None
1.25 100 120 160 200 220 220 220 Portland, Me., 417 Foreman $ 1.75 100 100 114 143 171 171 171 Apprentice 0.60 100 100 100 108 108 108 108 Blacksmith 1.75 100 100 114 143 171 171  120 171 140 120 171 140 Laborer 1.25 100 100 100 120 120 120 120 Painter 1.75 100 100 114 143 171 171 171 Stitcher 1.25 100 100 120 160 160 160 160 Striper 1.75 100  100 100 114 143 171 171 171 Watchman 1.00 100 100 100 125 150 150 150 Wheelwright Wood-worker 1.50 1.50 100  VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS CARRIAGE AND WAGON WORKS Massachusetts, 420, 421 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861  117 100 117 132 117 132 117 132 117 188 Finisher 2 50 100 120 120 r>o 120 120 120 Painter 1.58 100  160 100 160 132 160 132 160 132 160 188 160 New York, 423 Helpers $ 0.875 100 115 121 116 116 129 146 Mechanics 1.365 100 111 111 111 115 140 149 Ravenna, O., 424 Blacksmith $ 1.50 100 100 117 167 183 200 200  164 150 183 164 150 183 164 Trimmer 1.375 100 100 127 164 182 182 182 Wheelwright 1.50 100 100 133 133 167 167 167 Whitewater, Wis., 426 Blacksmith iV 100 110 120 120 140 150 180 Bl'ksmith, helper Engineer 0.80 1.00 100 100 125 113 125 113 125 125 156 138 188 150 188 175 Laborer 0.75 100 107 133 133 167 183 200 Machinist 1.25 100 100 120 120 120 160 180 Teamster 0.76 100 132 132 132 164 197 197 560 HISTORY OF THE GREENBACKS TABLE 2— Continued WAGE-SERIES FBOM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS CARRIAGE AND WAGON WORKS Louisville, Ky., 416 Initial Occupation Wage I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 p'r Day $ Blacksmith 2.33 100 64 71 129 172 186 215 Painter 2.00 100 96 92 108 125 150 158 Trimmer 2.00 100 83 92 108 121 150 158 Wood-worker. . .. 1.66 100 110 120 140 151 181 FURNITURE New Haven, Conn., 435 Foreman 65. OO1 2.00 2.00 1.80 2.00  100 100 123 113 113 100 113 111 120 125 114 125 100 113 123 113 113 111 125 111 120 125 114 125 100 113 123 125 113 111 125 125 120 125 129 125 125 125 131 125 1-25 111 138 125 120 125 129 125 125 125 Cabinet-maker .. Carver Chair-maker .... Engineer Finisher Laborer Machine hand .. Packer Turner Upholsterer Varnisher Chicago, 111., 438 Cabinet-maker .. $ 1.10 100 100 114 148 205 227 250 Kentucky, 446 Foreman $ 75 OO1 100 100 113 113 113 113 133 Cabinet-maker .. Carver 1.40 1 50 100 100 107 100 125 133 179 133  .. Packer 1.25 1.25 100 100 120 100 140 100 160 120 160 120 200 120 200 160 Turner 1.50 100 100 100 167 167 183 183 Upholsterer Varnisher 1.25 1.25 100 100 120 100 140 120 200 140 200 140 200 160 220 160 1 Per month. APPENDIX G 561 TABLE 2 — Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS — FURNITURE Indiana, 441, 442 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Foreman $ 40. OO1 100 125   100 100 100 120 120  Carver 1.16| 1.331 100 100 100 75 143 112 172 137 229 162 286 187 315 200 Finisher 1.161 100 86 115 129 186 200 200 Packer 1.00 100 100 133 167 200 217 217 Upholsterer Varnisher 1.50 1.00 100 100 78 100 111 133 133 167 167 200 189 233 211 217 > Per month. 562 HISTORY OP THE GREENBACKS TABLE 2 — Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS FUENITCEE Rochester, N. ¥., 450 Occupation Initial Wa»fe p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864  — Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS FUBNITUBE New Hampshire, 448 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Foreman $ 36. 401 100 100 100 125 125 125 125 Cabinet-maker .. Machine hand .. Turner 1.15 1.00 1.25 100 100 100 109 110 100 117 125 100 117 125 120 130 140 120 139 150 140 139 150 140 Philadelphia, Pa., 456, 457 Foreman  120 113 117 117 125 126 125 120 113 117 117 125 126 125 120 113 117 117 125 126 Cabinet-maker .. Carver  Finisher Laborer Machine hand .. Packer Turner Varnisher SAW- AND PLANING-MILL8 Carrollton, Mich., 473, 474 Engineer $ 2.37 100 100 74 84 148 148 148 Filer 2.00 100 100 100 119 103 175 175 Laborer 1.00 100 100 100 150 200 175 188 Sawyer 1.345 100 102 114 139 180 182 202 Teamster 1.00 100 94 100 150 225 200 200 iPer month. 564 HISTORY OP THE GREENBACKS TABLE 2 — Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS SAW- AND FLAMING-MILLS Kentucky, 468, 469 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Foreman, dress'g $ department . .. 80. OO1 100 63 81 100 156 208 125 Foreman, sash department . .. 70. OO1 100 71 86 143 179 143 143 Bench hand, sash department . .. 1.50 100 83 83 167 183 200 200 Laborer 1.00 100 125 150 175 175 175 160 Machine hand, sash departm't 1.75 100 80 86 157 171 186 186 Matcher, dress'g department . .. 1.375 100 91 91 127 164 218 218 Molder, dressing department . .. 