None
The facts, which have accumulated within recent years, on the mor- phology of the cell and its physiological manifestations during the process of reproduction have, as we have seen above, been astonish- ing. Particularly the nucleus has attracted the most attention, and it has been shown very conclusively that the chromosomes of the nuclei of the sexual cells are the principal factors in transmitting the hereditary manifestations during reproduction. The most recent studies, particularly those of Conklin, have revealed the fact, how- ever, that the cytoplasm of the egg-cell also has a more highly dif- ferentiated structure than was suspected. It has been conclusively shown that many of the future organs are already mapped out in the two-cell stage, and even in the unsegmentated ovum. It was only natural that these new discoveries should exercise great influence upon the conception of evolution, and therefore a REPRODUCTION. 793 new theory, embodying all the newest achievements, could be expected to be received with favor. This new theory is suggested by De Vries as the "mutation theory," and is founded upon the phenomena of the cell-life. It is a theory of evolution of living organisms through evolution of their germ-cells, and suggests, in the words of Conklin, that similarities in the character and localization of the material sub- stances of the egg must be the initial causes of all similarities or homologies which appear in the course of development. Modifica- tions of this germinal organization, however produced, are probably the immediate causes of evolution; and if it is to be accepted as probable that certain types of animals have been derived from others, it is evident that such transformations might be accomplished far more easily in the egg than in the adult. Relatively slight modifica- tions in the germinal organization would convert one type into another. We find here the question raised, whether sudden alterations of germinal organization may not lie at the basis of the origin of new types. How much nearer this new theory will bring us to the proper conception of the physiological "phenomenon of life" itself and the "phenomenon of reproduction" of living beings, as a manifestation of the preservation of energy underlying the former, remains to be seen. The solution of the ultimate and most mysterious of all problems — the question of the "origin of life" — seems to be as remote as ever. lilTERATUBE CONSULTED. Heialer's "Embryolo^." Boveri, 'T3as Problem der Befruehtung," 1902. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. French Measures of Length, Weight, and Volume. 1 millimeter = ^/i„ centimeter = ^/looo meter. 1 centimeter = ^/i„„ meter. 1 mieromillimeter (1 /a) =Viooo millimeter. 1 liter = 1000 centimeters cubes (1000 c.c). Relation letween Volume and Weight. 1 c.c. = 1 gramme. 1 milligramme ^= ^/i„„o gramme. 1 kilogramme = 1000 grammes. Length. French to English. 1 centimeter = 0.39371 inch. 1 meter =39.37079 inches. 1 mieromillimeter = 0.00003937 inch. {To convert centimeters into inches multiply by ^^/aa.) Weight. English to French. 1 grain =; 0.0648 gramme. 1 ounce = 28.3495 grammes. 1 pound = 453.593 " 1 stone =: 6.35 kilogrammes. 1 ewt. = 50.8 1 ton =1016 Weight. French to English. 1 gramme ^ 15.432349 grains. 1 kilogramme = 2.2046213 pounds, or about 35 ounces. 1 milligramme = 0.015432 grain. (794) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 795 Volume. English to French. 1 cubic inch = 16.3861759 centimeters cubes. 1 fluid ounce = 28.3495 1 pint =567 " 1 cubic foot = 28.3153 liters. Volume. French to English. 1 centimeter cube = 0.061027 cubic inch. 1 liter (1000 c.c.) =61.027 cubic inches, or 35 fluid ounces, or 1^/4 pints. 1 meter cube (1000 liters) = 35.3 cubic feet. Measures of Energy. 1 kilogrammeter ^ about 7.24 foot-pounds. 1 foot-pound = " 0.1381 KgM. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. 1 kiloealorie = 424 (or 423.985) kilogrammeters. Fahrenheit and Centigrade Scales. To convert Fahrenheit into Centigrade subtract 32 and multiply by %. To convert Centigrade into Fahrenheit multiply by ^/^ and add 32. Iiq-DEX. Abdominal reflex, 607 Abducent nerve, 755 distribution, 755 function, 755 origin, 755 pathology, 755 physiology, 755 Aberration, 722 chromatic, 722 spherical, 722 Absorption, 130 by the skin and lungs, 158 by blood vessels, 157 from intestines, 13S stomach, 138 within, 130 without, 130 of alcohol, 138 carbohydrates, 139 fats, 141 proteids, 140 salts, 138, 139 water, 138, 139 rapidity of, 142 time of, 143 Accessory foods, 43 Accessory nucleus dentatus, 614 Acid sodium urate, 399 Acid fermentation of urine, 407 Acid poisoning, 429 Accommodation of the eye, 722 act of, 722 defects of, 722 for distance, 724 mechanism of, 723 Acetic acid fermentation, 124 Acetonsemia, 120 Achromatic nuclear substance, 12 Achroodextrin, 62 Acids in the gastric juice, 71 Acromegaly, 372 Adam's apple, 493 Adaptation, 791 Addison's disease, 367 Adenin, 371 Adipocere, 472 Adrenalin, 291, 354, 367, 369, 645, 709 Adrenal glands, 365 blood supply of, 367 choline secretion, 365 extract of, 369 function of, 367 results of extirpation of, 367 secretory nerves of, 370 structure of, 366 Aeroplethysmograph, 320 ^sthesiometer, 660 Afferent impulses of