None
Mex., 749, 750* Sandstone, 560, 577 ; buttes, 822 ; dike as earthquake record, 689*, 690; of emer- gence and of submergence, 559 San Filippo, Sicily, tufa deposits at, 260 San Francisco earthquake, 684; map of fault trace, 685*; seismogram of, 662 Sanidine, loi San Juan Canon, 706* San Rafael piedmont glacier, 384 San Sebastian Vizcaino, 513 Santa Maria Island, Chile, earthquake effects on, 674 Santiago, Chile, damaged by earthquake, 672 Santorin, iii; map, 122*; view of, 123* San Vignone, Baths of, in Tuscany, rate of tufa deposits in, 260 Sapping, 795 ; glacial, 433 Sapropel, 335, 351 Sapropelite, 334, 338, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351 ; in lakes and lagoons, 347 Sarcoui, Grand Puy of, 124*, 146 Sargasso Sea, 527 Sargassum, 527 Sassolite, 60 Satin spar, 220 Saturated solution, 215 Saturation, of air, 355 ; point, 215 Saussure, H. B. de, 26 Saville Kent, cited, 290 Saxicava arctica, in raised beaches, 694, 69s* Scale of hardness, 49 Scalenohedron, 46* Scallop, 310*, 311 ^ Scaly texture, 218 Scandinavia, eskers of, 507; gneisses in, 653 ; ice-caps of, 384, 493 ; metamor- phic rocks of, 648; raised beaches in, 694 ; rock exposures of, 25 ; upland bogs of, 342 Index 857 Schalkenmehren Maar, 160* Scheelite, 55 Schist, 649, 650; hornblende, 650 ; mica, 650 Schistosity, 647 Schwagerina, 282* Schwarzwald, see Black Forest, 756 Sceria, 107 Scirpus, 334* ; in upland bogs, 342 Scotland, block conglomerate of, 531 ; raised beaches of, 694; rock exposures of Highlands of, 33 Scottish coast, erosion features on, 816; sea stacks on, 814 ; sections of, 35 ; glens, deposits in, 71 ; lochs, 803 ; rivers, sorting of sediment by, 464 Scottish Highlands, 64, 743; gneisses of, 653; thrust in, 629* Sculpturing processes of wind, 822 Scylla rock, 525 ; effects of earthquake on, 670 Sea, area of, 4 ; subdivisions of, 509 Sea-anemones on shore boulders, 532 Sea-caves, California coast, 811*; forma- tion of, 811; on British coast, 812; on French coast, 812 Sea-cliffs, 35 Sea coast, rock exposures on, 35 Sea fans, 284 Sea Salinas, 220 Sea salts, composition of, 228, 229; conditions favoring deposition of, 231 Sea scarps, abandoned, 810 Sea shore, illustrations of dynamical geology on, 36 Sea stacks, 530*, 814 ; ancient, on Macki- nac Island, 815 ; on Gotland, 815 Sea urchins, 319, 320* Sea water, amount of salt in, 227 ; experi- ments in evaporation of, 230; salinity of, 228 Seaweeds, buoyancy given by, 522 ; illus- tration of buoyant power of, 531 ; on deltas, 348 Seasonal temperature changes, 820 Searle's Lake, Cal., 259 ; trona in, 223 Searle's Marsh, see Searle's Lake Secondary enlargement of sand grains, 565* Secondary minerals of igneous rocks, 94 Secondary structures, 582 Secondary textures, 88 Sectile, 4g Sedan, on map, 730* Sedges, 336*; in swamps, 336 Sedimentary contact, 211; significance of, 213 Sedimentary rocks, 47 Seine, intrenched meanders of, 718* Seismic center, 657 Seismic disturbances, types of, 656 Seismogram, 659, 660*, 661*, 662* Seismograph, 659*, 660*, 661* Seismology, 15 Selkirk Mts., 797 Selma, 715 Seminara, Italy, earthquake manifesta- tions in, 669 Semper, C., on reef origin, 296 ' Sentis, erosion forms in, 413 Senya fault cleft, Japan, 