None
The chemical composition of the calculi is generally that of either of the above-named unorganized sediments, and their nature can easily be determined by using the following method : Make a section through the centre of the calculus, sc^rape some of the substance off*, powder it finely, and heat some of it on platinum foil. It may either burn away completely (uric acid, urate of ammo- nium, (ystin, xanthin) or may be partially combustible (urates or oxalates), or may be incombustible (chiefly phosphates). A slight blackening occurs generally, even in heating a calculus consisting of incombustible matter, and is due to the presence of traces of organic urinarv eoustituents. If completely combustible, digest a little of the powder with dilute hydrochloric acid : cvstin and xanthin arc dissolved, uric acid remains undissolved. Apply murexid test for uric acid, the above-mentioned lead test for cystin, and for xanthin test by dissolving a little of the calcuhis in nitric acid and evaporating to dryness, when in the presence of xanthin a bright-yellow residue will be left, which becomes violet-red when treated with caustic potash. In case uric acid has been found, it mav be in combination with ammonia, which mav be verified bv h(»ating the powder with a little c^iustic potash, when ammonia gas is liberated, which may be recognized by its action on red litmus-pap<'r, odor, etc. If partially combustible or incombustible, digest some of the powder with dilute hydrochloric acid. If it dissolves completely, uric acid is not present. If a residue be left, ai)ply the murexid test. To a portion of the solution add ammonium molybdate and heat; a yellow precipitate indicates phosphoric acid. To another portion add am- monia water and then excess of acetic acid ; a white pulverulent EXAMINATION OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL URINE, 479 residue indicates calcium oxalate, which can be verified by igniting some of the calculus and adding a drop of acid, when effervescence will be noticed, the oxalate having been converted into a carbonate by the ignition ; the solution thus obtained can be tested for calcium bv the addition of water of ammonia and ammonium oxalate. In case phosphoric acid has been found, this is present either as a cal- cium or magnesium-ammonium salt. To distinguish between them, neutralize the solution of the powder in hydrochloric acid with ammonia, add acetic acid and ammonium oxalate; a white precipi- tate indicates calcium ; if no precipitate is produced, supersaturate with ammonia, when the crystalline magnesium-ammonium phos- phate will gradually form. Most common are calculi of uric acid ; often met with are those of urates, phosphates, and oxalates ; rarely, however, those of xanthin and cyst in. Microscopical examination of urinary sediments. The chemi- cal examination of any urinary sediment should always be preceded by a microscopical examination, which latter is in many cases the only way of determining the nature of the sediment, especially of the organized substances. Fig. 44, A-O, shows the principal sediments found in, or produced from, urine, as seen wuth a magnifying power of 200 diameters. A. Vric add ocrurs in many different forms, mostly in rhombic plates, with rounded obtuse angles, often joined into rosettes. Uric acid is found almost invariably colored red or reddish -brown, which generally distinguishes it from other sediments. The crystals or clusters of crystals are often large enough to be seen by the naked eye, and are then known by the terms ^'sand," ** gravel,'' or "red- pepper grains." B. Ammonium acid urate is found, generally associated with amor- phous or crystalline phosphates, in urine which has become alkaline. The crystalline globules are generally covered with spinous excres- cences, which give them the characteristic " thorn-apple " appearance. C-. Sodium urate forms generally a j)art in the pulverulent, heavy, variously tinted deposit of the mixed urates known as "brickdust^or ^Materitious" sediment. It occurs either in fine amorphous granules which cannot be distinguished microscopically from other amorphous sediments or in a crystalline form as shown in the figure. D. Urea nitrate crystallizes readily in large six-sided plates on the addition of nitric acid to urine. 480 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. E. 1, Z^Mcin, or amido-caproie acid, CgHjj(NH,)02; and 2, ryro^in, CgHjiNOj, are but rarely met with in urinary deposits. Leuciii is found either as rounded lumps, showing but little crystalline struc- ture, or as spherical masses, exhibiting fine radial striation. Tyrosin appears generally in fine, long, silky needles, forming bundles or rosettes. F. Oystin oct»urs occasionally as a grayish, crystalline deposit^ forming transparent six-sided plates; it also occurs in calculi. The latter may be recognized by the above-mentioned chemical properties or by dissolving a little in hydrochloric acid and neutralizing with ammonia, when cystin is reprecipitated and shows the characteristic six- sided plates under the microscope. G. Magnesiumr-ammonium phoy)hatef or triple phosphate, MgNH^- PO^.GHjO, is found generally in triangular prisms >vith bevelled ends, as shown in 1, but sometimes also in star-sha|>ed, feathery crystals, represented in 2. H. Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO^)2, is most frequently found in amorphous globules, but also crj'stallized either in prisms, 1, or iu *' w edge-shaped " crystals, 2. I. Calcium oxalate, CaCjO^, occurs either in quadrati(; octohedra with brilliant refraction, 1, or sometimes in the shape of "dumb- bells," 2. J. Blood corpuscles appear under the microscope as reddish, circular disks, sometimes laid together in strings. If seen in profile, they appear biconcave. 1, shows the corpuscles iu a fresh condition; 2, as generally seen in urine. K. Mucus and pus are often difficult to distinguish from each other under the microscope, as they both apjx»ar as little granular globules, varying somewhat in appearance with the reaction of the urine. Pus is reudored slimy, ropy, viscid, and tenacious by the addition of caustic potash. 1, shows globules of mucus ; 2, of pus; and 3, of pus treated with acetic acid, which clears up the granular globules with the api)earance of a nucleus. L. Hannin crystals. The formation of these crystals often serves to recognize blood, and is accomplishe<l by mixing the latter on a glass slide with a trace of so<liuui chloride and a drop of glacial acetic acid and warming gently, when the ciiaracteristic crystals will apjK'ar. By repeating the proc(\ss several times, larger and l)etter- dcvelojH'd crystals are obtained. M. 1, Hyaline cdstH ; 2, Granular casts. Urinary casts are tube- like cylinders, often found together with blood and pus corpuscles, or KXAMLSATIOX OF XOJlM.iL AXD ABNORMAL LUINE. 481 l%« ^fO«- ©a '■^ -^ •^^'^ 0/10 * /S^ .*. -4. !^I%&. V /> > \*/^i ^J*i» Z 3 UrlTiwr Kdlmenta. 482 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, * holding in their substance or walls epithelial cells, mucous corpuscles, and fat globules. Hyaline casts are distinguished by their trans- parent appearance, while granular casts show a more or less granular surface. N. Epithelial casta and cells. According to the origin (vagina, urethra, bladder, etc.) of these bodies, they diflfier somewhat, and it is difficult to recognize with certainty the source whence they are derived. O. 1, Waxy casts; 2, Casts with blood coipuscles ; 3, Casts with fat globules. Waxy casts resemble hyaline casts, but are less transparent. Casts containing blood corpuscles or fat globules are generally easily recognized. In addition to the above-mentioned urinary deposits there may also be found various kinds of fungi, vibriones, spermatozoids, hair, or even such foreign matters as fibres of cotton, wool, or silk, with the characteristic appearance of which the student should familiarize himself thoroughly. Questions. — 551. What poiDts are to be considered, and what substances determined, in the analysis of normal and abnormal urine? 552. What is the color of urine, and what are the chief causes influencing the color ? 553. What is the specific gravity of healthy urine, how is it determined, and how is the total amount of solids approximately calculated from the specific gravity? 554. Describe the different tests by which albumin may be recognized, and state* the precautions necessary in making these test**. 555. How may the quan- tity of albumin in urine approximately and how accurately be determined? 556. Describe the various tests for sugar. On what principles are they based? 557. How is sugar determined quantitiitively? 558. By what tests are biliary pigments and acids recognized in urine? 559. What is the nature of urinary sediments, and by what means are they recognized ? 5(30. What are urinary calculi generally composed of, and by what simple tests can their nature be determined? APPENDIX. TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 1 decimeter 1 meter 1 decameter 1 hectometer 1 kilometer 1 yard or 36 inches 1 inch = 10 = 100 = 1000 Measures of length. 0.001 meter 0.0394 inch. 0.01 meter 0.3937 inch. 0.1 meter ^ 3.9371 inches. :^ 39.3708 inches, meters - 32.8089 feet meters ^ 328.089 feet, meters — 0.6214 mile. = 0.9144 meter. := 25.4 millimeters. Measures of capacity. = 1 cc = ^= 10 cc =■ = 100 cc. = — 1000 cc milliliter centiliter deciliter liter decaliter hectoliter kiloliter U S. gallon imperial gallon minim fluidrachm tluidounce liter milligram = 0.001 centigram = 0.01 decigram --=^ 01 gramme decagram — 10 hectogram -— 100 kilogram -^ 1000 grain Troy drachm Troy ounce Troy ounce avoirdupois pound avoirdupois 0.001 liter ^ 0.01 liter -:r 0.1 liter r^ 10 100 1000 liters liters liters Weights gramme gramme gramme grammes grammes grammes 0.0021 0.0211 0.2113 1.0567 2.6418 26.418 264.18 3785.3 45435 0.06 3.70 29.67 33.81 U. S. pint U. S. pint U. S- pint U. S. quart U. S. gallons. U. S. gaUons. U. S. gallons. cc cc. cc cc cc fluidoonces. 