None
The removal of the sap can also be effected to some extent by means of mechanical pressure between a pair of iron rollers, which are gradually brought more closely together. Another method is by means of air pressure. Barlow employs for this purpose a metal case in which the wood is enclosed, and to one end of which an air pump is attached. Air being forced into the tube or case, the sap flows away at the end opposite to which the pump is attached. But both these methods are costly, and are not applicable in all cases. 3. Air Drains. — The construction of air drains or passages around woodwork to be preserved is, where the method is applicable, a great aid to the preservation of the wood. The consideration of the best means of effecting ventilation in this respect is SECT, vni.] PRESERVATION OF WOOD. 947 not a matter with which we can deal in this work. It is sufficient to say that, in many instances, the air channels are connected on the one hand with the open air, and on the other with the chimney. 4. Chemical Alteration oj the Constituents of the Sap. — One of the most usual and most effective means of preventing the decomposition of wood is by producing a chemical change in the constituents of the sap, so that fermentation can no longer be set up. To this class belongs the well-known plan of protecting woodwork that is to be exposed to the action of the moisture of the earth by charring the wood, either by fire or by treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, so that the wood is coated to a certain depth with a layer of charcoal, the charcoal acting as an antiseptic. The charring or carbonisation of the wood can be effected either with the help of a gas flame or the flame from a coal fire. The apparatus of De Lapparent, invented for this purpose, became very generally employed in 1866 at the dockyards of Cherbourg, Pola, and Dantzic. According to another method, the wood is impregnated throughout its whole mass with some substance that either enters into combination with the constituents of the sap, or so alters their properties as to prevent the setting up of decomposition. To this class belong the four following methods, these being the only ones that have met with any more extensive use. (1) Kyan's preserving fluid is a solution of mercuric chloride of various degrees of concentration. In England a solution of i kilo, of corrosive sublimate in 80 to 100 litres of water is generally employed for railway sleepers. The timber is laid in a water-tight wooden trough containing the solution, where, according to its size, it remains a longer or shorter time. In Baden the wood remains in the kyanising solution, when it is to be impregnated to a depth of — 82 mm., for 4 days, 85 to 150 „ 7 „ 150 to 180 „ 10 „ 180 to 240 „ 14 „ 240 to 300 „ 18 „ the solution consisting of i kilo, of sublimate to 200 litres of water. The prepared wood is washed with water, rubbed dry, and then placed in sheds free from exposure to rain and strong sunlight. The principal action of the mercuric chloride is to convert the albumen of the sap into an insoluble combination, capable of withstanding decomposition, while the bichloride becomes gradually reduced to mercurous chloride (calomel). A great objection to this method is the danger to which the carpenter or joiner who may afterwards shape the wood is exposed, the free chemicals acting upon his system through his hands, nostrils, and mouth. In England, wood to be varnished is seldom kyanised. Erdmann remarks upon this plan of preserving wood that the interior of the log is still left in its original condition. To answer this objection the kyanising has been made more effective by placing the wood in a water-tight trough with the solution of sublimate, and, by a great pressure of air, thoroughly impregnating the wood. Kyanising by this method becomes, however, as expensive as any other impregnation method. Recently there has been substituted for the pure mercuric chloride a double salt of the formula HgCls + 2 KC1, obtained by decomposing a solution of carnallite with mercuric oxide. (2) Burnett's (1840) patent fluid consists of i kilo, of zinc chloride dissolved in 90 litres of water. Wood treated with Burnett's fluid has been buried in the earth for five years without undergoing any change, while unprepared wood buried for the same length of time has been totally destroyed. Zinc chloride has been much used in Germany as an impregnating material. Besides this salt, copper sulphate and zinc acetate— zinc pyrolignite — (Scheden's method) have been employed. The action of Q48 CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. [SECT. YIII. the copper and zinc salts may be explained by considering that the metallic oxides of the basic salt formed during seasoning separate, and combine with the colouring matter, tannic acid, resin, <ic., of the wood to form an insoluble compound. (3) BethelTs (1838) patented method consists in treatment under strong pressure with a mixture of tar, oil of tar, and carbolic acid, this mixture being known com- mercially by the name of gattotin. In and near London wood thus treated has remained eleven years in the earth without undergoing change ; other pieces of timber so treated were subjected to the action of the sea for four years ; and were still in good condition. Vohl employs for preservation peat and brown coal creosote; Leuchs uses- paraffine. Such agents, however, render wood treated with them highly inflammable. (4) Payne's method. — This includes two patents, the first having been taken out in 1841. Both are based on the impregnation of the wood — first with one salt, and next with another salt, which is capable of producing with the former a precipitate insoluble in water and in the sap of the tree. The first solution is usually one of iron sulphate or of alum ; then follows a solution of calcium chloride or of soda. The wood to be impregnated is placed in a vessel from which the air is