None
—The oflBce of Weights and Measures, Wash- ington, is the repository of the United States standards, comprising those based on the Eng- lish system, called customarj', as well as those representing the metric system of weights and m.easures. It has recently received from Paris the national meter and kilogramme prototypes —standards of such unrivaled perfection (ex- cepting, of course, by their fellows) that a brief account of the circumsta nces attending their construction will prove of Interest. The necessity of having a common standard of length and weight led the principal govern- ments of the world to establish by concurrent action an international bureau of weights and measures at Pai'is for the construction and preservation of standards. A treaty to this effect was signed at Paris in May, 1875. By this treaty the administrative direction of the bu- reau was put in the hands of eminent scientific men, who are delegated by their respective governments to supervise its operations. After an exhaustive study of the subject, involv- ing experiments and delay, the theoretical re- quirements were agx-eed upon, and the bureau entered upon their practical execution. This (Continued on page 86.) Relative Value. Length, Surface. Capacity. Solidity. Dekastere Stere Deeistere Weight. 10,000 1000 100 10 Unit 0-1 Myriameter Kilometer Hectometer Dekameter Meter Decimeter Centimeter Millimeter Hectare Are Declare Centiare Kiloliter Hectoliter Dekaliter Liter (1) Deciliter Centiliter Milliliter Kilogramme Hectogramme Dekagramme Gramme Decigramme 001 Centiaramme 0-001 Milligramme 84 U. S. Standard Weights and Measures. The following tables have been issued from the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, T. C. Mendenhall, Superintendent. Tables for Converting U. S. Weights and Measures— Customary to Metric. 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 == 20. Linear. o 25-4000 50-8001 76-2001 101-6002 127-0002 152-4003 177-8003 203-2004 228-6004 0-:04801 0-609601 0-914402 1-219202 1-524003 1-828804 2-133604 2-438 105 2-743205 0-914402 1-828804 ;3-743205 3-657607 4-572009 5-486411 6-400813 7-315-<;i5 8-229616 21. Square. P (!) I 3 03 6-453 l-<i-903 19-355 25-807 32-258 38-710 45-161 51 -613 58-065 9-290 18-581 27-871 37-161 46-453 55-742 65-032 74-323 83-613 0-836 1-672 2-508 3344 4-181 5-017 5-853 6-689 7-525 32. Cubic. 0) CI o o. ■1=1 Q 16-387 32-774 49-161 65-549 81-9:i6 98-323 114-710 131-097 147-484 0-03832 0-05663 0-08495 0-11327 0-14158 0-16990 0-19823 U-326o4 0-25485 o Q 0-765 1-529 2-294 3-058 3-823 4-5&7 5-352 6-llH 6-881 oi 1-60935 3-21869 4-82804 6-43739 8-04674 9-65608 11-26543 12-87478 14-48412 0-4047 0-8094 1-2141 1-6187 2-0234 2-4281 2-8328 3-2375 3-64:i3 03 O 0-35243 C -70485 1-05727 1-40969 1-76211 2-11454 2-46696 2-81938 3-17181 23. Capacity, 1^ 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = s^i B 03 " S CO «2 iri is s -2 i-fi §^ s ^ 3 as 1 3 ■53 p^ fe a 0 3-70 2957 0-94636 3-78544 7-39 59-15 1-89273 7-57088 11-09 88-72 2-83908 11-35633 14-79 118-30 3-78544 15-14176 18-48 147-87 4-73180 18 92730 22-18 177-44 5-67816 23-71264 25-88 207-02 6-62452 26-49808 29-57 236-59 7-57088 30-28353 33-28 266-16 8-51724 34-06896- 24. Weight. a 0=3 03§a 03 4 1-^ B<03 be M 0 1§ 0 C 2 OB > > e- S =£ 0 < < H 1 = 64-7989 28-3495 0-45359 31-10348 2 ^ 129-5978 56-6991 0-90719 62-20696 3 - 194-S968 85.0486 1-36078 93-31044 4 = 259-1957 113-3981 1-81437 124-41392 5 = 333-9946 141-7476 2-26796 155-51740 6 = 388-7935 170-0972 2-72156 186-62089 7 = 453-5924 198-4467 317515 217-72437 8 = 518-3914 226 7962 3-62874 248-827&5 9 = 583-1903 255-1457 4-08233 279-93133 1 chain = 1 square mUe = 1 fathom = 1 nautical mile = 1 foot = 0-304801 meter, 1 avoir, pound = 15432-35639 grains 20-1169 meters. 259 hectares. 1-829 meters. 1853-27 meters. 9-484U158 log. 453-5924277 grm. 1 kilogramme. The only authorized material standard of customary length is the Troughton scale belonging to this office, whose length at 59-62° Fahr. conforms to the British standard. The yard in use in the United States is therefore equal to the British yard. The only authorized material standard of customary weight is the troy pound of the mint. It is of brass of unknown density, and therefore not suitable for a standard of mass. It was derived from the British standai-d troy pound of 1758 by direct comparison. The British avoidupois pound was also derived from the latter, and contains 7,000 grains troy. The grain troy is therefore the same as the grain avoirdupois, and the pound avoirdupois in use in the United States is equal to the British pound avoirdupois. The British gallon = 454346 liters. The British bushel = 36-3477 hters. 85 Tables for Converting U. S. Weights and Measures— Metric to Customary. 26. Linear. <y.5 o II it CO S S s s- 1 = 39- 3700 3-28083 1-093611 0-62137 2 = 78-7400 6-56167 2-187222 1-24274 3 = 118-1100 9-84250 3-280833 1-86411 4 = 157-4800 13 -121333 4-374444 2-48548 5 = 196- 85a) 16-40417 5-468056 3 106S5 6 = 2m ■■^■M) - 19-68oat 6-561667 3-72822 7 = 275-5900 L'2- 96583 7-655278 4-34959 8 = 314-9600 26-24667 8-748889 4-97096 9 =  0 1550 10-764 1-196 2-471 2 = 0-3100 '>r528 2-392 4-942 3 = 0-4650 32-292 3-588 7-413 4 = 0-6200 43-055 4-784 9-884 5 = 0-7750 53-819 5-980 12-355 6 = 0-9300 64-583 7-176 14-826 1-0850 75-347 8-372 17-297 8 = 1-2400 86-111 9-568 19-768 9 - 1-3950 96-874 10-764 22-239 28. Cubic. V- o O oa-2^- o 3 3=3 lIsS S g|-'- 1 = 0-0610 61-023 35-314 1-308 2 = 0-1220 122-047 70-629 2-616 3 = 0-1831 183-070 105-943 3-924 4 = 0-2441 244-093 141-258 5-;c32 5 = 0-3051 305-117 176-572 6-540 6 = 0-8661 365-140 211-887 7-848 0-427:i 4-^7-163 247-201 9-156 8 = 0-4882 488-187 282-516 10-464 9 = 0 5492 549-210 317-830 11-771 29. Capacity Milliliters or cubic centiliters to fluid drachms. Centiliters to fluid ounces. 2=r 2^ 11 2-6417 b2 1 = 0-27 0-338 1-0567 2-8375 2 ^ 0-54 0-676 2-1134 5-2834 5-6750 3 = 0-81 1014 3-1700 7-9251 8-5125 4 = 1-08 1-352 4-2267 10-5668 11-3500 5 = 1-35 1-691 5-2834 13-2085 14-1875 6 = 1-62 2-029 6-3401 15-8502 17 0250 7 = 1-89 2-368 7-3968 18-4919 19-8625 8 = 2-16 2-706 8-4534 21-1336 22-7000 9 = 2-43 3-043 9-5101 23-7753 25-5375. 