0.015 grain Troy. 0.154 grain Troy. 1.543 grain Troy. 15.432 grains Troy. 154.324 grains Troy. 0.268 pound Troy. 2.679 pounds Troy. 0.0648 gramme. 3.888 grammes. 31.103 grammes. 28.350 grammes. 453.592 grammes. (483) 484 APPESDIX. Commercial weiglUs and measures of the U, 8, Am 1 pound avoirdupois - - 16 ounces. 1 ounce — 437.5 grains. 1 gallon 231 cubic inches. 1 gallon -^ 4 quarts -^ 8 pints. 1 pint of water weighs 7291.2 grains at a temperature of 15.6®. Troy weighL 1 drachm = 60 grains. 1 ounce = 8 drachms ^= 480 grains. TABLE OP ELEMENTS. Aluminum Symbol. . Al Atomic weight. 27.04 Molybdenum Symbol. . Mo Atomic weight 95.9 Antinionv. . Sb 119.6 Xickel . Ni 58.6 Ai*senie Barium . As . Ba 74.9 136.9 Nitrogen. Osmium . Os 14()1 190 3 Beryllium* * Bismuth. . Be . Bi 9.03 208.9 Oxygen Palladium. . 0 . Pd 15.96 106.35 Boron Bromine. . B . Br 10.9 79.76 Ph<>8phoru8 Platinum. . P . Pt 30.96 194.3 Cadmium. . Cd in.r) Potai«8ium . K 39.03 Oiesium . C« 132.7 Rhodium . Rh 102.9 Calcium . Ca 39.91 Rubidium. . Rb 85.2 Carbon . C 11.97 Ruthenium . Ru 101.4 Cerium . Ce 139.9 Samarium. . Sm 149.62 Chlorine. . CI 35.37 Scandium. . Sc 43.97 Chromium . Cr 52.0 Selenium. . Si» 78.87 Cobalt . Co 58.6 Silic<m . Si 28.3 Columbium*^ . Cb 93.7 Silver . . Ag 107.66 Copper . Cu 63.18 Sodium . Na 2:H.0 Didymium' . Di 142.0 Strontium. . Sr 87.3 Erbium Fluorine. . Er . F 166.0 19.0 Sulphur Tantalum. . 8 . Ta 31.98 182.0 (rallium . Ga 69.9 Tellurium. . Te 125.0 Germanium . Ge 72.3 Terbium. . Tb 159.1 Gold. Au 196.7 Thallium. . Tl 203.7 Hydrogen. . H 1.0 Thorium. . Th 231.9 Indium . In 113.6 Tin. . Sn 118.8 Iodine . I 126.53 Titanium. . Ti 48.0 Iridium . Ir 192.5 ' Tungsten. . W 183.6 Iron. . Fe 55.88 , Uranium. . V 238.8 Lanthanum . La 138.2 Vanadium. . V 51.1 lA'ad . Pb 206.4 Ytterbium. . Yb 172.6 Lithium . Li 7.01 Yttrium . Yt 88.9 Majrnesium Manpanese Mereurv. . Mg . Mn . Hp 24.3 54.8 199.8 Zinc. Zirconium. . Zn . Zr 65.1 90.4 1 Also called glucinum. 3 Also called niobium. * Composed of neo- and prasotMlidymium. (485) INDEX. ABSORPTION, 34 Acetanilid.. 383 Acetate of ammonium, 328 Acetic acid, 326 analytical reactions of, 327 aldehyde, 315 ether,' 343 Acetone, 329. 476 Acetylene, 305 Acid, abietic, 373 acetic, 326 adipic, 331 aniline-para-sulphonic, 383 arable, 352 arachidic, 325 arsenic, 205 arsenoiis, 200 behenic, 325 benzoic, 375 boric, 98 bromic, 123 butyric, 329 camphoric, 372 capric, 324 caproic, 324 caprylic, 324 car bam ic, 357 carbazotic, 371 carbolic, 369 carbonic, 95 carminic, 354 cathartic, 354 cerotic, 325 chloric, 121 cholic, 441 chromic, 177 citric, 336 copaivic, 374 cyanic, 362 diacetic, 476 diuzo-benzol sulphonic, 383 dithionic, 106 fluoric, 127 formic 325 fulminic, 364 gallic, 379 glacial acetic, 327 phosphoric, 113 glvcocholic, 441 glycol ic, 338 hippuric, 458 hya?nic, 325 Acid, hydriodic, 125 hydrobromic, 123 hydrochloric, 120 hydrocyanic, 358 hydroferricyanic, 362 hydroferrocyanic, 362 hydrofluoric, 127 hydrosulphuric, 106, 236 hypobromic, 123 hypochlorous, 122 hyponitrous, 89 hypophosphorous, 115 hyposulphurous, 106 kmic, 395 lactic, 338 lauric, 324 malic, 333 malonic, 331 manganic, 174 margaric, 325 meconic, 395 melissic, 325 metaphosphoric, 113 muriatic, 120 myristic, 324 myronic, 354 nicotinic, 386 nitric, 89 nitro-hydrochloric, 121 nitro-muriatic, 121 nitrous, 89 oenanthylic, 324 oleic, 330 orthophosphoric, 113 oxalic, 331 palmitic, 325 pelargonic, 324 pentath ionic, 106 perchloric, 121 permanganic, 175 phenol-sulphonic^ 371 phospho-molybdic, 389 phosphoric, 113 phosphorous, 113 phthalic, 378 picric, 371 propionic, 324 prussic, 358 pyrogallic, 379 pyrophosphoric, 113 pyrosulphuric, 106 pvro tartaric, 331 (487) 488 lyjjEx. Acid, rosolic, ^56 salicylic, 377 sarco-lactic, 337 silicic, 98 stannic, 218 stearic, 325 succinic, 331 sulplianilic, 383 sulphocarbolic, 371 sulphocyanic, 302 sulplionic, 321 sulphuric, 103 sulphurous, 102 tannic, 379 tartaric, 333 taurocholic, 441 tetrathionic, 106 thiosulphuric, 106 trithionic, 106 uric, 457 valerianic, 329 Acidimetry, 256 Acids, amido-, 356 aromatic, 369 biliary, 441 definitions of, 58 detection of, 241 fatty, 322 organic, 322 sulphonic, 321 thio-, 324 Aconitine, 402 Acrolein, 344 Actinic waves, 27 Adhesion, 32 .Ether, 341 Affinity, chemical, 39 Apte, 97 Air, composition of, 85 Alabaster, 153 Albumin, 412 in urine, 465 Albuminates, 414 Albuminous substances 410 analvtical reactions of, 411 Albumoses, 416 Alcohol, 307 absolute, 311 amy I, 3J3 analvtical reactions of, 312 butvl, 30i^ diluted, 310 ethvl, 309 methvl, 301) real, 311 Alcoholic li(jUors, 312 Alcohols 307 iiionatomic, 30<» Aldcliyile, acetic, 31') benz-. 