None
1 Latest determination by Prof. Newcomb, of Washington. USEFUL TO THE MICEOSCOPIST 1135 Geometrical Progression m, multiplier or divisor. A = B B=Vm — w'"-1'* m-l ' Properties of Circles and Spheres <£c. 77 = 3-141592653589793 + log 77 = 0-4971498727 77- = 9-8696 A/77~= 1-77245 = -31831 A ='10132 --=-56419 772 A/77 4 ^ = -5236 . A/2-1-41421 v/2« = 8-02496 6 Circumference, C. Area, A. Radius, r. Diameter, d. Volume, V. Surface, S. " 6 * "77" Area of sector of circle - de*rees in wo_x_area _ofdrde 360 Length of arc = number of degrees x -017453 r. Unit of circular measure = 57°'29578. Side of square of equal area to a circle = r \/TT. Side of inscribed square = r A/2. Area of ellipse = i major axis x i minor axis x 77. Volume of spheroid = polar axis x (equatorial axis)2 x !T. 6 Number of Threads per inch in Whitworth's Standard Screws Sixes -fa . . No. of threads 150 Sixes ± . . No. of threads 20 „ A • „ 80 ,f & • 00 .,£••• 5, 40 „ j7ff . 14 „ & . „ 32 „ i . . „ 12 „ A - 5, 24 „ I . „ 11 Convenient Approximations for rapid Calculations 6 knots = 7 miles, more correctly 13 knots = 15 miles. 8 kilometres =5 „ „ „ 50 kilometres = 31 „ 1 metre = 3 ft. 3£ in. „ „ 32 metres = 35 yards. 5 centimetres = 2 inches „ „ 33 centimetres •= 13 inches. 3 millimetres = ^ inch ,, ., 5 millimetres = £ inch. 1 pole = 5 metres ; 1 furlong = 2 hectometres. ;V = oth) <r inch ; T^u inch = 5- mm. ; T^joWtf inch = ^ /i. 2 are - 239 sq. yds ; 1 rood = 10 are ; 2 acres = 81 are ; 100 hectare - 247 acres ; 3 cubic yards = 23 decisteres ; 1 decastere = 13 cubic yards ; 2 decilitres = 7 / § (ounces); 4 litres = 7 pints; 2 grammes = 31 grains; I 136 APPENDICES AND TABLES USEFUL TO THE MICROSCOPIST 4 grammes = 15 (drachm) (apothecaries') ; 7 grammes = 4 dr. (drachms) (avoirdupois). 5 kilogrammes = 11 Ib. (avoirdupois). 50 kilogrammes - 1 cwt. Nobert's 19 Band Test Plate Band Lines per inch Band Lines per inch 1 11259-5 5 33778-5 15 90076-1 19 112595-1 10 61927-3 Difference between each band = 5629*75. NoberVs last 20 Band Test Plate Band Lines per inch Band Lines per inch 1 11259-5 5 56297-6 10 112595-1 Difference between each band = 11259'S. 15 168892-7 225190-3 Convenient Formula for Lantern Projection or Enlargement and Reduction. Let D be the distance of the screen, and d the distance of the object from the optical centre of the lens, F the equivalent focus of the lens, M the magnifying power or ' number of times ' for enlargement or reduction, then — Example : It is required to project by a lens of 6 inches equivalent focus a slide having a 3-inch mask so that it may give a 10-ft. disc, what must be the distance of the screen ? Here M the magnification will be 40 times. D = F (M + 1) = 6 (40 + 1) = 246 inches = 20£ feet. Note, in a double combination the optical centre may be assumed to be half way between the lenses. To reduce, interchange the object and the screen. Royal Microscopical Society's Gauges Substage 1-527 inch = 38-786 mm. Eyepieces, No. 1 -9173 „ = 23*300 „ 2 1-04 „ =26-416 „ 3 1-27 „ -32-258 „ 4 1-41 „ =35-814 For the screw of the objective and nose-piece the Society supply, at cost price, a sizing die and plug, also screw chasers. They do not, how- ever, supply standard screw gauges. Full particulars regarding the screw will be found in the « E.M.S. Journal,' 1896, p. 389. 310, 311 Achromatism, 17, 19, 150 ; in photo- micrography, 34 ; rise of, 147 ; in- augurated, 365 ; imperfect, causing yellowness, 417 Acineta, 783 ' Acinetiform young ' of Ciliata, 782 note Acinetina, 783 ; food of, 783 ' Acorn ' monad, 759 ' Acorn-shells,' 967 Actinia, reproduction from fragments> 863 — Candida, thread-cells of, 879 — crassicornis, thread-cells of, 879 Actinocyclus, 588, 610, 620 Actinomma inerme, 850, 851 Actinophrys, 846 — form of Microgromia, 736 — sol, 737-742 Actinoptychus, 588, 610, 611 4 D 113! INDEX ACT Actinosphcerium Eicliornii, 741 Actinotrocha, 950 ACTINOZOA, 863, 877-883 Actius, on myopy, 118 Actuarius, on myopy, 118 Adams' variable microscope, 142; non- achromatic microscope, 148 * Adder's tongue ' fern, (379 ; sporanges of, 675 Adipose substance, 1045 Adjusting objectives, Ross's, 357, 360 Adjustment, coarse, 159-162; Swift's diagonal rack, 161 ; Nelson's stepped rack, 161 ; Wale's, 224-226 — fine, 162-175 - Ross's, 153, 155, 175 ; to Pritchard's microscope, 153 ; Watson's long lever, 162, 172, 175 ; ' Continental ' type, 162 ; Swift's vertical side lever, 16?, 173, 174; Campbell's differential screw, 164, 165, 175, 236; Zeiss's, 166, 175; Reichert's new lever, 171, 175 ; Powell's, 174 ; short side lever, 174 ; speeds of, 175 ; to the sub-stage, Nelson's, 185 ; for Powell and Lealand's sub- stage, 186 — screw collar, 360 ^cidiospore generation of Puccinia, 637 JEcidium berberidis, relation to Puc- cinia, 637 — tussilaginis, 638 JEthaUum septicum, plasmode of, 634 AgaricuS) 647 — campestris, 648 Agate, 1095 Agave, leaf of, 686 ; raphides of, 696 Agrion, 987 — pulchellum, wing of, as test for defi- nition, 426 — puella, pupa of, 994 ; wing of, 994 Air-angle, 50, 78 Air-bubbles, microscopic appearance of, 429, 430 Air-chamber of leaves, 716 Alse of Surirella, 606 ' Alar prolongations ' in Fusulina, 826 ; in NummitUtes, 827, 831; of Calca- rina, 830 Albite, 1080 Albuminous substances, tests for, 516, 517 Alburnum, 704, 708 Alcohol, as solvent for resins, &c., 517; as hardening agent, 484 Alcyonaria, 877, 879; spines of, imi- tated, 1101 Alcyonian, resembled by polyzoan, 908 Alcyonidium, 908 ; polyzoary of, 909 — gelatinosum, calcareous spicules in, 908 note Alcyonium digitatum, 879; spicules of, 880 Alder, on branchial sac of Corella, 912 note Alexander, on myopy and presbyopy, 118 ANA , preparation of, 514; included under general term of ' thallophytes,' 540 ; symbiotic in radiolarians, 848 — lime secreting, 1084 Algal constituents of lichens, 650 Alkaloids, micro-chemical examination of, 1103 Allman's experiments on luminosity of Noctiluca, 7t>9 Allman, on Polyzoa, 909 ; on the ' Haus ' of Appendicularia, 918 ; on Myrio- thela, 863 note Aloe, raphides of, 696 Alternation of generations in Batracho- spermum, 575 ; in Fungi, 634 ; in ferns, 680; in Medusce, 877 Althcea rosea, pollen-grains, 721 Alveolina, 804 ; resembled by Loft until, 818; resembled by Fusulina, 825 