None
Modern artillery cut short the architects at the moment when they had pushed to its utmost limits the theory and the practice of military construction. As opposed to this, these refinements of de- fence became useless ; it was necessary to offer to this new means of destruction enormous masses of masonry or earthworks. The cannon knocked over the covered parapets and cunningly devised machicoulations, threw down the ramparts by undermining them at the bottom and put a stop to the employment of those ingenious combinations contrived to resist attack at close quarters. Neverthe- > From the towers of the Gh&teaa of Pierrefonds; beginning of the fifteenth oontnry. CONSTRUCTION, 359 less, such was the strength of many of the fortresses of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that systematic sieges have frequently been required to make a breech into and reduce them. In order not to extend any further this abready yery long article, we refer our readers for the study of the details of fortification in the Middle Ages, to the words Architecture militairey Boulevard, Chateau, Cour- tine, Crineau, Donjon, Echauguette, Machicoulis, Porte, Siege, Tour. INDEX. Abaci loi Abacus 33, 65, 67, 99 Abutments 89, 104 Absolute judgment 280 Active forces 310 Agrioentum, Basilica at 207 Aisles 23 AiSNB Valley, Stoiie of 231 AlB 280 Air-intakes 295 Alx-la-Cuapelle 6 Alsace 305 Amiens 229 Amiens, Cathedral of.. 6<l, 223. 232, 236 Amiens, Nave, Cathedral of 341 Anchors of iron cramps 237 Ancones 121 ANDELIS, Fortress of 339 Angers, Hospital of 292 Anoiers 148 Anglo-Norman 150, 151 Anglo-Norman builders 158 Anglo-Norman method 154 Anjou 150 Anstrude, Stone of 231 Antiquity 11 Apse 96,175 Aquitania 150, 154 Arch, Broken 50 Arch, Pointed 41, 42. 81, 89, 286 Arch, Semicircnlar 69 ARCH-STONES 20 Arch, Tierce-point 51, 69 Arch, Transverse 63, 358 Arches, Diagonal 62, 124 Arches, Diseharging 334 Arches, Ogival 48 Arches, Romanesque, semicircu- lar and transverse 40 Arches, Spreading of, in Italy — 313 Arches, Transverse 20,27,30,37,41,46,62.121 Arches, Wall 30, 62 Architecture i, 4, 10, 12, 29 Architecture, Burgundtan 44 Architecture, for our own time. 113 Architecture, Greek 13 ARCHiTECTrRK, Italian 61 Architecture in luly 312 Architecture of the Komans.. . . 216 Architecture, Boman 2, 13 Architects 13,57 Architects, French 262 Architects, Ingenious 10 Architects, Mediseval. . . 281, 284, 296 Architects, Norman 140 Architects of Burgundy 116 Architects of Champagne... 116, 254 Architects of French Renais- sance 163 362 INDEX. Abchitbctb of the Middle Ages... 257 Abchitkots of Pioardy 228 Arciiitkcts, Bomanesqne.. . 19, 27, 29 Abchitectb of the Twelfth Century 72. 98, 115 Archivolt 100 archivolt8 21 Aktillekv, Modern 368 AsilLAK 17, 72 AsHLAB, Scappled 17 ATBEU8, Treasury of 42 ACOC8TU8 11 AuT UN, Cathedral of 43 ArvKBO>'K, Church of 96 AuxEBBK Cathedral 200 Babilicab 3 Basiucab in lioine 313 Bbaunk, Church of 43 Beauty 81 Beauvaib 72, 147 Bea u V ais, Cathedral of . . 