30. Weight. t 5 o O cc O tc cc +^ "S Milli- grammes grains wis liiil Kilo- grammes pounds avoirdupc 0-01543 15432-36 3-5274 2-20462 0-03086 30864-71 7-0548 4-40924 0- 04630 4»i297-07 10-5822 6-61386 0 06173 61729-43 14-1096 8-81849 0-07716 77161-78 17-6370 11-02311 0-09259 92594 14 21-1644 13-22773 0-10803 108026 49 24-6918 15-43235 0- 12346 123458 85 28-2192 17-63697 0 13889 138891 21 31-7466 19-84159 31. Weight— (continued.) o;2 m O — c o h 220 46 440-92 661-38 881-84 1102-30 1322-76 1543-22 1763-68 1984-14 2204-6 4409-2 6613-8 8818-4 11023-0 13227-6 15432-2 17636-8 19841-4 0+3 0-03215 0-06430 0- 09645 0-12860 0- 16075 0-19290 0-22505 0-25721 0-28936 By the concurrent action of the principal governments of the world, an International Bureau of Weights and Measures has been established near Paris. Under the direction of the International Committee, two ingots were cast of pure platinum-iridium in the proportion of 9 parts of for- mer to 1 part of the latter metal. From one of these a certain number of kilogrammes wei-e prepared, from the other a definite number of meter bars. These standards of Aveightand length were intercompared, without preference, and certain ones were selected as international prototype standards. The others were distributed by lot to the different governments, and are called national prototype standards. Those apportioned to the United States ai-e in the keeping of this office. The metric system was legalized in the United States in 1866. The international standard meter is derived from the meXer des archive,^, and its length is defined by the distance between two lines at 0° Centigrade, on a platinum-iiidium bar deposited at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. The international standard kilogramme is a mass of platinum-iridium deposited at the same place, and its weight in vacuo is the same as that of the kilogramme des archives. The liter is' equal to a cubic decimeter of water, and it is measured by the quantity of dis- tilled water which, at its maximum density, Avill counterpoise the standard kilogramme in a vacuum, the volume of such a quantity of water being, as neax'ly as has been ascertained, equal to a cubic decimeter. in turn involved many investigations in regard to the best methods to be pursued, the im- provement and construction of apparatus, and studies in thermometry and barometry, which resulted in establishing a standard ther- mometric scale and a standard barometer. It was decided to make the new international meter a line measure, and to derive it and the kilogramme from the meter andkilogramme of the archives. The material chosen for the new standards was an alloy of pure platinum-irid- ium, in the proportion of nine parts of the for- mer to one of the latter. Two ingots were cast, and from one of them a certain number of kilogrammes were prepared ; from the other a deflnite number of meter bars. ■ The stand- ards of length and weight were intercompared without preference, and certain ones were selected for deposit and safe keeping at the in- ternational bureau, and are called interna- -tional prototypes. The others were distributed by lot to the different governments ordering them, and are called national prototypes. The distribution was made in September, 1889, and those apportioned to the United States are in the keeping of this office. The comparison of length measures with the United States standards will be undertaken on application. It is not necessary to explain the well-known methods by which the shorter length measures are compared with greater or less precision. The degree of refinement to which the comparisons are carried will depend, of course, on the purpose for which the meas- ures are to be used. Where great accuracy is required a special understanding with this office should be had. The means used for veri- fying- tape lines are less well known and a de- scription will therefore be of use. The United States Mural or Bench Standard. — Tiiis apparatus derives its name from the fact that it was originally attached to a wall. As constructed in 1884, and as now arranged, it consists of a wooden bench 104 ft. long, hav- ing upon it an iron bar with German silver plugs on which the graduation is traced. The bench is made of white pine wood well seasoned and painted. The planks used in its construc- tion are 3 in. thick and 11]4 in. wide; they are supported on cedar posts firmly planted in the ground. The top of the bench and the bar are pro- tected from the weather by a cover made in sections, each section attached by hinges to the bench, and sufficiently inclined to shed the rain. The iron bar offers a continuous surface a little over 100 ft. long. The bar is 2 in. wide and /g in. thick; it rests upon equidistant brass rollers -^ in. in diameter; these in turn rest on the bench. At each side of the bar, parallel to it and firmly attached to the bench, is a strip of wood of such thickness as to bring its surface even with the surface of the bar. Sufficient space Is left between these strips and the bar to allow free circulation of the air and not to hinder the expansion of the bar. At one end the bar has a device for clamping a tape or wire when the initiaL lines of the latter and of the standard bar are in coincidence. A spring balance for giving any desired tension is also provided. This has a clamp for holding the tape or wire, and it can be set on any part of the standard to conform to the length of the tape. Length- wise the bar, two parallel series of German silver plugs are inserted in the bar at suitable distances apart to receive the graduation, one being subdivided into yards and in places into feet, the other into meters. The yard gradu- ation is intended to be standard at 62° F., 16*67 C; the metric at S^° F., or 0° C. In comparing, the tape line is stretched under the desired tension on the standard bar, and the difference between its graduation and that of the latter is read either by means ■of a finely subdivided scale or, where th'? graduation of the tape warrants the refine- ment, by means of a low power microscope. The chief advantage of using an iron bar over marks on bolts let into a wall is that the difference between the expansion of the tape and of the bar is very small. The question of temperature enters only very slightly, assuming that the temperature at which the iron bar is standard has been care- fully determined, and that both tape and bar are at the same temperature during the com- parison. The verification of weights and capacity measures will be undertaken, and a statement issued showing their relation to the United States standards. Weights and measures sub- mitted for comparison should conform to cor- rect principles of construction. The cost of all comparisons for other than State or national purposes must be borne by those for whom they are made. The amount is calculated so as to cover the cost to the general government of the services of the person charged with making comparisons. (See Tables on pages 84, 85.) 