cerebellum, 620 After-images, 737 Age, influence on capacity of respiration, 321 Agglutinins, 293 Agraphia, 502 Aim of alimentation, 421 Air, 351 cbmplemental, 319 compressed, 852 quantity breathed, 319 rarefled, 353 reserved, 319 residual, 319 tidal, 319 vital capacity of, 319 Air cells, SOS Air passages, 302 Air tubes (see bronchi). Ala cinerea, 556, 567 Alanin, 33 Albumin, 34 alkali, 34 acid, 34 derived, 34 egg, 34 in urine, 321 native, 34 serum, 34 Albuminuria, 411 causes, 411 tests, 411 Albuminates, 34 Albuminoids, 36 Albumoses, 81, 93 Albumosuria, 410 Alcohol, 43 heat value of, 431 Alcoholic fermentation, 124 Aleuron granules, 34 Alexia, 501 Alimentary canal, 46 length, 46 parts of, 46 substances, 24, 37 Alkali albumin, 34 Alternate hemiplegia, 621 Alteration theory of nerve currents, 523 Alveolus, 50 Amido acids, 32, 35, 103, 104 Ammonia, 32, 120, 402 Ammonium carbonate, 397 magnesium phosphate, 410 Amnion, 783 Amoeba, 9, 15 Amceboid movement, 15 Amphipyrenin, 13 Ampulla, 508 Amyloses or starches, 28 action of saliva upon, 60, 62 pancreatic Juice, 100 Amylopsin, 100 Amyloses, 28, 29 Anabolic. processes, 420 Anatomy, 3 Animal heat, 436 estimation of, 438, 441 extremes of temperature, 440 post-mortem rises, 455 Animals, 437 cold blooded, 437 temperature of, 437 warm blooded, 437 Anions, 131, 132 Ankle clonus, 607 Anosmia, 675 Anospinal center, 127 Anterior columns, 539, 545 root fibers, 545 pyramids, 553 Antero-lateral ascending cerebellar tract, 547 Antero-lateral ground bundle, 545 Antiferments, 82 Antipepsin, 71, 82 Antiperistalsis, 91 Antiseptic action of hydrochloric acid, 82 Antitoxins, 292 Anus, 90 (797) 798 INDEX. Aphasia, GOl Aphemia, 602 Aphonia, 500 ApnGsa, S33 Aqueductus Sylvius, 567 Aqueous humor, 716, 722 Arachnoid, 537 Aromatic amino acids, 32 Arcuate fibers, 560 superficial, 560 deep, 560 Areas of Cohnheim, 461 Arginine, 32, 103, 104, 129, 397 Argyll-Robertson pupil, 746 Arterial blood, 161, 163 Arteries (see names of), 246 bronchial, 307 coats of, 197, 247 contractility of, 255 coronary, 225 elasticity of, 253 lymph spaces of, 148 muscularity of, 247 nerve supply of, 247 pressure of blood in asphyxia, 335 pulmonary, 204 pulse, 255 rate of movement of blood in, 275 structure, 247 tension, 271 vasa vasorum, 247 Artery of cerebral hsemorrhage, 587 Articulate sounds, classification of, 499 vowels and consonants, 499 Artificial respiration, 336, 337 Laborde method, 338 Marshall Hall method, 337 Pieman's experiments, 337 Shafer method, 337 Sylvester method, 336 Arytenoid cartilages, 493 Arytenoideus muscle, 495 Ascending loop of Henle, 389 Ase, 60 Aspartic acid, 32, 103 Asphyxia, 335 artificial respiration in, 336 causes of death in, 336 effect, upon circulation, 335 stages of, 335 Aspiration of heart and thorax, 279 Association areas of Plechsig, 631 , Aster, 21 Astigmatism, 726 Atmospheric air (see air). pressure in relation to respiration, 351 Atoms, 5 Atropine, effects of, on heart, 242 lacrymal gland, 742 respiration, 327 salivary glands, 63 Auditory area, 626 auricle, 678 cells, 684 external, 685 internal, 684 center. 626 field, 679 judgment, 696 nerve, 685 sounds, 696 striae, 565 Auerbach's plexus, 68, 91 Auricle of ear, 677 Auricles of heart, 210 diastole of, 213 systole of, 213 Auriculo-ventricular valves (see heart valves). Automaton, 632 Avogadro-Van't Holt law, 134 Axis cylinder, 529 Bacillus coll communis, 61, 124 Bacteria, classification of, 122 digestion by, 123 fermentation by, 124 in intestines, 124 Balance of nutritional exchange, 422 Basophiles, 171 Beckman's differential thermometer, 135 Beef tea, 39 Beef toxic principles, 39 Beer, 43 Bell's law, 603 apparent contradiction, 604 palsy, 763 Bernard's puncture, 119 Betatetrahydronaphthylamin, 448 Bethe's theory of nerve-cell connections, 528 Bicuspid valve, 207 Bicycle heart, 239 / Bidder's ganglion, 232 Bile, 109 acids of, 110 action of drugs on, 121 action on muscles and nerves, 115 antiseptic powers of, 115 capillaries, 106 cholesterin, 113 composition of, 110 derivatives of salts and pigments. 111 ducts, 106 mucin, 110 pigments, HI in urine, 406 properties and constituents of, 108, 110 quantity secreted, 109 reabsorption of salts, 116 salts, 110 specific gravity, 109 tests for, Gmelin's, 112 Hay's, 111 Pettenkofer's, HI uses of, 114 Bilirubin, 112 Biliverdin, 112 Binaural audition, 695 Biology, 2 Biuret test, 35 Bladder, 417 Blastoderm, 772 Blind spot, 728 Blood, 160, 161 arterial, 161 bufty coat, 194 carbon dioxide in, 191, 350 cause of movement of, 212, 253 circulation of, 211, 249 schema, 251 coagulation of, 191 color of, 160 composition, 180 crystals, 179, 181 distribution of, 162 difference between arterial and venous, 163 experiments upon, 169 fibrin of, 191 function of, 160 globucidal action of, 197 gases of, 191, 343, 344 heemoglobin, 179 laking, 169 medico-legal tests, 199 odor, 162 oxygen in, 165 pigments in urins, 40fi INDEX. 