None
As stated in the preface, the nomenclature to be adopted for weights and measures has presented great difficulty. Agricola uses, throughout, the Roman and the Romanized Greek scales, but in many cases he uses these terms merely as lingual equivalents for the German quantities of his day. Moreover the classic language sometimes failed him, where- upon he coined new Latin terms adapted from the Roman scale, and thus added further confusion. We can, perhaps, make the matter clearer by an illustration of a case in weights. The Roman ceniumpondium, composed of 100 librae, the old German centner of 100 pfundt, and the English hundredweight of 112 pounds can be called lingual equivalents. The first weighs about 494,600 Troy grains, the second 721,900, and the third 784,000. While the divisions of the centum pondium and the centner are the same, the libra is divided into 12 unciae and the pfundt into 16 untzen, and in most places a summation of the units given proves that the author had in mind the Roman ratios. However, on p. 509 he makes the direct statement that the centumpondium weighs 146 librae, which would be about the correct weight if the centumpondium referred to was a centner. If we take an example such as " each centum- pondium of lead contains one uncia of silver", and reduce it according to purely lingual equiva- lents, we should find that it runs 24.3 Troy ounces per short ton, on the basis of Roman values, and i8'25 ounces per short ton, on the basis of old German. If we were to trans- late these into English lingual equivalents of one ounce per hundredweight, then the value would be 17.9 ounces per short ton. Several possibilities were open in translation : first, to calculate the values accur- ately in the English units ; second, to adopt the nearest English lingual equivalent ; third, to introduce the German scale of the period ; or, fourth, to leave the original Latin in the text. The first would lead to an indefinite number of decimals and to constant doubt as to whether the values, upon which calculations were to be based, were Roman or German. The second, that is the substitution of lingual equivalents, is objectionable, not only because it would indicate values not meant by the author, but also because we should have, like Agricola, to coin new terms to accommodate the lapses in the scales, or again to use decimals. In the third case, that is in the use of the old German scale, while it would be easier to adapt than the English, it would be more unfamiliar to most readers than the Latin, and not so expressive in print, and further, in some cases would present the same difficulties of cal- culation as in using the English scale. Nor does the contemporary German translation of De Re Metallica prove of help, for its translator adopted only lingual equivalents, and in conse- quence the summation of his weights often gives incorrect results. From all these possibilities we have chosen the fourth, that is simply to reproduce the Latin terms for both weights and measures. We have introduced into the footnotes such reductions to the English scale as we considered would interest readers. We have, however, digressed from the rule in two cases, in the adoption of " foot " for the Latin pes, and " fathom " for passus. Apart from the fact that these were not cases where accuracy is involved, Agricola himself explains (p. 77) that he means the German values for these particular terms, which, fortunately, fairly closely approximate to the English. Further, we have adopted the Anglicized words " digit ", " palm", and "cubit", instead of their Latin forms. For purposes of reference, we reproduce the principal Roman and old German scales, in so far as they are used by Agricola in this work, with their values in English. All students of weights and measures will realize that these values are but approximate, and that this is not an occasion to enter upon a discussion of the variations in different periods or by different authorities. Agricola himself is the author of one of the standard works on Ancient Weights and Measures (see Appendix A), and further gives fairly complete information on contem- porary scales of weight and fineness for precious metals in Book vn. p. 262 etc., to which we refer readers. ROMAN SCALES OF WEIGHTS. Troy Grains. i Siliqua .. . . 2.87 6 Siliquae •= i Scripulum . , 17.2 4 Scripula = i Sextula . . 68.7 6 Sextulae = i Uncia . . 412.2 12 Unciae = i Libra . . 4946.4 100 Librae = i  . 103.0 4 Sicilici = i Uncia . . 412.2 8 Unciae - I Bes .. .. 3297.6 APPENDIX C. 617 SCALE OF FINENESS (AGRICOLA'S ADAPTATION). 4 Siliquae = i Unit of Siliquae 3 Units of Siliquae = i Semi-sextula 4 Semi-sextulae = i Duella 24 Duellae = i Bes WJji^ » -Ji-iXiTi.rHI *JV^njL»jLj Troy Grains. i Pfennig = 14.1 4 Pfennige i Quintlein 56.4 4 Quintlein = i Lo#» 225.6 2, Loth = I Unlzen 451.2 8 C/nfeen = I MarA 3609.6 2 Mark = i P/wn<ft 7219.2 100 Pfundt = I Centner . . 721920.0 SCALE OF FINENESS. 3 Grenlin 4 Gran 24 Krai I Gran I Krat I ROMAN LONG MEASURE. I Digilus = .. 4 Digiti = I Palmus 4 Palmi = I Pes ij Ped.es — i Cubitus 5 Pedes =3 I Passus Inches. .726 2.90 11.61 Also i Roman Uncia — 12 Unciae •* Pes •97 11.61 GREEK LONG MEASURE. i Dactylos „ f t .758 4 Dactyloi = i Palaiste 3-03 4 Palaistai = I POMS . . 12.135 ij POMS = I Pechus 18.20 6 POMS = i Oryguia 72.81 OLD GERMAN LONG MEASURE. Inches. I Querfinger — .. .703 1 6 Querfinger = i Werc&scAa \h . . 11.247 2 Werckschuh = i Elle 22.494 3 £Uc I Lachter . . 67.518 i Zoll 12 Zotf Also - i Werkschuh -85 Quartarius Quartarii Sextarii 16 Sextarii 8 Congii 4 6 ROMAN LIQUID MEASURE = i Sextarius = I Congius — I Moditis = i A mphora >ic inches. Pints. 