217, 233, 239 Beauvaib, Choir of 231, 237 Beauvoibib 87, 205, 254 Belt-<'oubbe, Stone 299 Betuisy, Ch4teaux of 326 BfeTON 2 BLAVELnfcouBT,Silex8tonefroin. 233 Bohemia 262 Bbetok B 163 Bbebbummer 320 BtTILDERB 77 Bdildebb, Gothic 49, 63, 82, 89 Builders, Lay School of 61 BuiLDKBB, MediflBTal 311 BuiLDEBB, Middle Thirteenth Century 256 Builders of the Twelfth Century. 88 Builders, Romanefque. 20. 23, 25. 33, 42 Buildings, Construction of 67 Building Nations 29 Building , New system of 19 Buildings, Boman 19 Building-stone 170 Buildings, Superintendence of. 9 BCRGUNDIAN 167 Bl'RGUNDIANS 263 Burgundy 40. 43, 138, 147, 200, 240 BuBOUNDY, Duke of 326 BUBQUNDY, Materials of 231 BUTTBEBBEB 287 BuTTBEBBBB, Exterior 21 BUTTBEBS, Hollow 193 Byzantium 5 Cabikb, Wooden 16 CA8T>IB0N 80, 194 Cabac-alla, Baths of 313 Cabc'assonne. Fortiflcations of the City of 3S0 Cablovinoian Epoch 288 Cathedbal of Paris 93 Capital 34 Capitals 33 Cbntbe, Permanent. 20 Centbbb, Permanent 30 Cektuby, Eleventh.. 7, 18. 22, 30, 35, 44 Cbntuby, Fifteenth 287, 325 Gkntuby, Fourteenth .... 161, 287, 326 Centuby, Nineteenth 11 Centuby. Ninth 7 Centuby, Sixteenth 89, 163 Centuby, Tenth 68 Centuby, Thirteenth 12,137,150,168,175,248 Centuby, Thirteenth, Middle of. 264 Century, Thirteenth 287 Century, Twelfth 12, 15, 18, 40, 43, 60, 54, 57, 61, 77, 84. 93, 96. 147, 286 Champagne 43, 72, 87, 138, 147, 200. 242, 276 Champagne, Architects of 263 Channel 140 Clt ARIT^C-BUR-LOIRE 18 CMARIT&-8UB-L0IRE, Church of. 43 Charlemagne 4 Chimneys 289 Chateaux 279 Chiselling 172 C h dir of St. Remy at Kheinis 87 Chbistianity. 10 CHARLES V 330 Charles V, Reign of 325 Charles VI, Reign of 325 Chartres, Hospital of 292 Church, Romanesque 35 Civil Construction 274 INDEX, 363 CLumr 18 Cluny, a hooM at 276 Clitny, Order of. 16 Cluny, Town of 277, 288 Code feudal 12 COLISKUM 313 Column es, 81 Column, Monooylindrical 98 Column, Roman 33 Columns 33 Columns, Monocylindrioal 91, 114 Concretion. Perfect 19 CoNPRtRES In Italy GO Console 126 Construction 1, 12, 14 Construction, Architectural 1 Construction, Gothic 79. 82, 92 CoNSTRUcnoK, Homogeneous ... 184 Construction of churches 339 Construction of the Middle Ages. 216 Construction, I^rocess of 70 Construction, Boman 2, 3, 6, 46 Constructions 87 Constructions, French 166 Constructors, Oarlovingian 6 Constructors, Bomanesque... 30,70 Corbelled constructions. System of 309 Corbel. 34 COBBEUI 301, 319 COUCY, Chiteau of. 326, 339, 349 CoucY, Hall of the ChAteau 328 CoucY, Keep of 342 Cradle- VAULT, Boman semicir- cular 90 Cramp-irons 214 CriJpy, Ch&teaux of 326 CiioissY, Stone from 232 Cbouy, Stone of 231 Curve, Diagonal 38 Curve of Pressures 88 Da Vinci, Leonardo 60 Delorme, Philibert 326 Destruction of castles 292 Details 119 Dfvklopments 175 DiVBROENCE 38 Dijon, Materials of 231 Dodecagon 106 Dome 153 Doorway, in re-«utrant angle 322 Doorway, Problem to pierce a.. Gallo-Roman edliloM 43 Gallo-Koma2( systom 274 Gaul 3, 6 Gauls 14,274 Gbometkv 81 German T 274 Girders 298 Gothic 29,44 Gothic arehiteoU 253 Gothic arobiteoture 216 Gothic builders 239 Gothic building 217 Gothic bulldiug, outside of 209 Gothic epoob In oivil archi- tecture 306 Gothic system of oonstmotf on 148 Gothic syitem of vaults 122 Greek architecture 216 Greeks 2, 13. 