None
HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES ACT, 1890. Part I. Unhealthy Areas. 4 L. A. being satisfied to make improvement scheme. 5 Official representation. 6 Requisites of scheme. I I 482 HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC HEALTH chai*. S£C. 7 Notices. 8 Confirmation of provisional order. 9 Award of costs. 10 Inquiry on refusal of L.A. to make improvement scheme. 1 1 Provision of accommodation for displaced population. 12 Duty of L. A. to execute scheme when confirmed. t3 Completion of scheme on failure by L.A. 14 Notices to occupiers. 15 Modification of scheme by Confirming Authority. 16 Inquiry on default of M.O.H. 17 — 19 Proceedings on local inquiry. 20^23 Acquisition of land. 24 — 25 Expenses. 26 Provisions in absence of M.O.H. 27 — 28 Power of confirming authority as to advts. and notice!. Part IL Unhealthy Houses. 29 Definitions. 30 Representation by M.O.H. 31 ,, If on complaint of householders. 32 Duty of L.A. as to closing houses unfit for human habitation. 33—34 Demolition of ditto. 35 Appeal. 36 — 37 Grant and incidence of charges. 38 Obstructive Buildings. 39 — 40 Scheme and provisions for reconstruction. 41 Arbitration for compensation. 42 — 44 Expenses and borrowing. 45 Powers of County Councils. 46 Application to London. 47 — 48 Provision as to superior landlord, breach of covenant^ &c. 49 "~5o Notices and description of owner in notices. 51 Penalty for preventing execution. 52 Report to L.A. by County M.O.H. Part III. Working-Class Lodging Houses. 53 — 55 Purposes and adoption of the part by U. & R.S.A. 56 Powers of L. A. 57 Acquisition of land. VII LEGISLATION AND HEALTH 483 SEC. 58 Purchase of existing lodging-houses by L.A. 59 Erection of existing lodging-houses by L.A. 60 Sale and exchange of lands. 61 — 64 Management of lodging-houses by L.A. 65—66 Expenses and borrowing. 67 Loans by Public Works Loans Commissioners to com- panies, &c., for purposes of the Act. 68 Power of companies, &c., to erect dwellings for their workmen. 69 Powers of water and gas companies. 70 Inspection of lodging-houses. 71 Application of penalties. Part VJ .Supplemental 72 Limit of area to be dealt with under official representa- tion. 73 Provisions as to London. 74 Amendment of 45-46 Vict. c. 38. 75 Implied conditions on letting houses for working classes. 76 M.O.H. in County of London. 77 — 78 Valuation and compensation. 79 Duties of M.O.H. 80 — 83 Application of purchase-money, accounts, loans, &c. 84 Bye-laws. 85 — 87 Local inquiries, notices, &c. 88 Interested persons not to vote. 89 — 90 Penalties, &c. 91 — 93 Deputations, &c. SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, 1875. 2 Definitions. 3 Mixing injurious ingredients with foods and selling the same. 4 Mixing dnigs. 5 Exemption in absence of knowledge. 6 Sale of food not of the proper quality, &c. 7 ** Compounded " foods and drugs. 8 Protection by label. 9 Abstraction of part and selling without notice. I I 2 4S4 HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC HEALTH chap. SEC. 10— II Appointment of an engagement with analysts. 12 Power of purchaser of food to have it analysed. 13 — 18 Procedure of inspectors, &c., in purchase of articles for analysis. 19 Quarterly report by analyst. 20 — 28 Proceedings, evidence, appeals, penalties. 27 False warranties, certificates, &c. 29 Expenses. 30 Provisions as to tea in bond. 31 Interpretation of Act. 32 — 34 Application to Cinque Ports, Scotland and Ireland. Schedule. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) ACT, 1876. I — 9 Arrangement, extent, definitions, &c. 10 Cattle plague, declaration of infected place by Veterinary Inspector. 1 1 Cattle plague, declaration of infected place by L. G. B. 12 Cattle plague, declaration of infected area. 13 Alteration of infected place or area. 14 Declaration of freedom from cattle plague. 15 Slaughter by L.G.B. and compensation. 1 6 Pleuro-pneumonia — declaration of infected place by L. A. 17 Pleuro-pneumonia — or extension by L.G.B. 18 Pleuro-pneumonia — of infected area by h.G.'B, 19 Rules for pleuro-pneumonia. 20 Declaration of freedom from pleuro-pneumonia. 21 Slaughter by L. A. and compensation by same. 22 Foot and mouth disease — declaration of infected place by L.A. 23 Foot and mouth disease — extension of place by L.G.B. 24 Foot and mouth disease — of infected area by L.G.B. 25 Rules for foot and mouth disease. 26 Declaration of freedom from foot and mouth disease. 27 L.G.B. to provide for pleuro-pneumonia and foot and mouth disease in transit, &c. 28 General provisions respecting declarations. 29 Power of L.G.B. to provide for slaughter in other dis- eases. 30 General provisions as to slaughter and compensation. 3 1 Separation of diseased animals and notice to police. VII LEGISLATION AND HEALTH 485 SEC. 32 L.G.B. may make orders for prevention of disease. 33 Provision of food and water at railway station. 34 L.G.B. may make orders as to dairies, &c. 35 Foreign animals — prohibition of importation, slaughter or quarantine. 