None
Fetroleum consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, prin- cipally of the BO-called parafline series, C ll ao+S , in which "the temperatures of boiling or melting increase as the number of atoms of carbon in the molecule increase. Thus, the first four of the series are gaseous at ordinary temperatures, the next two or three boil at a temperature beliiw f I i ; i i of I ">i ling water, thereat at a still higher tem- perature. As the number of carbon atoms in the molecule iiifivMsc, the boiling point becomes higher and higher. Those members of the series containing twenty atoms of carbon or more in the molecule are solid at ordinary tem- peratures (commercial paraffines), etc. (vtd. Fowne's Ele- ■mentary Chem.). The chief value of a petroleum lies in the amount and quality of burning, and heavy paraffino oil which can be obtained from it. This is determined by subjecting the oil to what is called "fractional distillation," keeping the portions distilling oif at different temperatures apart from each other, and then determining the amount and quality of the fractions. What distills off first is known as the naphtha, and is inferior in value. The last portions, after distilling oil the heavy parailine oils, have also little or no value. The process is thus conducted : The gravity of (he oil at 60° F. is first taken. Then 000 or 1000 c. c. of the oil, preferably the larger quantity, is weighed, and placed in a retort connected with a good Liebig condenser. A cork, carrying a thermometer which will register temperatures at least as high as fi00° ¥., is then Jitted to the tubulure of the retort and heat is applied. The oil is gradually raised to the temperature of boiling. Being a mixture of hydrocarbons having different boiling points, the temperature does not remain constant, but 3 PETROLEUM. steadily increases. As soon as the thermometer indicates 150° F., the receiver is changed, and another is substituted. This is again changed at 250° F, These first two fractions are the light and heavy naphtha. The fraction between 250° and 400° is the light-, and that between 400° and 500° the heavy-burning oil. If it is only desired to determine the quantity and quality of the illuminating oils wliich the petroleum will yield, we may stop here. If it is de- sirable to go on, the heat is removed for a moment while the thermometer is taken out and replaced by a close-fit- ting ground-glass stopper. The heat is then replaced, and the distillation continued until but a small amount is left in the retort. In some cases, two or three fractions are made of the last portion coming off after 500°. Having the fractions, the next step is to determine their amount and quality. Measure and weigh each one, and take the specific gravity as a check on the results. It must 1* remembered that loss is involved in every transfer of the oil from one vessel to another ; therefore the best plan is to weigh the receivers for the fractions beforehand. The specific gravity is usually reported in degrees Baume. Since, however, there are several tables giving the com- parison of Baume degrees and specific gravities which differ from one another more or less widely, it is well also to record the specific gravity, which may be ascertained most readily and accurately by weighing a small pi<w of glass or brass suspended from a hair in the oil, then in air. and in water. REPORT. Gravity of the oil, 11° Baume ( = sp. gr. .. ..) The oil was found to contain : Temperature.; Per Cent Fahr. By Vol. By Wt. Be. Light. ) Wo „ htl ,„ 70" to 150' Helvy. f Na P htUa iWtoSW Heavy, f Burmng ol1 400" to BOO" Paraffins oils 500 ' upward Residue (cokings) IXASBDra and nritMNii points. 343 Iteiined burning oils sniiu'linios require tit U' tested for "Uashi og " and "burning" points; or, in other words, it may Ii.-.oiiio necessary to dn term ine lit what temperature ( In- i iil will evolve mi iullummahle vapor, and ;i.|. what lein pomturo it will lake lire whun brought near a llaiuo. The teat is made by placing a small portion of the oil in a glass vessel surrounded l>y water, Immersing a thermometer 111 the oil, and slowly heating the water, which, in turn, im parte heat to (In- oil. The oil should be frequently stirred to insure uniform heating, and from time to time A small flame is broughi near the surface of the oil. The tempera" ture should not be raised faster than 8* in five minutes, When the " flashing point" is reached, on the approach <»f jl name, a tight blue flame inns over the mufju E the oil, accompanied with a slighi explosive sound. The Lndi cution of the thermometer is Mini anted. The lira! is slill raised until the application of the flame will Bet the oil on fire, and it will remain burning when the Hanie is removed. Tin* Indication of the thermi iter is then noted us the "burning point." The operation should be conducted in a. place not exposed to draughts. The flame should not be frequently applied to the surfaee of the oil, test the apper layer of the oil should he healed ti|i to this Hashing point, while (In; lower layers, the lenipeial are of whieh is shown by the Iheriuoineter, are slill below that tempera ture. A good quality of; burning oil should not flash below 110° F. CHAPTER XLV. A good hard soap should not contain less than 54 per cent of fat acids, combined with at least one eighth that amount of soda (Na^O), and not over 40 per cent of water. In the analysis of soap, we may have to determine (1) combined fatty acids, (2) unsaponifled fat, (3) resin, (4) glycerine, (5) combined alkali (Nn.