799 Blood, plasma, 189 plates of, 175 proteias of, 189 Quantity of, 162 reaction, 161 renewal of, 166, 196 serum, 192 specific gravity, 161 spectra, 186 taste, 161 temperature of, 161 estimation of, 162 transfusion, 197 volume of, 189 Welcker's estimation, 162 venous, 163 Blood-corpuscles, 163 blood-platelets, 175 chemical composition of, 180 chemistry of, 179 count of, 167, 168 destruction of, 166 diapedesis of, 174 experiments upon, 169 of different animals, 163 parasites, 166 vitality of, 170 red-corpuscles, action of inorganic sub- stances, 169, 170 destruction of, 167 formation of, 176 in extra-uterine life, 177 in intra-uterine life, 176 function of, 165 life cycle of, 166 methods of counting, 167 number, 166 conditions affecting, 166 parasites, 166 place of destruction, 171 rouleaux, 165 shape, 164 size, 164 Vfhite corpuscles, 170 amsebold movements of, 172 disappear when blood is drawn, 171 function of, 173 number of, 171 origin of, 174 structure of, 170 variations in number, 171 varieties, 171, 172 where found, 171 Blood-crystals, 178 Blood-platelets, 175 Blood-pressure, 263 effect of vagus on, 234, 272 extremes of, 271 in man, 271 measurement of, 269, 270 pathological, 273 respiratory wave, 269, 272 causes, 272 Traube-Hering curve of, 272 variations of, 272 venous, 273 Blood-vessels, 252 circulation in, 252 Weber's schema, 251 Body, chemical constituents of, 25 Bowdltch stair-case contraction, 244 Body cavity, 6 Bony labyrinth, 681 Bowman's capsule. 388 Boyle-Van't Hoff law, 134 Boverl on fertilization, 777 Brain (see cerebellum, pons, etc.). action of extracts of, 634 aqueduct of Sylvius, 567 artery of haemorrhage, 587 Brain, blood-supply of, 586 circulation in, 586 claustrum, 581 corpora quadrigemina, 582, 622 corpora striata, 578, 623 external form, 570 extirpation of, 623 Assures of, 670 fourth ventricle, 566 ganglia of, 578 gray matter of, 576 internal capsule, 582 lobes, 573 motor areas, 625 optic thalamus, 578, 623 sensory areas, 625 structure of convolutions of, 577 tracts, cortico-pontal cerebellar, 584 motor, 584 sensory, 686 white matter, 578 Bread, 33 Bread juice, comparative value of, 75, 95, 96 Breathing (see respiration). Bromelin, 100 Bronchial system, 305 Bronchi, 307 blood-supply of, 307 unstriped muscle, 327 Brunner's glands, 89 BufEy coat, 194 Bulb (see medulla). Bulbar nerves, 610 Burdach's column, 549 Butter, 42 Buttermilk, 42 Butyric fermentation, 124 Cachexia strumipriva, 361 C£ecum, 90 Caffeine, 44 Caissons and effect of compressed air, 351 Caisson paralysis. 361 Calamus scriptorius, 666 Calcium carbonate, 410 oxalate, 401 phosphate, 406 Calorie, 431 Calorimeter, 442 Calyces of kidney, 387 Camera obscura, 721 Canal, alimentary, 46 external auditory, 678 function, 679 Petit's, 716 Schlemm's, 703 Stilling's, 716 semi-circular of ear, 696 Cannon's experiments on stomach, 69 Capacity of chest, vital, 319 Capillaries, 248 anatomy of, 248 bile, 107 blood-pressure in, 273 capacity, 249 circulation in, 259, 261 histology, 248 passage of corpuscles through walls, 174 rate of blood in, 276 size, 248 Capillary circulation, 259 blood-pressure, 273 swiftness, 276 Capsule of Bowman, 38S Capsule of Glisson, 106 Capsule of Tenon, 618 Carbamid, 396 Carbohydrates, 27, 38 absorption of, 139 800 INDEX. Carbohydrates, heat value of, 431 in metabolism, 427 Carboluria, 406 Carbon equilibrium, 424 estimation o{, 427 Carbon monoxide, 351 Carbon monoxide haemoglobin, 183 Carbonic acid, 351 in blood, 191, 349 in urine, 407 Cardiac glands, 68, 71 impulse, 216 mucous membrane, 72 pathology, 290 revolution, 213 sphincter in vomiting, 83 sympathetic, 241 Cardinal points of Gauss, 720 Cardiograms, 217 Cardiographs, 216 Sanderson's, 216 Cartilages of larynx, 492 Caseanlc acid, 41, 104 Casein (see milk), 41 Caseinogen, 41, 101 Catabolic processes, 420 Cataract, 710 Cathions, 131 Cauda equina, 537 Caudate nucleus, 579 Cell-division, 17 direct, 19 endogenous nuclear multiplication, 22 indirect, 20 Cells, 1, 7 achromatin, 12 afferent, 533 animal and vegetable, differences, 5 blood (see blood-corpuscles). ciliated, 15 constituents, 7 definition, 7 Deiters's, 621 efferent, 633 fatigue of, 23 gustatory, 677 Langerhans's, 95, 102 nerve, 524 Nissl granules, 627 ' nuclear sap, 12 nucleolus, 13 nucleus, 12 olfactory, 672 oxyntic, 68 parietal, 68 parts of, 7 Purkinje's, 617 selective power of, 24, 130 tactile, 666 theory of, 5 vegetable, 6 wall, 8 Cellulipetal fibers, 633 CelluUfugal fibers, 533 Cement, 63 Center of smell, 626 Central nucleus, 664 Centrosome, 13, 21 definition, 13 division of, 14 number, 14 size, 14 staining of, 14 Cereals, 43 Cerebellum, 612 accessory nucleus dentatus, 614 afferent Impulses, 620 arbor vitae, 614 center of coordination, 620 corpus dentatum, 614 Cerebellum, cortex, structure of, 815 efferent impulses, 620 experiments on, 619 function of, 620 general description, 613 Internal structure, 615 nuclei of, 614 median lobe, 613 peduncles, 621 Purkinje cells, 615 section of, 621 spinal cord connections, 617 surface form, 613 valley of, 613 Cerebral convolutions, structure of, 577 Cerebral cortex, 577 ablation, 632 action of brain-extracts on, 634 motor centers, 625 sensory centers, 626 Cerebral detrusor center, 418 Cerebral hemispheres, experimental phys- iology of, 632 effect of destruction, 632 irritability of cortex, 634 Cerebral peduncles, 564 crusta, 565 locus niger, 565 tegmentum, 566 texture, 565 Cerebrins, 536 Cerebrospinal fluid, 637 action of drugs on, 638 composition, 637 differences from plasma, 637 origin, 637 Cerebrum (see brain). Cerumen, 678 Chambers of eye, 716 Champagne, 44 Charcot's artery of hemorrhage, 587 Cheirokinesthetic center, 601 Chemical composition of the body, 25 Chemiotaxis, 16 Chest in respiration, 313 voice, 491 Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 340 Chlorides in urine, 406 Chlorophyll, 183 Chlolagogues, 121 Chloroform on electrical responses, 622 Gholesterin, 112, 113 Cholin, 113, 366, 637 Chorda tendineae (see heart). Chorda tympani, 63 Chorion, 783 Chorium frondosum, 783 Choroid coat of eye, 703 Chromatic aberration, 722 Chromatic nuclear substance, 12 Chromatolysis, 627 Chromogen, 366 Chromosomes, 21 Chyle, 163 coagulation of. 153 composition, 153 corpuscles, 163 flow, 153 quantity, 157 Chyme, 83, 85, 115 Cilia, 15 Ciliary movement, 15 body, 707 ganglion, 769 muscles, 706 processes, 705 system, 717 Cilio-spinal center, 609 Circles of diffusion, 72 INDEX. 