1.80 100 83 89 111 153 181 181 Planer, dressing department . .. 1.375 100 91 91 127 164 218 218 Sawyer, dressing department. .. 1.375 100 91 91 127 164 218 218 Surfacer, dress'g department . .. 1.375 100 91 91 127 164 218 218 Steamboat joiner 1.60 100 94 109 125 172 203 188 Teamster 1.00 100 100 100 138 167 150 200  119 140 200 260 300 Sawyer 0.77 100 100 100 130 175 200 Setter 0.77 100 100 100 130 175 200 Teamster 0.385 100 119 140 200 260 300 Wisconsin, 496 sawing 52 Foreman, department . .. Engineer Filer .... Laborer. Sawyer, sawing department . .. Setter . .. Teamster  167 200 175 200 160 175 iPer month. APPENDIX C 565 TABLE 2— Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS SAW- AND PLANING-MILLS Utica, N. Y., 481, 482 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Foreman, dress'g department . .. Foreman, sash department . ..  Foreman, sawing department . .. Foreman, sash department . .. Bench hand  160 140 1*3 114 200 200 160 183 143 200 200 200 233 171 200 200 200 233 171 Laborer 1.00 100 100 100 150 200 200 200 Machine hand .. Matcher 1.75 1.50 100 100 100 100 114 133 143 167 200 200 229 233 229 250 Molder 1.75 100 114 114 143 171 200 229 1.50 100 100 133 167 200 200 200 Sawyer, dressing department . .. Sawyer, sawing department . .. Teamster 1.50 1.75 1.25 100 100 100 117  3.00 100 100 100 117 117 117 Laborer 1.08 100 106 114 128 150 150 128 Sawyer 2.00 100 100 100 125 125 125 Setter 1 50 100 100 107 133 133 113 Teamster 1.30 100 104 110 123 146 146 131 iPer month. HISTORY OF THE GBEENBACKS TABLE 2— Continued WAGE-SERIES FROM VOL. XX OF THE TENTH CENSUS SHIP-CARPENTRY St. Louis, Mo., 499 Occupation Initial Wage p'r Day I860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 Calker $ 2 50 100 120 120 120 170 200 180 Carpenter 2 50 100 120 120 120 170 200 180 Engineer 2.885 100 100 133 133 167 200 200 Laborer 1.00 100 125 125 125 200 250 2i5 Ohio, 500 Carpenter $ 1.75 100 143 143 143 200 200 200 Laborer 1.125 100 111 118 111 140 140 140 Dock hand 2.00 100 125 125 125 188 188 188 Sawyer 2.25 100 111 111 111 156 156 156 TABLE 3 'RELATIVE SALARIES OF SCHOOL-TEACHERS' Baltimore, Md. Grade Init. Sal. pr.Yr. Sex 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865  schools, boys .... Principals, grammar schools, girls — First assistants, grammar schools, boys First assistants, grammar schools, girls Principals, primary schools, boys and girlg 900 500  167 167 167 180 200 233 «B Highest grade, primary schools, boys and girls 200 F 100 100 100 100 175 175 ?.50 Assistants, beginners, primary schools, boys ana girls 100 F 100 100 100 100 ?50 fl50 400 Boston,  primary schools 3 .. 300 F. 100 100 100 100 133 150 150 » From the Aldrich Report, Part IV, Table XIV. 2 After four years' service. 3 First year of service. APPENDIX C 567 TABLE 3— Continued RELATIVE SALARIES OF SCHOOL-TEACHERS Cincinnati, O. 1,750 M 100 86 86 100 114 114 138 Principals, intermediate schools 1,320 M 100 87 87 100 1?1 1?1 1591 Principals, district schools 1,200 M 100 89 89 100 1?5 1?5 1581 Assistants,  district schools — 300 F. 100 92 92 100 100 100 133 St. Louis, Mo. Assistants, high schools 1,200 M 100 fi7 83 195 1?5 14?, Principals, district schools 1,250 M 100 64 80 120 TO 136 Head assistants, district schools 425 F 100 8? 94 141 141 153 Third assistants, district schools, mini- mum salaries 375 F 100 73 87 1^0 1'0 133 Barnstable County, Mass. Teachers of country schools 40.738 M 100 101 100 109 105 199 13? Teachers of country schools 19.123 F 100 94 99 94 98 109 118 Franklin County, Mass. Teachers of country schools 27.443 M 100 102 99 100 106 134 141 Teachers of country schools 15.918 F 100 9fi 99 100 103 1flO 133 1 After three years' service. 2 After six years' service. 3 Per month. INDEX ADAMS, HENRY, 52 n., 74 n. ADAMS, H. C. : on financial consequences of legal-tender acts, 405 ; see also 74 n. Advertiser (Boston), 18, 19 n., 81. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS: prices of, 386-8; 429-34. ALDRICH REPORT : criticism of table of relative prices, 239-43 ; of table of rela- tive wages, 281, 282, 311-13 ; new analysis of price-data, 243-59, 386-8, 409, 410; of wage-data, 283-321, 411, 412 ; cf. tables of prices, 429-51 ; of wages, 470-517 and 566,567. ALLEY, JOHN B. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 61; resolution approving speedy resumption of specie payments, 128 ; see also 55 n., 59 n. ALLEY RESOLUTION, 123, 238. AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA : 11 n., 12 n., 13 n., 14 n., 20 n., 21 n., 26 n., 29 n., 30, 37 n., 39 n., 43 n., 84 n., 85 n., 87 n., 149 n., 154 n., 159 n., 165 n. ANTHONY, H. B., 77. APPENDICES: gold value of the paper currency, 423-8 ; relative prices of com- modities, 429-69; relative wages, 470- 567. ARMY, PAY OP : in arrears, winter of 1862- 63, 105; congressional inquiries, 105-9, 216 ; arrears summer of 1864; 125 ; how made in 1865, 127 ; increase in rate of, 334,335. ATLANTA, CAPTURE OF: effect on value of currency, 204. Atlantic Monthly, 19 n. BAILY, J., 95 n. BAIRD, H. C., 78 n. BAKER, STEPHEN, 96 n. BANK NOTES: circulation of, during Civil War, 145-8, 181. "BANKERS' CONVENTION " : opposition to Spaulding's legal-tender bill, 47, 48; financial program proposed, 50. Bankers1 Magazine (New York), 20 n., 21 n., 22 n., 23 n., 27 n., 28 n., 29 n., 34 n., 35 n., 36 n., 38 n., 39 n., 40 n., 43 n., 86 n., 145 n., 146 n., 147 n., 149 n., 150 n., 154 n., 159 n., 160 n., 161 n., 162 n., 163, 164 n., 165 n., 166 n., 177 n., 186, 199 n., 218 n., 219 n., 365, 366. BANKS: condition of banks in summer of 1861, 20-23; agreement regarding $150,000,000 loan, 23; effect of loan on banks, 28-42; suspension of specie payments, 38-41, 144-S. BARRETT, DON C., 74 n., 86 n. BATES, EDWARD: opinion on constitu- tionality of legal-tender clause, 52. BAYARD, J. A., 52 n., 63 n., 64 n. BAYLEY, R. A., 9 n., 17 n., 73 n., 86 n., 88 n., 89 n., 123 n., 124 n., 126 n., 164 n., 173 n., 174 n., 176 n., 177 n. BEHKEY, W. A., 43 n., 78 n. BINGHAM, J. A. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 53; see also 151 n. BLACKSMITHS: relative wages of, 299, 331. BLAKE, H. G., 52 n., 65 n., 67 n. ELAINE, J. G., 10 n., 20 n., 37 n., 51 n., 215 n. BLODGET, LORIN : on prosperity during war, 392. BOILER-MAKERS : relative wages of, 299. BOLLES, A. S., 10 n., 23 n., 27 n., 43 n., 51 n. BORROWERS OP CAPITAL (see also Re- sidual claimants) : effect of green- backs on interests of, 360-79. BOSTON : relative rents in, 357. "BOSTON MERCHANT": discussion of prosperity during war, 393, 394. BOWLEY, A. L., 282 n. BRECKINRIDGE, R. M., 27 n., 195 n. BROOKS, JAMES, 225 n. BUILDING TRADES: relative wages in, 295,344. BULLOCK, C. J., 282 n., 325 n. BUSINESS (see Profits). BUTLER, GEO. B., 74 n. CAXHOUN, J. C., 113 and note. CALIFORNIA: monetary circulation of, during Civil War, 142-4. CALL LOANS: rates of interest on, 367, 368. CALVERT, C. B., 78 n. CAMPBELL, J. H., 55 n., 61 n., 65 n. CAPITALISTS (see Lenders of capital. Residual claimants, Interest, Profits). CAREY, H. C., 189 n., 271 n. CARLILE, J. S., 78. CARPENTERS: relative wages of, 299, 331,345. CENSUS (TENTH FEDERAL) : data regard- ing retail prices, 259-64 ; data regarding wages, 324-33; data regarding rent, 354-7. CERTIFICATES OF INDEBTEDNESS: first issue authorized, 86, 87; issues Jan- uary to March, 1862, 88; issues April to June, 1862, 90; use as currency, 177. 569 570 HISTORY OF THE GREENBACKS CHAMPLIN, J. T., 188 n. CH \M i I.I.OKSVII.I.K, BATTLE OF: effect ou value of currency, 203, 218. CHANDLER, Z. : on temporary loan, 85; attempt to forestall second legal-tender act, 93 ; see also 73 n., 86 n., 229 n. CHASE, S. P. : appointment as secretary of treasury, 3; administration of treas- ury, March to June, 1861, 10-15; issue of treasury notes, 15; financial pro- gram, July, 1861,15,16; attitude toward taxation, 18, 19; arrangement for $150,- 000.000 loan. 23; refusal to draw on banks, 25, 26; issue of demand notes, 26,27; report of December, 1861,37,44; responsibility for suspension of specie payments, 41-3; letter regarding first legal-tender bill read in Congress, 62; attitude toward bill, 68-71; administra- tion of treasury, January to June, 1862, 82-91 ; request for second issue of green- backs, 91-3 ; suggests postage-currency act, 98, 99; administration of treasury, July to December, 1862.100-104; report of December, 1862, 102-4; answers to inquiries into arrears in pay of army, 105-8; explanation of premium upon gold in December, 1862, 112; regards issues of greenbacks necessary to facili- tate borrowing, 114 ; opposes additional issues in December, 1863, 121; admin- istration of treasury in 1864, 123, 124; resignation, 124, 202, 234 ; issue of one- ami two-year treasury notes of 1863, 174-6; campaign against gold markets, 225-32; see also 4 n., 12 n., 26 n., 27 n., 34 n., 62 n., 70 n., 73 n., 82 n., 94 n., 123 n., 149 n. CHATTANOOGA, BATTLE ABOUND: effect on value of currency, 204, 221. CHICK AM AUGA. BATTLE OF: effect on value of currency, 203, 220. CINCINNATI : relative rents in, 357. CIRCULATING MEDIUM: effect of legal- tender acts on, 135, 141-81. Cisco, J. J. : secures bids for treasury notes of 1860, 7; suggests temporary loan. 85, 151, 152; sends in resignation, 124,202. CLARK. DANIEL: reports bill regarding bronze cents, 169; see also 229 n. CLAY, B. J. : bill to regulate contracts for gold, 225. CLEAEING-HOUSE LOAN CEKTIFICATES, 20, 21, 21 n., 28, 32, 33 n. COBB, H. : administration of treasury, 5,6. COB, G. S., 8 n., 23 n., 26 n., 27 n., 29 n., 43 n., 48 n. COIN : withdrawal of gold from circula- tion after suspension, 135, 142; con- tinued use of gold in California, 142-4, 180; disappearance of subsidiary silver, 156-9; circulation of minor coins, 165- 73, 180; amount of specie in circulation in 1861. 