37 G j)ar-, 31*) Aldehydes, 315 Alkali metals, 133 Alkalimetry, 2o<) Alkaline earths, 152 Alkaloids, 387 antidotes to, 390 cadaveric, 405 detection of, 390 Allotropic modilicatioDs, 66 Alloy, definition of, 133 Allvl-mustard oil, 355 sulphide, 355 Alum, 160 Aluminum, 159 I and ammonium sulphate, 161 and potassium sulpnate, 161 analytical reactions of, 164 chloride, 162 hvdroxide, 161 oxide, 162 sulphate, 162 Amalgam, 133 ammonium, 146 tin-, 218 Amber, 374 Amides, 356 Amido-acetic acid, 357 -acids, 357 -formic acid, 357 Amine, diphenvl-, 383 ethyl-, 408 methyl , 408 propyl-, 408 Amines, 356 Ammonia, 86 liniment, 346 water, 87 Ammoniated mercury, 202 Ammonio-copper compounds, 189 Ammonium, 146 acetate, 328 amalgam, 147 analytical reactions of, 148 l)enzoate, 376 bromide, 148 carbamate, 147 carbonate, 147 chloride, 147 hydroxide, 86 iodide, 148 molybdate, 220 nitrate, 14S phosphate, 148 sulphate, 148 sulphide, 148 sulphydrate, 148 valerianate, 330 Amorphisra, 1V> Amorphous phosphorus, 110 Amy^dalin, 370 Amvl alcohol, 313 nitrite, 343 Amylene hydrate, 313 Amyloid, 353 substance, 416 Amylopsin, 418, 443 Analysis, delinition of, 57 IXDEX. 489 Analysis elementary, 277 gas*, 270 gravimetric, 250 organic, 277 proximate, 280 qualitative, 222 quantitative, 249 ultimate, 280 urinary, 449 volumetric, 249 Analytical cheraistr}-, 222 reactions of acetanilid, 383 acetates, 327 alcohol, 312 albuminous substances, 411 aluminum, 164 ammonium, 148 antifebrine, 383 antimony, 215 antipyrine, 385 arsenic, 209 atropine, 400 barium, 158 benzoates, 376 bile, 440 bismuth, 191 blood, 431 borates, 99 bromides, 124 brucine, 400 calcium, 156 carbolic acid, 369 carbon, 92 carbonates, 95 cerium, 164 chloral, 317 chlorates, 122 chlorides, 120 chloroform, 319 cholesterin, 442 chromates, 179 chromium, 179 citrates, 337 cobalt, 184 cocaine, 402 codeine, 395 copper, 190 cyanides, 361 ferric salts, 173 ferri cyan ides. 363 ferrocyanidea, 363 ferrous salts, 173 fluorides, 126 pastric juice, 434 ^Ivcerin, 313 gold, 219 grape-sugar, 348 hippuric acid, 458 hydriodic acid, 125 hvdrobromic acid, 123 hydrochloric acid, 120 hvdrocvanic acid, 361 hypochlorites, 122 hypophosphites, 115 ' Analytical reactions of iotlides, 125 iron, 173 lead, 187 lithium, 149 magnesium, 151 manganese 175 raercurv, 202 morphine, 394 nickel, 184 nitrates, 91 nitrites, 89 oxalates, 332 phosphates, 114 phosphites, 112 physostigmine, 404 ' platinum, 221 potassium, 139 pyro^allol, 379 quinme, 398 salicylic acid, 377 santonin, 381 I silicates, 98 I silver, 196 sodium, 144 starch, 351 strontium, 157 strychnine, 399 sugar, 348 sulphates, 105 sulphides, 107 sulphites, 103 tannic acid, 379 tartrates, 334 thiosulphates, 106 tin, 218 urates, 458 urea, 455 veratrine, 403 zinc, 184 Anilid, 383 Aniline, 382 dyes, 382 Animal charcoal, 156 fluids and tissues, 429 food, 422 Anisidin, 372 Anthracite coal, 303 Antidotes to acids, 91 alkalies, 136 alkaloids, 890 antimony, 217 arsenic, 214 barium, 158 carbolic acid, 371 copper, 189 cyanides, 361 hvdrocvanic acid, 361 lead, 187 mercury, 203 nitric acid, 91 oxalic acid, 332 phosphorus. 111 silver, 195 sulphuric acid, 105 490 INDEX. Antidotes to zinc, 182 Antifebrine, 383 Antimonous chloride, 216 oxide, 216 Antimony, 2] 5 analytical reactions of, 217 and potassium tartrate, 335 antidotes to, 217 black, 215 butter, 216 chloride, 216 crude, 215 oxide, 216 pentasulphide, 216 potassium tartrate, 216, 335 sulphide, 215 sulphurated, 215 trisulphide, 215 Antipjrine, 384 Antiseptics, 294 Antitoxins, 410 Apatite, 153 Apomprphine, 394 Aqua regia, 121 Arabic acid, 352 Argentum, 193 Argol,333 Aromatic acids, 369 compounds, 364 Arrack, 313 Arsenates, 207 Arsenic, 205 acid, 206 analytical reactions of, 209 antidotes to, 214 detection of, in case of poisoning, 213 oxide, 207 sulphides, 208 Arsenetted hydrogen, 208 Arsenous acid, 206 anhydride, 206 iodide, 209 oxide, 206 Arsine, 208 Artiads, 47 Asbestos, 150 Ash, bone, 155 soda, 142 Asphalt, 374 Atmospheric air, 85 pressure, 31 Atom, definition of, 40 Atomic theory, 40 wei^jhts, determination of, 41, 48 Atoms, 39 (plant i valence of, 4.") Atropine, 400 jinalytical reactions of, 400 Auric chloride, 211< sulphide, 210 AuripiLrnient, ^O") Auriiin, 219 Avo^'adro's law, 24 BALSAM copaiva, 374 Balsams, 373 Barite, 158 Barium, 158 analytical reactions of, 158 antidotes to, 158 carbonate, 158 chloride, 158 chromate, 178 dioxide, 158 oxide, 158 sulphate, 158 Barometer, 30 Basalt, 97, 159 Bases, definition of, 58 Beer, 312 Beet-sugar, 350 Bell-metal, 188 Benzaldehyde, 376 Benzene, 367 series, 364 Benzin, 304 Benzol, 367 Benzoic acid, 375 sulphinide, 385 Benzyl-glycocol, 458 Berberine, 404 Beryllium, 61 Bettendorff*8 test, 211 Bicarbonate of potassium, 147 sodium, 143 Bichloride of mercury, 199 Bichromate of potassium, 177 Bile, 440 detection of, in urine, 474 Biliary acids, 441 calculi, 442 pigments, 441 Bilirubin, 441 Biliverdin, 441 Bismuth, 191 analytical reactions of, 192 carbonate, 192 citrate, 337 hydroxide, 192 iodide, 191 nitrate, 191 oxide, 191 oxy-salts, 191 subcarbonate, 192 subnitrate, 191 sulphate, 191 sulphide, 192 Bismuthyl, 191 cjirbonate, 191 iodide, 191 nitrate, 191 lUsulpliide of carbon, 108 Biuret, 400 reaction, 412 Black antimony, 21 '> -ash, 142 ■ -lead, 92 oxide of copper, 188 INDEX. 