Amaranthacece, pollen-grains, 721 Amaranthus hypochondriacus, seeds of, 724 ' - Amaroucium proliferum, as example of compound ascidian, 912 Amici suggests oil for immersion lenses, 29 Amici's invention of immersion system, 27 ; horizontal microscope, 148 ; camera lucida, 279; objectives, 355; triple- back objectives, 361 ; water-immersion objectives, 362; oil-immersion objec- tives, 364 Ammodiscus, 814 Ammothea pycnogonoides, 958 Amoeba, 733, 742-747, 1018 Amceba-ph&se of Monas, 756 A mceba proteus, 742 — radiosa, experiments on, 743 Amcebcp, cells of sponges resembling, 855 Amoeboid phase of Tetramitus, 761 Amphibians, plates in skin of, 1026 Amphioxus, affinities with ascidians, 917 note Amphiplenra pelliicida, with oblique illumination, 59, 75 ; resolution of, 85 ; markings measured, 274; markings on, 592 Amphistegina, 827 ; internal cast of, 841 Amphitetras, 614 Amphiuma , red blood-corpuscle of, 1036 Amphonyx, haustellium of, 992 Amplification, 88-90 — linear, 26, 39 ; of images, 45 Ampullaceous sacs of sponges, 856, 857 Anabcena, 548 Anacharis, 528 — alsinastrum, cyclosis in, 689 ; habitat, 690 Anagallis, raphides of, 696; seeds of, 724 — arvensis, petals of, 719 Anal plate of Antedon, 903 Analgesinfp, 1013, 1014 Analyser, 318 Analysing nose-piece, 294 INDEX 1139 ANA APF Analysis, micro-chemical, 1102 ; method of, 1102 Ajiaraphidece, 599 Anchor-like plates of Synapta, 895 Andalusite, 1077 Androspore of (Edogonium, 572 Anemones, 863. Animals and plants, differences between, 530 Anisochelae of sponges, 860 Anisonema, 765 Annual layers in trees, 704 Annular cell, Weber's, 350 — ducts of Phanerogams, 698 — illumination and false images, 419 — illumination for examining perforated membrane of diatom, 419 Annulata (Annelids), larvae of, collecting, 529 ; marine, 947 ; appendages of, 949 ; jaws of, 949 ; development of, 949 ; eggs of, 950 ; fresh-water, 955 ; lumi- nosity of, 955 ; bibliography, 956 ; ' liver ' of, 1047 Annulus of sporange of fern, 676 Anodon, pearls in, 923 ; glochidia of, 933 ; for observation of ciliary motion, 940 Anomia, prismatic layer in, 924 Anopla (Nemertines), 951 Anoplophrya circulans, 774 Anorthite, 1080 Antedon, food of, 771 ; pentacrinoid larva of, 900-902 ; pseudembryo of, 903 Antennae of insects, 987 ; preparation of, 988, 989 note Antherid of Vaucheria, 563 ; of Chara, 577, 578; of Fucacece, 627, 628; of Floridece, 631 ; of Peronosporece, 638 ; of Marchantia, 665, 667 ; of mosses, ^>70 ; of Sphagnacece, 673 ; of ferns, 677 ; tapetal cells in, 678 Antherozoids, 536, 540 ; of Volvox, 555 ; of Vaucheria, 563 ; of Sphceroplea, 572; of (Edogonium, 572; of Batra- chospermum, 574 ; of Chara, 579 ; of Phceosporece, 627; of Fucacece, 628; of ferns, 678 ; of Rhizocarpece 681 Anthers, 719 Anthony (Dr.), on pseudo-trachea of fly's proboscis, 990 note Anthophysa, 765 Antirrhinum majus, seed of, 724 Apertometer, 195, 390 ; Abbe's, 307, 394 ; Tolles', 390 ; use of, 394 Aperture, in microscopic objectives, 33, 42-50, 60 ; how obtained, 45 ; Abbe on definition of, 45, 48 note — angular, 49 note, 53, 395 — numerical, theoretical maximum of, 30 — numerical, 49 note, 53, 76, 390 ; for dry objective, 50 ; for oil immersion, 50 ; for water immersion, 50 — numerical, of Zeiss's apochromatic series of objectives, 371 — of objective, 390 — relation of, to power, 82, 83, 363 ; as- certained by vertical illumination, 338 — table, Royston-Pigott's, 30 — numerical, table of, 84-87 Apertures, relative, 49 Aphanizomenon, 548 Aphanocapsa, 547 Aphides, wings of, 998, 999 ; agamic re- production in, 1006 Aphodius, antennae of, 988 Apidce, 987 Apis mellifica, mouth-parts of, 990 Aplanatic system, 20, 23 — objective use of, 21 — cone, 307 — aperture, 309, 315 — foci, Lister's discovery, 355 Apochromatic objectives, 19, 30, 33, 35, 80, 258 ; advantages of, 33, 34 ; objective, Zeiss's, 365-371 ; dry, 368 ; comparison of, with chromatic and achromatic lenses, 368 ; homogeneous objectives, value of, in study of monads, 762; objective, use with various test scales, 976 — condenser, Powell and Lealand's, 302 Apochromatism, 366, 369 Apocynacecv, laticiferous tissue of, 695 Apogamy in ferns, 680 Apospory in ferns, 680 Apotheces of lichens, 650, 651 Apparent creation of structure, 68 Appendicularia, 911, 917; pharyngeal sac of, 917 ; tail of, 917 ; cotochord, 918 ; 1 Haus ' of, 918 Apple, raphides in bark of, 696 Apposition, growth by, 533 — mode of growth of starch, 695 Apus, 959, 962 ; parthenogenesis of, 964 note — cancriformis, carapace of, 962 4 « 2 1 140 INDEX AQU Aquarium microscopes, 260-269 ; J. Stephenson's, 267-268; Rousselet's, 268-269 Aquatic microscope, 147 ARACHNIDA, 1008 — eggs of, 1005 ; related to Pycnogonida, 959 note ; reproductive organs of, 1011 Arachnoidiscus, 588, 612 Arachnospluerd obligacanthn, 850, 852 Aragonite, 1095 -in shell of Pholas, 924 Aralia papyrifera, parenchyme of, 687 Araneida, 1008 Arcella, 746 Archegones of Va ucheria, 563 ; of Chara, 577, 578 ; of Marchantia, 665, 668 ; of mosses, 670, 671 ; of Sphagnacece, 673; of ferns, 677, 678; of Lyco- podiece, 681 ; of Bhizocarpece, 681 Archer, on amcebiform phase of Stepha- nosphcera, 557 note ; on desmids, 579 note ; classification of, 585 ; on Clathrulina, 742 note Archerina Boltoni, 730 Arctium, stem of, 709 Arcyriaflava, sporanges of, 635 Arenacea, 810-814 Arenaceous character of Textularinice, 823 — Foraminifera, varying size of particles in test of, 818 — test of Foraminifera, 810 Arenicola, 948 Areolee of frustule of Coscinodiscus, 591 Areolar connective tissue, 1040, 1045 Argas, bite of, 1012 ArgasidcB, 1012 Argonauta, 929 Argosince, 1008 Argulus foliaceus, 966 Aristolochia, stem of, 709 ' Aristotle's lantern ' of echinids, 890 Aristotle on myopy and presbyopy, 118 Arsenic, micro-chemical analysis of, 1103 Artemia, 962 — salina, movement of, 960 ; habitat of, 963 Arteries, 1056 Arthrodesmus incus, 568 ARTHROPODA, 957-1016 ; smallest of, 1008 ; eye of, 983 — limbs of Pedalion compared with those of, 792 Arthrosporous Bacteria, 657 Artificial light, 417 'Artificial lightning,' 682 Ascaris lumbricoides, 944 Asci of Ascomycetes, 642 ; of lichens, 650 Ascidians, diatoms in stomach of, 614, 623; solitary, 911 ; branchial sac of, 912, 913, 915 ; circulation in, 912, 915 ; compound, 912 ; cloaca of, 913 ; stolons of, 914; bibliography of, 914 note; social, 914 ; general structure of, 916 ; development of, 916 ; tadpole of, 917 ; affinities with Amphioxus, 917 note Asclepiadece, pollinium of, 722 BAC Ascogone of Ascomycetes, 643 ; of lichens,. 