exhausted, the first solution being then admitted, and pressure subsequently applied. The first solution being removed, the second is admitted, and pressure again applied. It is necessary to dry the wood partially between the two impregnations. Payne's method, much used in England,, possesses, moreover, the advantage of rendering the wood somewhat uninflammable. The same effect results with the methods of Buchner and Von Eichthal, who im- pregnate the wood with a solution of iron sulphate, and then with a water-glass solution, whereby the pores of the wood are filled with ferrous silicate. Ransome attains the same end by an impregnation with a water-glass solution and subsequent treatment with an acid. It is found that the treatment of wood according to the above methods is generally attended with good results. A method of impregnation with materials forming insoluble soaps, aluminium, and copper oleates. or those of other metals patented in ^862, has given some moderate results on the small scale. 5. Mineralising Wood. — When the terms mineralised, petrified, metallised, or in- crusted are applied to wood, they mean that the wood has undergone impregnation with an inorganic substance, which has so filled the pores of the wood that it may be said to partake of the characteristics of a mineral substance. Suppose that the wood has become impregnated with iron sulphate and then exposed to the- rain, the sulphate will be gradually dissolved out, in time leaving only a basic sulphate. By the researches of Striitzki (1834), of Apelt in Jena, and of Kuhlmann (1859), the- influence of iron oxide upon wood fibre has been rendered very clear. Wood im- pregnated with basic iron sulphate ceases to be wood after some time. Boucherie's Method of Impregnation. — This method consists in the impregnation of the wood with the necessary substance, in a manner similar to the natural filling of the pores with sap ; that is to say, the solution is introduced into the tree from its roots, and is thus made to take the place of the sap in all parts of the timber. When the tree is felled, the root end is placed in a solution of the salt (copper sulphate, iron acetate) and allowed to remain for some days ; at the end of the required time the wood will have become completely impregnated with the salt. Occasionally this method is employed in colouring woods, colouring matter being used instead of, or as- well as, the salt. The linden, beech, willow, elm, alder, and pear tree can be treated in this manner. The fir, oak, ash, poplar, and cherry tree do not, however, absorb* the impregnating fluid sufficiently. APPENDIX. USEFUL TABLES. * THERMOMETRIO SCALES. Ix this work temperatures, almost without exception, are given on the Centigrade scale, which takes the boiling-point of water at the ordinary atmospheric pressure .-it 100°, and its freezing-point at o°. Where any other scale is used it is specially mentioned. The following rules will be useful for manufacturers who prefer to make use of the thermometer of Fahrenheit, or that of Reaumur. To convert degrees Centigrade into degrees Fahrenheit : If the temperature is above the freezing-point of water (o* C.), multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32 to the quotient. If the temperature be below o° C., but above - 18° C., multiply by 9, divide by 5, and subtract the result from 32. If below — 18° C., multiply by 9, divide by 5, and subtract 32 from the result. To convert degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Centigrade : If above 32° F., subtract 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. If below 32° F., but above o° F., subtract the temperature from 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. If below o° F., add the temperature to 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. The conversion of Reaumur's scale — in which, the boiling-point of water is taken as 80°, and vice versa— is effected in the same manner ; the number 4 being used instead of 5 as a multiplier or divisor. HYDROMETER TABLES. For determining the specific gravity of liquids heavier than water the scale of Twaddell has been generally used. For its conversion into direct specific gravity : Multiply by 5, and add i to the product. For converting specific gravity into Twaddell : Subtract i and divide by 5. The degree Tw. of any liquid shows its weight per gallon in pounds, if we prefix i and insert the decimal point before the last figure. Thus, hydrochloric acid = 32° Tw. ; its weight, therefore, is 13' 2 Ibs. per gallon. Some manufacturers, especially in the Liverpool district, use a hydrometer which .shows direct specific gravity if we place i before its first figure. Thus a sample of ^hydrochloric acid of 32° Tw. will be on this scale 160°. The scale of Baume bears no simple relation to direct specific gravity; con- sequently its conversion into degrees Tw., and into direct specific gravity, can only be -effected by means of tables, as follows : — APPENDIX. Degrees Baume. Specific Gravity. Degrees Banine". Specific Gravity. Degrees Baume". Specific Gravity. Degrees Baume. Specific Gravity. o IXXDO 2O •152 40 !"357 60 1-652 I IXJO7 21 •160 41 1-369 61 •670 2 I.OI3 22 •169 42 1-382 62 •689 3 I'O2O 23 •178 43 i "395 63 •708 4 I 'O27 24 •188 44 1-407 64 •727 1 I '034 1-041 11 •197 •206 3 1-421 I-434 11 '747 •767 7 1-048 27 •216 47 1-448 67 •788 8 1*056 28 •226 48 1-462 68 •809 9 1-063 29 •236 49 1-476 69 •831 10 1-070 30 •246 50 1-490 70 •854 ii 1-078 31 •256 51 i 'SOS 71 1-877 12 I -086 32 •267 52 1-520 72 1-900 13 1-094 ( 33 •277 53 1-535 73 1-924 14 •IOI 34 •288 54 i-55i 74 1-949 ;i •109 •118 P 1-299 1-310 3 1*567 f583 76 . I '974 2-000 17 •126 37 1-322 57 i -600 18 •134 38 i"333 58 1-617 ! 