^0), (6) uncombined alkali (NaHO), (7) free carbonate (Na a C0 3 ), (8) chloride, trace, (9) sulphate (Na 3 SOi), (10) foreign 'matter, which may include impurities or adulterants, as clay, sand, ochre, talc, sodium silicate, etc., and (11) water. Analysis. Dissolve 5 gms of the soap in line shavings in 80 or 90 c. c. of 90 per cent alcohol, heating it on the water-bath until solution is effected. The solution will then contain the first six constituents above-mentioned, together with the water, while the reH- due-will contain the other constituents. Solution. — Pass a current of carbon dioxide through it for some time. The uncombined alkali will be converted into NaHC0 3 , and will precipitate. Filter, wash with alco- hol, dissolve in water, and titre with half-normal sulphu- ric acid. (Alkalimetry p. 207. ) Calculate to NaHO for (6) uncombined alkali. To the filtrate or the alcoholic solution in which COj failed to produce a precipitate, add 15 or 20 c. c. of water, and evaporate off the alcohol. Add 25 or 30 c. c. of half- normal sulphuric acid from a burette, and a weighed quantity (5 gms.) of pure white wax, boil, filter through a wetted filter, and wash with boiling water until the washings are no longer acid. Cool the cake of wax which takes up the fat acids and resin, dry between bibulous UNCOMBINED FAT — RESIN. paper, and weigh. The weight, less the weight of the wax added, gives that of (1) combined fatty acids, (2) un- combined fat, and (3) resin. In the filtrate from the wax, etc., determine by meana of a half-normal soda solution, how much of the sulphuric acid used has been neutralized by the alkali of the soap, the resul'. gives (5) combined alkali. Calculate to Na s O. Residue. — Dry and weigh, treat with water, and filter, dry again and weigh. The last weight is that of the (10) foreign matter insoluble in water. Titre the water solu- tion with half-normal sulphuric acid. Calculate the re- sult to NoeCOb. This gives (7) free carbonate. The first weight, less the foreign matter insoluble in water, and also less free carbonate, gives the weight of neutral salts sol- uble in water. (2) Uncombined Fat. — Treat 5 gms. of the soap (cut into very fine shavings) with ether two or three times, pouring off the ether into a weighed dish The operation may be assisted by placing the vessel over a water-bath containing hot water, but with no flame under it. Since tho ether may dissolve small portions of the soap, it Is safer to evaporate off the ether from the first extrac- tion, and then to treat the residue again with ether. The weight of the residue left on the last evaporation of the ether gives (2) unsaponified fat. Carbon disulphide may be used in place of ether. (3) Resin. — Dissolve 40 gms. of the soap in boiling water, add an excess of sulphuric acid to separate the fatty acids and resin, cool, pour off the aqueous portion, and digest the fatty residue with equal volumes of alcohol and water, agitating from time to time. Pour off the milky fluid, add more alcohol and water, and digest again. Repeat this until the fluid ceases to become milky, then add water and a weighed quantity of wax as before, filter, dry, and weigh the cake. The weight represents that of the fatty acids deprived of the resin. The differ- ence of percentage obtained in this way from the percent- age obtained as before described, gives approximately the amount of the resin present. (4) Glycerine, — Dissolve 5 gins, of the soap in 90 per cent alcohol, add dilute alcoholic sulphuric acid (1 vol. concentrated sulphuric acid to 10 vols, alcohol) so long as a precipitate forms, filter, wash with alcohol, digest with barium carbonate and water until the alcohol is gone, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness in a weighed dish at gentle heat, and weigh the residue of glycerine. (5, 6, 7, S, 9, and 10) Mineral Constituents. — Calcine C gms., weigh, dissolve in water, filter. Residue is (10) foreign matter. Dilute the solution to some convenient bulk (say 200 c. c. ). In one half, determine total alkali (5, 6, and 7) by titration with half-normal sulphuric acid. A portion may be taken to test for the presence of potassium salts. In one quarter, determine (8) chloride, by titration with standard solution of silver nitrate, with potassium chro- mate as indicator. In the remaining quarter, determine (9) sulphate, by precipitation with barium chloride, as usual. Calculate chloride and sulphate to NaCl and NasSCv (11) Water. — Some analysts determine all the other constituents, and calculate the remainder as water. It may, however, be determined by dissolvingl or2gms. in as little strong alcohol as possible, pouring the solution upon a weighed quantity of sand in a dish, and drying in the air-bath at 110° C. to constant weight. The loss represents the water. CHAPTER XLVT. FLO UK. Digest fi gms. of the Hour in 100 c. c. cold water for one or two hours, with frequent stirring, iiJter through a filter previously exhausted with hydrochloric acid, washed, dried, and weighed, wash with about 100 c. c. cold water. The solution contains (1) albumen, (2) gum, (8) sugar, and a portion of the soluble salts. The residue contains (4) cellulose, (fi) starcJi, gluten, and fat Solution. — 1. Boil, and then filter; the precipitate con- nists of albumen. Dry at 100° C, and weigh. [Note. — The treatment with water, filtration and pre- cipitation of albumen should bo completed on the same day. By keeping the solution hot it may be continued through two days, but this is not advisable.] 