None
Bradypus, 366 Bradytherium in Madagascar, 366 BRANDEGEE, Californian flora, 208 BRANSFORD (see GILL). BRAUER, arctic fauna, 6 Bray, plants common to Andes and Rocky Mountains, 104; floral affi- nities of North and South America, 415, 416 Brazil, 363; summary of geological history, 393—394 BREHM, crustacea of Greenland, 19 BRENDEL, on Florida plants, 167 Bridger deposits of Wyoming, 143, 163, 229, 244 BRITTON, Flora of Antarctic con- tinent, 422 BROOKE, structural characters’ of Cervus canadensis, 68 Brooks, great range of climate in Alaska, 74; geology of Alaska, 84 Brotulidae, 290 Brown, A. E. dispersal of reindeer, 5; North Atlantic land-connection, 25, 222; Rocky Mountain sheep, 104, 105 ; origin of Oreamnos, 106; variation of garter-snakes, 128 ; origin of rattle - snakes, 131; centres of dispersal, 174 Brown, B., age of Potter Creek de- posits, 29; Conard fissure, 61, 64, 70, 87 ; remains of mule-deer from Conard fissure, 108; Symbos and Scaphoceros, 155 102, ye Yee ries > oe pawl <—_~. E a Se kee ge ne eS rete ett ne ee ae es _ chen INDEX Brown, R., similarity of Greenland and European reifideer, 4; arctic hare, 9 Brown, R. N. R., on Diego Alvarez, 393 | «ee Brown, S., Bermudan flora, 187 Bruce, fossils from Falkland islands, 430; soundings in southern Atlantic, 433 Buckleyia, 256, 268 BupDE-LUND, on the Pacific Con- tinent, 320 Budorcas, 106 Buffalo (see Bison). Bufo, absence from Jamaica, 288 Bugs of St. Helena, 388, 390 Bulimus, 390 Bulimulidae, 269—271, 2738 Bulimulus, 176, 206 ; of Lower Cali- fornia, 208 ; on ancient Pacific land, 209, 210; of Galapagos, 306—-308 ; of St. Helena, 390; common to Chile, Galapagos, and California, 410; forms not easily distinguish- able, 269, 270; americanus, 270; ridleyi, 270, 385 Bunting on Diego Alvarez, 293 Buprestidae, 425 BURCKHARDT, C., tinent, 427 BURCKHARDT, R., distribution of flightless birds, 423 Burdwood Bank, 429 Butterflies, dispersal of, 115; of south - western States, 214; of Antilles, 289 ; of Florida, 179 on Pacific con- : -C Cactornis, 301 Caenolestes in Santa Cruz beds, 350, 404 ; in Ecuador, 350 California, geological history, 198— 200; Cape Region of, 199, 207; fauna and flora of Cape Region, 207, 208 ; relationship with Europe, 211; geology of Cape Region, 329, 330, 356 ; Cape Region a part of Pacific land-belt, 331; animals common to Chile, 333, 410, 412, 413 Californian islands flora, 210; pecu- liar species of Hpiphragmophora, 475 410 ; 418 relicts of Pacific land-belt, CALVERT, dragon - flies of Central America, 258 Camarhynchus, 301 Cambaroides, 218—220 Cambarus, place of origin, 177, 178 ; dispersal of, 218—220; primaevus, 220 ; cubensis, 291, 292 ; mewicanus, 291 Camel, ancient migrations, 86 ; fossil in North America, 153 ; camel-like animals of America, origin of, 406, 407 Camelidae, 86, 116, 406 Camelus, 153 CAMERANO, cranial differences in rein- deer, 5; varieties of reindeer, 34 CAMPBELL (see HAYEs). Campylaea, 206 Canadian forest region, fauna of, 63— 67 Cancer amphiaetus, 93, 94 Canidae, an ancient family, 149, 150 Canis, 149, 150; occidentalis albus, 61; latrans, 149, 430; dingo, 150; antarcticus, 430, 150 ; tonggerana, 150 Capreolus, resemblance to American deer, 111 Caprolagus, 225 Capromeryx, 113 Capromys, 282; columbianus, 283 Carabidae, 425 Caraboctonus, 349, 350 Carabus, supposed accidental distribu- tion, 20; peculiar distribution in North and South America, 235, 236, 412, 413 ; catenulatus, 20 ; nemo- ralis, 20. Carcharhinus nicaraguensis, 241 Carettochelyidae, 135 Careinocyon, 430 Cardiastethus, 391 Cardinal, in Bermuda, 188, 189 Cardinalis bermudianus, 189 Caribbean Sea, a gulf of the Pacific, 241, 332 Caribou, derivation of name, 38; ‘barren - ground,” 3, 5, 27, 58; ** wood-land,” 3, 5 ; ‘*‘ mountain,” 5 476 Carnivores, Cretaceous ancestors, 149 CARPENTER, Sonoran region, 196, 197; Collembola from South Orkneys, 433 Carpodacus, 56 CARTHAUS, sea-water formerly more salt, 276 Cascade Mountains, 103 Casmorynchus niveus, 362 Castor, extinct in Alaska, 80 Castoroides, 153, 285, 286 Cat-bird, in Bermuda, 188, 189 Cat-fish, 89, 361 Caton, likeness of wapiti and red- deer, 68 Catostomus rostratus, 89 CAUDELL, on Phasmidae, 158 Cebidae, 364 Cebus, 364 Celestus, 281 — Centetidae, 246, 282 Central America, faunal problems, 233, 234 ; geological features, 237, 238; date of formation, 152; time of submergence, 241, 242 ; elevated in Pliocene Period, 243; flora and fauna, 247—257; affinity with Europe, 257; general affinities of, 259, 260 Centrurus, gracilis, 178 ; carolinianus, 178 ; margaritatus, 178 ; hentzi, 178 Cephalopterus ornatus, 362 Cegolis, 175, 176 Cercoleptes flavus, 151, 248, 249 Ceroglossus, 413 Certhia, 56 Certhidea, 315 Cervalces, 32 Cervidae, origin of, 109—111 Cervulus, 111 Cervus, origin of, 68 ; canadensis, 67 —69 ; distinct from American deer, 107, 108 CHAMBERLIN, T. C., and SALISBURY, glaciation of Nova Scotia, 41; interglacial phases, 45 ; ice disper- sion from Keewatin centre, 46, 76, 77 CHAMBERLIN, R. CookE, A. H., operculate land-mol- lusks, 57 CooKE, W. W., bird migration, 168 CoopPeR, Californian mollusks, 208 CopE, varieties of bison, 66; Felis hillianus, 107; distribution of ground-lizard, 124 ; mud-puppy of eastern States, 136; eastern and western types of snakes, 173 ; Sonoran region, 196; fossil voles, 224; fossils of Puerco formation, 244 COPELAND, flora of Trinidad, 396 Corals, fossil, of Barbados with Mediterranean affinities, 278 Corydalis, 289 Cosoryx, 112 Cotingidae, 362, 368 Cougar, vast range of, 106, 107 ATT CoviLLE, land-bridge between Asia and North America, 83 Coyote, distribution in North America, 149, 150; related to Falkland Island wolf, 430, 431 Coypu, distribution and ancestry, 282, 283, 396 Crabs, distribution of freshwater, 255; of Cuba, 291; of