None
of disinfectant values in, 86 table of, 85 factors in, 79 used in solution, 73 inorganic, 73 acids, bases, and salts, 74 halogens and derivatives, 75 chlorid of lime, 76 tetrachlorid of iodin, 76 oxydizing agents, 76 hydrogen peroxid, 76 potassium permanganate, 76 organic, 77 alcohols, 77 carbolic acid, 77 Cresol group, 78 744 Disinfectants, used in solution, organic, essential oils, 78 formaldehyde, 78 iodoform, 77 Disinfection, practical, 86 of feces, 87 of hands, 87 of instruments, 87 of linen, etc., 87 of rooms, etc., 88 of sputum, 87 of urine, 87 Dissociation, electrolytic, 74 relation between degree of, and bactericidal powers of solutions, 74 Dorsett egg medium, 130 Drying in destruction of bacteria, re- sistance to, 62 DTN'!M®, definition of, 205 Ducrey bacillus, 547 cultivation and isolation of, 548 discovery of, 548 infection with, 547 pathogenicity of, 549 Dysentery, autopsy findings in, 442 occurrence of, 442 symptoms of, 442 Dysentery bacilli, 435 biological considerations of, 441 differentiation of, by Hiss, through agglutination tests, 440 through fermentation tests, 439 immunization with, 444 active, 444 agglutinins in, 444 bactericidal substances in, 444 true toxins in, 445 passive, 445 in feces, 178 investigation of, by Flexner, 436 by Hiss and Russell, 438 by Kruse, 437 by Lentz, 438 by Martini and Lentz, 438 by Ohno, 439 by Park and Carey, 439 by Park and Dunham, 438 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Dysentery bacilli, investigation of, by Shiga, 435 by Spronck, 437 by Strong and Musgrave, 436 by Vedder and Duval, 437 pathogenicity of, 441 pseudo-dysentery bacillus and, 437, 438 Shiga’s bacillus in, 435 cultural characteristics of, 436 morphology of, 435 toxic products of, 442 action of, on animals, 443 obtaining of, from cultures, 442 “Y” bacillus in, 438 Esertu, discovery of typhoid bacillus by, 399 Edema, malignant, bacillus of. under Malignant edema Eel-blood serum, toxic, 205 Eggs used in clearing culture media, 119 Ehrlich’s analysis of diphtheria toxin, 205-215. See also under Diphtheria toxin Eichstedt, discovery of Microsporon fur- fur by, 639 Electricity in destruction of bacteria, 65 Electrolytic dissociation, 74 : relation between degree of and bac- tericidal powers of solutions, 74 Elser and Huntoon, discovery of pseudo- meningococcus by, 379 Elsner’s potato-extract gelatin, isola- tion of typhoid bacillus in stools by, 407 Emphysematous gangrene, isolation of Bacillus aérogenes capsulatus from,474 Endolysins, 291 : Endo’s fuchsin-agar, isolation of ty- phoid bacillus in stools by, 409 Endo’s medium, for colon-typhoid dif- ferentiation, 135 Harding and Ostenberg’s method of preparation of, 136 Endospores, 16 Endotoxins, 185, 306 compared with pigments, 186, 309 See INDEX OF SUBJECTS Endotoxins of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 328 of Streptococcus pyogenes, 345 summary of, 306 toxins distinguished from, 186 Environment and bacteria, 31 Enzymes, definition of, 42 katalyzers and, analogy between, 42 produced by bacteria, 168 diastatic, 169 inverting, 169 proteolytic, 168 varieties of. See under specific names Epitoxoid in toxin, 208 Erlenmeyer flask, 114 Escherich, discovery of Bacillus lactis aérogenes by, 453 Esmarch roll tubes in isolation of bac- teria, 147 Esmarch’s method of anaérobic culti- vation of bacteria, 149 Essential oils as disinfectants, 78 Exudates, bacteriological examination of. See Bacteriological examination Eumycetes. See Hyphomycetes FACULTATIVE aérobes, 26 Facultative anaérobes, 26 Farcy, 531 Fat-splitting enzymes, 47 action of, method of investigating, 47 varieties of, 47 Fats in bacterial cell, 22 Favus, 640 Feces, bacteriological examination of, 176 disinfection of, 87 number of bacteria in, 176 varieties of bacteria in, 177 Fermentation, alcoholic, 51 in milk, 702 butyric-acid, in milk, 702 enzymes of, 48, 52 in development of bacteria, 26 inversion in, 42 lactic-acid, 50, 701 process of, 48 745 Fermentation tests, serum media for, 132 Filtering, in clearing of culture media, 102 through cotton, 120 through paper, 121 in sterilization of culture media, 122 Filters, varieties of: Berkefeld, 120, 121 Kitasato, 123 Maassen, 124 Reichel, 122 Filtrable virus, 679 table compiled by Wolbach, 680 Filtration of immune body and comple- ment, 244 Fishing, colony, 146 Fixation of complement, action in 246 by precipitates, 244 “Fixator,” 279 Flagella, arrangement of, 15 structure of, 14 varieties of, 14 Flagella stains in staining of bacteria, 100 Florence flask, 114 Fluid media covered with oil, used in cultivation of bacteria, 150 Foot-and-mouth disease, 678 etiological factor of, 679 immunity in, 679 in milk, 706 pathology of, 678 transmission of, 679 Formaldehyde as disinfectant, 78, 89 generation of, by breaking up solid polymer with heat, 91 by Breslau method, 90 by direct evaporation, 89 by glycerin addition, 90 by lime method, 92 by potassium-permanganate meth- od, 92 by Trillat method, 89 gauging amount of formalin in, 92 Trillat autoclave for, 89 Fractional sterilization, 70 at high temperatures, 70 at low temperatures, 71 746 Frambeesia tropica, 614 Friedlander, discovery of Bacillus mu- cosus capsulatus by, 447 Friedlinder bacillus. See Bacillus mu- cosus capsulatus v. Frisch, discovery of Bacillus of rhi- noscleroma, 451 Fusiform bacilli, 614 from carious teeth, 613 from noma, 614 from scurvy, 614 of Vincent’s angina, 612 Garrky, discovery of Micrococcus tetra- genus by, 334 Gartner, discovery of Bacillus enteri- tidis by, 429 Gas formed by bacteria, 164 analysis of, 164 carbon dioxide