2. Evaporate the filtrate from the albumen nearly to dryness, add a large excess of alcohol, warm, and then allow it to cool, filter on a weighed filter, wash with alco- hol. Dry at 100° {)., and weigh the gum thus obtained. 8. Evaporate the alcoholic filtrate from the gum to small bulk, add water, and boil out the alcohol. Concentrate the solution to 50 c. c, and divide in halves. In the first half, determine the glucose direct by the copper sulphate solution as described under Kaw Sugar (p. 22J5). In the second half, add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid, boil, neutralize with potassium hydrate, and determine glucose by copper sulphate as before. The excess of glucose found in the second determination is due to cane sugar. Residue.— Wash with a jet from the wash-bottle into a beaker. Then dry the filter with what adheres to it, and weigh. This weight, less that of the filter found at the beginning, gives the weight of adhering substance, which 248 FLOUR. must be taken into account in the subsequent determina- tions. 4. Add to the substance in the beaker, 50 times its weight of water containing one per cent of sulphuric acid, and heat for several hours, until the starch goes into solu- tion, and only light floculent cellulose is left. Filter and wash until all sulphuric acid is removed, dry at 100° C, and weigh. 5. To the filtrate from the cellulose, diluted to 400 c. c, add about 30 c. c. concentrated sulphuric acid, and heat on a water-bath at about 95° C. for several hours, adding water from time to time to keep it up to the original bulk. Digest thus until a drop of the solution shows no colora- tion when treated with diluted iodine solution, and also gives no precipitate with alcohol. When the conversion of the starch into glucose is complete, neutralize the excess of acid by sodium or potassium hydrate and determine the glucose with copper sulphate as before. The starch can also be determined in a separate portion, by washing a weighed quantity with water, then with ether, and again with water, drying and then making an elementary analysis for carbon (see elementary analysis of sugar), or with copper oxide and lead chromate. The carbon found is from both starch and cellulose. Deduct the carbon due to cellulose found as above (formula, C 12 HioOio the same as that of starch), and calculate the rest to starch (44 parts carbon = 100 parts starch). Albumenoids. — Determine the total nitrogen in 1 gm. by combustion with soda-lime (guano, p. 222), and from this calculate the albumenoids ; 15.5 parts N = 100 parts albumenoids. From this deduct the albumen found as above ; the difference is gluten. Fat — Weigh out 2 or 3 gms. of the flour, treat with ether, boiling it gently over the water-bath, decant the ether through a filter into a weighed dish, repeat this two or three times, evaporate off the ether, and weigh the fat. Ash. — Burn 40 or 50 gms. of the flour in a weighed dish. ASH — WATER. 249 If there is any difficulty in burning off the carbon, cool and weigh the dish and contents ; then extract with hot water, filter through a small filter, avoiding any transfer of the carbonaceous substance to the filter. Dry the dish, and weigh again. The loss represents mineral salts dis- solved out. Moisten with nitric acid, add the filter-paper and contents, and burn again, cool, and weigh. The weight, less that of the dish, represents tfie remain- der of the ash. The weight of the ash of the small filter- paper may be ignored. The ash may * be dissolved in water with a little nitric acid, and analyzed as required. Water.— Dry 1 or 2 gms. in the air-bath at 110 to 120° C. to constant weight. Loss = water. All filter-papers used in this analysis, on which different constituents (albumen, gum, etc.) are weighed, should be prepared by soaking for about half an hour in dilute hydrochloric acid (1 : 10) washing thoroughly with water, and drying. TABLES. TABLES. 367 TABLE OP VALUES OP SULPHURIC ACID. A. H. Elliott, Proc Am. Client Soc. t II., p. 26, adopted by Manufac- turing Chemists' Assoc. See Dingier, CCLX., 268. Tables taken from Kolbe & RcsenstiehTs results. Bulletin de la Soc* Ind. de Mulhouse y July and August, 1872, pp. 209 and 238. DZORBES BXAUMK. Specific Per cent gravity. H,S0 4. Degrees Beaumk. Specific Percent ■gravity. H t SO«. 1 1.005 0.93 34 1.309 40. 90 2 1.011 1.023 1.029 1.036 1.043 1.050 1.057 1.064 1.071 1.086 1.093 1.100 1.107 1.114 1.123 1.136 1.143 1.150 1.158 1.173 1.179 1.186 1.201 1.208 1.216 1.231 1.238 1.254 1.262 1.269 1.285 1.293 1.87 35 8.74 86 4.67 87 5.61 38 1.817 1.334 1.343 , 1.359 1.368 1.883 1.395 1.413 1.423 1.441 1.451 1.470 1.480 1.500 1.510 1.531 1.541 1.563 1.573 1.594 1.616 1.627 1.650 1.661 1.683 1.705 1.727 1.747 1.767 1.793 1.814 1.835 41.14 8 43.01 4 5 43.94 45.81 6 6.54 7.48 8.41 9.35 10.28 89 46.75 7 40 48.63 8 41 49.55 9 42 51.43 10 43 53.36 11 12.15 44 54.33 12 13.09 ! 45 55.16 18 14.02 14.96 15.89 16.83 18.70 19.63 20.57 21.50 23.37 24.81 25.24 27.11 28.05 29.98 30.85 31.79 33.66 34.59 35.53 37.40 38.33 i 46 57.08 14 . 47 57.97 15 48 49 59.84 16 60.77 17 50 63.64 18 51 63.58 19 52 65.45 20 53 66.88 21 54 68.35 23 55 70.12 28 i 58 71.06 24 57 73.98 25 58 78.86 26 53 75.78 27 6D 61 77.60 28 79.47 29 63 81.84 30 63 88.31 81 64 86.03 33 63 88.83 33 66 93.50 i 258 TABLES. TABLE OP SFECIFIO GRAVITY OP SOLUTIONS OP HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 15° (URE). TEMP., Specific Per cent Specific Per cent Specific Per cent gravity. HC1. gravity. HCL gravity. HC1. 1.2000 40.777 1.1328 26.913 1.0637 13.049 1.1982 40.369 1.1308 26 . 505 1 . 