801 Circulation, 201, 211, 215 action ol heart in, 215 capillary, 259 comparative, 202 course of, 211 early discoveries, 249 in blood-vessels, 252 brain, 279 frog's foot, 250 lower animals, 202 portal system, 106, 211 pulmonary system, 211 renal system, 391 systemic system, 211 venous system, 277 influence of asphyxia, 335 pathological conditions of, 215, 220 of blood, 249, 215 duration, 277 rapidity, 273 Circulatory system, 211 Circumvallate papillae, 666 Clarke's column, 643 Claudius's cells, 685 Claustrum, 581 Clava, 555 Climacteric, 786 Coagulation of blood, 191 conditions affecting, 195 factors of, 195 of milk, 41 process of, tabulated, 193 rapidity, 191 theories of, 192 why it does not in vessels, 195 Coagulases, 61 Cocoa, 44 Cochlea, 632 Cochlear nerve, 685 Coffee, 44 Cofteon, 44 Cohesion of nerves, 535 Cohnheim's areas, 461 ' Cold-blooded animals, 437 Cold spots, 661 Colloids, 137 Colon, 89, 90 Colon bacillus, 124 Color-vision, 733 blindness, 735 phenomena of perception, 734 sensations, 734 Colostrum, 40, 376 corpuscles, 42 Comma-tract, 549 Commissures of cord, 550 Complemental air, 319 Complementary colors, 735 Compounds, 25 inorganic, 25, 26 organic, 25, 26 Compressed air of caisson, 352 Cones, 712 Conjugate deviation, 537 Conjugated sulphates, 120, 407 Conjunctiva, 701 Conklin's discoveries, 792 Connective-tissue spaces, 148 Contractility of muscle, 467 Contraction of pupil, 709 Convolutions of brain, 573 Cord, spinal (see spinal cord). Corium, 665 Cornea, 701 Coronary arteries, 225 Corona radiata, 582 Corpora quadragemlna, 582, 622 Corpora striata, 578, 623 Corpus callosum, 570 Corpus dentatum, 614 Corpus luteum, 787 of menstruation, 787 of pregnancy, 787 spongiosum, 784 Corpus striatum, 578, 623 Corpuscles (see names of). Corti arches, 684 canal, 684 membrane, 685 organ of, 684 Cortical epilepsy, 628 Cortico-pontal-cerebellar tract, 565, 584 Coughing, 339 Cranial ganglia, 578 Cranial nerves, 748 decussations, 748 origin. 750 spinal nerves, comparison with, 749 Creatinin, 402 Cremasteric reflex, 608 Cresol, 120, 124 Cretinism, 361 Crico-arytenoid muscle, 495 Cricoid cartilage, 492 Crista acousticse, 555 Crossed pyramidal tract, 547 Crusta petrosa, 53 Crowbar case, 633 Cruciate centers, 449 Crusta, 565 Cryoscopy, 135 Crystalline lens, 709 Crystalloids, 137 Cuneate nucleus, 566, 560 Cuneus, 627 Cupola, 682 Curdling ferments, 67 Currents, nerve, 621 Cutis vera, 655 Cytotoxins, 294 Cystic duct, 108 Cystine, 32, 410 Daltonism, 735 Darwin on evolution, 791 Descemet's membrane, 702 Decidua reflexa, 780 Decidua serotina, 780 Defecation, 126 center, 127 mechanism of, 127 Degeneration of nerves, 604 Deglutition, 57, 58 of fluids, 58 of solids, 57 (see swallowing.) Dehydration, 421 Deiters's process, 528 nucleus, 621 Daland's hematocrit, 169. Demodex folliculorum, 662 Dendrons, 528 Depressor nerve, 238 Dermis, 666 Descending tubule of Henle, 389 Development and growth, 432 Devries's mutation theory, 793 Dextrlns, 29 erythrodextrln, 29 achroodextrin, 29 Dextrose in urine, 412 Diabetes, 118, 404 adrenalin, 119, 369 experimental, 119 inhalation, 120 irritation of vagus and depressor, 120 pancreatic, 101 phlorldzln, 119. section of cord, 120 Diabetic puncture, 119 802 INDEX. D'Jelitzin's artificial respiration, 338 Dlamino acids, 32, 103 Diapadesie, 174 Diaphragm in respiration, 312 Master, 22 Diastase, 29, 118 Diastole of heart, 215 Dibasic acids, 103 Dicrotic wave, 258 Diet, 431 Chittenden's experiments, 431 energy table. Hall, 431 Atwater, 431 DltCusion, 132 Digestion, 24, 45 changes in the mouth, 60, 62 divisions of, 47 gastric, 65 intestinal, 85, 121 in large intestines, 122 mechanism of, 79, 124 Dioptrics, 721 Diphtheria toxin (immunity), 291 Diplopia, 738 Direct cell-division, 19 Direct cerebellar tract, 547 Direct pyramidal tract, 545 Discus proligerus, 775 Double vision, 738 Doyere's eminence, 464 Dropsy, 138 Drug pigments in urine, 406 Dubois-Reymond coil, 510 Ductless glands (see names of). Ductus arteriosus, 790 Ductus cochlearis, 683 Ductus communis choledichus, 108 Duodenum, 85 Duplication, 421 Dura mater, 637 Dynamometer, 486 BAB, 677 anatomy, 677 bones, 680 description, 677 external, 678 function, 678 internal, 681 function, 694 middle, 679 transmission by air of, 689 transmission In, 689 Ectoderm, 6, 11 Eck's fistula, 397 Efferent fibers of sympathetic, 639 Eggs, 39 Bhrlich's theory of immunity, 292 Ejaculation, 562 Elastin, 37 Elasticity, 484 Electrodes, non-polarizable, 607 Electrolytes, 130 Electrometer, 517 