in, 164 hydrogen in, 165 hydrogen sulphide in, 165 quantitative, 166 Gas-pressure regulators for incubators, 160 Moitessier’s, 160 Gastrointestinal autointoxication, 712 ~ bacteria causing, 713 experimental combating of, by acid- producing bacilli, 713 Metchnikoff’s therapy of, by means of Bacillus bulgaricus, 714-715 Gelase, 49 Gessard, discovery of Bacillus pyocyaneus by, 578 Glanders, bacteriological diagnosis of , 532 immunity in, 535 in horses, 530 acute form, 530 chronic form, 531 in man, 532 nodules of, 532 spontaneous infection in, 530 Glanders bacillus. See Bacillus mallei Globulin in bacterial cell, 22 Glycerin, use of, for culture media, 126 meat extract, 126 meat infusion, 127 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Glycerin broth, 125 Glycerin potato, 130 Gonococcus. See Diplococcus gonor- rhoeze Gram-negative bacteria, 104 Gram-negative cocci, chromogenic, 387 Gram-negative micrococci, table of di- agnosis of, by differential value of sugar fermentation, 387 Gram-positive bacteria, 104 in feces, 177 ‘Gram’s method of staining bacteria, 102 classification of pathogenic bacteria by, 104 Paltauf’s modification of, 103 Group agglutination, 234 Gruber-Widal reaction, 250 Gruby, discovery of Trichophyton ton- surans by, 642 Guarnieri’s medium, Welch’s modifica- tion of, 129 HALOGENS as disinfectants, 75 “Hanging block” method in study of bacteria, 94 “Hanging drop’? method in study of bacteria, 93 Hansen, discovery of lepra bacillus by, 505 Haptophore group in toxin molecule, 207 in toxon molecule, 209 Haptophore groups in immune body, 228 complementophile, 228 cytophile, 228 Hauser, discovery of Bacillus proteus vulgaris by, 454 Heat, in destruction of bacteria, 65 dry and moist, comparison of, 66 effect of various degrees of, 65 moist, advantages of, 66 penetrating power of, 67 in sterilization of culture media, 121 Heat sterilization, 68 dry, 68 by burning, 68 by hot air, 68 moist, 69 by boiling, 69 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Heat sterilization, moist, by fractional sterilization, 70 by live steam, 60 by steam under pressure, 71 Hektoen and Ruediger on structure of opsonins, 283 Hemagglutinins, 235 Hematogen, 538 Hemolysin, immune, 226 Hemolysins of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 329 of Streptococcus pyogenes, 344 specificity of, 247 varieties of: autolysins, 247 heterolysins, 247 isolysins, 247 Hemolysis, 201, 225 Hemolytic tests, 259 obtaining blood for, 259 in large quantities; 260 in small quantities, 259 standard concentration of red blood cells for, 259 Hemolytic unit, definition of, 265 Hemorrhagic septicemia bacilli, 551 morphology of, 551 staining of, 551 varieties of: bacillus of chicken cholera, 552 Bacillus pestis, 554 bacillus of swine plague, 553 Hepatotoxin, 201 Hesse’s medium for colon-typhoid differ- entiation, 133 Heterolysins, 247 Hides, tanning of, bacteria in, 716 Hiss’ agar-gelatin medium, isolation of typhoid bacillus in stools by, 407 Hiss’ leucocyte extract theory and therapy, 289 Hiss’ methods of staining capsules, 98 Hiss’ plating media for colon-typhoid differentiation, 133 Hiss’ tube medium for colon-typhoid differentiation, 133 Hiss’ serum water media for fermenta- tion tests, 132 747 “Hog-cholera” bacilli, 430 differentiation of, from swine plague bacillus, 554 Hogyes, dilution method of, in treat- ment of rabies, 656 Horse meat, detection of, by precipitin tests, 254 Horses used in production of diphtheria antitoxin, 216-17 of tetanus antitoxin, 221 Howard and Perkins, discovery of Strep- tococcus mucosus by, 350 Hydrogen, formation of, by bacteria, 165 in nutrition of bacteria, 28 Hydrogen peroxid as disinfectant, 76 Hydrogen sulphid formed by bacteria, 165 Hydrophobia. blood serum, 226 haptophore groups of, 228 complementophile, 228 cytophile, 228 Immunity, absolute, 190 acquired, 192 definition of, 190, 192 active, 193 artificial, 193 definition of, 193 experimentation with attenuated cultures for, 193 with bacterial products for, 195 with dead bacteria for, 195 with sublethal doses of fully viru- lent bacteria for, 195 definition of, 189 natural, 190 individual, 191 of races, 191 of species, 190 -passive, 196 relation of, to phagocytotic powers in animals, 279 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Immunization, blood the seat of, 198 Incubation of cultures, 156 incubators in, 158 gas-pressure regulators for, 160 thermo-regulators for, 159 Indigo production, bacteria in, 716 Individual immunity, 191 in higher animals, 192 in lower animals, 191 Indol production by bacteria, 167 Industries, bacteria in, 715 Infection, definition of, 181 fundamental factors in, 181 paths of, 183 inner, 184 outer, 183 Infectiousness, definition of, 182 due to number of bacteria, 182 due to variations in virulence, 183 | Influenza, epidemic of, in 1889-90, 536 organs attacked in, 540 | Influenza bacillus, 536 bacteria related to, 541 Bacillus murisepticus, 542 bacillus of pleuro-pneumonia, 542 Bacillus rhusiopathia, 542 Koch-Weeks bacillus, 542 pseudo-influenza bacillus, 541 biology of, 540 isolation and cultivation of, 537 on agar and gelatin, 537 blood added in, 537 hemoglobin added in, 537 hematogen added in, 538 morphology and staining of, 536 pathogenicity of, 540 in experimental inoculation of ani- mals, 541 organs attacked in, 540 susceptibility of animals to, 541 Inhibition, coefficient of, 80 Inhibition strengths of various antisep- tics, 84 Inoculation of animals, 170 intraperitoneal, 172 intravenous, 172 subcutaneous, 171 Inoculation of media, 141 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Inoculation