19 •143 39 1-345 59 1-634 For liquids lighter than water no determination can be effected with Twaddell's hydrometer. The scales used are those of Beck, Cartier, or Baume's light instru- ment. Deg. Beck. Cartier. Baume. Deg. Beck. Cartier. Baum($. a. ! i. a. i. 70 0-7083 35 0-8292 0-840 0-845 0849 69 0-7112 34 0-8333 0-845 0-850 0-854 68 07142 33 0-8374 0-851 0-855 0-859 % 07173 32 0-8415 0-856 0-861 0-864 66 0-7203 31 0-8457 0-862 0-866 0-869 65 0-7234 30 0-8500 0-867 0-872 0'875 64 0-7265 29 0-8542 0-872 0-878 0-881 63 0-7296 28 0-8585 0-879 0-883 0-886 62 07328 27 0-8629 0-885 0-889 0-892 61 07359 26 0-8673 0-891 0-895 0-897 60 0-7391 ... •M 0-744 25 0-8717 0-897 0*901 0-903 59 0-7423 24 0-8762 0-903 0-907 0-909 58 07456 23 0-8808 0-909 0-914 0-915 Sl 0-7489 22 0-8854 0-916 0-921 0-921 56 0-7522 21 0-8900 0-922 0-927 0927 55 07556 .~ .. 0763 2O 0-8947 0-929 o-934 o-933 54 0-7589 19 0-8994 0-935 o'94i 0-939 53 07623 18 0-9042 0-942 0-948 0-946 52 0-7658 17 0-9090 0-949 o-955 0-952 51 0-7092 16 0-9139 0-956 0-962 0-959 50 j 07727 ... 07*4 15 0-9189 0-963 0-969 0-965 4i 0-7753 .. ... 0-780 14 0-9239 0-970 0-976 0-972 48 0-7799 .. ... 0-792 13 0-9289 0-977 0-979 47 0-7834 0-795 12 0-9340 0-985 MM 0-986 46 07871 .. 0-799 II 0-9392 0-992 ... 0-992 ! 4S 0-7907 .. ... 0-803 10 0-9444 I'OOO I'OOO ! 44 0-7944 0-794 0-807 9 0-9497 43 07981 0-799 ... 0-811 8 0-9^50 42 0-8618 0-804 ... 0-816 7 0-9604 4i 0-8061 0-809 0-820 6 0-9659 40 0-8095 0-814 0-824 5 0-9714 38 0-8133 0-8173 0-819 0-825 0-824 0-829 0-829 0-834 4 3 0-9770 0-9826 g 0-8212 0-8252 0-830 0-835 0-834 0-839 0-839 0-844 2 I 0-9883 0-9941 APPENDIX. The following scale is very often used for alcohol : — Gay-Lussac's Alcoholometer (Alcoometre) at 15°. 951 Degree. Sp. Gr. Degree. Sp. Or. Degree. Sp. Gr. Degree. Sp. Gr. 100 0795 75 0-879 50 0-936 25 0-971 99 0-800 74 0-881 49 0-938 24 0-972 98 0-805 73 0-884 48 0-940 23 0-973 97 0-810 72 0-886 47 0-941 22 0-974 96 0-814 71 0-888 46 0-943 21 0-975 95 0-818 70 0-891 45 0-945 2O 0-976 94 0-822 69 0-893 44 0-946 19 0-977 93 0-826 68 0-896 43 0-948 18 0-978 92 0-829 67 0-899 42 0-949 17 0-979 91 0-832 66 0-902 41 0-951 16 0-980 90 0-835 65 0-904 40 0-953 15 0-981 89 0-838 64 0*906 0-954 H 0-982 88 0-842 63 0-909 38 0-956 13 0-983 87 0-845 62 0-911 37 0-957 12 0-984 86 0-848 61 0-913 36 0-959 II 0-986 85 0-851 60 0-915 35 0-960 10 0-987 84 0-854 59 0-918 34 0-962 9 0-988 83 0-857 58 0-920 33 0-963 8 0-989 82 0-860 57 0-922 32 0-964 7 0-990 81 0-863 56 0-924 3i 0-965 6 0-992 80 0-865 55 0-926 30 0-966 5 0-993 79 0-868 54 0-928 0-967 4 0-994 78 0-871 53 0-930 28 0-968 3 0-996 77 0-874 52 0-932 27 0-969 2 0-997 76 0-876 5i 0-934 26 0-970 I 0-999 The weights and measures used in this book are given on the metric system. Their value in comparison with English weights and measures is as follows : i gramme = 15-4384 grains i decigramme = 1-5438 grain i centigramme = 0-1543 „ i milligramme = 0*0154 „ I micro-milligramme = o-ooooi „ I kilogramme, generally abridged kilo. = 2*2054 Ibs. avoirdupois „ „ „ = 2-6803 Ibs. troy i oo kilos, or metric quintal = 220*5486^3. 1000 kilcs. or metric ton = 2205*486 Ibs. MEASURES OF CAPACITY. i cubic centimetre (generally written c.c.) = 15-438395 fluid grains (water) 1000 c.c. = i litre = 1*760773 imperial pint; or, =0-2200967 imperial gallon i cubic metre = 1-308 cubic yard; or, = 35*3171 cubie feet i gallon of water (= 277*274 cubic inches) weighs 10 Ibs. 224 gallons = i ton i cubic inch of water = 252-45 grains „ mercury - 3425-25 „ 95 2 APPENDIX. metre = millimetre = centimetre = decimetre = inch = foot yard = mile (1760 yards) = TOOO metres = LtEASUEES OF LENGTH. 39-37079 inches = 3-2808992 feet 0-03937 inch r°93633 yard 3-937079 inches 2-539954 centimetres 3-0479449 decimetres 0-91438348 metre 1609-3149 metres i kilometre INDEX. ABEL, F. A., analyses of fire-clay, 631 Abraum salts, 284 Acetic acid, 491 Acetometry, 496 Acid, acetic, 491 arsenic, 206, 450 process, 531 arsenious, 205 benzoic, 502 boric, 427 formation and production of, 42^ butyric, 499 carbonic determinations, 48 in beer, quantity, 757 chromic, 470 citric, 502 colouring matters, 583, 587 colours, 584 crude carbolic, 511 formic, 498 hydrochloric, 313 treatment of bones with, 896 lactic, 500 nitric, 371, 379 applications, 383 densities, 382 oleic, conversion into palmitic acid 932 soap, 915 oxalic, 499 phthalic, 570 picric, 564 purification of chamber, 274 salicylic, 567 sulphuric, 262, 271, 282 concentration of, 275 green vitriol from, 473 sulphurous and sulphuretted hydrogen, sul- phur from, 248 liquid, 259 tartaric, 500 valerianic, 499 Acids, fatty, boiler for distilling, 928 manufacture of, 930 organic, 491 sulphuric and sulphurous, 251 Adamantine, 434 Agate glass, 625 Ageing printed and dyed goods, 822 Air drains for preserving wood, 946 gas, 80 heating, 115 thermometers, 4 Alabaster glass, 624 Alberts' examination of gun-cotton, 397 Alcohol, properties of, 760 tables, 487 Alcoholic or vinous fermentation, 718 Alcoholometer, 951 Alcohols and ethers, 487 Alizarine, 573 blue, 851 Alkali, chloride of, 363 Alkalimetry, 300 Allary and Pellieux, obtaining iodine from sea- weed, 370 Alloys, brass, 167 of aluminium, 223 of antimony, 205 of copper, 166 of gold, 195 of lead, 174 of silver, 187 Almaden mercury works, 208 Almond soap, 917 Aloe hemp, 812 Alpaca wool, 80 1 Alum, 435, 440, 443 chrome, 473 earths, 436 flour, 437 from alum shale and alum earths, 436 from alum stone, 435 from azolite, 438 from bauxite, 439 from blast-furnace slag, 439 from clay, 437 from felspar, 439 shale, 436 tanning, 886 works, green vitriol as a bye-product, 473 Alurninate of soda, 442 Aluminium, 221 acetates for calico-printing, 822 alloys, 223 bronzes, 223 hydrate, 443 properties of, 223 salts, 435, 443 soap, 918 sulphate, 441 Amagat's ebullioscope, 726 Amalgamation of silver, 175 Amalgam copper, 168 American grape sugar, 688 mineral oils, 907 America, North and South, oil springs, 8 1 Ammonia, 399 alum, 440 from beet sugar, 407 from bones, 406 from lant, 405 inorganic sources of, 400 in purified gas, determination, 78 organic sources of, 401 soda process, 339 Aminoniacal purifying, 76 954 INDEX. Ammoniacal salts, important, 407 Ammonium carbonate and nitrate, 