491 Black oxide of manganese, 174 mercury, 197 -wash, 198 Bleaching-powder, 156 Blood, 431 corpuscles, 431 detection of, 431, 4r)9 -fibrin, 415 -serum, 429 Blood-stains, examination of, 433 Blue mass, 197 pill, 197 Prussian, 363 -stone, 189 Turnbull's, 364 vitriol, 189 Bone, 443 -ash, 155 -black, 155 -oU, 382 Boric acid, 98 analytical reactions of, 99 Borax, 145 bead, 230 Boron, 98 Botger's bismuth-test, 471 Brain, 445 Brandy, 313 Brass, 188 Brittleness, 20 Bromates, 124 Bromides, analytical reactions of, 124 Bromine, 123 Bromoform, 320 Bronze, 188 Brucine, 400 Burettes, 253 Butter, 448 -milk. 448 of antimony, 216 CADAVERIC alkaloids, 405 Cadaverine, 408 Cadmium, 183 iodide, 183 sulphate, 183 sulphide, 183 Caesium, 61 Caffeine, 404 Calamine, 180 Calcined magnesia, 151 Calcium, 152 analytical reactions of, 156 bromide, 156 carbonate, 154 chloride, 156 fluoride, 127 hydroxide, 154 hypochlorite, 156 hypophosphite, 156 oxalate, 332 oxide, 1 53 phosphate, 155 Calcium sulphate, 154 superphosphate, 155 tartrate, 333 Calc-spar, 153 Calculi, biliaiT, 442 urinary, 478 Calomel, 198 Camphor, 375 -mint, 375 Camphor, monobromated, 375 Cane-sugar, 350 ( Caoutchouc, 374 Capillary attraction, 33 Caramel, 349 Carbamide, 357, 443 Carbazotic acid, 371 Carbohydrates, 347 Carbolic acid, 369 analytical reactions of, 370 antidotes to, 370 Carbon, 92 bisulphide, 108 dioxide, 93 disulphide, 108 monoxide, 95 Carbonate, analytical reactions of, 95 Carbonic acid, 95 oxide, 95 Carbonyl, 322 Carboxyl, 322 Casein, 415 vegetable, 407 Cast-iron, 167 Casts, urinary, 480 Caustic, 195 lunar, 195 potash, 136 Celestite, 157 Celluloid, 353 Cellulose, 353 nitro-, 353 Cement, 444 Centigrade thermometer, 27 Cerebrin, 445 Cerite, 164 Cerium, 164 oxalate, 164 Chains, 286 Chalk, 153 Charcoal, 92 animal, 156 Cheese 448 Chemical action, definition of, 39 affinitv, 39 divisibility, 87 equations, 67 formulas, 41 reactions, 57 symbol, definition of, 41 Chemistry, analytical, 222 definition of, 40 how to study it, 69 organic, 277 physiological, 420 492 INDEX. Chili saltpetre, 146 Chloral, 316 amide, 356 fornianiide, 356 hydrate, 317 Chlorates, analytical reactions of, 122 Chloric acid, 122 oxiden, 121 Chlorides, analytical reactions of, 120 Chlorinated lime, 156 Chlorine. 117 acids, 122 oxides, 121 water, 119 Chloroform. 318 Chlorous oxide, 121 tetroxide, 122 Choke-damp, 96 Cholesterin, 346, 442 Cholic acid, 441 Choline, 408 Chromates, analytical reactions of, 179 Chrome-alum, 179 -iron ore, 177 -yellow, 187 Chromic acid, 178 hydroxide, 178 oxide, 178 Chromite, 177 Chromium, 177 chloride, 179 sulphate. 179 Chyle, 429, 433 Chyme, 425 Cinchona alkaloids, 398 Cinchonidine, 399 Cinchonine, 398 sulphate, 398 Cinnabar, 195, 201 Citrates, analytical reactions of, 337 Citric acid, 336 Clav, 1(;3 Clot, 432 Coagulation, 411 Coal, 302 -oil, 303 -tar. ;i06 Cobalt. 180 Cocaine, 392 Codaniine. 391 Codeine 391 Cofi:nac, 313 Cohesion 18 Coke. 305 Colchicine 392 Collagen, 419 Collidine. 3.S»; Collodion. 353 Colloids, 35 Co 1 oc V n t h i n , 354 Colophony. 373 Coliimbinm, ()1 Coinl)usti()n, 76 Common salt, 141 Compound radicals. 60 Compounds, decomposition of, 53 definition of, 38 Congo paper, 436 C;oniine, 391 Copaiva balsam, 374 Copper, 187 acetate, 328 ammonio-sulphate. 189 analytical reactions of, 190 antidotes to, 189 arsenite, 190 black oxide. 188 -glance, 188 hydroxide, 188 oxide, 188 pyrites, 188 sulphate, 189 sulphide, 188, 190 Copperas, 171 Corrosive chloride of mercury, 199 sublimate, 199 Corundum, 160 Cream, 448 of tartar, 334 Creamometer, 450 ('reosote, 370 Crude antimony, 215 sulphur, 100 tartar, 333 Cryptopine, 391 Crystal lin, 414 Crystallization, 18 Crystalloids, 35 Cubic nitre, 145 Cumene, 366 Cupric acetate, 323 arsenite, 190 ferrocyanide, 190 hydroxide, 188 oxide, 188 sulphate, 189 sulphide, 187, 190 tartrate, 471 Cuprous oxide, 188 Cuprum, 187 Curd, 447 Cyanhydric acid, 358 Cyanic acid, 362 ( 'yanides, analytical reactions of, 361 antidotes to, 361 Cyanogen, 358 Cvmene, 372 Cystin, 480 D ALTON'S atomic theory, 43 Decay. 291 Decomposition by electricity, 54 heat, 37, 53 light. 54 various modes of, 53 Decrepitation. 228 Deflagration, 229 INDEX. 493 Dentine, 444 Deodorizers, 294 Detection of impurities in official prep- arations, 271 Deposits, urinary, 477 Derivatives, 281) Desiccator, 251 Destructive distillation, 290 Dextrin, 352 Dextrose, 348 Diacetic ether, 384 Dialysis, 35 Dialyzed iron, 170 Diamond, 92 Diastase, 361 Diazo-reaction, 476 Dibasic acids, 58, 331 Dicyanogen, 358 Didymium, 01 Ditiusion, 34 Digatalein, 354 Digital in, ;i'>4 Digitonin, 354 Digi toxin, 354 Digestion, 424 Dimorphism, 19 Diphenyl-amine, 383 Disinfectants. 294 Distillation. 