651 Ascomycetes, 642-645 ; as fungus-con- stituents of lichens, 651 Ascopores of Ascomycetes, 642; of lichens, 650 Asellus aquaticus, ciliated parasite in blood of, 774 Asilus, eye of, 987 Aspergillus, fermentation by, 647 Asphalte for cells, 446 — varnish, 443 Aspidisca, a phase in development of Trichoda, 781 Aspidium, indusium of, 675 ; sori of, 675 AsplancJina, in confinement, 528 Astasia, 545 ; mouth in, 765 Asteroidea, skeleton of, 891 ; spines of,. 891 ; larva of, 897 Asterolampra, 595, 610 Aster omphalus, 610 Astromma, 849 Astrophyton, spines of, 891 Astrorhiza, 811, 815 Astrorhizida, 812 Athecata, 868 Athyrium Filix-fcemina, apospory in,, 680 Atrium of Noctiluca, 766 Auditory vesicles of Mollusca, 941 Audouin, on ' muscardine,' 645 Augite, 1072 ; zonal structure in, 1073 Aulacodiscus, 612 — Kittonii, markings on, 591 — Sturtii, markings on, 592 Autofission of diatoms, 594 Auxospore, 594-601 Avanturine, 1095 Avicularia of Polyzoa, 910, 911 ' Awns ' of Chcetocerece, 614 Axile body of tactile papilla, 1053 Axinella paradoxa, 858 Axis cylinders of nerve-tube, 1051, 1052" P, Bacillariacece of Kiitzing, 587 Bacillaria varadoxa, movements of, 602, 606 Bacilli, form of, 653 Bacillus, ' granular spheres ' of, 660 note — anthracis, 656 ; spores live in abso- lute alcohol, 660 — megaterium, 655 — of anthrax, 1037 note — of tuberculosis, modes of staining,. 515, 516 — subtilis, 656, 657, 658 ; spores of, 660 ' Bacon-beetle,' 980 Bacon (Roger), inventor of simple micro- scope, 126 Bacteria, use of large and small cones in examining, 421 ; photo-micrographs, 423; as test for definition, 426 ; staining, 514-516; (see Schizomycetes), 651;. affinities to Algce, 651; to Flagellata, INDEX II4I BAC BIK •651 ; to Nostocacece, 652 ; movements of, 652 ; mode of multiplication, 652 ; forms of, 653 ; classification of, 655 ; nutrition of, 658; flagella of, 659; germinating power of, 660 ; spores of, 660 Bacteriastrum furcatum, 614 Bacteriology, 662 Bacterium, lineola, compared with Cercomonas, 651 — lineola, 658 — termo, flagellum of, 72, 658; move-'' ment of, 653 ; zoogloea of, 659 ; germi- nation of, 660 Bailey, on internal casts of Foramini- fera, 828 note Bailey's method of isolating diatoms, 624 Baker, on Cuff's microscope, 142 Baker's microscopes, 202, 218-221, 230, 246, 251 ; mechanical stage, 181 ; sub- stage, 188, 189 ; achromatic condenser, 306 ; fitting for condenser, 312 — lamp, 407 Balanidce, 967 Balanus balanoides, 967 ; disc of, 968 Balsam angle, 50, 78 — refi'active index of, 77 Banksia, stomates of, 716 Barbadoes earth, 846, 849 Bark, 700, 702, 708 Barker's Gregorian telescope, 145 Bar movement, 262 ' Barlow lens ' applied to a microscope, 149 Barnacles, 967. See Cirripedia Basals of Antedon, 901 Basidiomycetes, 647; as fungus consti- tuent of lichens, 651 Basidiospores of Basidiomycetes, 647 ; of Hymenomycetes, 647 Basids of Puccinia, 637 ; of Basidiomy- cetes, 647 Bast, 710 Bat, parasite of, 1012; hair of, 1030; cartilage in ear of, 1046 ' Bathybius,' 747 Bdtrachia, red blood-corpuscles, 1035; lungs of, 1063 Batrachospermece, 574 Batrachospermum moniliforme, 575 — protoneme of, 575 ' Battledore scale ' of Lyccenidce, 975 Bausch and Lomb's microscopes, 212-214, 222, 239, 247, 252 ; mechanical stage, 183, 184; sub-stage, 212; chemical microscope, 263 ; camera lucida, 285 ; objectives, 375 Bdella, maxillary palps of, 1010 Bdcllidce, 1013 Bdelloida, 791 Bead-moulds, 645 Beale's camera, 279, 288 ; glycerin method of preserving, 520 Beale, on organic structure, 1017 Beck's microscopes, 228, 233 ; mechani- cal stage, 184 ; rotatory nose-piece, 291 ; condensers, 304, 305 ; side reflector, 333 ; vertical illuminator, 337 ; disc- holder, 339 ; compressor, 347 ; rings for locking coarse adjustment, 352 ; objectives, 375 ; lamp, 405-407 ; achro- matic binocular magnifier, 456 note ; disc-holder for examination of Fora- minifera, 845 Beck (R.), on markings of Podura scale, 978 Bee, hairs of, 980 ; head of, 982 ; wing of, 994, 998 ; sting of, 1003 Beeldsnyder's achromatic objective, 147 Beetles. See Coleoptera Beggiatoa, form of, 652, 653 — alba, 653-655 Begonia, seeds of, 724 Behrens' method of analysing minerals, 1083; of micro-chemical analysis, 1102 Bell (Jeffrey), on the spines of Cidaris, 889 Bell's cements, 443, 479 Beneden (Ed. Van), on Gregarina gi- gantea, 749 note; on movement of gregarines, 750 Benzol, uses of, 517 Bergh, on Flagellata, 764 ' Bergmehl,' 622 Berkeleya, 602 Bermuda earth, 608, 611 Beroe, collecting, 529 — Forskalii, 881, 882 — ovatus, Eimer on, 882 note Bicellaria ciliata, 910 Biconvex lens, formulae relating to, 21 Biddulphia, 612 — cyclosis in, 587 ; chains of, 588, 596 ; structure of frustule, 590 note Biddulphiece, character of, 612 Biflagellate monad, 759 Bignonia, seed of, 724 Bignoniacea, winged seeds, 724 Biloculina, 802 Binary subdivision of cell, 535, 536 Binocular eye-piece, Tolles', 101 ; Abbe's, 102 Binocular magnifier, Beck's achromatic, 456 note Binocular microscope, 61, 97 Biddell's, 96 ; Nachet's, 98 ; stereo- scopic, Wenham's, 98 ; Stephenson's, 100; Stephenson's erecting, 100; stereoscopic, for study of opaque ob- jects, 103 ; non-stereoscopic, 105 ; Powell and Le^land's high-power, 105, 106; Rousselet's portable, 245; Ste- phenson's for dissection, 248, 401, 456 ; spectrum microscope, 327 Biology, 530 ' Bipinnaria,' resemblance of Actvno- trocha to, 950 Bipinnaria asterigera, 897 Birch, pollen-grains of, 722 BIRD, parasite of, 1012, 1014 ; lacunae in bone of, 1022; epidermic appendages of, 1029 ; red blood-corpuscles of, 1034, 1035 ; lungs of, 1064 1 142 INDEX BIR BUT Bird's egg, concretions on shell imitated, 1102 * Bird's head processes,' see Avicularia, 910 Bismarck brown, 489 Bivalves, structure of ligament in, 1010 ' Black dot,' Nelson's, 277 ' Bladderwrack,' 627 Blanchard (R.), on Sporozoa, 749 note Blatta, antennae of, 988 — orientalis, eggs of, 1005 Blenny, scales of, 1027 Blood, colourless corpuscles, 1018; method of mounting, 1038 ; circulation of, 1054 ; flow of, 1055 ; micro-chemical examina- tion, 1103 — of insects, circulation of, 993, 994 ; of Vertebrata, 1034 Blood-corpuscle, relation of size to that of bone lacunae, 1022 Blood-corpuscles of Vertebrata, 1034 Blowfly's maxillary palpus, hairs on, examination of, 422 Blowfly, proboscis of, examination with apochromatic, 371 ; hairs on, as test for definition, 426 — development of, 1007 ; ' imaginal discs ' of, 1007 1 Blue mould,' 643 Bodo, 545 Body of the microscope, 157 ' Bog-mosses,' 673 Boletus, 647 Bombyx, 987 — mori, eggs of, 1005 Bonannus's microscope, 132; his hori- zontal microscope, 133, 134 ; his com- pound condensers, 298, 299 Bone, 1020 ; structure of, 1020-1023 ; preparation of, 1023 ; matrix of, 1039 ; decalcification of, 512 Bones, fossilised, 1090-1092 1 Bony pike,' scale of, 1022 Borax carmine, 490 Bordered pits in the trachei'des of coni- fers, 698, 703 Boscovich, on chromatic dispersion, 42 Botryllians, 914 Botryllus violaceus, 915 Botryocystis, 545 Botrytis bassiana, 645 Botterill's growing slides, 340 ; his zoophyte trough, 348 Bouguet, on uniform radiation, 51 Bowerbank, on sponge spicules, 859 note ; on structure of molluscan shells, 921, 928 BowerbanJcia, gizzard of, 905; stem of, 908 ; polyzoaries of, 909 ' Box-mite,' 1012 Brachinus, antennae of, 988 Brachionus rubens, 787-790, 791 ; male of, 790 BKACHIOPODA, shells of, 919, 925-927 ; relation of shell to mantle, 926 ; affini- ties to Polyzoa, 927 Brachyurous decapods, young of, 969 Brady (H.B.), on Foraminifera, 810; on arenaceous Foraminifera, 811 ; on affinity of Carpenteria, 823 Brady and Carpenter, on fossil Lituolce> 817 ' Brake-fern,' 675. See Aspidiiuii Bran, 725 Branchiae of annelids, 948, 949 Branchiopoda, 959 ; divisions of, 961 Branchipus, movement of, 960 — stagnalis, 962, 963 Branchiura, 965 note, 966 Brandt (K.), on artificial division of Actinosph&rium, 741 note ; on zooxanthellse, 848 Braun, on Pediastrum, 567 Brewster, his hand magnifier, 37 on modification of stereoscope, 91 on ' lens ' from Sargon's palace, 119 hi& ' Treatise on the Microscope,' 120 ; on achromatic condensers, 299, 300 Bright-line spectro-micrometer, 325 Brightwell, on Triceratium, 613 note ; on Chcetocerea, 614 note Brilliancy of image, 382 ' Brimstone moth,' eggs of, 1005 Brine shrimp, 960, 963 1 Brittle stars,' 891. See Ophi/iroidea Brooke's nose-piece, 291 Brownian movement, experiments, 481,, 432 Browning's bright-line spectro-micro- meter, 325 Briicke lens, 88 Brunswick black as a black 'ground/ 444 ; for cells, 446 Bryacece, 678 Bryobia, 1013 Bryony, cells of pollen-chambers, 720 Bryozoa, 904. See POLYZOA Bryuni intermedium, peristome of., 672 Bubbles in cavities of crystals, 1074 Buccinum, 987 — undatum, palate of, 980, 932, 938 j nidamentum of, 934 Buchner's experiment 011 spores of Bacteria, 660 Buckthorn, stem of, 708 Bug, mounting medium for, 973 Bugula, polyzoary of, 909 — avicularia, 910, 911 Built-up ' cells,' 449 Bulbils of Nitella, 577 Bulloch's modification of Zentmayer's microscope, 204 Bull's-eye, 300; use of, 329-333, 407- 420 ; with high power, 331 ; for use in study of saprophytic organisms, 833 ? Powell and Lealand's, 338 Bull's-eye stand, 248 Bundle-sheath, 711 Burdock, stem of, 709 Biitschli, on mouth of Astasia, 765 ; on Vorticellce, 773 note — and Engelmann, on conjugating vorti- cellids, 782 INDEX 1143 BUT Butterflies, wing of, 994 Butterfly. See Lepidoptera Cabbage-butterfly, eye of, 983 ; number of facets in, 983 ; eggs of, 1005 Caberea Boryi, vibracula of, 907 note Cabinet for slides, 523 ; arrangement of, 523 , Cactus, cells of pollen-chambers, 720 Cactus senilis, raphides of, 696; brittle- ness of, 696 Cacti maria crocea, development of, 900 note Calamites, 1084 Cahithus, antennae of, 988 Calcarina, 825, 830 ; compared with Eozoon, 838 CalcispongifB, spicules of, 859 Calcite in shells, 924 Calco-globuline, 1101 CaUi-thamnion, 630 Calosanthes indica, winged seed of, 724 Calotte diaphragms, 297 Calycanthus, bark of, 709 Calycine monad, 760 Calycles of hydroids, 868 Calypter of mosses, 671 Calyx of Flagellata, 764 Cambium, 710 — in Exogens, 697 — layer, 708 Cambridge rocking microtome, 469 Camera lucida, 277 ; Soemmering's, 278 ; Wollaston's, 27H; Amici's, 279; Nel- son's, 279, 280; Beale's, 279, 288; Cooke's, 280, 281; Abbe's, 281-284; Swift's modification of Abbe's, 284 ; Bausch and Lomb's modification of Abbe's, 285 ; Schroder's, 285, 286 Campani's microscope, 128 ; eye-piece, 876 Campanula, pollen-grain of, 721 Camj}anularia, 870 — gelatinosa, 865 Ccunpanulariida, 870; zob'phytic stage of, 877 Campbell's differential screw, 162, 164, 165, 174, 202, 230 Campylodiscus, 587, 588, 595 ; move- ments of, 602; structure of frustule, 606 — clypeus, 607 — spiralis, cyclosis in, 587 Canada balsam, 443 capped jars for, 477 ; as mounting medium, 480, 521 ; as a preserv- ative medium, 518 ; mode of pre- paration, 518 ; refractive index, 521 ; for mounting insects, 973 Canal system of Calcarina, 825 ; of Polystomella, 827; of Nummulites, 827 Canaliculi of bone, 1019, 1021 Cancellated structure of bone, 1020 Cancer pagurus, skeleton of, 968 CBL Canna, starch-grains of, 695 Cannocchiale, 125 Capacity of object-glass, 382 Capillaries, 1056. 1062 Capillitium of Myxomycetes, 636 Capsule, central, of Badiolaria, 847 — of mosses, 670 ; of Purpura, 934 — silicious, of Clathrulina, 742 Carapace of Copepoda, 960 ; of Clado- cera, 961 Carbon bisulphide as a solvent for oils &c., 517 Carboniferous epoch, vegetation of, 681 — limestone, 1090 Carchesium, collecting, 527 Carcinus mcenas. metamorphosis of, 970 Carnation, parenchyme of, 688 Carnivora, arrangement of enamel in, 1025 Carp, scales of, 1027 Carpenter (H. P.), on crinoids, 903 note Carpenter ( W. B.), on stereoscopic vision, 90-93 ; on classification of Foramini- fera, 799 ; on Eozoon, 838 ; on alter- nation of generation in Medusa, 877 ; on the so-called excretory pores of Ctenophora, 882 note ; on development of Antedon, 903 note ; on structure of molluscan shells, 921 Carpenteria, 822 ; mode of growth com- pared with Eozoon, 838 — rhaphidodendron, 823 Carpogone of Floridece, 632 ; of Ascomy- cetes, 643 Carpospores of Floridece, 632 Carrot, seeds of, 724 Carter (H. J.), on affinity of Carpenteria, 823 Cartilage, 1046 ; mounting. 