,300 940 " The basin of the St. Lawrence," Mr. Houghton says, " is truly a region of 'broad rivers and streams,' containing, it is estimated, an area of 400,000 square miles, of which 91,000" (as per Table) "are covered with water. From the western extremity of Lake Superior to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the distance is about 1900 miles. These ocean-lakes have been estimated to contain 11,300 cubic miles of water— a quantity supposed to exceed more than half of all the fresh water on the face of the globe. Lakes Huron and Michigan, which have the deepest chasms, have been sounded to the amazing depth of 1800 feet, without discovering bottom." Lake Erie is the most southern and central of this unrivalled chain of navigable waters. An assemblage of such vast fresh water seas, the immense basin or coun- try in which they are embodied, the great arteries which supply them, and the rapid increase of population, wealth and products within this basin, and which has become united to Massachusetts in its commercial oj>erations by railroads, deserves a particular notice in a work of this kind. Around these inland seas, a cluster of powerful states and flourishing ter ritories are rapidly rising. The territory which they comprise embraces that 424 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. great area, extending from the lakes on the north, to Ohio on the south, and Irom the western confines of the state of New York to the upper Mississippi, containing 306,000 square miles. This area is twice as large as the kingdom of France, five times as extensive as the whole of England, and thirty-six times the area of Massachusetts : it contains 196,000,000 of acres of arable land, a large portion of which is of surpassing fertility. In 1800, this vast territory contained only 50,780 inhabitants ; but such has been its growth, that it now contains at least 3,500,000. Should its population continue to increase in the same ratio for ten years, it will double that of the whole United States in 1775. When this region becomes as thickly populated as old Massachusetts, it will contain near 30,000,000 souls. This broad area is intersected in numerous directions by streams, furnish- ing ample means of conveyance ; while uncommon facilities for the construc- tion of canals and railroads are afforded by the level and uniform character of its surface. This section of co'intry probably possesses a greater aggregate power of production, than any other portion of equal extent on the globe. Its popula- tion is made up almost exclusively of the young, the resolute, the vigorous, and the intelligent, who have gone from the more densely populated com- munities in New England and the Middle States, to seat themselves around this chain of waters, and there to build up an empire. They have taken with them the laws, the habits, the language, and the institutions, civil and religious, of their parent states ; but, above all, they have carried into that vast field an honest love of labor, and in the very act of organizing their gov- ernments, they manifest their willingness to exert and rely on their own energies, by prohibiting slavery forever throughout their limits. This group of inland states and territories has two outlets for its commerce to the ocean ; one by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, the other through the lakes, and the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. These outlets are so circuitous and difficult of navigation, even in seasons when unimpeded by ice or the lowness of the waters, that transportation by railroads, in a direct course, must supersede all other modes of conveyance between the Atlantic ocean, and lakes Erie and Ontario, the common depos- its of this wide field of commercial operations. In the commerce of this western world New England cannot fail to partici- pate to a great extent. Her extended and extending railroads to meet this trade, her wealth and enterprise, her immense amount of tonnage, her foreign and domestic commerce, her vast investments in manufactures, her fisheries, together with good markets for all kinds of western products, offer unrivalled advantages to her western brethren. Such is the preference of the western people for northern markets, that the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, have commenced systems of internal improvement, by canals and railroads, to meet the waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario, which will extend more than 2,500 miles, and at a cost, when completed, of nearly fifty mil- lions of dollars. RAILROADS. 13-5 BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. This road was commenced in the autumn of 1S31, and was opened foi travel on the 4th of July, 1835. It is 44 miles in length, and has a double track. (See Eaihoad Table.) This road, although a distinct corporation, may be considered the eastern part of the WESTERN RAILROAD. The Western Railroad was chartered in 1833, and ojiened for travel from Worcester to Springfield, in 1839, and to the City of Albany, in 1842. The distances from Boston to Albany, on this road, are as follows : — Miles. Miles. Milej. Brighton,. 5 East Brookfield, . 2, 64 Washington,. . 3, 138 Angiers Corner, . 2, 7 South Brookfield, . 3, 67 Hinsdale, .. . 5, 143 Newton, . 2, 9 West Brookfield, . 2, 69 Dalton, . .. . 3, 146 Needham,. . 4, 13 Warren, . .. . 4,73 PiTTSFIELD, . 5, 151 Nalick, .. . 4,17 Palmer, . .. 10,83 Shaker Village, . 3, 154 Framingham, . 4,21 N. Wilbraham,. . 6,89 Richmond, .. . 5, 159 Hopkinton,. . 3,24 Wilbraham, .. . 3,92 State Line, .. . 3, 162 Southboro', . .4,28 Springfield, . 6,98 Edwards, N. Y., 2, 164 Westboro',. . . 4, 32 W. Springfield, 2, 100 Canaan, " 3, 167 Grafton, . 6, 38 Westfield, . .. 8, 108 E. Chatham," 5,172 Worcester, . 6, 44 Russell, . . .. 