of media, technique of trans- ferring bacteria in, 141 virus used in transferring bacteria in, 141 Insusceptibility of cold-blooded animals, 190 Intravital method of Nakanishi in study of bacteria, 94 Inulin media, 132, 369 Invasion, paths of, 183 inner, 184 outer, 183 Inversion by fermentation, 42 Invertase, 49 Iodoform as disinfectant, 77 Iodine, tetrachloride of, as disinfectant, 76 tincture cf, for skin sterilization, 76 Iron compounds in nutrition of bacteria, 29 Isolation of bacteria, 142 early methods of, 143 present methods of, 143 Esmarch roll tubes in, 147 Koch’s plates in, 144 surface streaking in, 148 Isolysins, 247 Israel, discovery of actinomyces of man by, 622 Jacxson’s lactose-bile medium for colon- typhoid differentiation, 139 Jenner’s discovery of immitnization in smallpox by vaccinia, 659 Kartatyzers, definition of, 42 enzymes and, analogy between, 42 Kefyr, 702 Kitasato, discovery of Bacillus tetani by, 456 discovery of plague bacillus by, 554 Kitasato filter, 123 Klebs, discovery of diphtheria bacillus by, 512 Koch, discovery of cholera spirillum by, 582 discovery of tubercle bacillus by, 479 Koch plates in isolation of bacteria, 144 749 Koch-Weeks bacillus, 542 Koumys, 702 L+, definition of, 208 L,, definition of, 207 Lab enzymes, 46 Lactase, 50 Lactic-acid bacilli in therapy of gastro- intestinal autointoxication, 714-715 | Lactic-acid fermentation, 50 bacteria of, 50 in milk, 701 Lactose-bile medium, Jackson’s, colon-typhoid differentiation, 138 Lactose-litmus agar, 129 for | Laked blood, 225 Langenbeck, discovery of Oidium albi- cans by, 640 Lautenschliger’s thermo-regulator, 158, 159 Leprolin, 502 Leprosy, 505 bacillus of, 502, 505 cultivation of, 506 by Clegg, 506 by Duval, 506 ; differentiation of, from tubercle ba- cillus by staining, 106, 506 inoculation with, 507, 509 morphology of, 505 occurrence of, in body, 508 pathogenicity of, 507 relation of, to tubercle bacillus, 509 staining of, 505 toxic products of, 509 clinical varieties of, 508 contagiousness of, 509 in rats, 510 occurrence of, 507 tuberculin administered in, results of, .510 Leptothrix, 619 morphology of, 618 Leucocidin of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 329 action of, upon leucocytes, 330 discovery of, 329 leucotoxin differentiated from, 331 750 Leucocidin of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, obtaining of, 330 Leucocyte extract, 289 effect of, upon infections in animals, 290 in man, 291 experimentation with, 291 obtaining of, 290 Leucotoxin, 201, 331 Liborius’ method of anaérobic cultiva- tion of bacteria, 149 Light in destruction of bacteria, 63 action of, 64 resistance to, 63 varieties of, 64 Lime, chloride of, as disinfectant, 76 Limes death, definition of, 208 Limes zero, 207 Linen, etc., disinfection of, 87 von Lingelsheim, discovery of Diplococ- cus mucosus by, 387 discovery of Micrococcus pharyngis siccus by, 387 Lipase, 47 Liver and gall-bladder, inflammatory conditions of, attributed to colon bacillus, 395 Lobar pneumonia, 352 Loeffler and Schiitz, discovery of glan- ders bacillus by, 528 Loeffler’s malachite-green media, isola- tion of typhoid bacillus in stools by, 409 Loeffler’s method of staining flagella, 100 Loeffler’s serum medium, 131 Lustgarten, discovery of smegma bacil- lus by, 503 Lysins, 224 action of, Bordet’s interpretation of, 225 compared with Ehrlich’s, 225, 228 summary of, 228 Ehrlich’s theory of, 226 compared with Bordet’s, 226 complement in, 226 immune body in, 226 infectiousness of, INDEX OF SUBJECTS Lysins, action of, Ehrlich’s theory of immune body in, formation of, 226 haptophore groups in, 228 complementophile, 228 cytophile, 228 red corpuscles in, 227 side chains or receptors in, 226 over-reproduction of, 226 in blood serum, 225 experimentation in, 224 in immune blood serum, reactivated by normal serum, 226 in normal blood serum, Bordet’s theory of, 225 alexin in, 225 sensitizing substance in, 225 investigation of, by Ehrlich, 226 Lysol, 78 Lyssa. See Rabies MaasseEn filter, 124 MacConkey’s bile-salt agar, for colon- typhoid differentiation, 138 Macrophages, definition of, 276 Madura foot. See Mycetoma Malachite-green media, for colon-ty- phoid differentiation, 136 bouillon, 137 Loeffler’s, for isolation of typhoid bacillus in stools, 409 Malignant edema, bacillus of, 468 cultivation of, 470 early investigation of, 469 immunity in, 471 morphology of, 469 pathogenicity of, 470 staining of, 470 Mallein, 532 action of, 533 diagnostic use of, 533 directions of U. 8: government for, 534 obtaining and preparation of, 533 Malta fever, 549 in domestic animals, 549 Maltase, 50 Maragliano’s serum for tuberculosis, 498 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Marchiafava and Celli, discovery of meningococcus by, 371 Marmorek’s serum for tuberculosis, 498 Measles, 675 investigation for virus of, 675 by Hektoen, 675 by Home, 675 Meat, determination of nature of, by precipitin tests, 254 used for culture media, 115 soluble, 116 Meat extract, 116 Meat-extract agar, 127 Meat-extract broth, 124 Meat-extract gelatin, 126 Meat-infusion agar, 128 Meat-infusion broth, 124 Meat-infusion gelatin, 127 Meat-poisoning bacilli, 429, 475 Meningitis, microorganisms causing, 371 primary, 371 secondary, 371 serum therapy of, 378 Meningococcus. See Micrococcus intra- cellularis meningitidis Metachromatic granules, 11 Metacresol as disinfectant, 77 Metchnikoff’s therapy of gastrointestinal auto-intoxication by means of Bacil- lus bulgaricus, 714-715 by means of lactic-acid bacilli, 715 Mice, method of