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tr CONSULTING AND ANALYTICAL CHEMIST, AND CHEMICAL ENGINEER; EXAMINER IN ' SOAP MANUFACTURE,* AND IN ' FATS AND OILS, INCLUDING CANDLE MANUFACTURE,' TO THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE OF THE UMSVEkSITY MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1901 Digitized by All rights reserved Google lVy?W3,9 V Digitized by Google !>• PEEFACE For several years past I have been contemplating the idea of collect- ing together in readily accessible tables all numerical values required in the examination of fats and oils. This book presents these in a handy form, which has stood the test of practical experience during the somewhat lengthy time this work has been in preparation. The book consists almost exclusively of tables ; the description of methods has not been given, nor has it been considered advisable to add any explanations as to the contents of the tables. Such informa- tion is contained in my Chemical Analysis of Oils, Fats, and Waxes^ and of the Commercial Products derived therefrom, second edition (Macmillan and Co., 1898), to the pages of which the reader must be referred. In Part I. only I have considered it necessary to introduce a few pages of subject matter explanatory of the system of fats and oils, as this has been considerably strengthened since the appearance of my Chemical Analysis, I may add that this Part I. should not be looked upon as merely a tabulated epitome of that work. A number of tables have been specially calculated to give further information ajid assistance in the interpretation of analytical results. Part II. will, I hope, be found the most useful portion of the work. Numerical values, so-called constants, and variables, have been care- fully scrutinised, and only the most reliable ones have been given. In some cases I had to decide on the most probable values. It is hardly necessary to add that the literature of the subject has been taken note of down to the latest possible date, and that numerous values, extracted from my laboratory note -books, are 101^71 Digitized by VjOOQIC vi LABORATORY COMPANION TO FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES published here for the first time. Throughout this part the greatest attention has been paid to the requirements of the works chemist. Part III. contains a few tables which are very frequently required, and are added to enhance the usefulness of this book as a laboratory manual. Some of these tables have been taken from Lunge and Bockmann's Chemisch-technische Untermchungsmethoden, J. LEWKOWITSCH. London, September 1901. Digitized by Google CONTENTS PAET I SYSTEM AND EXAMINATION OF FATS AND WAXES A. System of Fats and Waxes Fatty Oils and Fats. Waxes .... £. Saponification of Fats and Waxes C. Examination of Fats and Waxes Physical Methods Chemical Methods PAGE 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 TABLES Table No. 1. — Monoglycerides ,, 2. — Diglycerides .... ,, 3. — Triglycerides .... ,, 4.-» Waxes .... ,, 6. — Saponification of a pure Triglyceride „ 6.— Fatty Acids .... ,, 7. — Alcohols .... ,, 8. — Freezing Mixtures , , 9. — Saponification Values, Percentages of Insoluble Fatty Acids, and Yields of Glycerol from Mono-, Di-, and Tri glycerides ,, 10. — Iodine Values of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and their Gly cerides. 0-2 11. 12. -Logarithms for the Quotient ^Thio^nipirte -Saponification Values of Waxes 8-9 8-9 10-11 12 13 14-21 22-23 24 26-27 25 28 29 Digitized by Google viii LABORATORY COMPANION TO FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES Table No. 13. — Acetylated Glycerides. Saponification Values, Percentages of Insoluble Fatty Acids, and Acetyl Values of Mono-, Di-, and Tri-glycerides ,, 14. — Acetyl Values of Alcohols .... ,, 15. — Acid Values of Fatty Acids .... ,, 16. — Conversion of Acid Value into Oleic Acid. ,, 17. — Some Unsaponifiable Substances and their Constants „ 18.— Elaidin Test ...... „ 19.— Sulphur Chloride Test .... ,, 20. — Oxygen Absorption by Livache's Test ,, 21. — Oxygen Absorption by Bishop's Test ,, 22. — Hydroxylated Acids obtained on Oxidising Unsaturated Fatty Acids ...*.. ,, 23. — Bromoderivatives of Unsaturated Fatty Acids 30-31 32 32 33 33 34 34-35 35 36 37 PAKT II FATS, OILS, AND WAXES, AND THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS DERIVED THEREFROM A. Fats, Oils, Waxes, and their Constants and Variables PAGE 41 TABLES Table No. 24 A.— Vegetable Oils. Drying Oils .... . 42-43 Semi- Drying Oils . 44-45 Non-Drying Oils . 46-47 „ 24 B.— Animal Oils. Marine Animal Oils . 48-49 Terrestrial Animal Oils . 48-49 24 C— Vegetable Fats .... . 50-51 24 D.— Animal Fats. Drying Fats .... . 52-53 Non-drying Fats . 52-53 24 E.— Waxes. Liquid Waxes .... . 54-55 Solid Waxes .... . 54-55 B. Commercial Products of the Fats and Oils Industries. 1. Lubricants. Tables No. 25 A. to F. — Viscosities of some Oils and Fats 58-60 Digitized by Google CONTENTS 2. Wool Oils — Cloth Oils. Table No. 26.— Analyses of Ordinary Wool Oils . .63 ,, 27. — Analyses of Emulsion Wool Oils . . .64 28.— Heat Test of Wool Oils ..... 64 3. Sod Oils — DifionAS. Table No. 29. — Analyses of some Oils and the Sod Oils made therefrom 67 30. — Analyses of some American Sod Oils . . .68 31. — Analyses of some D^gras . . .69 32. — Analyses of some D^gras . . .70 33. — Analyses of D^gras and Similar Products . . 71 34. — Analyses of some D^gras . . . .72 4. Oxidised Oils. (a) Blovm Oils. Table No. 35. — Some Constants and Variables of Blown Oils . . 74-75 ,, 36. — Analyses of some Oils and their Blown Oils . . 76 4. Oxidised Oils. (b) Boiled Oils and their Raw Materials. Table No. 37. — Oxygen Absorption by the Glass-Plate Hethod . 78-79 ,, 38. — Oxygen Absorption of Boiled Oils, Varnish Oils, and Resin Oils ...... 80-81 ,, 39. — Oxidised Oils prepared by Treatment with Oxygen . 82 ,, 40.— Some Constants and Variables of Commercial Boiled Oils ...... 82 ,, 41. — Some Constants and Variables of Gums used in Varnishes ...... 83 ,, 42. — Analyses of Lithographic Varnishes prepared by boil- ing over Fire . . . . .83 ,, 43. — Some Commercial Driers 5. Vulcanised Oils. Table No. 44. — Vulcanised Oils — India Rubber Substitutes. 