42, 298 Grille 13 Groins, Diagonal 27 Groins, Projecting 46 GUN-POWDSB. 60 "IIALLE8" 290 Hand-work 170 Haunches of flying-buttress 186 Henri II, Hall of — Fontaine- bleau 289 HOH-KoENiosBOURO, near Schele- Btadt 303 Houses of Champagne 319 H UNOARY 262 Ilb-de-France .... 40, 44, 72, 116, 147, 153,*206, 253 Imperfect balance 180 Impost 34 Ingenious application of Gothic ▼aulU 199 Instincts 79 Intellectual laiiness 60 INTRADOS 145 Italy 6 Italy, Architecture of 312 Italy, MedisYal edifices in 3;2 Jews 12 KsT-pendaats 163 Keystone 26 Laboring class 86 Labor of yesterday 11 Lanores, Cathedral of 98,109 Laversine, Stoneof 231 Law 88 Laws, Modern 12 Laws of symmetry 286 Lay architects 207 Levies of men 14 Liberty, Civil 12 Light 280 Limestone 172 Limestones of G ha t i 1 1 o n -s u r- Seine 231 Logical art 360 Loire 148 Lombards 4 Looseness of masonry 76 Lords, Feudal 13 Louis, Duke of Orleans 326 Louis XIV 290 Louis XII 200 Louvre, at Paris ,-r! . 330 Maikb 160 Maintenon, Aqueduct of 216 Maisn6b 279 Make-shift 148 Manceaux 163 Mans 163 Mansard 290 Masonry, Homogeneous 3 Master-builder, at Beauvais. . . 231 Masters 18 M ASTER- WORKMAN, MediiBval.... 317 Materials 167 Medieval dwellings 277 Medicine 13 Merovingian period 274 Merovingians 3 Methods, Roman 10 Mezzanine stories 281 Middle Ages.. 10,11,84.86,167,240,336 Middle Ages, ArchitecU 267 INDEX, 365 Middle Ages, Arohiteeture of the 13,318 Middle Aget, Art of building 349 Middle Ages, Bailden of the 14 Middle Ages, Clergy of the 13 Middle Ages, Construction of.... 318 Military oonstructions 333 MiLiTABY construction, Thir. teenth Century 348 Military edifices, General plan of. 353 MiNBBVA, Temple of, at Athens. . 194 Mixing 336 MoDERK industry 315 Monks 17 MoNTABOis, Castle of 289 MONTBABD, Stone of 231 Montesquieu 316 MoNX St. Michel, Halls of the Abbey of. 292 Monuments, CarloTingian 7 MORTAB 337.348 MouLIHXRNE, Church of 154 Narbonne, Cathedral of 272 Naves 23 Nesle, Church of 64 Neutralizing of thrusts 101 NiSMES, Amphitheatre 94 Normans 138, 163, 166 Normans, Military works of 333 Normandy 43, 72 Normandy, during Middle Ages . . 338 Notre Dame, Apse at Dijon 176 Notre Dame, at Amiens 226, 233 Notre Dame, at Chalons 104, 113 Notre Dame, at Paris 69 Notre Dame, at Chalons-snr- Marne 87,93,169,198 Notre Dame, at Clermont 96 Notre Dame, at Dijon 135. 194 Notre Dame, at Issoire 96 Notre Dame, at Noyon 87 Notre Dame, at Paris. 87, 218, 233, 240 Notre Dame, at Saint Nectaire. . . 96 Notre Dame, at Saint Savin 96 Notre Dame, at Senlis 87 Notre Dame, at Sens 87 Notre Dame dtt Port 96,101 Notre Dame-la-Qrande, at Poi- tiers 334 Notre Dame, Nave at Dijon 182 Noyon, Cathedral of 69, 73 OiSE, limestone 207 OiSB Valley, Stone of 231 Orders, Religious 14 OURSCAMF, Abbey of 292 Palais-de-Justice, at Paris 282 Palatine 313 Pantalbon, Jacques 241 Pantheon, at Borne 194 Paris, Cathedral at 207, 210 Paris, Cathedral choir 113 Paris, Cathedral of 217, 272 Parthenon 13 PARTYSplrit 12 Pendenti YES 6. 