178, 180; premium upon gold coin, 182-238; tables of value of paper money in coin, by months, 423, 424; daily, 425-8. COLLAMER, JACOB: remarks on first legal-tender bill, 53, 59; remarks on the " gold bill," 229, 230 ; see also 52 n., 53 n., 54 n., 55 n., 56 n., 57 n., 58 n., 60 n., 63 n., 77, 95 n. Commercial Advertiser ( New York), 19 n., 81, 153 n., 154 n., 159 n., 166. Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 186, 192 n., 197 n., 232 n., 271 n., 366, 375, 389 n. COMMODITY PRICES (see Prices). CONANT, C. B., 389 n. CONGRESS (see Debates in Congress, Legal-tender _ acts, Alley resolution): financial legislation of extra session, July and August, 1861, 16-18; subordina- tion of economic to financial considera- tions by, 403, 404 ; lavish appropriations by, 415, 416. CONJUGAL CONDITION: and advance in relative wages, 306, 307, 323, 324. COXKLIXG, F. A., 4 n., 26 n. CONKLING, ROSCOE : substitute proposed for first legal-tender act. 75 ; opposition to legal-tender clause, 76; see also 19 n., 52 n., 60 n., 63 n., 65 n. CONSUMPTION OF WEALTH: change in character of consumption of working- men's families, 349; effect of green- backs on consumption, 398-402. "CONVERSlON"CLAU8E:pnrpose,89; slow- ness of conversions, 88-90, 92, 101, 104; repeal of the clause, 115, 116; effect upon value of greenbacks, 195-7. CCOKE, JAY : successful conduct of five- twenty loan of 1862, 121, 123, 202, 218, 219; of seven-thirty loan in 1865, 127, 238; see also 34 n. COOPER, PETER, 78 n. CORNING, ERASTUS : member Committee of Ways and Means, 45 ; attitude toward legal-tender bill, 46. CORNWALLIS, K., 182 n., 185 n., 227 n., 235 n. COST OF LIVING : method of estimating changes in, 335-9; as a factor in ad- vancing money wages, 303, 306, 347. COST OF THE WAR : effect of greenbacks on, 403-20. COURTNEY, L. H. : estimate of effect of greenbacks on cost of war, 405. COWAN, E. : remarks on first legal-tender bill, 60, 66; remarks on the "gold bill," 230; see also 52 n., 55 n., 56 n., 58 n., 64 n., 65 n., 69 n., 77. CREDIT : contraction of, caused by green- backs, 375, 376, 390, 396. CRISFIELD. J. W. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 53, 59; see also 52 n., 53 n., 59 n., 60 n., 66 n. CURTIS, G. T., 8 n. CUSTOMS-HOUSE CERTIFICATES : sales of, by treasury, 226. CUSTOMS REVENUE : act of March, 1857, 5 ; act of March, 1861, 9, 11 ; act of August 5, 1861. 17, 18; receipts, January to June, 1862, 83 ; effect of greenbacks on, 413, 416. INDEX 571 DAVIS, G., 95 n. DEBATES IN CONGEESS : upon first legal- tender act, 51-68; upon second legal- tender act, 94-7; upon third legal- tender act, 110-15 ; upon the "gold bill," 229-32; absence of confusion between economic and fiscal considerations, 403, 404. DEBT, FEDERAL, : increase of, caused by greenbacks, 403-20. DE KNIGHT, W. P., 130 n., 178 n. DELMAR, A., 189 n. DEMAND NOTES OF 1861: authorization, 17; issue of, during progress of $150,- 000,000 loan, 26, 27, 27 n. ; redemptipn in specie suspended, 41 ; additional issue authorized, 84; issues January to March, 1862, 88; issues April to June, 1862, 90; replaced by greenbacks, 91; difficulties attending circulation, Jan- uary to March, 1862, 149-54 ; withdrawal from circulation, 155, 180 ; value in gold and currency, 194-6. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR: collection of wage-data, 283. DEPRECIATION OF THE CURRENCY: with relation to gold, 182-238; with relation to commodities, 239-79; tables of value of paper money in coin by months, 423, 424 ; daily, 425-8 ; tables of prices, 429-69. DIRECT TAX: act of August 5, 1861, 18; proceeds, April to June, 1862, 83; effect of greenbacks on, 413. Dix, JOHN A. : administration of treas- ury, 8, 9. DODGE, J. R. : on wages of farm laborers, 322. DOMETT, H. W., 40 n. DOOLITTLE. J. R. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 61 ; see also 59 n. DORE, C. F., 74 n. DRAFT RIOTS: effect on value of cur- rency, 204, 220. DRAPER, J. W., 212 n. DREW, J. G., 78 n. DUNBAH, C. F., 21 n. DUN'S MERCANTILE AGENCY: estimate of southern indebtedness to North in 1861, 21 n. ; diminished use of credit, 375 ; statistics of failures, 389. EADIE, JOHN, 270 n. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GREEN- BACKS (see Circulating medium, Stand- ard of value, Prices, Wages, Rent, Interest, Profits, Production, Consump- tion, Credit, Cost of war) : Economic vs. financial effects, 403, 404. Economist (London), 20 n., 273 n. ECONOMY : vs. extravagance, 398-402. EDWARDS, T. M. : remarks on second legal-tender bill, 96 ; remarks on third legal-tender bill, 113; see also 61 n., 64 n., 65 n., 95 n. ELDER, WILLIAM : on prosperity during war, 392, 393. ELECTIONS r effect of, on value of cur- rency, 205, 215, 220, 222, 236 ELLIOTT, E. B. : statistics of interest, 366. EMERY, MRS. S. E. V., 78 n. ENGINEERS : relative wages of, 299, 331. ENLISTMENTS IN ARMY: effect of, on wages, 289, 290, 306, 348, 349. EVARTS, W. M., 4 n. EVENING EXCHANGE, 184, 206. EVERETT, E., 19 n. EXPENDITURES (see also Finances, state of the) : January to June, 1862, 82, 83 ; July to December, 1862, 100, 101; in- crease of, 1862 to 1865, 119 : expenditures in summer of 1864, 123-5; effect of greenbacks on, 406-12. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, 11, 22, 22 n. Express (New York), 206 n., 367 n. EXTRAVAGANCE: effect of greenbacks upon, 398-402. FAILURES, BUSINESS: caused by cessa- tion of southern remittances in 1861, 21, 22; small number during war, 389-91. FALKNER, R. P.: criticism of table of relative prices 239-43 ; of relative wages, 281, 282, 311-13, 328, 329; Falkner's method of weighting price-tables, 336. FARM LABORERS: relative wages of, 321-4. FARM PRODUCTS : prices of, 386-8, 429-34. FARM RENTS, 358, 359. FARMERS : profits of, 386-8. FERRIS, J. A., 144 n. FESSENDEN, W. P.: remarks on first legal-tender bill, 59-61, 63, 64. 66-8; on temporary loan, 85; on resolution to issue no more greenbacks, 93, 94; on Wilson's resolution to issue greenbacks to pay army, 106 ; reduction in amount of third issue or greenbacks, 117; ap- pointed secretary of the treasury, 124, 202, 234; administration of the treas- ury, 124-6 ; withdrawal of coupon treas- ury notes, 175, 176; remarks on the "gold bill," 229 ; see also 25 n., 55 n., 59 n., 66 n., 73 n., 76 n., 77, 78, 79 n., 189 n., 225 n., 228 n. FIELD, M. B., 10 n., 72 n. FINANCES, STATE OF THE: during Bu- chanan's administration, 5-10; March to June, 1861, 10-15 ; January to June, 1862, 82-91 ; July to December, 1862, 100- 104 ; improvement due to success of five- twenty loan, 121; difficulties of 1864, 122-6: McCulloch's administration, 126- 8; effect of greenbacks on, 403-20. FIREMEN : relative wages of, 299, 345. FISHER, IRVING: statistics of interest, 365,366. FISHER'S HILL, BATTLE OF: effect on value of currency, 204. FITCH, H. S., 78 n. FITZHUGH, H. M., 189 n. FOOT, S., 77. 572 HISTORY OF THE GREENBACKS FOREIGN EXCHANGE: low price of ster- ling, spring and summer of 1861,22; sales of, by treasury, 228. FOREIGN RELATIONS : effect of, on value of currency, 206, 207, 214, 238. FOREMEN AND OVERSEERS: relative wages of, 299. FOSTER, L. S., 77. FRACTIONAL CURRENCY : issues of, 165. FREEMAN, PLINY. 78 n. FUNDING PROVISION (see "Conversion" clause). GALLAGHER'S EVENING EXCHANGE, 184, 206. ii \I.I.\TI\. JAMES: opposition to issue of demand treasury notes, 15 n. ; oppo- sition to Spaulding's legal-tender Dill, 48; see also 21 n., 26 n., 40 n. GARFIELD, J. A., 225 n. GAS INDUSTRY: relative wages in, 295. 344. GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF : effect on value of currency, 204. GIBBONS, J. S., 26 n., 267 n., 271 n. GLASS BLOWERS: relative wages of , 318, 319. GOLD (see Coin, Premium upon gold, Depreciation, Greenbacks) : value of gold and prices, 272-5 ; monthly highest, lowest, and average value of paper money in gold, 423, 424; daily highest and lowest value of paper money in gold, 425-8. " GOLD BILL," 228-32. GOLD ROOM, 183, 184. GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES : pay of, 333-5, 408,409. GOVERNMENT PURCHASES: effect on prices, 256-9, 265, 266; cf. tables 449-51. GREENBACKS (see also Legal-tender acts, "Conversion" clause) : first issues, 88, 155; relief of treasury by, 90; Chase opposes further issues, December, 1862, 102, 103; as a financial resource, 128-31 ; gold value of, 1*5, 136, 140 n., 182-238; circulation of, 173, 174, 180; effect of, on prices, 239-79; on wages, 280-351; on rent, 352-9 ; on interest, 360-79 ; on prof- its, 380-91; on production of wealth, 392-8; on consumption of wealth, 398- 402; on cost of war to government, 403-20 ; tables showing value of green- backs in gold, by months, 