8.6 .. .247 31-4 •• .991 206.4 5-947 550.4 • • 15-867 1650.0 47-577 (Agricola nowhere uses the Saxon liquid measures, nor do they fall into units comparable with the Roman). GENERAL INDEX. NOTE. — The numbers in heavy type refer to the Text; those in plain type to the Footnotes, Appendices, etc. PAGE ABANDONMENT OF MINES 217 ABERTHAM. Mines at 74; 92; 74 ABOLITE H3 Abstrich 465; 492 ABYDOS. Gold mines of 26; 27 Lead figure from 390 Abfug 464; 465; 475 Achates (see AGATE). ACCIDENTS TO MINERS 214 — 218 ACCOUNTS (Mining) 96 — 98 ADIT 101 Aeris flos (see Copper Flowers). Aeris squama (see Copper Scales). Aes caldarium 109 Acs luteum J09 Aes nigrum 109 Aes purum fossile (see Native Copper). Aes rude plumbei color is (see Copper Glance). Aes ustum (see Roasted Copper). Aetites 2 AFRICA. Iron 420 Tin 412 AGATE 114 AGRICULTURE. Mining compared with 5 AILMENTS OF MINERS (see Maladies of Miners). AIR CURRENTS IN MINES 121; 200 ALABASTER 114 ALCHEMISTS XXVII— XXX ; 44; 608 Agricola's opinion of XII; XXVII. Amalgamation 297 Assaying 248; 219 Discovery of acids 439; 460 Distillation 441 ALJUSTREL TABLET 83 — 84 ALKALI 558 ALLOYS. ASSAYING OF 247 — 252 ALLUVIAL MINING 321 — 348; 330 — 332 ALSTON MOOR 84 ALTENBERG XXXI; VI. Collapse of mine 218 Miners poisoned 214 Tin working appliances 290; 304; 318 ALUM 564—568; 564—570 A solidified juice 1 Elizabethan Charter 283 In roasted pyrites 350 In Sal artificiosus 463 Latin and German terms 220; 221 Papal monopoly 570 Use in making nitric acid 439; 460 AMALGAM. Parting the gold from 298; 297 AMALGAMATION 297 Of gilt objects 461 Mills 295—299 AMBER 34; 35 AMETHYST 114 Amiantus (see Asbestos). AMPULLA 445-447; 220 ANNABERG VI; XXI; 42; 75; 75 Profits 92 ANT, VENOMOUS 216 ANTIMONY 220; 428; 354 Minerals 110 Smelting of 400; 428 Use as type-metal 2; 429 ANTIMONY SULPHIDE 220; 428; 451 Parting gold and silver with 451 ; 451 ; 461 Parting gold from copper Parting silver and iron 463 544 PAGE ANTWERP, SCALE OF WEIGHTS 263 APEX LAW 81; 83 — 86 Aqua regia 439; 441; 354 Aqua valens (see also Nitric Acid)... 439—443; 439; 220 Clarification with silver 443 ; 443 Cleansing gold-dust with 396 Parting precious metals with 443 — 447 Arbores dissectae (Lagging) 101 ARCHIMEDES, SCREW OF 149 ARCHITECTURE. Knowledge necessary for miners 4 Area fodinarum (see Meer). ARGENTIFEROUS COPPER ORES, SMELTING OF 404 — 407 ARGENTITE 109 Argenlum purum in venis (see Native Silver). Argenlum rude plumbei coloris (s»e Silver Glance). Argentum rude rubrum translucidum (see Ruby Silver). ARGOL 234; 220 As a flux 234; 238; 243 Use in melting silver nitrate 447 Use in smelting gold dust 396 — 398 ARGONAUTS 330 ARITHMETICAL SCIENCE. Knowledge necessary for miners... 4 ARMENIA, STONE OF 115 ARSENIC (see also Orpiment and Realgar) Ill; 214 Arsenicum Ill ARSENOPYRITE Ill ASBESTOS 440; 440; 114 ASH-COLOURED COPPER 539—540; 540; 523—524; 492 From liquation 529 — 530 ASHES WHICH WOOL DYERS USE (see also Potash) 233; 559; 220 Use in assaying 236 — 238 ASH OF LEAD 237—238; 237; 220 ASH OF MUSK IVY (see also Potash and Nitrum) 236—238; 220 ASPHALT 581 Asphaltites (see Dead Sea). ASSAY BALANCES (see Balances). ASSAY FLUXES (see Fluxes). ASSAY FURNACES 224—228; 220 Crucible 226—227 Muffle 224—228; 239 ASSAYING (see also Probierbuchlein)... 219; 219; 220; 351 Amalgamation 243 Bismuth 247 Copper 244 Cupellation 240 Gold and silver alloys 248 Gold ore 242—244 Iron ore 247 Lead 245-246 Silver 242—245 Silver and copper alloys 249—250 Tin .„. 246 Tin and silver alloys 251 ASSAY MUFFLES (see Muffles). ASSAY TON 261; 242 ASSYRIAN COPPER ASTHMA 214 ASTRONOMY. Knowledge necessary for miners... 4 ATARNEA. Mines near 26; 27 ATHENS. Mining law Sea power and mines 27 620 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE ATHENS. Silver mines (see Mt. Laurion, Mines of). A tramentum Sutorium (see also Vitriol) 572; 110 A tramentum Sutorium candidum 113 Atramentum Sutorium rubrum 274; 274 Aurichakum 409; 404 Auripi^mentum (see Orpiment). AZURE 1; 109; 220 An indication of copper 116 An indication of gold 117 Colour of flame 235 AZURITE 109; 220; 402 582 582 391 9; 15 42; 42 264—265 115 77 382 153 156 220 100 419 362 245 210 586 111 77; 78 92—93 96 95; 78 230; BABEL, TOWER OF BABYLONIA. Bitumen in Use of lead BABYTACE. Gold buried by inhabitants BAEBELO BALANCES 224; BARITE BARMASTER, OF HIGH PEAK BARS, FOR FURNACE WORK BASKETS, FOR HOISTING BATEA BEER BELL, TO CALL WORKMEN .. BELLOWS 362 — 373; Ancient use of 354; 355; Assay furnace 226; Mine ventilation with 207- BENI HASSEN, INSCRIPTIONS AT Berg-geel BERGMEISTER ... 33; 81; 95; 77; Deals with forfeited shares Jurors BERGMEISTER'S CLERK Bergzinober (see Quicksilver). BERMIUS (BERMIUM), MT. (see Mt. Bermius). BISMUTH 433; 354; 220 Assaying ores of 247 Indication of silver 116 Minerals 2; 111 Smelting of 433—437; 400 The " roof of silver " 117; 433 Zaffre 112 BITUMEN. Ancient knowledge of 220 ; 581—582 ; 354 Colour of fumes 235 Dead Sea 33 Distillation 581 From springs 582 Harmful to metals 273 Roasting from ore 273; 276; 351 Solidified juice 1 Bituminosa cadmia (see Cadmia bituminosa). BLAST, REGULATION OF 380; 386 BLASTING 119 BLENDE 113 BLEYBERG 239 BLOODSTONE Ill; 2 BLOOM 420 niutstein (see Ironstone). BOHEMIA. Antimony sulphide Pestilential vapours 216 Sifting ore in 293 Smelting 384 BONE-ASH 230; 466 BORAX 560; 221; 110 Method of manufacture 560 Use in gold smelting 444; 457; 464 Use in assaying 245; 246 BORNITE 109 BOUNDARY STONES 87; 129 BOUNDARIES 77; 147 BOWLS FOR ALLUVIAL WASHING 322; 324; 334; 336 BRASS Ancient methods of making 410; 354; 2 404—405; 112 PAGE BREAKING ORE 117 — 119 BRICK DUST. Used in cementation 454; 454 Used in making nitric acid 440 BRINE (see also Salt). Evaporation of 547 — 548 BRITAIN. Lead-silver smelting 392 Miners mentioned by Pliny 83 Tin trade 411—413 BRITISH MUSEUM. Egyptian gold-mining 399 Egyptian lead 390 Egyptian steel 402 BROMYRITE 109 BRONZE. Historical notes 411; 402; 354 BRONZE AGE 365; 402; 411 BRYLE (Outcrop) 101 BUCKETS, FOR HOISTING ORE 153 — 154; 157 BUDDLE 281; 282; 267 Divided 302 — 303 Simple 300—302; 312—315 BULLION, POURING INTO BARS 382 BURNING ORE 231; 273; 267 BURNT ALUM 233; 565; 221 Cadmia (see also Zinc, Pompholyx, and Cobalt) 542; 542; 112—113 Ancient ore of brass 410 From dust chambers 394 From liquation 539; 542 From roasting matte 349 Poisonous to miners 214; 214 Roasting 