6. Candle-Making. Table No. 45. — Milk of Lime in Degrees Baum^ obtained from 1 Kilo- gram Caustic Lime .... ,, 46. — Percentages of Caustic Lime in Milk of Lime. ,, * 47. — Sulphuric Acid required to saturate 100 Kilograms of Lime . .. ,, 48. — Melting Points of Mixtures of Laurie Acid with Myristic, Palmitic, and Stearic Acids ,, 49. — Melting Points of Mixtures of Myristic Acid with Palmitic and Stearic Acids ,, 50. — Melting Points of Mixtures of Palmitic Acid with Stearic Acid ..... , 51. — Acid Values and Mean Molecular Weights of Mixtures of Stearic and Palmitic Acids 84 87 91 92 92 93 94 95 Digitized by VjOOQIC X LABORATORY COMPANION TO FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES PAGE Table No. 62. — Solidifying Points of Mixtures of Commercial Stearic and Oleic Acids ..... 95 , , 63. — Solidifying Points of * * Stearines " obtained by the Acid Saponification Process . . . .96 ,, 54. — "Stearine "  in Red Oils . . . 97 ,, 56. — Melting Points of Mixtures of Palmitic and Cerotic Acids ...... 98 ,, 57. — Melting Points of Fractions obtained from Scotch Paraffin Waxes ..... 98 ,, 58. — Specific Gravity of Paraffin Waxes . . .99 ,, 59.— Specific Gravity of Melted Paraffin Waxes . . 99 60.— Specific Gravities of Solid Paraffin Waxes at 60" F. . 99 61.— Solubility of Paraffin Wax . . .100 ,, 62. — Melting Points of Candle Material from "Mixed Paraffin Wax and Stearine " . 101-102 , , 63. — Melting Points of Candle Material from Mixed Paraffin Wax (Thuringian) and " Stearine " . . 103 ,, 64. — Mixed Ceresine and Beeswax Candle Material . 104 ,, 65.— Mixed Ceresine and Paraffin Wax Candle Material . 104 ,, 66. — Commercial Oleines (Oleic Acids) . . . 105 7. — Soap Manufacture. Table No. 67. — Percentages of Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash in Caustic Lyes .... 109-110 ,, 68. — Influence of Temperatures on the .Specific Gravities of Solutions of Caustic Soda . . . 112-115 ,, 69.— Caustic Alkali Solutions required to saponify Fats of Mean Molecular Weight 860 (Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, etc.) . . . . .111 ,, 70. — Caustic Alkali Solutions required to saponify Fats of Mean Molecular Weight 670 (Cocoa nut Oil, Palm- kernelOil ...... 116 ,, 71. — German and French Alkalimetrical Degrees . 117-118 ,, 72. — Specific Gravities of Solutions of Sodium Carbonate at 15° C. 118 ,, 73. — Specific Gravities  in Soap by Twitchell's Method . 120 8. Glycerin. Table No. 75. — Residue and Ash of Distilled Glycerines . 123 ,, 76. — Specific Gravities of Aqueous Solutions of Glycerin . 124 ^^ 77. — Specific Gravities and Refractive Indices of Aqueous . Solutions of Glycerin . . . .126 ,, 78. — Specific Gravities, Boiling Points, and Vapour Tensions of Aqueous Solutions of Glycerin . . . 126 Digitized by VjOOQ IC CONTENTS xi PAET III GENERAL TABLES PAGE Table No. 79. — Comparison of different Thermometric Scales . 129-130 80. — Comparison of different Thermometric Scales . . 131 81. — Comparison of the Hydrometer Degrees according to Baume and Twaddell with the Specific Gravities 132-133 82. — Degrees Bamn^ for Liquids lighter than Water at 15*5** C.=60**F 133 83. — Specific Gravities of Hydrochloric Acid . . . 134 84. — Specific Gravities  Sulphuric Acid ....... 139 86. — Percentages of SOg in Commercial Fuming Sulphuric Acid ....... 139 87. — Specific Gravities of Solutions of Common Salt . . 140 88. — Specific Gravities of Mixtures of Alcohol and Water at 15-5° C. ...... 140 ,, 89. — Percentages of Absolute Alcohol in Aqueous Solutions . 141 INDEX 143 . Digitized by VjOOQ IC Digitized by Google PAKT I SYSTEM AND EXAMINATION OF FATS AND WAXES Digitized-by Google Digitized by Google A. SYSTEM OF FATS AND WAXES FATTY OILS AND FATS The fatty oils (liquid fats) and fats occur in animals and plants in the form of the "neutral glycyl ethers" or "triglycerides" They are also termed " neutral oils and fats " in contradistinction to those oils (liquid fats) and fats which contain more or less considerable quantities of free fatty acids. The latter must be considered as having been derived from the neutral fats by a slow process of spontaneous decomposition, in the course of which diglycerides, mono- glycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol have been formed. The following three tables (Tables Nos. 1, 2, and 3) contain a list of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides hitherto isolated in a pure state, and their constants as far as ascertained. The fatty oils (liquid fats) and fats consist of mixtures of the triglycerides, such as mentioned in Table No. 3, and, besides these, of other glycerides which have not yet been prepared in a pure state. The triglycerides may be either glycerides of one fatty acid only or " mixed glycerides," i,e. a glyceride in which more than one fatty acid is combined with glycerol, such as oleodistearin. The most convenient classification of fatty oils (liquid fats) and fats for practical purposes can be based on the magnitude of the iodine value. This principle includes their subdivision into oils (liquid fats) and solid fats, according to their consistency, and also that based on their capability of absorbing oxygen, more or less rapidly, on exposure to the air at the ordinary temperature. Arranging then, according to the iodine value, we obtain the following subdivisions, taking as two parallel branches the vegetable fats on the one hand, and animal fats on the other, not only for the sake of convenience but also for the further reason that vegetable fats can be chemically differentiated from animal fats by the occurrence of phytosterol in the former, whereas animal fats are recognised by the presence of cholesterol. Digitized by Google THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO pabt I. Liquid Fats or Fatty Oils Vegetable Oils — B. Animal Oils — 1. Drying Oils. 1. Marine Animal Oils. 2. Semi-Drying Oils. (a) Fish Oils. 3. Non-Drying Oils. (b) Liver Oils. (c) Blubber Oils. 2. Terrestrial Animal Oils. IL Solid Fats A. Vegetable Fats. B. Animal Fats. 1. Drying. 