coast of Chile, 333 ; of southern South America, 405 CraGin, fossil species of MNemor- rhaedus, 106 Crayfish, freshwater, distribution of, 217, 218 ; of south-western States, 218 ; of Cuba, 291; of South America, 405 ; of Chile and New Zealand, 420, 424, 426 CREDNER, fauna of relict lakes, 49 Creodonta, 373 Crepidula gregaria, 428 Crocidopoma, in Antilles, 256, 268 Crocodilus americanus, 180, 181 Crotalus, 131, 253; horridus, terrificus, 131, 253 Crow in Bermuda, 188 *" Crustacea, of the Great Lakes, 48, 49 ; blind, of Cuba, 291 Cryptostemma westermanni, 369, 370, 382 Cryrtobranchus, 83 ; 135 ; japonicus, 135 Ctenodactilus, 372 Ctenodactylidae, 371 Ctenomys, brasiliensis, 371 ; 371 Ctenosaura hemilopha, 207 Ctenucha, 214 Cuba, poverty of mammalian fauna, 261, 262; cave fauna, 285, 290 ; fishes, 290, 291 Cubaris, pisum, 179 ; 309 Cucullaea alta, 428 Cupiennius sallei, 178 Curassows in Central America, 250 Curculionidae, 391 Cyclophis, 130, 319; aestivus, 130 Cyclophoridae, 256, 257, 268 Cyclura, 207 Cylindrellidae (see trobobtteine). Cynomys, 148, 149; ludovicianus, 148 131 ; allegheniensis, minutus, galapagoensis, ~~ K 478 Cyprinids, 50 Cyrtotoma, 256, 268 Cystognathidae, 421 D Dace, red-bellied, in drift area, 50 DaHL, distribution of spiders, 191 ; arctic centre of dispersal, 427, 428 ~ Dau, Helix hortensis in Pleistocene clays, 14; temperature of Pliocene seas, 16; land between Asia and North America, 83 ; fauna of north- east Pacific, 93; subsidence in Alaska in Pleistocene times, 96; marine gravels at Nome, 94; climate during Tertiary Era, 94—97 ; on .Helicina, 158; geo- logical history of Florida, 176 ; mollusks of Florida, 176; Califor- nian Bulimulus, 208; Galapagos islands, 296; importance of acci- dental distribution, 306, 307; Alaskan leaf-bed, 318, 319; Miocene mollusks of Penjinsk, 319; marine faunal provinces, 333, 334 DALL and Harris, Miocene change of Gulf Stream, 186 Day, geology of Labrador, 41 Damon variegatus, 382 Damophila, 350 Darien, isthmus America). Darwin, Galapagos islands, 295—297 ; human importations, 298 ; birds and lizards of Galapagos, 301—303; flora of Galapagos, 310; subsidence of Pacific Ocean, 321, 322, 331 ; Ascen- sion island, 386; description of Falkland islands, 430, 431 Dasychira roseti, 36 Dasypoda, 399, 401 Dasyuridae, 183 Dawson, G., foraminifera in Glacial clays, 47 Dawson, J. W., Pleistocene flora and fauna of Canada, 44, 53 ; foramini- fera in Canadian Pleistocene clays, 47 ; views on Glacial Epoch, 98 Davip, atoll boring at Funafuti, 321 Deer, origin of, 109—111 of (see Central INDEX DENBURGH, VAN, lizards of Lower Cali- fornia, 207 ; reptiles of Galapagos, 305 ; reptiles and amphibia of Cali- fornian islands, 418 Dendrobatidae, 377 DEPERET, pedigree of horse, 147; original home of fossil horses, 148; centres of origin, 227 ; Miocene and Pliocene migrations, 230 ; age of Central America, 243 Dermatemydidae, 236, 251 Dermatemys mawi, 251 Dermophis, 370, 376 DE SE.ys, Pitymys from St. Gothard, 223 Devisia mythodes, 135 Diapheromera femorata, 158 Dibelodon, 231 DICKERSON, amphibians of Hudson Bay region, 31 Dicrocerus, 111 Dicrostonyx, torquatus, 9—11 ; sonius, 11, 27, 60 Didelphyidae, 229, 367, 403 Didelphys, 182, 183 ; marsupialis, 182, 283, 366 DIEDERICH, distribution of magpies, 88 Diego Alvarez island, 393 Die, anatomy of manatees, 279, 280 Dinosaurs, 400 Dione, 179 Diplocardia, 174 Dizlocynodon, 180 Diplodon, 425, 426 Diploglossus (see Celestus). Diplommatininae, 257 Dipodomys, 201 Dippers, distribution of, 113 Discoglossidae, 204 Discoglossus, 204 DitM4Rs, Sceloporus undulatus, 126 ; remarks on rattle-snakes, 131; re- marks on terrapins, 132 ; habits of snapping turtles, 134 DonGE, description of bison herd, 65 Dog, wild, of Australia, 150 ; of Java, 150 Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 301 Dolichotis, 408 D’OrzicNY, mid-Atlantic land-bridge, 359 hud- i d P INDEX Dragon - flies of Florida, 178; of Central America, 258; of Antilles, 289 fret DRASCHE, boundaries of Pacific, 328 Drift-deposit in North America, 40— 43; absence of, in Labrador, 41 Dromicus, biserialis, 304; chamissonis, 304 DRYGALSEI, V., coast lands in Green- land never glaciated, 18 Drymaeus, 175 ; dominicus, 176, 270; dormani, 270 EARLE, tapiroids America, 353 Earthworms, in Florida, 174 ; affinity of North and South American, 412; importance of, in zoogeography, 423, 424; of Falkland islands, 431 Echimyinae, 372 Echinoids, fossil of America and Europe, 278 ECKEL and PAULMIER, reptiles of New York, 123, 127 Ecuador, an ancient land-mass, 350 ; fauna of, 354 Edentates, range of, 152, 153, 156; origin of, 244, 245; in Santa Cruz beds, 399 Eglandina, 175 EIGENMANN, on blind fishes,165; fresh- water fishes of Central America, 253 ; affinities of Cuban fishes, 291; geological history of South America, 340; Orestias, 362; land-bridge be- tween Africa and South America, 379 ; Patagonian fishes, 405 Eisen, Cape Region of Lower Cali- fornia, 330 Elateridae, 425 Eleodes, 118 Elodinae, 215 Elephants, remains on Pribilof islands, 78 ; fossil in North America, 153, 200, 230, 231, 358, 359 Elephas, primigenius, 80; columbi, 83, in Europe and 479 87, 153; antiquus, 87; meridionalis, 87 ; imperator, 87, 153 EwuiotT, black musk-ox, 7 - EMERSON, Texas subterranean newt, 136 EMERTON, affinity between spiders of America and Europe, 23 EMERY, honey ants, 216 ; Formica in America, 216 Emydidae, 134 - Emys, distribution of, 51, 132—134; blandingi, 51, 182; orbicularis, 51 Enallagma, 178 ENDERLEIN, insects of south Polar regions, 433, 434 ; former antarctic land-connection, 435 Endodonta, 306, 308, 390; 308 ENGELHARDT, fossil plants of Chile, 414, 415 ENGLER, affinities of flora of Asia and North America, 93 ; plants common to Andes and Rocky Mountains, 104 ; affinities of western Ameri- can plants, 139, 140 ; origin of Florida plants, 168; land-bridge between South America and Africa, 383 ; St. Evotomys, 29 ; ungava, 27 ; proteus, 27; wrangeli, 92; dawsoni, 92; orca, 92 F Falkland islands, geology of, 429, 430 ; fauna and flora, 431 Farée Bank, shells dredged off, 17 Faxon, crayfish, 218, 220 Faxonius, 177 Felis, concolor, 107 ; hillianus, 107 Fernando de Noronha, 384, 385 FERRIS, mollusca of south - western States, 206 Fiber, obscurus, 56, 64; zibethicus, 64, 92 ; spathulatus, 64, 92 ; annectens, 64. FEILDEN and DE RANCcE, banded lem- ming in Greenland, 11; glacio- marine deposits, 47 Florida, flora of, 167; relation to Antilles, 168; former geological conditions, 168—172 ; fauna of, 175 —182 ; majority of faunal elements non-tropical, 181, 182; course of Gulf Stream across, 185 Florissant Shales, insects and plants of, 118, 200 Flying squirrel, distribution of, 63 Foraminifera, in boulder clay, 41 Forses, relationship of Madagascar and South America, 375 ; Antarctic continent, 421 Forest region of North America, fauna of, 31, 63 Formica, cineria, 216 ; rufibarbis, 216 Fox, arctic, 11, 27; red, 27; New- foundland, 56 FRaAzeR, Archaean land mass in Carib- bean Sea, 177 Frogs, near Hudson Bay, 31; Florida tree, 173 ; in South America, 377 Funafuti, boring coral reef at, 321, 322 FuRLONG, Huceratherium fornian cave, 154 in Cali- INDEX G GaDow, affinities between reptiles of Madagascar and America, 126 ; dis- tribution of salamanders, 137, 138 ; distribution of Scaphiopus, 205 ; age of genus Spelerpes, 221; home of Coeciliidae, 251, 252; geological history of Antilles and Central America, 287 ; origin of Galapagos tortoises, 313; on Dendrobatidae, 377 Gaeotis, 271 Galapagos islands, origin of fauna and flora, 295—317 Galaxiidae, 421 Galeoscoptes bermudianus, 189 Gallinula galeata, 188 Gallinule, Florida, Alvarez, 393 Ganodonta, 244 Ganoid fishes, of Mississippi, 88, 89, 163, 164 GARDINER, beetles of White Moun- tains, 37 GARMAN, H., on blind fishes, 165 GARMAN, S., Bermudan skink, 189 ; reptilian fauna of Galapagos, 303 Garnieria, 273 Gastrodonta, 193 - GAUDRY, affinity of Patagonian extinct fauna with that of New Mexico and France, 402 Gecko in Galapagos islands, 303 Geckonidae, 303, 304 GEIKIE, A., on permanence of ocean basins, 274, 276 GEIKIE, J., Greenland in Ice Age, 18 ; inter-glacial phases, 45; gigantic glaciers in Ice Age, 69 Geoemyda punctularia, 347 Geomalacus, 213 Geonemertes agricola, 191 Geospiza, 315 GIDLEY, Pleistocene species of Hqguus, 146, 147; on fossil raccoon, 152 “* Gila-monster,” 201 GILL, distribution of mud-minnows, 51; land-bridge between Asia and America, 83, 88; fishes, as indicators of changes of land and water, 377, 188 ; on Diego INDEX 378 ; southern continental land con- nections, 420, 423 GILL and BRANSFORD, Nicaragua, 240 GILMORE, Pleistocene Alaska, 79, 80 GIRARD, moths common to Canada and Europe, 22 Glacial Epoch, survival of life in Greenland during, 18—25;. GOULD, Pacific continent, 321 GRABAU, geological history of Great Lakes, 54, 55 Grandala, 188 GRANDIDIER, on Bradytherium, 366 GRANGER, on Eocene horses, 147 GRANT, varieties of reindeer, 3 ; nor- thern land-connections, 25 ; range of moose, 32 ; Rocky Mountain goat, 105 Gravigrada, 244, 399 L ate deposits in fishes of ; 481 GRAY, affinities of flora of Asia and America, 92, 139 ; Rocky Mountain flora, 103 ; North and South Ameri- can plants, 415 GREENE, flora of Californian islands, 210, 329 Greenland, flora and fauna, 3—22; land-connections, 12, 13, 30; sur- vival of species in Pleistocene times, 18—21; former climate, 19; affini- ties with Labrador, 42 GREENMAN (see ROBINSON). GREGORY, elevation of Florida, 170 ;~ junction of Atlantic and Pacific, 239, 241, 242; land - connection between North and South America, 264 ; abysmal deposits in Barbados and Cuba, 277; on fossil sea- urchins, 278 ; on fossil corals, 278 GRENFELL, description of Labrador, 27 GROTE, noctuids common to Europe and North America, 22; effect of Glacial Epoch on range of butter- flies, 38, 39 _ Ground-dove, in Bermuda, 188 Gryllus bermudensis, 189 Grypotherium Listai, 400 Guadalupe, flora of, 417 Guatemala, flora of, 247 ~ Guestieria, 348 Guiana, as centre of dispersal, 362 ‘Gulf Plains,” 144 Gulf Stream, course in Tertiary times, 185, 186 GuLICK, Bermudan fossil mollusca, 193 Gulo luscus, 27, 61 GuNTHER, Central American fishes, 240 ; reptilian fauna of Galapagos, 303 ; land isopod from Galapagos, 809 ; distribution of fishes, 378 ; fauna of Ascension, 386 Guppy, H. B., on Pacific continent, 324—326 ; mangrove formation, 333 Guppy, R. J. L., mid-Atlantic land- bridge, 278 Gymnocephalus calvus, 362 H HAACKE, Polar origin of life, 23, 428 HACKEL, affinities of North and South American floras, 415, 417 II 482 Hadruroides, 349, 350 Hadrurus, 349, 350 Halichoerus, 280 HanpuirscoH, on fossil insects, 118, 158, 391 ; fossil Liometopum, 216 HANSEN, distribution of Koenenia, 217 Hapalidae, 364 Haplarmadillo, 190 Haplophora, 258 Hare, range of, 224—226 ; arctic, 9, 10; fossil of England, 10; Irish, 10 ; in Mackenzie Region, 59; Cape jumping, 372, 373 ; Patagonian, 396 Harris (see DALL). Harrison, Mackenzie River, 58 HARSHBERGER, effects of Glacial Epoch on flora, 39, 40; flora of Florida, 168, 169 ; Bermudan flora, 187 HARTERT, on humming-birds, 350, 367 HARTERT (see ROTHSCHILD). HatcHER, on American palaeontology, 102 Have, on Pacific continent, 327 ~ Hay, origin of fossil turtles, 133, 134, 251; climate of Pleistocene Period, 154—156 Hayes and CAMPBELL, change of river courses, 162, 163 HEBARD (see REHN). ‘ HEDLEY, north Atlantic land-connec- tion, 30; Placostylus, 209 ; Pacific land - connections, 323, 324; ant- arctic land-connection, 421, 422 HEILPRIN, origin and migration of animals, 97 ; Bermuda islands, 186; Antarctic continent, 422 Helicidae, 193, 205, 212 Helicigona, 212, 411 Helicina, 192, 306, 308 ; chrysocheila,. 