276 Smel ting for gold and silver 41 0 Cadmia bituminosa 276; 273; 113 Cadmia fornacis (see Furnace Accre- tions). Cadmia fossilis (see Calamine and Blende). Cadmia metallica (see also Cobalt) 403; 113 Caeruleum (see Azure). CAKES OF MELTED PYRITES 379; 222 A flux 234 Roasting of 349—351 Use in smelting 379 CALAEM (see also Zinc) 409 CALAMINE 112; 113; 409; *10 CALCITE 114 CALCSPAR 116; 114 Caldarium COPPER 512; 542; 404; 511 CALDRONS, FOR EVAPORATING SALTS 548 Calmei (see Calamine). CAMEROS. Zinc found at 409 CAMPHOR 238; 238; 221 CAM-SHAFT 282 — 283; 267 Canutes (Ore Channels) 43; 46; 47 Ore shoots in 117 CANNON 11 CARDINAL POINTS 57; 58 CARNELIAN 114 Carneol (see Carnelian). Carni 390 Cupellation 483 Smelting of lead ores 390 CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS. Liquation practice in 540; 544 Sieves 289 Stamp-milling 319 CARTHAGE. Mines in Spain 27 CASTULO (Cazlona) 42 CEMENTATION (see also Parting Gold from Silver) 453—457; 453; 458 Centumpondium 616; 242; 509 Scale of weights 260—261 CERAGURITE 109 Cerussa (see White-lead). CERUSSITE CHAIN PUMPS 171—175 CHALCANTHITE Chalcanthum (see also Vitriol) 109; 572 GENERAL INDEX. 621 PACE CHALCEDONY 114 Chalcitis 573; 109 Indication of copper 116 CHALCOCITE 109; 402 CHALCOPYRITE 109 CHALDEAN ANTIMONY 429 CHEMISTRY. Origin XXVII; 220 CHEMNITZ. Agricola appointed city physician VII. Agricola elected burgomaster... VIII ; IX. Quarrel over Agricola's burial XI. CHINA, GRAND CANAL OF 129 CHINESE. Early copper smelting 402 Early iron 421 Early silver metallurgy 391 Early zinc smelting 409 Chrysocolla (see also Borax) 110 ; 221 ; 584 ; 1 Collection in vats 584 Colour of fumes 235 Indication of copper 116 Indication of gold 117 Mineral 109 Smelting of 401 CHURCH, SHARE IN MINES 91 CIMOLITE 31 CINNABAR (see Quicksilver and Minium). CLAIM, IN AMERICAN TITLE 77 CLOTH. Lining sluices 322 Ventilation by shaking 210 COAL 34 COBALT 354; 542; J12— 113 Cobalt-blue 112; 433 From lead smelting 408 King Hiram's experience with 214 Poisonous to miners 214 Relation to cadmia 112 Relation to bismuth 435 Smelting ores of 401 COBALT-ARSENIC MINERALS (see Arsenic). COBALTITE 113 Cobaltum cineraceum (see Smallite). Coba/lum ferri color e (see Cobaltite). Cobaltum nigrum (see Abolite). COINERS 95; 78 COINS 251 — 253; 457 COLCHIS. Alluvial gold washing 330 COLOGNE. Scale of weights 263 COMPANIES, MINING 89 — 93; 90 Fraudulent dealing 22 Investment in 29 COMPASS 141—142; 56; 129 Divisions of the 58; 57 Swiss 145; 137 CONCENTRATES. From washing liquation products . . . 542 Sintering of 401 Smelting of 394; 396— 399 ; 401 CONCENTRATION 267—348; 279; 354 Congius 153; 172; 617 CONSTANTINOPLE, ALUM TRADE 569 CONSUMPTION. Miners liable to 214 Conterfei (see Zinc). CONTRACTS, METHOD OF SETTING ... 96 COPIAPITE Ill COPPER (see also Liquation).... 109; 402; 511 Assay of 244; 249 Granulation of 250 Indications of 116 Parting from gold 462—464 Parting gold from silver .... 448—451 ; 448 Ratio in liquation cakes 505; 506 Residues from liquation 521 Rosette 538 COPPER-FILINGS 233; 233; 221 COPPER FLOWERS 538; 110; 233; 538 Pliny's description 404 COPPER GLANCE 401; 109 PAGE COPPER MATTE. Roasting 350 Smelting 404—407 COPPER ORE (see also Copper Smelting, etc.) 109 Assaying 244—245 COPPER PYRITES 117; 109 COPPER REFINING 530—538; 354; 492; 535—536 Breaking cakes 501 — 503 Enrichment of silver by settling 510 Roman method 404 Rosette copper 535 COPPER SCALES 110; 221; 233; 639 Use in assaying 245 COPPER SCHISTS (see also Mannsfeld Copper Slates) 127 Method of smelting 408 COPPER SMELTING 388—390 ; 401 ; 404 ; 402 Invention of appliances 353 — 354 CORNWALL. Ancient tin mining 413 Early German miners 282 Early mining law 85 Early ore dressing 282 Influence on German mining 283 "Knockers" 217 Mining terms 77; 101; 267; 282 Royal Geol. Soc. Transactions 84 Coticula (see Touchstone). Counterfeit (see Zinc). CRANE. For cupellation furnaces 476 — 477 For lead cakes 500 For liquation cakes 514 CREMNITZ. Age of mines 5 Width of veins 52 CRINOID STEMS 115 CROPPINGS 37; 37 CROSSCUTS 106 CROWBARS 152 CRUCIBLE. Assay 228; 230; 241; 245; 221 Of blast furnaces 376; 377 Crudaria 65 CRUSHING MILLS (see Stamp-mill and Mills). CRUSHING ORE 231; 279—287; 279 CRYSTAL (Crystallum) 114 CUMBERLAND. Early report on ores of 267 Roman lead furnaces 392 CUP-BEARER. Right to a meer 81 CUPELLATION 464—483; 465—466 Buildings and furnaces 464—472; 492 Brightening of the silver 241 , 475 In assaying 240 In "tests" 483 Latin and German terms 221; 492 Litharge 475 CUPELS 228—230; 221; 466 Drying of 240 Moulds 231 CUPRIC OXIDE 221 CUPRITE 109; 402 Cyanus (see also Azurite) 110 CYPRUS. Ancient copper smelting 402 Dach 127 Dactylos 617; 78 DANGERS TO MINERS 214 — 218 Darrlinge 492 Darrofen 492 Darrsohle 492 DAWLING, OF A VEIN 101 DEAD SEA. Bitumen in 33 DECEMVIRAL COLLEGE 96 Decumanus (see Tithe Gatherer). Demensum (see Measure). DEMONS (see also Gnomes) 217; 217 622 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE 281 283 84—86 212 85 267 129 404 65—75 101 157 172 426 441 441 244 -432 78 DERBYSHIRE (see also High Peak). Early ore washing Introduction jigging sieve Mining law 77 DESCENT INTO MINES DEVON. Mining law DlLLEUGHER DlOPTRA Diphrygum DIP OF VEINS DIPPAS DIPPERS Of pumps Discretores (see Sorters). DISTILLATION For making nitric acid Of amalgam Of quicksilver Distributor DIVINING ROD 38—40; 38; 40 DIVISIONS OF THE COMPASS 56; 57 DRAINAGE OF MINES 121 ; 171 — 198 With buckets 171 With chain pumps 172 With rag and chain pumps 188 With suction pumps 172 With water bags 198 DRAWING. Knowledge necessary for miners... 4 DRIFTS 104; 105; 101 Timbering of 125 DRUSY VEINS 107; 107 " DRYING " LIQUATION RESIDUES (see also Liquation)... 