423, 424; daily, 425-8; tables of prices in green- backs, 429-69 ; of wages in greenbacks, 470-567. GURLEY, J. A. : on Chase's failure to sell five-twenty bonds, 108; see also 105 n., 110 n. HALE, J. P., 229 n. HARDY, S. MCLEAN, 248 n. HARPER, JESSE, 78 n. Harper's Monthly Magazine, 212 n., 390. HART, A. B., 4 n., 70 n., 72 n., 74 n., 124 n., 149 n. HENDERSON, J. B. : remarks on the "gold bill," 229. HENDRICKS, T. A., 225 n. HeraH( New York) 19 n., 39 n., 48 n., 81, 87 n., 145 n., 150 n., 151 n., 152 n.. 153 n., 157, 184 n., 205 n., 208 n., 207 n., 231 n., 367 n. HICKMAN, JOHN: remarks on first legal- tender bill, 62. HOAR, GEO. F., 364 n. HOCK, C. VON, 10 n., 43 n., 74 n., 189 n. HOOPER, SAMUEL : work on Committee of Ways and Means, 45; attitude toward legal-tender bill, 46; remarks on Senate amendments, 77; remarks on second legal-tender bill, 95; introduces post- age currency bill, 99; remarks on third legal-tender bill, 114; substitute pro- posed by third legal-tender bill, 116,117; remarks on the "gold bill,' '230; opin- ion of effects of greenbacks on busi- ness, 392; see also 58 n., 59 n., 67 n., 97 n., 110 n., 114 n., 116 n., 225 n. HORTON, V. B. : opposition to first legal- tender bill in committee, 46; remarks upon it in House, 59,63; substitute pro- posed for first legal-tender act, 75 ; op- position to legal-tender clause, 76; amendment offered to second legal- tender bill, 96; remarks on third legal- tender bill, 111, 114; proposes repeal of " conversion " clause, 115 ; see also 55 n., 58 n., 59 n., 60 n., 78. HOWARD. J. M. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 53. HOWE, T. O. : remarks on first legal-ten- der bill, 56, 64 ; see also 52 n., 56 n., 57 n., 61 n. HULBURD, H. R. : estimate of effect of greenbacks on cost of war, 405. Hunt's Merchants'1 Magazine : comments on decline in consumption of staple commodities, 400, 401 ; see also 11 n., 13 n., 14 n., 18 n., 21 n., 22 n., 24 n., 30, 37 n., 39 n., 43 n., 125 n., 145 n., 149 n., 150 n., 151 n., 152 n., 155 n., 159 n., 172 n., 175 n., 177 n., 184 n., 186, 189 n., 191 n., 192 n., 193 n., 196 n., 202 n., 207 n., 365, 366, 375 n., 389 n. INDEPENDENT SUBTREASURY : relation to $150,000,000 loan, 25; prevents bank loan, July, 1864, 125. INDEX-NUMBERS: for prices, 239-79; for wages, 280-351. INTEREST ON PUBLIC DEBT: effect of greenbacks on, 418, 419. INTEREST. RATE OF: statistics of rate, 365-8; slight increase in, 368; causes, 369-72; effect of government demand for loans. 373; of iiigh profits, 374; of contraction of credit, 375, 376; interest realized on investments in government bonds, 377-9. INTERNAL REVENUE DUTIES (see Taxa- tion): increase in receipts from, during war, 120, 129 ; effect of greenbacks on receipts from, 413-16. IRON INDUSTRY : relative wages in, 315-18. INDEX 573 JAMES, E. J., 364 n. JOHNSON, A. B., 189 n. JOHNSON, REVEBDY : repeal of the " gold bill," 232; see also 225 n., 229 n. Journal (Boston), 19 n., 81. Journal of Commerce (New York), 81, 209 n. ' KASSON, J. A., 225 n. KELLOGG, WILLIAM: remarks on first legal-tender bill, 56, 57 ; see also 53 n., 55 n., 56 n., 57 n., 59 n., 65 n. KING, H., 8 n. KING, PRESTON, 77. KNOX, J. J., 8 n., 10 n., 51 n., 146 n., 159 n., 162 n., 168 n., 176 n. LABOKEES: relative wages of, 299, 331, 345. LANE, J. H. : remarks on the " gold bill," 230. LAUGHLIN, J. LAUBENCE, 52 n., 136 n., 142 n., 156 n. LAUBEL HILL DISPATCH : effect on value of currency, 204. LEGAL-TENDEB ACTS : 1. Act of February 25, 1862: Spaulding's bills, 44-51 ; debate in Congress, 51-68; attitude of Chase, 68-74; fathered by Spaulding, 69-71; substitutes pro- posed, 75; votes in House, 75, 76; Sen- ate amendments, 76 ; votes in Senate, 77 ; action of House on Senate amend- ments. 77; conference committee, 78; provisions of the act, 78, 79 ; reception by business public, 79; attitude of newspapers, 79, 80. 2. Act of July 11, 1862: suggested by Chase, 91-3; Chandler's opposition, 93; bill introduced by Spaulding. 94: debate, 94-7; votes, 97; provisions of act, 98 ; effect on the value of the cur- rency, 199, 213, 214. 3. Joint resolution of January 17, 1863 : arrears in payment of army, 105 ; Wilson's resolution, 106; Chase's bill, 107 ; ways and means bill, 108 ; Stevens's resolution, 109; effect on the> value of the currency, 200. 4. Act of March 3, 1863: introduction of bill, 108; provisions of bill, 110; debate, 110-15; amendments, 115-17; votes, 116, 117; provisions of act, 117, 118; effect on the value of the cur- rency, 199, 200, 216. 