409 sulphate, 409 Amorphous or red phosphorus, 416 Analyses of crude iron, 124 of fire-clay, 631 of purified gas, 39 of soda-lyes, 324 of soda residues, 329 of Upper Silesian coals, 26 of wine ash, 727 Analysis of beer, 758 of bottles, 596 of colourless strass, 622 of gas, complete, 78 of glass, 619 of Gleiwitz coke, 125 of sparkling wine, 732 Ananas hemp, 812 Anatomy of animal skin, 873 Andaquies wax, 906 Aniline, 528 black, 538 for cotton, 839 blue, 535 green, 537 oil, composition of, 530 red, 530 violet, 537 yellow, 538 Animal charcoal, filtration of beet-root juices through, 700 manufacture, Berlin blue as a bye-pro- duct, 479 fats, 904 Annatto, 523 Anthon, M., Longchamp, MM and Kuhlmann, iL, preparation of potassium nitrate, 376 Anthracene, 514 colours, 571 derivatives, 590 Anthracite, 25 Antichlore, 867 Antimony, 202 and tin compounds, 448 cinnabar, 450 compounds, 449 extraction of, 203 mordants, 825 oxide, 449 pentasulphide, 450 properties of, 204 Apel, W. , apparatus for gas analysis, 50 Apparatus used in dyeworks, 826 Appolt Bros., coke-oven, 28 Arc light, estimating, 105 Arrowroot, 68 1 Arsenic, 205,450 acid, 206, 450 process, 531 Arsenious acid, 205 Art-bronze, 167 Artificial colours, 584 Arts and manufactures, organo-chemical, 873 Asia, oil-wells in, 81 Aspdin, J., Portland cement, 669 Asphalte, 939 Assay of antimony ores, 205 of silver, 187 of tin ores, 200 Atakamite, 150 Atmospheric moisture, decomposition of, 119 Augustin's process for silver extraction, 177 Auramine printing, 851 Auramines, 557 Aurantia, 564 Aurine, 565 Australia, oil-wells, 8r Austria, method of obtaining wood-tar, 1 5, oil-wells in, 81 Aventnrine glass, 598 Azele, 515 Azo colouring matters, 577 colours, 525, 588 direct production of, 851 dyes, 574 mixed, German patent, 578 Azuline, 565 Azurite, 150 BADEN ANILINE COMPANY, cotton dyeing, 837 Baking bread, 783 water for, 234 Balard's method for extracting sulphur, 245 Balata, 944 Balke, examination of barley, 743 Balling's saccharometrical beer test, 759 Bannow's boiling vessel, 510 Bar iron, 127, 131 Bark tanning, 874, 88 1 Barlow, process in printing, 849 Bartoli, A., and Papasogli, G., experiments on. coal, 19 Baryta, purifying juice of beet-root with, 700 Basic colouring matters, 585 ferric chromate, 473 hearth smelting, 140 lead chloride as a substitute for white lead; 467 Baum and Schlieper, process for indigo-printing, 847 Baume, M., densities of nitric acid, 383 Bauxite, alum from, 439 Bean ore, 1 14 Bedarieux black for wool, 835 Beech oil, 906 Beer, analysis of, 758 brewing, 735 cellars, construction of, 736 constituents, 757 quantity of carbonic acid in, 757 testing, 758 wort, fermentation of, 753 Beeswax, 906 Beet sugar, 692 ammonia from, 407 treacle, 708 Belgian system for zinc distillation, 212 Bell-metal, 166 Benrath, M., analysis of glass, 619 analysis of plate-glass, 612 Benzene, 511 Benzoic acid, 502 Benzol colours, 528 Berlin blue, 478 for wool, 832 Bernthsen violet, 563 Berries, various, used for dyeing, 523 Berthelot's researches on fats, 903 on soap, 912 Bessemer converter, copper ores worked in, 156 steel, 133 BethelTs method of preserving wood, 948 Biebrich scarlet, 577 Bismarck brown, 574 Bismuth, 201 ores, treatment, 202 properties of, 202 INDEX. Carmine alizarine, 573 •Carnauba wax, 907 Carnot, A., researches on the quality of coal, 24 Carrara porcelain, 645 Carthamine, 516 Casali green, 473 Cashmere wool, 801 Casks, after-fermentation of beer in, 755 •Cassava starch, 68 1 Casselmann's green, 457 Cassel yellow, 467 Cassius's purple, 452 Castner, reduction of sodium, 219 Cast steel, 142 Caustic, lunar, 452 potash, 299 Ceollpa soda, 309 Celluloid, 944 Cellulose, chemical production, 862 Cement, copper, composition of, 158 Portland, 669 steel, 142 testing, 673 Cements, mixed, 675 Centrifugal A for sugar, 706 machine, 721 Ceramic manufacture, 628 Cereals, vinous mash from, 764 Ceruleine, 579 Chalkosine, 150 Champagne bottles, manufacture of, 731 Chance, analysis of soda residues, 330 recovery of sulphur, 337 Chapman, E. T., and Wanklyn, J. 957 Collodion cotton, 398 Colorimeter for beer, 759 Colorimetric test for kerosene, 86 Colorine, 576 Coloured lires, 392 glasses, 598, 622 resists, 844 Colouring matters, examination, 582 tiuoresceine, 547 insoluble in water, 591 on the fibre, detection of, 852 organic, 514, 579 phenol, 564 Colour-pans for laboratories, 826 Colours, anthracene, 571 artificial, acid, &c., 584 azo, direct production of, 851 benzol, 528 coal-tar, printing with, 850 Congo, 850 naphthaline, 567 phenol, 564 steam, 847 topical, 849 weed, 517 Colza oil, 906 Combustion, 35 Concrete, 675 Congo colours, 850 red, 575 Congreve's granulating machine, 386 Copper, 150 alloys, 1 66 amalgam, 168 blister, 155 cement, 158 compounds, 454 matte, roasting, 152 ores, sulphur from roasting, 248 worked in Bessemer converter, 156 pigments, 455 production in the dry way, 151 in the wet way, "157 properties of, 165 refining, 153, 161 in the United States, 155 slate, 150 smelting, English system, 154 stannate, 458 sulphate, 454 Copperas, 473 and logwood blues for wool, 833 Coprolites, 426 Coralline, 565 Cordials, preparation, 936 Cordwain leather, 885 Cork, use of, for raising the grain of leather, 883 Cotton, bleaching, 817 detection in linen fabrics, 813 dyeing, 837 fabrics, adulteration, 815 oil, 906 species and substitutes, 812 Coupier, distillation apparatus, 509 process for magentas, 534 Cowles Bros., process for aluminium, 222 Crackle glass, 624 Cresol, 512 Crookes, W., freezing of glycerine, 934 gold extraction process, 190 Gelling, W., and Tidy, C. M., examination of water, 228 treating refractory gold ores, &c., 191 Cross, bleaching jute, 820 Cross, Witz, and Schmidt, cotton dyeing, 837 Crown glass, 610 Crucibles, manufacture, 659 Cryolite, alum from, 438 decomposition of, 438 glass, 624 soda, 343 Crystal glass, 619 Cupellation, 187 Cupola furnace, 151 Curd soap, 913 Currying leather, 883 Cutch, 876 Cyanide of potassium, 477 Cylinder glass, 6n DAMASCUS steel, 144 Deacon and Hurter, caustic soda, 345 process for obtaining chlorine, 350 Degasified wood, 12 Degasifying, 35, 36 Dempwolf, M. O., preparation of wheat starch,. 