33. Household and Miscellaneous Tables. — The following tables may be of assistance in prescribing fluid preparations. They are; Teaspoonf ul about 1 fl. drm. Dessei-tspoonful about 3 fl.drm. Tablespoonful . . about 4 fl. drm. Wineglassf ul , . about 3 fl. oz. Teacupful ..about 4 fl. oz. Breakf astcupf ul about 8 fl. oz. Tumblerful. about 8 fl. oz. Thimbleful about ^.\ fl. drm. Pinch (of leaves and flow- (troy.) ers) about 1 drm. Handful (of leaves and (troy.) flowers) , about 10 drm. 8 wineglassf uls, each two fluid oumes, in a pint. 33 tablespoonf uls, each one-half fluid o unce, in a pint. 16 tablespoonf uls, each one-half fluid ounce, in half a pint. 13 tablespoonf uls, each one-half fluid ounce, in six fluid ounces. 34 dessertspoonfuls, each two fluid drachms, in six fluid ounces. 16 dessertspoonfuls, each two fluid drachms, in four fluid ounces. 33 teaspoonf uls, each one fluid drachm, in four fluid ounces. 16 teaspoonf uls, each one fluid drachm, in two fluid ounces. 8 teaspoonf uls, each one fluid drachm, in one fluid ounce. 33. Weights and Measures for Domestic Pur- poses.—Wheat flour, one pound is a quart. Indian meal, one pound two ounces is one quart. Butter, when soft, one pound is one quart. White sugar, when powdered, one pound one ounce is one quart. Best brown sugar, one pound two ounces is one quart. Liquids.— Sixteen large tablespoonfuls are half a pint. Eight large tablespoonfuls are one gill. Four large tablespoonfuls are half gfll. Twenty-five drops are equal to one teaspoon- ful. A common wineglass is equal to a half gill. A comrpon tumbler is equal to a half gill. 34. To Reduce Parts by Volume, or Measure to Pai'ts by Weight.— Multiply the parts by vol- ume, or measui'e by the specific gravity of the different substances: the result will be parts by weight. 35. Electrical Horse Power. E X C Calculated from 746 E.M.F . in Volts. 10. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 5 0-06 0-13 0-20 0-28 0-33 0-40 0-47 0-53 0-60 0-67 0-73 0-80 0-87 0 93 1 0 10 0-13 0-28 0-40 0-53 0-67 0-80 0-93 1-07 1-2 1-3 V4 )-6 T6 1-9 2-0 20 0-28 0-;-J3 0-80 1-07 1-3 1-6 1-9 2-1 2-4 2-7 2-9 3-2 3-5 3-7 40 30 0-40 0-8() 1-2 T6 2-0 2-4 2-8 3-2 3-6 4-0 4-4 4-8 5-2 5-6 6 0 40 0-53 1-07 1-6 2-1 2-6 3-2 3-7 4-2 4-8 5-3 5-9 6-4 6-9 7*5 8-0 50 0-67 1-30 2-0 2-6 3-3 40 4-6 5-4 60 6-7 7-4 8-0 8-7 9-4 10-0 60 0-80 1-6 2-4 3-2 40 4-8 5-6 6-4 7-2 8-0 8-8 9-6 10-4 11-2 120 70 0-93 1-9 2-8 3-7 4-6 5-6 6-5 7 5 8-4 9-4 10-3 11-2 12-3 13-1 14-0 80 ^•07 2-1 3-2 4-2 5-4 64 7-5 8-5 9-6 10-7 11-8 12-8 13-9 15-0 16-0 90 T2 2-4 3-6 4-8 6-0 7-2 8-4 9-6 10-8 12-0 13-2 14-4 15-6 16-9 18-0 100 1-3 2-7 4-0 5-3 6-7 8-0 9-4 10-7 l:>-0 13-4 14-7 16-0 17-4 18-7 200 110 1-4 2-9 4-4 5-9 7-4 8-8 10-3 11-8 13-2 14-7 16-2 17-6 19-1 20-6 220 120 15 3'2 4-8 6-4 8-0 9-6 11-2 12-8 14-4 16-0 17-6 19 2 20-9 22-5 24-0 130 1-6 3-5 5-2 6-9 8-7 10-4 12-3 13-9 15-6 17-4 19-1 20-9 22-6 24-4 26-0 140 1-9 3-7 5-6 7-5 9-4 11-2 13-1 150 16-9 18-7 20-6 22-5 24-4 26-2 •J8-0 150 20 4-0 6-0 8-0 100 12-0 14-0 16-0 18-0 20-0 22-0 24-0 26-0 28-0 30-0 E.H.P. on current line, under E.M.F. 3b. Wire Gaxigcs, in Decimal Parts of an Tnch. «Ma5 a. 3 ^ "G 3 O bo be '^A §9S of'C .S2o © c3 a C^ '"^ C3 To^ Is © is .2 a 000000 0-46 0-464 00000 0-43 0-432 0000 0-393 6-46 6-454 0-4 0-454 000 0-362 0-40964 0-425 0-372 0-425 00 0-331 0-3648 0-380 0-348 0-38 0 0-307 0-32495 0-340 0-324 0-34 1 0-283 0-2893 0-3 0-3 0-3 2 0-263 0-25763 0-284 0-276 0-284 3 0-244 0-22942 0-259 0-252 0-259 4 0-225 0-20431 0-238 0-2.52 0-238 5 0-207 0 18194 0-22 0-212 0-22 6 0-192 0 16202 0-203 0-192 0-203 7 0-177 0-14428 0-18 0-176 0-18 8 0-162 0-12849 0-165 0-16 0-165 9 0-148 0-11443 0 148 0-144 0-148 10 0-135 0-10189 0134 0-128 0-134 11 0-12 0 09074 0-12 0-116 0-12 12 0-105 0 08081 0-109 0-104 0-109 13 0-092 0 07196 0-095 0-092 0 095 14 008 0-06408 0-083 0-08 0-(83 15 0-072 0-05706 0-072 0-07-3 0 072 16 0-063 0-05082 0-065 0064 0-065 17 0-054 0- 04525 0-058 0-0.56 0-0.58 18 0-047 0-0403 0 049 0-048 0 049 19 0-041 0-03589 0 042 004 0-04 20 0035 0-0311^6 0 oa5 0 036 0-0.35 21 0-032 0-02846 0-032 0-032 0-0315 22 0-028 0-02.-)34 0-028 0-028 0 -0-^95 23 o•o•^» 0-022.57 0-025 0 024 0-027 24 0 023 0- 0-201 0-022 0 022 0 025 25 0-02 0-0179 0-02 0-0-i 0 023 26 0-018 0-01594 0-018 0-018 0-02a5 27 0-017 0-01419 0-016 0 0164 0 01875 28 0-016 0-01264 0-014 0-0148 0-0165 29 0-015 0-01125 0 013 0-0136 0-01.55 30 0014 0-01002 0-012 0 0124 0 01375 31 0-0135 0-00893 0-010 0-0116 0- 012-25 32 0013 0-00795 0009 0-0108 0-( 1125 33 0-011 0 00708 0-008 0-01 0-010-25 34 0-01 0-0063 0007 0-0092 0 0095 35 0-0095 0-00561 o-oa5 0-0084 0-009 36 0-009 0-005 0004 0 0076 0 0075 37. Table Indicating Size, Weight and Loujth of Iron and Steel Wire. ^ q5 CC w © 9. 'V a B o Pi P rj -"-t-a "-"a Cv 1 1 1 fo bp a P ^ ^ S 3-0 •362 34-73 1834 5,759 •102921 2-i) -3:il 29-04 1533 6,886 -086049 1-0 -307 25-00 1318 8,G00 -074023 1 •283 21-23 1121 9,425 -062901 2 •263 18-34 968 10,905 -0.54325 3 -244 15-78 833 12,674 •0467.59 4 •225 13-39 707 14,936 -039760 5 •207 11-35 599 17,621 -0336.53 6 •192 9-73 514 20,555 -0289.52 7 •177 8-30 439 24,906 -024605 8 •162 6^96 367 28,734 •020612 9 •148 5^80 306 34,483 •017203 10 •135 4-83 255 41,408 •014313 11 •120 3-82 202 52,356 •011309 12 •105 2-92 154 68,493 •008659 13 •092 2-24 118 89,286 -006647 14 •080 1-69 89 118,343 •005026 15 072 1-37 72 145,985 •004071 16 •063 1-05 55 190,476 •003117 17 054 0^77 41 259,740 "002290 18 •047 0^58 31 344,827 -001734 19 •041 0^45 24 444,444 -0(J1320 20 •035 0-32 17 625,000 -000962 21 •032 0-27 14 740,741 •000804 22 •028 0-21 11 952,381 -000615 23 025 0-175 9^24 •0 i0491 24 •0-23 0-140 7-39 •O0O415 25 •020 0-116 6-124 •ooasu 26 •018 0-093 4-91 •0002.54 27 -017 0-083 4-382 •dO 1227 28 •016 0-074 3-907 •OOfJ-.'Ol 29 •015 0-061 3-22 -((0(il7'» 30 •014 0-0.54 2-a51 -0(10154 31 •0135 0-O50 2-61 -0011143 32 •013 0-046 2-428 -01IU132 33 •Oil 0-037 1-9.53 -00001(5 34 •OiO 0 030 1-.584 -0 0078 35 •0095 0025 1.32 -000071 36 •009 0-021 1-161 -0001164 38. Resistance and Weight TaftZe.— American Gauge for Cotton and Silk Covered and Bare Copper Wire.