injecting, intravenously, _173 “Microbe de la coqueluche,” 543 Micrococci, 321. See also Staphylo- cocci Micrococcus, 37 Micrococcus catarrhalis, 385 differentiation of, from gonococcus, 386 from meningococcus, 386 Micrococcus intracellularis meningitidis, 371 cultivation of, 374 oxygen in, 375 s viability of organism in, 375 differentiation of, from Micrococcus catarrhalis, 386 751 Micrococcus intracellularis meningitidis, early observation of, 371-2 immunization against, 378 agglutinins in immune sera in, 378 modes of inoculation of, 377 morphology of, 373 pathogenicity of, 376 in animals, 377 ‘ in man, 376 pseudomeningococcus _ differentiated from, 379 resistance of, 376 staining of, 374 susceptibility of animals to, 377 viability of, 375 Micrococcus melitensis, 549 cultivation of, 550 morphology and staining of, 550 Micrococcus pharyngis siccus, 387 Micrococcus tetragenus, 333 cultivation of, 333 pathogenicity of, 333 Microorganisms, discovery of, 1 pathogenic, 321 Microphages, definition of, 276 Microscopic study of bacteria, 93 in fixed preparations, 94 process of, 94. See also under Staining in living state, 93 by hanging block method, 94 by hanging drop method, 93 by intravital method of Nakanishi, 94 Microspira, 37 Microsporon furfur, 639 clinical picture of infection of, 639 cultivation of, 640 morphology of, 639 Milk, alcoholic fermentation in, 702 anthrax bacilli in, 707 bacteria in, 699 butter a means of transmitting, 711 butter-making aided by, 710 cheese-making aided by, 711 numbers of, 700 estimating of, 709 752 Milk, bacteria in, propagation of, 700 sources of, 699 under ordinarily hygienic condi- tions, 699 varieties of, 701 “bitter,” 703 butyric-acid fermentation in, 702 certified, 701 cholera traced to, 705 coagulation of casein in, 702 color changes in, 703 diarrheal diseases traced to, 705 diphtheria traced to, 705 foot-and-mouth disease virus in, 706 lactic-acid fermentation in, 701 pasteurization of, 709 pus cells and leucocytes in, 706 relation of, to infectious diseases, 703 scarlet fever traced to, 704 “slimy,” 703 streptococci in, 705 streptococcus throat infections con- veyed by, 343, 706 supervision of supply of, 700 tubercle bacilli in, 707 infection from, 708 precautions against, 708 dairy inspection in, 708 Milk, tubercle bacilli in, precautions against, tuberculin test of cows in, 708 transmission of, from cow, 707 typhoid fever epidemics traced to, 703 Milk media, 130 Milzbrand, 563 Moeller’s method of staining spores, 98 Moitessier’s gas-pressure regulator, 169 Molds. See Hyphomycetes Morax-Axenfeld bacillus, 545 cultivation of, 546 morphology and staining of, 546 pathogenicity of, 547 Motility of bacteria, 14 by flagella, 14 Brownian, 14 effect of temperature on, 15 molecular, 14 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Motility of bacteria, organs of, 13 true, 14 Mucorine, reproduction in, 635-636 Muguet. See Thrush Multiplicity of amboceptors in normal sera, 241 of complement in normal sera, 242 Mycetoma, clinical picture of, 627 granules in, 627 melanoid, 627 cultivation of, 627-628 morphology of, 627 ochroid, 627 Mycomycetes, 635 NakanisuI, “intravital” staining method of, in study of bacteria, 94 Negri bodies in central nervous system in rabies, 648 demonstration of, 648 diagnosis of rabies by, 650 explanation of, 650 significance of, 651 staining of, 108 Neisser, discovery of Diplococcus gon- orrhoee by, 380 discovery of lepra bacillus by, 505 Nephrotoxin, 201 Neufeld and Rimpau’s discovery of opsonic substances, 282 Neurotoxin, 201 Neutral-red medium for colon-typhoid differentiation, 138 “New tuberculin” (Koch), 491 “New tuberculin-bacillary emulsion,” 492 , Nitrate-solution broth, 126 Nitrifying bacteria, 57 action of, 58 agricultural importance of, 58 Nitrogen fixation by bacteria, 54 microorganism of, 54 in root tubercles, 55 experimentation on, 56 microorganism of, 55 process of, 56 in soil, 54 Nitrogen in nutrition of bacteria, 28 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Nitrogen in nutrition of bacteria, sources of supply of, 28 Noguchi’s modification of Wassermann test for syphilis, 270 Novy jar, 154 Nucleus in bacterial cell, 10 Nutrient media. See Culture media Nutrition of bacteria, 25 carbon in, 25 hydrogen in, 28 nitrogen in, 25 oxygen in, 25 salts in, 29 OBERMEIER, discovery of spirochetes of relapsing fever by, 605 Obligatory aérobes, 25 Obligatory anaérobes, 26 Oidium albicans, 640 discovery of, 640 morphology of, 640 varieties of, 640 “Old tuberculin” (Koch), 491 Opium production, bacteria in, 716 “Opsonic coefficent of extinction,” 286 Opsonic index, finding of, 286 Opsonic test, Wright’s, 284 obtaining of bacterial emulsion for, 284 of blood serum for, 284 of leucocytes for, 284 opsonic index in, finding of, 286 parallel control test on normal serum in, 285 “pool”’ in, 285 technique of, 284 Simon, Lamar, and Bispham’s tech- nique of, 286 dilutions in, 286 opsonic coefficient of extinction in, 286 Opsonins, 281 decrease of phagocytic power upon introduction of bacteria without, 282 definition of, 282 increase of phagocytic power upon in- troduction of, 283 49 753 Opsonins, Neufeld and Rimpau’s dis- covery of, 282 normal and immune, 282-3 specificity of, 282 structure of, according to Hektoen and Ruediger, 283 Wright’s test of. isms to, 278 variety of phagocyte in, determined by the bacterium, 278 Phenol production by bacteria, 167 ; Phosphates in the nutrition of bacteria, 29 Phosphorescence produced by bacteria, 59 Phragmidiothrix, 38 Phycomycetes, 635 Pigment, formation of, by bacteria, 59 chemical nature of, 59 