157 ;. orbicula, 157; occulta, 157, 158 ; convewxa, 192, 193 Heliconiidae, 368 Heliconius, 179; charitonia, 368 Helix, hortensis, distribution of, 13, 14, 39, 141 ; in Labrador, 30; in Pleistocene clay of Maine, 39 ; im- bricata, 193 ** Hell-bender,” 135, 319 HELLER, mammalia of Galapagos, 299; reptiles of Galapagos, 303, 304 ; geological age of Galapagos, 305 INDEX HELLER (see SNODGRASS). Heloderma, 202 Hemiauchenia, 406 Hemiptera, common to Europe and America, 89, 90 ; of St. Helena, 388 Hemphillia, 212 HEMSLEY, Bermudan flora, 187 ; Cen- tral American and Mexican floras, 246—248 ; on origin of Galapagos islands, 315 Heros, tetracanthus, 290 ; nigricans, 290 Herpele, 370 HERSHEY, ancient Panama, 331 Hesperarion, 212 Hesperomys, 298 Hexura, 412 HILL, orogenic movement in Antilles, 171; geology of Panama, 236—238; east coast of America in pre-Cre- taceous times, 263, 264; sunken land west of Central America, 331 HINTON, origin of arctic hare, 10 Hipparion, 148 Hoatzin, 362 Hodomys, 201 Ho.puavs, on Pacific continent, 324 HOLLIcK, east American flora, 140, 141 HOLLISTER, on musk-rats, 64 Holoszira, 206 Homalota, 391 Homo cubensis, 285 Homunculidae, 365 HOooKER, survival of plants in Green- land, 17; Rocky Mountain flora, 108 ; Asiatic floral element in North America, 139 ; floral affinities of St. Helena, 391 ; former antarctic land- connections, 420 Hornabay, extermination of bison, 65; habits of Rocky Mountain sheep, 105 ‘** Horned-toad,” great antiquity of, 202 Horses in America, extinction of, 146; geological history, 146, 148, 228 HorvaTtH, Hemiptera common to Europe and North America, 89, 90 HOWARD, spread of species by agency of man, 65 HoworrH, level of land in Pleistocene times, 15; temperate climate in land west of ae baie om INDEX Arctic regions, 19; mild climate during Glacial Epoch, 46; Forami-— nifera in glacial clays, 47; water as agent in formation of glacial de- posits, 77 ; past climate of Siberia, 81; range of mammoth, 86 Hoy, on Mysis relicta in Lake Michigan, 48 Huanaco, distribution of, 406 Hopson, on pampas of Argentina, 396, 397 Hudson Bay region, 31—36 ; invaded by waters of Arctic Ocean, 47 HULL, pre-Glacial elevation of land, ‘14 Humboldt Current, striking Galapagos islands, 294, 300; did not exist during Tertiary Era, 334, 335 Humming-birds, range of, 250, 367, 368 KC Hutia in Antilles, 282 Hutton, on Pacific land-connections, 322, 420, 426 HUXLEY, on cray-fish, 218 Hyalinia, radiatula, 72; nitidula, 72; cellaria, 389 ; alliaria, 389 Hyalinia (see Vitrea). Hyla gratiosa, 173 Hymenochirus, 377 Hymenoptera, wingless of Australia and South America, 433 Hyracotherium, 147 Hystricidae, 71 . Hystricomorpha, 371—373 ; in Santa Cruz beds, 399, 402 Iguanavus, 127 Iguanidae, 126, 202, 207, 304, 305 IHERING, V., affinities of Phlaocyon, 151, 152; origin of Procyonidae, 152; dispersal of mollusks, 161 ;. on Mutelidae, 161 ; range of Helicidae, 205, 206, 212; distribution of Unionidae, 254; Archhelenis, 274; on origin of Galapagos islands, 313 ; Pacific Continent, 322 ; fossil marine mollusks of South America, 334 ; researches in South America, 483 337 ; freshwater mussels of Brazil and Africa, 338 ; palaeogeography of South America, 339, 340; dis- tribution of Clausilia, 349; origin of South American bear, 351 ; South America in Eocene Period, 362'; land-connection between Africa ae ¥ —_ America, 380; flora of South America, 383; Fernando de Noronha, 385 ; flora of St. Helena, 392 ; dispersal of wolves, 396 ; dis- tribution of freshwater mussels in South America, 405; on age of Santa Cruz beds, 398 ; relationship of west American and European shells, 411; faunistic affinities of Chile and New Zealand, 420, 421 ; dispersal of marine mollusks, 428, 429; affinities of Falkland island wolf, 430 Insectivora, of eastern States, 141, 142 ; of Bridger deposits, 143; of south-western States, 201; of Santa Cruz, 399 Insects from Antarctic regions, 433, 434 Ionolaema, 350 Ischyromidae, 228 Isectolophus, 353 Isometrus maculatus, 389 J JACOBI, connection between Australia and South America, 421 Japyx, 411; solifugus, 411; subter- raneus, 412 ; saussurei, 412 JOHANSEN, subsidence of land tested by marine shells, 17 JOHNSON, distribution of Helix hor- tensis, 14 JOLY, on permanence of ocean basins, 275, 276 JONES, submarine deposits in Ber- muda, 184 JORDAN and EVERMANN, origin of North American blind fishes, 165 JORDAN, Central American fishes, 240 Juan Fernandez island, 418 112 484 K Kangaroo-rats of western States, 201 Karscu, on Cryptostemma, 370 ; dis- tribution of Japya, 412 Katzer, geology of South America, 342—344, 360 Keewatin ice-sheet, 73, 77 KENNARD and WoopwarRb, post-Plio- cene mollusca, 21 Kerria, 208, 412 Kessleria, 88 Kingsleya, 255 Kinkajou in Mexico, 248 Kwnopr, land-connections between Asia and North America, 84, 319 Koenenia, 412 ; draco, 217 ; mirabilis, 217 ; wheeleri, 217 KoKEN, geology of South America, 343 KOoLBE, distribution of Hnallagma, 179 ; distribution of beetles, 215 ; Antillean dragon-flies, 289 ; South Atlantic land-bridge, 381 ; antarctic land-connection as shown by beetles, 425, 432 KOBELT, Helicidae, 206 ; distribution of Cyclophoridae, 257, 268 ; affini- ties of European and Antillean mol- luscan faunas, 271; zoogeograpby of St. ‘* Kuroshiwo ” current, 94, 95, 318 L Labrador, 26, 27; flora and fauna, 26—31 ; connection with Greenland, 30 ; affinities with White Mountains, 42 Lachesis, 131 I ‘ INDEX Lagopus, 62; albus, 62; Jleucurus, 62; scoticus, 62; mutus, 62 ; hyperboreus, 62 Lagidium, 353 Lagomorrha, 224—226 Lagostomidae (see Viscaciidae). Lakes, Great, of North America, in- vaded by the sea, 