2. Non-Drying. WAXES The waxes are, chemically considered, ethers formed by the union of fatty acids and of alcohols, not belonging to the glycerol series. Hence, by the absence of glycerol they are sharply differentiated from the oils and fats with which they have many physical properties in common. The constants of a number of " waxes " isolated in the pure state are collated in Table No. 4. The natural waxes also, may be conveniently classified according to their iodine values, with subdivisions, in a similar manner to that adopted for fatty oils and fats, as follows : — L Liquid Waxes II. Solid Waxes A. Vegetable Waxes. B. Animal Waxes. All the better known natural fats and waxes are tabulated accord- ing to the foregoing classification, together with their origins, yields, and those numbers which are employed in analysis for their identifica- tion and examination in the tables in Part II. , headed Tables 24. B. SAPONIFICATION OF FATS AND WAXES The saponification of fats takes place according to the following equation : — O.R O.M CsHg O. R -h3M . OH=C3H5 O. M + 3R. OH, O.R O.M where E denotes the radicle of any fatty acid, and M stands for a monovalent metal or hydrogen. In the light of experiments made by Geitel and by the author, this Digitized by VjOOQIC I FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 5 equation must be considered as a summary of the following three equations : — O.R O.M C3H5 O . R + MOH=C3H50 . R+R . OH, • O.R O.R O.M O.M CsHBO.R + MOHrrCgHBO.M + R.OH, O.R • O.R O.M O.M C3H5 0.M+MOH = C3H50.M + R.OH, O.R O.M - expressing the fact that saponification takes place in three stagfes, passing from the triglyceride through the diglyceride and mono- glyceride to the products of complete saponification, namely, free fatty acid and glycerol. The difference between the old view and the new view finds its numerical expression, in the Table No. 5, where the percentages of glycerol to be expected from a pure triglyceride, as saponification progresses, are placed side by side with the percentages of free fatty acids formed simultaneously. • The saponification of waxes takes place according to the following equation : — C„H2„+i CO . . CnR^m+i + MOH = C„H2„^.i CO . OM + CnHg^+i OH. The different constituents into which fats and waxes are resolved by the process of saponification are enumerated in the Tables Nos. 6 and 7, together with those constants that have been determined hitherto. To the table of natiu-ally occurring fatty acids there are added in an Appendix the constants of some hydroxylated and dibasic acids that are met with in products of the fat and oil industries. a EXAMINATION OF FATS AND WAXES The examination of a fat or wax must be preceded by its purifica- tion from foreign substances. This is attained by extracting the fatty matter with a volatile solvent, and evaporating off the latter. The purified fat or wax is then examined by the following general physical, and chemical methods. (Only in special cases detection and determination of sulphur, phosphorus, metals, etc., is required.) Physical Methods The physical methods are confined chiefly to the determination of the (a) Specific gravity. (b) Melting and solidifying points. (c) Eefractive power Digitized by VjOOQ IC 6 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO part The constants ascertained hitherto are stated in the Tables No. 24 in Part II. For the determination of the solidifying point at low temperatures it is necessary to employ freezing mixtures, such as those given in Table No. 8. The determination of the viscosity will in some cases give useful indications; but hitherto the viscosity has not become of sufficient importance as a constant to be able to afford discriminative value. Tables giving the viscosities will be found under the heading "Lubricants," Tables No. 25 in Part II. Chemical Methods The chemical methods in use refer, in the first instance, to the determination of the "constants" or "quantitative reactions." They comprise the following values : — (a) Saponification value. (b) Reichert value, or Reichert-Meissl value. (c) Insoluble fatty acids + Unsaponifiable (Hehner value). *{d) Iodine value. As a guide to the proper interpretation of the numbers so obtained and set out in the general Tables No. 24 in Part II, the Tables Nos. 9, 10, and 11 will be found useful. Table No. 9 gives the saponification values, percentages of in- soluble fatty acids (Hehner values), and yields of glycerol of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of the most frequently occurring fatty acids. Table No. 10 states the iodine values of unsaturated fatty acids, and of their corresponding mono-, di-, and triglycerides.. For the purpose of rapidly calculating the iodine value. Table No. 1 1 gives the 0*2 logarithms of the quotient -y-. , , for the most frequently occurring numbers. Table No. 12 will be found useful in the interpretation of results obtained in the examination of waxes. Besides these constants it is often required to determine the (a) Acetyl value, (b) Acid value, (c) Unsaponifiable matter, since from these numbers important conclusions can be derived as to the valuation of a fat or wax under examination. These numbers not being " constants," but varying with the mode of purification and with other accidental circumstances, have been comprised under the heading " Variables " in Tables No. 24, Part II. A reservation must, however, be made with regard to the acetyl value, which in some cases must be considered a " constant," as in castor oil (and generally in the case of triglycerides of hydroxylated fatty acids), and alcohols. Tables No. 13 and No. 14 will afford the necessary guidance in the interpretation of experimental data. Digitized by Google I FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 7 Table No. 15 gives the "acid values" of a number of pure fatty acids. The acid value is frequently expressed in terms of oleic acid. Table No. 16 will assist in readily converting one term into another. The examination of the unsaponifiable matter will be materially expedited by a reference to Table No. 17. Besides these foregoing methods, we have a number of chemical reactions which have not yet attained to the rank of quantitative reactions, and are usually comprised