679 Descotils, method of extracting platinum, 197 Desilvering work-lead by electricity, 185 Desormes, C., lixiviation apparatus, 319 Deville, H., and Wohler, M., observations OQ adamantine, 434 Dextrine, 677, 683 Diamond-boron, 434 Didier and Hasse, furnaces, 73 Dieter, M., working up wine-lyes, 501 Dingler's green, 472 Dinitrodibromfluoresceine, 554 Discharges used in printing, 845 Distillation of spirits, 767 Distilleries, water for, 230 Disulphide of carbon. 249 properties of, 250 Dividivi, 875 Dcibereiner, production of tire, 417 Domestic and municipal supplies, water for, 233- Dotsch, process for copper, 158 Dougal, boiler furnace grate, 61 Dray ton's process for silvering plate glass, 614 Droux, L., saponification, 924 Drummond light, 104 Dujardin's refining apparatus for sulphur, 247 Dumas, M., composition of crystal glass, 619 experiments on glass, 592 "Dunging" printed and dyed goods, 82., Dnnlop, process for obtaining chlorine, 347 Dupre, ejection apparatus, 284 Diirre, lixiviation apparatus, 321 Dyar and Hemming, soda-ammonia process, 34tt Dye and bleach works, water for, 231 stuffs, naphthaline, 567 works, apparatus used, 826 Dyeing and tissue-printing, 821 cotton, 837 linen, 839 silk, 835 wool black, 834 blue, 829 green, 834 red, 833 yellow*, 833 woollens, 829 Dynamite, 395 EABTHENWARE manufacture, 628 production of, 636 stoves, 62 Earth-nut oil, 906 958 INDEX. Ebullioscope, 725 Edinbnrgh and Leith, composition of crystal glass in, 619 Egyptian blue, 459 Eichhorn and Liebig, fnrnace for roasting blende, 256 Ekman, chemical production of cellulose, 862 Electrical tanning, 889 Electricity, desilvering work-lead by, 185 obtaining and refining copper by, 161 production of zinc by, 214 Electric lighting, 105 production of lead, 172 thermometers, 5 Electrolysis, use in tissue-printing, 848 Electrolytic extraction of antimony, 204 Electro-plating, 188 Eliquation, 153 Emerald green, 457, 543 Enamel, 624 Enargite, 150 Enfleurage, 938 English apparatus for tar distillation, 508 borax, 432 fritte porcelain, 644 method of manufacturing white lead, 463 of obtaining zinc, 214 process for the production of lead, 169 system of copper smelting, 154 Envelopes, inferior paper for, 860 Eosine, 551 Erythrosine, 556 Escherich's ring furnace, 655 Essen, generator gas made at, 47 Essential oils, 935 Etching glass, 626 Ether, 491 Ethers and alcohols, 487 Ethyl alcohol, 487 Etruscan vases, 649 Europe, various oil wells and springs, 81 Explosives, 384 FAHL ores, 150 Fahnehjelm's " globe light," 103 Fahrenheit's thermometer, 2 Faist, analysis of merino wool, 801 Faraday, M., analysis of glass, 619 Farin, 707 Fats, 903 animal, 904 Fat varnishes, 909 Fatty resists, 844 Faure and Kessler, platinum lead concentrator, 280 Fayence blue, 845 ware, 647 Feichtinger and Winkler, Portland cement, 672 Felspar, 628 alum from, 439 Fermentation, 712, 718 of spirits, 766 Ferric chromate, basic, 473 Ferricyanide of potassium, 477 Ferrocyanide of potassium, 474 Feser, J., researches on barks for tannin, 875 Filigree glass, 625 Filters, 234 Fire bricks, 657 clays, 631 Fires, domestic and industrial, combustion in, 50 for house heating, 61 Firework mixtures more commonly used, 390 Firing, steam boiler, 58 Fisher, 0., bleaching and dyeing machine, 827 Fish glue, 898 oil, 904 Flach's proposal for extracting silver, 1 80 Flashing-point of oils, determination, 86 Flavaniline, 526, 538 Flavaurine, 565 Flax, spinning, 809 use and treatment, 808 Flaxes, New Zealand, 8n Fletcher, grate for boiler furnace, 60 Flint glass, 621 soap, 917 Flooring tiles, 657 Flour and bread, 781 Flowers of madder, 515 Flue dust, lead, 172 Fluoresceine, 539 colouring matters, 547 Food, articles of, 676 Foods, value of certain, 799 Formic acid, 498 Forster, B., and Wara, F. 959 <Jas manufacture, boghead coal as f uel in, 25 natural, 82 composition from various sources, 82 oil, 80 oven for glass, 604 peat, 79 purification, 75 resin, 79 sulphur, 248 to preserve samples, 56 wood, 79 works, small apparatus for, 405 Gases, composition of the roasting, 259 generator, composition of, 70 Gasifying, 35 Gatty's process for obtaining chlorine, 348 Gay-Lussac, alcoholometer, 951 assay of silver, 187 denitrificator, 266 method of chlorometry, 361 tower, 271 Gelatine, 892 Generator gas, 41 Geneva black for wool, 835 German borax, 433 silver, 168 starch sugar, analysis, 688 stoves, 62 Germany, oil wells in, 81 Gerstenhofer, roasting kilns for sulphuric acid, 254 Gilding, 196 Gillard's " platinum gas," 103. Girofle", 564 Glass, agate, 625 alabaster, 624 analyses, 594, 619 aventurine, 598 blowers' tools, 610, 615 bone, 624 cryolite, 624 defects in, 608 denitrification, 598 etching, 626 filigree, 625 flint, 621 furnace, 603 hardened, 616 ice, 624 iridescent, 625 lime, alumina, 596 making, raw materials used in, 600 manufacture, 592 melting, 607 furnace, 68 vessels for, 602 muslin, 625 optical, 620 painting, 623 pearls, 625 phosphatic, 596 physical properties, 600 polishing, 620 potash, 593 pressed and cast, 616 refuse, utilisation of, 602 relief, 625 satin, 623 soda, 593 solubility of, 596 soluble, 617 staining, 622 various kinds, 609 •Glasses, coloured, 598, 622 Glasses, Venetian mosaic, composition, 600 Glauber's salt, manufacture of, 285 Glaze, porcelain, 640 Glove leather, 888 Glover tower, 267 Glnckelberger, precipitation of sulphur, 335 Glue, drying, 895 substitutes, 899 tests of quality, 897 water for the manufacture of, 231 Glycerine, 921, 933 in sweet wines, determination, 727 Gold, iSS alloys, 195 and silver printing, 849 production in 1884 : 186 chemically pure, 195 deposits, 189 extraction, 189 mosaic, 448 ore, &c., process for treating refractory, 19 1 proof, 195 properties of, 195 purple, 452 ruby glass, 599 salts of, 452 separation of, 194 silver, and mercury