26 destructive, 290 dry, 290 fractional, 299 Disulphide of carbon, 108 Divisibility, 21 chemical, 37 Dolomite, 150 Donovan's solution, 209 Double salts, 60 Dried alum, 161 Drinking water, 81 Dry distillation, 290 Drving-oven, 250 Ductility, 20 Dynamite, 314 I^VKTIIS, 160 li alkaline, 152 Ebonite. 374 Ecgonine, 402 Elasticity, 20 Elaterin, 355 Electricity, 54 Elementary analysis, 277 Element, definition of, 38 Elements, 61 derivation of names of, 71, 129 natural groups of, 62 non-niL*talIic^ 72 metallic, 12H relative importance of, 60 time of discovery of, 72, 131 valence of, 72 Emerald green, 329 Emery, 160 Empirical formulas, 283 Emulsine, 376 Enamel, 444 Energy, 18 Enzymes, 418 Epithelium, 444 Epsom salt, 151 Equations, chemical, 67 Px^uivalence, 47 Erbium. 61 Eserine, 404 Essential oils, 306 Esters, 339 Ethane, 300 Ethene, 96, 305 Ether, 339 acetic, 343 diacetic, :i84 ethyl, 341 nitrous, 343 sulphuric, 341 Ethers, 339 Ethyl, 310 acetate, 343 alcohol, 310 bromide, 321 ether, 341 hydroxide, 310 hydride, 300 nitrite, 343 oxide, 343 Ethylene, 306 Ethylic alcohol, 309 Eucalyptol, 375 Extension, 17 FAHKEMIEIPS thermometer, 27 Fatty acids, 324 Fats, 344 Feathers, 444 Feces, 443 Fehling's solution, 471 Feldspar, 135, 160 Fermentation, 292 Ferments, 293, 418 Ferric acetate, 328 chloride, 169 citrate, 337 hvdrate, 168 hydroxide, 168 hvpophosphite, 174 nitnite, 172 oxide, 169 salts, analytical reactions of, 173 sulphate, 171 8ulph(K\vanate, 172 tartrate* 336 valerianate, 330 Ferricyanoi^en, 362 Kcrricyanidos, analytical reactions of, 363 Ferrocyaiiides, analytical reactions of, 363 Ferrocyanogen, 362 494 INDEX. Ferrous bromide, 171 carbonate, 172 chloride, 169 -ferric oxide, 168 hydroxide, 168 iodide, 170 'actale, 338 oxalate, 332 oxide, 168 phosphate, 172 salts, analytical reactions of, 173 sulphate, 171 sulphide, 171 Ferrum, 167 Fibrin, 415 vegetable, 416 Fibrinogen, 414 Fire-damp, 96, 301 Flame, structure of, 97 -tests, 230 FJeitmann's test, 211 Flowers of sulphur, 100 Fluorine, 126 Fluorspar, 126 Food, absorption of, 426 animal, 422 nitrogenous, 423 plant, 421 Force, definition of, 18 Formamide, 356 Formic acid, 325 Formulas, chemical, 41 empirical, 283 graphic, 285 molecular, 283 rational, 285 Fowler's solution, 207 Fractional distillation, 299 Fruit-sugar, 349 Fusel oil, 313 Fusibility of metals, 129 GALENA, 185 argentiferous, 193 Gallic acid, 379 Gallium, 61 Gall-stones, 442 Galvanized iron, 181 (ras-analysis, 270 definition of, 20 -furnace, 281 illuminating, 305 rrasoline, 304 Gastric juice, 429, 434 Gav Lussjic's burette, 254 law, 44 Gelatin, 419 (relatinized starch, 352 Go latino ids, 419 Germanium, CA (Jerman silver, 18S Gin, 3i;i Glacial acetic acid, 327 Glacial phosphoric acid, 113 Glass, 163 Glauber's salt, 143 Globulin, 413 Glucinum, 61 Glucose, 348 Glucosides, 354 Glue, 433 Gluten, 416 Glycerides, 345 Glycerin, 313 Glycerites, 313 Glycine, 357 Glycocoll, 357, 431 Glyoocolic acid, 441 Glycogen, 354 Glycols, 307 Glyoozone, 83 Glycyrrhizin, 354 Gmelin's test, 441 Gold, 219 and sodium chloride, 219 analytical reactions of, 219 chloride, 219 coin, 219 sulphide, 219 Gk)lden sulphuret of antimony, 216 Goulard's extract, 328 (irraham's law, 36 Granite, 160 Grape-sugar, 348 Graphic formulas, 285 Graphite, 92 Gravimetric methods, 250 Gravitation, 28 Green vitriol, 171 Guaranin, 404 Gum. 352 -arable, 352 British, 352 -resins, 372 Gun-cotton, 353 -metal, 188 Gunpowder, 138 Gutta-percha, 374 Gypsum, 153 HAIR, 444 Iltematin, 417 Ilaemato-crvstallin, 417 H{cmine, 417 crystals, 433, 480 Hflemoglobin, 417 Halogens, 117 Haloids, 117 Hardness, 19 Heat, 24 action upon compounds, 53 matter. 21 organic substances, 286 decomposition by, 37, 55 latent. Law, Charles's, 25 of chemical combination by volume,44 by weight, 42 of the conservation of energy, 36 of constancy of composition, 42 of dittusion of gases, 36 Dulong and Petit, 51 of equivalents, 45 Gay Lussac*s, 44 Graham's, 3*i Mariotte's, 20 Mendelejeff's, 02 of multiple proportions, 43 Newton's, 2S periodic, 62 of Kaoult, 52 Lead, 185 acetate, 328 analytical reactions of, 187 antidotes to, 187 carbonate, 186 chloride, 185 chromate, 186 iodide, 186 nitrate, 186 oleate, 346 oxide, 185 phosphate, 185 plaster, 346 sugar of, 328 -water, 328 white, 186 Lecithin, 442 Legumin, 415 I^ucomaines, 409 lycvulose, 349 Liebig's condenser, 311 iJght, decomposition by, 54 magnesia, 150 Lignine, 353 Lignite, 303 Lime, acid phosphate of, 155 chloride of, 156 chlorinated, 156 -kiln, 153 liniment, 346 quick-, 153 slakefl, 154 superphosphate of, 155 -water, 154 Limestone, 153 Liniments, 346 Liquefaction of solids, 231 Liquids, definition of, 20 Litharge, 185 Lithium, 14() benzoate, 376 brnniide, 146 carl>()nate, 146 citrate, 337 salicylate, 377 Litmus 5S solution, 256 Lunar caustic, 195 Lutidine, 386 Lymph, 434 MAGNESIA, 150 calcined, 151 Magnesite, 150 Magnesium, 150 analytical reactions of, 152 carbonate, 151 citrate, 337 oxide, 151 sulphate, 151 sulphite, 151 Magnetic iron ore, 166 