47 ; fauna of, 49, 50; geological history of, 50, 54 Sane huanachus, 406 LAMPLUGH, on inter-glacial epochs, 4 Lampsilis, 254; borealis, 52 ; superiorensis, 52 Land-connection, north Atlantic (be- tween Scotland, Greenland, and Labrador), 12—25, 30; mid-Atlan- tic (between southern Europe and West Indies), 203, 271—281, 293, 294, 309; mid-Atlantic (between southern Europe and. south-western North America), 110, 114, 120, 164, 173, 203, 204, 211—230, 366—380 ; south Atlantic (between eastern South America and west Africa), 110, 282, 338—340, 366—385, 389, 390, 392, 394; south Atlantic (be- tween Patagonia, South Africa, and Madagascar), 344, 372, 375, 404, 405, 429—433 ; north Pacific (Bering Strait), 5, 12, 28, 29, 32, 61—71, 62 —97, 115; north Pacific (between western North America and eastern Asia), 202, 318—329, 407, 408; Pacific belt (between North and South America westward of Central America), 71, 245, 246, 254, 316, 317, 329—335, 347, 356—358, 401—403, 408—418, 431; Antarctic (between Patagonia and Chile, and Australia and New Zealand) 839—342, 403, 404, 419—429, 433—435; Atlantic (between Bermuda and West Indies), 183, 205 Land-nemertean in Bermuda, 191 LANKESTER, on extinct animals, 400 LAPPARENT, geology of South America, 342 Lasiurus, 299; semotus, 300 LECHE, origin and age of Centetidae, 282 62; rupestris, brachyotis, 299 ; ne ee ee ee _ “2° a ee ee eee | INDEX LEcoQ, glaciers produced by high tem- perature, 45 Leipy, American palaeontology, 102. Lemming, arctic, 9, 11 ; in Mackenzie region, 60 Lemming-voles, 15; range of, 28 Lemmus, 60; trimucronatus, 60; minusculus, 60, 92; nigripes, 60, 92; lemmus, 60 Leonia, 272 ; Lepidoptera of Greenland, 22; of White Mountains, 36; of Alaska, 90, 91; of Rocky Mountains, 115; of Antilles, 289 Lezidosiren, 378 Lepidosirenidae, 378, .379 Lepidosteus, 163, 164, 290; osseus, 163, 164; tropicus, 164; tristoechus, 290. Leporidae, 224—226 Leptinaria (see Tornatellina). Lerptomeryx, 110 Leptotherium, 113 Leztotrichus granulatus, 190 Lepus, 225, 226 ; variabilis, 9 ; bangsi, 56 ; othis, 92 ; poadromus, 92 Lerma River, fish fauna of, 232 Letourneuxia, 213 Lichanura, 203 ; trivirgata, 203, 207 Liguus, 175 ; fasciatus, 176 Limnaea, vahli, 21; holbolli, 21; palustris, 2; stagnalis, 72; trun- catula, 72 Limnolagus, 225, 226 Limnophylidae, 413 Linopodes, 258 Liometopum, 216 ; apiculatum, 216 ; microcephalum, 216 ; lindgreeni, 216 Liogpelma, 204 Lioreltis vernalis, 130 Liparis, 307 Lithobius, provocator, 189 ; densis, 189 Litopterna, 399 Littorina littorea, 16 Lizards, scarcity of, in eastern States, 123 ; abundance in western States, 196 ; Bermudan, 189 ; in California, 207; in Galapagos, 302—304 ; in South America, 369; blue-tailed, 123, 125; burrowing, 202, 203; bermu- 485 swift, 123 ; ground, 124; limbless, 202 Llama, 406 0% Losey, north Atlantic land-connec- tion, 25 LocarD, on Clausilia, 272 LONNBERG, structure of reindeer, 4 Lorhiodontidae, 353 Lovén, marine relicts in freshwater lakes, 48 Loxia, 56 Loxocemus bicolor, 320 | Loxomylus, 267 Lucdnidae, 425 e Lucas, fossil bisons of North America, 66; land-connection, Asia and North America, 83 ; fossil sheep in Ni- caragua, 105 Lucifuga subterraneus, 290 Lumbricus castaneus, 39 Lutra degener, 56 _ Lychas maculatus (see Isometrus). Lyciscus, 430 LYDEKKER, varieties of reindeer, 3, 4 ; musk-ox from Greenland, 7 ; extinct bison, 67; relationship of wapiti to Siberian maral, 68; origin ‘of American deer, 109, 110; age of Falkland islands, 151; origin of. ‘ opossums, 183, 367 ; origin of Cen- tral America, 243; affinity be- tween African and American faunas, 371 ; Falkland island wolf, 430 Lygosoma laterale, 124, 125, 319, 320 Lynx subsolanus, 56 LYON, on hares and their allies, 225 - M Mabuia, 376 ; punctata, 376, 385 MACFARLANE, mammals of north-west, 58 Mackenzie River, 58 Macroclemmys temminckii, 135 Macrorteryx, 368 Macrorharhis, 390 Macrorhinus leoninus, 428 Macquarie islands, éarthworms of, 424 MavDDREN, life in Alaska during Pleis- tocene times, 78, 79 486 Magellan flora, affinities of, 417, 418 Magpies, distribution, 87, 88 Masor, ForsytH, meadow-voles, 224 ; on Lagomorpha, 224; on fossil Leroridae, 225, 226 : Malacoclemmys centrata, 132 Mammoth in Alaska, 78—80, 87; in Siberia, 82 Manatees on both sides of Atlantic, 279, 280 Manculus, 172 Manidae, 373 Manis, 372 Mantisza, 289 Maral deer, 68 Margaritana margaritifer, distribution of, 34, 87, 51, 52, 55; on Pacific slope of North America, 162 Marmoset, 364 MarsH, fossil bison, 66 ; of Cervidae, 110 Marsupials, geological history of, 182, 183, 366; affinities of Patagonian, 403 Marten in Newfoundland, 56 progenitors MARTENS, mollusca of Central America, 256 Marx, Bermudan spiders, 191 Massoutiera, 372 Mastodon, 70, 87, 1538, 358; advent in America, 408, 409 ; americanus, 80 ; chilensis, 408 ; bolivianus, 408; andium, 408 MATTHEW, land-connection between Asia and North America, 84; an- cestry of Odocoileus, 110 ; insecti- vores of middle Eocene, 143; Eocene and Miocene carnivora, 149 —151; junction of Florida and Cuba, 171; Lagomorpha, 226 ; fossil rodents, 228; Agternodus, 246 ; fossil edentate in Cuba, 285 ; Mascall beds of Oregon, 358 MATTHEW and Cook, antelope remains in Nebraska, 407 McLAcHLAN, distribution, of Limnophi- lidae, 413 Mecicobothriidae, 412 MEEK, Lerma River fishes, 232; Nicaraguan fishes, 240 Megalobatrachus, 135 INDEX Megalocnus, 293 Megalomastoma, 269 Megalomys (see Moschophoromys). Megalonyx, 70, 87; in Miocene of North America, 152, 153 ; in drift area, 156; in Pliocene of Texas, 235 ; in Oregon, 358 Megarhaphis, 388, 390 Megascolecidae, 412 Megatherium in Patagonia, 400 Meleagris, galloparo, 159 Meridogastra, 370 Meristhus scrobinula, 321 MERRIAM, C. H., on Synagtomys, 28 ; destruction of life in Glacial Epoch, 34; prairie