under the name of qualitative reactions. They include : — (a) The Elaidin test. Table No. 18 ; (b) The Sulphur Chloride test, Table No. 19 ; (c) The Thermal test, cp. Tables No. 24 in Part II ; and (d) The Oxygen Absorption test. Tables Nos. 20 and 21, cp. also " Oxidised Oils," Part II. For the further examination of the fatty acids and their separation into individual fatty acids, scientific methods must be resorted to. Those hitherto used are, however, not expeditious enough for general application. They comprise, in the first instance, the separation of the volatile from the non-volatile fatty acids, and then the separation of the solid fatty acids from the liquid acids. An insight into the nature of the latter is obtained by examining the oxidation products on the one hand and the bromination products on the other. The Tables Nos. 22 and 23 give the numbers obtained hitherto for the best examined substances. Digitized by Google THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Table No. 1. — 4 5 '■ 6 \ 7 8 9 , 10; Monoglycerides. Fonnula. Molecular Weight. Specific Gravity. Solidi- fying Point. "C. "C. Mono-formin Mono-acetin Mono-butyrin. Mono-isovalerin Mono- palmi tin. Mono-stearin Mono-arachin. Mono-cerotin 1 Mono-melissin. Mono-olein C3H5(O.CHO)(OH)2 C3H,(O.C2H30)(OH)2 C3H5(O.C4H70)(OH)2 C3H5(O.C«H,0)(OH)2 C3H«(O.CieH3,0)(OH)2 C3H«(O.Ci8H350)(OH)2 C3Hb(O.C2oH«,0)(OH)2 C3H5(O.CaeH„0)(OH)2 C3H5(O.C3oH5eO)(OH)a C3H„(O.C,8H330)(OH)2 120 134 162 176 330 358 386 470 526 356 H 17 16 21 1-2212 1-088 1-100 0-947 15-20 Table No. 2.- 7 8 9 10 11 12 Diglycerides. Formula. Molecular Weight. Specific Gi-avity. Solidi- Point. »C. - 'C. Di-formin Di-acetin .... Di-butyrin Di-isovalerin Di-palmitin Di-stearin Di-arachin Di-cerotin Di-melissin Di-olein .... Di-erucin .... Di-brassidin CsH5(O.CHO)20H C3H5(O.C2H30)20H C3Hb(O.C4H70)20H C3H5(O.C5H90)20H C3H5(O.CieH3iO)20H C3H5(O.Ci8H350)20H C3H,(0.C2aH3,0)20H C8H5(O.Ca8H5iO)20H C8H5(O.C8oH«90)20H C8H,(O.C,8H830)20H C8H5(0. C22ii4iO)20H C8H5(O.C22H4iO)20H 148 176 232 260 568 624 680 848 940 620 732 732 15 if 17 16 21 1-304 1-1769- 1-1788 1-083 1-059 0-921 10^6 Digitized by Google Monoglycerides FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES Melting Point. Boiling Point. Solubility. ^C. m.m. Pressure. °C. 63 61 7*8 -8 91 •5-92-0 2-3 165 130-132 Easily soluble in water and alcohol ; very sparingly soluble in ether, and almost insoluble in benzene. 8 volumes are miscible with 3 volumes of water ; with 5 or more volumes of water an emulsion is formed. 100 parts absolute alcohol dissolve 5*306 parts at 22*5° C. Sparingly soluble in cold ether ; dissolves easily in hot alcohol and ether. Nearly insoluble in cold ether. Diglycerides Melting Point. 61 76-6 75 79-5 93-0 47-0 67-0 m.m. Pressure. Boiling Point. 20-30 40 760 163-166 175-176 259-261 Solubility, Easily soluble in water and alcohol ; less readily in ether, and with difficulty in benzene. 100 parts absolute alcohol dissolve 1^*2^97 parts at 20^^ C. Sparingly soluble in cold alcohol ; dissolves in 150 parts hot alcohol. Easily soluble in warm ether, chloroform, benzene, and petroleum ether. Almost insoluble in cold ether ; soluble in CS2. Almost insoluble in boiling alcohol. Almost insoluble in cold alcohol ; dissolves readily in ether and petroleum ether. Sparingly soluble in ether. 7 8 9 10 11 12 Digitized by VjOOQIC 10 THE LABORATORY COMPANION, TO PART Table No. 3.— Triglycerides. Fonnula. Molecular Weight. Specilic Gravity. Solidi. fying Point. Melting Point. "C. "C. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 Acetin . .. 2 Butyrin .. Valerin, Iso-. Caproin .. 6 Caprylin .. Caprin . .. Lauriu . .. Myristin .. Palmitin .. Stearin . .. Arachin Cerotin. Melissin Olein. Ela'idin. Erucin. Brassidin. Ricinolein. Mixed Glycerides- Acetodiformin Oleodistearin. Elai'dodistearin C3H6(O.C2H30)3 C3H5(O.C4H70)8 C3H,(O.C,HeO)3 C3H5(O.CeHnO)3 C3H5(O.CioH,80)8 C3H5(0.Ci2H230)3 C3H5(O.Ci4H270)3 C3H5(O.CieH3iO)3 CsH5(O.C,8H350)3 C3H6(O.C2oH390)3 C3H5(O.C26H5iO)3 C3H6(O.C3oH«,0)3 C3H3(O.C,8H330)3 C3H5(0 . Ci8H330)3 C3H«(O.C22H4iO)3 C3H6(O.C22H4iO)3 C3Hg(0. Ci8H3302)3 C8H5(O.C2H30)(O.CHO)2 C3H5(O.C,8H330)(O.Ci8H350)2 CgHfiCO. Ci8H330)(0. CisHseO)^ 218 302 344 386 470 554 638 722 806 890 974 1226 1394 884 884 1052 1052 932 190 888 888 H V- ¥ -V- ¥ 65-5 1-1603 1-056 1-0324 1-0143 0-9963 0-9817 0-9651 0-9494 0-9540 0-9382 0-9231 0-9205 0-9057 0-8944 ^-8687 0-8848 0-8657 0-9235 0-8621 -60 -15 46-47 70-0 15 0-900 0-959- 0-984 1-2490 0-8928 -60 40-8 -25 8-6-8-3 31-1 46-4 56-5 65-1 71-6 76-5-77 89 38 31-0 47-0 -25 45-46 61 Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 11 Triglycerides Boiling Point. Refractive Index. CI ■■ 1 ■■!■ glf A ■. SoluDibty. Occurrence. m.m. Pressure. •c. °C. ^D. 40 172-172-5 15 1-4328 Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, 760 258-259 benzene. Insoluble in CSg and petroleum ether. Slightly soluble in water. 10 186 20 1-4687 Soluble in absolute, and 86 per cent alcohol, and the usual organic solvents. Cow butter. 760 285 20 40 60 1-48587 1-42785 1-42015 Nearly insoluble in water. Dolphin oil, porpoise oil. 20 1-44265 Miscible with 85 per cent alcohol and the Cow butter. 40 1-43502 usual organic solvents at the ordinary cocoa nut oil. 60 1-42715 temperature. Miscible with 85 per cent alcohol and the 20 1-44817 Cow butter, 40 1-44069 usual organic solvents at the ordinary cocoa nut oil. 60 1-43316 temperature. Dissolves sparinglyin absolute alcohol at the 40 1-44461 Cow butter, 60 1-43697 ordinary temperature, but readily in hot alcohol, as also in the usual organic solvents. cocoa nut oil. ... 60 1-44039 Sparingly soluble in cold absolute alcohol ; Laurel oil. 1 100 1-4246 easily soluble in the usual organic solvents. Tangkallah fat. and in hot absolute alcohol. cocoa nut oil. 60 1-44285 Very sparingly soluble in cold absolute alcohol ; easily soluble in hot absolute Nutmeg butter, dika oil. alcohol, and in the usual organic solvents. 80 1-43807 Almost insoluble in cold absolute alcohol, dissolves in hot alcohol and in the usual organic solvents. Almost insoluble in cold absolute alcohol, Most fats and oils. Most fats and ... 