527—529; 491; 492 Furnaces for 521; 526; 492 Silver extracted by 529 Slags from 523 DUMPS, WORKING OF 30 DUST CHAMBERS 394; 416; 354 DUTINS (Timbers) 101 DYNAMITE 119 411 " EARTHS." Agricola's view of 1 ; 46 Extraordinary Peripatetic view of 46 EGYPTIANS. Alluvial mining Antimony Bronze 402 ; Copper smelting Crushing and concentration Furnaces Glass making Gold mining Iron Maps Mining law Silver and lead metallurgy .... Tin EGYPTIAN SCREW (see Archimedes, Screw of). EIFEL. Spalling ore Eisenertz (see Ironstone). Eisenglantz (see Ironstone). EISLEBEN. Heap roasting 279; Electrum 458; 2 ELEMENTS, PERIPATETIC THEORY OF EMERY ERBISDORFF. Tin strakes Excoctores (see Smelters). EXHALATIONS. From veins EXHAUSTED LIQUATION CAKES (see Liquation Cakes, Exhausted). FANS, VENTILATION 203 — 207 FATHOM 616; 77; 78 Federwis (see also Asbestos) 114; 274 FELDSPAR 114 48 115 47 330 428 411 402 279 355 586 399 421 129 83 390 412 272 274 35 44 115 304 38; 44 PAGE Ferrugo (see Iron-rust). Ferrum purum (see Native Iron). Fibres (see Stringers). FINENESS, SCALES OF 253; 617 FIRE-SETTING 118—120; 118—119 FIRSTUM MINES (see Fiirst). FISSURE VEIN (see Vena profunda). FLAME. Determination of metal by 235 Determination of required flux by 235 FLINT, AS A FLUX 380 FLOAT, FROM VEINS 37 FLOOKAN 101 FLUE-DUST 394 — 396 Fluores (see Fluorspar). FLUORSPAR 115; 380; 381 Indication of ore 116 Flusse (see Fluorspar). FLUXES (see also Argol, Saltpetre, Limestone, Stones which easily melt.ete.) 232—239; 232; 237; 380; 221 Basic 237 De-sulphurizing 236; 237 For smelting 379; 380; 386; 390 Reducing 236; 237 Stock fluxes for assaying 236 Sulphurizing 236; 237 FOOTWALL 68; 117 FOREHEARTH 356; 375—378; 386; 355 For tin furnaces 411; 413 FOREMAN (see Mining Foreman). FOREST-FIRES 36; 36 FOREST OF DEAN 84 FOREST OF MENDIP 84 Formae 101 Fossa latens (see also Drifts) 101 Fossa latens transversa (see also Crosscuts) 101 Fossores (see Miners). FOUNDERS' HOARDS 355; 402 FRACTIONAL MEERS 80 FRANCE. Mediaeval mining law 84 FREE MINING CITIES 84 FREIBERG XXXI. Age of the mines 6 Bergmeister 95 Division of shares 81; 90; 91 First discovery of veins 35; 36 Flooding of mines 218 Method of cupellation 482 FULLERS' EARTH 116 FUMES. From heated ore 235 Poisonous 215 — 216 Fundamentum (see also Footwall) ... 101 Fundgrube (see also Meer) 77 FURNACES 374—378; 386; 388; 355; 492 Assaying (see Assay Furnaces). Bismuth smelting 433 — 437 Burning tin concentrates 349 Cementation 455 Copper smelting 401 — 408 Cupellation 467—468 ; 482—483 " Drying" liquated copper 522 — 526 Enriching copper bottoms 51 0 Gold and silver ores 382 — 384 Heating copper cakes 503 Iron smelting 420 — 421; 420 Latin and German terms 220 Lead ores 408 — 410 Liquation of silver 515 Melting lead cakes 498 Nitric acid making 441 Parting precious metals with anti- mony 452 — 453 Quicksilver distillation 426 — 432 Refining copper 531 — 533 Refining silver 483; 489 Refining tin 418 Roasting 276 — 277 Smelting liquation slags 507 Tin smelting 411—413; 419 GENERAL INDEX. 623 FURNACE ACCRETIONS 113; 221; Removal of FURNACE HOODS FURST. Mines of 24; PAGE 492 376 494 24 Gaarherd (see Refining-hearth). Gaarmachen (see Copper Refining). GAD 150 GALENA 61; 109; 110; 221 Bismuth distinguished from 3 Smelting of 400—401 GANGUE MINERALS 48 GARLIC. Magnet weakened by 39 GARNETS 334 GASES (see also Fumes) From fire-setting 120 Gedigen eisen, silber, etc. (see Native Iron, Silver, etc.). Gel atrament (see Misy). GEMS 115; 1 GEOLOGY. Agricola's views 695 GERMANS. English mining influenced by 283 Mining men imported into England 282 Ore-dressing methods 28 1 — 282 Geschwornen (in Saxon mines) 77 GEYER XXXI; 42; VI. Shafts 102 Tin-strakes 304 GILDING 460 Removal from objects 460; 464 GIPS (see Gypsum). GITTELDE. Smelting of lead ore 391 Glantz (see Galena). Glasertz (see Silver Glance). Glaskopfe (see Ironstone). GLASS 534—592 Blowing 592 Furnaces 586 — 590 From sand 380 GLASS-GALLS 235; 221 As a flux 235; 238; 243; 246 Use in parting gold from copper .... 464 Use in smelting gold concentrates . . . 397 ; 398 Glette (see Litharge). Glimmer (see Mica). GNOMES. In mines 217; 112; 214; 217 GOBLINS (see Gnomes). GOD'S GIFT MINE (see Gottsgaab Mine). GOLD (see also Gold Ores, Parting, Smelting, Stamp-Mill, etc.). Alluvial mining 321—336; 330 Alluvial streams 75 Amalgamation 297 Gold-dust 396 Historical notes 399; 354 Indications of 108; 116 Lust for, not the fault of the metal 16 Minerals 108 Minerals associated with 108 — 109 Smelting of ores 381—382; 386; 388; 390; 396 Wickedness caused by 9 — 10 GOLD CONCENTRATES 396—399; 398 GOLDEN FLEECE 330; 330 GOLD ORES 107 — 108 Amalgamation 295—299; 297 Assay by amalgamation 243 — 244 Assay by fire 242—243 Flux used in assaying Flux used in smelting Smelting in blast furnace 398 — 400 Smelting cupriferous ores 404 — 407 Smelting in lead bath 399 Smelting pyritiferous ore 398 — 401 Stamp-milling 321 Goldstein (see Touchstone). GOSLAR 5 Lead smelting Native zinc vitriol Roasting ores Spalling hard ore GOSLARITE GOTTSGAAB MINE VI; VII GOUNCE GRAND CANAL OF CHINA GRANULATION METHODS FOR BULLION GRANULATION OF COPPER GREEKS. Antimony Brass making Copper smelting Iron and steel making Metallurgy from Egypt Mining law Ore dressing Quicksilver Silver-lead smelting Smelting appliances GREY ANTIMONY (see also Stibium) ... 110; GRIFFINS GROOM OF THE CHAMBER. Right to a meer GROOVE (see also Shafts) GROUND SLUICES GROUND WATERS Griinspan (see Verdigris). Gulden GUNPOWDER. First use for blasting in mines Invention of GYPSUM .. PAGE ; 37; 37 408 572 274; 274 271 113; 572 ; 74; 74 267 129 444 250 428 410 403 421 402 83 281 432 391 356 221 ; 428 331 81 101 336—337 46—48 92; 419 119 562 114 101 HADE Haematites (see Ironstone). Halinitrum (see Saltpetre). HALLE, SALT INDUSTRY 552 HAMMERS 151 With water power 423 HANGINGWALL 68; 117 HARZ MINERS. Agricola consulted VII. Antimony sulphide , 428 First mining charter 84 First stamp-mill 282 Pumps 194 HAULING APPLIANCES (see also Whims and Windlasses) 160—168; 149 HEAP ROASTING 274 — 276 HEARTH-LEAD (see also Molybdaena). 475; 476; 110; 221 As a flux 232 Use in smelting 379; 398; 400 HEARTHS. For bismuth smelting 433—437 For melting lead 390; 498 HEAVENLY HOST MINE (see Himmelisch Hoz Mine). HEAVY SPAR \... 