cultural conditions on, 60 Piorkowski’s urine gelatin fer colon-ty- phoid differentiation, 134 Pityriasis versicolor, 639 clinical picture of, 639 microorganism causing. sporon furfur occurrence of, 639 Plague, bacillus of, 554 biology of, 557 degeneration forms of, 20 immunization against, 561 active, 561 involution forms of, on salt agar, 557 isolation and cultivation of, 556 lesions in animals produced by, 559 morphology of, 555 pathogenicity of, 558 resistance of, 557 staining of, 556 transmission of, 560 toxins of, 561 variations in virulence of, 559 viability of, 557 epidemics of, 554 in animals, 558 in California ground squirrels, 560 See Micro- INDEX OF SUBJECTS Plague, bacillus of, in animals, in Man- churian marmot, 560 inoculation in, 559 spontaneous infection in, 559 in man, 558 autopsy findings in, 558 bacteriological diagnosis of, in life, 558 infection in, 558 localized form of, 558 pneumonic form of, 558 transmission of, 560 Plague-like disease in rodents, 562 Planococcus, 37 Planosarcina, 37 Plasmolysis of bacterial cell, 23 Plasmoptysis of bacterial cell, 24 Plating in isolation of bacteria, 143 Pleural exudates, bacteriological exami- nation of, 175. Pleuro-pneumonia, organism of, 542 Pneumobacillus. See Bacillus mucosus capsulatais Pneumococcus, discovery of, 7 different types of, 336 Pneumococcus. See Diplococeus pneu- monize Pneumococcus-streptococcus group, mu- tation, 370 Pneumonia, complications of, 362 lobar, infectiousness of, 352 serum therapy for, 366 Poisons, bacterial. See Bacterial poi- sons Polar bodies, 11 special stains for, 107 Poliomyelitis, acute anterior, 664 immunity in, 667 infectiousness of, 664 inoculation of animals with spinal substance of, 664 by Flexner and Lewis, 665, 666 by Knoepfelmacher, 665 by Landsteiner and Levaditi, 665 by Landsteiner and Popper, 665 resistance of virus of, 666 Polychrome stains in staining of bac- teria, 107 755 Potassium permanganate as disinfect- ant, 76 Potato media, 130 glycerin, 130 Pour plate, technique of making, 145 Precipitin tests, 252 bacterial filtrates for, 254 technique of, 255 determining nature of meat by, 254 precipitating antisera for, 252 against albumin solutions, 253 technique of production of, 252 proteid solutions to be tested by, 254 Precipitins, 200, 235 agglutinins and, structure of (Ehr- lich), 238 cell-receptors in, 238 theoretical considerations concern- ing, 238 bacterial differentiation by, 237 differentiation of proteids by, 237, 254 distinguishing blood of animal species by, 237 effect of heat on, 236 experimentation in, 235 group reaction of, 237 identity of, with sensitizers, 236 nature of, 236 specificity of, 237 Proagglutinoids, 235 Proteid differentiation by complement fixation, 273 substances necessary for, 273 technique of, 274 by precipitins, 237, 254 Proteid injections, anaphylaxis in, 295. See also Anaphylaxis Proteids in bacterial cell, 22 Proteins, bacterial, 186 Proteolytic enzymes, 43 action of, 44 in breaking down animal excreta, 46 bacteria producing, 44 preteids necessary to, 44 ptomains produced by, 45 756 Proteus group, bacilli of, 454 cultivation of, 454 morphology and staining of, 454 occurrence of, 454 pathogenicity of, 455 Protozoa and bacteria, differentiation of, 1 staining of, 108 Pseudo-dysentery bacillus, 437, 438 Pseudo-influenza bacillus, 541 Pseudo-membranes in diphtheria, 519 Pseudomeningococcus, 379 Pseudomonas, 37 Ptomains, 45, 185, 306 bacterial poisons and, 185 discovery of, 185 occurrence of, 185 toxins distinguished from, 45 varieties of, 45 Pus, bacteriological examination of, 175 Pus cells and leucocytes in milk, 706 Putrefaction, action of, 44 Putrefactive bacteria, quantitative an- alysis of, 21 Putrescin, 45 Pyemia, definition of, 184 Pyocyanase, 580 immunizing powers of, 580 Pyocyanin, 578 Pyocyanolysin, 581 Pyrogallic acid, use of, in cultivation of anaérobic bacteria, 152 Rastins, 646 course of, 647 in animals, 647 in men, 648 cultivation of organism of, by Nogu- chi, 651 diagnosis of, by presence of Negri bodies in central nervous system, 648-650 experimental infection of, 646 incubation in, 647 Negri bodies in central nervous sys- tem, 648 demonstration of, 648 by Van Gieson’s method, 649 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Rabies, Negri bodies in central nervous system, demonstration of, by Williams and Lowden’s meth- od, 650 staining in, 649 Mann’s method of, 649 diagnosis by, 649-650 occurrence of, 646 pathology of, 648 specific therapy of (Pasteur’s tech- nique), 652 attenuation and preparation of virus five in, 652 inoculation of rabbits with virus fixe in, 652 spinal cord of inoculated rabbits in, desiccation of, 653 emulsification of, 654 treatment of cases with injections of spinal-cord solution in, 654 Hogyes dilution method in, 656 scheme of, used at Pasteur In- stitute, 654 used in New York Department of Health, 655 virulence of virus of, 647 Racial immunity, 191 “Rage.” See Rabies. Rat leprosy, 510 relation of, to human leprosy, 511 Rauschbrand. See Bacillus of sympto- matic anthrax Receptors of toxin molecule in side- chain theory, 213 chemical action of, 213 over-production of, 214 Red blood cells, antibodies produced by, 200 ; Reducing powers of bacteria, 167 Refractive index of parts of bacterial cell, 24 Reichel filter, 122 Reichert’s thermo-regulator, 158, 159 Relapsing fever, 605 immunity in, 610 symptoms of, 608 transmission of, 610 varieties of, 609 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Relapsing fever spirochete, 605 cultivation of, 606 morphology and staining of, 605 pathogenicity of, 608 