80 1-43987 more soluble in hot absolute alcohol. Sparingly soluble in cold ether and petro- leum ether ; readily in the hot solvents. Dissolves readily in cold benzene and chloroform. Very slightly soluble in ether. Very slightly soluble in ether. Insoluble in dilute alcohol ; more readily soluble in absolute alcohol than palmitin or stearin. Easily soluble in the usual oils. Arachis oil. 1 Most fats and oils. organic solvents. Nearly insoluble in alcohol ; readily soluble Rape oil. in the usual organic solvents. 760 360 Miscible with absolute alcohol and glacial acetic acid ; soluble in 96 ^er cent alcohol and methyl alcohol. Spanngly soluble in Castor oil. petroleum ether. 27 157 Mkanyi fat, kokum butter. 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20 21 Digitized by Google 12 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Occurrence. Spermaceti Opium wax Beeswax Chinese wax Cochineal wax Blood serum Blood serum 1 Solubility. Nearly insoluble in cold alcohol ; easily soluble in boiling alcohol Nearly insoluble in cold alcohol or ether ; dis- solves with great difficulty in cold benzene and glacial acetic acid Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzene ; but only sparingly soluble in alcohol Nearly insoluble in alcohol ; slightly soluble in ether Very slightly soluble in boiling alcohol so IS  Weight. 480 608 620 676 508 762 1382 610 636 638 oo -«** CO ?o o" o'oo^oo^^s o"o c? 8 888883 88 8 o dododd do d k in h s k br% k k k W WWWWWW WW w J o^Jo^Jo^o^ J J J 88 66 ^ Cetyl Palmitate, Cetin. Octodecyl Palmitate Ceryl Palmitate Myricyl Palmitate, Myricin Cetyl Stearate Ceryl Cerotate Cocceryl Coccerate, Coccerin. Cholesteryl Palmitate Cholesteryl Oleate. Cholesteryl Stearate Isocholesteryl Stearate Cholesteryl Cerotate Digitized by VjOOQIC FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 13 Table No. 5. — Saponification of a Pure Triglyceride (Molecular Weight 860) Old Theory. New Theory. Fatty Acids. Glycerol. Fatty Acids. Glycerol. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1 95-52 1 10-85 95-52 10-85 95-31 10-82 95-69 10-429 95-09 10-78 95-88 9-975 94-86 10-72 96 07 9-538 94-65 10-58 96-31 8-910 94-45 10-27 96-68 8-019 94-37 9-82 96-80 7-767 94-69 8-47 97-94 4-986 95-77 6-34 98-51 3-681 97-33 3-86 99-24 1-837 97-54 3-32 99-39 1-466 98-20 2-45 99-52 1-115 98-98 1-51 99-69 0-743 99-53 0-67 99-85 0-372 j 100-00 1 0-00 100-0 0-00 Digitized by Google 14 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO PART Table No. 6. Specific Gravity. Solidi. fying Point. Melting Point. Acids. Formula. Molecular Weight. •c. - 'C. "C. Acids, C^HanOa— 1 Acetic .... CaHA 60 15 86 1-0515 1-0064 + 17-5 2 Butyric .... C4H80a 88 14 13^ 0-9746 0-9580 0-9599 0-9590 0-8983 0-8141 -19 -6-5 -7-9 3 Valeric, Iso- ^«b=£c8:k 102 0-9467 -67 -51 20 0-9310 4 Caproic .... C,H,A 116 40 0-9274 0-917 below -18 5 Caprylic .... C,H„0, 144 0-9270 0-9100 12 16-5 6 Capric .... C,oHa,0, 172 V- 0-8858 31-3-31*4 7 Urabellulic .... ^11 "2203 186 21-23 8 Laurie .... C„H«0, 200 0-883 0-875 0-8642 0-8495 ... 43-6 9 Myristic. C„H^O, 228 0-8622 0-8584 ... 53-8 10 Isocetic C,5H,„0j(?) 242 55 11 Palmitic .... Ci.HajOa 256 ¥ ¥ 0-8527 0-8465 0-8412 62 -6 62-62 12 Daturic .... C17HS4O2 270 64-5; 57 13 Stearic .... C„H„0, 284 11 ¥ 1-0000 0-8454 0-8386 69-3 69-32 14 Arachidic .... Ca,H«Oj 312 77 15 Behenic .... 0^440, 340 79-77 83-84 16 Lignoceric .... ^'2*^48^2 368 ... 80-5 17 Carnaiibic . . .. C24H48O2 368 ... 69-67 72-5 18 Hysenic .... CasH^oOa 382 77-78 19 Cerotic .... Ca8H5202 396 ¥ 0-8359 77-8 20 Melissic .... C30H60O2 452 n Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 15 — Fatty Acids Boiling Point. Refractive Index. Solubility. Occurrence. in.m. Pressure. •c. •c. np. 760 118-1 ... ... Miscible with water, alcohol and ether in all proportions Macassar oil. 760 162-3 20 1-39906 Cow butter. 10-48 72-4 Dissolves in 23-6 parts of water Porpoise oil, dol- phin oil. 45-92 199-2 760 173-7 732 199-7 20 1-41635 Not miscible with water, though slightly soluble in it Cow butter, cocoa nut oil. 10 123-5-124-3 20 1-42825 Soluble in 400 parts of boiling water ; very sparingly soluble in cold water Cow butter, 761 236-237 cocoa nut oil, human fat. 13 153-154 40 1-42855 Sparingly soluble in boiling water ; nearly insoluble in cold water Cow butter, 100 199-5-200 cocoa nut oil. 760 268-270 760 275-280 ... Chaulmoogra oil. 102 60 1-42665 Very slightly soluble in boiling water Laurel oil, cocoa 15 176 nut oil. 16 180 100 225 121-122 60 1-43075 Completely insoluble in water ; dissolves Nutmeg butter ; 15 196-5 with difficulty in cold alcohol and ether dika oil, quince 100 250-5 oil, cocoa nut oil. Sperma- ceti, wool wax. Curcas oil. b 138-139 80 1-42693 Not readily soluble in cold alcohol, nor in Most animal and 15 215 cold petroleum ether. Easily soluble in vegetable fats; 100 271-5 both menstrua in the hot beeswax, sper- maceti. 15 223-225 ... Seeds of thorn- apple. 154-5-155-5 80 1-43003 Less soluble in cold alcohol than palmitic Most animal and 15 232 acid vegetable fats. 100 291 760 360 ... ... Arachis oil, ram- butan tallow, rape oil, maize oiL Ben oil. ... 100 parts alcohol of 90 per cent by volume dissolve at 17** C. : 0-102 grms. 100 parts ether dissolve at 16** C. : 1-922 grms. ... ... Very sparingly soluble in cold alcohol . Sparingly soluble in cold methyl alcohol Arachis oil. ... ... Carnaiiba wax. wool wax. Almost insoluble in cold alcohol ; soluble in Carnaiiba wax. boiling alcohol beeswax. ... ... Almost insoluble in ether and methyl alcohol Beeswax. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Digitized by Google 16 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Acids. Acids, CnH2n-2^2"" Tiglic. Hypogseic. 3 Gaidio Physetoleic Lycopodic. 6 I Oleic 8 Elaidic Isooleic 9 Rapic. 10 Doeglic 11 ! Jecoleic 12 I Erucic 13 Brassidic 14 ! Isoerucic Acids, C„H2„_402- 15 Elseomargaric 16 17 18 19 Elteostearic Linolic Tariric Telfairic I Adds, CnHjjn^Oa- 20 ' Linolenic 21 Isolinolenic. 22 Acids, CnHan-gOg- Isanic. PART Table No. 6, cm- Formula. CieHgoOa CieHsoOg C18H34O2 C18H34O2 ^^18^3402 ^19^36^2 ^19"3602 CoiHioOq C22H42O0 C22H42O2 ^l7H3o02 ^IsHooOq I Specific ' [ Gravity. Molecular ' ' Weight. I •c. Solidi- fying Point. 