— The resistances are calculated for pure copper wire. The number of feet to the pound is only approximate for insulated wire. FEET PER POUND. RESISTANCE, NAKED COPPER. No. Diameter. Cotton Silk Naked. Ohms per Ohms per Feet per Ohms per Covered. Covered. 1000 feet. mile. ohm. pound. 8 •13849 30 •6359 3^3 1600- •0135 9 •11443 25 •7893 4-1 1372- •0197 10 •10189 82 •8441 4-4 1185 •0370 11 •09074 40 1^254 6-4 798- •0501 12 •08081 43 46 50 1-580 8-3 633- •079 13 •07196 55 60 64 1-995 10-4 504^ •127 14 •06408 68 75 80 2^504 13^3 400- •300 15 •05707 87 95 101 3-173 16^7 316^ •330 16 •05083 110 130 138 4-001 23^ 330^ •513 17 •04525 140 150 161 504 36- 198^ •811 18 •0403 175 190 303 636 33' 157 • 139 19 •03539 230 ;340 356 8-25 43^ 121^ 311 -20 •03196 380 305 334 W13 53- 99- 3^37 21 •03846 360 390 408 13 76 68^ 76-5 530 23 •02535 450 490 514 16-25 85- 61 •S 8^35 23 •03257 560 615 649 20^30 108- 48-9 133 24 •0201 715 775 818 35^60 135- 39^0 30^9 25 •0179 910 990 1030 32-3 170- 31^0 33^2 26 •01594 1165 1365 1300 40-7 314^ 24^6 53-9 27 •01419 1445 1570 1640 51-3 370^ 19-5 84^2 28 "01364 1810 1970 2070 64^8 343- 15-4 134- 29 •01136 2380 3480 3617 81-6 433^ 13-3 313- 30 ■01003 3805 3050 3387 103- 538^ 9-8 338- 31 •00893 3605 3930 4144 130 685- 7^7 539- 33 •00795 4535 4930 5337 164- 865^ 6^1 856- 33 •00708 6300 6590 306^ 1033 • 4-9 1357- 34 •0063 7830 8330 360- 1389 • 3-8 2166 • 35 •00561 9830 10*60 328- 1830^ 2^9 3531' 36 005 13430 13210 414 2300 • 2^4 54S9- J. Weight in Pounds per Mile of Copper Wire. "Number. Roebling. Birmingham. Brown & Sharpe, English Legal Standard. 0000 2466 3386 3375 3555 000 3093 2884 3677 3310 00 1750 •?.S05 2133 1933 0 1504 1846 1684 1683 1 1378 1437 1335 1437 2 1104 1287 1058 1316 3 950 1071 839 1013 4 808 904 665 860 5 684 773 538 718 6 588 657 418 588 7 500 517 333 495 8 419 435 363 409 9 350 350 209 333 10 391 287 166 363 11 230 230 131 315 13 176 190 104 173 13 135 144 83 135 14 102 110 65 103 15 83 83 53 83 16 64 68 41 65 17 47 53M 33 50 18 35 38 36 37 19 27 28 20M 26 20 19^ 16H mi 31 16j^ 16^ 13 23 33 34 13^ ^2$ 11 1 35 634 6>| 5^ 36 5 5 4 5 ^ 37 4^ 4 M 4 38 4 S}4 39 m 2% 2 3 30 m 2H Ws m 89 Specific Gravity. Tables Showing: a Comparison of the Degrees of Baum6, Cartier and Beck's Areometers, ^th Specific Gravity Degrees. 40. For Liquids Lighter than Water. 41. For Liquids Heavier than Water. Degrees of Baume, Baume. Cartier. Beck. Degrees  1-0000 2 1-014 1-0119 1 .... 0-9941 3 1-030 1-0180 3 0-9883 4 1-038 1-0341 3 .... 0-9826 5 1-034 1-0303 4 0-9770 6 1-041 1-0366 5 ... 0 9714 7 1-049 1-0429 6 .... 0-9659 8 l-(i57 1-0494 7 0-9604 1-064 1-0559 8. .... 0-9550 10 1-072 1-0625 9 .... 0-9497 u 1-080 1-0693 10 1-000 0-9444 13 1-088 10759 11 0-993 1-000 0-9393 33 1-096 1-0828 12 0-986 0-992 0-9340 14 1-104 1-0897 13 0-979 0-985 0-9289 15 1-113 1-0968 14 0-973 0-977 0-9239 16 1121 1-1039 15 0-967 0-969 0-9189 17 1-130 1-1111 16 0-960 0-962 0 9139 18 1-138 1-1184 17 0-954 0-955 0 9090 19 1-147 1-1258 18 0-948 0-948 0-9043 20 1-157 11333 19 0-942 0-941 0-8994 21 1-166 1-1409 20 0-935 0 934 0-8947 22 1-176 1-1486 21 0 929 0-927 0-8900 23 1-185 1-1565 23 0-924 0-920 0-8854 24 1-195 11644 23 0-918 0-914 0-8808 25 1-305 1-1724 24 0-912 0-908 0-8763 26 1-215 1-1806 25 0906 0-901 0-8717 27 1-335 1-1888 26 0-901 0-895 0-8673 28 1-235 1-1972 27 0-895 0-889 0-8629 29 1-245 1-3057 28 0-889 0-883 0-8585 30 1-256 1-3143 29 0-884 0-877 0-8543 31 1-267 1-3330 30 0-879 0-871 0-8500 32 1-378 1-3319 31 0-873 0-865 0-8457 33 1-289 1-3409 32 0-868 0-859 0-8415 34 1-300 1-3500 33 0-863 0-853 0-8374 35 1-313 1-3593 34 0-858 0-848 0-8333 36 1-324 1-3680 35 0-853 0-843 0-8293 37 1-337 1-3783 36 0-848 0-837 0-8253 38 1-349 1-2879 37 0-843 0881 0-8312 39 1-361 1-2977 38 0-838 0-826 0-8173 40 1-375 1-3077 39 0-833 0 820 0-8133 41 1-388 1-3178 40 0-829 0-815 0-8095 42 1-401 1-3381 41 0-824 0-810 0-8061 43 1 414 1-3386 42 0-819 0-805 0-8018 44 1-438 1-3492 43 0-815 0-800 0-7981 45 1-442 1-3600 44 0-810 0-7944 46 1 456 1-3710 45 0806 0-7907 47 1-470 1-3821 46 0-801 0-7871 48 1-485 1-3934 47 0 797 0-7834 49 1-500 1-4050 48 0-792 0-7799 50 1-515 1-4167 49 0-788 0-7763 51 1-531 1-4386 50 0-784 0-7727 53 1 546 1-4407 51 0-781 0-7693 53 1-563 1-4530 52 0-776 0-7658 54 1-578 1-4655 53 0 771 ,,,,. 0-7633 55 1-596 1-4783 54 0-769 0-7589 56 1615 1-4913 65 0-763 0-7556 57 1 634 1-5044 56 0-759 0-7523 68 1 653 1-5179 57 0-755 • .».. 0-7489 59 1 671 1-5315 68 0-751 0-7456 60 1-690 1-5454 59 0-748 • •... 0-7433 61 1-709 1-5596 60 0-744 *.... 0-7391 62 1-729 1-5741 61 0-740 0-7359 63 1-750 1-5888 62 0-736 .... 0-7338 64 1 771 1-6038 63 0-7296 65 1-793 1-6190 64 0-7365 66 1-815 1-6346 65 0 7234 67 1-839 1-6505 66 0-7203 68 1-864 1-6667 67 0-7173 69 1-885 1-6833 68 0-7143 70 1-909 1-7000 69 0-7112 71 1-935 70 0-7083 72 1-960 Chemical Synonyms, The following- list of the principal chemicals and their synonyms is intended only as a guide to the amateur, who maj' be saved both time and money by its use, but makes no pretense to being- complete. A complete list of every known chemical would require a volume. The list of synonyms of chemicals which are given at all will be found very complete. Only a few of the organic compounds are given, as they will not be much used by the amateur. The authorities consulted are AYatt's Dictionary of Chemistry, and the works of Fownes. Wurtz, Roscoe, Schlorlemmer, Bloxham, Attfield, Fresenius, Cooley, etc., and great care has been taken to avoid mistakes, which are very liable to occur in compilations of this kind. The names of minerals are given in brackets, thus [Halite]. The number of the minerals noticed is not great, as the majority have a more or less complex formula. The chemical symbols are added, as they are really equal to a name. The Latin names, as well as those of other languages, are printed in italics, with the letters <L. Ger. or Fr.) for Latin, German and French. Many of the names are obsolete, or nearly so, but still it is of the utmost importance that their exact meaning is given. In general the subject is arranged under the principal constituent ; thus, to find Potassium Carbonate, look for Potassium. Acetuiii:— Vinegar. Acetic Acid:— IKCsHgOs). Hydrogen Ace- tate; Hydric Acetate; Acetulic Acid; Aci- dum Aceticum (L.), Acide Acetiquc (Fr.); Essigsaure (Ger.); Pyroligneous Acid; when free from water it is called Acetic Hj^drate, Monohydi-ated Acetic Acid, Glacial Acetic Acid, Acetum Glacialc{Fr.