Electrophysiology, 503 Dubois-Reymond coil, 511 electrical phenomena of contracting muscle, 519 negative variation of nerve-currents, 521 nerve-muscle preparation, 5il5 physiological rheoscope, 516 Electrotonic variations, 598 Eleotromotivlty, 516, 696 Electrotonus, 594 Loeb's theory of, 596 phenomena, 1 Elements, 5 in body, 25 Embryology, 773 Emetics, 84 Emmentia teres, 667 Emmetropic eye, 724 Emulsification, 30 Enamel, 53 End-bulbs, 657 Endocardiac pressure, 218 Endocardium, 208 Endogenous nuclear multiplication, 22 Endolymph, 693 Endomysium, 457 Endoneurium, 532 Energy, 434 kinetic, 434 potential, 435 Enterokinase, 121 Entoderm, 772, 782 Enuresis, 608 Enzymes, 61 classification of, 61 hydrolytic action of, 61, 103 Eosinophiles, 171 Epiblast, 782 Epidermis, 653 Epigastric reflex, 607 Epiglottis, 493 Epineuriunl, 531 Epimysium, 457 Erection, 784 Ergograph, 487 Erepsin, 121 Erythroblasts, 177 Erythrodextrln, 29, 62 Esophoria, 739 Ether on electrical responses, 522 Eustachian tube, 690 Evolution, 791 Exercise, effect on temperature, 439 Exophoria, 739 Expiration, 314 center, 333 complex, 314 effect on blood-movement, 324 movements of, 314 muscles of, 314 simple, 314 External auditory meatus, 677 capsule, 681 Eye, 700 accommodation for distance, 724 after-images, 737 blood-vessels, 703, 716 coats, 700 co-ordinated movements, 737 general description, 700 imperfections and corrections, 725 lymphatics, 718 measurements, 719, 720 movements, 740 muscles, 740 nerves, 70S phosphenes, 713 structure, 700 Facial nerve, 762 Bell's palsy, 763 chorda tympani, 762 distribution, 763 function, 763 origin, 762 pathology, 763 physiology, 763 Faeces, 125 amount, 125 color, 126 composition, 125, 126 variations, 125 Falsetto voice, 499 Fasciculi, 457 Fasting, 425 INDEX. 803 Fatigue of cells, 23 Fats, 29, 42 absorption, 141 composition, 29, 30 heat value, 430 human fat, 30 in metabolism, 426 olein, 30 origin, 30, 426 palmatin, 29, 30 stearin, 30 Fauces, 49 Fechner's law, 653 Fehling's test, 422 Female pronucleus, 777 Fenestra ovale, 680 rotundrum, 680 Ferments (see blood, milk, digestive juices), 60 definition of, 61 Fermentation, 124 acetic, 124 alcoholic, 124 butyric, 124 lactic, 41, 124 oxalic, 124 test for sugar, 413 Fertilization, 797 Fever, 454 ^ Fibers, muscular, 458 length of, 458 Fibrin, 191 Fibrin ferment, 193 Fibrinogen, 36, 193 Fifth cranial nerve (see trigeminus). Filiform papillae, 666 Fillets, 568 Filtration, 155 theory of lymph, 155 Filum terminate, 536 Fistula, gastric, 79 Flechsig's association areas, 629, 631 frontal, 631 parieto-occipito frontal, 631 insular, 631 Flour, wheat, as a food, 43 Foetal circulation, 790 Foods, 42, 43 accessory, 43 caloric value, 431 chemical constituents, 26 daily amount, 38 definition, 24, 421 vegetable, .42 Formatio reticularis, 557 Fourth cranial nerve (see trochlear). Fourth ventricle, 561, 566 boundanes, 561 floor, 661, Fovea centralis, 714 Fovea hemielliptica, 682 Fovea hemispherica, 682 Fovea posterior, 567 Fraunhofer's lines, 185 Freezing point, 135 Function, 4 Fungiform papillae, 666 Funiculus cuneatus, 556 gracilis, 556 teres, 567 Gall-bladder, 108 Galvanometer, 516 Ganglia of heart, 232 Gases of intestines, 124 Gastraea theory of Haeckel, 792 Gastric digestion, 79 Gastric Juice, 70 action of, 78, 80 action on bacteria, 82 Gastric juice, chemical analysis, 71 composition of, 71 excitants of flow, 70. 76 effects of bitters, 78 fat-splitting ferment, 80 fistula for, 70 flow of, 74 function, 79, 80 methods of securing, 77 mixed, 80 pepsin of, 79 reaction of, 71 secretion of, 71 specific gravity, 71 theory of non-digestion of stomach, 8!! varies in composition and rate of se- cretion, 74, 75 Gastrula, 779 Gay-Lussac-Van't Hoft law, 134 Gelatin, 37, 424 Geniculate bodies, 578 Genito-spinal center, 608 urinary apparatus, 417 > Germinal cells, 769 epithelium, 771 Germplasm, 769 Genu, 582 Giantism, 372 Glands (see names of). Glands of intestines, 89 Glass-blower's pulse, 350 Glisson's capsule, 106 Globulins, 35, 36 Glomerules of kidney, 389 Glossokinesthetic center, 501 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 65, 763 distribution, 764 function, 764 origin, 764 pathology, 764 physiology, 764 Glottis, 496 Glucose, 28 secretion, 119, C12 Glycocholic acid, 111 Glycogen, 116, 117, 118 Glycosamin, 104 Glycosuria, 118 Gmelin's test for bile. 112 Golgi stain, 529 Goll's , column, 559 Gower's column, 547. Graafian follicle, 787 Gram calorie, 441 Gram molecule solution, 137 Grandry corpuscles, 657 Gray matter (see cerebellum, etc.). Great longitudinal fissure, 570 Great transverse fissure, 570 Growth and development, 432 Guaiac test for blood, 199 Gullet (see oesophagus). Gilnsberg's test for hydrochloric acid, 83 Gustometer, Sternberg's, 302 Gyrus foruicatus. 