0617 12.641 1.1964 39.961 1.1287 26.098 1.0597 12.233 1.1946 39.554 1.1267 25.690 1.0577 11.825 1.1928 39.146 1.1247 25.282 1.0557 11.418 1.1910 38.738 1.1226 24.874 1.0537 11.010 1.1893 38.330 1.1206 24.466 1.0517 10.602 1.1875 37.923 1.1185 24.058 1.0497 10.194 1.1857 37.516 1.1164 23.650 1.0477 9.786 1.1846 37.108 1.1143 23.242 1.0457 9.379 1.1822 36.700 1.1123 22.834 i 1.0437 8.971 1.1802 36.292 1.1102 22.426 1.0417 8.563 1.1782 35.884 1.1082 22.019 ! 1.0397 8.155 1.1762 35.476 1.1061 21.611 1 . 0377 7.747 1.1741 35 . 068 1.1041 21 . 203 ! 1.0357 7.340 1.1721 34.660 1.1020 20.796 i 1.0337 6.932 1.1701 34.252 1 . 1000 20.388 ! 1.0318 6.524 1.1681 33.845 1.0980 19.980 1.0298 6.116 1.1661 33.437 1.0960 19.572 1 . 0279 5.709 1.1641 33.029 1.0939 19.165 1.0259 5.301 1.1620 32.621 1 . 0919 18.757 ! 1.0239 4.893 1.1599 32.213 1.0899 18.349 1.0220 4.486 1.1578 31 . 805 1.0879 17.941 1.0200 4.078 1.1557 31 . 398 1.0857 17.534 1.0180 3.670 1.1537 30.990 1.0838 17.126 1.0160 3.262 1.1515 30.582 1.0818 16.718 1.0140 2.854 1.1494 30.174 1.0798 16.310 1.0120 2.447 1.1472 29.767 1.0778 15.902 1.0100 2.039 1.1452 29.359 1.0758 15.494 1.0080 1.631 1.1431 28.951 1.0738 15.087 1 . 0060 1.124 1.1410 28.544 1.0718 14.679 1.0040 0.816 1.1389 28.136 1.0697 14.271 1 . 0020 0.408 1.1369 27.728 1.0677 13.863 1.1349 27.321 1.0357 13.456 | TABLES. 259 TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OP NITRIC ACID (HN0 3 ) CONTAINED IN SOLU- TIONS OP DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. TEMP., 15° (URE). HN0 3 per cent. Specific gravity. HNO, per cent. 1 Specific ! gravity. i HNO, per cent. Specific gravity. 100 09 98 1.5000 1.4980 1.4960 1.4940 1.4910 1.4880 1.4850 1.4820 1.4790 1.4760 1.4730 1.4700 1.4670 1.4640 1.4600 1.4570 1.4530 1.4500 1.4460 1.4424 1.4385 1.4346 1.4306 1.4269 1.4228 1.4189 1.4147 1.4107 1.4065 1.4023 1.3978 1.3945 1.3882 1.3833 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 1.3783 1.3732 1.3681 1.3630 1.3579 1.3529 1.3477 1.3427 1 . 8376 1.3323 1.3270 1.3216 1.3163 1.3110 1.3056 1.3001 1.2947 1.2887 | 1.2826 1.2765 1.2705 : 1.2644 1.2583 1.2523 1.2462 1.2402 1.2341 1.2277 1.2212 1.2148 1.2084 1.2019 1 . 1958 33 32 31 30 29 28 1.1895 1.1888 1.1770 97 1.1709 93 95 1.1648 1.1587 94 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 ' 17 10 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 . 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.1526 98 1.1465 92 1.1408 91 1.1345 90 1.1286 89 1.1227 88 87 1.1168 1.1109 86 85 84 1.1051 1.C998 1.0935 88 1.0878 82 1.0821 81 1.0764 79 1.0708 1.0651 78 77 76 75 72 71 70 1.0595 1.0540 1.0485 1.0430 1.0375 1.0320 1.0267 1.0212 1.0159 69 68 35 34 1.0106 1.0053 67 260 TABLES. TABLE OP SPECIFIC GRAVITY OP SOLUTIONS OP CRYSTALLIZED TARTARIC ACID IN WATER, TEMP., 15°. WATER AT 15° = 1. Gerlach, "1 9PEOTFISCHE GEWICHTE DER SALZLSsUNGEV. " Per cent. Specific Per cent. Specific 1 Per cent. Specific gravity. gravity. 1 gravity. 1 1.00450 20 1.09698 3) 1.20190 2 1.00900 21 1.10200 40 1.2078S 8 1.01860 22 1.10720 41 1.21880 4 i. 01790 23 1.11240 4 1.21980 5 1.02240 24 1.11750 43 1.22590 6 1.02780 25 1.12270 44 1.28170 7 1.03220 26 1 . 12820 45 1.23770 8 1.03710 27 1.13380 40 1.24410 9 1.04200 28 1.13980 47 1.25040 10 1.04692 29 1 . 14490 48 1.25680 11 1.05170 30 1.15047 49 1.26820 12 1.05650 31 1.15600 50 1.26962 XO •••••f«« 1.06130 82 1 . 16150 51 1.27620- 14 1.06620 83 1 . 16700 52 1.28280 15 1 . 07090 34 1.17260 53 1.28940 1ft 1.07610 1.08130 35 1.17810 1.18400 54 55 1.29610 17....:... 36 1.80270 18 1 . 08650 37 1.19000 56 1.30930 19 1.09170 33 1.19590 57 1.31590 TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF CRYSTALLIZED IN WATER. TEMP., 15°. WATER AT 15° = 1. CITRIC ACID Gerlach, "Specifische Gewichte deb Salzlosuxozx." • Specific Specific Specific Per cent. gravity. Per cent. gravity. Per cent. gravity. 1 1.00370 23 1.09300 45 1 . 19470 2 1.00740 24 1.09720 46 1.19980 3 1.01110 25 1.10140 47 1.20500 4 1.01490 26 1.10600 48 1.21080 5 1.01860 27 1.11060 49 1.21580 6 1.02270 28 1.11520 50 1.22041 7 1.02680 29 1.11980 51 1.22570 8 1.03090 30 1.12439 52 1.23070 9 1.03500 31 1.12880 53 1.23590 10 1.03910 32 1 . 13330 54 1.24100 11 1.04310 33 1 . 13780 55 1.24620 12 1.04700 34 1.14220 53 1.25140 13 1.05090 35 1 . 14670 57 1.25720 14 1.05490 36 1.15150 58 1.26270 15 1.058S0 0***««*'r* 1.15640 59 1.26830 16 1 . 00320 38 1.16120 60 1.27382 17 1.06750 39 1 . 16610 61 1.27940 18 1.07180 40 1.17093 62 1.28490 19 1.07620 , 41 1 . 17560 63 1.29040 20 1.08053 1 42 1.18140 64 1.29600 21 1.08480 , 43 1.18510 65 1.30150 22 1.08890 , 41 1 . 18990 66 1.30710 TABLES. 201 TABLE OK SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF ACETIC ACID. TEMP., 15". C.H 4 O v per Sptwlflo cent. gravity. 0. .. 1.0000 1... 1.0007 «... 1.0022 u. • • 1.0087 4... 1.0052 5. .. 1.0007 6. .. 1.0088 7... 1.0098 0. .. 1.0118 V • .. 1.0127 10... 1.0142 11... 1.0157 12... 1.0171 18... 1.0185 14... 1.0201 15... 1.0214 16... 1.0228 17... 1.0242 18... 1.0250 10... 1.0270 20... 1.0284 21... 1.0208 &A * • • 1.0811 28. .. 1.0824 24... 1.0887 25... 1.0850 20.. 27.. 28.. 20.. 80.. 81.. 82.. 88.. 84.. 85.. 86.. 87.. 88.. 80.. 40.. 41.. 42.. 48.. 44.. 45.. 40.. 47.. 48.. 40.. 50.. Specific gravity. 1.0808 1.0875 1.0888 1.0400 1.0412 1.0424 1.0486 1.0447 1.0450 1.0470 1.04S1 1.0402 1.0502 1.0518 1.0528 1.0588 1.0548 1.0552 1.0502 1.0571 1.0580 1.0580 1.0508 1.0007 1.0015 9 H 4 O fl pt»r cent. 51.. 52.. 58.. 54.. 55.. 56.. 57.. 58.. 50.. 60.. 61.. 02.. 68.. 64.. 05.. 00.. 07.. 08.. 00.. 70.. 71.. 72.. 78.. 74.. 75.. flpoclfic gravity. 1.0628 1.0681 1.0088 1.0046 1.0658 1.0660 1.0660 1.0078 1.0670 1.0085 1.0001 1.0007 1.0702 1.0707 1.0712 1.0717 1.0721 1.0725 1.0720 1.0788 1.0787 1.0740 1.0742 1.0744 1.0740 C 9 H 4 < )„ per Specific cunt. gravity. 