compounds, 452 soap, 919 Goodyear, M., caoutchouc, 943 Goose grease, 904 GoppelsrOder, use of electrolysis in tissue-print- ing, 848 Gossage, closed reverberatory, 311 Grain soap, 912 Graining leather, 883 Grains used for beer, 735 Grape-juice fermentation, 723 sugar, 684, 722 Grapes, pressing, 720 Grass bleach, 815 Chinese, 810 Grate, chain, 60 shape of, for boiler furnace, 60 Grates, oblique, 60 polygon, 60 Green, aniline, 537 Bremen, 456 Casali, 473 Casselmann's, 457 cobalt, 146 colours, 523 converted into blue ultramarine, 446 Dingler's, 472 dyeing wool, 834 emerald, 457, 543 eruptions on bricks, 634 Guignet's, 472 liquid, 543 malachite, 539 quinoline, 566 Scheele's, 457 silk dyes, 837 steam, 847 ultramarine, preparation, 445 vitriol, 473 Greens, blues, 481 Griineberg, H., and Blum, B., stairs column for gas liquor, 404 ammonia apparatus, 402 Gruner, L., technical value of a coal, 26 Gschwandler, J., composition of certain beer, 756 Guano, 424 95o INDEX. Guignet's green, 472 Gum, boiling out of silk, 806 Gun-cotton, 395 metal, 167 ppwder, 384 composition and products of combus- tion, 388 properties, 387 Gutta-percha, 942 and caoutchouc, mixture of, 944 Gypsum, 660 uses, 663 H ALSKB AND SIEMENS, measuring electric light, I05 Hanover, oil wells in, 8 1 Hansen, E. 0., yeast, 714 Harcourt, M., experiments on optical glass, 620 Hard soap, 912 Hartmann, M., and Hauer, M., apparatus for determining the value of vinegar, 496 Hasenclever and Helbig, kiln, 255 Hasse and Didier, furnaces, 73 Hauer, M., and Hartmann, M., apparatus for determining the value of vinegar, 496 Heat, diffusion of, 5 Heating arrangements, 50 with coal gas, 65 with hot air, 63, 65 with open fires, 61 Hehner, 0., alcohol tables, 487 Helbig and Hasenclever, kiln, 255 Hematinon, 598 Hemming and Dyar, soda-ammonia process, 340 Hemp, 810 various kinds, 811 Henze's mashing apparatus, 763 Hess, apparatus for determining the stability of explosives, 397 Heupel, gas firing for lignite, 66 Hides for tanning, treatment, 878 History of lighting gas, 71 Hoffmann and Licht, brick furnace, 652 Hoffmann, G., combination of coke-ovens with Siemens' heat reservoirs, 30 P. 961 Kiln, porcelain, 641 Kilns, 12, 14 brick, 656 for gypsum, 661 various, for lime, 665 Kind, A., saponification, 922 King's yellow, 206 Kino, 877 Kjeldahl's process for determining nitrogen, 7 Klonne and Liegel, furnaces for lighting gas, 73 Knapp, F., researches on soap-making, 913 Knapp's leather, 889 Kuox, furnace for mercury, 209 Koechlin, C., cotton mordant, 838 H., cotton bleaching, 818 Kolb, bleaching linen, 820 J., densities of nitric acid, 382 Korschelt, manufacture of fatty acids, 931 Kosmann, production of zinc, 215 Kreusler, analytical errors from the alkaline re- action of glass, 598 Krigar furnaces, 125 Kroncke, process for silver, 176 Kuhlmann, M., Longchamp, M., and Anthon, M., preparation of potassium nitrate, 376 Kurtz, converting neutral potassium tartrate into the calcium salt, 500 Kyan's preserving fluid for wood, 947 LAC dye, 517 Lacmoid, 557 Lacquered leather, 885 ware, 647 Lacquers, 910 Lactic acid, 500 Lactose, 787 Lampblack, 581 Lamps, lighting with, 98 oil used for, 99 various forms of, 99 Lant, ammonia from, 405 Lapis styles, 844 Lather soaps, 917 Laurent's apparatus for raising sulphuric acid, 268 Lauth's violet, 563 Le Chatelier, setting of hydraulic mortars, 673 Lead, 169 alloys, 174 chambers, 263, 270 formation of sulphuric acid in, 271 chloride, white lead from, 467 chromate, 470 compounds, 461 ore washings at Alternau, 170 oxide, 461 peroxide, 462 production, 174 by electricity, 172 properties of, 173 red, 461 smelting furnace, 169 sulphate, 467 white, 463 Leather dressing, 883 finishing and greasing, 884 glue, 893 various kinds, 883 Leblanc, process for obtaining soda, 310, 329 soda residues, utilisation of, 329 Lebon's " thermo lamp," 79 Leeds, examination of soap, 918 Leicht's malt kiln, 741 Length, measures of, 952 Lenz, Martin, Hummel, and Lepetit, detection of colouring matters on the fibre, 852 Lepetit, Lenz, Martin, and Hummel, detection of colouring matters on the fibre, 852 Leroy and Durand, saponification at candle works, 926 Letrange, L., production of zkxs by electricity, 214 Leuko-base, production of, 540, 544 " Levuline" blue, 850 Leyser, C., colorimeter for beer, 759 Licht and Hoffmann, brick furnace, 652 Liebig, researches on preserving irieat, 795 and Eichhorn furnace for roasting blende, 256 M., and Von Lermer, M., researches on brewing, 753 Liegel and Klonne, furnaces for lighting gas, 73 Light, intensity of, 107 production of, 94 units, 96 Lighting gas, 71 checking the process of manufacture, 78 with candles, 98 with lamps, 98 Lignite, 19 gas-firing for, 66 Lignites, average composition, 20 Lime, 664 alumina glass, 596 burning, 665 chloride of, 347, 358 liquid, 359 properties, and loss of value, 360 Limonite, 114 Lindt's researches on cheese, 791 Linen, 810 bleaching, 820 dyeing, 839 fabrics, detection of cotton in, 813 printing, 851 Linseed-oil varnish, 908 Liquid glue, 897 Liquids lighter than water, scales for, 950 Liquor, tanning, 882 Litharge, 461 Lithophanie, 644 Litmus, 522 Lixiviation, 318, 436 Loam, 632 Logwood, 522 and copperas blues for wool, 833 Longchamp, M. Lye, evaporation of the, 436 soda, purification and concentration of, 323 treatment of raw, 374 MABEBRY, volatilisation of aluminium, 222 Macco's heater, 117 MacDougal, Bawson, and Shanks, process for producing chlorine, 352 Machine for bleaching and dyeing, 828 paper manufacture, 869 sand-blast, 628 Mactear, manufacture of sodium, 220 sulphate furnaces, 312 Madder, 514 lake, 514 printing:, 842 Magenta, 530 purification, 533 Magnesium, 224 soap, 918 uses of, 225 Magnetic ironstone, 113 Maize starch, 68 1 Malachite, 150 green, 539 Mal6tra, plate furnace, 255 Mallet's ammonia apparatus, 401 Malligand and Vidal's ebullioscope, 725 Malt kilns, 739 Malting, 738 Maltose, 688 Manganese, 145, 467 mordants, 825 soap, 919 Manilla hemp, 812 Manufacture