682* Separation of mineral matter from water, 215 Sepia, 314* Septaria, 222*, 574* Sericite, 403 ; in bluestone, 579 Serpentine, 63, 106, 649, 650, 654 Serpula, 316*, 317; at Pozzuoli, 692 Seven Mts., 154 Severn estuary, 549 ; map of, 547* Sevier fault, map of, 786*; diagram of, 787* Sevier Lake, Utah, 258 Seward Glacier, 358, 382*, 383 Shafts (salt, etc.), as sources of geological information, 29 Shale, 56s, 570*, 571, 580 Shales, 210; bituminous and oil, 353 Shallow water deposits, characters of, 550 ; foraminiferal deposits, 276 Shaly structure, 571 Shantung, 467 Shawangunk conglomerate, 569 Sheba Temple, 790 Sheet lava, 174 Shell conglomerate, 577; layers on coast of Florida, 534 Shimer, H. Sierra Teras, uplift of, 679. Silesian coal fields, strata of, overridden by Carpathians, 606 SiHca, 224; organic, 323; organically secreted, 71 ; minerals, 61 Silicate minerals, 61-63 ; from magmas, 86 Silicilutyte, 55/ Silicious, bioliths, 270; shales, 581 ; sinter, 224; sponge, 325* Silky luster, 40 Sill at Nahant, 35 Sillimanite, 62 Sills, 89, 194 ; origin of term, 197 Silurian, division, 75 ; reefs, of Gotland, 306 ; of Wisconsin, 305 ; salt beds, 246 Silver, s^', minerals, 56, 57 Silver Cliff, Col, pitchstone of, 99 Silver Peak Marsh, Nev., 244* Simple corals, 285 Sinter terraces, formation of, 261* Simplon massif, 608* Sinai fault-block, 754; map, 755* Sink-holes, 425 Sinks, extinct,^ 157 Skerries, 816 Slates, 581, 637, 649, 650 Slaty cleavage, 636, 637, 638*, 647 Slaty structure, 571 Slickensides, 620, 634 Slime, organic, alteration products of, 349 Slip (in fault), 623 Slumgullion rock flow, 400* Smaltite, 52 Smith, William, 26, 35 ; portrait, 27* Smithsonite, 53 Smooth feel, 50 Snake River lava plateau, 64 ; canon in, 175*; map of, 174*, 17s* Snow, 70, 356; compacting drifts, 356; evaporation of, 357; line, 356 Soapstone, 654 of, 404 357; ice, Soapy feel, 50 Society Islands, tsunamis at, 674 Soda Lake, Cal., 258 Soda Lake, Nev., 259; trona in, 223 Sodalite, 102 Soda niter, 58, 223, 259 Sodium carbonate lakes, 259 Sodium minerals, 58 Sodium sulphate lakes, 258 Solfatara, in, 181*; eruption of, 127; material due to eruption of, 693 Solfataric, action, 181 ; vents, 181 Solid red coral, 283 Solnhofen, Bavaria, 572, 581 ; limestone, solution of, 427 ; quarry, 572* Solomon's Temple, 790 Solution, by underground water, 424; of rocks, 77; annual amounts, 427; of salt, cavings due to, 427; surface forms due to, 822 Sonora earthquake, 678 Sonora province, Mex., earthquake effects in, 678 Sorkul Lake, 481* Sorting, agents of, 438 ; conditions of sorting by waves, 529 South Africa, diamond mines of, 173* Spalling of granite, 393* Spanish Peaks, radial dikes of, 192, 195* Spartacus, gladiators of, encamped on floor of Monte Somma, 127 Spartina, 331, 334* Spatter cones, volcanic, 121* Specific gravity, 50; average of rocks pf earth's crust, 6 ; of earth, 6 Spencer Glacier, 378* Spey River, destruction of feldspar in, 415 Sphagnum, 336, 341, 342 Sphalerite, 53 Spheres of the earth, relationships of, 5*, 6*; summary of, 11 Spherosiderite, 226 Spherulites, 99 Spherulitic obsidian, 99* Sphinx, 76*, 452 ; rock of, 75 Spicules of lime, 283 Spike Geyser, 187* Spillway, 760 Spine, volcanic, 163 Spinel, S9 