70.. 77.. 78.. 70.. 80.. 81.. 82.. 88.. 84.. 85.. 80.. 87.. 88.. 80.. 00.. 01.. 02.. 08.. 04.. 05.. 00.. 07.. 08.. 00.. 100.. 1.0747 1.0748 1.0748 1.0748 1.0748 1.0747 1.0746 1.0744 1.0742 1.0780 1.0780 1.0781 1.0720 1.0720 1.0718 1.0705 1.0606 1.0686 1.0674 1.0600 1.0044 1.0025 1.0004 1.0580 1.0558 TABLE SHOW1NO THE PERCENTAGE OF AMMONIA (NHi) CONTAINED IN SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. TKMP., 14" (CARIUS). Spool fle gravity. 0.8844 0.8804 0.8885 0.8007 0.8020 0.8058 0.8070 0.0001 0.0020 Am- Am- Am- Am- monia, SlMWlflc monia, Specific monia, ' Spool flo monia, pi«r gravity. plT gravity. ]MM* gravity. per OlMlt. 80 0.0053 cent. 27 cent. 18 ' 0.0081 cent. 0.0814 85 0.0078 20 0.0847 17 0.0070 8 84 ! 0.0100 25 0.0880 10 0.0700 7 88 0.0188 24 0.0414 15 0.0740 82 0.0102 28 0.0440 14 0.0700 5 81 0.0101 22 0.0484 18 0.0881 4 80 0.0221 21 I 0.0520 12 0.0878 8 20 0.0251 20 ; 0.0550 11 0.0015 2 2H 0.0288 10 ! 0.0508 l 10 0.0050 1 •.. -- __ _, . i i ■ ■ *. -» a. ^m^m ^n. a • ..., 262 TABLES. TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF K a O IN POTASSA LYE OF DIVFKKENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. TEMP., 17.5°. Hoffman, Schaedler, "Tabellkn fur Chemiker," p. 119. K*0 i K,0 1 I K a O K a O per ' Specific per Specific ■ per Specific per Specific WAt. gravity. 1.576 cent. gravity .. i cent. 23. gravity, i cent. 12. gravity. 43. 34. i 1.414 1.269 1.135 44.5 1.568 ; 33.5 1.407 22.5 1.263 11.5 1.129 44. 1.560 1 33. 1.400 22. 1.257 11. 1.123 4a. 5 1.553 1 ! 32.5 1.393 21.5 1.250 10.5 1.117 43. 1.545 32. 1.386 21. 1.244 10. 1.111 44. ft 1.537 31.5 1.379 20.5 1.238 i 9.5 1.105 49. 1.530 31. 1.372 20. 1.231 9. 1.099 41.5 1.522 30.5 1.365 19.5 1.225 8.5 1.094 41. 1.514 30. 1.358 19. 1.219 8. 1.088 40.5 1.507 29.5 1.352 18.5 1.213 J 7.5 1.082 40. 1.500 29. 1.345 18. 1.207 1 7. 1.076 89.5 1.492 28.5 1.339 17.5 1.201 ; 6.5 1.070 39. 1.484 28. 1.332 17. 1.195 ! 6. 1.065 88.5 1.477 27.5 1.326 16.5 1.189 | 5.5 1.059 88. 1.470 J 27. 1.320 16. 1.183 5. 1.054 87.5 1.463 26.5 1.313 15.5 1.177 4.5 1.048 87. 1.456 | 26. 1.307 15. 1.171 4. 1.043 86.5 1.449 25.5 1.301 ' 14.5 1.165 3.5 1.037 86. 1.442 l 25. 1.294 : 14. 1.159 3. 1.031 35.5 1.435 24.5 1.288 | 13.5 1.153 2.5 1.026 35. 1.428 24. 1.282 ! 13. 1.147 2. 1.021 84.5 1.421 23.5 1.275 12.5 1.141 1.5 1.015 TABLE SHOWING THE SODIUM OXIDE (Na a O) IN SODA LYES OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. TEMP., 17.5°. Hoffman Schaedler, "Tabellen fur Chemiker." Na a O per Specific cent. gravity. 35. 1.500 34.5 1.492 34. 1.485 33.5 1.477 33. 1.470 32.5 1.463 32. 1.455 81.5 1.448 81. 1.440 30.5 1.433 30. 1.426 29.5 1.418 29. 1.411 28.5 1.404 28. 1.396 Na a O per cent. 27.5 27. 26.5 26. 25.5 25. 24.5 24. 23.5 23. 22.5 22. 21.5 21. 20.5 Specific gravity. 1.389 1.382 1.375 1.367 1.360 1.353 1.345 1.338 1.331 1.324 1.317 1.309 1.302 1.295 1.288 Na,0 per cent. 20. 19.5 19. 18.5 18. 17.5 17. 16.5 16. 15.5 15. 14.5 14. 13.5 13. Specific gravity. 1.281 1.274 1.2 6 1.259 1.252 1.245 1.238 1.231 1.224 1.217 1.210 1.203 1.195 1.188 1.181 Na,0 per cent. I Specific gravity. 12.5 12. 11.5 11. 10.5 10. 9.5 9. 8.5 8. 7.5 7. 6.5 6. 5.5 1.174 1.167 1.160 1.153 1.146 1.139 1.132 1.125 1.118 1.111 1.104 1.097 1.090 1.083 1.076 TABLE8. 263 TABLE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AT 15°. WATER AT 15° = 1. GERLACH. " SPKCIFTSCHE GSWICHTE DBR SaLZLOSUNGEN." Per cent. Specific gravity. Per cent. Specific gravity. 1 1.00725 1.01450 1.02174 1.02899 1.03624 1.04366 1.05108 1.05851 1.06593 1.07335 1.08097 1.08859 1.09622 14 1.10384 2 15 1.11146 3 16 1.11938 4 17 1.12730 5 18 1.13523 6 19 ] 1.14315 7 20 1.15107 8 21 1.15931 9 22 1.16755 10 23 1.17580 11 24 1.18404 12. 25 1.19228 13 23 1.20098 TABLE SHOWING THE PERCENTAGE OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. TEMP., 15°. WATER AT 15° = 1. Gerlach, "Specifische Gewichte der Salzlosungen." Per cent. ! ; Specific gravity. Per cent. Specific gravity. 1 2 1.00316 1.00632 1.00948 1.01264 1.01580 1.01880 1.02180 1.02481 1.02781 1.03081 1.03370 1.03658 1.03947 14 15 1.04325 1.04524 8 16 1.04805 4 17 1.05086 5 18 1.05367 6 19 1.05648 7 20 1.05929 8 21 1.06204 9 22 1.06479 10 23 1.06754 11 24 1.07029 12 25 1.07304 13 26 1.07375 INDEX. Page. Absorption, Determination of Carbonic Add by 24 Absorption, Determination of Water by .. 88 Aeetlo Add (Reagent) 33 " In Lime Acetato 220 Strength of (Table) 261 Acetate of Lime, Analysis 220 Aoldlmetry and Alkalimetry 207 Albumen In Flo'ir 247 Albuminoid Ammonia 170, ISO Albuminoids In Flour 249 Alkalies. (See also Potassium, Sodium Ammonium.) Alkalies in Bone-Black 235 " In Clay OS " in Feldspar S3 " In Iron Ore 07 " In Limestone 06 44 In Slag loi " In Suporphosphato 202 " Uncomblned in Soap 244 44 In Water 170 Alkalimetry and Acldimotry 207 Alkaline Metals In Cast-Iron, eto 11H Alum, Ammonia Iron (Anal.) 40 " Potassium (Analysis) 2(1 Alumina (Determination). ; 20 inClay 67 " In Feldspar 62 " lnlronOre 08,04 " etc., In Mineral Water 185 44 in Paint 170 " in Slag 101 " in Water 174 Alumina and Ferric Oxide In Limestone. . . 00 " " " In Mangancso Ore 70 Aluminum in Cant-Iron, eto 117 Ammonia, Free and Albuminoid 170, 180 44 in Iron Ammonia Alum 47 44 In Guano 222 44 in Superphosphato 2-2 " Iron Alum (Sulphate) (Anal.).... 40 Ammonium Carbonate (Reagent) 1 1, 27, 82 Copper Sulphate, Klefer's So- lution 75 Chloride (Reagent). . . ., 53 Strength of (Table).. 263 Hydrate (Reagont) 1 1, 26 44 Strength of (Table). . 261 44 Magnesium Phosphate 17 44 Oxalate (Reagent) 11,21 •i it u Page. Ammonium Phospho Molybdate 81, 1 8 Solution (Water Analysis).... 