36 — ^45 Powers and duties of L. A. 46 — 49 Expenses of L. A. 50 Duties and powers of police. 51 General powers of inspectors. 52 Detention of vessels. 54 Exclusion of strangers from infected places. 55 Protection of L.A. and officers, &c. 57 Service of notices^ &c. 58 Provision as to orders of council. 59 Yearly returns to Parliament. 60 — 62 Fines for offences. 63 — 66 Proceedings in appeal, &c. 67 — 74 Application of Act to Scotland. 75 — 88 ,, ,, Ireland. Schedules, I. Enactments repealed. II. L.A. in England. III. Pleuro-pneumonia. IV. Foot and mouth disease. V. Foreign animals. VI. Committees of L. A. VII. L.A. in Scotland. RIVERS POLLUTION ACT, 1876. 2 Putting solid matters into streams. 3 Drainage of sewage therein. 4 ,, from manufactories therein. 5 ,, from mines therein. 6 Restriction of proceedings. 7 S. A. to give facilities for drainage of factories into sewers. 8 Powers of S. A. to enforce Act. 9 ,, Lee Conservancy Board to enforce Act. 10— 1 1 Proceedings and appeal. 12 Certificate of inspector of L.G.B. 13 Restrictioos on proceedings. 486 HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC HEALTH chap. SEC. 14 Costs of inquiries. 15 Powers of inspectors of L.G.B. 16 — 19 Saving clauses — rights of impounding and diverting waters, &c. 20 Definitions. 21 — 22 Application of Act to Scotland and Ireland. INFECTIOUS DISEASES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1876. 2 Definitions. 3 Extent of Act. *4 Inspection of dairies in certain cases ; power to prohibit supply of milk. *5 Cleansing and disinfecting of premises, &c. *6 Disinfection of bedding, &c. *7 Penalty on persons ceasing to occupy houses without previous disinfection, or giving notice to owner, or persons making false answers. *8 Prohibiting retention of dead bodies in certain cases. *9 Bodies of persons dying of infectious diseases in hospitals, &c. , to be removed only for burial. 10 Justices may, in certain cases, order dead bodies to be buried. *li Disinfection of public conveyances if used for canying corpses. *I2 Detention of infected person without proper lodging in hospital by order of justice. *I3 Infectious rubbish, &c., thrown into ashpits, &c., to be disinfected. *I4 Notice of certain provisions. 15 Temporary shelter, &c. 16 Penalties. *I7 Power of entry for purposes of Sec. 5. 18 Recovery and application of penalties. 19 Superseding in certain cases of provisions in local acts. 20 Expenses. 21 Power of Local Authority to rescind adoption of Act. 22 Extent of Act. 23 Application of Act to Ireland. 24 Saving for Acts relating to dairies, animals, &c. * These clauses are incorporated into Public Health (London) Act as Sees. 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, and 74. vii LEGISLATION AND HEALTH 487 INFECTIOUS DISEASES (NOTIFICATION) ACT, 1889, SEC. 2 Extent of the Act. *3 Notification of infectious diseases. *4 Forms, and case of several medical practitioners, 5 Adoption of Act in urban or rural districts. *6 Definition of infectious diseases. *7 Power of Local Authority to extend definition, 8 Notices and certificates. 9 Expenses. *io Repayment of expenses in London. *ii M.O.H. may receive fees. *I3 Application to vessels, tents, &c. 14 Saving for X^cal Act. *I5 Exemption of Crown Buildings. 16 Definitions. 17, 18 Application of Act to Scotland and Ireland. * These sections are incorporated Into Public Health (London) Act as Sees. 55, 56. and 57. APPENDIX. METRICAL AND BRITISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. The French Metrical system is based upon the (assumed) length of the fourth part of a terrestrial meridian. The ten- millionth part of this arc was chosen as the unit of measures of lengthy and called a MHre, The cube of the tenth part of the metre was adopted as the unit of capacity, and denominated a Litre* The weight of a litre of distilled water at its greatest density was called a Kilogramme^ of which the thousandth part, or Gramme^ was adopted as the unit of weight. The multiples of these, proceeding in decimal progression, are distinguished by the employment of the prefixes deca, heciOy kilo^ and rarely viyritty from the Greek, and the subdivisions t)y deci^ centi^ and viilliy from the Latin : — Measures of Length {unit Mitre), Equal to Inches. Feet. Yards. Fathms. Miles. Millimetre o*03937 ••• 0*003 ••• o'ooi ... Centimetre o'3937i ••• 0*032 ... o'oio ... D<k:imetre 3*937o8 ... o'saS ... 0*109 MkTRB '^9*37079 ••• 3*280 ... x'094 Dicam^tre 393'7079o ••• 32*808 ... 10*936 Hectometre 3937*07900 ... 328*089 ... 109*363  0*054 • •• 0*000 0*546 ••• o'ooo 5-468 • •• o'oo6 54*68i • •• 0*062 546*816 • • • 0*621 Cubic, or Measures of Capacity (unit Litre). Equal to Cub. In. Cub. Feet. Pints. Gallons. Bshls. Millilitre, or cubic! ^.,^,^« ^'.r^^ «•««» »•/^.^ ^'n,^ . ^ > o oozo^ ... o 000 ... o 001 ... o 000 ... o 000 centim j ^ Centilitre, 10 cubic do. 0*6x027... 0*000... 0*017... 0*002... 0*000 Decilitre, 100 cubic do. 6*10271 ... 0*003 — 0*176 ... 0*022 ... 0*002 ^ dmetre *^"^*^ ^^ } 61*02705... 