in animals, 608 in man, 608 symptoms of, 608 transmission of, 610 varieties of, 609 Reproduction of bacteria, 17 Resistance, definition of, 189 Rhinoscleroma, bacillus of, 451 Ricin, experimentation with, 204 Ringworm, 642 Root tubercles, 55 microorganism of nitrogen fixation in, 55 Roux’s method of anaérobic cultivation of bacteria, 149 SaccHaromycetEes. See Yeasts and Yeast cells Salts in nutrition of bacteria, 29 Saprophytes, bacterial, 29, 30 definition of, 182 Sarcina, 37 Sarcophysematos bovis. See Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax Scarlatina. See Scarlet fever Scarlet fever, 676 favorable influence of ‘streptococcus antisera in, 676 streptococci present in, 676 traced to milk, 704 Schaudinn and Hoffmann, discovery of Spirochezta pallida by, 594 Schizomycetes, 37 Schweineseuche, 553 Scorpion poison, antitoxin for, 199 “Sensibilisin,” 302 “Sensibilisinogen,” 302 Septicemia, definition of, 184 diagnosis of, by isolation of bacteria from the blood, 178 due to colon-bacillus infection, 394 hemorrhagic. See Hemorrhagic sep- ticemia Serum media, 131 757 Serum media, Loeffler’s, 131 Serum reactions, technique of, 249. See also under individual tests agglutination tests in, 250 antigen determined in, by comple- ment fixation, 271 for typhoid fever, 271 obtaining of material for, 271 test in, 272 bactericidal and bacteriolytic tests in, 255 complement fixation in, for deter- mination of antibodies, 261 for determination of antigen, 271 for proteid differentiation, 273 hemolytic tests in, 259 precipitin tests in, 252 proteid differentiation by comple- ment fixation in, 273 substances necessary for, 273 test in, 274 Wassermann test, in, 262 modifications of, 268 “Serum sickness,” 296 Serum water media for fermentation tests, 132 Shiga, discovery of dysentery bacillus by, 435 Shiga’s bacillus, 435 cultural characteristics of, 436 morphology of, 435 Side-chain theory of toxin-antitoxin reaction, 212 chemical action in, 213 elements of molecules in, 213 atom group, 213 side chains or receptors, 213 over-production of receptors in, 214 Side chains, action of, in Ehrlich’s theory of lytic process in blood serum, 226 Slanting of culture media, 123 “Slimy” milk, bacteria causing, 703 Smallpox, 657 ; etiological factor of, 657 immunization in, 658 by vaccination, 659, 663 Jenner’s discovery of, 659 technique of, 663 758 Smallpox, immunization in, by vaccina- tion, value of, 663 production of vaccine for, 647. See also under Vaccine occurrence of, 657 protozoan incitant of, research for, 657 relation of chicken-pox to, 660 relation of cowpox to, 659 transmission of, 658 vaccine bodies in, discovery of, 657 explanations for, 658 Ewing’s, 658 Smegma bacillus, 502, 503, 594 cultivation of, 504 morphology of, 503 occurrence of, 503 staining of, 504 identification of bacillus by, 504 tubercle bacillus and, differentiation between, by stains, 106 Smith’s modification of Pitfield’s method of staining flagella, 101 Snake poison, antitoxin for, 199 Soil, bacteria in, 685 from burial of infected cadavers, 687 in agricultural regions, 685 numerical estimation of, 687 pathogenic, in surface layers, 686 Solutions, saturated, for staining of bacteria, 95 staining-power of, 96 Soor. See Thrush Species immunity, 190 differences in, 190 Specific gravity of forms of bacterial cell, 24 “Specific precipitates,” 235-236 Spider poison, antitoxin for, 199 Spinal fluid, bacteriological examination of, 176 Spirillacer, 37 Spirillum, 38 description of, 9 Spirillum cholere asiatice. lapsing fever spirochete Spirochete of Vincent’s angina. Vincent’s angina, spirochete of Spirochetes, cultivation of, 593 differentiation of, from spirilla, 593 diseases caused by, 592. See also under specific names reproduction in, 592 structure of, 592 Spirosoma, 37 Spore stains in staining of bacteria, 97 Spores, bacterial, 15 formation of, 15 germination of, 17 position of, 17 varieties of, 16 arthrospores, 16 true or endospores, 16 vegetative forms from, 17 Sporotrichosis, 644 Sporulation, physiological significance of, 17 process of, 16 Sputum, disinfection of, 87 Stable antitoxin, 206 Staining of bacteria, chemical principles in process of, 96 acid-fast bacteria stains, 104 Baumgarten’s method, 106 Bunge and Trautenroth’s method, 106 Ehrlich’s method, 104 Gabbet’s method, 105 Pappenheim’s method, 106 Ziehl-Neelson method, 105 capsule stains, 98 Buerger’s method, 99 Hiss’ methods, 98 copper sulphate, 98 potassium carbonate, 98 Wadsworth’s method, 99 Welch’s method, 98 differential stains, 102 Gram’s method, 102 classification by, 104 Paltauf’s modification of, 103 See Re- See 759 Staining of bacteria, flagella stains, 100 Loeffler’s method, 100 Smith’s modification of Pitfield’s method, 101 Van Ermengem’s method, 101 polychrome stains, 107 Giemsa’s method, 108 Jenner’s method, 108 Wood’s method, 109 Wright’s modification of Leish- man’s method, 108 special stains for polar bodies, 107 Neisser’s method, 107 Roux’s method, 107 spore stains, 97 Abbott’s method, 97 Moeller’s method, 98 staining in tissues, 110 for actinomyces in sections, 112 for Gram-positive bacteria, 111 Gram-Weigert method, 111 in celloidin sections, 111 in paraffin sections, 111 for tubercle bacilli in sections, 112 in celloidin sections, 112 in paraffin sections, 112 Loeffler’s method, 112 saturated solutions used in, 95 staining solutions in, power of, 96 steps in process of: (1) smearing, 94 (2) drying, 95 (3) fixing, 95 (4) staining, 95 (5) washing, 95 (6) blotting, 95 (7) mounting, 95 Standardization of diphtheria antitoxin, 218 of tetanus antitoxin, 221 