170 Anhydride, Phosphoric. (See Phosphorlo Add.) 44 Sulphuric (See Sulphurlo Acid. / Antmony in Cast-Iron, etc 118 44 in Copper Ore 187 44 In Refined Lead 168 et aeq. 44 in Typo Metal 164 " Ore, Analysis 152 44 Tetroxlde(Sb a 04) 158 Apothecaries' Weight 254 Apparatus forCarbonlo Add Determina- tion 22 Argentic. (See also Silver.) Argontlo Nitrate (Reagent) 11, 14 Arsonlc In Cast Iron, etc 118 44 in Copper Ore 187 44 in Iron Ore 07 44 in Refined Lead 158 et aeq. 14 inTypoMetal 154 44 Oro, Analysis 140 Arsenlous Acid Solution (Volumetric) 817 Ash. (See also Mineral Mattor.) 44 In Flour 818 44 In Milk 805 " In Raw Sugar 228 44 In Superphosphates 202 Atomic Weights (Tablo) 255 Available Chlorine 818 44 Oxygon 78 Avoirdupois Weight 254 B Barium Carbonate In Paint 168 44 Chloride (analysis) 12 " ,4 (Reagent) 18 lnBaCl 2 18 44 in Cast-Iron, otc 102 44 in Limestone 64 44 in Mineral Water 180 44 Sulphate In Paint 168 44 Sulphate (Proclpltate) 12, 18 Barytes In Paint 160 Beakers 8 Boaumo and Sjwclflo Gravity (Tables). .250, 257 Bismuth In Reflnod Load 100 et acq. Bleaching Powder 218 et acq. Bone-Block Analysis 288 Boruclc Add In Mineral Water 100 Bromldo, Potassium (Anal.) 85 Bromine (Determination) 35 266 INDEX. Page. Bromine In Mineral Water 191 44 Water (Reagent) 71 Bronze, Analysis 147 Burning Point of Oil 243 44 Oil In Petroleum 242 Butter in Milk 204 c Cadmium in Refined Lead 100 et seq. Calcium. (See also Lime.) " in Calcium Carbonate 31 " in Cast-Iron, etc 117 " Carbonate, Analysis 21 (Reagent) 63 •' Chloride (Reagent) 32, 39 Chloride Solution *• Hardness". ... 177 Fluoride (Analysis) 81 Oxalate (Precipitate) 21 44 Sulphate (Precipitate) 21 Sulphate in Paint , . .168, 170 Calculation Acetate of Lime 221 " Bicarbonate of Soda 215 M Bleaching Powder 218 " Manganese Oxides 70 44 Mineral Waters 193 44 Water Analysis 182 Carbon Combined, in Cast-iron, etc 108 41 Colorimetric 108 44 Dioxide. (See Carbonic Acid.) " Fixcd.inCoal 237 ■• inSugar 230 " In Turpentine 232 44 Total, in Cast Iron, etc 104 Carbonate Ammonium (Reagent) 11, 27, 32 Calcium, Analysis 21 * :4 (Reagent) 63 1 Barium, in Paint 168 r Basic Lead in Paint 170 " in Manganese Ore 73 44 Sodium (crude) 211 " " (Reagent) 32 44 Bi-, Analysis 214 44 in Alkalimetry 207 " in Mineral Water .. ..186 44 In Soap 245 " " Solution, Water Anal... 179 Carbonic Acid by Direct Weight 24 " " by Loss 22 " " in Bicarbonate of Scda 214 41 " InBone-Black 233 " lnlronOre 97 44 " in Limestone 62 44 " in Mineral Water 187 Casein in Milk 205 Cast-iron, Analysis 102 Cellulose in Flour 248 Chlorhydric Acid. (See Ilydrochloric Acid.) Chloride Ammonium (Reagent) 53 " Barium (Analysis) 12 (Reagent) 18 " Calcium (Reagent) 32, 39 Solution, "Hardness"... 177 " Potassium Platino- 28, 30 Pr^e. Chloride Silver, Precipitate 14 Sodium 87 44 Sodium, Strength of (Table) 263 Chlorimetry 217 Chlorine, Available 218 44 inBaCl 2 18 44 in Bicarbonate of Soda 215 inBone-Black 285 " inlronOre 97 " in Limestone 65 44 in Mineral Water 187 44 In Soap 246 " in Superphosphate 201 " in Water 175 " Water (Reagent) 85 " Volumetric Determination. . . . 173, 217 Chromate, Bi-, Potassium, Volumetric So- lution 46 Chromium in Cast-Iron, etc 117 " inlronOre 89 Citric Acid, Strength of (Table) 263 Clay, Analysis Grav., and Mechanical 67 " InPaint 163 Coal Analysis 287 Cobalt and Nickel Electrolytic Det 181 '• " Separation . ... 128 e* seq., 134 44 in Cast-Iron, etc 117 " inlronOre 90 44 in Refined Lead 159 etseq. Cochineal Indicator 210 Combined Carbon in Cast-Iron, etc. (Color- imetric) 106 Combustible Volatile in Coal £87 Completeness of Burning and Washing Bone-Black 289 Copper- Ammonium Sulphate (Klefer's So- lution) 75 Copper, Determination as CU2S 138 " " CuO 188 44 Electrolytic Determination 136 44 Potassium Tartrate. 227 44 in Bronze 147 44 in Cast-Iron, etc 118 44 in German Silver 140 44 in Iron Ore 97 44 in Refined Lead 160 et seq, 44 Ore Analysis 136 Coralline Indicator .•?. 210 Crucibles 9 Cubic Foot, Weight of, Bone-Black 235 D Decolorizing Power of Bone-Black 286 Delivery Mark of Flasks 4 Distillation, Fractional 241 Distilled Water, Water Analysis 180 E Electrolytic Det. of Cobalt and Nickel 131 44 Copper 136 Elementary Analysis of Sugar 280 Turpentine 288 INDEX. 267 Page. F Pat In Milk 204 " lnFlour 248 ** Unoombined In Soap 245 Tatty Adds in Soap 241 Feldspar Analysis 40 Ferric Compounds. (Seolron.) Ferric Ammonio Sulphate (Anal.) 40 Ferrous Compounds. (See Iron.) Ferrocyanide Potassium, Volumetric Solu- tion 123 Filtering 8 Filter for Carbon in Iron and Stool 106 " Papers in Flour Analysis 240 Fineness of Bone-Black 235 Fixed Carbon in Coal 237 Flashing Point of Oil 243 Flasks, Measuring, Standardizing 8 Flour Analysis). £47 Fluoride, Calcium (Analysis) 31 " of Silicon 81 " Potassium Sllico 32 Fluorine (Determination) 31, 32 " inlronOro 07 " in Limestone 06 Formula for Sp. Or. and Decrees Bo 250 Fractional Distillation 241 Free and Albuminoid Ammonia 170, 180 French and United States Weights and Measures (Tables) 254 G Galena Analysis 142 Gallon, U. S 174, 183 German Silver Analysis 140 Glucose Artificial in Raw Sugar 220 " in Raw Sugur 227 Glycerlne.ln Soap 246 Grains in Gallon, Mrs. in Litre 183 Graphite in CuKt-Iiou, etc 118 Guano Analysis 222 Gum in Flour 247 H •' Hardness" of Water 176 " "Permanent" and "Tempo- rary" 178 Heating Power of Coal 230 Holding Mark of Flasks 3 Hydrate, Ammonium (Reagent) 11, 26 " " Strength of (Table).. 