11S HEBREWS. Knowledge of antimony 428 Silver-lead smelting 391 Term for tin 412 HEMATITE HEMICYCLE (Hemicyclium) 137 — 138 Herachon (see Lodestone). Herdblei (see Hearth-Lead). HIERO, KING 247; 247 HIGH PEAK (Derbyshire). Mining law Nomenclature in mines Saxon customs, connection with... 77 ; 85 Himmelisch Hoz MINE 74; 92; 75 HOE 152 HOLIDAYS OF MINERS HORN SILVER HORNS OF DEER HORNSTONE 116; 114 HUNGARY. Cupellation .•• 483 624 GENERAL INDEX. Huttenrauch (see Pompholyx). IGLAU, CHARTER OF INCENSE IN CUPELLATION FURNACES INDICATIONS OF ORE 106; Ingeslores (set Shovellers). INDIA. Steel Zinc Intervenium INVESTMENT IN MINES IRON 420 ; Cast Censure of Indications of Malleable Smelting Sulphur harmful to IRON AGE IRON FILINGS (see also Iron-Scales) ... Use in assaying 234; IRON ORE. Assaying of Smelting of IRON-RUST 116; 474 IRON-SCALES Flux Use in smelting gold Use in smelting silver Use in making nitric acid Use in parting gold from copper... IRON-SLAG As a flux IRONSTONE ITALIANS. Alluvial mining in Germany ITALY. Mining formerly forbidden JADE JAPAN. Steel JASPER Jaspis JET JIGGING SIEVE 310; JOACHIMSTHAL First stamp-mill Mining shares and profits Judenstein (see Lapis Judaicus). JUICES Agricola's theory From springs and streams Stone juice Tastes of JUICES, SOLIDIFIED. Agricola's view of Extraction of metals from Preparation of JULIAN ALPS. Stamp-milling in JUNCTIONS (see Veins, Intersections of). Jurati (see Jurors). JURORS 22; 92 In English mining custom Relations to Bergmeister JUSTINIAN CODE. Mines Kalchstein (see Limestone). Kammschale KAOLINITE (see Porcelain Clay). Katzensilber (see Mica). KING. Deputy Right to a meer Kinslock (see Liquation Cakes, Exhausted). Kis (see Pyrites). KNOCKERS(S«« Gnomes). Kobelt (see Cobalt). K6LERGANG VEIN K6NIGSBERG. Fire-setting Kupferglas trtz (see Copper Glance). PAGE 84 472 107; 116 423 409 51; 50 26—29 354; 111 420 11 116 420 420—426 273 420 22] 238; 246 247 420—426 ; 1: ill 221 234 398 400 440 464 221 234; 235 390; 111 334 114 423 111; 2 114 34 267 ; 283 VI. 281 91; 92 1 ; 47 46; 52 33 46; 49 34 1 ; 49 350 545 319 ; 96; 78 85 95; 77 84 127 94 81 42 119 Kupferschiejer (see Copper Schists). KUTTENBERG. Depths of shafts PAGE 102 LABOUR CONDITION IN MINING TITLE. 92; 83—85 LACEDAEMONIANS (see Spartans). Lachter (see Fathom). LADDERWAYS IN SHAFTS 124; 212 LADLE FOR BULLION 332 Lapis aerarius (see Copper Ore). Lapis alabandicus 380 Lapis Judaicus 115; 115 Lapis specularis (see Gypsum). LATHS (Lagging) 101 LA TOLFA. Alum manufacture 565 Discovery of 570 LAURION (LAURIUM), MT. (see MT. LAURION, MINES OF). LAUTENTAL, LIQUATION AT 491 LAW (see Mining Law). LAW-SUITS OVER SHARES IN MINES... 94 LEAD 354; 390; 110 Censure of It Cupellation 464 — 483 Melting prior to liquation 500 In liquation cakes ... 505 — 506; 505; 506 Refining silver 483 — 490 Smelting of ores 388 — 392; 400 Use in assaying 232; 239; 242; 244; 249; 251 Washing in sluices 347 LEAD-ASH 237; 237; 221 As a flux 234 Use in parting gold from copper ... 463 LEAD BATH 381 LEAD-GLASS 236 LEAD GRANULES 239; 463; 221 LEADING (in liquation) 304; 507; 513; 491; 492; 504 Components of the charge 505 — 509 LEAD OCHRE 232; 110; 221 LEAD ORE. Assay methods 245 — 246 Roasting 275 Smelting in blast furnace 390; 408 LEASE, IN AUSTRALIAN TITLE 77 LEAVES. PREPARATION OF BULLION INTO 444 LEBERTHAL ' 24 LEES OF aqua WHICH SEPARATES GOLD FROM SILVER 234; 443; 221 As a flux 234; 238 LEES OF VINEGAR (see also Argol) ... 221 As a flux 234; 236; 243; 234 LEES OF WINE (see Argol). LEMNOS, ISLAND OF 31 LEMNIAN EARTH 31 LEPROSY OF HOUSE WALLS (see Salt- petre). LEVEL (see also Drift) 101 LEVEL, PLUMMET (see Plummet Level) LIMESTONE 114; 221 As a flux 236; 390 LlMONITE Ill LIMP 267 LINARES. Hannibal's mines near 42 LIPARI ISLANDS. Alum from 566 LIQUATED SILVER-LEAD (see Stannum and Silver-lead). LIQUATION 519—521; 491; 519 Ash-coloured copper from 529 Buildings for 491 Furnace 515—518; 492 Historical note on 494 Losses 491; 539 Nomenclature 492 LIQUATION CAKES 505 — 509 ; 492 ; 505 ; 506 Enrichment of the lead 512; 512 Extraction of silver from 512 From bye-products of liquation 539 — 540 From copper bottoms 512; 512 GENERAL INDEX. 625 LIQUATION CAKES. PAGE Proportion of lead in rich silver copper 509 LigUATioN CAKES, EXHAUSTED 521—526; 406; 492; 620 LIQUATION SLAGS 509; 492; 541 Furnaces for 507 Treatment of 541 LIQUATION THORNS 522 ; 539 ; 492 ; 539 ; 540 From cupeUation 543; 543 From " drying " copper residues... 529 LITHARGE (see also Cupellation) 475; 232—238; 466; 476; 110; 222 Use in reducing silver nitrate 447 Use in smelting 379; 398; 400 Lithargyrum (see Litharge). LODESTONE 115; 111; 115; 2 Compass 57 Los Pozos de Anibal 42 Lotores (see Washers). LUSITANIA. Gold alluvial 347 Sluices for gold washing 325 Tin smelting 419 LUTE 1 Preparation of for furnace linings 375 — 376 LYDIA. Mining law 83 The King's mines 27 LYE 558; 221; 233 Use in making fluxes 236 Use in parting 463 Magister Metallicorum (see Bergmeister). Magister Monetariorum (see Master of the Mint). Magnes (see alsr> Lodestone and Man- ganese) 584; 111; 115; 584 MAGNET 247 Garlic 39 Magnetis (see Mica). MAGNETITE Ill MALACHITE J09 ; 221 MALADIES OF MINERS 214—217 MALTHA 581 MANAGER (see Mine Manager). MANGANESE r>86 ; 3 "54 MANNSFELD COPPER SLATES 126—127; 279; 127; 273 MAP-MAKING 129 MARBLE 115; 2; 114 MARCASITE Ill; 112; 409 Marga (see Marl). MARIENBERG XXXI; VI. MARL 114 MARMELSTEIN (see Marble). Marmor (see Marble). M armor alabastrites (see Alabaster). Marmor glarea 114 MASSICOT (see also Lead Ochre) 110; 221; 232 MASTER OF THE HORSE 81 MASTER OF THE MINT 95; 78 MATTE (see Cakes of Melted Pyrites). MATTE SMELTING 404 — 407 MEASURE (unit of mining area) 78; 78 MEASURES 616 — 617; 78; 550 MEDICINE. Knowledge necessary for miners ... 3 Medulla saxorum (see Porcelain Clay). MEER 77 — 89 Boundary stones 87 On vena cumulata 87 On vena dilatata 86 MEISSEN. Dumps from mines 312 Melanteria 117; 112; 573 Indication of copper 116 MELANTERITE Ill MELOS, ISLAND OF 566 Menning (see Red-lead). Merge! (see Marl). METALS 2; 44; 51 Advantages and uses 19; 20 Necessity to man XXV; 12 — 13 Not responsible for evil passions... 