}; Acid of Vinegar; Acidum Aceticum Glacialc (L.); sometimes called Radical Vinegar. Acetylene:— C2H2. Klumene. Ethine. Acid.:— See the name of the acid; only the principal ones ai-e given. Alcoliol:— CsHeO. Ethyl Alcohol; Ethyl Hy- drate; Hydroxl-Ethane; Methyl Carbinol; Methyl Carbonal; AlcoOl (Fr.) ; Alkahol (Ger.); Rectified Spirits; Proof Spirit; Spirits of Wine; S. V.; S. V. R.; and S. V. P.; Alcohol Vlni (L.); Ethylic Alcohol ; Absolute Alco- hol is also called Anhydrous Alcohol. Amylic Alcohol. See Fusel Oil. Methylic Alcohol:— CH4O. Wood Naphtha; Wood Spirit; Wood Alcohol; Pyroligneous Spirit; Pyroxylic Spirit. Aldehyd:— C2H4O. Aldehyde; Acetic Alde- hyde; Ethyl Aldehyde; Hydrated Oxide of Acetyle, or Acetule; Hydrate of Othyle; Acetaldehyd; Hydride of Acetyl. Alum:— Al2(S04)3.K2SO4+24H20. Double Sul- phate of Aluminum and Potassium; Sul- phate of Aluminum and Potassium; Octa- hedral Alum Salt; Potash-Alum; Alumen, A. Potassicum (L.); Alun (Fr,); Alaun (Ger.). Alum, Ammonia : — Al2(S04)3.(NH4)2S04 +24 HjO. Alumen Ammoniatum (L.); Sulphate of Aluminum and Ammonium; Aluminii et Ammonil Sulpha,s (L.). Alum, Burnt :—K2Al2(S04)4. Dried Alum; Alumen Exslccatum (L.); Alun Sec (Fr.j. Alum Chrome: — Cr2(S04h.K2S04 + -^4HaO. Double Sulphate of Chromium and Potas- sium. Alum, Iron:— Fe2(S04)9.K2S04 + 24H20. Ala- men Ferricum, Sulphas Ferrl ct Potassce (L.). Alum, Roman: — Red Alum; Roman Alum; Roach Alum; [Alum Stone] ; Roche Alum (Fr.); Rock Alum; Alumen Romanum (L.); Alum Rupcum (L); Cubical Alum; impure %'ariety of alum containing iron Alum, Soda:-Na2S04.Al2(S04)3.24H20. Sul- phas AlumincB etSodce (L); Solfaterite. Aluminium: — Al. Aluminum, English, French, and Latin; Aluminum (Ger.) It has been proposed to shorten it to Alium. Aluminium Acetate:— Al2CC2H302)3- Acetate of Alumina. Aluminium Chloride ;— AlaCle- Sesquichloride of Aluminum: Aluminii Chloridi (L)., Chlo- ralum (Impure). Aluminium Fluoride:— AIF3. Aluminium Hydrate:— Al2(HO)6. Aluminum Hydroxide; Hydrated Alumina, Aluminii Hydras (L). Aluminium Nitrate:— Al2(N03)6. Nitrate of Alumina; AlumincB Nitras (L). Aluminium Oxide:— AI2O3. Alumina; [Emery and Corundum are varieties of the oxide. Adamantine Spar.] Alumine. Aluminium Silicate :—Al2(Si02)3. Silicate of Alumina. Aluminium Sodium Fluoride :— AlF3,2NaF. [Cryolite.] 92 Aluminium Sulphate :— Al3(S04)3. I8H2O. Neutral Sulphate of Alumina; Sesquisul- phate of Alumina; lAlunogen]; Alum inii Sulphas (L.) ; Sometimes called cake alum or concentrated alum (erroneous). Aluminium Sulphide :—Al2S3. Sulphide of Aluminium. Ammonia:— NH3. Anhydrous Ammonia; Ammonia Gas ; Volatile Alkali ; Volatile Air ; Ammoniacal Gas; Terhydride of Nitro- gen ; Ammoniaque (Fr.) ; Ammoniak (Ger.). Ammonia, Solution of:— Ammonia; Ammo- nia Water ; iiQwor AmmonicB, (L-) ; Spirits of Sal Ammoniac ; Ammonium Hydrate ; Ammonia: Spirits of Hartshorn; Ammo- niaque lAquide, Esprit de Sal Ammi,on%ac (Fr.); Salmiak-Qeist (Ger.); Aqua Ammo- nice (L.). Ammonium:— (NH4). Ammonium, Acetate:— (NH4)C2H302. Am- monicB Acetas (L.); Spirit of Mindererus (Med.) Ammonium Arseniate:— (NH4)3As04. Am,- monii Arsenias (L.). Ammonium Binarseniate : — (NH4)2As04. Ammonium Arsenite :— NH4ASO2. Ammonioe, Arsenis (L.). Ammonium Benzoate:— NH4,C7H502. Solutio AmmonicB Benzoas ; Ammonii Benzoas (L.). Ammonium Bromide :—NH4Br. Ammonii Brn m idum ; A mmonih Bro mis ( L. ). Ammonium Carbonate :— There are three car- bonates of ammonia. Ammonia Normal Carbonate:-(NH4)2C03,H20. Di-ammonic Carbonate; Volatile Salt; Smelling Salts ; Sal Volatile (alcoholic solu- tion); Neutral Carbonate of Ammonium; Carbonate of Oxide of Ammonium. Ammonium Sesquicarbonate : — (NH4)4H2 (C03)3,H20. Tetraammonio-dihydric Car- bonate ; Half-acid Carbonate of Ammo- nia ; Ammonii Carbonas (L.); Preston Salts; Smelling Salts; Volatile Spirits of Harts- horn. Ammonium Bicai-bonate :— H(NH4)C03. Acid Carbonate of Ammonium; Ammonium and Hydrogen Carbonate ; Ammonio-hydric Carbonate; Mono-Ammoniac Carbonate. Ammonium Chloride :—NH4Cl. Sal Ammo- niac ; LSalmiak] ; Amnionic Chloride ; Hy- drochlorate of Ammonia; Ammonia Muria- tica (L.) ; Ammoniac Chloride Muriate of Ammonia; Sel Ammoniac (Fr.); Ammonii Chloridum (L.). Ammonium Citrate :— (NH4)2HC6H507. Ci- trate of Oxide of Ammonia ; Ammonice Ci- tras (L.) ; Di-aramonium Citrate. Ammonium Ferrocyanide : — (NH4)4FeC6N6. 3Aq. Ammonium Iodide :— NH4I. Hydriodate of Ammonia ; Ammonii lodidum (L.). Ammonium Nitrate :— (NH4)N03, Ammonice Nitras (L.) ; Nitrous Ammoniacal Salt ; Ni- trate of Oxide of Ammonium. Ammonium Nitrite :— Hyponitrite of Ammo- nium ; Nitrite of Oxide of Ammonium. Ammonium Oxalate :— (NH4)2C204. Ammo- nice Oxalis (L.) ; Ammonic Oxalate. Ammonium Phosphates :— (NH4)3P04. Nor- mal Ammonium Phosphate. Ammonium Phosphate :— (NH4)3HP04. Am- monii Phosphas (L.); Tribasic Phosphate of Ammonium. Ammonium Sodium and Hydrogen Phos- phate:—Na(NH4)HP04, 4H2O. Microcosmic Salt; Phosphorus Salt; Fusible Salt of Urine. Ammonium Sulphate : — (NH4)2S04. Glau- ber's Secret Salt ; Glauber's Secret Sal Am- moniac; Sulphate of Oxide of Ammonia; Ammonice Sulphas (L.) ; Ammoniacal Secret Salt of Glauber. Ammonium Sulphocyanide :— NH^CNS. Ammonium Sulphide :—(NH4)2S. Ammonic Sulptiide; Sulphuret of Ammonium; Hy- drosulphuret of Ammonia. Ammonium Sulphohydrate :— NH4HS. Sul- phide of Ammonia; Hydrosulphide of Ammonia; Hydrosulphate of Ammonia; Ammonium and Hydrogen Sulphide ; Bihy- drosulphuret of Ammonia. Ammonium Persulphide : — Hoffman's Vo- latile Spirit of Sulphur ; Boyles' Fuming Liquor (Obsolete); Ammonice Perhndrosul- phas (L.). Ammonium Sulphite :-(NH4),S037Aq. Sul- phite of Oxide of Ammonium. Ammonium Sulphocyanide :— NH4CNS. Ammonium Tartrate :—(NH4)2C4H406. Am- monice Tartras (h.). Ammonium Bi tartrate :— NH4HC4H4O6. Am- monice Bitartras (L.). Ammonium Valerianate ;— NH4C5H9O2. Am- monii Valerianas (L.). Amyl:— CgHu- (The Radical.) Amyl Acetate:— C5H11C2H3O3. Pearl oil. Amyl Nitrite:— C5 Hi 1. NOj. Amyl Mtris (L.). Amyl, Valerianate of :— C5H11C5H9O2. Apple oil. Aniline : —CeHs.NHg. Phenylamine; Anilina (L.). Antimony:— Metallic, Sb.; Regulus of An- timony; Stibium (L.); Antimonc (Fr.); Spiessglanz (Gor.). Antimony, Butter of :— Antimony Trichlo- ride. Antimony, Trichloriae :— SbCls. Terchlor- ide of Antimony; Antimonious Chloride; Butter of Antimony; Chloride of Anti- mony; Sesquichloride of Antimony; Caus- tic Antimony; Antimonii Chloridum (L.). Antimony, Pentachloride :— SbCU- Antimonii Pentachloridum (L.). Antimony, Diaphoretic :— Antimoniate of Potash; Stibiated Kali (L.); Calcined Anti- mony; Antimoniate of Potash. Antimony, Flowers of :— SbaOg. White Oxide of Antimony. Antimony, Trifluoride .