0035... 1*760... 0-220... 0*027 Dteilitre, or Centistere 6x0*27052... 0*353... i7'6o7 ... 2*200... 0*275 Hectolitre, or Decistere 6x02*705x5 ... 8*531 ... 176*077 ... 22*009 ... 2751 Kilolitre, or Stere 6x027*05152 ... 35*3x6 ... x76o*773 ... 220*096 ... 27*5x2 Mtaiurts ef Weight (unit Gramme). H^Z I- -54880 Table for cenverling Metric Weights and Measures, I Kilomtlnsintomi M^trc^ into yards. ami yanj^ 50 = S4'^> 60 = 65618 70 = 76'5i4 APPENDIX 491 Litres into gallons and Kilogrammes into quarts. cwts. qrs. lbs. oz. z = 0 o'88o X = 0 0 2 3i 2 = 0 I -761 2 ^ 0 0 4 6i 3 = 0 2-641 3 ^ 0 0 6 93 4 = 0 3*521 4 = 0 0 8 13 5 = I 0*402 5 •zz: 0 0 II ol 6 = I I "282 6 r= 0 0 13 3* 7 = I 2-163 7 ^ 0 0 15 7 8 = I 3'o43 8 ^ 0 0 17 loi 9 = I 3923 9 rs 0 0 19 i^J lO = 2 0804 10 = 0 0 22 o3 20 = 4 I -608 20 = 0 I 16 ^\ 30 = 6 2-412 30 ST 0 2 10 2* 40 = 8 3*215 40 ^z 0 3 4 3 SO = II O'OIQ • 50 ^ 0 3 26 33 60 = 13 0*823 60 =: 0 20 4l 70 = 15 1*627 70 = I M 5l 80 = 17 2*431 80 = 2 8 6 90 = 19 3*325 90 "= 3 2 6J 100 = 22 0-039 100 — 3 24 7 200 = 44 0*077 200 = 3 3 20 15 300 = 66 0-116 300 =s 5 3 17 6 400 = 88 0*155 400 r= 7 3 V3 14 500 = no 0*193 500 =: 9 3 - 10 5 To convert kilogrammes into tons X 0*0009. To convert tons into kilogrammes X ioix'8. 492 APPENDIX ANALYTICAL TABLES OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF FOOD, ANIMAL FOODS. Beef, best steaks ......... „ Kood prime joints (KOnig) .. ,, lean (do.) ,, flattened prize animals (Lawes j and Gilbert) / „ Salt (Girardin) Veal, lean (KOnig) „ fat (do.) „ fiat breast (do.) Mutton, good (do.) ,, very fet (do.) „ neck (do.) „ shoulder (do.) Pork, fat (Letheby) „ fat(K«nig) Bacon (Letheby) Ham, fat (K5nig). „ lean (do.) Salt i>ork ((Girardin) Venison (Von Bilra) Hare (K5nig and Farwick) Partridge (KOnig) Poultry, fatted hen (Kfinie) ..... „ fat cockerill chick (do.) . .. Goose, fat (do.) Salmon (do.) Eel (do.) Herring, fresh (do.) Sole (do.) Milk(K6nig) „ average (Blyth) „ country (Wanklyn) „ town (do.) Cream, raw, mean of five (Bell) . .. „ thick (do.) „ Devonshire (do.) Condensed Milk, Swiss (do.) .... ,, ,, unsweetened (do.). Asses' milk (do.) Goats' milk (do.) Water Albumin. I Fat. Carbo- hydrates. Salts. 74*4 72-25 76'6i 63 "oo 4910 78-82 72*3» 64-66 75'99 47'9i 41 '39 60-38 3900 4740 15*00 48-71 6960 44-10 74'63 74-16 71-96 70-06 70*03 38-02 74*36 57*42 80-71 86-14 87-41 86-87 87*55 85*93 60-75 37*62 33*76 26*70 61-87 91-17 87*54 20-5 21-39 ao-6i 14*00 29*6 19*76 z8*88 18*81 18-11 14*80 15*45 14*57 9 '80 15*98 8-80 15-98 20-97 26-10 19-24 23*34 25*26 18-49 23-32 15*91 15*01 12*82 10*11 11*94 I 3*01 cas. 1 1 0*75 alb. I r 3-98 cas. 1 1 0*77 alb. ) 4*00 5*oi 3*46 1*83 4*97 xo'20 11*38 ri*o9 cas I -70 alb 3 '00 cas -62 alb { 3*50 5*19 1*50 19*00 0*20 0*82 7*41 1605 5*77 36*39 42*07 23-62 48-9 34-62 73*30 34*62 8*29 7*00 1*30 1*07 1*43 9*34 315 45*59 6*42 28*37 7*11 0*25 3*66 3*50 3*00 4 '00 32*77 58*77 59*79 9*76 11*26 I '02 4*20 4*92 4*19 4*60 4'30 2*41 1*46 I 'ox 51*02 13*35 5*60 4*08 1*6 J 7 211 2*3 2*9 22*8 •70 •70 -70 -70 •53 •32 •47 2*32 2*22 •42 •56 APPENDIX 493 ANIMAL ¥OOJ>S-^OHtmu4d. Butfer, best English (Bell) „ slightly salted, English (do.) „ „ „ (Devon)(do.) ,, fresh, English (do.) . . .. ,, ,, Dorset (do.) ,, highly salted (do.) < „ g<xKl German fresh (Kfinig). Cheese, rich (do.) „ medium (do.) „ poor (do.) „ Stilton (Bell) ,, Roquefort and Ciorgonzola, 1 mean (do.) f ,, Cheddar (do.) - „ Cheshire (do.) „ Dutch (do.) Eggs (Psurkes) „ white (K5nig) „ yolk (do.) Water 755 ii'7i i6'38 1 2 05 1 4 '62 n'59 II '70 35*75 46*82 48*02 23*57 32 35*6o 37'" 41*30 73*50 85*75 50*82 ••Albumin. i'i5 *95 '56 1*95 1*88 1*36 •5 27*16 27*62 32*65 32*55 275 28*16 26*93 28*35 13*50 12*67 16*24 Carbo- Fat. hydrates. Salts. 9027 ••• 103 83*74 .. • 3*6o 7884 •«• 332 85*04 ••• •96 82*02 •*• 1*48 6997 •*• 15*08 870 Extrac-. tives. *5 30*43 2*53 413 2o'54 2*97 3*05 8*41 6*80 Free acid as lactic. 4*12 39*13 1*24 3*51 34*3 x*3 4*7 31*57 •45 422 30*68 86 4*42 22*78 •37 7'io ix*6o • •• i*oo 0*25 • •• *59 31*75 • • • 1*09 Dr. Pollens gives the extremes and means of the composition of con- densed milksi sweetened and unsweetened, thus : — Sweetened ,, cane sugar added .... Unsweetened (mean) Albumin. 7*79 12*32 20*14 13-26 Carbo- Fat. hydrates. Salts. 