15 PACE Metreta 163 MEXICO Patio process 297 MICA 114 MIDDLE AGES, MINING LAW OF 84 MILLS FOR GRINDING ORE 294 — 299 ; 280 MIMES(S«« also Gnomes) 217 MINE CAPTAIN 26; 77 MINE MANAGER 97; 98; 77; 78 MINERAL KINGDOM, AGRICOLA'S DIVISIONS OF 1 MINERALS 594; 108, 48; 51 Compound 2; 61 Mixed 2; 51 MINERS 1—4; 25; 78 Duties and punishments 100; 22 Law (see Mining Law). Litigation among 21 Slaves as 23 MINES. Abandonment of 217 Conditions desirable 30 — 33 Investments in 26 — 29 Management of 25; 26 Names of 42 MINES ROYAL, COMPANY OF 283 MINING (see also Sett, Lease, Claim, Meer, etc.). Criticisms of 4 — 12 Harmless and honourable 14; 20; 23 Methods of breaking ore 117 — 118 Stoping 125 MINING CLERK 93; 95; 96; 78 MINING COMPANIES (see Companies, Mining). MINING FOREMAN 98 — 99; 78 Frauds by 21 — 22 MINING LAW 82—86 Boundary stones 87 Drainage requirements 92 — 93 England 84—86 Europe 84 Forfeiture of title 92—93 France 84 Greek and Roman 83 Middle Ages 84—85 Right of Overlord, Landowner, State and Miner Tunnels 88—89 MINING PREFECT 26; 94; 78 MINING RIGHTS (see Mining Law and Meer). MINING TERMS, OLD ENGLISH 77 ; 101 MINING TOOLS 149 — 153 Buckets for ore 153—154 Buckets for water 157 Trucks 156 Wheelbarrows 155 Minium Ill Quicksilver from Red-lead 232 Minium secundarium (see Red-lead). MISPICKEL (Mistpuckel) Ill Misy (the mineral) 573; 111; 403 An indication of copper 116 Use in parting gold and silver 459 Mitlere und obere offenbriiche (set Furnace Accretions). Modius 617; 405 MOGLITZ. Tin working 318 MOIL 160 Molybdaena 110; 221 ; 476 ; 400; 408 Term for lead carbonates 400; 408 Molybdenite 477 Monetarius (see Coiners). MONEY, ASSAYING OF 251 — 2E MORANO GLASS FACTORIES 692 MORAVIA. Cupellation 483 Stamp-milling Washing gold ore MORDANTS 569 MORTAR-BOX 279—280; 312; 319; 267 626 GENERAL INDEX. MOUNTAINS. PAGE Formation of 595 MX. BERMIUS. Gold Mines of 26; 27 MT. LAURION, MINES OF ... 27 ; 27 — 29 ; 391 Crushing and concentration of ores 281 Cupellation 465 Mining law 83 Smelting appliances 355 Xenophon on 6 MT. SINAI. Ancient copper smelting 355; 402 MUFFLE FURNACES 224 — 228; 239 MUFFLES 227; 239; 222 Refining silver 489—490 MUHLBERG, BATTLE OF X. Murrhina (see Chalcedony). MUSKETS 11 MYCENAE. Copper 402 Silver-lead smelting 391 NAMES OF MINES 42 NAPHTHA 581 NATIVE COPPER 109 NATIVE IRON Ill NATIVE MINERALS 107 NATIVE SILVER 269; 109 NATRON (see Nitrum). NEOLITHIC FURNACES 355 NEUSOHL, METHOD OF SCREENING ORE 290 NEWBOTTLE ABBEY 35 NITOCRIS, BRIDGE OF 391 NITRIC ACID (see also Aqua valens) ... 439—443; 460; 439; 354 Assay parting gold and silver 248 Testing silver regulus with 449 Use in cleaning gold dust 396 Nitrum (see also Soda) 558; 110 NOMENCLATURE I; 267 Mining law 77; 78 Mining officials 77; 78 Norici 388 Conveyance of ore 169 NORMANS. Mining Law in England 85 NOTARY 94; 78 NUBIA. Early gold-mining 399 NUREMBERG, SCALE OF WEIGHTS .... 264 Obolus 25 Ochra nativa Ill OCHRE YELLOW Ill Offenbriiche (see Furnace Accretions). OLYNTHUS. Betrayal to Philip of Macedon 9 Operculum 441; 222 Orbis 141; 137 ORE (see various metals, Assaying, Mining, etc.). ORE CHANNELS (see Canutes), ORE DEPOSITS, THEORY OF ... XIII ; 43 — 53 ORE DRESSING 267 — 361 Burning 273 Hand spalling 271—272 Sorting 268—271 Orguia 78; 78; 617 Orichalcum (see Aurichalcum) ORPIMENT Ill; 1; 222 Colour of fumes 235 Harmful to metals 273 Indication of gold, etc 116 Roasted from ore 273 Use in assaying 237 OUTCROPS 68; 43 OX-BLOOD IN SALT MAKING 552 PACTOLUS, GOLD SANDS OF 27 PARK'S PROCESS 465 PARTING GOLD FROM COPPER 462 — 464 PARTING GOLD FROM SILVER 443—460; 458—463 Antimony sulphide 451—452; 451—452; 461 PAGE PARTING GOLD FROM SILVER. Cementation... 453—457; 453—454; 458 Chlorine gas 458; 462 Electrolysis 458; 462 Nitric acid 443—447; 443; 447; 460 Nitric acid (in assaying) 247-- 249 Sulphur and copper ... 448 — 451; 448; 461 Sulphuric acid 458; 462 PARTITIONS 493 PASSAU, PEACE OF IX. Passus 616; 78 PATIO PROCESS 297 — 298 PATTINSON'S PROCESS 465 PEAK, THE (see High Peak). Pentremites 115 PERGAMUM. Brazen ox of 11 Mines near 26; 27 PERIPATETICS XII. Theory of ore deposits 47; 44 View of wealth 18 PERSIANS. Ancient mining law 83 Pes 616; 78 PESTLES 231 ; 483 PETROLEUM 581—682 PHALARIS. BRAZEN BULL or 11 PHILOSOPHY. Knowledge necessary for miners... 3 PHOENICIANS. Copper and bronze 402 In Thasos 24 Tin 411—412 PICKS 152—153 Pickscheifer (see Ash-coloured Copper). PLACER MINING 321 — 348 Pleigeel (see Lead Ochre). Pleiweis (see White-lead). PLEYGANG VEIN 42 Plumbago 110 Plumbum candidum 110; 3; 473 Plumbum cinereum HI; 3 Plumbum nigrum lutei coloris 110; 3 PLUMMET LEVEL. Standing 143; 137 Suspended 145; 146; 137 POCKETS IN ALLUVIAL STUICES 322 — 330 POISONOUS FUMES (see Fumes). POLAND. Cupellation 483 Lead ore washing 347 Lead smelting 392 Poletae, TABLETS OF THE 83 POLING COPPER 531—538; 535—536 POMPEIOPOLIS. Arsenic mine at Ill Pompholyx 394; 113— 114; 403 From copper refinings 538 From cupellation 476 From dust-chambers 394 From roasting ore 278 Poisonous 214; 215 Used for brass making 410 PORCELAIN CLAY 115 POTASH 558—559; 558; 233; 220 In Sal artificiosus 463 POTTERY, EGYPTIAN 391 POTOSI 298 Pozos DE ANIBAL, Los 42 Pous 617; 78 Praefectus cuniculi 78 Praefectus fodinae (see Mine Manager). Praefectus metallorum (see Mining Prefect). Praeses cuniculi 78 Praeses fodinae (see Mining Foreman). PRECIOUS AND BASE METALS 439 PRIMGAP Procurator metallorum PROSPECTING PROUSTITE 109 PUMPS 171—200; 149 Chain 171—175 Rag and chain 188 — 200 GENERAL INDEX. 