Malachite, 188 Malic acid, 333 Malleability, 20 Maltose, 351 Manganates, 175 Manganese, 174 analytical reactions of, 176 black oxide of, 174 dioxide, 174 oxides of, 174 Manganous carbonate, 175 hydroxide, 175 oxide, 174 sulphate, 175 Mannitose, 349 Marble, 153 Mariotte's law, 20 Marsh-gas, 96, 301 Marsh's test, 212 Mass, 17 -action, 56 Massicot, 185 Mastication, 425 Matter, definition of, 17 Mayer's solution, 389 Meconic acid, 395 Meconidine, 391 Meerschaum, 150 Melissic acid, 325 Melitose, 351 Melting-points of metals, 131 Mendelejetl's law, 62 Menthol, 375 Mercaptans, 309 Mercurial ointment, 197 plaster, 197 Mercuric chloride, 199 cyanide, 361 fulminate, 364 iodide, 200 nitrate, 201 oxide, 19H salts, analytical reactions of, 202 sulphate, 200 I sulphide, 2()1 , Mercurous chloride, 198 chromate, 179 iodide, 200 i nitrate, 201 INDEX. 497 Mercurous oxide, 197 salts, analytical reactions of, 202 sulphate, 201 sulphide, 201 Mercury, 196 ammoniated, 202 analytical reactions of, 202 antidotes to, 203 basic sulphate, 201 carbonates, 203 chlorides, 198, 199 iodides, 200 nitrates, 201 oleate, 330 oxides, 198 sulphates, 200 sulphides, 201 with chalk, 197 Metaldehyde, 316 Metallic elements, 129 Metallo-cvanides, 362 Metalloids, 71 Metals, 129 classification of, 133 derivation of names, 129 melting-points 130 separation of, 233 specific gravity, 131 valence, 132 Metamerism, 289 Metaphosphoric acid, 113 Methane, 96, 301 series, 300 Methyl alcohol, 309 amine, 408 hvdride, 300 hydroxide, 309 orange, 256 Mica, 160 Microcosmic salt, 226 MUk. 445 adulterations of, 449 analysis of, 450 -casein, 448 of sulphur, 101 -sugar, 351 Millard's test, 467 Millon's reagent, 412 Mineral waters, 81 Minium, 186 Mint-camphor, 375 Mispickel, 205 Molasses, 350 Molecular motion, 24, 27 theory. 22 weight, 41, 51 Molecule, definition of, 22 Molybdenum, 220 Molybdic acid. 220 oxide, 220 Monobasic acids, 58 MonsePs solution, 172 Morphine. 398 acetate, 394 Morphine, analytical reactions of, 394 hydrochlorate, 394 sulphate, 394 Muscle-sugar, 349 Muscles, £l5 Mucilage of starch, 264, 352 Mucin, 445 Mucus, 445 Murexid test, 457 Muriatic acid, 120 Myosin, 414 Myron ic acid, 354 Myrosin, 354 NAILS, 444 Naphtalin, 380 Naphtol, 380 beta-, 381 Narceine, 391 Narcotine, 391 Nascent state, 57 Natrium, 141 Nessler's solution, 225 Neutral substances, 58 Newton's law, 28 Nickel, 180 Nicotine, 391 Niobium, 61 Nitrates, analytical reactions of, 91 Nitre, 137 Nitric acid, 89 Nitro-benzene, 367 -cellulose, 353 -cyan-methane, 364 -glycerin, 314 Nitrogen, 84 determination, 282 oxides, 88 Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 121 -muriatic acid, 120 Nitrous acid, 89 ether, 343 oxide, 88 Nomenclature, 66 Non-metallic elements, 71 Nordhausen sulphuric acid, 106 Normal solutions, 254 Nutrition of animals, 424 Nylander's reagent, 472 0 ILi almond, 345 bitter almond, 376 bone, 386 castor, 345 cod-liver, 346 cotton -seed, 345 heavy, 367 illuminating, 304 juniper, 289 lemon, 289 light, 367 linseed, 345 32 498 INDEX. Oil, olive, 346 turpentine, 373 vitriol, 103 winter^reen, 377 Oils, essential, 306 fat, 344 Olefiant gas, 306 Olefines, 306 Oleic acid, 330 Oleo-resins, 373 Olive oil, 345 Opium, 392 -alkaloids, 391 deodorized, 392 Organic analysis, 280 chemistry, 277 substances, classification of, 296 decomposition of, 290 formation of, in plants, 421 Orpiment, 206 Orthophosphoric acid, 113 Osmium, 61 Osmose, 36 Ossein, 419 Oxalates, analvtical reactions of, 332 Oxalic acid, 331 antidotes to, 332 Oxide, definition of, 76 Oxidimetry, 260 Oxygen, 73 Ozone, 77 PALLADIUM, 61 Palmitic acid, 325 Palmitin, 344 Pancreatic juice, 443 Pancreatin, 419 Papaverine, 391 Paper, 353 Paraglobulin, 413 ParaMn, 303 Paraldehyde 316 Paris green, 329 Pearl-white, 192 Peat, 303 Pei)sin, 418, 435 saccharated, 418 Peptone, 416 Perchloric acid, 122 Periodic law, 62 Perissads, 47 Permanganates, 175 Petrolatum, 304 Petroleum, 303 -ether, 304 Pettenkofer's test, 441, 475 Phenacetine, 372 Phenetidin, 372 Phenol. 309 methvl-propvl, 375 plithaloin, 2oH, 378 Bulplionic acid, 371 trinitro, 371 Phenyl-acetamide, 383 -amine, 382 hydrazine, 384 hydrate, 369 salicylate, 378 Phosphates, analytical reactions of, 1 15 Phosphine, 116 Phosphites, analytical reactions of, 113 Phospho-molybdic acid, 389 Phosphoretted hydrogen, 116 Phosphoric acid, 113 Phosphorous acid, 112 Phosphorus. 108 antidotes to, 111 detection of. 111 determination in organic compounds, 286 red or amorphous, 110 Phtalic acid, 378 Physiological chemistry, 420 Physostigmine, 404 Picoline, 386 Picric acid, 371 Picrotoxin. 