1*56) 7*54 10*82 10*98 16*29 2*H 18-78 «8*3S /2411) 3*87; • •• 32*37> 140-48; 13-20 12I-18 a-3 The difference between the first and last drawn milk of the same cow referred to on page 94 is well shown in the following analyses by Mr. Wynter Blyth :— 494 APPENDIX Water Albumin. Fat. Carbo- hydrates. Salts. Cows' milk, Devon, fore milk (Blyth) „ „ stripping (do.). „ Guernsey, fore milk (do) „ stripping (do) 9032 8394 88-40 83-39 (2-38 cas. \ 1 1-83 alb./ J 430 cas. 1 \ 97 alb. 1 < 4"7o cas. I 45 alb. i < 3-43 cas. 1 1 86 alb./ i-i6 581 •35 5-94 3*50 407 5"2i 5*43 •79 •89 •87 •93 VEGETABLE FOODS. Wheat, fine, usually sold ( Wanklyn). „ best household (do.) .... „ best whites (do.) ,, finest white (KOnig) .... Oatmeal, Scotch (Letheby) „ groats (Kanig) Maize (Pozziale) „ (KOnig) .. Rice(Parkes) „ flour (KOnig) Bread, best wheaten (Wanklyn) .. ,, average (Parkes) ,, best German (Konig) .... ,, rye (do.). ,, Pumpernickel (do.) Biscuit,as supplied to ships and troops Peas(Kfinie) Beans, garden (do.) Lentils (do.) Potatoes (Parkes) (Kdnig) Carrots (do.) Turnips (do.) Beetroot ^do.) Parsnips (Parkes) Cabbage, white ,, winter ,, Brussels sprouts Cauliflower Spinach French beans Green peas Onions Cuctimber and melons Water i6'50 12 '67 1 2 '96 1486 i5'oo 10*07 13s io'6o lO'OO 1415 3400 40*00 38-51 44-02 4342 800 i4'3' 13-60 12*51 7400 75'77 88*32 91-24 87-07 82*04 89-97 80-03 85-63 9o'39 90-26 88-36 80-49 85*99 9540 Albumin. i3'oo 12*09 1360 8*91 Z2*6o 14-29 10*00 14 -00 500 7'43 9 '50 800 6-82 6*02 7*59 1560 22*63 23*12 24*81 I '50 1*79 1-04 -96 I "37 1-21 1*89 3 4 2 3 2 5 I J -04 99 83 53 15 77 75 68 Fat. I 50 I "22 1-08 l-II 5*60 5-65 6*70 3*80 •08 •89 Carbo- hydrates, i I 50 •77 •48 I '53 1*30 1*72 2-28 1-85 •19 •16 •21 *i6 •03 •546 *20 I *9o I -46 I •38 I •54 f •14 ; •50 -10. 68-3 7239 71*78 74*61 63*00 6797 645 70*68 83*20 77*12 54*50 49-20 52*72 48*17 45*06 7340 58*79 57*47 58-36 23*40 21-31 10-74 6-81 1061 14*41 4*71 CI 13 7 5 4 9 79 88 II z6 Salts. 12*46 "53 2*70 7 •73 •58 •51 300 2*02 24 86 SO •50 2*00 1*30 Z-18 1*32 1-42 x-70 265 3*53 2-47 I -co •97 *94 *7S •92 I -04 1-23 I "57 1-29 -82 I '94 ■57 -80 •70 5 APPENDIX 495 FRUITS. Apple Pear Plum Greengage .... Peach, &c Grapes Oranges (without 1l skins or seeds) . ) Cherries .. Strawberry. Raspberry. Gooseberry. Currants .. Dried Apples Pears. Raisins Figs. >> Sweet Almond Walnut. . .. Hazelnut . .. Chestnuts, fresh Water 83-58 83'o3 84-86 80*28 80*62 78-17 89*01 80*26 87-66 86*21 8574 8477 27-95 29'4i 32*02 31 'so 5*39 4-68 3'77 51-48 Nitrogenous matter. *39 •36 •40 •41 •57 •59 •73 •62 1*07 •53 •47 •51 1*28 9*07 2*42 4-01 24*18 16-37 15-62 548 Free acid. •84 *20 i*5o •91 1*04 •79 2-44 •91 •93 1-38 1*42 2*15 *82 •35 •59 I '44 Sugar. 773 8-26 3*56 3*16 4*59 24*36 4*59 10*24 6-28 3*95 7 '03 6*38 360 •84 • •• 121 Fat. 53-68 62-86 66*47 137 Other Carbo- hydrates Cellulose and Seeds, &c. Ash. 517 3'54 4-68 11*46 6-76 I "96 •95 117 •48 1*54 1*40 •90 42*83 29*13 54*56 49'79 Carbo- hydrates 7-23 7*86 903 38-34 I 98 4-30 4*34 3*39 5 -66 3*60 1*79 6 "07 2*32 5"9o 3-52 457 4*95 6-86 1*72 4*98 6-56 6*17 3-28 1*61 •3X •31 •66 •39 •75 •S3 •63 •73 *8x •49 •42 •72 I '57 1*67 1*21 2-86 2*96 2*03 1*83 1*72 INDEX K K INDEX ACARUS, 122 Acetylene, 197 Acids, vegetable, 10 ,t tartaric, in wine, 41 Adulteration, defined, 87 ,, of arrowroot, 90, 91 „ of butter, 97, 98 , , of cotfee, tea, cocoa, &c. , 99 — 102 „ of beer, wine, spirits and vinegar, 102 — 104 „ of milk, 93—95. , , ,, of mustard, pickles, preserves, &c., 105 ,, of soap, 119 Aerated bread, 70 „ waters, 51, 52 Aeration of spring and other waters, 234—239 Ague, 323—325 Air, composition of^ 143 ,, carbonic acid in, 145 — 147^ z6o ,, „ organic or respiratory,. 145-147. „ relation to marriages, 436 — 439 „ „ „ death rate, 421 „ „ „ trade, &c., 4x7 J, illegitimate, 435, 436 Bucuits, 64 Blackman's fans, x8x BOehm's system of ventilation, 203, Boiling meat, «o „ vegetables, 63, 64 Boots, XX3, XX3 Brandy, 36, X04 Bread stuffs, 28 — 30,^ 7,^ „ baking and raising, 64—70 „ alum in, 92 „ rye, &c., 28, 29 Brewing, 38 Bricks, porosity, &c., 324, 225 Briggs on movements ot warmed air in rooms, X9x Broiling, 6x Broth, 6z Building materials, 224 — 237 Burial, mterment, 308 „ decomposition or putrefaction, 308, 309 Butter, 27 ,, adulteration, ^c, 97 C Cabbages, 32 Caffein, 52 Carbohydrates, 7 — 10^ quantity  food, X6, 31, 23 to albumen in formation of fat, 16 Carbolic acid, 366 — 3^ „ ,, See Disinfectants, &c. Carbon, heat of combustion, X87 Carbonic acid, effects of, X45, 146, 158 ,, elimination of, 14, X48 — 150 „ respiratory or organic, 146, 147 ,, evolved by lights, 152, 153 ,. in atmosphere, 143, 157 ,, in ground air, 143 in water, 234, 235, 368 estimation of, in air, x6o, 161 Carbonic oxidej 145, 158, X59 Carbonic sulphide, X52, ^02 „ „ as disinfectant, 367 Carbonizer, 380 Carcase crusher, 280 Carrots, 32 Casein, 3, 4 Celery, 32, 33 Cellulm, 9, 10 Cemeteries, 308, 309 Cereals, 28, 20 Cerebrospinal meningitis, 321, 337 Cesspits, 283 — 286 Chara, in water, 25 x Cheese, 27, 28, 88, 99 Chicory, xoi Chimneys, action of, 164 „ construction, &c., X70 — 174 ^, , ". , .smoky, 173-175 Chlondes, in water, 237, 251 — 253 „ significance of, 255 „ estimation of, 256, 358 Chlorine fumes in trades, 403 „ as a disinfectant, 366 — 369 Chocolate, 55, 56, 102 INDEX Soi >» •I Chowne's ventilation, 177, 178 Cider, 46 Cisterns, domestic, 265, 268 — 271 ,, for w.c.s, 218, 265, 271 ,, flushing, 222 Clarke's test for hardness of water, 231 ,, softening process, 232 ,, regenerative burner, 153 Climate, 464, 465 Clothing, 106 — 115 materials of, 107 — 109 bed, Z09, zio errors in, 110 — 114 poisonous dyes in, T14 ,, uninflammable, 115 Coal as fuel,^ 187, 190 — 192 Coal gas as illuminant, 152 ,, „ as source of