of oil, 84 of paper, 853 Manures, phosphates, 424 Margarine, 789 Marl, 632 Martin, E., preparation of wheat starch, 680 Martin, Hummel, Lenz, and Lepetit, detection of colouring matters on the fibre, 852 Martius's yellow, 570 Massicot, 461 Matches, 417 inodorous, 422 various kinds of early, 418 Mather Thompson, bleaching process, 819 Meat, 792 cooking, 793 curing, 796 various methods of preservation, 794 Mechernich, treatment of lead ores, 171 Meissl, M., maltose, 689 Melis, 707 Melting vessels, 602 Mendheim, M., gas furnace for bricks, 656 Mercurial compounds, 453 fumes, condensing, 207 Mercuric chloride, 453 oxide, 453 Mercury, 207 fulminating, 398 gold, and silver compounds, 452 properties of, 211 soap, 919 uses and detection, 212 Merino wool, analysis, 801 Metallic iron, green vitriol from, 473 Metallurgical operations, application of water gas in, 49 Metallurgy, 108 of nickel, 148 Metals, hardness of, in Metals, pliancy of, 112 properties of, no Methylene blue, 558 Methylic alcohol, 486 Methyl violet, 537 Miest and Bias, working up zinc blende, 216 Milk, 786 Millifiore work, 625 "Milling" gold, 191 Milly, saponification, 924 Mineral additions to rugs in paper-making, 865 green and blue, 457 oil, 80 waters, artificial, 241 Mineralising wood, 948 Minium, 461 Mitscherlich, chemical production of cellulose, 862 Mohair, 801 Molasses, 691 Molloy, hydrogen amalgamation process for gold, 191 Mond, L., process for obtaining pure nickel, 149 for obtaining soda from vat waste, 332 Mordants, various, for dyeing, 822 Morgan, W. P., and Longden, J. N. 963 Nitroglycerine, 393 Nitrose, denitration of, 266 Nitrosodimethylaniline, 558 Nitrous vapours, arrangements for collecting, 265 Nobel, M., dynamite, 395 nitroglycerine, 393 " Non-poisonous" match, 423 Nut galls, 876 oil, 906 Nuts, valonia, 876 Nutrition, 797 OAK bark for tanning, 874 Octahedral borax, 432 Odling, W., Crookes, W., and Tidy, C. Plate furnace of Mal6tra, 255 glass, 609, 612 Platinum, 197 black, vinegar by means of, 495 extraction from its ores, 197 lead concentrator, 280 light unit, 97 properties, 198 soap, 919 stills, 278 Platinising plate glass, 614 Plattner, extraction of gold, 192 Pluto Mine, arrangement of coke-ovens, 32 Pneumatic malting, 740 Poling, 159 Polishing leather with pumice-stone, 883 polygon grate, 60 Porcelain glaze, 640 hard, manufacture of, 638 kiln, 641 ornamenting, 643 tender, manufacture, 644 Portland cement, 669 Potash, caustic, 299 commercial value, 300 glass, 593 Potassa and cobalt, nitrate of protoxide of, 147 potassium and sodium, 218 carbonate, production of, 286 ©hlorate, 363 chloride, preparation of, 283 chromates, 470 cyanide, 477 ferricyanide, 477 ferrocyanide, 474 nitrate from Chili saltpetre, 376 perchlorate, 364 permanganate, 468 preparation of, 220 price of, 221 saltpetre, 373 salts, 283 from sea-weeds, 295 from suint of wool, 297 from the ashes of plants, 287 from the treacle of beet-root sugar, 291 Potatoes, starch from, 678 Potato spirit, experiment, 780 Potter's clay, 631 wheel, 639 Pottery, common, 650 Poudrette, 424 Price's Candle Company, manufacture of fatty acids, 930 Printing ink, 909 linen, 185 silk, 852 tissue, 821, 839 with coal-tar colours, 850 with gold and silver, 849 with resists. 965 Salt cake furnaces, 31 1 common, from brine, 306 from sea water, 302 in salines, 303 properties of, 307 uses, 309 lixiviation, 177 pink, 449 rock, 304 springs, mode of working, 306 works and common salt, 302 Saltpetre earth, treatment of ripe, 374 mode of obtaining, 373 native, 373 refining crude, 375 soda, 371 testing, 378 uses, 379 Salts of aluminium, 435, 443 of gold, 452 of potassium, 283 from sea-weeds, 295 from suint of wool, 297 from the ashes of plants, 287 from the treacle of beet-root sugar, 291 Sand blast machine, 628 niters, 235 Saponification theory, 911 various methods of, 924 with caustic lime, 921 Sarg, freezing, of glycerine, 934 Satm glass, 623 Sauerwein's method for the decomposition of cryolite, 438 Saxony blue for wool, 832 Scales, thennometric, 949 Scarlet, biebrich, 577 double brilliant, 578 Schaffner, process for obtaining soda from vat waste, 330, 337 " Schafhautel's mixture," use of, 131 Scheele's green, 457 Scheibler, M., elution, 708 Scheurer-Kestner, combustion value of coal, 24 Schilling, N. H., Munich generator furnace, 68 Schmidt, Cross, and Witz, cotton dyeing, 837 tissue-printing, 848 Schwackhofer, combustion value of coal, 24 Schoop's apparatus for the manufacture of arsenic acid, 450 Schott's experiments on the composition of glass, 594 Schreib, H., soda-ammonia process, 342 Schiieper and Baum, process for indigo printing, 847 Schultz and Julius, arrangement of most im- portant tar colours, 526 tube drying oven of , 21 Scbulze, F., extraction of cellulose, 865 M., maltose, 688 Schwarten kiln, 13 Schwarz's apparatus for distillation, 771 Schweinf urt green, 457 Scraping or smoothing leather, 883 Sealing-wax, 938 Sea-water, common salt from, 302 Sea-weeds, iodine from, 369 potassium salts from, 295 Seger, M., experiments on clays, 635 Senff, determination of different kir^ls of wood on distillation, 17 Sericiculture, 803 Sesame oil, 906 Shagreen, 891 Shanks' lixiviation apparatus, 321 Shanks, MacDougal, and Rawson, process for producing chlorine, 352 Shaving-soap, 917 Sheer steel, 142 Sheet glass, 6l I Shoddy, 803 Shot, manufacture of small, 173 I Sicilian raw sulphur, composition, 245 Siemens and Halske, measuring electric light, 105 working up zinc blende, 216 apparatus for distillation, 772, 777 C. Soda, 309 alum, 440 ammonia process, 339 caustic, 343 crude, conversion into purified, 318 conversion of sulphate into, 315 cryolite, 343 crystals producing, 326 from plants, 310 from sodium sulphide, 343 from vat waste, 330 furnace, rotating, 317 glass, 593 lye, purification and concentration of, 323 lyes, analyses of, 324 obtained by chemical means, 310 residues, analyses of, 329 utilisation of, 329 saltpetre, 371 stannates, 449 theory of the formation of, 