100 254 254 254 254 282 282 282 282 296 1^ 115 20 30 50 296 I ... 338 st^ 338 I ^f i 338 ' 266 '' 266 I ... , 280 i 14 i 280 ! ... 1 i ! 280 C18H30O2 ' 278 I Hi C18H30O2 278 I ... C14H20O0 ; 220 •C. 0-9641 0-8908 0-898 0*895 0-889 0-875 0-8540 0-8505 0-8602 0-8585 0-9206 0-9228 56 52-51 below -18 Digitized by Google Melting Point. 41 FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 17 tinned, — Fatty Acids Boiling Point. Rofhictive Index. ci^i..v.:iJA.. Occurrence. Solubility. m.m. Pressure. •c. •c. no. 760 198-5 ... Dissolves sparingly in cold, easily in hot water Croton oil. 10 230 ... Arachis oil, maize 15 236 oil. Caspian seal oil. Spores of Lyco- podium. 153 15 1-4638 Insoluble in water ; readily soluble in al- cohol, even if somewhat dilute Most animal and 10 223 20 1-4620 vegetable oils. 15 232-5 30 1-4585 30 249-5 40 1-4546 50 264-0 50 1-4509 100 285-5-286 60 1-4471 154 10 225 15 234 80 251-5 50 266 100 -287-8-288 ... Very easily soluble in alcohol, less readily in ether Distilled stearine. Rape oil. Arctic sperm oil. Cod Uver oil (?). 179 ... Very easily soluble in alcohol Rape oil, mustard 10 254-5 seed oils, fish 15 264 oils(?). 30 281 160 10 256 15 265 30 282 Sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether Dissolves readily in alcohol and ether Chinese wood oil. Drying oils. Fat from Pic- ramnia. 13 220-225 Koeme oil. Drying oils. ^ Readily soluble in alcohol and the usual organic solvents Linseed oil. Seeds from Fsano. #7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Digitized by Google 18 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO PAKT Table No. 6, con- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 1 ' Acids. Fonnula. Molecalar Weight. Specific Gravity. Solidi- Melting Point. "C. 1 'C. Therapic (?) ? C„Ha,Oj CjoHjsOj 262 304 360 ... ::: Acids, C„H2„03— Lanopalmic Ci,H,jO, 272 ... 85-83 87-88 Cocceric .... CaiHe^O, 482 ... 92-93 AcidSy CnHon-a^s — Ricinoleic .... Ricinelaidic Ricinic .... C„H„0, C1SH34O3 298 298 298 298 16-5 0-9509 0-8931 -6--10 4-5 52-53 81 Acids, CnR^O^— Monobasic Acids — Dihydroxystearic Ci8H3604 316 141-143 Lanoceric .... CsoHeoO^ 484 103-101 104-105 Acids, CnR^-^0^— Dibasic Acids— Japanic .... C2oH4o(COOH)2 370 >l-0 117-7-117-J APPENDIX ' I. Hydroxylated Acids— 1 (a) Monohydroxylated Adds, C„H2„03— /S-Hydroxystearic a-Hydroxystearic CigHsjOaCOH) C,8H3«92(OH) 300 300 68-65 83-85 77-79 Lactone of 7-Hydroxy stearic (Stearolactone) {b) Dihydroxylated Acids, Tigliceric (Dihydroxytiglic) CjbHj^Oj" C^HACOH), 282 134 47-48 88 Di-hydroxypalmitic. Di- hydroxy stearic C„H3„0,(0H), C,8Hj40,(OH)3 288 316 122-119 115 136-5 1 Di-hydroxystearidic. p-Di-hydroxystearic. Di-hy droxyi ecoleic Di-hydroxybehenic C,8H,40j(OH), C„H,40,(0H), Ci.H„05(0H), C^,s02(0H)j 316 316 330 372 1 99-100 79 114-116 132-133 Iso-Di-hydroxybehenic p-Di-hyaroxybehenic. CsaH«0,(OH)j C^H^Os(OH), 372 372 ... i 88-87 82-80 1 99-100 86-88 Digitized by VjOOQIC FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 19 tinued,- —Fatty Acids Boiling Point. Refractive Index. Occorrence. ouiuuxubjr. m.m. 1 .Q Pressure. °C no. ... ... ... Insoluble in water, but dissolves in it in presence of alcohol on boiling ; soluble in the usual organic solvents Dissolves sparingly in cold alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether, and glacial acetic acid Cod liver oil. Cod liver oil. Cod liver oil. Wool wax. Cochineal wax. 15 260 Easily soluble in alcohol and ether Castor oil. 15 250-252 ... Insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene; dissolves in boiling alcohol Sparingly soluble in ether and warm benzene Sparingly soluble in the usual solvents Sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether More readily soluble in ether, and less in absolute alcohol than the /3-acid Insoluble in water ; dissolves easily in al- cohol ether, and petroleum ether Easily soluble in water ; soluble in alcohol and acetone ; insoluble in petroleum ether, chloroform, and benzene Readily soluble in alcohol and ether Completely insoluble in water ; not readily soluble in cold alcohol ; sparingly soluble in ether Easily soluble in alcohol and ether Quince oil. Castor oil. Wool wax. Japan wax. Dissolves readily in warm alcohol; in- soluble in cold ether 1 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Digitized by Google 20 tHE LABORATORY COMPANION TO part Table No. 6, co7i- Acids. (c) Trihydroxylated AcidSy 1 Tri-hydroxystearic 2 a-Iso-tri-hydroxystearic 3 I j8-Iso-tri-hydroxystearic (d) Tetrahydroxylated Add^ CnHgnOs — Sativic . . .. {e) Hexahydroxylated Adds, GnH2nOg — Linusic .... Isolinusic II. Dibasic Acids- Suberic Azelaic Sebacic Formula. Molecular Weight. Ci8H3302(OH)3 Ci8H8302(OH)3 Ci8H3302(OH)8 CiaHgaOaCOH)^ Ci8H8oOa(OH)« CisHaoOaCOH), C6Hi2(C00H)2 332 332 332 348 380 380 Specific Gravity. 174 C7Hi4(COOH)2 188 C8Hi8(COOH)2 ; 202 Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 21 '. — Fatty Acids BoiUng Point. Refractive Index. f** ^ . ». .. Occurrence. Solubility. m.m. Pressure. 'C. 'C. Ud. Dissolves with difficulty in hot water ; likewise in cold alcohol and ether ; warm 1 >. alcohol and glacial acetic acid dissolve it readily. Insoluble in carbon bisulphide, chloroform, benzene, and petroleum ether Readily soluble in ether and benzene Sparingly soluble in hot water, ether, chloro- form, and petroleum ether ; readily soluble in alcohol Very sparingly soluble in hot water; in- soluble in cold water, ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, and benzene. Dis- solves readily in hot alcohol and glacial acetic acid More soluble in water than sativic acid. Insoluble in ether ; sparingly soluble in alcohol Sparingly soluble in cold water; readily soluble in hot water and hot alcohol. ... Insoluble in ether, benzene, carbon bi- sulphide and chloroform 162-5 Dissolves sparingly in cold water; 100 1 10 219-5 parts ether dissolve 0-809 parts at 16° C. ; almost insoluble in chloroform 16 230 50 258-5 100 279-0 168 ... ... Sparingly soluble in cold water ; 100 parts ether dissolve 2-68 parts at 15° C. Very 10 225-5- 15 237 easily soluble in alcohol 50 265 100 286-5 164 ... ... Sparingly soluble in cold water; readily 10 232 soluble in alcohol and ether 15 243-5 50 273 100 294-5 • Digitized by Google 22 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO PART Table No. 7. Fonnula. Mole. cular Weight Specific Gravity. Solidi- •c. - •c. Alcohols, CwHan+sO— 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cetyl alcohol (Ethal) Octodecyl alcohol Carnaiibyl alcohol Ceryl alcohol. Isoceryl alcohol Myricyl (melissyl) alcohol. Alcohols, C„H2„6— C:,H»0 Ca,H„0 Cj,Hj,0 242 207 354 382 396 438 0-8176 0-8105 0-7984 0-7837 0-8124 0-8048 0-7849 68-67 7 Lanolin alcohol (?). Alcohols, C„Ha„+202- CijHjiO 182 ... ... ... 