627 PUMPS. Suction Purgator argenti (see Silver Refiner). PURSER PUTEOLI PYRARGYRITE Pyriien argentum PYRITES (see also Cakes of Melted Pyrites) 51; 111 As a flux Assay for gold In tin concentrates Latin and German terms Roasting Roasting cakes of Smelting for gold and silver Used in making vitriol Pyrites aerosus (see Copper Pyrites). Pyrites aurei colons (see Copper Pyrites). QUARTZ (see also Stones which easily melt) As a flux An indication of ore Material of glass Silver ore Smelting of Quarzum (see Quartz). QUERTZE QUICKSILVER 432; 2; Amalgamation of gilt objects Amalgamation of gold dust Amalgamation of gold ores Assaying methods Ore Use in assaying gold ore PAGE 175—188 77 501 109 408 ; 112; 1 234 243 348 222 273—274 349—351 399; 401 578 114 380 116 380 113 401 354; 380 111 461 396 297; 297 247 426—432 243 222 463 459 233 491—498 462—464 463; RAG AND CHAIN PUMPS 188 — 200 RAKE VEINS 101 RAMMELSBERG. Collapse of mines 216 Discovery 37 Early vitriol making 572 Rauchstein 127 REALGAR 1; HI; 222 Colour of fumes 235 Harmful to metals 273 Indication of ore 116 Roasted from ore 273 Reder stein (see Trochitis). RED-LEAD 232; 110; Use in parting gold from copper ... Use in parting gold from silver REFINED SALT 454; REFINERY FOR SILVER AND COPPER REFINING GOLD FROM COPPER REFINING GOLD FROM SILVER 443 — 458 REFINING-HEARTH 492 REFINING SILVER 483—490; 465; 484 REFINING SILVER FROM LEAD 464 REFORMATION, THE V; VIII. RE-OPENING OF OLD MINES 217 REVIVAL OF LEARNING. Agricola's position in XIII. REWARD LEASE, IN AUSTRALIAN LAW 77 RHAETIA 388 RHAETIAN ALPS. Stamp milling in 319 RING-FIRE 448 Rio TINTO MINES. Roman methods of smelting 405 Roman water-wheels 149 RISKS OF MINING 28 — 29 RITHER (a horse) 101 ROASTED COPPER 233; 233; 222 ROASTING 273—279; 267 Heap roasting 274—275 In furnaces 276 Mattes 349—351 Prior to assaying 231 ROCKS 119; 2 ROCK-SALT 548; 222 Use in cementation 454 ROMAN ALUM 565 ROMANS. Amalgamation Antimony Brass making .. Companies PAGE 297 428 410 90 Copper smelting 404 — 405 Mining law 83 Minium Company Quicksilver Roasting Silver-lead smelting Washing of ore ROSETTE COPPER 538; Rosgeel (see Realgar). RUBY COPPER 109; RUBY SILVER 51 ; Assaying of Cupellation Rudis Ores RUST (see Iron-rust). 232 433 267 392 281 535 402 109 244 473 108 454—457 441 474 460 463 236 242 234 222 463; 233; SABINES 9 Saigerdorner (see Liquation Thorns). Saigerwerk (see Slannum). Salamander har (see Asbestos). Salamis, Battle of 27 Sal-ammoniac 560; 560; 222 In cements for parting gold and silver In making aqua valens Uses in cupellation Uses in making aqua regia Uses in parting gold from copper... Sal artificiosus 236; In assaying As a flux SALT 545; 556; 546; As a flux 234—238 Pans 545; 546 Solidified juice 1 Use in cementation 454; 454 Use in parting gold from copper .. 463 ; 464 Use in smelting ores 396; 400 Wells 546—547 SALT MADE FROM ASHES OF MUSK IVY 560 ; 233 Sal torrefactus : 242; 222; 233 Sal tostus 233; 233; 222 SALTPETRE 561—564; 561; 562; 222 As a flux 233; 236—238; 245; 247 In smelting gold concentrates 398 Uses in cementation 454; 454 Uses in making nitric acid 439; 440; 447; 454 Uses in melting silver nitrate 447 SAMPLING COPPER BULLION 249 SAND 117 Sandaraca (see Realgar). SANDIVER (see Glass-galls). Sarda (see Carnelian). SAXONY. High Peak customs from 77 ; 85 Political state in Agricola's time. VIII ; IX. Reformation IX. Saxum calcis (see Limestone). SCALES OF FINENESS 253; 617 SCAPTE-HYLE, MINES OF 23 SCHEMNITZ. Age of mines Gunpowder for blasting Pumps 194 SCHIST 222 Schistos (see Ironstone). SCHLACKENWALD. Ore washing 304 SCHMALKALDEN LEAGUE SCHMALKALDEN WAR IX; X. SCHNEEBERG XXXI J '\ Cobalt 435 Depth of shafts Ore stamping Shares St. George mine 92; 74; 75 Schwartf-atramint (see Melanteria and Sory). 628 GENERAL INDEX. PAGE SCORIFICATION ASSAY 239 SCORIFIER 228; 230; 222 Assays in 238; 239 SCREENING ORE (see Sifting Ore). SCREENS (see also Screening) 267 In stamp-mill 315 Scriba fodinarum (see Mining Clerk). Scriba magistri metallicorum (see Bergmeister's Clerk). Scriba partium (see Share Clerk). SCUM OF LEAD FROM CUPELLATION ... 475 SCYTHIANS. Wealth condemned 9; 15 SEAMS IN THE ROCKS 72; 43; 47 Indications of ore 67; 107 SEA-WATER, SALT FROM 545—546 Sesteice 448 SETT 77 SETTLING PITS 316; 267 SHAFT-HOUSES 102 SHAFTS 102—107; 122—124 Surveys of 129—135 Venae cumulatae 128 SHAKES 101 SHARE CLERK 97; 93; 78 SHARE IN MINES (see Companies, Mining). SHEARS FOR CUTTING NATIVE SILVER 269 SHIFT 99; 92 SHOES (stamp) 285—286; 267 SHOVELLERS 153; 169; 78 Sideritis (see Lodestone). Siegelstein (see Lodestone). SIEVES. For charcoal 375 For crushed ore 287—293 ; 341 SIFTING ORE 287—293 Signator publicus (see Notary). Silberweis (see Mica). Siltx 114; 118 SILVER (see also Assaying, Liquation, Parting, Refining, etc)... 390; 354; 109 Amalgamation 297; 300 Assaying 248—251 Cupellation 464—483; 241 " Drying " copper residues from liquation Enrichment in copper bottoms ... 510; Exhausted liquation cakes Indicated by bismuth, etc Liquation 505—507; 506; 509; Parting from gold (see Parting Gold and Silver). Parting from iron 544; Precipitation from solution ;- copper bowl Refining 483—490; Smelting of ores 381—382; 386; 388; 390; 400; 402 Use in clarification of nitric acid... 443 ; 443 SILVER, RUBY (see Ruby Silver). SILVER GLANCE 109 Assaying 244 Cupellation 473 Dressing 269 SILVER-LEAD ALLOY (see Stannum, etc.). SILVER ORES 109; 109 Assaying 242 — 244 Assaying cupriferous ores 245 Fluxes required in assaying Smelting cupriferous ores 404 — 407 SILVER-PLATING 460 SILVER REFINER 95; 78 SILVER REFINING (see Refining). SILVER VEINS SINGING BY MINERS 118 SINTERING CONCENTRATES 401 SLAGS (see also Liquation Slags) From blast furnace 379; 381 From liquation 491; 492; 523 SLAVES AS MINERS 23; 83 In Greek mines 25; 25; 28 SLOUGH (tunnel) 101 SLUICES 319; 322—348 529 510 524 116 512 644 465; 484 PAGE SMALLITE 113 SMALT 112 Smega 404 SMELTERS 78 SMELTING (see also various metals) 379—390; 353—355 Assaying compared 220 Building for 355 — 361 Objects of 353 Smirgel (see Emery). Smiris (see Emery). SMYRNA. Mines near 27 SNAKE-BITES 31 SODA (see also Nitrum)... 