575 hippocampus, 576 Habbnula, 578 Haemacytometers, 167 Thoma-Zeiss, 168 Heemaglobinuria, 405 Hasmianopsia, 747 Hcematachometer, 276 Haematoblasts, 177 Haematocrit, 169 Daland's, 168. Haematoidin, 183 HEcmatoporphyrin, 182 H^matin, 181 804 INDEX. Haemin, 181 chemical properties of, 182 crystals, 181 tests for, 181 Hsemochromogen, 186 ispectrum, 186 HsBinoglobin, 179, 181 amount, 187 characteristics, 181 composition, 181 crystallization, 181 estimation of percentage, 187 reduced, 186 variations in amount, 187 Hsemolyslns, 295 physiological analogy, 296 HESmometer, 187 Dare's, 188 Von Fleischl's, 188 Haemorrhage, 196 effects of, 196 quantity of blood in, 196 Hair, 662 chemical composition, 663 function, 663 general description, 663 Hale's blood-pressure experiments, 265 Hay's test for bile. 805 Insalivation, 57, 62 Inheritance, 791 Inspiration, 310 expansion of chest in, 313 extraordinary, 314 movements of, 313 movements of blood in, 326 muscles of, 318 Inspiratory center, 333, 610 Intensity of sound, 491 Intermedio-lateral column, B43 Intermittent afflux apparatus, 253 Internal capsule, 582 Interpedunculear space, 565 Interstitial slits, 148 Intestinal digestion, 122 Intestine, 85, 89 blood-supply, 88, 89 coats, 86, 90 digestion in, 122 gases, 124 glands, 89 large, 89, 90 length, 35 movements of, 90 nerve-supply of, 91 small, 85 structure, 86 Intracellular ferments, 28 Intraocular pressure, 718 Intrapleural pressure, 323 Intrathoracic pressure, 322 Inunction, 158 Inverted images, 731 Invertin, 28 lodothyrin, 362 Ions, 130 necessary for solution, 131 system of naming, 131 Iris, 707 ciliary processes, 705 nerves, 70S pigment, 708 reflex, 612 reflex movement of, 612 uses, 708 Iron, 27 Irradiation, 736 Irritability, 467 Ischuria, 680 Islets of Langerhans, 95, 102 Isotonic solution, 135, 170, 245 JACOBSON'S nerve, 764 Jaundice, 121 Jeco^in, 113 Jejunum, 85 Juices (see names of). Kartokinesis, 20 stages of, 22 time of, 22 Keratin, 37 Kephir, 41 Kjeldahl process, 395 Kidney, 383 blood-vessels of, 391 calyces of, 387 capillaries of, 392 capsule of, 385 cavity of, 301 cortex of, 388 extirpation of, 414 general description of, 385 glomerules, 389, 391 hilus, 384 lymphatics, 382 Malpighian corpuscles of, 391 pyramids of Ferrein, 391 medulla of, 388 Kidney, minute anatomy of, 388 parenchyma of, 388 position of, 383 sinus of, 385 structure of, 385 urinary tubules of, 389 Knee-jerk or patellar reflex, 608 Krause's end-bulbs, 657 membrane, 462 Kumyss, 41 Kymograph, 267 Kyrines, 36 Labyrinth of ear, 681 Lacrymal gland, 740 Lacrymal secretion, 742 Lactalbumin, 41 Lacteals, 88, 142, 143 Lactose, 41 Lactic acid, 41, 401 Uffielman's test, 83 Lactic acid bacillus, 41 Lactic fermentation, 41 Lactose, 28 Lamper eel, 2 Lamina denticulatum, 538 spiralis, 682 Langerhans's cells, 95, 102 Lantanin, 12 • Lanterman's incisures, 531 Lai'ge intestine, 46, 89, 90 Laryngoscope, 496 Larynx, 492 'anatomy of, 492 cartilages of, 493 cavity of, 496 condition of, 496 muscles of, 494 nerves of, 496 pathology of, 500 vocal cords of, 496 Lateral chain theory of Bhrlich, 292 Lateral columns, 546 Lateritious deposits, 400 Laughing, 339 Lavr of Pechner, 653 Laws of sensation, 653 Lecithin, 113 Lemniscus, 568 ' Lens, crystalline, 709 Lenses, 726 Lenticular nucleus^ 579 Leucine, 99, 103 Leucocytes, 170 eosinophiles, 171 mononuclear, 172 polymorphonuclear, 172 transitional, 172 Leukocytosis, 171 Levulose, 28 Lieberkiihn's glands, 89 Life period, 1 Ligamentum denticulatum, 538 Light, 699 perception of, 517 theory of, 699 transmission of, 699 Lime salts in metabolism, 428 Linin, 12 Lipase, 61 reversible action of, 61, 101 Liquor sanguinis, 163 Lissauer's tract, 549 Liver, 105 antitoxic function of, 116 blood-supply of, 106 daily secretion, 109 diastase of, 118 extirpation of, 116 function of, 108 806 INDEX. Liver, gall-bladder, 108 internal secretion of, 116 reaction of, 109 specific gravity of, 109 structure of, 107 Locus cceruleus, 567 Locus niger, 565, 622 Ludwig's theory of lympli, 156 strohmur, 275 Lungs, 304 air-pressure in, 323 air sacs, 806 blood-supply, 307 color, 305 coverings, 308 diffusion of gases within, 343 lobes, 304 lymphatics, 308 medico-legal test, 305 nerves, '308 roots, 304 structure, 306 vital capacity, 319 Luxus consumption, 426 Lymph, 151 coagulation, 151 composition, 152 flow of, 153 formation of, 155 * quantity of, 157 relation to nervous system, 154 theories of secretion, 155 Lymphagogues, 156 Lymphatic glands, 150 Lymphatic system, 148 Lymphatic trunk, etc., 146 Lymphatic vessels, 145, 150 capillaries, 147 coats of, 147 development of, 148 distribution of, 146 origin of, 148 structure of, 146 valves of, 147 Lymphocytes, 162, 171 large non-nuclear, 172 small non-nuclear, 171 Macule, 713 Macula lutea, 713 Magnesiurn salts in metabolism, 428 Malpighian corpuscles, 3 of kidney, 391 of spleen, 364 Malleus, 681 Maltase, 61 Maltose, 28, 29 Maly's theory Of gastric secretion, 73 Male pronucleus, 777 Mammary glands, 372 arteries of, 374 during pregnancy, 788 general description, 373 lymphatics, 374 nerves, 374 results of dried, 376, 788 structure of, 375 Manometer, 265 Marey's intermittent afflux apparatus, 254 tympanum, 316 Mastication, 56, 57 Mast cells, 172 Mastoid cells, 680 Matter, 1 living, 1 Maturation of ovum, 775 Matzoon, 41 Meat, 38 Meconium, 126 Medico-legal tests for blood, 199 Medulla oblongata, 551 ala cinerea, 666 anterior pyramids, 553 arcuate fibers, 660 auditory striae, 555 bulbar nerves, 610 calamus scriptorius, 550 centers of, 610 clava, 555 double conduction, 609 external form, 552 fillets, 668 formatiD reticularis, 557 fourth ventricle, 566 funiculus cuneatus, 556 gracilis, 556 general description, 552 internal , structure, §57 lateral columns, 559 nucleus lateralis, 557 olives, 660 parts added, 560 posterior columns, 