1047 Carum carui, seeds of, 724 Caryophyllia, lamellae of, 878 — Smithii, thread-cell of, 879 Cascarilla, raphides of, 696 Cassowary, egg-shell of, 1101 Castracane, on beaded structure of di- atoms, 593 ; on Pfitzer's auxospores, 595 ; on sporangial frustules of diatoms, 595 ; on reproduction of di- atoms, 597 ; on diatoms, 598 Cat, Pacinian corpuscles of, 1053 Caterpillars, ' pro-legs ' of, 1002 ; feet of, 1002 Cathcart's freezing microtome, 474, 475 Catoptric form of microscope, 145, 146 Caulerpa, 563 Cauterisation by focussing the sun's rays (Pliny), 117 Cedar, stem of, 705 Cell, contents of, 533-535 ; binary sub- division of, 535 Cell-division and nucleus, 1018, 1019 and note ' Cell ' of Polyzoa, 904 Celloidin imbedding method, 503-506 — staining and mounting, sections, 506 Cell- sap, 534 1 144 INDEX CEL CHE •* Cells ' for examining Infusoria, &c., 349 ; for dry mounting, 445 ; of cement, 446 ; paraffin, 446 ; paper, 446 ; ring- cells, 446; of plate-glass, for zoo- phytes, &c., 448 ; built up, 449 ; sunk, 449 ; mounting in, 482-484 ; of bone, 483 ; of tin, 483 Cells of plants, 532 ; multi-nucleated, 534 ; primordial, 536 ; of vertebrates, 1018 Cell-structure, Strasburger on, 537 Cellular cartilage, 1046 — parenchyme, 688 Cellulose, 533 — tests for, 516, 517 ; envelope of des- mids, 580; in Dinoflagellata, 770; in zoocytium of Ophrydium, 778 Cell-wall, 533 ; mode' of growth of, 533 ; apposition, 533 ; intussusception, 533 Cell-wall of Phanerogams, 692 Cement-cells, 446 •Cements, 442; liquid, 442; Bell's, 443, 479 ; japanner's gold size, 443 ; Bruns- wick black, 444 ; glue and honey, 444 ; shellac, 444 ; Hollis's liquid glue, 444, 479 ; Venice turpentine, 444 ; marine glue, 445 ; Heller's porcelain, 521 Cementum of teeth, 1025, 1026 Centipedes. See Myriopoda Central capsule of Badiolaria, 734 •Centring, 382, 389 Centring nose-piece, 293; as sub-stage, 230 Centro-dorsal plate of Antedon, 902 Cephalolithis sylvina, 847 Cephalophorous mollusca, palates of, 930-983 CEPHALOPODA, 929 — organs of hearing in, 941 ; chromato- phores of, 942 CeramiacecB, 630 •Ceramium, 630 Ceratium, 111 — furca, 771 — tripos, 771 Ceratodus, 1091 Cercomonas typica, compared with Bac- teria, 651 •Cereals, seeds of, starch in, 694 Centra vinula, eggs of, 1005 Cestoid, 943 Cetonia, antennae of, 988 Chcetocerece, affinities of, 614 — ' awns ' of, 614 — occurrence in marine animals, 614 Chcetoceros Wighamii, 614 Chatophoracece, 573 ' Chaff-scales,' silex in, 715 Chalk, microscopic constituents of, 1085, 1087 ; resemblance to Globigerina ooze, 1087 ; mode of preparation for examination, 1088 Chama, prismatic layer in, 924 Chamberlets in Foraminifera, 798, 803, 804 ; of Parkeria, 817 ;' in Fusulina, 825 ; of Cycloclypeus, 835 •Chamidce, Foraminifera attached to shells of, 845 Changes of form of white corpuscles, 1087 Chantransia and Batrachospermum, 575 Chara, 576, 669 ; antherozoids of, 667 CharacecB, 575-579 Charles's achromatic lenses, 148 Cheese-mite, 1008, 1 013 Cheilostomata, characters of, 909 ; ex- amples of, 910 Cheirocephalus, 962, 963 Chemical tests for biological work, 516, 517 Cherry-stone, section of, 693 Chert, 1089 Cherubin d'Orleans, his binocular micro- scope, 130, 131 ; his compound micro- scope, 180 Chevalier, on Charles's achromatic lenses, 148 Chevalier's combination of lenses, 38 ; achromatic microscope, 148, 150 ; mo- difications of Selligue's lenses, 354 ; objectives, Lister's note on, 354, 355 Cheyletiy 1013 Cheyletidce, tracheae of, 1011 Cheyletus, hairs of, 1010; legs of, 1010; mouth parts of, 1010 Chickweed, petals of, 719 Chicory, adulteration of, 725 note CMlodon, mouth of, 774 — cucullulus, binary division of, 777, 779 Chilognatha, 981 Chirodota violacea, ' wheels ' of, 896 Chitin, in test of Arcella, 746 ; of insects' skin, 974 Chitinous substances, mounting, 481 Chiton, shell structure, 928 ; eyes on shells of, 941 Chlamydomonas, 545 Chlamydomyxa, affinity with Monero- zoa, 727 Chlamydospores, of Mucorini, 641 ; of gregarines, 750 Chloral hydrate as a preservative me- dium, 519 Chloroform, uses of, 517 Chlorophyll corpuscles, 534, 535 Chlorosporece, 625 CHORDATA, 911. See VERTEBRATA Choroid coat of eye, pigment-cells in, 1042 Chromatic, comparison of, with achro- matic and apochromatic lenses, 368 — aberration, 16, 17, 31 — condenser, Abbe's, 308, 309 ; 811, 312 ; 38-5 — Powell and Lealand's, 301-303 — correction, test for, 388 — dispersion, diminished by Huyghens' objective, 42 Chrumatophores of Peridinium, 770 ; of Cephalopods, 942 Chromatoplasm, 537 Chrodcoccacece, characters of, 547 Chroococcus, 547 ; as gonid of lichen, 651 Chroolepus, as gonid of lichen, 651 Chrysaora, 874, 876; development of, 876 INDEX 1145 CHY COL €hyle, corpuscles in, 1037 Chytridiacece, 636 Cicadce, wings of, 998, 999 Cichoriacece, pollen- grains of, 721 Cicindela, 987 Cidaris, spine of, 885, 888 — metularia,mo(Le of formation of spines in, 889 Cienkowski, on decaying cells of Nitella, 579 note; on parasitic plasmode in Nitella, 579 note ; on reproduction of Noctiluca, 769 »>, Cilia, 532, 1044 ; of Infusoria, 771 ; use of, in Ciliata, 773 ; of Turbellaria, 946 -Ciliary action, 772 — motion on gills of Mollusca, 940 — movement in protophyes, 535 Ciliata, 771-783 ; ciliary action of, 772, 774; 'shield' of, 773; lorica of, 773; myophan- layer, 773 ; trichocysts of, 773 ; ento-parasitic forms, 774 ; mouth of, 774 ; foot-stalk in, 774 ; impression- able organs of, 775 ; ' eye-spots ' of, 775 ; food of, 775 ; artificial feeding, 776 ; contractile vesicles of, 776 ; mul- tiplication of, 777 ; conjugation of, 777, 782 ; encystment of, 778-782 ; disper- sion of, 781 ; desiccation of, 781 ; Stein on acinetiform young of, 782 note •Ciliate Infusoria, general structure of, 754 Ciliated epithelium, 1044 Ciliobrachiate zoophytes, 905 Cilio-flagellata, 770 Cilium of Noctiluca, 766 note Ciinex lectularius, eggs of, 1005 Cinchona, raphides of, 696 Cinclidium arcticum, peristome of, 672 Cineraria, pollen-grains of, 722 Cineritious matter, 1052 Circulation in ascidians, 912, 915 — of blood, 1054 Circumambient chamber in Orbitolites, 806 Cirrhi of Cirripedia, 968 Cirripedia, 967 Cladocera, 961 Cladococcus viminalis, 851 Cladonia furcata, 650 Cladophora glomerata, 574 ; cell division of, 569, 574 Cladorhiza inversa, 860 Claparede