Staphylococci, 321. See also under individual staphylococci definition of, 321 _ in feces, 177 Staphylococcus epidermidis albus, 332 Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, 332 Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, 322 cultural characters of, 323 760 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, im- munization against, 331 active, 332 agglutinins in, 331 modes of inoculation with, 327 morphology of, 322 pathogenicity of, 326 in animals, 327 in man, 327 pigment formation of, 325 resistance of, 325 to chemicals, 326 to desiccation, 326 to heat and cold, 325 staining of, 322 susceptibility of animals to, 326 susceptibility of man to, 327 thermal death point of, 325 toxic products of, 328 endotoxins, 328 hemolysins, 328 leucocidin, 329. See also under Leucocidin virulence of, 326 Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus, 332 Steam in sterilization, 67 live, 69 saturated, 68 superheated, 68 Stegomyia fasciata, 673 Sterilization of culture media, 121 filtration in, 122 heat in, 121 Sternberg, discovery of Diplococcus pneumonie by, 353 Stimulins, 281 Streaking, surface, in isolation of bac- teria, 148 “Street virus,” 647 Streptococci, 37, 335 capsulated, description of organisms reported as, 367-369 classification of, 348 by Andrewes and Horder, 349 by carbohydrate fermentation pow- ers, 348 by reactions to immune sera, 350 morphological, 348 Streptococci, classification of, morpho- logical, Streptococcus longus seu erysipelatos in, 348 Streptococcus minor seu viridans in, 348 Streptococcus mucosus in, 350 definition of, 335 differentiation of, from pneumococci, 357, 367 cultural, 368 morphological, 367 epidemic throat infections by, 343 in feces, 177 in milk, 705 in milk epidemics, 343 preparation of, for agglutination test, 251 pyogenic. Anthrax, symptomatic Syphilis, 593 in monkeys, 602 in rabbits, 602 microorganism of. pallida See See Spirocheta TanninG of hides, bacteria in, 716 Temperature, attained by application of various degrees of pressure, 72 effect of, on activity of bacteria, 15 high, 34 low, 34 relation of, to bacteria, 31 maximum, 32 minimum, 32 761 Temperature, relation of, to bacteria, optimum, 32 to cultures with spores, 33 to vegetative forms, 33 “Tetanolysin,’”’ 205, 464 “Tetanospasmin,”’ 463 Tetanus antitoxin, 220 production of, 220 horses used in, 221 technique of, 221 toxin for, 220 standardization of, 222 unit of (Society of American Bacteri- ologists), 222 Tetanus bacillus, 456 autopsy findings in infections of, 460 biological characteristics of, 458 cultivation of, 458 distribution of, 457 early observation of, 456 favorable conditions for growth of, 459 incubation of, 460 isolation of, by Kitasato, 456 morphology of, 456 pathogenicity of, 459 following wounds, 460 relation of spores to, 459 resistance of, 459 staining of, 457 toxin of, 460 ; central nervous system attacked by, 463 mode of reaching, 463 incubation period of, 463 isolation of, 461 by chemical reaction, 462 by filtration, 461 by precipitation, 461 production of, 461 resistance of, 462 strength of, 462 susceptibility of animals to, 462 Tetanus spores, transportation of, to organs, 460 Thermal death points, 34 Thermo-regulators for incubators, 159 Lautenschliger’s, 158, 159 Reichert, 158, 159 762 Thiothrix, 38 Thrush, 640 microorganism causing, 640 Timothy, bacillus of, 502 Tissue sections, method of staining, 111 Gram-Weigert, 111 in celloidin sections, 111 in paraffin sections, 111 staining of bacteria in, 110 Titration of culture media, 117 color indicator in, 117 process of, 117 for alkaline media, 118 reaction of, 117 adjustment of, 119 Tobacco industry, bacteria in, 715 Torule, 617 Toxin, constitution of (Ehrlich), 210 graphic form of (Ehrlich), 211 views of Arrhenius and Madsen on, 212 diphtheria. toxin endotoxin distinguished from, 186 epitoxoid in, 208 in side-chain theory, cell-nutrition in, 213 chemical action of, 213 elements of, 213 atom group, 213 side chains or receptors, 213 over-production of receptors in, 214 molecule of, haptophore group in, 207 toxophore group in, 207 partial absorption of, 209 standardization of, 207 Limes death in, 208 Limes zero in, 207 time changes in, 206 toxoid form of, 207 protoxoids in, 209 syntoxoids in, 209 toxon and, difference in action of, 209 toxon in, 209 used for production of diphtheria antitoxin, 216 valency of antitoxin for, 210 See under Diphtheria INDEX OF SUBJECTS Toxin-antitoxin reaction, 203 side-chain theory in, 212 summary of, 215 theories as to process of, 203 by destruction of toxin by its specific antitoxin, 203 by direct union of toxin and anti- toxin, 203 through mediation of tissue cells, 203 time element in, 204 Toxin solution, normal, 205 Toxin unit, 205 Toxins, 185 compared with pigments, 186, 309 summary of, 305 Toxoid form of diphtheria toxin, 207 Toxoids, varieties of, 209 epitoxoid form in, 208 protoxoids, 209 syntoxoids, 209 Toxon, in diphtheria toxin, 209 toxin and, difference in action of, 209 Toxon molecule, 209 haptophore group in, 209 toxophore group in, 209 Toxophore group in toxin molecule, 207 in toxon molecule, 209 Trachoma, hemoglobinophilic bacilli in, 541 Trichomycetes. aces Trichophyton tonsurans, 642 cultivation of, 644 demonstration of, 643 morphology of, 643 occurrence of, 642 Tricresol, 78 Trillat autoclave, 89 Tubercle bacillus, 479 bacilli related to, 498 Bacillus butyricus, 502 bacillus of avian tuberculosis, 500 cultivation of, 500 discovery of, 500 morphology and staining of, 500 susceptibility of animals to, 500 bacillus of bovine tuberculosis, 498 See Chlamydobacteri- INDEX OF SUBJECTS Tubercle bacillus, bacilli related to, bacillus of bovine tuberculosis, early investigation of, 498 cultivation of, 499 differentiation of, from human type, 499 morphology of, 499 bacillus of fish tuberculosis, 495 bacillus of leprosy, 502, 509 bacillus of timothy, 502 bacillus of turtle tuberculosis, 501 * Bacillus smegmatis, 502 biological considerations of, 485 chemical analysis of, 490 cultivation of, 483 “Nahrstoff Heyden” in, 485 media for, 484 discovery of, 7 early investigation of, 479 examination for, by animal inocula- tion, 175 by Ziehl-Neelson staining method,. 