559 raphS of Stilling, 557 restiform body, 553, 555 trigonum hypoglossi, 556 weight, 552 white columns, 558 white substance, 558 Meissner's plexus, 91 Melanin, 655, 733 Membrana basllaris, 683, 694 granulosa, 775 tympani, 688 Membranes of cord and brain, 537 Membranes, mucous (see names of). Membranous labyrinth, 683 Memory center, 631 Menopause, 786 Mesoblast, 782 Mesoderm, 782 Mesoporphyrin, 183 Metabolism, 423 anabolic processes, 420 balance of, 422 catabolic, 420 effect of starvation on, 425 effect of work on, 474 equilibrium, 424 general explanation, 420 of carbohydrates, 427 fats, 426 salts, 428 tabulated exchange, 430 Meta-proteins, 34 Metazoa, 772 Methsemoglobin, 183 spectrum of, 187 Mett proteid method, 73 Metric system, 794, 795 Micro-organisms of fseces, 126 Microscopic test for blood, 199 Microspectroscope, 183 Sorby Browning's, 182 Micturition, 418 Midcerebellar peduncles, 662, 621 Middle ear, 679 ' Milk, 40 clotting of, 41 colostrum of, 42, 376 cow's, 40 fats of, 42 fermentation of, 41 functional variations of, 42, 376 matzoon, 41 microscopically, 40 proteids of, 41 quantitative, 40 quantity secreted, 42 reaction, 40 INDEX. 807 Milk, salts of, 42 secretion of, 42 specific gravity, 40 theory of Ottolenghi, 376 woman's, 42 Milk-curdling ferments, 41 globules, 40 sugar, 41 teeth, 49 Mitosis, 20 stages of, 22 Modiolus, 682 Mol, 137 'Molars, 50 Molecular theory of nerve currents, 522 Molecules, 5 Monamino acids, 32,- 103 Mononuclear leucocytes, 172 Monosaccharides, 28 Morphology, 2 Morula, 777 Motion, 1 Motor area, extirpation of, 628 Motor areas, 625 impulses transmitted, 590 speech-center, 501 tract, 584 writing center, 501 Motor oculi nerve, 751 distribution, 751 diplopia, 753 drugs, action u.pon, 753 function of, 751 origin of, 751 pathology of, 753 Motor spray, 465 Motor tract, 584 Mouth, 46, 47 Movement in a circle, 621 of protoplasm, 15 Mucin, 35 Mucous membranes (see names of). Miiller's law, 650 Murexid test, 401 Muscarine, 242 action on heart, 242 on respiration, 328 Muscle-curve, 475 effect of stimuli upon, 477 summations of stimuli, 480, 481 tetanus, 482 Muscles, 456 ( appearances under polarized light, 463 as perfect machines, 486 blood-vessels of, 464 carbohydrates of, 470 cardiac, 466 changes in contraction, 478 chemical excitants, 46 chemistry of, 470 Cohnheim's areas, 461 contraction period, 475 constituents of, 470 - contractility of, 467 curve, 475 elasticity of, 484 electrical phenomena of, 518 extractives, 471 fatigue, 477 ferments, 471 fibers, 462 general description, 457 Hensen's disc, 460 infiuence of blood upon, 467 involuntary, 466 latent period, 475 longitudinal striations, 460 nerve-supply, 464 nerve-stimuli of, 469 chemical, 469 Muscles, nerve- stimuli, electrical, 469 mechanical, 469 thermal, 469 nuclei of, 466 proteids of, 470 rate of contraction of, 478 reaction of, 470 relation to tendons, 464 relaxation period, 476 resting and acting, 478 rigor mortis, 472 sarcous elements of, 460 serum, 471 sounds of, 483 striated, 456 structure, 458 tension of, 484 tetanus of, 482 theories of currents, 519 tonus, 483 unstriped, 466 urea in, 470 varieties of, 456 voluntary, 456 voluntary contractions of, 483 wave, 478 wing muscles of insects, 461 work of, 485 Muscular labor and urea excretion, 474 Muscular sense, 651 center of, 630 Mutation theory, 793 Myelin, 630 Myograph, pendulum, 473 Myogram, 475 Myopia, 724 Myohaematin, 470 Myosin, 470 Myosinogen, 470 Myxedema, 361 Nails, 663 general description, 663 function, 664 ' Narcotics, 637 Near point of eye, 724 Neosin, 39 Neovitalists, school of, 155 Nerve, comparison with muscle, 587 effects of anaemia upon, 602 electricity upon, 594 temperature upon, 588 electrotonus, 594 electrical potential of, 521 current, theories of, 522 excitability of, 587 excitability and conductivity, 591 excitants, 591 chemical, 591 electrical, 594 mechanical, 591 infiuence of blood upon, 602 irritability of, 688 KUhne's experiment, 590 Pfiueger's contraction laws, 594 regeneration, 532 roots of, 650 stable equilibrium of, 588 table of degenerations, 550 ascending, 550 descending, 550 Nerve-cell, 524 classification of, 533 dendrons of, 528 dimensions of, 529 fibrils, 528 neurite, 628 Nissl's granules, 527 nucleolus of, 527 nucleus of, 527 808 INDEX. Nerve-cell, prolongations of, 528 staining, 629 structure, 524 Nerve-centers, 535 common points of, 536 Nerve-fibers, 531 centrifugal, 605 centripetal, 605 chemical properties of, 534 fatigue of, 488, 589 mechanical properties of, 535 meduUated, 531 myelin, 630 neurilemma, 531 nodes of Ranvier, 531 non-meduUated, 631 reaction of, 535 terminations of, 532 Nerve metabolism, 535 Nerve-muscle preparatioij, 515 Nerve-tissue, 634 composition, 534 gray, 533 reaction of, 535 structure of, 535 trunks, 531 white, 634 Nerve-wave, transmission of, 589 swiftness of, 591 >lerves of deglutition, 59 heart, 234, 236, 238 intestines, 91 larynx, 496 Jacobson, 764 respiration, 331 salivary glands, 55 sweat glands, 381 taste, 666 tongue, 666 vasomotor system, 279 Nervous system, 524 anatomy of, 524 chemistry of, 634 extra-cardiac, 234 lecithin, 534, 536 metabolism of, 536 neuroglia, 542 Neurilemma, 531 Neurites, 528 Neuroglia, 542 Neurokeratin, 634 Neutral fats, 29 Neutrophiles, 171 Ninsen's globules, 376 I^'issl bodies, 527 Nitrogen eliminated, 430 equilibrium, 424 estimation, 430 in blood, 349 iu respiration, 349 Nodal points of eye, 720 Nodes of Ranvier. 