5. Limitation of greenbacks to $450,- 000,000, 122. LEGAL-TENDEB CLAUSE (see Legal- tender acts, Greenbacks) : impotence in sustaining value of greenbacks, 198. Ledger (Philadelphia), 161 n., 164. LENDEBS OF CAPITAL: effect of green- backs on interests of, 360-79. LINCOLN, A.: appointment of Chase as secretary of treasury, 3; call for additional troops, July 1, 1862, 100: expresses regret at third issue _of greenbacks, 109; accepts Chase's resig- nation, 124; effect of second election on value of currency, 205; effect of assassination on value of currency, 208; see also 21 n., 68 n., 78, 209 n. LINDEBMAN, H. R., 142 n., 159 n. LippincotVa Monthly Magazine, 23 n. LOAN COMMITTEE: of New York banks, report of, 1862, 28 n., 29 n., 32 n., 33 n., 34 n., 35 n., 36 n., 40 n., 41 n., 43 n. LOANS, FEDEEAL : of 1858, 5 ; of 1860, 5, 6, 8,11, 14; of February 8,1861, 8, 9. 11.12: of March 2, 1861, 11 ; $150,000,000 loan of 1861, 16, 17, 19-43, 83, 84, 88, 90; five- twenty loan of 1862, 79, 88-90, 104, 107, 108, 121, 123; temporary loan, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 151, 152, 154; ten-forty loan of 1864, 123, 126; five-twenty loan of 1864, 126; effect of loans on value of currency, 202. See also Treasury notes. Certificates of indebtedness, Demand notes, Greenbacks. LOANS, PBIVATE : loss and gain in pur- chasing power of principal caused by greenbacks, 361-4. LOANS, STATE, 20 n. LOUISVILLE : relative rents in, 357. LOVEJOY, OWEN : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 56; opposition to legal- tender clause, 76; attitude toward second legal-tender bill, 94, 95 ; amends joint resolution of January 17, 1863, 109 ; see also 56 n.,.58 n., 64 n., 110 n. McCuLLOCH, HUGH : appointed secretary of the treasury, 126, 202; payment of the army, 127; recommends speedy resumption of specie payments, 127, 128; as president of Bank of State of Indiana, 146, 147; on increase of specu- lation, 397; on effect of paper money in encouraging lavish appropriations, 415, 416; Men and Measures, 4 n., 62 n., 74 n., 147 n. ; see also 189 n., 375. McDouGALL, J. R., 18 n., 54 n., 59 n., 61 n., 62 n., 77. MACHINISTS : relative wages of, 299, 331, 345. MCPHEBSON, E., 6 n. MANN, C. A. : estimate of effect of green- backs on cost of war, 405 ; see also 74 n., 189 n., 270 n., 398 n. MABSHALL, A. : 352 n., 381. MABSLAND, G., 27 n. MASONS : relative wages of, 299, 345. MEDBEBBY, J. K., 182 n., 227 n., 234 n., 235 n. MEDIAN : of relative prices, 255, 256, 257, 263, 264, 276; of relative wages, 292, 310, 338. MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE: confusion in, during war, 135, 141-81. METALLIC TBADES: relative wages in, 295,344. MINEBS: of coal, relative money wages, 314; of iron-ore, relative money wages, 315. MOLDEBS : relative wages of, 299, 345. Moniteur( Paris), 207. 574 HISTORY OF THE GREENBACKS MOORE, 212 n. MORAN, CHARLES, 189 n. MORGAN, E. D. : disagreement with Chase over Cisco's successor, 124. MORRILL, JUSTIN S.: work in Commit- tee of Ways and Means, 45; attitude toward legal-tender bill, 46 ; remarks on first legal-tender bill, 58 ; anticipa- tion of early end of war, 72; substitute proposed for first legal-tender act, 75; opposition to legal-tender clause, 76; prophecy of second issue, 82; remarks on second legal-tender bill, 96; remarks on third legal-tender bill, 111; opposi- tion to further issues of greenbacks, 122; see also 55 n., 56 n., 57 n., 58 n., 59 n., 60 n., 68 n., 78 n., 110 n. MOSES, BERNARD, 144 n. Nation, 398 n. NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM: proposed by Chase, December, 1861, 37, 44: Spaulding's banking bill, 45, 46; urged by Chase, December, 1862, 103; bill reported by Stevens, January 8, 1863, 105; urged by Lincoln, 109; issue of national bank notes, 148. National Intelligencer (Washington), 19 n., 81. NECESSITY FOR LEGAL-TENDER ACTS: affirmed by Spaulding, 47; incon- sistency of argument, 49; argument of necessity in Congress, 61-7; Chase's opinion in 1862 and 1870, 70, 71 ; opinion of financial critics, 72-4. NEVAH, 78 n. NEWCOMB, SIMON: estimate of increase in cost of war caused by greenbacks, 403 ; see also 74 n. NEWSPAPERS : demand for heavier taxa- tion, 18, 19 n. ; attitude toward first legal-tender bill, 80, 81 ; reports of gold markets, 185, 186, 190; reports of inter- est rates, 366, 367. NEW YORK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE : ad- vises adoption of legal-tender bill, 80; see also 19 n., 186, 196 n., 227 n. NICOLAY AND HAY, 3 n., 15 n., 21 n., 68 n., 74 n., 100 n. OPDYKE, GEORGE C., 163 n. OPEQDAN CREEK, BATTLE OF : effect on value of currency, 204. PAINTERS : relative wages of, 299, 331. PARKER, T. M., 401 n. PATTERN-MAKERS: relative wages of, 299. PEARCE, J. A., 52 n., 59 n. PENDLETON, G. H. : remarks on first legal-tender bill, 53; see also 52 n., 58 n., 59 n., 225 n. PHILADELPHIA : relative rents in, 357. PIKE, F. A. : remarks on second legal- tender bill, 95; see also 55 n., 56 n., 58 n., 64 n.,65 n., 95 n., Ill n. POLLOCK, JAMES : recommendations regarding minor coins, 169, 170. POMEROY, T. M. : remarks on first legal- tender bill, 57, 77; on second legal- tender bill, 95; see also 56 n., 68 n., 71 n., 89 n., 95 n., 96 n. POOR, H. V., 26 n., 27 n. PORT HUDSON, CAPTURE OF: effect on value of currency, 204. Post (Chicago), 159 n., 160 n. Post (Boston;, 19 n., 81. POSTAGE CURRENCY: history of the act of July 17, 1862, 98, 99; circulation, 161- 5,180. POSTMASTER GENERAL : report of, De- cember, 1862, 163, 165 n. POTTERS : relative wages of, 318. POWELL, L. W., 54 n., 229 n., 335 n. PREMIUM UPON GOLD, 182-238 ; cf. tables showing value of paper currency in gold, 423-8. Press (Philadelphia), 81. PRICES: of commodities at wholesale, 243-56: of government supplies, 256-9, 406-12 ; of commodities at retail, 259^64 : in England, Germany, and the United States, 272, 273; effect on prices of government purchases, 265; of inter- ruption in supply of southern products, 266; of taxation, 267-70; of enlistments in the army, 270; of speculation, 270. 271 ; of the quantity of money, 271 ; of the decline in gold, 272-5 ; of the paper standard, 275-9; general character and consequences of fluctuations, 136-40; relative retail prices in four towns, 340 ; in eastern and western states, 346, 347; cf. tables in Appendix; relative prices of farm products, 429-34 ; of va- rious commodities at wholesale, 435- 48; relative prices paid by federal gov- ernment for supplies, 449-51; relative prices of various commodities at re- tail, 451-68; comparison of relative prices of 23 commodities at wholesale and at retail, 469. PRINTERS : relative wages of, 299. PRODUCTION OF WEALTH : effect of green- backs on, 392-8. PROFESSIONAL MEN : relative earnings of, 321. PROFITS : use of the term, 380, 381 ; in- crease of profits caused by decline of wages, rent, and interest, 382-5; effect of differences in relative prices upon profits, 385-8; profits of farmers, 386-8; statistics bearing upon profits, 389-91 ; effect of high profits on interest, 374 ; on production of wealth, 395-8. PROSPERITY : discussion of, by war-time pamphleteers, 392-4. PUBLIC DEBT: increase of March 7 to July 1, 1861, 14; effect of greenbacks on amount of, 403-20. PUBLIC WORKS (MUNICIPAL) : relative wages of employees, 295, 344 ; see also 297 n. QUANTITY THEORY : and the value of the greenbacks, 207-9; and prices, 271, 272. INDEX 575 QUARRYMEN : relative wages of, 299, 345. RAILWAY EMPLOYEES : relative wages of, 295,344. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES : annual reports upon, 407, 408. RECEIPTS OF THE TREASURY (see also Finances, state of the): January to March, 18ti2, 88; April to June, 1862, 90; July to September, 1862, 101 ; increase of receipts from taxation, 120; reca- pitulation, 128-30 ; effect of greenbacks on, 412-17. RENT: in towns, data collected by Young, 353, 354; data collected by Weeks, 355-7 ; difference between rents in eastern and western states, 355, 356 ; in cities and towns, 356, 357; rent of farms, 358, 359; c/. tables, 467, 468. REPORTS OP SECRETARY OF TREASURY: July, 1861, 15, 16; December, 1861, 37; December, 1862, 102-4 ; December, 1863, 121; December, 1864, 125, 126; Decem- ber, 1865, 127, 128 ; effect of reports on value of the currency, 201. Republican (St. Louis), 163. Republican (Springfield, Mass.), 19 n., 81, 158, 160 n., 161 n., 163, 164, 166 n., 167, 348 n. RETAIL PRICES (see Prices). REVENUE COMMISSION, 1865-66: inquiry into consumption of wealth, 401. RHODES, J. F., 38 n., 51 n., 73 n., 74 n., 212 n. RICE, H. M., 77. RIDDLE, A. G. : remarks on third legal- tender bill, 114 ; see also 110 n., 114 n. ROLLINS, E. H. : opposition to legal- tender clause, 76. ST. Louis : relative rents in, 357. SALES OF GOLD BY THE TREASURY, 225-7. SAUERBECK, A. ; English index-numbers, 272, 273. SAULSBURY, W., 54 n. SCHOOL-TEACHERS: relative salaries of, 319, 320. SCHUCKERS, J. W., 4 n., 29 n., 43 n., 85 n., 123 n., 124 n., 125 n., 152 n., 176 n., 186 n., 226 n., 227 n. SCHURZ, CARL, 189 n. SCHWAB, J. C., 21 n. SECOND HANDS : relative wages of, 299. SEDGWICK, C. B., 78. SEWARD, W. H., 68 n. SHEFFIELD. W. P.: remarks on second legal-tender bill, 96 ; see also 52 n., 55 n., 59n.,60n.,94n., 110 n. SRELLABARGER, S. : opposes repeal of "conversion" clause, 116 ; see also 65 n., 113 n. 