— SbFs. Antimony, Pentafluoride :— SbFs. 93 Antimony, Glass of:— Vitrified Autimony; Gray Oxide of Antimony; Vitrified Oxide of Antimony; Antimonii Vitriim (L.). Antimony, Hydride :—SbH 3. Stibine; Hy- drogen Antimonide; Antimonious Hy- dride, Antimony, Liver of : — Hepar Antimonii (L.). Antimony Trioxide :— Sb203. Antimonious Oxide; Protoxide of Autimony; Hypanti- monious Acid; Oxide of Antimony; Terox- ide of Antimony; Antimonii Oxidum (L.). Antimony, Tetroxide :— Sb204, Antimonious Acid; Antimony-Antimonate; [Cervantite]; Antimonoso-Antimonic Oxide; Diantimo- nic Tetroxide. Antimony Pentoxide :— SbaOj. Antimonic Oxide. Antimony, Oxychloride of :— SbOCl. Powder of Algaroth. Antimony, Oxysulphide of :— SbaOsSSbsSg. Antimony, Red :— Oxysulphide of Antimony; Oxysulphuret of Antimony; Crocus of An- timony. See Oxysulphide, above. Antimony, Regulus of -.—Itegulus Antimonii (L.); Metallic Antimony.. Antimony, Sulphurated -.—Precipitated Sul- phide of Antimony; Oxysulphuret of Anti- mony ; Golden Sulphuret of Antimony; Antimonium Sulphuratum (L.). Antimony, Pentasulphide :— SbaSs. Anti- monic Sulphide; Sulphur Auratum (L.). Antimony, Trisulphide ;— SbsSs. Antimoni- ous Sulphide; Sulphide of Antimony; Black Sulphide of Antimony; Tersulphide of An- timony; Sulphuret of Antimony; Sesqui- sulphuret of Antimony ; Gray Antimony ; LStibnite Antimonite; Antimony Glance]; Crude Antimony; Judex Ultimus (L.). Antimony, Tartarated: — KSbOC4H406.Aq. Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (L.). Tartar Emetic; Emetic Tartar; Tartarized Anti- mony; Antimonium Tartaratum (L.). Aqua, Water: Aqua Ammoniae. See Ammonia, Solution of. Aquafortis :— Nitric Acid. Aqua Regia : — Nitro-hydrochloric acid. Aqua Vitae :— Native distilled spirit, usually French brandy. Argol :— See Potassium Bltartrate. Arsenic :— As. Arsenium ; Arsenicum ; (L.). Arsenic Anhydride :—As205. Arsenic Acid; Anhydrous Arsenic Acid; Acidum Arseni- cum (L.). Arsenious Anhydride : — AS2O3; Arsenious Acid; Ai'senic; White Arsenic; Arsenic Blanc (Fr.); [Arsenolite.] Arsenic Tribromide :— AsBrg. Sesquibromide of Arsenic; Terbromide of Arsenic; Ar- senici Bromidum (L.). Arsenic Trichloride :— ASCI3. Chloride of Ar- senic; Arsenious Chloride; Terchloride of Arsenic ; Sesquichloride of Arsenic ; Fum- Inj? Liquor of Arsenic. Arsenic, Fluorideof :— ASF3. Arsenious Fluo- ride; Arsenic Trifluoride ; Terfluoride v-;f Arsenic. Arsenious Hydride :— ASH3. Arsenetted Hydrogen ; Arsine ; Trihydride of Arsenic. Arsenic Dihydride :— AsH or AS2H4. Arsenic Triodide : -ASI3. Arsenious Iodide. Arsenious Oxide ;—As203. White oxide of Arsenic. Arsenic Bisulphide :— AS2S2. Arsenic Bisul- phide ; [Realgar]; Red Sulphide of Arsfenic ; Bisulphuret; Red Sulphuret of Arsenic. Arsenic Trisulphide :— AS2S3. Arsenious Sul- phide; [Orpiment]; Yellow Sulphide of Arsenic; Sesquisulphide of Arsenic; Ter- sulphide of Arsenic ; Tersulphuret of Ar- senic ; King's YeDow. Arsenic Pentasulphide :— AS2S5. Sulpharsenic Acid ; Persulphuret of Arsenic. Arsenide :— Arseniuret ; Arseniuretum (L.). Arsenfle :—Arsenis (L.). Azote :— Nitrogen ; Azotum (L.). Barium :— Ba. Barium Acetate :— Ba(C2H302). Barytce Ac6- tas (L.). Barium Arseniate :— Ba3(P04)2. Barytce Ar- senias (L.). Barium Arsenite;— Ba(As02)a. Barytce Ar- senis (L.). Barium Bromide :—BaBra. Ba/rii Bromidum (L.). Barium Carbonate;— BaCOj. Carbonate of Baryta,; Barytce Cai'Jjonas, (L.); Boric Car- bonate. Barium Chloride ;— BaCl2.2H20. Barii Chlori- dum (L.).; Baric Chloride. Barium Chlorate;— Ba(C103)2- Chlorate of Baryta; Barytce Cliloras (L.). Barium, Ferrocyanide of :— Ba2FeC6N8. Barii Ferrocyanidum (L.). Barium Hydrate : —Ba(HO)2. Hydrate of Baryta ; Barytce Hydras (L.). Barium Iodide :— Ba2l. Barii lodidum (L.). Barium Nitrate : — Ba(N03)2. Barytce Nitras (L.) ; Nitrate of Baiyta. Barium Oxalate :— BaC204. Oxalate of Ba- ryta ; Barytce Oxalas (L.). Barium Monoxide :—BaO. Baryta; Barytes Caustic Baryta ; Oxide of Barium. Barium Dioxide :—Ba02. Barium Peroxide; Hyperoxide of Barium; Deutoxide of Ba- rium ; jBarii Binoxydum (L.). Barium Phosphate :— Ba(P04)2. Barium Sulphate :— BaS04. Sulphate of Ba- ryta; [Barite, Heavy Spar]; Barytce Sul- phas (L.). Barium Sulphide:— BaS ; Sulphuret of Ba- ryta ; Barium Monosulphide ; Baric Sul- phide. Barium Sulphite:— BaS03. Sulphite of Ba- ryta. Barium Tartrate:— BaC4H406. Tartrate of Baryta. Benzoic Acid :— H(C7H502) or CyHeOa. Hydrated Benzoyl ; Acidum Benzoicum (L.); 94 Salt of Benzoin ; Flowers of Benzoin or Benjamin. Benzol :— CeHg. Benzole ; Benzine ; Benzene; Benzin; Hydride of Phenyl; Phenyl Hy- dride; Pbene. Benzol (true) and Benzine should not beconfounde d. See those heads in the body of the Cyclopedia. Benzol, Nitro: — See Nitrobenzol. Benzoyl :— CtHsO. Benzoyl Hydride :— C7H5OH. Essential Oil of Bitter Almonds ; Essence of Bitter Al- monds. Sometimes called Volatile Oil of Bitter Almonds. Bismuth :— Bi. Etain de Glace (Fr.) ; Wis- muth (Ger.). Bismuth Chloride (Basic) i—BisCls- Subchlo- ride of Bismuth ; Pearl Powder ; BismutM SuhcMoridum (L.). Bismuth Chloride i—BiClg. Terchloride of Bismuth ; Butter of Bismuth. Bismuth Hydroxide :— BiH02. Bismuth Subnitrate ;— BiONOs. Basic Nitrate of Bismuth; Pearl White; Flake White; Blanc de Fard (Fr.) ; Bismuthi Stibnttras (L.). Bismuth (Normal) Nitrate:— Bi(N03)3,5H20. Neutral Nitrate ; Ternitrate. Bismuth Trioxide: — Bi203. Bismuthous Oxide; Teroxide of Bismuth ; Protoxide of Bismuth. Bismuth Pentoxide :— BisOg. Bismuthic Ox- ide ; Bismuthic Anhydride ; Bismuthic Acid. Bismouthous Sulphide r-BigSg. [Bismuthinite; Bismuth Glance]. Boracic Acid :— B(0H)3. Boric Acid; Hydro- gen Borate; Sedative Salt; Acidum Boraci- cum (L.); Sedative Salt of Vitriol. Boric Acid :— See Boracic Acid above. Boric Anhydride:— B2O3. Boric Oxide; Boro- cic Anhydride; Anhydrous Boracic Acid. Borate:— Bora« (L.). Borax :— Na2B4O7,10H2O. Biborate of Soda; Pyroborate of Soda; Borate of Soda; Sub- borate of Soda ; [Tincal]. Boron : — B. Boron Trisulphide :— B2S3. Boron Nitride :— BN. Bromide :—Bromidum (L.); Bromuret; Hy- drobromate. Bromine :— Br. Brominium (L.); Brbme (Fr.). Cadmium:— Cd. Klaprophium. Cadmium, Carbonate of:— CdCOg. Cadmii Carhonas (L.). Cadmium, Chloride of :— CdCla. Muriate of Cadmium; Hydrochlorate of Cadmium; Cadmii CMoridum (L.). Cadmium, Iodide : — Cdl2. Hydriodate of Cadmium; Cadmii lodidum (L.). Cadmium, Oxide:— CdO. Protoxide of Cad- mium; Cadmii Oxydum (L.). Cadmium, Sulphate: — CdS04.4H20. Cadmii Sulphas (L.). Cadmium, Sulphide.