heat, 187 ,, composition and impurities, 153 „ in ground air, 145, ,, products of combustion, 153, 197 Cocoa, 52, 56, 83 ,, adulteration of, 102 Coffee, 52— 55 ,, sululteration of, loc — 102 Coffins, ^08, 309 Combustion, air required for, 151, 152, 188 heat evolved in, 187 products of, 187, 188 slow, stoves, 192 of gas, oil and candles, 152—154 Concrete foundations, 225 Conduction, convection, &c., see Heat Condy's fluid, 366 Consumption, see Phthisis Contagion, see Infection Contagious Dbeases (Animals) Act, 484 Cooking of meat, 58 — 61 , of vegetables, 64 Copper in pickles, Z05 "Cornflour," 30 Corrosive sublimate, see Disinfection, 366—369 Cotton as clothing, 107 Crabs, 26 Cream, 27 Cremation, 310, 311 ,, its medico-legal aspect, 311 "Croup," 356 Cucumbers, 33 Cycling, 132 Cyclones, 457 »» I) »» >» »» >» 5> M >> l» D Damp sites, 140—142, 225 „ proof courses, 225 ,, walls, 224 — 226 See also Humidity, Phthisis, Rheu- matism, &c. Dates, 34 Death, age at, 428, 429 Death rates, 419 — 427 ,, recorded, corrected, stan- dard, &c., 411 — 427 ,, at age periods, 4x3, 414, 419 ,, in large towns, 415, 416 combined, 424, 425 local, 425 classj 425, 426 special, 426 hospital, 427 *' hi^h and low," 417 relation to birth rate', 417, 418, 421 of infants and children, 419—421 ,, ,, from preventible disease, 421—424 „ ,, " zymotic," 424 See Mortality De Chaumont's formulas, 148 — 150, 168 Desks, in schools, 379 — 386 ,, Priestley Smith on, 381 — 383 ,, dimensions of, 384 ,, T. G. Rooper on, 384 — 386 Destructor, 279, 280 Diarrhoea, mortality from, ^23 ,, from unsound fooa, 83 ,, from impure water, 260, 261 ,, from improper feeding of infants, 421 Diet, in rest and work, 14, 17 — 20 ,, in infancy and childhood, 78 — 80 ,, in old age, 20 „ in hospitals, 77 ,, animal and vegetable, 11, 21 ,, vegetarian, 21, 22, 80, 81 Dietaries, calculation of, 73 — 77 Dietetics, j)rinciples of, i — 23 Digestibility of foods, 63—66, 76—78, 80, 81 Dinners, cheap for school children, 319 Diphtheria, 3x9—321, 326, 327, 338, ^39f 365, 423^ 424 Diseases, specific, 317 — 362 ,, definition and enumeration, 312 — 314 „ bacteriology, 317 — 320 502 INDEX ti 11 Diseases, classification of, 322, 322 „ infectious, ^6 ,, means of infection, general, 325—328 ,, „ in each disease, 328 — 339. ,, incubation, 363 ,, isolation, 363, 364, 366, 396, 397. „ quarantine, 395 ,, m schools, 393—398 ,, mortality from, 421 — 424 ,, parasitic, 120 — 126 ,, prcventible, 312 — 369, 421— 423 ,, of cattle as affecting their flesh, 83—85 ,, of plants used for food, 86 Disinfectants, 319, 366 — 368 Disinfection, 365 — 369 of excreta, 365, 366 of clothing and oedding, 368, 369^ of rooms, &c. , 367 — 369 aerial, 36iB, 369 Disposal of dead, 307 — 31 1 of refuse, 276—281 of sewage, 299—305 ,, of excreta, 281 — 288 Domestic servants, mortality of, 429 Dormitories, in schools, 391, 392 Drainage of sites, &c., 225 of cemeteries, 309 and phthisis, 315 and malaria, 325 Drains, definition, 282 ,, construction, 205, 206 ,, disconnection, ventilation, &c., 207 — 211 ,, flushing, 222 ,, testing, 222 Dress, See Clothing, ^ , , errors and fol lies in , 11 o— 114 ,, materials of, 107 — 109 ,, night, 109, 110 ,, of infancy and childhood, 114 ,, poisonous dyes in, 1T4, 115 Dry rot, 226 ,, areas, 225 Dust and dirt, 115 ,, a vehicle of infection, 115,333 and phthisis, 314, 333, 334, 434- and tuberculosis, 333, 334 a cause of disease, 400, 401 ,, removal by ventilators, 182 ,, removal and disposal, 276 — 280 Dyes, poisonous, 114, 115 Dysentery, 337, 338 II II 11 »i II »i II II >> Earth, action of bacteria on organic matter in, 235, 285, 302, 303 ,, closets, 285 Education of girls, 388 — 390 versus instruction, 386 of working classes, 387 overpressure in, 387, 388 Ep;gs, 28, 63 Elector, Shone's, 395, 296 Electric light, 15^ ,, in schools, 370 Energy, contained in food, 12 — 19 „ Frankland'sestimates, 17 ,, contained in carbohydrates and fats, 19 Engineering formulae, 291—2^4 See also Sewerage Ventilation, &c. Enteric fever, 359, 360 „ mortality from, 423, 424 ,, mode of propagation, 365 „ etiology of, 338, 359 „ incubation, 363 ,, and sanitary conditions, 360 ,, at Cambridge, 266 „ ,, at Dantzic, 360 Ergot, 86 Erysipelas, cultivation of, 320 ,, propagation of, 339 Excreta, human. 276, 281, 282 ,, disposal of, 281 — 288 ,, stable and cowhouse, 277, 278 See also Sewerage Exercise, 127 — 1^3 ,, excessive, 127 ,, neglect of, 128 „ effect on lungs and heart, 128, 129 „ gymnastic, 130—132, J12 Extracts, meat, 62 F Fats, chemical composition of, 6, 7 ,, functions in nutrition, 21 — 23 ,, effects of excess and defect, 23 ,, and carbohydrates, relative value of, 16, 17, 21, 22 ,, quantity required, 18 — 20, 73— 77' 81 ,, derived from albumen, 16 , , action of carbohydrates in pro- duction of, 16 , , foreign, in butter, 97, 98 ,, digestibility of, 25, jj, 81 INDEX 503 >» Fats, percentage in milk, 93 — 96, in cheese, 27, 28, 99 „ in flesh, fish, &c., 25, 26 ,, marganne, &c., 88, 98, 99 Female figure, XXX. ,, dress, 109, xio — 115 ,, education, 388 — 390 ,, exercise, 730 ,, influence on death rate, 413 — 429.430 ,, expectation of life, 440 — 445 Fermentation, 38, 41, &c. *• Ferrozone " process, 302 Fevers, 321, &c., 423, &c. , ,, remittent, malarial, paludal, &c. 323—325. ,, scarlet, 328, 355 „ typhus, 328, 358 enteric, 338, 359, 360 in schools, 393 — 398 Figs, 34 Filters, sand-hed. 263 ,, domestic (Maignen'SjBischofs, Pasteur-Chamberland, &c.), 27i-'-276 ,, Plagge's experiments on, 275, 276 Filtration, of public water supplies, 263, 264 natural, of ground water, 236 „ of sewage, 302—304 Fish, 25, 26 Flannel, xo8 — no ,, see Clothing Flesh, 24, 25. See Meat. Floors, 228, 229 Flour, 65, 66 ,, fungi in, 89 ,, alum in, 92 Flushing sewers, 29)5, 299 ,, house drains, 221, 222 ,, tanks, 222 Fogs, X41, X42, 464 Food, I — xos ,, its uses, X2 — 16 ,, stuffs, I— 10 ,, adulteration, 86 — 105 cooking, &c., 58 — 70 preservation of, 70 — 73 ,, unsound, 81 — 86, 89 " Fortifying" wines, 41, 42, &c. Frozen meat, 72, 73 Fruits, 34 Fuel, see Combustion ^ ,, and heat production, 187, x88 Furs, X08 Fusil oil, 37 }> >> Galton's stoves, 193 — 196 Gases, diffusion of, 143 ,, volume of, &c., X63, &c., 182 — 184 Gas (coal), composition of, 153 „ products of combustion, . 152, i53».i88 ,, in ground air, X45 ,, stoves, X97, X98 ,, burners, xs2— 154 „ iwisoning by, 145 ,, air required for combus- tion of, X51, 152 „ „ governors, xs4 Gelatin, 6 Gin; 37 Glaisher's tables, 460, 461 Glucose, 8 Gluten, 3, 5 Goitre, 261 Goux system, 284 Grapes, 34 Greek wines, 46 Griess' test, 257 Groats, 30 Ground air, X44, X4S, 225, 233 Ground water, 234, 235 Gulleys, yard, 2x2, 220 ,, street, 297 „ flushing, 222 Gymnastics, X28, 130 — 132 H Habits, 136 Hardness of water, 230 — 233,see Water ,, ,, test, Clarke's, 231 ,, ,, remedy ,, 232 Health resorts, 465, 466 Heart, effect of exercise on, 129 Heat, laws of X85, x86 ,, their practical applications, x86 ,, propagation of, 188 — X90 ,, of combustion, 187, x88 ,, animal, X2, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 48, 106 — ixo, X16— X19 „ stroke, 133, 134 ,, as a means of preserving food, 73 ,, as a disinfectant, 3x8, 369, 396 Heating by open fires, 190 — X96 , , close stoves, X96 — X99 ,, gas stoves, X97, X98 , , hot water or steam pipes, 200, 20X 504 INDEX Heating by warmed air, x8o, aox — 205 and open stoves, M M 103—196 id >i )i ,, ., and close stoves, 199 ,, . ,, from central ap- paratus, 201 —205 Hereditary disease, 138, genius, 389 Heredity, 137 Hominy, 30 HopSj 38, 40. Hospitals, mortality in, 427 ,, cubic and floor space in, i55i »56 ,, and spread of small-pox, 330 — 332 House, construction, 224—229 sanitary arrangements of, 205 — 223 aspect and site for, 140, 141 Housing of the Working Classes Act, 481—483 Humidity, 457—45? , , of health resorts, 466 Huts, ventilation of, 169 Hydraulic data, &c., 291-^294 ,, mean depth, 292, 293. Hydrophobia, 322, 326, 339, 346 Hygrometers, 459 — 462 Ice and iced drinks, 57, 58 ,, as a food preservative, 72, 73 Idiosyncrasies, 137 Illegitimacy, 435, 436 Illumination, see Lights and Lighting Immunity, 339—342 Incubation, 363 Infants and infant death rate, 419 — 421 mortality, causes of, 420, 421 influence of, on death rate, ^21. feeding, 78, 79, 313, 314, 420 ,, and small-pox, 349—352 ,, estimation of inf. pop., 419 Influenza, 362 Infection, ways and means of, 325 — 339 ,, ,, in each dis- ease, 328 — 339. ,, from small pox hospitals, 330 —33a, „ tubercular, 316, 332—334 „ of cholera, 335—337 >> >» Infectious diseases, 312, 313, 346—362 prevention of spread 0^,364—366 M 1} , , in sdiool , ,393—398 ,, „ (Notification) Act, 487 „ ,, (Prevention) Act, 486 Inoculations preventive 343 — 346 Isolation, 363 Jams, see Adulteration K " Kenon," inspection chamber, 207, 208 Kirschenwasser, 37 Koumiss, 46, 47 Lactose, 9 Lamp holes, 207 Latrines^ 218, 219 Lavatones, 219 Lead in water, 259, 267, 268 ,, for cisterns, pipes, &c., 266 — 268 „ in lemonade, pickles, &c. 52, 103, los „ works, white, 401 — 403 ,, poisoning, symptoms of, 403 Leather, as clothing, 108 Lecithin, 6 Legumin, 3, 4. See also Digestibility. Lemonade, 52 Lentils, 29 Letheby's doctrine of population, 421 Leube's dissolved beef, 62, 63 Lice^ 122, 123 Liebig'stheory of nutrition, 12, 13 „ extract, 62 Liemur's pneumatic sewerage, 386,287 Life tables. Ogle's, 440 — 445 p mean duration of, 409, 411 Lights and lighting, allowance of air for, 151, 152 , , relative value of illumlnants, 153 ,, improved burners, Siemens, Wenham, Sun,WeIsbach. &c., i52;r*54, 177, 178 Sugg and Simmance,i75,x79 ofHouses of Parliament, 202 aid to ventilation, 152, 177 — 179 of schools, 373—379 natural, 375—378 >> INDEX 50s Lights, artificial, ^78, 379 ^ ,, effects of insufficient, 374 ,, electric, 379 ** Lincrusta," 227 Liqueurs, 37 Longevity, 410 Lung diseases and ventilation, 434 Mortality, " comparative " of trades, 8— -130 Ogle's tables, 430 it &c., 438—430 gle' —433 „ sex and age, 413, 414 Mustard, 105 Myosine, 3, 4 M Maccaroni, 30 Mackinnel's tubes, 177, 178 Ma^esian waters, 240 