558; 559; 233; 222 As a flux 233; 234 Historical notes 558; 354 Solidified juice 1 SOLE 101 SOLIDIFIED JUICES (see Juices, Solidified). Solifuga 216; 216 SORTERS 78 SORTING ORE 268—271 Sory 112; 403; 573 Sows 376; 386; 376 SPAIN (see also Lusitania). Ancient silver-lead mines 149; 392 Ancient silver mines of Carthage 27 Ancient tin mines 411 — 412 SPALLING ORE 271 — 272 Spangen (see Trochitis). Spanschgrun (see Verdigris). SPARTANS. Gold and silver forbidden 9; 15 Interference with Athenian mines 27 SPAT (see Heavy Spar). SPELTER SPHALERITE 113 Spiauter 409 Spiesglas (see Stibium). SPINES OF FISHES FOR CUPELS 230 Spodos 538; 394; 113; 114 Spuma argenti (see Litharge). STAFFORDSHIRE. First pumping engine 149 STALAGMITES STALL ROASTING 350 — 351 STAMP For breaking copper cakes 501 — 503 For crushing crucible lining 373 — 375 STAMPING REFINED SILVER 489 STAMP-MILL 279—287; 281—282; 267 Wet ore 312—314; 319—321 STANDING PLUMMET LEVEL (see Plummet Level). STANNARIES Stannum 473; 2; 384; 492 STEEL 423—426; 422—423; 354 Steiger 77 Steinmack (see Porcelain Clay). STEMPLE (stull) STEPHANITE 109 STERNEN MINE 92; 75 STEWARD (of High Peak mines) ST. GEORGE MINE (Schneeberg) ... 92; 74; 76 Stibium (see also Antimony and Anti- mony Sulphide) ... 110 ; 428 ; 2 ; 2 Flux to be added to In assaying 231 In cementation 458—460 Indication of silver In making nitric acid 440 In parting gold and silver... 451—452; 45! In parting gold from copper In treatment of gold concentrates 396 ; 397 STIBNITE 428; 451 ST. LORENTZ MINE 74; 92 STOCKWERKE (see Vena cumulata). STOICS. Views on wealth Stomoma *23 STONE JUICE 46; 49 GENERAL INDEX. 629 STONES. PAGE Agricola's view of 2; 46; 49 Various orders of fusibility " STONES WHICH EASILY MELT" (see also Quartz) 380; As a flux 233; 236; In making nitric acid In smelting 379; Smelting of STOOL (of a drift) STOPE STOPING Venae cttmuiatae Venae dilatatae STRAKE 303—310; Canvas 307—310; 314; Egyptians Greeks Short 306- 380; 126; 267; 316; -307; 380 222 233 440 390 401 101 126 125 128 127 282 267 280 281 267 Washing tin concentrates 341 — 343 STRATA 126 STREAMING 316 — 318 STRINGERS 70; 43; 47; 70 Indication of ore 106 Mining method 128 STYRIA 388 SUBTERRANEAN HEAT 46; 696 SUCTION PUMPS 175 — 188 SULPHIDES 267; 355 SULPHUR 578 — 581 ; Colour of fumes Harmful to metals In assaying In parting gold from copper In parting gold from silver 448—451; In smelting gold dust Roasted from ores Solidified juice SULPHUR " NOT EXPOSED TO THE FIRE. 458; SURVEYOR'S FIELD 137; SURVEYING 128—148; Necessary for miners Rod 137- SUSPENDED PLUMMET LEVEL (see Plummet Level). Swiss COMPASS 145; Swiss SURVEYORS Symposium 579; 222 235 273 235—238 463; 462 448; 273; 463; 144; 461 396 276 1 579 142 129 4 138 137 145 91 TAP-HOLE 378; 386 TAPPETS 282; 319; 267 TAPPING-BAR 381 TARSHISH, TIN TRADE 412 TARTAR (Cream of) 220; 234 Tectum (Hangingwall) 101 Terra sigillata (see Lemnian Earth). " TESTS ", REFINING SILVER IN 483—490; 465; 484 Thaler 92 THASOS, MINES OF 23; 95; 23 Theamedes 115 THEODOSIAN CODE. Mines 84 THORNS (see Liquation Thorns). THURINGIA. Roasting pyrites 276 Sluices of gold washing 327 TIGNA (Wall plate) 101 TIMBERING. Of ladderways and shafts... 122; 123; 124 Of slopes 126 Of tunnels and drifts 124—125 TIN 411—413; 354; 110 Alluvial mining 336 — 340 Assaying ore 246 Assaying for silver 251 Colour of fumes 235 Concentrates 340—342; 348—349 Cornish treatment 282 Refining 418-419 Smelting 411—420 Stamp-milling 312—317 Streaming 316 — 318 VAOl TIN. Washing 298; 302; 304 linear or Tincal (see Borax). TITHE GATHERER 81; 95; 98; 78 TITHE ON METALS 81; 82 Toden Kopff 235 Tof stein (see Tophus). TOLFA, LA (see La Tolf a). TOOLS 149—153 Topf stein (see Tophus). Tophus 233; 114; 222 As a flux 233; 237; 390 TORTURES. With metals 11 Without metals 17 TOUCH-NEEDLES 253—260; 253 TOUCHSTONE 252—253 ; 252 ; 354 ; 458 ; 222 Mineral 114 Uses 243; 248; 447 TRADE-ROUTES. Salt-deposits influence on 646 TRANSPORT OF ORE 168 — 169 TRENT, BISHOP OF. Charter (1185) 84 TRIANGLES IN SURVEYING 129 — 137 TRIPOLI 115 Trochitis 115; 115 TROLLEY 480; 500; 614 TROY. Lead found in 391 TROY WEIGHTS 616; 617; 242 TRUCKS 156 TUNNELS 102; 101 Law 88—93 Surveys of 130—141 Timbering 124 TURIN PAPYRUS 129; 399 TURN (winze) 101 Tuteneque 409 Tullanego 409 TUTTY 394 TWITCHES OF THE VEIN 101 TWYER 376 TYE 267 TYPE. Stibium used for 2; 429 TYRANTS. Inimical to miners 32 TYROLESE. Smelting 388; 404 ULCERS 214; 31 Uncia (length) 78; 616; 78 Uncia (weight) 616; 242 UNDERCURRENTS (see Sluices). UNITED STATES. Apex law 82 Vecliarii (see Windlass Men). VEINS 43; 64—69; 106—107; 47 Barren 72; 107 Direction of 54 — 58 Drusy 72; 73; 107 Hardness variable 117 Indications 35 — 38 Intersections of 65; 66; 67; 106; 107 Vena. Use of term Vena cumulata 46; 49; 70; Mining method Mining rights Vena dilatata 41 ; 45 ; 53 ; 60—61 ; Junctions with vena profunda .. Mining method Mining rights Washing lead ore from Vena profunda 44; 51; 60; 62; 63; 68; 69; 43 Cross veins Functions 65; 66; 87; Mining rights VENETIAN GLASS 43; 43; Factories In assaying 238; 245; 47 47 128 87 43; 47 67; 68 126—127 83—86 347 47 65 68 79—83 222 592 246 630 GENERAL INDEX. VENETIAN GLASS. In cupellation 474 VENICE. Glass-factories 592 Parting with nitric acid 461 Scale of weights 264 VENTILATION 200—212; 121 With bellows 207—210 With fans 20*— 207 With linen cloths 210 With windsails 200—203 VERDIGRIS 440; 1; 110; 222 In cementation 454; 457 Indication of ore 116 In making nitric acid 440 In parting gold from copper 464 VERMILION. Adulteration with red-lead 232 Poisonous 215 VILLACENSE LEAD 239; 239 VINEGAR. Use in breaking rocks 119; 118 Use in cleansing quicksilver 426 Use in roasting matte 349 Use in softening ore 231 Virgula divina (see Divining Rod). VITRIOL 571; 572; 403; 222; 1 In assaying 237 — 238 In cementation 454; 454 Indication of copper 116 In making nitric acid 439 — 440 In roasted ores 350 In sal artificiosus 463 Native Ill Native blue 109 Native white 113 Red 274 White 454 VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 595 WASHERS 78 WASHING ORE (see also Concentration, Screening Ore, etc.) 300 — 310 WATER-BAGS 157—159; 198 PAGE WATER-BUCKETS 157—158 WATER-WHEELS 187; 283; 286; 319 WATER-TANK, UNDER BLAST FUR- NACES 356 — 357 WEALTH 7 — 20 WEDGES 150 WEIGHTS... 260—264; 616—617; 242; 253 Weisser Kis Ill Werckschuh 617; 78 WESTPHALIA. 