8 ? CaHRiOj 384 •■•. ... 9 10 Cocceryl alcohol Psyllostearyl alcohol. Alcohols, CnHon+aOs — as 454 496 ... 11 Glycerol .... Alcohols, CwHjSn.aOg— C3H803 92 1-26358 1-26468 1-2620 1-26348 12 Cholesteitol c^^jy 372 ... 1-067 13 14 Isocholesterol. Phytosterol C28H44O C26H44O 372 372 ... ... ... Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 23 -Alcohols Melting Point. Boiling Point. Solubility. ; Occurrence. •c. m.m. Pres. sure. •c. 1 50 15 119 189-5 Dissolves in alcohol ; easily soluble in ether and benzene Spermaceti. 1 69 760 15 344 210-6 ... Spermaceti. 2 68-69 79 62 85; 88 ... ... Soluble in alcohol Soluble in alcohol Soluble in alcohol Nearly insoluble in cold alcohol, easily soluble in hot alcohol Wool wax. Chinese wax. Wool wax. Bees wax. 3 4 5 6 102-104 ... Insoluble in ether, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, chloroforih, and benzene Wool wax. 7 103-5— 103-8 101-104 86-87 ... ; Dissolves sparingly in boiling petrol- eum ether; somewhat more readily in ether and in benzene Dissolves in hot alcohol Almost insoluble in ether ; sparingly soluble in petroleum ether ; easily soluble in benzene Camaiiba wax. Cochineal wax. 8 9 10 crystals melt at 20** C. >» 12-6 60 760 179-6 210 290 Miscible with alcohol and water ; spar- ingly soluble in ether ; insoluble in petroleum ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, and benzene Constituent of all fats and fatty oils. 11 148-6 137-138 132-134 ... Insoluble in water; sparingly soluble in cold alcohol ; easily soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, less readily in petroleum ether Wool wax. Wool wax. Vegetable fats and oils. 12 13 14 Digitized by Google 24 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO PART Table No. 8. — Freezing Mixtures Required per 100 parts of Snow, to produce Temperature. 13*5 parts potassium nitrate and 26 parts ammonium chloride -17-8 33 , sodium chloride -21-3 52 , ammonium nitrate and 55 parts sodium nitrate -26-8 9 , potassium nitrate and 67 parts ammonium rhodanate -28-2 13 , ammonium chloride and 37 '5 parts sodium nitrate. -30-7 32 , potassium nitrate and 59 parts ammonium rhodanate -30-6 2 , potassium nitrate and 112 parts potassium rhodanate -34-1 39-5 , , ammonium rhodanate and 54*5 parts sodium rhodanate. -37-4 143 , crystallised calcium chloride (CaCl2 + 2H20). -50-0 Table No. 9 see page 26. Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 25 Table No. 10. — Iodine Values of Unsatwrated Fatty Adds and of their Glycerides Patty Acid. Ponnula. Iodine Value of Patty Acids. Iodine Value of Monoglyceride. Diglyceride. Triglyceride. Tiglic .... Hypogseic "l Physetoleic y .. Oleic ^ Elaidic 1 Isooleic 1 ■ Rapic J Doeglic 1 Jecoleic t ' Erucic 1 Brassidic V .. Isoerucic J Elseomargaric Linolic \ Tariric ]■ .. Millet Oil 1 Tilnolenic j Isolinolenic - .. Jecoric J Isanic .... Therapic . .. Ricinoleic ^ Ricinisoleicj ' * cS^02 C14H2802 Ca6H«02 CnH3202 C18H34O2 Ca»H3e02 C22H42O2 C17H30O2 C18H32O2 CisHaoOa Ci,H2o02 C17H26O2 C18HJ4O3 254-00 128-28 112-39 100-00 94-78 90-07 85-81 75-15 190-98 181-42 274-10 461-82 387-78 85-23 145-98 93-38 84-67 77-44 74-27 71-35 68-65 61-65 149-41 143-50 216-47 345-57 302-38 68-28 198-43 112-39 100-00 90-07 85-81 81-93 78-39 69-40 172-79 164-93 249-02 409-67 350-34 77-91 225-44 120-57 106-42 95-25 90-50 86-20 82-29 72-43 182-29 173-58 26215 436-67 369-90 81-76 Digitized by Google 26 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Table No. 9. — Saponification Values, Percentages of InsoM Glyceride of Acid. 1 MONOOLYCERIDE. ) Formula. Molecular Weight. Sapoui- flcation Value. In- soluble Patty Acids. Gly. cerol. Formula. Acetic. CsH^COHMO.CAO) 134 428-7 68-65 C3H5(0H)(0.C2H30,, Butyric C,ll,(OKUO.C,R,0) 162 346-3 56-80 CjHsCOHjCO.C^H^O). Valeric. C3H,(OH),(O.C,H.O) 176 318-8 52-27 C3H6(0H)(O.C,H,O)2 Caproic CsHaCOHWO.CgHuO) 190 295-3 48-42 C3H8(0H)(0.C6H„0)2 Caprylic C3H,(OH)2(O.C8Hi,0) 218 257-3 42-20 CjH^COHXO.CsHi^O), Capric. C3H6(OH)2(O.CioH,90) 246 228-1 37-40 C3H5(OH)(O.CioHi,0\, Laurie. C,K,{OllUO,C,,n^O) 274 204-7 ... 33-58 C3H5(0H)(0.Cj2H230W Myristic C8H5(OH)2(O.Ci4H«0) 302 185-8 75-50 30-46 C3H5(0H)(0.Ci4Ho70, Palmitic C3H,(OH),(O.CieH3iO) 330 170-0 77-58 27-88 C3H6(OH)(O.Ci6H3iO:, Stearic. C3H5(OH)2(O.Ci8H850) 358 L56-7 79-33 25-70 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8H330), Oleic. CsHsCOHWO.CisHjsO) 356 157-6 79-22 25-85 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8H330., Linolic. CsHeCOHWO.CisHsxO) 354 158-5 79-10 25-99 C3H8(OH)(O.Ci8H330;, Linolenic CgH^COHWO.CisHa^O) 352 159-9 78-98 26-14 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8HaO;, Ricinoleic C8H5(OH)2(O.Ci8H8802) 372 150-9 80-12 24-74 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8Hs30.,, Erucic. C3H5(OHWO.C2aH4iO) 412 136-2 82-04 22-33 CsH6(OH)(O.C22H4iO, Cerotic C3H,(OH)2(O.C«,H«0) 470 119-3 84-26 19-58 C3H5(OH)(O.Ca6H5iO: Hydroxystearic. C3H«(OH),(O.Ci8H3«0,) 374 150-0 80-20 24-60 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8H3,0„ Dihydroxysteario. C3H5(OH),(O.Ci8H3«03) 390 143-9 81-02 23-59 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8Ha,oJ Trihydroxystearic C3H5(OH)2(O.Ci8H3504) 406 138-2 81-78 22-66 C3H5(OH)(O.C,8H3.A Sativic. C,ll,{OllUO,C,sn^O,) 422 133-0 82-48 21-80 C3H6(OH)(O.Ci8H3505l Linusic CgHeCOHWO.CisHj^O^) 454 123-6 83-70 20-26 C3H5(OH)(O.Ci8H350r Acid, C17H34O2. C3H5(OH)2(O.C„H330) 344 163-1 ... 26-74 'CgH^COHXO.CnHssOX Acid, M.W. =275 ... 349 160-8 ... 26-36 C3H5(OH)(OR)2(R=2r Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 27 %tty Acids, and Yields of Glycerol from Mono-, Di-, and Tri-glycerides YCERIDE. Triolyceride. olecular y'eight. Insoluble Fatty Acids. Saponi- fication Value. Glycerol. Formula. Molecular Weight. Insoluble Fatty Acids. Saponi- fication Value. Glycerol. 