fauna, 148, 149; fauna of southern Florida, 175; Sonoran region, 196, 197 MERRIAM, J. C., Asiatic antelopes in America, 407 MERRILL, on Lower California, 207 Merycodontinae, 112 Merycodus, 112 Mesohippus, 147 Mesolama, 406 Metacanthus concolor, 391 Metacheiromys, 401 Metoponorthus sexfasciatus, 190 Mexico, eastern, relationship of fauna, 198 ; geological history, 199, 200; relicts in west, 232 ; flora of south, 247 Miacidae, 149—151 MICHAELSEN, distribution of earth- worms, 431 Microbiotherium, 403 Microphrys platysoma, 333 Microsauri, 304 Microtus, range of, 28—64 ; 27, 28; pennsylvanicus, terraenovae, 56; operarius, 92; unalascensis, 92; kadiacensis, 92 ; yakutatensis, 92 ; sitkensis, 92; in- nuitus, 92 ; abbreviatus, 92 ; alleni, 182 Milax (see Amalia). MILLER, mammals of White Moun- tains, 87 ; meadow-voles, 224 MILNE-EDWARDS, on antarctic pro- blem, 423 Miohippus, 147 enixus, 27, 28; INDEX 487 Miolania, 404 Mississippi, fishes of, 88, 89, 163; drainage area, 144; description of its course, 160 , Mites of Central America, 258 Moeritherium, 358 Mole, 142; star-nosed, 142 ; fossil, 143; golden, 245, 246, 404 Mole-mice, 201 Mole-shrew, 201 Mollusks, land and freshwater, in Hudson Bay Region, 37; slow dis- persal, 52; as illustrating geogra- phical changes in North America, 51—54; .common to Alaska and Asia, 83 ; of Florida, 175; of Ber- muda, 191—194; of south-western States, 205, 206; of Central America, 256, 257; of Antilles, 265—274; of St. Helena, 389, 390; marine, absence of from relict lakes, 49 ; Pacific, affinity to English Crag species, 96 ; of West Indies and Mediterranean, 278 ; of western South America, 333, 334 ; common to Patagonia and New Zea- land, 428 Monachus, albiventer, 280 ; tropicalis, 280 Monkeys, distribution of, 249, 250 ; in Santa Cruz beds, 400; capuchin, 364; squirrel, 364; sakis, 364 ; spider, 364 ; howlers, 364 Moose-deer, 32, 33, 80, 92; former range, 33; absent from Newfound- land, 56; in Mackenzie region, 67 MO6rcuH, mollusks of Greenland, 21 MoRENO and WoopwarD, Neomylodon listai, 400 - Morphidae, 368, 369 Morse, discovery of Helix hortensis, 15 ; dispersion of European species on American shores, 16 Moschogphoromys, desmaresti, 284 ; luciae, 284 MOSELEY, on Bermudan flora, 187 Mouse, red-backed, 29 ; jumping, 29 ; in Galapagos, 297 Mud-minnows in drift area, 51 **Mud-puppy,” 136 Murray, A., origin of Galapagos fauna, 311; on beetles common to Asia and America, 321; on south Atlantic land-bridge, 381 Murray, J., on coral reefs, 327 Mus, sylvaticus, 24; galapagoensis, 297 ; decumanus, 298; rattus, 298 Musk-ox, present and former range, 6—9; variations of, 7; place of origin, 7, 8; remains within drift area, 43 ; in Mackenzie region, 59 ; in Alaska, 78, 80 Musk-rat, 64, 153 Mussels, freshwater, 51—55 ; import- ance of their distribution, 160— 162 ; of Central America, 254 ; affi- nity between African and Brazilian, 338 ; of South America, 405 Mustela, atrata, 56; kenaiensis, 92 ; arcticus, 92 Mutelidae, 168, 380 Mycetes, 364 Mylodon, 70, 153, 235 Myocastor coypus, 283, 396 Myrmeocystus, melliger, 216 ; mexi- canus, 216 Myomorphus cubensis (see . Megaloc- nus). Myopotamus (see Myocastor). Mysis, distribution and origin, 48 ; relicta, 48 ; oculata, 48 N Nabis capsiformis, 391 NANSEN, pre-glacial elevation of land, 14 Nasua, rufa, 249 ; olivacea, 249 NATHORST, on musk-ox, 7; effects of Glacial Epoch on arctic flora, 17 Natriz (see Tropidonotus). *“* NATURAL SCIENCE,” anonymous writer on origin of reindeer, 4 Nebria gyllenhali, 24 Necrolestes, 246, 399, 404 Necturus maculatus, 136 NEHRING, relationship of Cervus cana- densis, 68 NELSON, external features of Green- land hare, 9; distribution of rabbits, 226 ; Tres Marias islands, 330 488 Nelsonia, 201 Nemorrhaedus, 83, 106 Nenia (see Clausilia). Neocyclotus, 268 Neofiber, 64, 182 Neomylodon (see Grypotherium). Neotomodon, 201 Nerhila, clavipes, 190 ; clavata, 191 Nesodon, 399 Nesolagus, 225 Nesomimus, 301, 315 Nesopelia, 301 Nesoryzomys, indefessus, 299 ; boroughi, 299 Nesospiza, 393 Neuroptera of Florida, 178 ; of Cen- tral America, 258 ; of Antilles, 289 Netirotrichus, 321; gibbsi, 201 Newfoundland, survival of fauna from pre-glacial times, 41; geological history, 55; fauna of, 56 Newgortia, 350 NEWTON, Falkland island fossils, 430 Nicaragua, Lake, fauna of, 240 Nicoletiella, 258 Nome, marine gravels at, 97 Nonionina depressula, 47 North-Eastern States, reptiles, 123— 135 ; amphibians, 185—139 ; flora, 139—141 ; mammals, 141—143 NORDENSKIOLD, on Mastodons, 408 Notiodrilus, 412 ; bovei, 431; fale- landicus, 431 Notiosorex, 201 Notostylops, 400—402 Notropis, cornutos, 50 ; atherinoides, 50 Nova Scotia, land-bird fauna, 56 Nycterinus, 215 Nysius, 391 nar- O Ocean floor, composition of, between America and Galapagos, 332 Oceanodroma cryptoleucura, 302 Ochotona collaris, 92 Octodontidae, 371 Odocoileus, origin of, 107—110, 396; hemionus, 107; virginianus, 108, 396 ; columbianus, 108, avius, 109 INDEX | Odonata, 258 Oeneis semidea, 36, 38 Oleacinae, 272 © **Olm,” 136 Oniscus asellus, 39 Oniticellus, 215 Onychodectes, 244 Onychomys, 201 Onychophora, 345—347, 432 Oreas, 380, 385, 393 Orhisaurus, distribution of, 281 ; ven- tralis, 173, 221 ; apus, 173, 221 Oristhacanthus, 382 Opisthopatus, 346, 432 Opossum, range, 182; past history, 229 ; in West Indies, 283 ; in South America, 366 ; in Santa Cruz beds, 403 OPPENHEIM, on Helicidae, 206 Oreamnos, origin of, 106 ; kennedyi, 92 ; montanus, 105 Oreohelix, 206 Oreotrochilus, 367 Orestias, 361, 362 Orthalicinae, 270, 273 ORTMANN, distribution of Cambarus, 177; distribution of freshwater crayfishes, 217—220; Central Ameri- can crabs, 239, 240; freshwater crabs, 255; land-bridge between Mexico and Cuba, 291 ; development of Central America and Antilles, 