355 Pilocarpine, 404 Piperin, 405 Pipettes, 253 Plant-fibre, 353 -food, 420 Pla-ster-of-Paris, 154 Platinic chloride, 220 Platinum, 220 and ammonium chloride, 220 and potassium chloride, 220 Plumbago, 92 Plumbum, 185 Polvmerism, 290 Polymorphism, 19 Porcelain, 163 Porosity, 32 Port wine, 312 Porter, 312 Potash, 136 caustic, 136 Potassium, 134 acetate, 328 acid carbonate, 138 acid oxalate, 332 acid tartrate, 334 analytical reactions of, 140 bicarbonate, 137 bichromate, 177 bitartrate, 334 bromide, 140 carbonate, 137 chlorate, 138 cliromate, 177 citrate, 337 cyanate, 360 cyanide, 360 dichromate, 177 ferricyanide, 364 ferrocvanide, 363 hydrate, 136 INDEX, 499 Potassium hydroxide, 136 hypophosphite, 139 iodide, 139 manganate, 175 nitrate, 137 oxalate, 332 permanganate, 175 prussiate, 363 sodium tartrate, 335 sulphate, 138 sulphite, 139 sulphocyanate, 362 sulphurated, 139 tartrate, 334 Preliminaiy examination, 227 table for, 232 Proof-spirit, 311 Propionic acid, 324 Propyl alcohol, 313 Proteids, 410 bacterial, 409 Protopine, 391 Prussian blue, 363 Prussiate of potash, red, 363 yellow, 363 Prussic acid, 358 Pseudo-morphine, 391 Ptomaines, 405 Ptyalin, 434 Putrefaction, 292 Pyridine, 386 Pyrites, copper, 188 iron, 166 Pyrosrallol, 379 Pyrolusite, 174 Pyrophosphoric acid, 113 Pyroxylin, 353 Pyrrole, 386 QUANTIVALENCE, 45 Quartz, 97 Quicksilver, 196 Quinidine, 398 Quinine, 397 acid sulphate, 397 analytical reactions of, 398 citrate of iron and, 397 sulphate, 397 valerianate, 330 Quinoline, 387 RADICAL, definition of, 60, 286 Reactions, 67 analytical, 58 synthetical, 68 Reagents, list of, 225 Realpr, 205 Red iodide of mercurv, 200 lead, 186 oxide of copper, 188 oxide of mercury, 198 phospnorus. 110 Red precipitate, 198 Reinsch's test, 211 Rennet, 435 Residue, definition of. 60, 286 Resin, 373 Resorcin, 372 Respiration, 94. 427 Rhodium, 61 Rochelle salt, 335 Rock-crystal, 97 -salt, 141 Rosaniline, 383 Rosin, 373 Rosolic acid, 256 Rubber, 374 Rubidium. 61 Ruby, 160 Rum, 313 Ruthenium, 61 CACCHARINE, 385 O Saccharose, 352 Salicin, 378 Salicylic acid, 377 Saliva, 434 Salol, 378 Sal-ammoniac, 146 sodse, 142 Salt cake, 142 common, 141 Sahpetre, 137 Chili, 145 Salts, definition of, 59 tables of solubility, 246, 248 Sand, 97 Santonin, 381 Sapphire, 160 Sarkin, 445 Scale compounds of iron, 336 Scandium, 61 Scheele's green, 210 Schweinfurth's green, 210, 326 Seidlitz powder, 335 Selenium, 108 Serpentine, 150 : Serum, 431 Sherry wine, 312 Silica, 97 Silicates, 98 Silicic acid, 98 Silicium, 97 Silicon, 97 Silver, 193 analytical reactions of, 196 antidotes to, 195 chloride. 501 Tartaric acid, 333 Tartrates, analytical reactions of, 334 Taurine, 441 Taurocholic acid, 441 Teeth, 444 Tellurium, 108 Tenacity, 20 Tension, 20 Terebene, 373 Terpenes, 372 Tetanine, 409 Thalline, 387 Thallium, 61 Thebaine, 391 Theine, 404 Theobromine, 405 Thermometers, 27 Thorium, 61 Thymol, 375 Tin, 218 -amalgam, 219 analytical reactions of, 218 chlorides of, 218 -plate, 218 -stone, 218 Titanium, 61 Titration, 256 Titre, 257 Toluene, 366 Toxalbumins, 409 Toxines, 407 Trichloraldehyde, 316 Trichlormethane, 318 Triniti-o-cellulose, 353 -phenol, 371 Triple phosphate, 480 Trommer's test, 470 Try|>sin, 425, 443 Tungsten, 61 Turpentine, 373 Turpeth mineral, 201 Tvpe-inetal, 215 Types, chemical, 288 Tyrotoxicon, 409 ULTIMATE analysis 281 Ultramarine, 163 Ultzmann's test, 475 Uranium, 61 Urates, 468 Urea, 453 determination of, 455 nitrate, 455 Uric acid, 457 Urinary calculi, 478 sediments, 477 Urine, 452 analysis, 459 color, 459 composition, 453 reaction, 461 secretion, 452 specific gravity, 462 Urinometer, 462 Urochrome, 460 Urobilin, 460 yALENCE, 45 T Valerianates, 330 Valerianic acid, 329 Vanadium, 61 Vaseline, 304 Veratrine, 403 analytical reactions of, 403 oleate, 330 Verdigris, 328 Vermilion, 202 Vinegar, 327 Vitellin, 414 Vitriol, blue, 189 green, 171 oU of, 103 white, 182 Volatile oils, 306 Volumetric analysis, 253 Vulcanite, 374 Vulcanized rubber, 374 WASTE products of animal life, 427 Water, 81 ammonia in, 149 distilled, 82 drinking, 81 -gas, 96 lead-, 328 lime-, 154 mineral, 81 nitric acid in, 91 of ammonia, 87 of bitter almond, 376 Wax. 340 Weight, 29 atomic, 40 sj)ecific, 29 molecular, 41, 51 Whey, 447 Whiskey, 313 White arsenic, 206 lead. 186 precipitate, 202 vitriol, 182 Wine, 312 Witherite, 158 Wood-naphtha, 309 -spirit, 309 Wrought-iron, 167 XANTiriN, 445 Xylene, Zm YELLOW oxide of mercury, 198 prussiate, 363 subsulphate of mercury, 201 -wash, 198 502 INDEX. Ytterbium, 61 Yttrium, 61 ZINC, 180 acetate, 328 analytical reactions of, 183 antidotes to, 182 -blende, 180 bromide, 182 carbonate, 182 Zinc chloride, 181 ferrocjanide, 183 hydroxide, 181 iodide, 182 oxide, 181 phosphide, 182 sulphate, 182 valerianate, 330 -white, 181 Zirconium, 61 Catnloguc of Book© PUBLISHED BY Lea Brothers & Company, ^^^^ 706, 706 & 710 Sansom St., Philadelphia. ^^^^ 111 Fifth Ave. (Cor. 18th St.). New York. The booke in the aani^ied list will be sent by miiil, post-paid, to anj Post-Office In th« I Uuiled Statet. uii recdpt of the printed prices. No riNks of the nuul, however, are amu Klher on money or bookn. Gentlemen will therefore in mont cases find it more coavenienl ] to deal with lhi> nonrest bookseller. STANDARD MEDICAL PERIODICALS. 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