— CdS. Cadmium Yellow; [Greenockite]. Caffeine:— C8H,oN402.H20. Theine; Caffeina (L.). Calcium:— Ca Calcium Acid Phosphate:— CaH4,2P04. Sol- uble acid Phosphate; Superphosphate of Lime. Calcium Bromide.-CaBra. Calcii Bromidum (L.) Calcium Carbonate :— CaCOs. Calcii Carbonaa (L.); Creta Praecipitata ; [Chalk ; Limestone; Marble ; Calcite ; Calc Spar]. Calcium Chloride :— CaCl2. Calcii Chloride; Cal- cii Chloridum (L.). Muriate of Lime ; Fixed Ammoniacal Salt; Chlorinated Lime; Bleach- ing- Powder ; Calcium Hypochlorite. These three are realiy a mixture CaCl2 + CaCl202. Calcium Fluoride:— CaFa- Hydrofluorate of Lime; [Fluorite]. Calcium Hydroxide :—Ca(0H)2; Calcic Hy- drate; Lime Water; Liquor Calcis (L.). Calcium Iodide :— Cala. Hydriodate of Lime; Calcii lodidum (L.). Calcium Monoxide :— CaO; Lime; Calcic Oxide. Calcium Dioxide :— Ca02. Calcium Nitrate :— Ca(N03)2 ; Lime Saltpeter. Calcium Phosphate :— Ca3(P04)2. Calcii Phos- phas (L.) , Tricalcic Phosphate. Monocalcic Orthophosphate ;— CaHP04. Tetrahydro Calcic Phosphate :^H4Ca(P04)2. Calcium Phosphide:— P2Ca2. Phosphuret of Lime ; Calcil Phosfphuretum. (L.). Calcium Hypophosphite : -Ca(P02H2)2- Calcium Sulphate:— CaS04,2H20. Calcii Sul- plias(L.); [Gypsum; Calcic Sulphate; Plaster of Paris; Selenite] ; Calcic Sulphate ; Bihj^- drate of Lime. Calcium Protosulphide :— CaS. Calcium Mo- nosulphide. Calcium Bisulphide :— CaSa- Calciiim Pentasulphide :— CaSs. Calcium Sulphide:— CaS. Calcium, Sulphuret of ; Calcium Monosulphiie. Camphor :—CioHi80. Camphire; Laurel Camphor; Camphora, (L.). Carbolic Acid:— CgHeO. Phenol; Phenyl Alcohol; Phenic Acid; Phenylic Acid; Phenylic Alcohol; Hydrate of Phenyle; Coal Tar Creosote; Six Carbon Phenol; Hydrated Oxide of Phenyle; Acidum Car- bolicum (L.). Capric Acid :— HCioHigOa. Rutic Acid; Acidum Capricum (L.). Carbon i—Carho (L.) ; Carbone, (Fr.) ; Kohl- enstoff (Ger.). Carbon Monochloride :— C2CI2. Subchloride of Carbon. Carbon Protochloride :— C2CI4. Carbon Di- chloride ; Tetrachlorethane. Carbon Sesquichloride : — C2C16- Trichloride of Carbon ; Hexchlorethane ; Perchloride of Carbon. Carbon Tetrachloride :—CCl4. Bichloride of Carbon ; Tetrachloromethane. Carbon Oxychloride :— COCI2. Phosgene Gas ; Chlorocarbonic Acid ; Chloride of Carbonyl. Carbon Monosulphide:— CS. 95 Carbon Sulphide : -CSj. Carbon Bisulphide ; Carbon Bisulphide ; Bisulphide of Carbon ; Sulphuret of Carbon; Carbonei Bisulphidum (L.) ; Bisulphuret of Carbon ; Sulpho-carbo- nic Acid. Carbon Oxysulphide :— COS. Carbonyl Sul- phide. Carbonic Anhydride :— CO3. Carbonic Acid ; • Carbon Dioxide ;' Choke Damp. Carbonic Oxide:— CO. Carbon Monoxide; Protoxide of Carbon; Gaseous Oxide of Car- bon. For other carbon compounds see Acetyline, Oleflant Oas. Cerin :— HC27H53O2. Cerotic Acid. Cerotic Acid :— See Cerin. Cetin :— CaaHsiOao €etraric Acid :— CiaHigOs. Cetrarin. Clialk :— Calcium Carbonate ; Cax'bonate of Lime. Cliloral Hydrate: — CjHClgO.Aq. Hydrate of Chloral; Chloral. Chlorate :— Hyperoxymuriate; Chloras (L.). Cliloride :— Chloruret; G dum(L.). Cliloride of Liinie: — B hing- Powder; often called Calcium Chlonde, (improperly). Clilorine :— CI. Chlorinum (L.) ; Chlore (Fr.) ; Chlor (Ger.). Hydrochloric Acid :— HCl. See Hydrochlo- ric Acid. Hypochlorous Acid : — HCIO. Chlorous Acid:— HCIO2. A.cidum Chlorosum (L.). Chloric Acid:— HCIO3. Hyperoxymuriatic Acid ; Acidum Chloricum (L.). Perchloric Acid :— HCIO4. Chloroform :—CHCl3. Chloroformyl ; Me- thenyl Chloride ; Terchloride of Formyle ; Formyle - Chloride ; Terchloromethane ; Chloroformvm (L.); Perchloride of For- myle; Tri-chloro-methane. Ch romate :— C/tromots (L.); for Potassium Dichromate, etc., see Potassium, etc. Chromium :— Ci". Chromous Chloride :—CrCl2. Protochloride. Chromic Acid:— CrOs. Chromic Anhydride; Chromium Trioxide; Acidum Chromicum (L.); Anhydrous Chi-omic Acid. Chromic Chloride :— CraClg. Sesqui chloride. Chromyl Dichloride :— CrOaCla- Chromium Dioxydichloride; Chlorochromic Acid. Chromous Oxide :— CrO. Protoxide of Chro- mium ; Monoxide of Chromium ; Green Oxide of Chromium; Chrome Green. Chromic Oxide :— CrjOa. Sesquioxide. Trichrofiiic Tetroxide :— Cr304. Chromic Anhydride :—Cr03. Chromic Acid; Chromic Trioxide; Anhydrous Chromic Acid. Citric Acid t-CgHeOT or C3H4(OH)2(C02H)8. Acid of Lemons ; Acidum Citricum (L.) ; Salt of Lemons. Cobalt : — Co. Regulus of Cobalt; Cobaltiin (L.). Cobalt Acetate :— Co(C2H302)2. Cobalt Arseniate :— Co32As03,8H30. Cobalt Carbonate :— C0CO3. Cobalt Chloride :— C0CI2. Muriate of Cobalt ; Hydrochloride of Cobalt ; Dichloride ; Co- baltous Chloride. Cobalt Trichloride :—Co3Cl6 ; Cobaltic Chlo- i-ide. Cobalt Nitrate :-Co(No3)2 ; Cobaltous Nitrate. Cobalt Oxalate :— C0C2O4. Cobalt Protoxide :—CoO. Oxide of Cobalt; Cobalt Black ; Gray and Black Oxide of Co- balt; Cobalt Monoxide ; Cobaltous Oxide; [Asbolite]. Cobalt Sesquioxide:— C02O3. Peroxide of Co- balt ; Cobaltic Oxide. Coboltoso- Cobaltic Oxide :—Co304. Cobalt Phosphate :— Co3(P04)2. Cobalt Sulphate :— C0SO4. Cobalt Sulphide: — CoS. Bisulphide, C0S2; Sesquisulphide, C02S3. Copper:— Cu. Cuprum (L.). Copper, Acetate :—Cu(C2H302)2. Neutral or Normal Acetate of Copper; Crystallized Verdigris ; Crystals of Venus. Copper, Basic Acetates:— Sub- Acetates of Copper ; Basic Cupric Acetates. Copper, Ammonio-Sulphate of: — (N2H8CU) SO4. Sulphate of Cupra- Ammonium ; Cu- pi-o-Sulphate of Ammonia; Cupri AmmonU)- Sulphas (L.). Copper Arsenite : — Cu(As02)2- Scheele's Green. Copper Carbonate : — CUCO3, CUH2O2. Di- basic Carbonate of Copper ; Dicarbonate of Copper [Malachite] ; Green Copper Carbon- ate. Cuprous Chloride :—CuCl. Dichloride of Copper; Subchloride of Copper. Copper Chloride:— CUCI2. Neutral Chloride of Copper ; Cupric Chloride. Copper Oxychloride :— CuCl2.3CuO.4H2O. Cuprous Hydride :— CU2H2. Cupric Iodide:— CUI2. Iodide of Copper; Diniodide of Copper. Cupric Nitrate:— Cu(N03)2,3H20. Nitrate of Copper ; Cupri Mtras (L.). Cuprous Oxide :—Cu20. Red Oxide of Cop- per ; Dinoxide ; Sub-oxide ; Cupri Stihoxy- dum (L.); [Cuprite ; Red Copper Ore.] Cupric Oxide :—CuO. Protoxide of Copper; Oxide of Copper ; Black Oxide of Copper ; Cupri Protoxydum (L.); [Melaconite]. Copper