531 Nonsexual reproduction, 770 Nose (see smell). Novain, 39 Nuclear membrane, 13 sap, 12 spindle, 21 substance, 12 Nuclei of cerebellum, 614 Nuclein, 13 Nuclei pontis, 563 Nucleolus, 12 Nucleoproteids, 35 Nucleus, 7, 11, 13 composition, 13 form, 12 number, 12 relative importance of, 11 Size, 12 Nucleus, structure, 12 Nucleus; Deiters's, 687, 698 emboliformls, 614 fastigil, 614 globosus, 614 lateralis, 667 Nutrition, 1 Nuttall's guinea-pig foetus, 124 Nystagmus, 763 Obesity, 432 Banting's method, 432 Oertel's method, 432 Oblitin, 39 Oculomotor, 761 diplopia, 763 effect of drugs on, 753 function of, 751, 762 pathology of, 763 Odors, 674 CEsophagus, 46, 66 length, 66 anatomy, 56 nerves, 56 CBstrus, 787 Olein, 30 Olfactory bulb, 673 cells, 673 mucous membrane, 671/ nerve, 672 organ, 672 sensations, 673 Olives, 653, 664 Oncometer, 290, 365 Open pores, 149 Ophthalmoscope, 742 Opsonins, 297 Optic angle (eye), 731 axis, 730 commissure of Gudden, 719 nerve, 714 thalamus, 578, 623 Organic compounds in body, 26 Organ of Corti, 684 taste, 665 voice, 492 Organs, 4 Origin of species, 791 of life, 793 Orthophoria, 693 Osmosis, 132 Osmotic pressure, 133 determination of, 134 of lymph, 135 proteids, 135, 137 physiological application, 137 Osseous labyrinth, 682 Ossicles, 681, 691 Otic ganglia, 641 Otitis media, 679 Ovary, 775 internal secretion, 787 Ovists, 771 Ovum, 775 Oxalic acid, 401 fermentation, 124 Oxidation, 349 seat of, 344 OxybUlyric acid, 120 Oxygen in blood, 341 Oxyhsemoglobin, 181 spectrum, 186 Oxyntic glands, 68 Pacinian corpuscles, 657 Pain, 659 Palate, 48 Falmatin, 42 INDEX. 809 Pancreas, 94 blood-supply ot, 95 composition ot, 98 daily amount, 98 effects of removal, 101 injection of extract, 104 methods of obtaining the juice, nerve-supply of, 95 reaction of, 98 removal of, 101 secretion of, 95, 96, 97 adaptation of, 97 excitants of, 97 secretory nerves of, 97 specific gravity, 98 structure of, 94 Pancreatic juice, 98 composition of, 98 ferments, 99 quantity, 98 reaction, 98 specific gravity of, 98 Papillae of tongue, 49, 666 Papain, 100 Paracerebellar nuclei, 620 Paraglobulin, 36 Paranuclein, 13 Parasympathetic, 640 Parietal cells, 68 Parieto-occipital Assure, 571 Parathyroid gland, 362 Parotid gland, 54 Parthenogenesis, 770 Pathetic nerve, 753 distribution, 753 function, 754 origin, 754 pathology, 754 Pawlow'B stomach, 77 Peduncles ot cerebellum, 621 Pelvis of kidney, 386 Pendular movements, 91 Pendulum myograph, 473 Pepsin, 71, 72 Pepsinogen, 73 Peptic digestion, 80 Peptone, 36, 99 Peptonuria, 410 Perception time, 638 Pericardium, 209 Perilymph, 693 Perimeter, 743 Peristalsis, 90 influence of drugs on, 93 of Intestines, 90 pendular movement, 91 Perivascular space of His, 148 Permanent teeth (see teeth). Perspiration, 380 acidity of, 380 constituents, 380 effect of drugs upon, 381 function of, 382 insensible, 378 nerve-centers, 382 nerves of, 381 pathological, 382 relation to lung excretion, 382 role of, 382 sensible, 378 suppression by cold, 382 Petit, canal of, 716 Petrosal nerves, 762 great, 762 small, 762 Pettenkofer's test for bile. 111 Peyer's patches, 89 Pfeiffer's phenomenon, 296 Pfltiger's contraction laws, 594 Phagocytes, 16, 173 Pharynx, 55 openings, 55 anatomy, 55, 56 Phenol, 124 Phenylhydrazin test for sugar, 413 Phenomena of life, 1 Phrenic nerve, 329, 331 Phloridzin, 119 diabetes, 119 Phosphenes, 737 Phosphoric acid, 406 sediments, ^0 Phylogenesis, 792 Phylloporphyrin, 183 Physical heat, 434 Physiology, 2 Pilomotor nerves, 645 Pia mater, 537 Pitch, 498 Picrocarmin spectrum, 187 Pituitary body, 371 extirpation of, 372 extracts of, 372 lobes of, 372 position, 371 size, 371 structure, 372 Placenta, 789 Plantar reflex, 606 Plasma of blood, 189 chemical properties ot, 189, 190 gases of, 191, 347 inorganic constituents of, 189 method ot examining, 189 organic constituents of, 190 physical properties of, 188 Plasmodium malarise, 166 Plasmon, 41 Plethysmograph, 290 Plethora, 198 Pleura, 308 Plexus (see names ot). Pneumogastric nerve (see vagus), 234, 76) branches of, 765 function of, 766 influence on deglutition, 59 gastric secretion, 77 heart, 235 . lungs, 331 pancreatic juice, 97 vomiting, 84 pathology ot, 766 physiology ot, 766 Pneumograph, 315 Poiseuille's still space, 262 Polar bodies, 775 Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 172 Polypeptids, 32 groups, 33 Polysaccharides, 28 Pons Varolii, 560 center of epileptiform convolutions, 621 central nucleus, 564 faces, 560 general description, 560 stratum complexium, 562 profundum, 562 zonale, 563 structure, 562 trapezoid body, 562 Portal circulation, 106 Portal vein, 106 Posterior columns, 548 Posterior fovea, 567 Posterior perforated spaces, 565 Posterior root-fibers, 550 Postganglionic fibers, 639 Precipitin test for blood, 199 Precipitins, 294 Preganglionic fibers, 639 810 INDEX. 811 Restitorm body, 555 Rete Malpighll, 655 Reticulated nucleus, 663 Retina, 710 blind spot, 728 duration of stimulation, 737 epitbelium, 713 histological, 711 hyaloid membrane, 716 lymphatics, 718 pigmentary membrane, 713, 715 rods and cones, 710 terminal nerve elements, 712 Retinal epithelium, 713. 