201 11 Pbtassium (Normal) 2 >3 14 " or Sodium, Strength of (Table) 262 Hydrochloric Acid 84 " •' for Decomposing Man- ganese Ore 75 " •' Normal 210 44 Strength of (Table) 258 Hydro Dlsodlum Phosphate (Analysis) 36 (Reagent).... IS Hydrogen in Sugar 233 '• In Turpentine 232 Hydrometer Boaume Dog. (Tables) 256 I Page. Ignition Indicators, Alkalimetry, etc 200 Introduction 1 Inverting Sugar 220 Iodide Palladium 84 " Potassium (Analysis) 84 Iodine (Determination) 84 " in Mineral Water 101 Iodized Starch Paper 217 Iron Ammonia Alum (Sulphate), (Anal.).. . . 40 " Cast and Wrought, Analysis 102 " and Alumina in Limestone O " and Alumina in Manganese Ore 70 " and Alumina, etc., in Mineral Water 185,180 " by Ignition 41 M by Precipitation 40 " by Volumetric Determination 41,46 " inBone-Black 285 " in Bronze 148 " iiuCast Iron, etc 103 " inClay 07 '• In Feldspar 02 11 in German Silver 141 " In Iron Ammonia Alum 41 " InlronOro 70, 84 " in Refined Lead VOet aeq. " in Slag • 101 11 In Tin Ore 146 11 in Typo Metal 154,156 *• in Water 174 " Method for Available Oxygen 78 " " for Bleaching Powder 210 " Ore, Complete Analysis 86 " " Containing neither Titanium nor Chromium 08 " " Containing Titanium and no Chromium 03 " " Partial Analysis 78 " Volumetric Determination 41, 46 a Wire 36, 49 K Kief er's Solution 7i Kroonlg Valve 49 L Lead Carbonate Basic In Paint 170 Lead in Bronze 147 " In Galena 143 44 in Type Metal 154 44 OxidoinPalnt 178 " Refined, Analysis 167 " Sulphate in Paint 168, 170 Lime Acetate, Analysis 220 44 In Cloy 67 44 inFeldspar 58 " inlronOro 00 " in IJmestono 60 " etc , in Mineral Water 185 " in Slag 101 44 in Water 174 " Soda- (Reagent) 24 268 INDEX. Page. Li me, Superphosphate, Analysis. .- 197 Limestone Analysis 80 Linear Measures 254 Lithium in Feldspar 5? 44 in Mineral Water 190 Litmus Indicator 210 Litre, Mllllgms. In, Grains in Gallon 188 Logwood Indicator 210 M Magnesia Determination 17 in Cast-iron, etc 117 inClay 67 in Faldspar 63 In Iron Ore 95 in Limestone 61 in Mineral Water 185 inSlag 1C2 In Water 174 Mixture 11, 37 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate 17 Magnesium Pyro- Arsenate, Purifying 150 •' Pyrophosphate 17, 88 " Sulphate Analysis 17 Manganate Per-, Volumetric Solution. 41 Manganese in Cast-iron, etc 117 inClay 68 in Limestone 64 inlronOre 94 in Slag 101 in Mineral Water 189 in Refined Lead 159etseq. 44 OreAnalysis 70 44 Oxides, Calculating 76 Silicate 72 Marguerite's Volumetric Determination of Iron 41 Measures and Weights, United States and French (Tables) 254 Measuring 2 Mercuric Oxide (Reagent) 128 Mercurous, Nitrate (Reagent) 128 MilkAnalysis £04 44 Standard 206 Milligrammes in Litre and Grains in Gallon 183 Mineral Matter. (See also Ash.) in Guano 224 in Milk 205 inSoap 246 Mineral Water Analysis 184 Moisture. (See Water.) Molybdate Phospho Ammonium 81, 83 Molybdate Solution 11 Molybdenum in Cast-Iron, etc 120 N Naphtha In Petroleum 242 Nessler's Solution 179 Nickel and Cobalt, Electrolytic Determi- nation 131 Nickel and Cobalt, Separation 128, 134 " in Cast-iron, etc 117 i* « <« ii «< i< Page. Nickel in German Silver 140 44 InlronOre 96 " in Refined Lead 159, ct seq. 44 Ore Analysis 127 Nitrate Argentic (Reagent) 11, 14 44 Mercurous (Reagent) 128 44 Silver Volumetric Solution 175 Nitrates in Water 181 Nitric Acid 33 •' " in Mineral Water 191 •• Strength of (Table) 259 Nitrate Potassium (Reagent) 129 Nitrogen in Rone-Black 235 44 in Cast-iron, etc .....119 Normal and Half Normal Solutions 207 Note Books 9 Notes on Coal 238 o Oil, Burning, In Petrol eum 242 " Flashing and Burning Point 243 44 inPaint 168 Oils, Parafflne, in Petroleum 242 Organic and Volatile Matter in Water 173 44 Matter in Feldspar 57 " " InlronOre 97 " " in Limestone 63 Oxalate Ammonium (Reagent) 11, 21 Calcium 21 " Potassium (Reagent) 72 Oxalic Acid, Half Normal 211 44 " (Reagent) 43 Oxide, D1-, Carbon. (See Carbonic acid. ) " Mercuric (Reagent) 128 " Manganese Calculation 76 44 Titanic, in Iron Ore 91 Oxygen Available 72 " •• IronMethod 73 44 " Pattinson's Method 74 P Paint Analysis 167 Palladium Chloride (Reagent) 84, 192 Palladium Iodide 84 Palladium, Metallic 34 Parafline Oils in Petroleum 242 Permanganate Potassium (Reagent) 42 " " test on Water, 178, 180 Petroleum Analysis 241 Phosphate Hy dro-Dlsodluxn (Analysis) 86 " " ,§ (Reagent) 17 44 Magnesium Ammonium 17 " Pyro- (Reagent). . .17, 83 Phospho Molybdate Ammonium 81, 83 Phosphoric Acid In Bone Black 233 44 inGuano 228 44 4 in Hydro-Disodium Phos- phate 37 44 4t inlronOre 80,93 44 " inLlmestone 62 44 " in Magnesium Pyro- Arse- nate 150 INDEX. 269 Page. Phosphoric Add In Mineral Water 189 44 " In Slag 101 " " (Insoluble) In Superphos- phate 109 •• " (Precipitated) in Super- phosphate 199 " " (Soluble) In Superphos phate 198 " Volumetric Det 800 44 Anhydride. (See Phosphoric Add.) Phosphorus In Cast-iron, etc 114 Pipettes, Graduating, etc 4 Platlno Chloride, Potassium 28,80 Platinum Foil 40 44 "(Spongy) 29 " " Tetrachloride Reagent 11,28 Plumbic Compounds. (See Lead.) Polarizing Sugar 225 Porosity of Bone Black 236 Potable Water Analysis 173 Potassium. (See also Alkalies.) ** Alum (Analysis) 26 " Bromide (Analysis) 36 • ' B Ichromate Volumetric Solu- lutlon 46 44 Copper Tartrate 227 •• (Determination) 27, 80 " Ferrocyanlde Volumetric So- lution 125 44 Hydrate (Normal) 203 " 4 ' Strength of (Table). . 262 " in Feldspar 63 In Mineral Water 186 in Water 17(1 " Iodide (Analysis) 84 Nitrate (Reagent) l£9 " Oxalate (Reagent) 72 " Permanganate (Reagent) 42 44 '• Test on Water, 178, 180 44 Silico Fluoride 32 44 Bisulphate b7 Power, Heating of Coal 239 Q Quartz Sand in Clay 6S R Raw Sugar (Analysis) 820 Reagents, Excessive use of 1 Reagents, Making Up 10 44 Valueoflcc 11 Report on Coal 28 s 44 on Guano 2-4 • 4 onPetro/eum 212 " Superphosphate 2'3 Resin in Soap 245 Rochelle Salt (Reagent) 227 s Saccharimeter 22."