292; origin of Galapagos, 314; Miocene marine fauna of Peru, 334; geological history of South ‘America, 339, 340; south Atlantic land- bridge, 381—383; on Ihering’s Arch- helenis, 382 ; on age of Santa Cruz beds, 398 ; Chilean crayfishes, 405 ; on Antarctic continent, 419, 420, 424 Orycteropidae, 373 Orycteropus, 372 Oryctolagus cuniculus, 225 Oryzomys, range of, 284 ; victis, 284; antillarum, 284; galapagoensis, 299; bauri, 299 ; nelsoni, 299 OsBoRN, connection between North and and South America in Cretaceous times, 71, 227 ; connection between Asia and North America, 84, 319 ; dispersal of camels, 86 ; distribu- } 4 cs »< a > > idee ee? | a a ao eee Ps —S INDEX tion of fossil elephants, 87 ; origin of Cervidae, 110; middle Miocene fauna, 112; fossil-beds of western America, 119, 120; faunal phases in North America, 120—122 ; cause of extinction of species, 146 ; Oligo- cene horses, 147 ; Lower Pleistocene mammals, 153; mammal horizons, correlation of, 226, 227; Eocene K affinities between Europe and North America, 228; Oligocene affinities jbetween Europe and America, 229, 230, 294, 357 ;, on Miocene and’ Plio- cene faunas, 230, 231; origin of Central America, 243 ; armadillo in Eocene beds of North America, 244; dispersal of manatees, 279 ; geo- logical evolution of South America, 341, 342; origin of North Ameri- can bears, 351; tapirs in North America, 352, 353; Miocene. Otter, in Newfoundland, 56 ; in Pleis- tocene deposits, 153 Ovibos, distribution, 6—9, 86; an- cestry, 154, 155 ;- moschatus mac- henzianus, 59 - Ovis, nivicola, 85, 86, 105 ; borealis, 86; canadensis, 104 ; scazhoceras, 105 ; cavifrons, 155 Oxystyla undata, 176 Oxytelus, 391 P Pacific continent, evidence for the former existence of, 321—328 ; pro- bable subsidence before Tertiary Era, 328 489 Pacific land-belt, theory of, 409, 410, 427—429 ; southern faunistic affi- nities explained, 426 Pacific islands, geological formation of, 322, 326 PACKARD, Labrador fauna and flora, 27; subterranean faunas, 165; South Atlantic land-bridge, 381 Paddle-fish in Mississippi, 88, 89 PAGENSTECHER, affinities of Greenland lepidoptera, 22; lepidoptera of Rocky Mountains and Europe, 117; butterflies of Florida, 179; Cali- fornian butterflies and moths, 214 ; on Antillean lepidoptera, 289 Palaemonetes, 291 Palaeolagus, 226 Palaeolama, 406 Palaeomastodon, 358 Palaeomeryx, 112 Palpigrada, 217 Panama, isthmus of, geology of, 236, 237 ; date of submergence of, 238; sunken land westward of, 331 Pangolin, 372 Panolopus, 281 Panopeus bermudensis, 333 Paramylodon, 153 Parascalops breweri, 142 Parastacidae, 420, 424, 426, 432 Parastacus, 405 Pardosa groenlandica, 36 Parnassius, range of genus, 90, 91; nomion, 90; sminthus, 90; thor, 90 ; clodius, 90 ; clarius, 90 Paroxya bermudensis, 189 Parrot, Florida, 159, 172 ; in Central America, 250 ; showing affinity be- tween. Africa and America, 373 Parus, 56 Patagonia, fossil fauna of, 398—404 ; land-connection with western North America, 402; affinities to south Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, 405—416 Patula, solitaria, 72 ; striatella, 72 PAULCKE, cretaceous deposits in South America, 359 PAULMIER (see ECKEL). Peccary in North America, 153, 156 vA Pectinator, 372 490 Pedetidae, 372, 373: Pellegrinia, 372 Pelobates, 204 ; syriacus, 221 Pelobatidae, 204, 221 Pelodytes, 221 PENHALLOW, Pleistocene Canada, 43, 44 Pentalagus, 225 Peratherium, 367 Perch, absent from western States, 198 Percidae, 198 Peripatus, range and origin of, 345— 347, 362, 432 ; eiseni, 346 ; goudoti, 346 ; tholloni, 369 Permanence of ocean basins theory, 214—232, 272—281, 321—333 Perodipus, 201 flora of Peromyscus, maniculatus, 27; sit- Rensis, 92 Peru, geological history of, 359 ;: poverty of freshwater fauna, 405 PESCHEL, meaning of term “relict lake,” 49 PETERSEN, Polar’ centre of distribu- tion for butterflies and moths, 22 Petromys, 372 Pezzotettix, glacialis, 36; borealis, 36; frigida, 36 PFEFFER, sub-universal distribution of species, 374, 375; distribution of Lepidosirenidae, 378 Phaeolaema, 350 Phasmidae, 158 Philomycus, 412 Philonthus, 391 Philoscia, bermudensis, 190; couchi, 190 Philyra pisum, 93 Phlaocyon, 151, 152 Phoca, 280 Phragmatobia jfuliginosa, 214 Phrynosoma, 127, 202 Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, 304 Pica, rustica, 87 ; nutalli, 88 PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, Central Ameri- can spiders, 258; spiders of St. Helena, 388, 389 Pigidium rivulatum, 361 Pike, as evidence of old land-connec- tion of America with Asia, 83 ; “bony,” 89; in Mississippi, 163, 164 INDEX PILSBRY, mollusks of Florida, 175, 176; mollusks of Bermuda, 191— 193 ; on eastern and western faunal provinces, 198; family AHelicidae, 205, 206, 212; on Arionidae, 212, 213; on Urocoptidae, 267, 268 ; geological history of Antilles, 267 ; on groups of Bulimulus, 270, 307 ; on Pacific continent, 322, 323 ; dis- tribution of Achatinidae, 380 ; mol- lusca of St. Helena, 390; Chilo- nopsis, 390; convergence among Bulimuli, 410; Helicigona’ and Arianta, 411 ** Pine-barren ” flora, 140, 141 Pinicola, 56 Pipa americana, 377 PIRIE, sedimentary rocks in South Orkneys, 433 Pitymys, range implying great anti- quity, 223, 224; incertus, 223 ; quasitor, 224; pinetorum, 224; nemoralis, 224 Placostylus, 209, 307 Plagiodontia, 282, 283 Plagiola, 254 Planorbis, nathorsti, 21 ; arcticus, 21 ; noronhensis, 385 Plants, as tests of climate, 43, 175 ; in Pleistocene beds, 44; of Rocky Mountains, 114 ; common to eastern States, Japan and Himalayas, 139 ; affinity in mid-Cretaceous times be- tween Argentina and Dakota, 414 ; common to Rocky Mountains, and southern South America, 415 Platatherium, 113 Platygonus, 153 Plectocyclotus, 268 Plekocheilus, aurissileni, 269; aula- costylus, 269 Plestiodon, 123 