Spirifer, 309* Spiroloculina, 278* Index 8S9 Spits, produced by long-shore currents and waves, 819 Splintery fracture, 49 Spodumene, s8 ; in pegmatite, 207 Sponge, Cretaceous, 326*; spicules, 323, 326, 327*; flint from, 280* Sponges, in Severn estuary, 549 Springfield Plain, 724 Spring tides, 524 Springs, 4 ; artesian, 424 ; as illustrations of dynamical geology, 36; deposits by, 260; hill side, 423 Squid, 313, 314* Staffa, II, 176, 178*, 179, 180; erosion at, 428; Fingal's Cave on, 813* Staggering course of streams, 721 Stagnant seas, 348 Stalactites, 77, 263, 425 ; of lava, 121 Stalagmites, 264*, 425 ; of lava, 121 Star coral, 283, 284 Starfish, 319, 320* Stassfurt deposits, 235 Static metamorphism, 643 Stationary level theory of reefs, 296 Statuario (marble), 654 Statuary marble, 654 Staurolite, 62 Steam holes, 195 Stegocephalians, tracks of, 482 Stefanie Lake, Africa, on map, 632* Step (topographic), 740*, 741; fault, 620 Stephanite, S7 Sternberg, Count Caspar von, on Kammer- biihl, 169 Stibnite, 54 Stillbite, 63 Stocks, 193 Stomatodaeiun, 283 Stonewort, 273, 334 Stone reefs, 538 Stools, in swamps, 337 Stoss-strahl, 658*, 661 Strassburg, 630 Strata, 78 Stratification, 79, 486, 487* Stratified, character of beds of alluvial plain, 467 ; deposits in shallow water, 550; drift, 502; rocks, 78; erosion features on, 811 Stratigraphy, iq Stratum, 486; relation to surface, of beveled, 700 Streak, 50 Streams, rejuvenated, 717 Strike, 585*, 586* ; deflection of, 587 ; dia- gram of, 587*, 588* ; faults, 623, 624* Stripped belt, 7/3 Strokr Geyser, 186*; extinction of, 187, 683 ; origin of, 187 Stromatopora, 289*; of Devonian reefs, 306 ; of Wisconsin reefs, 305 Stromboli, m* Strongylocentrotus, 320* Strontianite, 59 Strontium minerals, 59 Structural geology, 18 ; field for study of, 28; in broader sense, 17; in narrower sense, 18 Structures, secondary and primary, com- pared, 582 ; types of deformation, 582 Styliola, 313* Styliolina fissurella, 7* Stylolite, 644*, 645* Subcrustal source of clastic material, 528 Subglacial, detritus, 370; drift, 492; streams, 370 Sub-marginal moraines, 493 Submarine banks, 388 Submergence, sandstone of, 559 Submergence of islands, variation of, 296* Sub-metallic, 49 Subsequent streams, 713; overdeepened, 721* Subsidence theory of coral reefs, 294 Subsidences due to earthquakes, 690 Subsurface waters, solution by, 425 Sub-translucent, 50 Sub-transparent, 50 Sub-vitreous, 49 Suez; Gulf of, 754; map of, 51?*, 755* Suez Canal, 241 ; map of, 242* Sugar Loaf, Portage, 784, 78s* Sulphur, 60 ; minerals. 60; odor, 50 Sulphur Sprmgs Valley, artesian condi- tions in, 479 Sulphureted hydrogen in marshes, 333 Sulphurous vapors from magmas, 85 Sumatra, tropical swamp of, 341 Sunda straits, map of, 137* Sunsets, brilliant, due to dust of Krakatoa, 441 Supai formation, 790 Superglacial drift, 492 Superimposed streams, 744 Super-saline water, 214 Susquehanna River, 726, 776 86o Index Swabian Alp, 755, 756*; wind work on, 40s Swallow-holes, 425 Swamp plants, 334*, 337* Swamps, 4, 333; fresh water, 329; origin of, 423 Swanage, Eng., sea-stacks on coast of, 815 Swash, 521, 523 Sweden, coast of, 806, 810 ; fault structure of, 757, 758*; trilobite limestone of, 318, 319* Swells, 