> Sal Ammoniac 08 Salts. (See also Ash and Mineral Matter.) Page. Salts in Milk 205 Saratoga Waters, Analysis of 194 Scheibler's CO a Apparatus 233 8ilica 31,82 44 in Clay 67 14 in Feldspar 61 44 in Iron Ore 79,88 44 in Limestone 60 44 in Mineral Water 185 44 inPaint 168 " inSlag 101 41 in Tin Ore 146 • 4 in Water 174 Silicates in Clay 68 Silico Fluoride Potassium 89 Silicon Fluoride 81 44 in Cast-Iron, etc 102, 114 Silver Chloride (Precipitate) 14 •• in Galena 143,144 ,4 in Refined Lead 157 44 Nitrate (Reagent) 11,14 44 44 Volumetric Solution 170 Slag Analysis. ..100 ■■ in Ca^t Iron, etc 121 Smith, J. L., Method of Det. Alkalies 03 Soap Analysis 244 Solution for 44 Hardness" 177 Solids, Total in Mineral Water 184 Solvents 2 Soda Ash (Analysis), Alkalimetry .211 14 Bicarbonate Analysis 214 Soda Lime (Reagent) 24 Sodium Carbonate (Crude) 211 44 44 (Reagent) 89 44 in Alkalime- try 287 44 inWatorAnal. 179 44 4 * in Mineral Water 185 41 Chloride 87 44 Strength of (Table) 268 • 4 Hydrate, Strength of (Table) 262 44 Hydro Di, Phosphate (Analysis). . 86 44 44 44 (Reagent).. 17 " in Bicarbonate of Soda. 215 * 4 in Feldspar. 68 " in Hy dro-Dlsodium Phosphate .... 86 44 in Water 176 44 Sulphite (Reagent) 88 44 Sulpho-Stannate 145 Specific Gravity and Beaumo (Tables) 2:6 Starch In Flour 248 44 Paper Iodized 217 Standard in Milk 206 Standardizing Alkallmetrlc, etc., Solutions 209 Flasks 8 44 Potassium Permanganate. . 42 Stannate, Sulpho Sodium 145 Stannic Compounds. (See also Tin.) 14 Oxide (Bronze) 147 Steel Analysis 102 Strontium In Limestono 64 •• in Mineral Water 189 Sugar In Floor. " Raw ADafy>-L» te Analysis of Turpentl id Organic, Hitter In Water. . , HanDednm Analysis " Potiuai.iri acM: reagent) BJ. Sulphite 8odl im:lu?agcD'j Siilpho :.. :1 r,r, >I8,aodJum. Sulphuric AcA ,TU j^reot) , uneofCoal, Weight of.. W er Chlorine meagerm.. ra-Dclci.iiJs.-.llun. Uy Lmi .. 18.L".80 DlstUlod for Water AnoljilB ISO Fresh or Potable Analysts 1W Tabic for i u iQiirwWajer Analysts., TablaAnMi ,:.« a Apparatus Tables of Wet 1. 1 sand Measures Tartar!.' A'.'Jil. >Tei :illi..r (TablrVi lnsui^riih-i^jhaii'nf Lime... Mlnenl. Analysis. .......... ■s,Saraioga.,.. T v pi: Metal A rial J sis SCHOOL OF AdlKTES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE. FACULTY. V.. LL. P.. L. H. [>., Pttaldont THOMAS BGIJSTOW. B JJ . Ph. D . IX. D— ..Wiurqtopv «"' "■'allurtflT. JOIINH. VAN AMMIN1.K.A.M.. 1'b I) ...... OODEN R HOOD, A. M JOHNS. NKWIIEKHV St I1..LL.D .. WttLUMP. TU0WBWLH1K. AM.Ph-D.. HENRVB.MUNltOE.t-W . I'll D A<U F*vf- of I N BTKI : UTOHfl. ALEXANDER I„ HOLLBT, L. 1.1. U .. Utlunr M IKe StMaOutw o/ I' FHFJIKIIII-KSTKNGEL. A.M JULKK & IAI1SEAU, A K. LL. B BLWVN WALLER, A t» . h. M . fli I> ,, '"UK™ I ffliltWrif. PIlGfUUtDEl*. ItlUKt.1 TB, I B-. 1'h I). WILLLAM P1HT0R, E K , FREDERICK R. HUTTO".. *■ M.. E.M..C. B. JAMBSS. (J, WELLS, Ph. D , ,,.:„(...... ,..„„ ABiSISTANTS. .i« i i/ii »i tti'mlMlry. □HAKLKfl A. LTJLTON. K. M. MADNU3C. IHLB8NU. EM.. Ph. U ,, JABPEItT. UO0DWIN.A.B ., LOtriSH. LAEDY , , HXNHVV. BOWW.. . 4M»ty«aeI(.*em<*fl-V- NATKANIBLL-BRITION. E »,.,. Otology CHARLES W. MARSH. Ph. B.. AnalyHral Vhltnltlru. charles l. constaut, k « . f. i:. JAMES B. MACKINTOSH, B. M-. C. B ,. Mmtvllurgy. DaoBasr.nsHBR, — ■wrWrir, BOBRSTX. UCXXTTa Ala', WILLlAHtl. BAKER. Tin' ill in of thin a-n.-l prntirace* O-efuur jewcuumm tvt iho Ingrwut Eogua I, MLntnuKuKliiuofiiiB II. CtvU Ejuruminsf;. Ill MotAllurgy. IV. Geulogy end N*tnr*l Hlatory. V. Analytic*! »nd Ain.:icO Cbarnktry. Requirements for Admisaioa CMidldatos for this flrrt dust miwt l» snvcnti'cn yearn of sue, and must pa™ * utlatactory ■ i am! notion Iti iirlOimi'llc, Ini'ludlnH tlniiii.'lrlc»Ynlcriiiir wi'lKliti, mcu urea, and monnya i In algr-hra, tlnsllr»t (Ivo ehnptors nf pock's Man mil <.( .\!i<i<l>rfi; In him tr.v. mi rim flm flroboor.* m t.lKmquLval.jiil.ir iwi-tity lf»mniH .,rijtt'p'« Horninn (irnmnwr. bmiihI al«p'i>, mi'l aim i ii|"in lluw iiursuinl I') tin- claa* which they pruiMMu to entor. EXPENSES. Thefcefnr 111'' full I'liurar, Inrl lull nil In-nnirlliin, line of IsljiirsUirlni, apparatus, clu-mlcals, Whonnvor It appcara tn thn satisfaction of the Pri-nlilunt ami Trouaunrof tins College that ■ .Indent dealrei ti, jiun.no tlio iWdln nf the suhool, but la unable to pay the fee., ha may be Admitted without charge. For Cataloguaa containing all Bl U MI M ff InforTiintloii with r. «ard to lie ichool, epply to 0. I. OHANDLBE, Dean of the Faculty, r.Otl. Bit-cut, comer 1 1 li An- , New York. Assaying, School, and Laboratory Apparatus, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FRENCH ASD BOHEMIAS GLASS INSTBUMENTS, Eoyal and Semi-Poroelain Vessels ia Great Variety, noaeaptt, Potarissalio , Bisulphide Carbon Prisms, GeiaUr,- N. Y. AGENT FOR TROEMNER'S BALANCES AND "WEIGHTS. PLATINUM. 0EU01BLES, CAPSULES, TOHGS, WIEE, FOIL, Eta, Eta Rare Chemicals, Choice and Rare Reagents, C. P. Adds and Satis. MINERALS AND FOSSILS, BLOWPIPE TOOLS, Etc At the LarRc Depot ot E. B. BENJAMIN, 6 Barclay Street, New York. Large Illustrated Catalogues, Cloth Bound, $1.50 each. .V. B.—Reptiiring of Glass or Brass Apparatus rapidly done on CHARLES H. KRAFT, MANUFACTURER OF FINE CHEMICALS AND STRICTLY PURE ACIDS, FOR LABORATORY AND SCIENTIFIC USE. OFPIOE • No. 55 FULTON STREET, CORNER OF CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. LABORATORY : 494 and 496 FLUSHING AVENUE, BROOKLYN. Chemical Apparatus, BOHEMIAN, GERMAN, AND FRENCH. 