Phosphide: — CU3P2. Cupric Sulphate :—CuS04.5Aq. Sulphate of Copper; Blue Vitriol; Blue Copperas; Cupri Sidphas (L.); Blue Stone; Roman Vitriol; [Chalcontrite.] Copper Sulphide :— CuS. Cupric Sulphide. Cuprous Sulphide :—Cu2S. Copper Subsul- phide; [Chalcocite; Chalcocine; Vitrious Copper ; Copper Glance].. Copperas, Blue: —Copper Sulphate of Cop- per. Copperas, Green : Copperas, White; -Iron Sulphate. -Zinc Sulphate. Creosote :— See Kreasote. Kau (Fr./ Water:— See also Aqua. Eau de Mer:— Salt of Sea Water. Eau Distillee: —Distilled Water. Eau de Vie :— Brandy; Aqua Vitae. Eau Forte : — Nitric Acid, Elkonogen : — Eiko. Ether:— (C2H6)2.0. or C4H10O. Oxide of Ethyl. See Etlij^l. Ethyl :— C2H5. Ethyle; u^thyle (L.) ; Etnule. Ethyl Acetate ;— C2H5C2H3O2. Acetic Ether ; Pyroligneous Ether; Acetate of Oxide of Ethyl, or Ethule; Mther Aceticus (L.). Ethyl Benzoate:— C2H5CTH5O2. Benzoic Ether; Benzoate ol Ether; Mther Benzol- cus (L.). Ethyl Bromide :— C2H5Br. ^ther Hydrohro- micus (L,); Bromethane Hydrobromic Ether. Ethyl Butyrate : — C2H5C4H7O2. Pineapple Oil ; Butyric Ether. Ethyl Carbonate :— (C2H5)2C03. Carbonic Ether; Carbonate of Oxide of Ethyl; ^ther Carbonicus (L.). Ethyl Chloride :— C2H5C]. Chloride of Ethyl ; Light Hydrochloric Ether; JEther Hydro- chloricus (L.); Chlorethane; Hydrochloric Ether ; Muriatic or Chlorhydric Ether. Ethyl, Cyanide of :— C2H5CN, ^ther Hydro- cynicus (L.); Propionitrile. Ethyl, Cyanate of :— C2H5CNO. Cyanic Ether; Cyanate of Oxide of Ethyl. Ethyl, Cyanurate of:— (C2H5)3C3N303. Cy- anurate of Oxide of Ethyl. Ethyl Iodide : — C2H5I. ^ther Hydriodicus (L.). lodethane Hydriodic Ether. Ether, Methylic :-C2H60. Oxide of Methyl ; Wood-Ether ; Methyl-Ethyl; Ethyl-Methyl; Ethyl- Methyl Oxide ; Ethel Methyl Ether ; Ethyl Methylate ; Methyl Ethylate. Ethyl Nitrate: — C2H5NO3. Nitric Ether; Hyponitrous Ether ; Nitrite of Ether ; Ni- trite of Oxide of Ethyl ; Hyponitrite of Ethyl ; JEther Nitrosus (L.). Ethyl Nitrite:— C2H5NO2. Nitrous Ether. Ethyl, (Enanthate of:— CEnanthic Ether; Pelargonic Ether ; CEnanthate of Oxide of Ethyl. Ethyl Oxalate :— (C2H )2C204. Oxalic Ether ; Oxalate of Oxide of Ethyl; JEther Oxali- cus (L.). Ethyl Oxide :— (C4H10O). Ether ; Sulphuric Ether; JEther; Mther Sulphuricus, (L.). Ether ; Ethylic Ether ; Hydrate of Ether. Ethyl Phosphates:— (C2H5)H2P04. Monet hylic Phosphate; Phospho vinic Acid ; Eth yl- phosp boric Acid. Diethylic Phosphate :— (C2H5)2,HP04. Di- ethylphosphoric Acid. Triethylic Phosphate :— (C2H5)3P04. Tetrethylic Pyrophosphate:— (C2H5)P03. Ethyl Phosphites:— Triethyl Phosphite (Sym- metrical) P(O.C2H5)30. EthylphosphoricAcid:— (C2H6)P0(0H)a. Ethyl Sulphate :-C2H6S04- Acid Ethyl Sul- phate ; Ethyl Sulphuric Acid ; Sulphovinic Acid. Ferric and Ferrous Salts. See Iron. Ferrlcyanide :— Ferridcyanide ; Ferridcy- anuret. Ferric yanogen i— Ferridcyanogen ; Ferric- cyanogen. Ferrocyanide :— Ferrocyanuret ; Prussiate ; Ferrocyanidum (L.). Ferrocyanogen i—Ferrocyanogenium (L.). Fluohydric Acid:— Fluoride of Hydrogen. Fluoride of Hydrogen :— HF. Fluohydric Acid ; Hydrofluoric Acid ; Acidum Hydro- fluoricum (L.). Fluorine :— F. Fluorinium (L.). Fluosilicic Acid:— HaSiFg. Hydrofluosilicic Acid ; SUicofluoric Acid. Formate :— Formiate. Formic Acid :-HCH02. Hydrogen Formiate Formobenzoic Acid :-HC7H60,CH02. Man delic Acid ; Formiate of Hydride of Ben- zoyle ; Phenylglycollic Acid. Fusel Oil:— CsHnHO. Fousel Oil; Potato Oil ; Oil of Potato Spirit ; Grain Oil ; Grain Spirit Oil ; Marc Brandy Oil ; Amylic Al- cohol; Hydrated Oxide of Amyl; Amilic Alcohol; Bihydrate of Amilen; Pentylic Alcohol ; Isobutyl ; Corbinol ; Isopentyl Alcohol. Gallate z—Gallas (L.). Oallic Acid:— C7H6O5. Acidum GalUcum (L.); Trioxylbenzoic Acid ; Dioxysalicylic. Glycerine :—C3Hr03. Glycerin; Hydrated Oxide of Glyceryl; Olycerinum (L.); Pro- penyl Alcohol ; Glyceryl. Gold:— Au. Aurum (L.); Or (Fr.); Gold (Ger.). Gold Monochloride :— AuCl. Aureus Chloride. Gold Trichloride :—AuCl3. Gold Monoxide :— Aureus Oxide. Gold Trioxide— AU2O3. Auric Oxide. Aureus Sulphide :— AugS. Auric Sulphide :— AU2S3. Cruaiacin :— Guaiacic Acid. Hydracids :— Hydrogen Acids. Hydriodate :— Iodides. Hydriodic Acid :— HI. lodhydric Acid; Acidum Hydriodicum (L.); Hydrogen Io- dide. Hydrobromic Acid:— HBr. Hydric Bro- mide ; Hydrogen Bromide. Hydrobromide :— Bromide. Hydrochloric Acid :— HCl. Muriatic Acid; Hydrogen Chloride ; Hydric Chloride ; Chlo- rydric Acid ; Spirit of Salts ; Marine Acid. Hydrocliloric Etlier x-CsHbCI. Ethyl Chlo- ride; Chloride of Ethyl; Chlorethane; JEther Hydrochloricus (L.). Hydrocyanic Acid :- HCN or HCy. Hydric Cyanide ; Cyanhydric Acid; Prussic Acid. Hydrofluoric Acid :— HF. Hydric Fluo- ride ; Hydrogen Fluoride. Hydrofluosilicic Acid :— HaFSiFg. Fluo- ride of Silicon and Hydrogen ; Silico-fluoric Acifl. Hydrogen :— H. Hydriogenium (L.). Hydrogen, Antimoniureted— SbHs. Antimo- neted Hydrogen ; Stibine Hydride of Anti- mony Stibamine; Hydrogenium Antimo- niatum (L.); Antimonious Hydride; Stiba- mine. Hydrogen Arseniureted :— AsHs. Arsenet- ed Hydrogen ; Hydride of Arsenic ; Arsen- amine ; Hydrogenium Arseniuratum (L.). Hydrogen Carbureted :— CH4. Carbureted Hydrogen ; Marsh Gas; Fire Damp; Gas of the Acetates ; Rock Gas. Hydrogen Suboxide:— H2O. Water. Hydrogen Peroxide:— HO or H2O2. Hydroxyl; Hydrogen Binoxide; Oxygenated Water; Hudrogenii Binoxydum (L.); Deutoxide of Hydrogen. Hydrogen Phosphureted :— PH3. Phospho- rus Hj'dride; Phosphoreted Hydrogen; Phosphine; Phosporus Trihydride. Hydrogen Monosulphide :— H2S. Sulphur- eted Hydrogen ; Sulphphydric Acid ; Hy- drosulphuric Acid ; Hydric Sulphide ; Dihy- dric Sulphide ; Hydrogen Sulphide. Hydroquinone :— Hydrochinon ; Hydrochi- none ; Hydroquinon; Hydrokinone; Hydro, (contraction); Quinol. Xodate i—Iodas (L.), Iodide :— loduret ; Hydriodate ; lodidum ; loduretum (L.). Iodine ;— I. lodatum; lodatium (L.); lode (Fr.); lod (Ger.). Hydriodic Acid:— HI. Hydrogen Iodide; lodhydric Acid ; Acidum Hydriodicum (L.). Iodic Acid :— HIO3. Acidum lodidum (L.); Hyd:ogen lodate. Irdineand Hydrogen :— Hydriodic Acid, HI; lodhyric Acid ; Acidum Hydriodicum (L.). Iodoform :— CHI3. lodoformum (L.). Iridium :— Ir. Indium, Chloride of :— IrCl2. Dichloride. Iridium, Sesquichloride :— Ir2Cl6- Iridium Trichloride ■ Iridious Chloride. Iridium Hexachloride :— IraClg. Iridium, Tetrachloride :—IrCl4. Iridic Chlo- ride. Iridium Monoxide :—IrO. Hypoiridius Ox- ide ; Iridium Protoxide. 