519, 520 Switzerland, 606 Syene, syenite from, loi Syenite, 96, 100 ; origin of name, loi ; porphyry, 96, loi ; series, glasses of, loi ; trachyte series, 100 ; gneiss, 653 Sylt, Island of, coast destruction at, 444 Sylvania sandstone, 75, 440*, 453, 569, 578, 580 ; cross-bedding of, 455* Sylvanite, 57 Sylvite, 55, 223 Symmetrical anticline, 590*, 591* Synclinal, moimtain, 599*; ridges, 598; valley, 732* Synclines, 596*; between domes, 603; erosion cycle on, 732 ; limb or arm of, 596 ; thickening of axis of, 597* Synclinorium, 598* Syr-darya, map of, 449* Syringopora of old reefs, 306 Table mountains, origin of, 714 Table Rock in Genesee River at Portage, 784* Table Rock, Niagara, on map, 773*; rock falls of, 418 Tachylites, 96, 107 Taconic mountains, 75 Tagus River, 664 Talc, 63; schist, 632 Talefre, Cascade du, 369 Talus, breccia, 577; formation, 821; slope, 398 Tamarack in swamps, 336 Tampa, Fla., reefs, 300 Tanganyika Lake, 516, 631, 633*, 757 Tarapaca Desert, 259 Tarn, 796, 800*, 802, 803 Tarnish, so Tasman Glacier, 373 Tasmanian Sea, 518 Taste, so Tchernozom, see Tschemosem Tectonic metamorphism, 643 Tectosphere, 6, 84 Teeth, deep-sea accumulations of, 552 Temperature change, effect of, in rock destruction, 392 Temperature of center of earth, 6 Tenacity, 4Q Teneriffe, Peak of, 143*; phonolite ob- sidian from, 102 Tennessee, central basin of, 729*; River, 729 Tepetate, 260 TerebratuUna, 309* Terminal moraines, 370, 382, 493, 494*, 499* Termites, work of, 437 Terra Nuova, Italy, earthquake manifesta- tions in, 667 Terrapin Rocks, Niagara, on map, 773* Terrestrial deposits, 227, 439 ; of Foraminif- era, 276 Terrigenous deposits in deep sea, map, 277* Terrigenous material, 527 Tertiary, brown-coal, 343, 345; lignites, 343; oils, 352; rocks formed by Char a, 273 Tetragonal, prism, 45*; pyramid, 45*; system, 43; principal forms, 45; tris- octahedron, 44* Tetrahedrite, s6 Tetrahedron, 44* Tetrahexahedron, 44* Teufelsmauer, 191* Texas, section in, 32 Textularia, 7*; in chalk, 278*, 279 Textures, of aqueous rocks, 217 ; of elastics, 566,568; of igneous rocks, 87 ; relation to magma, 88 Theories of reef origin, 293 TheraHte, 105 Thermal metamorphism, 642, 643 Thinolitic tufa, 255 Thousand Islands, 762 Three Sister Peaks, Oregon, 367* Throw, 622 Thrust fault, 625; magnitude of, 625; on diagram, 620*; passing into fold, 619* Thrusting, duplicating and inversion of strata by, 625 Tibet, borax of, 224; deserts of, 706 Index 86i Tidal, bore, 534*; currents, 523, 529; lagoon, 545* Tierra del Fuego, 109 Tillite, S08, 577 Tilly Whim caves, British coast, 812*, 813* Tind, 804 Tinkal, 223 Tin minerals, S3 Titanite, 63 Titanium minerals, 55 Toledo, O., glass-making from Sylvania Sand at, 75 Tombigbee River, 715 Tombolo, 810*, 819*; Nahant, 544 Tonto beds, 788 Topaz, 62 Topographic features due to fault, 630 Topsets, 484 Torbanite, 350 Toroweep fault, map, 786*; diagram, 787* Torrential currents, cross-bedding due to, 487* Torridon breccia, 569 Torsion joints, 640*, 641* Tough, 4Q Tourmaline, 62 ; in pegmatite, 207 Trachyte, 89, 96, 100, loi; of Sarcoui, 124; origin of name, loi Trachyte-phonolite, 102*; -porphyry, 96, lOI Trachytic texture, 102* Transportation, agents of, 438; and sort- ing