328 ultramarine, 446 Sodium aluminates, 442 amalgam for gold extraction, 190 and potassium, 218 benzoate, 502 bicarbonate, 346 chromate, 470 manufacture of, 218 nitrate, 372 salt 555 sulphate, 314 thiosulphate, 261 Soft soap, 912, 916 Solar oil, 94 Sole leather, 883 Solvay, E., soda-ammonia process, 340 production of chlorine, 352 Soot, 581 " Souring " of kerosene, 85 Souring wine, 728 Soxhlet, M., maltose, 689 Specific heats of metals, in Speiss, 145 Spirit, cosine, 552 purification of crude, 779 Spirits, from sugar waste, 766 from wine and lees, "66 manufacture of, 760 varnish, 909 Spring and well water, 227 Springs of mineral oil, 81 Stamp machine, 866 Stannate of soda, 449 Stannic chloride, 449 Starch, 676 sugar, composition, 687 works, water for, 230 Stas's experiments on glass, 598 Steam boiler, duty of, 59 firing, 58 boilers, water for, 229 brewing, 757 colours, 847 heating, 65 oven, 21 Steam pipe cement, 911 Stearine, 921 Steduian's retort furnace for lighting gas, 73 Steel, 132 and iron castings, 143 examination of, 124 basic process, 136 Bessemer, 133 carbonisation, 142 Steel, cast, 142 cement, 142 Damascus, 144 engravings, 144 properties of, 143 puddled, 133 rough or natural, 133 run, 143 sheer, 142 Steeling, 143 Stenhouse, Dr., composition of boghead coal, 25 Stereochromy, 618 Stills, platinum, 278 Stockbridge, M., beet sugar, 694 Stoltze's method of preparing wood vinegar, 498 Stones, imitation of precious, 621 Stoneware, manufacture, 645 Stove heating for houses, 61 Russian, 62 tile, 63 Stoves, earthenware, 62 in Germany, 62 Strass, 621 Strontia process for beet treacle, 711 Style, china blue, 845 lapis, 844 madder, 842 Styrogallol, 580 Sugar, 684 candy, 707 consumption, 706 extraction from beet-root, 694 of the grape, 722 salts of potassium from treacle of beet-Toot, 291 varieties of, 691 works, water for, 231 Sugars, various, 712 washing, 919 Suint, 802 Sulphate, conversion into crude soda, 315 furnaces, 312 of ammonia, 409 of copper, 454 of lead, 467 of zinc, 460 sodium, 314 Sulphide of soda, soda from, 343 of zinc, process for benzol colours, 562 Sulphides, tellurides, gold ores, £c., process for treating refractory, 191 Sulphite of calcium, 261 Sulphur, 244 chloride, 251 determination of, 78 extraction, 245 from iron pyrites, 247 from roasting copper ores, 248 from sulphuretted hydrogen, 249 from sulphurous acid and carbon, 249 from sulphurous acid and sulphuretted hy- drogen, 248 from vat waste, 248 gas, 248 in iron, determining, 124 Sulphur, properties of, 249 recovery of, 334, 337 refining, 245 Sulphuric acid, 262, 271, 282 concentration, 275 green vitriol from, 473 Sulphurous acid, liquid, 259 and sulphuric acids, 251 Sulzbach, coke-ovens used at. 967 Sumac, 875 Son gold, 570 hemp, Sir Superphosphate, 425 Button, F., examination of water, 228 Swedish fining for iron, 1 29 " thermo-kettles," 16 Sykes's hydrometer, 487 TABARI£, M., ebullioscope, 725 Tables, useful, 949 Tanneries, water for, 231 Tanning, 873, 881 alum, 886 by electricity, 889 in bark, 88 1 in liquor, 882 materials, estimation of the value of, 877 wares, composition of several, 878 Tannin, 502 ink, 524 mordants, 825 Tar colours, 524 arrangement of, 526 condensation of vapours, 88 distillation, 90, 503 firing, 73 mode of operating with, 89 of paraffine, preparation, 87 properties of, 89 retort from brown coal, 93 treatment of the products of distillation, 90 Tartaric acid, 500 Tartrazine, 580 Tawer's softening iron, smoothing leather with, 884 Tawing, S86, 890 Temperatures, high determination of, 4 Textiles, examination of dyed and printed, 852 Thermo-chemistry, 481 "Thermo-kettles," 16 " Thermo-lamp," 79 Thermometers, various, 2, 5 Thermometric scales, 949 Thermometry, 2 Thickenings, importance in tissue-printing, 840 Thomas and Gilchrist, basic process for steel, 136 Thompson, J., bleaching cotton, 818 > Thomson's method for the decomposition of cryolite, 438 Tidy, C. Water, distillation, 239 examination of, 228 for bleach and dye works, 231 for breweries, 230 for distilleries, 230 for municipal and domestic supplies, 233 for paper mills, 231 for starch works, 230 for steam boilers, 229 for sugar works, 231 for tanneries, 231 for the manufacture of glue, 231 gas, 45, 48 manufacture, 46 glass, 617 heating, 65 mains, 240 purification, 229 scales for liquids lighter than, 950 softening, 237 used for baking-, 234 well and spring, 227 Waters, artificial mineral, 241 Wax matches, 423 Waxes, 906 Weber, K., analyses of glass, 594 Weber and Wiebe, experiments on glass, 598 Weed colours. 517 Weld and wold, 523 Welding, 113, 132 Weldon, W., process for obtaining chlorine, 348 Weldon and Pechiney, production of chlorine, Well and spring water, 227 Wheat starch, preparation, 679 Whey, 787 White lead, 462 from chloride of lead, 467 oil soap, 914 resists, 844 vitriol, 460 Whites, reds, yellows, 480 WhitweU's air heater, 117 Wiesner, J., sags, 683 Will, H., and Fresenius, R., commercial value of potash, 301 Wilson's bleaching liquor, 363 Window glass, 609 Windsor soap, 917 Wine, casking, 723 clearing or fining, 730 constituents, 724 diseases of, 727 lyes, working up, 501 making, 719 musts, improving, 732 Wines, and lees, spirits from, 766 artificial, 732 effervescing, 730 Winkler and Feichtinger, Portland cement, 672 Witz, calico printing, 843 Cross, and Schmidt, cotton dyeing, 837 Woehler, freezing of glycerine, 934 process for determining total carbon in iron, 124 M., and Deville, H., observations on adaman- tine, 434 Wollner, M., manufacture of saltpetre, 377 Wolff, J., commercial starch, 680 Wood, ii charcoal, manufacture, 12 composition of air-dried, 12 examination of, 863 gas, 79 preservation of, 944 products of degasification, 36 stuff for paper-making, 860 tar, 15 vinegar, 497 Wood's metal, 218 Woods, red, 518 Wool, artificial, 802 bleaching, 820 chemical composition, 801 distinguishing silk from, 807 • origin and properties of, 800 suint of, salts of potassium from, 297 varieties, 80 1 Woollen black. 