68, 325 Pericles 11 Perioord 148 P^rioueux 68 Period, Carlovingian 4, 6 Peteriiorouoh 139 Peterborough, Cathedral of.... 138 Pharuaoy 13 Philip the Bold 349 Philip the Fair 349 PiCARDY 72,206,254,276 Picturesque 307 Pier 301 Pier, Cylindrical 78 PiERREFONDS, ChAteaux of. . . 326, 368 Piers 69 Pillars, Detached 68 Pillars, Monolithic 182 Pinnacle 181 Plan of an edifice 63 Pointed arch , Origin of the 39 Poiton. Church of 96 Portico 97 Posts of timber 109 Preventive method 102, 104 Principle of equilibrium 216 Principles 16, 16 Principles, Derelopment of 67 Prismatic pier 78 Progress 92 366 INDEX. Pbojkctino beaks 366 PUBLiirs, Stone 302 QCTABRTIKO. RATIONAIJ8T8 258 Reason 29 Ke-entbant angles 280 Uefokmebs 16 Regako for appearaooes 86 Religion in Sixteenth Centnry. 306 Renaissance 61, 16S Reqcisition 14 Resistance of materials 199 Resistance, PassiTe 2 Retroobade minds GO, 315 Rheims, Cathedral at 56, 341 Richard, Cosar-de-Lion 330 RiEUXfApseof 202 RiRrx.Charohof 201,242 Rigidity 109 Roads, Roman 14 Roman architecture 206 Roman arrangement 18 Romanesque period. 68. 284 Roman method 17 Roman monument, To measure a.. 318 Roman principles of oonstructloD. 216 Rome 6 Rome, Ancient 4 Romans. ...... 2, 14, 42, 83, 96, 239, 288 Roofs 284 Rubble 17 Rubble-work 6,334 Saints ChapelloKiu-Palais, at Paris 177.240,254 Saixt-Denis. Church of 44 Saint Gervais, at Paris 318 Saint Leu d' Essereut (Oise) 115 Saint Remy. of Rbeims 106, 202 Salle des Preux 328 Santa Sophia, Church of 5 Sapping 336 Saulibu, Church of 43 Saumub 153 Scantling ^ Science 312 Seekers, Primitire 18 Seine, limestone 'J07 SEMi-R. Materials of 231 Settlement ill Skew-backs. 46. 100. 120, 123, 501, 358 Society, Medieval 291 Soffites 143 S018SON8 72 SoissoNB, Halls of the Abbey 292 Sorcerers 12 Spain 282 SPANDRBI3 301 Stability, Absolute 19,20 Staircases 330 Stairs, Romanesque period. 284 Statics 12, 23 St. Benedict, Order of 16 St. Jean-des-Vigues, Halls of 292 St. Marie de Breteuil, Abbey of.. 292 St. Nasaire, at Carcassonne, Ohoir of 260 St. Nazaire, at Carcassonne 262 St. Nasaire, Carcassonne, Choir arch 265 St. Nazaire, Carcassonne, Choir pier 266 St. Nazaire of Carcassonne 269 St. Nazaire, Church of 353 St. Nicaise, at Rheims 242 Stone 16 Stone-<' utters 340 St. Remy of Rheims 93 St. Simon, Duke of 307 St. Stephen, Cathedral at Auxerre. 196 St. Urbain 248 St. Urbain, of Troyes 269, 269 St. Urbain, Architect of 251 St. Urbain, Buttress of 244 St. Urbain, Chancel of 249 St. Urbain. Church of, at Troyes. 241 St. Urbain, Gallery in the Church of 249 St. Urbain stone 251 Superhuman being 83 Support, Points of 19 Tailors 325 JNDEX, 367 THKBMA 33 TiiES£U8| Temple of 13 Thbust 89 THBU8TS 103.122 THBU8T8, Contrary 78 Thbusts Into vadant space 106 THBU8T8, Oblique 2 To-day ** TONMEBBE, Quarries of 251 To2fNBBBK. stone of 243 ToWEB du Trisau. 350 Tbianoles, Concave 46 Tbifobium 106, 179 Tbuth • • • ^^^ Tufa *^ Twelfth Century, Defensive works of 384 Ubbain IV at Vlterbo "41 Useful to-day H VAUi/r 37,62 Vault, A hall 128 Vault. 