and Lachmann, on Lieber- kuehnia, 731 ; on ' rolling ' movement of Amoeba, 744 Clark (James), on Flagellata, 764 Clastic rocks, 1075 Clathrulina elegans, 742 Clausius on emission of light, 54 Clavelinidce, gemmation of, 911 ; stolons of, 914 Claviceps purpurea, 644 Clavicornia, antennae of, 987 Claws, 1029, 1033 •Clay, 1092 Cleanliness, importance of, 522 Clematis, stem of, 702 ' Closed ' bundles, 710 Closterium, cyclosis in, 581 ; ' swarming of granules ' in, 581 ; binary division in, 582 ; two zygospores in, 584 note ; zygospore of, 584 ; form of cell, 585 Clostridia, form of, 653 ' Clothes-moth,' 999 Clove-pink, seed of, 723 ' Club-mosses,' 681 Clypeaster, spines of, 889 Coal, ' bituminous,' 1084 Coal-plants, 1083 Coarse adjustment, 159 ; ' stepped ' rack- work for, 161 ; arrangements for ' lock- ing,' 352 Cobcea, testa of seeds of, 725 — scandens, pollen-grains of, 721 Coccidia, 752 Coccidiidce, 749 Coccidium oviforme, 752 Coccoliths, 747-749 ; in chalk, 1084, 1088 Cocconeidece, characters of, 614 Cocconeis, 615 Cocconema, 602, 616 — fusidium, 621 Coccospheres, 747-749 ; in chalk, 1088 Cockchafer, antennae of, 974. Collar correction, 358 Collared cells of sponges, 856 ' Collars ' of Flagellata, 764 ' Collateral ' bundles, 710 Collection of 'microscopic objects, appara- tus for, 526-529 Collembola, 977 Colletonema, 602 Collins's condenser with rotating sub- stage, 386 Collomia testa of seeds of, 725 1 146 INDEX COL Collomia grandiflora, spiral fibres in seeds of, 693 Collozoa, 852 Colonial Acinetina, 784 Colonies, in Codosiga, 764 ; of Radiola- rians, 849 ; of Polyzoa, 924 Columel of Sphagnacece, 674 Comatula, 900, 901 ; nerves of, 1052 ' Comb-bearers,' 881. 510 — red, 877 ; stony, 878 ; mushroom, 878 Corella parallelogram ma, branchial sac of, 912 Coreopsis tinctoria, seeds of, 724 Cork, 708 Corky layer of bark, 708 Cormophytic type, 668 Cormorant, parasite of, 1010 Corneules of arthropod eyes, 983 Corn-grains, husk of, 725 Cornuspira, 801, 803 ' Corpuscle ' of gymnospenns, 685 Corpuscles, white, 1037; change of form of, 1038; of connective tissue, 1039,. 1041 ; of blood, flow of, 1056 Corrected lenses, 382 Correction collar, 21, 30, 50, 274 ; English,. 857 ; Continental, 359 Corroded crystals, 1071 Corrosive sublimate, as a fixative, 484 Corynactis Allmanni, thread-cell of, 879" Coscinodiscece, characters of, 608 Coscinodiscus, 588, 620 — cyclosis in, 587 ; frustules of, 589, 590 ; markings on frustule of, 591 ; areolae of, 591 — asteromphalus, 591 ; for testing lenses,. 889 — oculus iridis, 609 — punctatus, fossil, with embryonal form, 598 Cosmarium, division of, 582; form of cell, 585 — botrytis, zygospore of, 584 ! Cosmic dust, 1093 INDEX COS Costae of Campylodiscus, 607 Cotyledons, 685 Cover-glass, 439 — consequence of using, 19 ; as section lifter, 478 — tester, 440; Zeiss's, 440; Ross's, 440; Smith's (J. Ciceri), 441 — varying thicknesses of, 439 ; with achromatic objectives, 489; cleaning them, 442 Cox (J. D.)f on structure of frustule in Istlimia, 590 note Crab, 957 ; metamorphosis, 969 ; blood- corpuscles of, 1038 ; ' liver ' of, 1047 Crabro, leg of, 974 Crane-fly. See Tipula Craterium pyriforme, 1009 Crayfish, 957 ; young of, 969 Creation of structure by diaphragms, 68 ( ' ribrillna figularis, 906 Cricket, gizzard of, 993 ; wings of, 999 ; sound-producing apparatus, 999. on foot of, 1002 Currant, parenchyme of fruit, 685 ; pollen- tubes of, 723 Curvature of the field, 388 ' Cushion- star,' 891. See Goniaster Cuticle, 1041, 1042 — of leaves, 713 ; of Ciliata, 773 Cutin, 713 Cutis vera, 1041 Cutleria, conjugation of, 627 Cuttle-fish, 929, 942. See Sepia — ' sepiostaire ' of, structure, 929 ; imi- tated, 1102 ' Cuttle-fish bone,' structure of, 929 Cyancea capillata, ephyrae of, 874, 875 ; scyphistoma of, 875 ; strobila, 875 Cyanthus minor, seed of, 724 Cyatholiths, 748, 749; artificially pro- duced, 1101 Cycadece, 684 Cycas, raphides of, 696 Cyclammina cancellata, 816, 818 Cyclical mode of growth in shell of Foraminifera, 798 Cycloclypeus, 829 ; shell of, 798 — compared with Orbitolites, 801, 835 Cycloid scales, 1028 Cyclops, eye of, 960 ; larva, 968 — quadricornis, 961 ; number of off- spring of, 964 Cyclosis, 534 ; in Chara, 576 ; in des- mids, 581 ; in Diatomacece, 587 ; in Phanerogam cells, 688; in plant hairs, 690 ; in Lieberkuehnia, 732 ; in Acine- tina, 783 Cyclostomata (Polyzoa), characters of, 909 Cydippe, collecting, 529 — pileus, 882 Cymbella, 602 Cymbellece, affinities of, 616 Cynipidce, ovipositor of, 1003 Cyprcsa, shell of, 928 Cypris, 960 1148 INDEX CYS Cyst, of Protococcus, 544, 551 ; of Proto- myxa, 728 ; of Clathrulina, 742 ; of gregarines, 751 ; of Dallingeria, 759 ; of Polytoma, 760 Cystic Entozoa, relation to cestoids, 944 Cysticercus, relation to cestoids, 944 Cystids of Hymcnomycetes, 648 Cystocarp of Floridece, 632 ; of Batra- chospermum, 574 Cystopus Candidas, 640 Cythere, 960, 961 Cytherina, shells of, in chalk, 1087 Cytodes, contrasted with plastid, 727 Cytoplasm, 537 Dallinger and Drysdale's moist stage, 341 ; tripod, 402 ; on life-history of monads, 756-768 ; on effects of tempe- rature on monads, 761 Dallinger (W. H.), on Navicula, &c., as test objects, 600 note ; on nucleus of • monads, 762 Dallinger's thermo-static stage, 344-346 Dallingeria Drysdali, life-history and structure of, 758 ; nucleus of, 762 Dalyell (J. * Dead-man's toes,' 879. SeeAlcyonium Dean's medium for mounting insects, 973 De Bary, on fungi, &c., 634 note ; on potato-disease, 640 ; on alternation of generations in ferns, 680 Decalcification, 512 ; of echinoderms, 512 ; of bones, 512 ; of teeth, 512 ; of Foraminifera, 513 ; of Eozoon, 513 Decapoda, 957 ; exoskeleton of, 968 ; macrurous, 969 ; brachyurous, 969 Decomposition, produced by Bacteria, 661 — of rock-masses, 1076 Defining power, 425 ; tests for, 426 Definition of image, 882 Degeneration in Tunicata, 911 Dehydration, 487 Dellebarre's microscope, 144 Delphinium, seeds of, 724 Demodex, legs of, 1010 — folliculorum, 1014 DIA De Monconys, his compound microscope, 128 Dendritina, a varietal form of PeneropHs, 803 Dendrodus, teeth of, 1091 Dendrosoma, 784 Dentine, 1019, 1023-1026 — resemblance of cuticle of crabs to, 969 ; in placoid scales, 1028 Deparia, indusium of, 675 — prolifera, 676 Depth