176 637-6 52-27 C,R,{O.C,Rfi), 218 772-0 42-20 232 483-7 39-66 C8H,(O.C4H,0)3 302 667-3 30-46 260 431-6 35-38 CaH^CO.C^H^Os 344 489-2 26-74 288 389-6 31-94 C3H«(O.CeHnO)3 384 436-1 23-96 344 ... 326-2 26-74 C3H5(O.C«Hi50)3 470 368-1 19-58 400 ... 280-5 23-00 C3H5(O.CioHi,0)3 662 303-7 16-67 456 246-1 20-18 C3H„(O.C,,H«0)3 638 263-8 14-42 612 89-05 219-1 17-97 C3H5(O.Ci4H^O)3 722 94-76 233-1 12-74 668 90-16 197-6 16-20 C3H,(O.Ci8H3iO)3 806 95-29 208-8 11-42 624 91-02 179-8 14-74 C,U,(0,C,,R^O), 890 95-73 189-1 10-34 620 90-95 181-0 14-84 C3H«(O.Ci8H330)3 884 95-70 190-4 10-41 616 90-90 182-1 14-93 C3H6(O.Ci8H330)3 878 95-67 191-7 10-48 612 90-83 1.83-3 15-03 C8H5(O.Ci8Ha,0)3 872 95-63 193-0 10-55 652 91-43 172-1 14-11 C3H«(O.Ci8H330,)3 932 95-93 180-6 9-87 732 92-36 163-3 12-67 CsHsCO.CaaH^Os 1052 96-39 160-0 8-74 848 93-40 132-3 10-86 C3H,(O.C«H,,0)3 1226 96-90 137-3 7-60 666 91-47 171-1 14-03 C3H«(O.Ci8H3A)3 938 96-95 179-4 9-81 688 91-87 163-1 13-37 C8H,(O.Ci8H3503)3 986 96-15 170-7 9-33 720 92-23 156-9 12-78 C,H5(O.Ci8Hs,04)3 1034 96-35 162-8 8-90 752 92-56 149-2 12-24 C3H«(O.C,8H3«0«)3 1082 96-50 166-0 8-51 316 93-16 137-6 11-28 CsHgCO •Ci8H3507)3 1178 96-77 142-4 7-81 )96 188-3 16-44 C3Hb(O.Ci,H330)3 10-85 i06 185-2 16-18 C3H6(OR)3(R=274) 10-66 Digitized by Google 28 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Table No. 11 Logarithms for the Quotient 0-2 cc. Thiosulphate cc. Thio- ^ 0-2 cc. Thio- ^ 0-2 sulphate. sulphate. 16-3 ^•^• 14-0 1549020 0888424 14-05 1533537 16-35 0875122 14-1 1518109 16-4 0861862 14-15 1502736 16-45 0848641 14-2 1487417 16-5 08354161 14-25 1472161 16-55 0822320 14-3 1466940 16-6 0809219 14-35 1441781 16-65 0796158 14-4 1426675 16-7 0783135 14-45 1411622 16-75 0770152 14-5 1396620 16-8 0757207 14-55 1381670 16-85 0744301 14-6 1366771 16-9 0731433 14-65 1351924 16-95 0718603 14-7 1337127 17-0 0705811 14-75 1322380 17-05 0693056 14-8 1307683 17-1 0680339 14-85 1293035 17-15 0667659 14-9 1278437 17-2 0665016 14-95 1263888 17-25 0642409 15-0 1249387 17-3 0629839 15-05 1234935 17-35 0617305 15-1 1220531 17-4 0604808 15-15 1206174 17-45 0592346 15-2 1191864 17-5 0579920 15-25 1177602 17-55 0567529 15-3 1163386 17-6 0555173 15-35 1149216 17-65 0542853 15-4 1135093 17-7 0530567 15-45 1121015 17-75 0518316 15-5 1106983 17-8 0606100 15-55 1092996 17-85 0493918 15-6 1079054 17-9 0481770 15-65 1065157 17-95 •0469655 15-7 1051303 18-0 0457575 15-75 1037494 18-05 0445528 15-8 1023729 18-1 0433514 15-85 1010007 18-15 0421534 15-9 0996329 18-2 0409586 15-95 0982693 18-25 0397671 16-0 0969100 18-3 0385789 16-05 0955550 18-35 0373939 16-1 0942041 18-4 0362122 16-15 0928575 18-45 0350336 16-2 0915150 18-5 0338683 16-25 0901766 Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 29 b: tS tf o i  I2 9» T** >p 9> T** » ?^ P ?^ ?* 9» T** «;3 CO 00 b CO I— 1 (N 00 t^ t— 00 •s^ f-H I— 1 a» 00 f-f t^ 00 Oi 00 00 00 !>. r l-H l-H I— 1 45^ 00 CO 00 c^ (N CO 00 00 ^ giP 00 c^ » ^* CO 00 »-t  -^  t§ c? 0^ 0- J 1 8 d Q 8 8 d 8 J d d 8 8 8 1 d .0 d d d d k i; ti s is k 8 9 9 k ^ ^ tt W W W tt w w a W Hi 0^ ^ "' J o« o« J ^ J J c« a .S a U 1 a> 1 1 •43 1 1 § 1 i "S 0) 2 1 1 1 OQ 1 1 t a f (S 2 & 1 1 1 OQ 1 6 1 6 J 5 6 1 "o 6 i '0 1 r2 Digitized by Google 30 THE LABORATORY COMPANION TO Table No. 1 3. — Acetylated Glycerides, Saponification Values, Percentages i Acetylated Monoolyceride. ACETYLAT! Glyceride of Acid. Formula. Molec- ular Weight Saponi- fication Value. In- soluble Patty Acids. Acetyl Value. Formula. 1 Acetic. C3H5(0-CJ[,0,!, 218 772-0 772-0 (O.C,H,&), (O.C,M,0) 2 Butyric C3H«(OX,H,0)3 (O.C,H,0) 246 684-2 684-2 C3H,(0X,H,0) (O.C,H,0), 3 Valeric C3H«(0.C^,0)a 260 647-3 ... ... C3H5(0.C,H^0} (O.C.:^,0) (O.C,H«0), 4 Caproic C3H«(0X,H,0), 274 614-2 CjHsCO.GsHsO) (O.C,H„0) (O.QH.iO)^ 5 Caprylic C3H,(0.C H,0), 302 557-3 ... (O.C,Hi,0) (O.C,H,,0), 6 Capric CaHsfO-C^H^O^ 330 510-0 ... .C3H5(0.C,H,0) (O.C,oHi„0) (O.C,„H„0)3 7 Laurie C3H«(0X,H,0), (O.C^.H^O) 358 470-1 ... C3H5(0.aH,O) (O.Ci,H^,0)^ 8 Myristic C3H5(O.C,H,0), (O.CuH,,0) 386 436-0 59-06 290-7 C3H5(0.aHHO) C3H5(6.6tHf0)" 9 Palmitic C3H«(0,aH,6)a 414 406-6 61-83 271-0 (O.C,rtH3iO) (O.C,rtH„0)2 10 Stearic C3H5(O.C„H,0)2 (O.C;h,.6j C3H5(OX,>H,D)a 442 380-8 64-26 253-9 C3H,(o.aii,o) (o.c,;h^o)^ 11 Oleic. 440 382-4 64-07 255-0 C3H5(O.C,H,0) (OX,,H^,0) (O.Ci,H3,0). 12 Linolic C3H«(0.C,H,0), (O.C,hH3,0) 438 384-3 63-93 256-2 C3H5(0.C.H,0) (O.C,,H,,0,).^ 13 Linolenic C3H«(0XnH;,O), (O.CtJL^O) 436 386-0 63-76 257-3 C3H5(O.C,H,0) (O.C,,H.^O)., C3H5(O.C,H.Oj 14 Ricinoleic C3H«(0,C,H,0), 498 450-0 59-84 338-0 [OX\,H,,0(0.i4H^O)] [O.C,,Hj,0(O.CoH30. 15 Erucic C3H5(OX,H,0)3 (OXVJL^O) 496 339-3 68-14 226-2 C3H5(O.C,H30) (O.CH^jO). 16 Cerotic C3H«(0X\II,0), 554 303-8 71-49 202-5 C^n^iO.QM^O)- (OXn,H,iQ) (O.G^H^O). 17 Hydroxystearic C3H«(0X^,H,0), 500 448-7 60-0 336-7 C3H«(0.CVH,0) [O.^.H^^OtCCaHsO C3H5(0.aiCo) [OX,JI^O(0.0,H,0)] 18 Dihydroxystearic C3Hb(0XuH,0), 558 502-8 56-64 402-2 [OX,,H,P(OX.HaO)a] [O.Q,H3,,OfO.CoH30. 19 Trihydroxystearic CsHsCOXJI^Os [OX,JUOX,HA)] C3H5(OX.H30). 616 546-4 53-89 455-4 C3H5(0.aH30) ' [O.C,,H,,,O(O.C2H30| 20 Sativic 674 582-7 51-63 499-3 C3H,(0.C,H,0) [OX,,H,iO(OX2H^O)J • ' [o.c,:H;,o(o.aHA 21 Linusic C3H5(OX,H,Ol. 790 639-2 48-11 56-82 CgffsCO.aH^O) J [OXiJL^O(OX^.H,0)«] [O.C,hH.^O(O,C2H30 22 C17H34O2. C3H5(0X.rH,O:.,, 428 393-3 63-10 26-22 C.nM.CM,Q) [0X,-H.,01 j [O.Ci.H^aO), 23 Acid Mol. W. 275 433 388-6 63-5 259-1 ! Digitized by Google FATS AND OILS INDUSTRIES 31 soluble Fatty Acids, and Acetyl Values of Mono-, Di-, and Tri-glycerides YCERIDE. ACETYLATED TrIOLVCERIDE. i ?c- Saponi- r fication ht. Value. Insoluble Patty Acids. Acetyl Value. Formula. Molec- ular Weight. Saponi- tlcatiou Value. Insoluble Fatty Acids. Acetyl Value. 8 1 772-0 ... 772-0 ... 4 , 614-2 / 2 1 557-3 510-0 ... 6 436-0 ... 2 380-8 ... ... 8 338-0 ... 4 j 303-8 82-30 101-3 276-0 • 83-92 91-99 ... 6 252-7 85-28 84-24 2 254-3 85-18 84-74 8 255-8 85-12 85-28 i 257-4 86-00 85-78 8 1 360-6 1 76-60 216-3 C3H5[O.Ci8H320(O.C2H30)]3 1058 318-2 84-49 159-1 i 1 217-5 87-34 72-5 ) j 189-1 88-90 63-05 ... 