Maue, 29 Malaria, 323 — 325 ,, and water, 327 Malt. 38 Maltnus' doctrine, 417,437—439 Maltose, 9 Margarine, 88, 08, 9^ Marshes, see Malana „ see also Air, Water Mead, 46 Measles, see Specific Diseases, 321 mode of communication of, 326 — 329 symptoms and course of, 357 German, 357 incubati' n of, 363 in schools, (juarantine, 395 ,, ^ isolation, 396 mortality from, 423 "M^ly"jK)rk, 126 Meat, see Diet, Cooking, &c. „ diseased or putrescent, 81 — 85 Mephitic poisoning, 159 Meteorology, 446—466 ^ „ of health resorts, 466 Metric system, 489 Miasmata, 323 — 325 „ transportable, 313, 321 Mildew, 89 Milk, 26, 27 : „ condensed^ 26 „ in infant dietary, 78, 79 „ its composition, adulteration, and analysis^ 93 — 97 , , as a vehicle of disease ^ See also Dietaries, Calculation of. In- fant feeding, &c. Millet, 20 Montgolner's theorem, 165 Moriivs (General) formula, 184 Mortality^ „ infant and child, 420, 421 preventible, 421 — 424 »» >i >> N Nessler's test and Nesslerising, 355 Nitrates and nitrites in water, 246, 247, 251—253, 307 „ significance of, 246, 247 , , tests for, 257 — 259 Nitrification, in soil, 285, 302 — 303 „ ^ in water, 235, 245— 247 Nitrogen, in diet, 18, 19 ,, in albumen, 2 O Oatmeal, and oats, 28, 30, 74 — 76, 90 Ochlosis, 147 Oil, 23, 61, ^^ Olem 7 Onions, 32 Oxygen, in air, 143 ; in water, 234 Ozone, 144 Pail system, 284, 285 Palmitin, palmitic acid, 7 Parasites, external 122 vegetable, 120 — 123 interna animal, 123 — 126 in flesh food, 85 „ ^ on plants, 86 Parasitism of disease, 318 Parsnips, 31, 32 Pas.eur's inoculations, 344 — 346 Peas, 29, 33 Pectose, 10 Pellagra 86 Peptones, 5, 6, 62 Perry^ 46 Perspiration, in exercise, 130 in relation to clothing, X07 — 110^ to bathing, 116, 118 ,, ventilation, 150 „ animal heat, zo6, X33 11 n if i> >i it ii t» ii Ii 5o6 INDEX It i> It It >t Pettenkofer on dietetics^ 13 — 20 „ enteric fever, 327 ,, cholera, 361 „ sewer air and gas, 296 ,, air of graveyards, 157 J, ,, soil and air, 141, 465 Phthisis, 3x4, &c., 423, 446 hereditaiy toidency to, 138 and dampness of site, 315 caused by dust, want of ven- tilation, &c., 400—403, 434 „ tubercular, 138, 315, 316 „ and open air, 3x6, 434 ,, and climate, 316, 446 „ mortality from, 423 See Tuberculosis, Trades, &c. Plaster, 226^ 227 Pneumokoniasis, 400, 401, 434 Poisons, in wall papers, 228 „ „ fabrics, 1x4, 1x5 „ „ trades, 400—403 ,, „ foods, metallic, X03 — 105 „ ,, foods, organic, 83, 86 — 89 Polenta, 30 Pollution of rivers, 305 — 307 Population, at census, 405 „ estimated, 405 — 40^ R. G.'s, method ot calcu- lating, 406, 407^ errors and corrections, 407 ,, natural increase of, 410 ,, ,, Bristowe's formula for, 410 ,, of health resorts^ 409 ,, of 31 towns in U.K., „ of 26 foreign towns, 416 Potatoes, as food, 31 in distilling, 36 in scurvy, 10, 1 1 cooking of, 63, 64 diseases of, 86 Preservation of food, 70 — 73 Prcventible diseases, 312 — 369, 421 — 424. definition of, 312, 313 due to malnutrition, 10,11, 313, 314 mortality from, 493 See Infectious Diseases, specific, &c. precautions against, 363 — . 369 „ in trades, 400 — 403 ,, I. in schools, 393—399 See Trades, Unhealthy. Privies, 283 — 286 Public Health Act (1875), 474 t> i> It t> >> M >l Public Health(Amendment)Act(i89o), 473 ,, „ (London) Act (x89x), 468 Punishment in schools, 392, 393 Rabies, 322, 326, 329 „ and Pasteur, 346 Radishes, 33 Rainfall, estimation of, 233, 289, 462 in England, monthly, 463 in health resorts, 466 and ground water, 234, 238 Rain gauge, 463 Rain water, 232 — 234, 251 „ i, and maiaria, 325 Refuse, street trade, &c., 276, 277 ,, disposal of, 277 — 281 ,, utilisation, 278, 279 Regulator, valve, 2x8, 2x9 Regulators (gas), X54 Remittent fever, 323, &c.,see Malaria, Miasmata, &c. Rhubarb, 34 Rice, 29 cooking of, 63, 64 tt tt it Rickets, 79, 313, 314 River Pollution by factory wastes, 306, 307 „ ,, ^ Act, provisions of, 306 Rivers and river water, 23X, 243 — 345 „ ^ analyses of, 25a self-purification of, 244, 245 discharge of sewage into, 30Z pollution of, 305 — 307 analyses of polluted, 307 Roasting meat, 60 „ ores, 402 Round worms, 123, X24 Rowing, 132 ^ Rumsey, on lines of vitality and mor- tality, 4x1 Rye, 28 Rye bread, 66, 77 Sago, 91 Salad, 33 Salt marshes and malaria, 324 „ meat, 71, 72 „ butter, 27, 97 Scarlatina, 355, 356 „ propagation of, 328 „ mortality from, 422, 423 INDEX 507 it >> Scarlatina, prevention of, 365, 366 ,, la schools, 396 Schmid's process for estimating milk fat, 06 School hygiene, 370—398 „ air Wj 146, 372 ,, dormitories, 391, 392 furniture, 379 — 386 medical officer, 393, 394 overpressure in 386, 387 „ infectious disease in, 393 — 398 „ lighting, 373—379 ,, heating, 371 ., ventilation, 371, 372 ,, hospitals, 394—395 „ eyesight in, 373— 375 ,, closure of, 397, 398 punishments, 392, 393 postures, 385 See also under other heads. Scrofula, 317, 333 Sculleries, 229 ,, sinks, 219— 22 z Scurvy, 10, 11, 57 Seine, pollution of, 224, 225 Semol ina » o^ Sewage, its composition, 281 analyses, 307 carriage, 286 — 288 disposal, 299 — 301 chemical treatment, 301, 302 filtration, irrigation, &c., 302-305 " farming," 303— 305 discharge into sea and rivers, 300, 301 ,, pollution of water by, 236, 237. 