Plethodon, 412 ; cinereus, 31 Pleurodonte, 272 Pliauchenia, 153, 407 Plover of St. Protylopus, 407 Pserhurus gladius, 89 ‘ Pseudobranchus lateralis, 172, 173 Pseudoneuroptera of Antilles, 289 255, 362; colom- americana, 291 ; affinis, 291 biana, 256; terrestris, 291 ; Pseudopus, 380 Psittacidae, 373. - Psittacotherium, 244 Ptarmigan, willow, 62; rock, 62 Pterosphenus, 278 Pudu, 354 ; in Chile, 418 Pudua mephistopheles, 354 Puma, 106, 107 Pupa in Galapagos islands, 306, 308 ; in Fernando de Noronha, 385 ; hoppei, 21; muscorum, 72; armi- fera, 72 ; holzingeri, 72 PutnaM, fauna of Mammoth Cave, 164, 165 Putorius, pygmaeus, 85 ; riwosus, 85 Pyrameis, atalanta, 214; cardui, 214 Pyrotheria, 400 Q QUACKENBUSH, mammoth. remains in Alaska, 80 Quesal, 250 R Rabbits, affinities and ancestry of, 225, 226 Raccoon, 151, 181, 249, 283 Raccoon-fox, 201 Rana, pipiens, 31; palustris, 31; cantabrigiensis, 31; septentrionalis, 31 RANCE, DE (see FEILDEN). Rangifer, tarandus, 3; spitsbergensis, 8; caribou, 3; stonei, 5; osborni, 5; montanus, 5, 92; terrae novae, 56; arcticus, 59 Rat on Galapagos islands, 298, 299 RATHBUN, distribution of Pacific crustacea, 93, 94; freshwater crabs of Central America, 255 ; crabs of Peru, 333 492 Red-deer, origin of, 68 Red-fin in drift area, 50. REGAN, on bony-pikes, 164; Central American Cichlidae, 234 ; land-con- nection between South America and Africa, 379 Regulus, in Nova Scotia, 56 ; persal, 114, 115; cuvieri, satrapa, 115; calendula, 115 REHN and HEBARD, Bermudan Orthop- tera, 189; Orthoptera of Florida, 179 Reindeer, forms of, 3, 4; original home, 4, 5; extinct Irish, 12; in Iceland, 12; former range in Europe and America, 6, 35; in ' Newfoundland, 55 Reithrodon, 431 Relict lakes, explanation of term, 49 Rhamphastidae, 250, 368 Rhea, 373, 374, 396 Rhinema floridana, 173 Rhineura, 203 Rhinocerotidae, 229 RHOADS, structure of Greenland hare, 9 Rhorzalomesites, 178 Rhynchophora, 387 Rhynchopsittacus, 172 Rhysida, 382 Rice, geology of Bermuda, 184 Rice-rats, in Antilles, 284, 285; in Galapagos, 298 RICHARDSON, isopods of Florida, 179 ; isopods of Bermuda, 190 Ripeway, birds of Galapagos, 301 RIDLEY, on Fernando de Noronha, 384, 385 RIFFARTH (see STICHEL). RopBINns and COCKERELL, on Veroni- cella, 194 ROBINSON and GREENMAN, Galapagos islands, 314, 315 Rockall Bank, shallow water species dredged near, 17 Rocky Mountains, 100—104 ; plants of in Southern Andes, 414—418 Roe-deer, affinity with American deer, 111 Romerolagus, 226 Roric, affinity of American deer, 111 dis- 115 ; flora of INDEX RotH, fauna of Santa Cruz beds, 399, 400 ROTHSCHILD and HarRTeErRtT, birds of Galapagos islands, 302 ROOSEVELT, land reserves in Rocky ‘Mountains, 118, 119 Rumina decollata, 192, 273 Rupicapra, 106 Rupicola crocea, 362 Ruscinomys, 372 RUSSELL, extent of American ice-sheet, 33 ; former drainage of Mississippi, 54; description of Rocky Moun- tains, 102; absence of trees in prairies, 145 RUTHVEN, prairie forms of animal life, 145; origin and varieties of garter-snakes, 128, 222 RUTIMEYER, on Antarctic continent, 420 RYDBERG, antiquity of Rocky Moun- tain flora, 103 8 Salamander, giant, 135, 136 ; 136, 137; blunt-nosed, 136 Salamandridae, 136, 137 Salda, 391 SALISBURY (see CHAMBERLIN). SALVIN and GopMAN, birds of Central America, 250; insects of Central America, 258 SALVIN, birds of Galapagos islands, 301 SANDBERGER, on Tertiary mollusks, 176 ; on Helicidae, 206 Santa Cruz fossil beds, 246, 398—404 SARASIN, on age of Coeciliidae, 251 ; on age of Typhlopidae, 252, 288 ; origin of Galapagos, 313 ; dispersal of Herpele, 370 | Saturnidae, 381 Sauresia, 281 Scalaria rugulosa, 428 Scalops aquaticus, 142 Scapanus, 201 Scaphiopus, 204, 220; holbrooki, 205 Scaphirhynchus, 83; platyrhynchus, 88 Scaphoceros tyrelli, 155 Scarabaeidae, 425 tiger, INDEX Sceloporus undulatus, 123, 126, 127 Schistomys, 403 SCHLOSSER, origin of reindeer, 4; on value of zoogeographical evidence, 120, 223; geological age of Vis- caciidae, 354 ScumiptT, fish fauna of northern Sea of Japan, 94 SCHUCHERT, palaeogeography of Cali- fornia, 198; palaeogeography of North America, 228—231; on Cen- tral America, 237, 238; antiquity of Bahamas, 264, 293 ScHwaRzZ, Coleoptera of Florida, 178 geology of Ascension, 384 Scincidae, 123, 124, 189, 376 Sciuropterus, sabrinus, 63, 64 ; yukon- ensis, 63, 92 ScLATER, W. L., and P. L. SCLATER, distribution of seals, 280 Scoliopterix libatrix, 214 Scologendra morsitans, 382, 386 Scolopendridae, 382 Scorpions in Florida, 178 ; of western America, 349, 350; of St. Helena, 389 Scort, on Cervalces, 32 ; Steiromys an ancestor of Hrethizon, 71 ;Necro- lestes, 246, 404; on Santa Cruz fauna, 398—404 ; origin of eden- tates, 401; Antarctic continent, 422 Seals, distribution of, 280; “ ele- phant,” 428 Sea-urchins, fossil, of West Indian and Mediterranean areas, 278 SEDGWICK, distribution of Onycho- phora, 346° Semotilus corgoralis, 51 SETON, mountain caribou, 5, 6; range of moose, 32; range of wapiti, 67 SEWARD, fossil plants as tests of cli- mate, 43 SHALER, effect of warm current on Polar regions, 99; former eleva- tion of Florida, 169 SHARPE, birds of Bermuda, 188, 189 Sheep, range of in America, 6; ex- tinct, in Alaska, 80; in English Forest Bed, 85; in Nicaragua, 105 SHIMEK, on Helicina, 158 493 Sialis bermudianus, 188 Siberia, fauna of, in Glacial times, 82 SIEBENROCK, distribution of turtles, 132 Siluridae, 380 SIMPSON, distribution of Unionidae, 52, 54; sub-divisions of Unionidae, 254 ; geological history of Florida, 177 ; Antillean molluscan fauna, 265 —267 Simpulopsis, 270 SIMROTH, on Arionidae, 213; mode of dispersal of Amalia, 214 ; origin of Bulimulidae, 273; pendulation theory, 434 SINCLAIR, discovery of Huceratherium, 154; Santa Cruz fossil beds, 403, 404 ; Miocene beds in Oregon, 408,. 