of focus, 83, 89 ; of vision, 88, 89, 90 ; perception of, 94, 95 Dermal skeleton of Vertebrata, 1026 Dermaleichi, 1008, 1014 Dermanyssus, 1012 — larva of, 1009 Dermestes, hair of larva, 980 Descartes' simple microscope with reflec- tion, 126 Desiccation of rotifers, 791 Desiderata in a microscope, 261-263 Desilicification, 513 DESMTDIACE^E, 549, 579-587 ; connection with Pediastrece, 566 ; sutural line X)f, 580 ; cellulose envelope, 580 ; mucila- ginous sheath, 580 ; primordial utricle, 580 ; endochrorre, 580 ; movements of, 580 ; cyclosis in, 581 ; binary division of, 582 ; sexual reproduction, 584 ; classi- fication of, 585 ; habitat of, 586 ; mode of collecting, 586 — Hantzsch's glycerin method of pre- serving, 520 Desmidiece, 945 — conjugation of, 584 ; zygospore of, 584 Desmidium, binary division, 582 ; fila- ments of, 583 Desmids. See Desmidiacece Deutovium of Acarina, 1008 Deutzia scabra, stellate hairs of, 714 ; epiderm of, 715 Development of Hydra, 866, 867 ; of hy- droids, 868 ; of embryo in Gastropoda, 919; of molluscs, 933; of Annelida, 949 ; of Tomopteris, 953 ; of insects, 1007 Deviation, 9 ' Diamond Beetle,' 975 Dianthus, seed of, 723 — caryophyllceus, parenchyme of, 688 Diaphragm, 261, 297, 306, 308, 310, 812, 313, 314 — with two openings for double illumina- tion, 104 — .Zeiss's iris, 297; calotte, 297 ; in eye- pieces, 376-379, 381 ; for use in test- ing object-glasses, 385, 386 — in Tully's microscope, 149 Diatoma, 588 ; frustules of, 588, 605 — viilgare, chains of, 605 DIATOMACE.E, 549, 587-625 — perforated membrane of, examined with annular illumination, 419; mode of examination of, 419 ; mounting, 481 silicious coat, refractive index of, 521 stipes of, 588 ; beaded appearance, 592 INDEX 1149 DIA DYT markings of, 593 ; binary division of, 594-597 ; reproduction of, 594-601 ; placochromatic, 598 ; coccochromatic, 598 ; conjugation of, 599 ; zygospores of, 599 ; gonids of, 599 ; movements of, 601 ; classification of, 602 ; habits of, 619 ; habitats of, 620 ; distribution of, 621 ; fossil forms of, 622 ; used as food, 622 ; collecting, 622 ; cleaning, 623, 624 note ; mounting, 624 ; as food of Ciliata, 775 ; in mud of Levant, 1085 Diatom-frustules in ooze, 1086 Diatomin, 587 Diatoms in stomach of ascidians, Holo- thurice, &c., 614, 623 Diatoms. See DIATOMACE.& Dichroism, 1098. 10 Dissecting apparatus, 455 — microscope, Greenough's binocular, 248; Stephenson's binocular, 248; Huxley's, 251 ; Zeiss's, 251, 253 Bausch and Lomb's, 252 Distance of projection of image, 26, 27 Distinct vision, 26 Distoma, life-history of, 946 — hepaticum, 945 Divergence of light, 18 Divini's compound microscope, 129 Division, binary, of cells, 535 ; of desmids, 582 — artificial, of Actinosphcerium, 741 note — of naiads, 955 Dobie's line, 1049 Dog-fish, scales of, 1028 D'Orbigny, on plan of growth of Fora- minifera, 799 Doris, spicules in mantle, 928, 929 ; nida- mentum of, 934 ; eggs of, 942 ; spines of, imitated, 1101 — bilamellata, development of, 935- 937 — pilosa, palate of, 931 — tuberculata, palate of, 931 Double illumination, Stephenson's me- thod, 105 Doublet, Wollaston's, 36, 153 Dragmata, of sponges, 860 Dragon-flies, wings of, 998 Dragon-fly, facets in eyes of, 983 — See Libellula Draparnaldia glomerata, 574 Draw-tube of microscope, 157 Drebbel's modification of Keplerian telescope, 121 Dredge, 528 Drepanidium ranarum, 752 Drone-fly. See Eristalis. Dropping-bottle, 476 ; German, 477 ; ex- pansion, 477 Drosera, glands of, 714; seeds of, 724 Dry-mounting, Smith's ' cells ' for, 446 Ducts of Phanerogams, 698 Dudresnaya, fertilisation in, 632 ; ferti- lising tubes, 632 Dujardin, on ' sarcode,' 530 note — separates Amoeba from Infusoria, 733 Dunning's zoophyte trough, 348 Duramen, 704 Dwarf-male of CEdogonium, 572 Dytiscus, eye of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 ; spiracle of, 996 ; trachea of, 996 ; foot of, 1001, 1002 1 150 INDEX EAR E EPI Earth-stresses, 1077 Earwig. See Forficula Eccremocarpus scaber, winged seeds of, 724 Echinoderm larvae, collecting, 900 ; preparing, 900 ; mounting, 900 — skeletons in mud of Levant, 1085 ECHINODEBMATA, larvae of, collecting, 529 — 884-903 ; skeleton of, 884, 891, 892, 894; spines of, 885-889, 891; pedi- cellarise of, 889; teeth in, 890, 892; preparation of skeleton spines, &c., 892 ; internal skeleton, 894 ; larvae of, 896 Echinoderms, decalcification of, 512 Echinoidea, skeleton of, 884 ; spines of, 885 ; pedicellariae of, 889 ; larva of, 898 ; direct development in, 900 note Echinometra, spine of, 886, 892 ; colour of spines, 888 .Echinus, shell of, 885, 886; spines of, 885 ; teeth of, 890 — lividus, coloured spines of, 887 Ectocarpacece, 626 Ectocarpus siliculosus, conjugation of, 627 Ectoderm, 726 Ectoplasm, 535 Ectoprocta, 909 Ectosarc, 534 ; in Rhizopoda, 733 ; experiments on, 743 ; of Ciliata, 773 Edentata, cement in teeth of, 1026 Edible crab, metamorphosis of, 970 Edwards (A. M.), on supposed ' swarm- spores ' of Amoeba, 744 Eel, scales of, 1027 ' Egg without shell,' concretionary sphe- roids in, 1100 Egg-capsule of Cyclops, 961 Egg-sacs of Lerncea, 966 Egg-shell membrane, 1038 Eggs of Sepiola, Doris, 942 ; of Acarina, 1005 ; of insects, 1005 Ehrenberg, on eye-spot in Protococcus, 543 ; on Volvox, 551 ; on structure of frustules, 590; on rapidity of repro- duction of Paramecium, 111 ; on internal casts of Foraminifera, 827 note ; on fossil Radiolaria, 854 note Elceagnus, raphides in pith of, 696 ; peltate scales of, 714 Elastic ligament of bivalves, structure of, 1040 Elater, antennae of, 988 Slaters of Marchantia, 668; of Equi- setacece, 680 Elatine, seeds of, 724 Elder, pith of, 687 Ellis's aquatic microscope, 147 Elm, raphides of, 696 Elodea canadensis, cyclosis in, 689 Elytra of Coleoptera, 981, 999 Embryo of Phanerogams, 723 — cell of fern, development of, 679 Embryo-sac, 685 — of ovule in Phanerogams, 534 ; free- cell formation in, 536 Emission of light, power of, 51, 54 ; unequal, 52 Emitted light, unequal intensity of, 51 Empusa muscce, 642 Enamel of teeth, 1025 — of teeth of Echinus, 891 — on ganoid scales, 1028 Encephalartos, raphides of, 696 Encrinites, 892 End-bulbs, 1053 Endochrome, 533; of Palmoglcea, 541; of Spirogyra, 550 ; of Volvox, 551, 552, 554 ; of desmids, 580 Endoderm, 726 