of clastic material in the sea, 528; by streams, 460; of sand and dust, dis- tances of, 441 Transporting power of streams, variation of, 460, 461 Trans-Caspian deserts, wind erosion in, 406 Translation, waves of, 521 Translucency, so Translucent, so Transparent, so Transylvania, 603 Transylvanian Alps, on map, 605* Trapezohedron, 44* Trap rock, 73, 96, 107 Traverse Bay, sand spit in, 541* Travertine, rate of deposition of, 260 Trend of fault, 620 Trenton, N. J., 722 Trenton-Utica oils, 352 Trent River outlet on map, 769* Triassic, coal, 345 ; reefs of Dolomites, 306 Triclinic, hemi-prism, 48*; pyramid, 48; system, 48; system, fundamental forms of, 48* Trigonal, prism, 46*; trisoctahedron, 44* Trilobites, 318, 319* Trinidad asphalt lake, 351 Tripoli, Africa, 323 Tripoli te, 323 Trisoctahedron, 44 Tristetrahedron, 44* Trist Glacier, 364 Trona, 223 True glaciers, 358 Trugberg, 368 Tschard-schui, thickness of dune deposits at, 449 Tschemosem, 459, 549; map of distribu- tion, 460* Tsunamis, 519, 684; defined, 6s6; due to earthquakes, 690; during eruption of Krakatoa, 138 Tubipora, 300 Tufa dams and terraces, 256*, 261 Tufaceous texture, 218 Tundras, arctic, 342 Tungsten mineral, SS Tuolumne River, pot-holes on, 419* Turquois, 5^ Turtle stone, 222*, 574* Tuscany, borax of, 181, 224 Twig-rush, 335* Twinning of plagioclase, 91 Tyndall Glacier, 383 Types of peat, 329 Tyrol, 606 ; marbles in, 654 ; reefs in, 306 Uinkaret Plateau, map, 786*; diagram, 787* Uinta Mountains, 472 Uintaite, 351 Ulexite, 60, 223 Unaltered rocks, 69 Unconformities, 611, 612*, 613*, 614* Under-clay, 345 Underground water, deposits by, 260; destructive work of, 424; rate of flow of, 423; types of, 422 Undermining by waterfalls, 417 Undertow, 522, 523. S28 Uneven fracture, 4Q Unglaciated summit, 800*; valley, 800* 862 Index UnicUnal ridges, diagram, 593*, 722, 733, 738 Unicline, 594, 595*, 598, 732*, 734 Unio, 315* United States, mantle rock of the northern, 65 Unkar group, 789 Unstratified drift, 502 Upham, W., on reef origin, 297 Upland bogs, plants of, 342 Upper Aletsch Glacier, 364 Ural Mountains, 237 ; rock exposures in, 34 Uraninite, 55 Uranium minerals, SS Uruguay, 547 U-shaped trough, 803* U-shaped valley, 797, 799, 800* Usiglio, J., experiments by, 230 Utah Basin, 753 Utah erosion monument, 409* ' Valdivia, Chile, destroyed by earthquake, 675 Vale, of Eden, 197; of Kashmir, 471 Val-del-Bove, 134, 189; map of, 133* Valle-del-Bue, see Val-del-Bove Valley profiles, river and glacier, 802 * Valleys, circling, 722 ; relative size of, 2 Valparaiso, Chile, damaged by earthquake, 672 ; destruction by earthquake, 675 Vanadinite, ^s Vanadium minera:ls, 55 Vascular plants, 333, 335 ; deposits from, 328 Vatna JokuU, 384; map, 385* Vaughan, T. W., cited, 290 Vegetal deposits, types of, 329 Vein deposits, 86 Vein minerals, sources of, 268 Veins, 265 ; contemporaneous, 206 ; rela- tive age of, 266 Velocity of waves, 520 Venezuela, soda lakes of, 259 Vent, volcanic, 116, 163 Ventriculites, 326* Venus, 310* Verdun, 731 ; on map, 730* Vermilion Cliffs, '791 Versailles, on map, 730* Vertical movements in earthquakes, 689 Vesuvianite, 62 Vesuvius, 87, 112; as type, 141; cinder cone of, 142*; described, 125; 1872 eruption of, 