8, 116 Chatham, " 5, 177 Clappville,. . 9, 53 Chester Village,. 3, 119 Kinderhook, " 7, 184 Charlton, .. . 4,57 Chester Factory,. 7, 126 Schodack, " 8, 192 Spencer, . 5,62 Becket, . . .. 9, 135 Albany, " 8,200 The distances from Albany to Buffalo, by railroads, are as follows : — Schenectady, 15 miles ; Utica, 93 ; Syracuse, 146 ; Auburn, 172 ; Geneva, 199; Rochester, 251; Batavia, 283, and to Buffalo, 321 miles. By the Erie Canal, the distance is 364 miles. From Albany to New York, by water, is 145 miles ; by stage, on the east side of the river, 154, and on the west side, 174 miles. From Albany to Whitehall, is 72 miles ; Tyconderoga, 96 ; Burlington, Vt., 154 ; St. Johns, in Canada, 229, La Prairie, (by railroad,) 245, and to I\Iontreal, 254 miles. From Albany to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, via Syracuse, is 184 miles ; to Sackett's Harbor, by this route, is 229 ; and to Ogdensburg, 333 miles. From Albany to Saratoga Springs is 37 miles ; to Lake George, via the Springs and Glenn's -Falls, is 64 miles ; to Trenton Falls, 100 ; and to the Catskill Moun- tains, 46 miles. Distances from Buffalo, N. Y. to St. Louis, Mo., by Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Michigan, and the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers : — 36* 428 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. Miles. Dunkirk, N. Y., . 45 Erie, , . Pa., 46, 91 Conneaut, " 30, 121 Ashtabula, Ohio, 14, 135 Grand River, " 30, 165 Cleveland, " 30, 195 Huron, . " 47, 242 Detroit, Mich., 85, 327 Miles. Fort Gratiot, Mn. 72, 399 Thunder Bay, " 150, 549 Presque Isle, " 80, 629 Mackinaw, " 65, 694 Manitou, . " 103, 797 MiLWAKiE,Wis. 150, 947 Racine, " 25, 972 Miles. Dl., 57, 1042 " 40, 1082 " 45, 1127 " 16, 1143 " 69, 1212 90, 1302 Chicago, Juliet, . " Ottawa, . " Peru, . " Peoria, . " Beardstown," Alton, . « 118, 1420 St. Lodis, Mo., 22, 1442 Southport, " 13, 985 From Mackinaw to the Falls of St. Mary, at the Outlet of Lake Superior, is about 100 miles ; to Copper Harbor, 200 ; and to Long Point, near the head of that lake, is about 400 miles. From Detroit, across the Peninsula of Michigan to Chicago is about 250 miles ; — making the distance from Buffalo to Chicago 577 miles, and to St. Louis 977 miles. Miles. Cleveland, .. 0. , by lake, . 195 Portsmouth,. 11 by canal, 307, 502 Maysville, (( by river, 54, 556 Cincinnati, , (( . " . 66,622 Louisville, <( . « . 143, 765 Evansville,. (1 . « . 185, 950 Distances from Buffalo to St. Louis, by Lake Erie, the Ohio canal, and the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers : — Miles. Shawneetown, 111., ... 70, 1020 Smithland, Ky., .... 51, 1071 Cairo, Ky., at the mouth of Ohio River, 60,1131 St. Louis, Mo., .... 183, 1314 From St. Louis to New Orleans, down the Mississippi, is 1273 miles ; to St. Anthony's Falls, up that river, is 705 miles. From Portsmouth, up the Ohio, to Guvandot, Va., is 48 miles ; to Mari- etta, Ohio, 175 ; to "Wheeling, Va., 261 ; and to Pittsburg, Pa., 353 miles. From Toledo, on Sandusky Bay, on Lake Erie, 240 miles from Buffalo, to Cincinnati, by the Miami canal, is 217 miles. From Sandusky to Cincinnati, by railroads, is about the same distance. Thus a direct water communica- tion is opened between the Ohio river and the Atlantic ; and passengers may pass between the " Queen city of the west," and Boston or New York, by steam conveyance, in less than three days. From Bltfalo to Niagara Falls, by railroad, is 22 miles ; to Fort Niagara, 36 ; and to the mouth of the Welland Canal, on Lake Erie, across the lake, in Canada, is about 50 miles. This canal is 42 miles in length, and overcomes an elevation between Lakes Ontario and Erie, of 334 feet. It is navigable for the largest lake vessels ; more than a thousand of which annually pass through it. This canal terminates at Port Dalhousie, on Lake Ontario, about 20 miles from the mouth of Niagara River; 40 from Toronto, 175 from Kingston, 150 from Oswego, 235 from Ogdensburg, 355 from Montreal, 535 from Quebec, and 900 miles from the ocean. — See page 45, and RailroadTabU. RAILROADS. 427 BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD. This road was incorporated on the 5ih of June, 1830, and was opened for travel in June, 1835. Its length is 2t3 miles, and passes through Cambridge, Somerville, Medford, Woburn, Wilmington, Tewksbury, Billerica, to Lowell; from which a line of railroads extends to Nashua, N. H., 41 miles from Bos- ton ; to IManchester, 59 ; and to Concord, the capital of New Hampshire, 76 miles. The Lowell and Nashua railroads have double tracks ; and, in com- mon with all railroads in New England, are laid with heavy railroad iron, and constructed in the most substantial manner. — See page 44, and Railroad Table. This road is the commencement of a line of railroads from Boston to Mon- treal, by the way of Concord and Haverhill, in New Hampshire, and Mont- pelier and Burlington, in Vermont. The distance from Boston to Burling- ton, by this route, is about 220 miles ; making the distance from Boston to IMontreal, all the way by railroads, 310 miles; or, by railroads and Lake Champlain, 320. — See Fitchburg Railroad. A railroad is contemplated to pass from Haverhill to St. Johnsburj', Vt., from thence to the Canada line, and through the eastern townships to Mon- treal. The distance is about the same as by the way of Burlingto/i. BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE RAILROAD. This road was incorporated in 1831, and opened for public use in Jane 1835. The distances on this road from Boston are as follows : — Miles. Roxbury, .... 2 Jamaica Plains, . . 3^ Toll Gate, . . . . 4^ Dedham, Low Plain, 8^ Canton, .... 14 Miles. Miles. ivi Dodgeville, .. . 32i 21.:^ Perrin's Corner, . 35 2-4 Seekonk, .. . 38i 26 Providence, R. I., 41 31 Sharon, . .. Foxboro', .. Mansfield, .. 