2^3. 258, &c. ,, flow of, in sewers, 293 — 296 Sewerage systems, 286 — ^305 single, 288 — 290 separate, 298 — 299 pneumatic, 286, 287 cause of illness, 288 .Sewers, defined, 283 ,, construction, ventilation, &c. 288—299 M air," gas," &c., 296 flooding, backwatering; &c., 289 ,« intercepting, 289, 290 Sherringham valves, 176 Shone's ejectors, 295, 296 Siemens' stoves, 198 „ gas burners, 152, 153 Sites for houses, 140 — 142 „ for cemeteriesi 309 Sleep, 134 — 136 Smalt, 27 Soap, 1x9, 120 „ adulteration of, 119, 120 Soda water, 51, 52 Soil, influence on climate, 465, 466 „ bacteria in, 285, 30a, 303, 308 ,, disease germs m, 318—320, 322 — 325, 335— 339» 359 ,, perviousness of, 140, 225, 234 — .239 ,, pipes, position, size, ^ ^ X208 — ,, ,, materials, ventilation/ 211 Soups, 61 Spices, 57 Spinach, 32 Spirits, 36, 37, 47, 104 Springs, 235, 239, 241 See also Wells, Groundwater, &c. Stack pipes, disconnection of. 205 , , siphoning out of branches, 208 Starch, 0, 17 ,, K>rms of grains, 90, 91 See also Carbohydrates, Diet, &c. Statistics, vital, of thirty-one towns in the United Kingdom, ,, of twenty-Six in Other coun- tries, 4x6 ,, definitions employed in, 409 ,, fallacious, of population, 407 —409 , , fallacies of, as to mean age at death, sex and age, espe- cially in relation to trades and professions, 428 — 431 ofcause of death, 431 paradoxes of, 405, 418 of small-pox and vaccination, 347—353 m England, 347, 349, 351 before and aftei Vaccination Act, 347—348 „ of Chemnitz, 348, 351 ,, revaccination, 350—353 Stays, lii Steam, heating by, 200, 201 ,, central or public service, 20 1 Stearin, 7 Stimulants, 34 — 51 .Stoves, 188 — 199 „ open, 193 — 196 ,, closed, X96 — 199 ,, ventilating, 192—195, X99 ,, slow combustion, 192 ,, gas, 107, 198 ,, Canadian, 199 u It >» So8 INDEX Street cleaning, 281 ,, refuse, 276, &c. Sucrose, 8 Sugg's and Simmance's gas burners, 179 Sunstroke, 133 Sun "lights,^* 177 Sunshine, 375 Syphilis and vaccination, 353 Tapeworms, taeniae, 125, 126 Tapioca, 01, 92 Tea and tneine, 52 — 55 „ adulteration of, 99, 100 Temperature, 446 — 449, 466 scales, 447—449 mean, ^53, 454, 464, 466 oscillations of, 464, 466 in correction of baro- , meter, 452 of steam under high pressure,^ 200 of water in hot water if »» pipes. 200 See also expansion of gases or air. Tents, ventilation of, 169 Thermometers „ sun and shade, &c., 453 ,, wet and dry bulb, 459—461 Threadworms, 123 Thrush, 121, 122 Tight'lacing, xii Tobin's tubes, 177 Traps, 205, 207, 210, 211 — 213 „ grease, 219 TreeSj their influence on climate, 465 Trichinae, 124, 125 Tuberculosis, see Phthisis and phthbis, 315, 316, 400 and milk, 316, 334 communicability of, 332 a preventible disease, . 424 in cattle, affecting flesh, Typhoid, see Enteric fever, 338, 359, &c. Typhus, 338, 358 U Urea, elimination of, 13, 14, 20 Urinals, 219 Urine, 281 it >> u t) f> n Vaccination, theory of, 340, 341, 345 and smallpNOx, 346—353 and sj^hilis, 353 Acts 1867, results of, 347 and revaccination in Ger* manv, 350, 352 with human or animal lymph, 354, 355 Vapours, noxious, 402 Variola, see Smallpox. ,, and vaccinia, 345, 354 Vegetable diet, 11, 76, 77, 81 Vegetables, 30—33 „ and scurvy, 10, 11 „ ^ cooking of, 63, 64 Vegetarianism, 80 Ventilation, 160 — 184 and heating combined, 190 — 205 natural and artificial, de- fined and compared, 171 natural ventilation, 175 — 180 artificial systems, x8i, 182 by chimneys, 172 — 174 by cowls and shafts, 173 — 17s. ,, of ships, 181, 182 „ special examples of, 201 — 204 „ formulae for, 164 — 168, 182 -184 of tents and huts, 169 and draughts, 171 by compressed air, 170, x8i, 182, 302, 203 by open stoves, 193, 194 ,, by closed stoves, 199 Vinegar, 56, 57 ^ ^ ,, adulteration of, 104 Voigt on vaccinia, 354 Voit on dietetics, 13 — 20 W Walls, 224 — 228 „ surfaces, 227 ,, papers, 227, 228 „ conductivity to heat, 224 ,, absorption of moisture, 224, 225 ,, damp proofing, 226 Water, 'action on lead, 267, 268 ,, "aerated " (soda, &c.), 51, 52 , , " aeration " of, 234 ,, constant and intermittent ser- vice, 364 — 266 »> INDEX 509 ii Water, service by meter, 266 ,, effects of drinking impure, 260, 261^ examination and analysis, 246 — 260 analyses of various, 251—253 characters of, from different geological formations, 239 — 241 filtration on large scale, 262 — 264 ,, domestic, 271 — 276 ground, 234, 235, 239 hardness, tests and removal,23i, 232 in new walls, 224, 225 ma^^nesian, 240 mains and pipes, 266, 267 marsh, 242 organisms in, 249 — 251 cisterns, &c., 268 — 271 potable, 230, &c. „ ^ analyses of, 251 — 253 quantity required per head for towns, «6i — 262 rain, 232 — 234 river, 243—245 sources ofj 230 — 245 turbidity m, 248 waste preventers, 218 closets, 213 — 218 carriage of excreta, 287, 288 — 305. as vehicle of diseases, 325, 327, 336. 359. and enteric fever, 359, 360 and cholera, ^36 See also Chlorides, Nitrates, &C. 