176 in circulating blood, 489 in feces, 178 in milk, 709 isolation of, 483 leprosy bacillus and, differentiation between, by stains, 106 methods of staining, 104, 105, 106 in sections, 112 celloidin, 112 paraffin, 112 morphology of, 479 Much granules, 482 pathogenicity of, 486 frequency in, 486 mode of infection in, 487 mortality in, 486 preparation of, for agglutination test, 251 quantitative analysis of, 22 smegma bacillus and, differentiation between, by stains, 106 staining of, 480 differentiation of, from acid-fast group by Pappenheim’s method of, 482 wy 763 Tubercle bacillus, staining of, Ehrlich’s anilin-water-gentian-violet solu- tion in, 481 Gabbet’s decoloration and coun- terstaining in, 481 Ziehl’s carbol-fuchsin solution in, 481 toxins of, 490 endotoxins in, 490 tuberculins in, 490 bouillon filtré (Denys), 492 “new tuberculin-bacillary emul- sion” (Koch), 492 “new tuberculin” (Koch); 491 original method of making of, 491 present method of making of, 491 : “old tuberculin’ (Koch), 491 “tuberculoplasmin” (Buchner _and Hahn), 492 use of antiformin in examination for, 483 Tuberculin. See under Tubercle bacillus, toxins of “Tuberculoplasmin” Hahn), 492 Tuberculosis, frequency of, 486 immunization in, passive, 497 Maragliano’s serum in, 498 Marmorek’s serum in, 498 human and bovine types of bacilli in, in infections of man, 488 mode of infection in, 487 mortality of, 486 tuberculin in, diagnostic use of, 493 cutaneous reaction in, 494 in cattle, 495 ophthalmo reaction in, 494 subcutaneous injection of, 493 dosage and reaction in, 493 therapeutic uses of, 496 original, 496 present, 497 dosage in, 497 preparations employed in, 497 Tubing of culture media, 121 Typhoid bacillus. See under Typhoid fever (Buchner and 764 Typhoid carrier state in rabbits, 404 Typhoid fever, bacillus of, 399 bacteriemia in, 405 biological conditions favorable to, 403 cultivation of, 399 differentiation of, from Bacillus fecalis alkaligenes, 427 from meat-poisoning and para- typhoid bacilli, 428 discovery of, 7, 399 immunization against. See under Typhoid fever, immunization in in blood during disease, 405 obtaining cultures of, 405 in feces, 177 in gall-bladder, 411 in rose spots, 412 in sputum, 412 in stools, 406 examination in, 406 isolation of, 407 on Conradi-Drigalski medium, 408 on Elsner’s potato-extract gel- atin, 407 on Endo’s fuchsin-agar, 409 on Hiss’ agar-gelatin media, 407 on Loeffler’s malachite-green media, 409 time of appearance in, 406 in urine, 411 in water, 694 inoculation of animals with, 404 with endotoxin of, 417 isolation of, 403 morphology of, 399 pathogenicity of, 404 in animals, 404 in man, 404 staining of, 339 suppurative lesions due to, 412 toxic products of, 415 obtaining of, 417 varieties of: endotoxins, 415 true toxins, 416 typhoplasmin, 416 NDEX OF SUBJECTS Typhoid fever, diagnosis in, by agglutin- ins in blood serum, 420 Widal test in, 421 obtaining blood for, 422 by bactericidal substances in blood serum, 419 by bactericidal tests in vivo, 258 by opsonic index, 424 epidemics of, traced to milk, 703 hygienic considerations in, 413 immunization in, 417 by inoculation with typhoid bacilli, 417 active, 424 _ technique of Pfeiffer and Kolle in, 425 of Wright in, 425 substances found in blood after, 418 agglutinins in, 419 chief or major, 420 , group, 420 @ .* bactericidal, 419 bacteriolytic, 418 opsonins in, 424 precipitins in, 423 obtaining blood cultures in, 180 prophylactic measures in, 414 prophylactic vaccination in, 426 specific therapy in, 424 transmission of, 413, 414 by flies, 415 from milk, 414 from oysters, 415 from water supply, 414 without intestinal lesions, 413 “Typhoplasmin,” 416 Typhus fever, bacillus of Plotz, 678 bacillus of Ricketts and Wilder, 677 distribution of, 677 identity of, with Brill’s disease, 677 inoculation of animals with, 677 Urine, bacteriological examination of, 176 Urobacillus liquefaciens, 455 Uschinsky’s proteid-free medium, 126 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Vaccine production, for immunization in smallpox, 660 animals used in, 660 calves used for, 660 cleanliness observed in stabling of, 660 material used for vaccination of, 661 vaccination in, 661 preparation of field in, 661 scarifications in, 661 vaccinia vesicles developed in, 661 obtaining of vaccine from, 662 by curettage, 662 by ivory tips, 662 testing of vaccine in, for bacteria, 663 for efficiency, 662 : Vaccine therapy of Wright, 286 dosage for, 288 opsonic curve in, 288 production of vaccines in, 286 standardization of emulsion in, 287 enumeration of bacteria against red blood cells in, 287-8 sterilization of vaccine in, 288 Van Ermengem, discovery of Bacillus botulinus by, 475 Van Ermengem’s method of staining flagella, 101 Variola. Vegetative forms from bacterial spores, 17 “Vibrion septique.”’ See Malignant edema, bacillus of Vincent’s angina, 610 spirochete of, 611 cultivation of, 613 fusiform variety of, 612 bacilli of other diseases resem- bling, 613. 