Endogenous spores of Mucorini, (540 — stems, 700-712 Endogens, spiral vessels of, 698 Endonema, 602 Endophlceum, 708 Endoplasm, 533 Endosarc, 533; in Rhizopoda, 733; of Ciliata, 773 Endosperm, 685 Endospores of mosses, 672 ; in ferns, 677 ; of Volvox, 556 ; of Hymenoiiiycetes, 648 Endosporous Bacteria, 655 Enock's metallic ring for mounting, 482 Entomophilous flowers, 722 Entomophthorece , 642 Entomostraca, 957, 959-965 ; desicca- tion of, 963 ; agamic reproduction of, 963; eggs of, 964; development of, 965; eye of, 982; non -sexual repro- duction, 1006 — collecting, 529 — Rotifera upon, 787 Entomostracan eggs as food of Ciliata, 775 Entoprocta, 909 Entosphcerida, 850 Entozoa, 943 Eolis, nidamentum of, 934 Eozoo'n, 837 ; mounting, 481 ; mode of growth of, compared with that of Polytrema, 824; canal system com- pared with Calcarina, 825 ; affinities of, 838 ; intermediate skeleton, 839 ; nummuline layer, 839 ; internal cast of, 840 ; asbestiform layer, 841 ; pseu- dopodia of, 841 ; young of, 842 — canadense, 837 — decalcification, 513 Epe'ira, foot of, 1015 ; silk threads of, 1015 Ephemera, branchiae of larva, 997 — marginaia, larva of, 973 ; circulation of blood in larva of, 994 Ephippial eggs of Rotifera, 790 Ephyrae of Cijancea, 875 ; of Chn/saom, 876 Epiblast, 726 note Epiderm of leaves, 712 Epidermic appendages, 1029 INDEX II5I EPI PER Epidermis, 1041, 1042 ; method of ex- amining, 1043 Epidote, 1076 Epilobium, emission of pollen-tubes, 722 Epipactis, pollen-tubes of, 723 Epiphlceum, 708 Epispore of Mucorini, 642 Epistome of Polyzoa, 909; of Actino- trocha, 950 Epistylis, collecting, 527 Epithelium, 1043, 1044 Epithemia, conjugation of, 599; zygo-*- spores of, 599 — turgida, 604 Equiconcave lens, 22 Equilucent zones of light, 368 Equisetacece, 680 ; in coal, 1084 EquisetitmJ spores and elaters of, 681 ; epiderm of, 715 ; silex in, 715 Equitant leaves of Iris, &c., 717 Erecting binocular, Stephenson's, 100 — prism, Stephenson's, 101 Ergot, 644 Erica, seeds of, 724 Eristalis, eye of, 987 ; antennae of, 988 Error of centring, 389 Er/jtJiropsis agilis, eye-spot of, 775 Eschara, calcareous polyzoaries of, 909 ; extension of perivisceral cavity, 927 Ether as a solvent, 517 Ether-freezing microtome, Hayes's, 472 ; Cathcart's, 474 Ethmosphcera siphonophora, 850, 851 Eucalyptra vulgaris, 669 Eucopepoda, 965 note Eucyrtidium elegans, 847, 852 — Mongolfieri, 847 — tubulus, 847 Eudorina, sexual process of, 557 Euglena, 545, 765 Euglypha alveolata, reproduction of, 746 Euler's microscope, 148 Euler on achromatic microscopes, 147 Eunotia, 604 Eunotiece, characters of, 604 Euphorbiacece, laticiferous tissue of, 695 Euphrasia, micropyle of, 723 Euplectella aspergillum, 860 note Eupodiscecs, characters of, 612 Eurotiiim repens, 643 Evening primrose, emission of pollen- tubes, 722 ' Exclamation markings ' on scales, 978 Excretory organ of Rotifera, 789, 790 Exner (».), on the image in eye of Lampyris, 984 Exogenous stems, 700 — stem, structure of, 708 — and endogenous stems contrasted, 709, 710 Exogens, nbro-vascular bundles, 697, 698 ; medullary sheath of, 698 ; spiral vessels in, 698 Exoskeleton of decapods, 968 Exospores of mosses, 672 ; of ferns, 677 ; of Hymenomycetes, 648 Extinction, straight, 1079 angle, measurement of, 1079 Extine of pollen-grains, 720; markings on, 720 Eye, accommodation of, 88 — of Pecten, 940; of Onchidium, 941; of slug, 941 ; of snail, 941 ; of arthro- pod, structure of, 983 Eye-glass of compound microscope, 36 39 Eye-lens, 376 Eye-piece, 375-381 ; Abbe's compensa- tion, 40, 378 ; Huyghenian, 40 ; Kell- ner's, 42, 376; Eamsden's, 43, 378; Campani's, 376 ; Huyghens', 376 ; Nel- son's new Huyghenian, 377 ; Watson's Holoscopic, 379 — binocular, Tolles', 101 ; Abbe's, 102 — Kellner's, as condenser, 196 — micrometer, 271-277, 380 ; orthoscopic, 376 ; projection, 380, 381 ; index, 381 ; pointer in, 381 ; diaphragms in, 381 — stereoscopic, Abbe's, 102 Eye-pieces, classification of, by Abbe, 34 ; compensating, 34, 35, 378 ; negative, 376, 377; positive, 377; solid, 378; searcher, working, projection, 378 Eyes on Chiton shells, 941 — compound, of insects, 982, 983 — compound, 982-987 ; simple, 982, JW6 ; preparing, 986 ; mounting, 986 F Faber, inventor of the name microscope 124, 125 Falciform young of Goccidia, 752 False images, 419 Farrants's medium, 478, 520 ; for mount- ing insects, 973 Farre (A.), on structure of Polyzoa, 908 note Farrella, polyzoaries of, 909 Fat, 1045 Fat-cells, 1018, 1040, 1042, 1045 ; capil- lary network around, 1062 Fats, solvents for, 517 Feathers, 1029, 1032 ' Feather-star,' 900. See Autedon Feeding, mode of, in Actinophrys, 7^«s ; in sponges, 856 Feet of insects, 1000-1002; of spiders, 1014 Felspar, decomposition of, 1076, 1077 Felspar rock, effect of dynamic meta- morphism on, 1077 Felspars, zonal structure in, 1073 ' Female ' plants of Polytrichum, 671 Fermentation of alcohol by yeast, 646; by Penicillium, Mucor, &c., 647 — putrefactive, 661 Fermentative action of Fungi, 532 Ferns (see Filices), 674 ; in coal, 1084 Fertilisation of Phanerogams, 722 Fertilisation-tubes of Peronosporece, 63.S Fertilising tube of Dudresnaya, 632 1152 INDEX FES FOK Festuca pratenns, paleoe of, 715 Fibres and cells of Vertebrates, 1018, 1019 Fibro-cartilage, 1019, 1046 Fibro-vascular bundles, 697, 708, 710 — of ferns, 074 ; in the ' veins ' of leaves, 697 ; of Exogens, 697, 698 ; of Phane- rogams, 700 Fibrous tissues of Vertebrates, 1019 — tissue, 1038 ; white, 1039, 1040 ; yellow, 1040 Field of eye-pieces, 879 Field-glass, 40 Field-lens, 376; applied to eye-lens by de Moncoiiys, 128, 376 ; by Hooke, 128, 376 FILICES, 674-680; stem, structure of, 674 ; fructification of, 675 ; prothallium of, 677 ; antherids of, 677 ; archegones of, 677 ; development of, 679 ; apospory in, 680 ; apogamy in, 680 ; alternation of generations in, 680 ' Filiferous capsules.' See Thread-cells Finder, 295 ; Maltwood's, 296 Fine adjustment, 162-175 — applied to the stage by Powell, 155 ; by moving the whole body, 162 ; by simply moving the nose-piece, 162, 173 ; continental, 162-164 ; Campbell's differential screw, 164; Zeiss's, 166; Eeichert's, 171 ; Watson's lever, 172 ; Swift's vertical side-lever, 173 ; Powell's, 174 Fire-fly, antennae of, 987 ' Fire-fly,' 984, 988. 