128; furrowed cone, 131*; map of, 125*; map of vicinity of , no*; section of, 143*; view in crater, 129*, 130*; view of, 127* Vicksburg limestone, 281 Victoria Land, ice barrier of, 387 Vienna, rocks of, 64 Viesch Glacier, 363, 364; section of, 362* Virginia, coast dunes of, 447 Vistula River, black mud of the, 549; organic matter of mud in, 348 Vitreous luster, 49 Vivipara, 315 Vlightberg, unconformity on, 609*; dia- grams, '610*, 611* Volcanic, agglomerate, 80, 431, 577*; area, central France, map, 153*; ashes and cinders, 117; bombs, 116*, 117, 431; breccia, 427, 577; conduit, 167; elastics, defined, S*^^! centers on frac- ture lines, 153 ; district of Rhine, map of, 156*; dome, 124; dust, 431; dust, transportation of, 443 ; eruption, 84 ; fun- nels, pipes, spines and necks, 161 ; glass in red clay, 553 ; lapilli, 431 ; material of old vents, 171; neck, 166*, 167*; phenomena, modern, log; pipe, 167; plug, 164, 167, 204; plug of Fife, 170, 171 ; sands and muds, 551, 552; sandstone described, 580; tuff, 80, 580; vents, materials ejected from, 117 Volcano, section of ancient, in Freiburg region, 172* Volcano in eruption, 86* Volcanoes, active, dormant and extinct, 112; age of, 143; alignment of, 171; characteristic form and activity of modem, 116; classification of, 140; comparison of form of, 141 ; craterless, 122; distribution of, 109, map of, 108; extinct, of Rhine region, 154*, i5S*; formation of new, in historic period, 112 ; illustrations of dynamic geology by, 36 ; old necks and plugs of, 164; sections of various types of, 143*; structural characters of, 144; types of, 140-141 Volcanology, 16, 144 Volga River, 231 Volume of river transported material, 462 Vosges Mountains, 630, 757 ; on diagram, 7S6* V-shaped valley, 797, 800* Vulcano, in Index 863 Wad, 224 Wadis, 411 Wales, oldland of, 719*; rock exposures of, 33 Walther, Johannes, portrait, 245* Wanakah shales, 31* Wannehorn, 366 Wappinger limestone, 627 Warsaw, N. Y., 777 ; on map, 776* Wasatch Mts., 749, 750, 753 ; recent fault in, 751* Washington, D. C, 722 Watchung Mts., 180; columnar structure of basalt pf, 177 Water, 60 ; amount of, in air, 355 ; mechan- ical work of, 77 ; types of, 214 Waterfalls, characteristic of young streams, 708; in coastal plain drainage system, 721 Water-gap, 723, 734, 741 Water laid elastics, 79 ; defined, s<^8 Water lime, 581* Water plantain, 335 Water-table, 422 Water vapor, from magma, 85 ; sources of, 354 Watkins Glen gorge, 420*, 421* Wave-built beaches, raised, 694 Wave currents, 522 Wave-cut, cliff, 807; terraces, raised, 694 Wave-marks, 553 Wave normal, 658* Wave quarrying, 428 Waverly Oaks, esker of, 507* Waves, 519; diagram, 520*, 521* 522*; bars and spits formed by, 819 ; destruc- tive work of, 427 ; force of, 428 Wave-worn bricks, 430* Wayland, N. Y., on map, 776* Way land Valley on block diagram, 777* Wealden district, 595 Weathering, 390, 392 WelUngton, New Zealand, earthquake effects near, 675 ; on map, 676* Wells, 4 ; oil, gas, etc., as sources of geo- logical information, 29 Werner, A. BINDING LIST OCT 15 1939 o • (D CQ Ch ^ O Q) Cd O MM -P 6 o University of Toronto Libraiy DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat. "Ref. Index FUe" Made by LIBRARY BUREAU "I. 