None
In nutrient broth, strong clouding twenty-four hours, neither pellicle nor ring, slight sediment. Agar stroke, abundant, contoured, shiny, glistening, without color, opalescent growth having umbilicate elevation. Gelatin stab, infundibuliform liquefaction in two days. Cooked potato, abundant, spreading, glistening, odor of decaying potatoes. Litmus milk, coagulated and reddened in three days, no di- gestion. No growth in Cohn's solution. Abundant growth in Uschinsky's solution, ring, pellicle and heavy sediment, odor of hydrogen sulphide. Vegetables rotted — muskmelon, citron, carrot, potato, beetf and turnip. Growth and some acid but no gas from lactose, etc. Slight gas production from asparagin broth, abundant in fermentation tubes of milk, this gas being 99 per cent carbon dioxide. Hydrogen sulphide from nutrient broth and potato. Nitrates reduced. Slight indol. Am- monia from asparagin broth; none from broth, gelatin, milk or urea. Thermal death-point, 490 to 500. Optimum temperature, 300. Control. — Spraying with Bordeaux mixture or other fungicides is recommended as a preventive measure. * Giddings. Bull. 148. Vermont Exp. Station, xoio. t B. carotovorus, Jones, associated with several soft rots, does not rot the beet. ROTS 987 The melons should be supported by some means to keep them from coming in direct contact with the soil, and should be supplied with adequate water during a dry season to keep them from cracking. Soft Rot or the Sugar Beet Bacterium teuUium — Metcalf History. — A soft rot of the sugar beet, occurring in Nebraska, has been described by Metcalf and Hedgcock.* Symptoms. — Beets affected with the rot show the lower half badly decayed and honeycombed with "pockets" or cavities filled with a slimy, stringy fluid, colorless, sour-smelling, and alive with bacteria. The vascular bundles remain intact, while the tissue surrounding them is usually consumed. Above ground the beets appear normal. Method of Infection. — The germs gain entrance to the beet through wounds and abrasions in the skin, and there is good reason for believing that nematodes are responsible for many of the inoculations. Causal Organism. — Bacterium teuUium, according to Metcalf, possesses the following characteristics: It is a short, non-motile rod, rounded ends, 1.5/* by o.S>; neither capsules nor endospores have been observed; the organism stains readily with the aqueous stains. Gram-positive. On nutrient agar, slow, scant, translucent, porcelain white, non-viscid, and pene- trates the agar. On cane-sugar agar growth more rapid, viscid, watery, vitreous to translucent, colorless. Gelatin stab—scant, filiform to beaded, dirty white, no liquefaction. Cane sugar gelatin — characteristic cumulus cloud appearance m stab, no liquefaction. Nutrient broth — slight clouding and sediment, acid pro- duced. No evidence of growth in milk. No visible growth on potato. On carrot, clear, viscid and acid. On sugar beet, viscid, clear, spreading, copious, acid, parenchyma destroyed leaving vascular tissue. No growth in Uschinsky's, Fermi's, Pasteur's, Fraenkel's, or Dunham's solution. No gas from dextrose, saccharose, etc. Facultative anaerobe. No growth at 370. Optimum temperature, 170. Thermal death-point, 45°. Control. — The rot is less apt to be serious if the beets are grown on relatively dry soil and if rotation of crops is practiced. The selection of resistant varieties seems to be the most practical solution of the problem. * Metcalf and Hedgcock, "A Soft Rot of the Sugar Beet/' 17th Annual Report, Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 60-1x2, 1904. CHAPTER V WILTS Wilt of Cucurbits Bacillus tracheiphilus — Erw. Smith History and Distribution. — The bacterial wilt of the muskmelon, cucumber, squash and pumpkin was first reported by Erwin Smith* in 1893. It is widely distributed over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and seems to have different host preferences in different localities. Symptoms. — The disease is characterized by a wilting of the vine, pure and simple, without any visible external cause such as mildew, rust or leaf spot. The leaves and runners wilt suddenly as if from lack of water or too hot sun, the runner becoming prostrate on the ground. From two to three days usually elapse before the wilting of the whole vine is complete, and it may remain in this wilted condition for several days, after which the leaves begin to dry up, but retain their green color for considerable time. One runner may die at a time, beginning at the tip and working back toward the root, after which a general infection is to be expected. If inoculation takes place upon the main stem, several or all of the runners may show the wilt at the same time. The disease is caused by a bacillus whose growth fills the water ducts or tracheae with a white, viscid material which prevents the rise of water, and wilting follows. If the severed ends of a diseased vine are rubbed together gently and separated slowly, this sticky liquid will string out in fine threads 2 to 3 cm. in length. Method of Infection. — Under field conditions, the disease is spread principally by insects, especially the striped cucumber beetle and the common squash bug. Smith, Erwin: Cent. f. Bakt., Bd. I, II., Abt., pp. 364-373. 1895. 988 WILTS 989 Causal Organism. — Erwin F. Smith describes Bacillus tracheiphUus as a rod 1.2/i to 2.5M by 0.5/i to 0.711, actively motile when young. Growth occurs on the ordinary media. Upon agar, the growth is milk-white and extremely viscid. Upon potato, a gray film is produced, much like that of B. typhosus; the potato is unchanged. Gelatin is liquefied and no change occurs in milk. Acid but no gas is produced in saccharose and dextrose broths. The organ- ism is aerobic and possibly facultatively anaerobic. Optimum temperature is between 200 and 300. No growth at 370. Thermal death-point, 430. Control. — The same precautions and preventive measures are to be recommended for the wilt of cucurbits as are given for tomato blight. Wilt op Sweet Corn Pseudotnonas stewarti — Smith The early varieties of sweet corn grown in the truck gardens of Long Island* are subject to a bacterial disease which manifests itself by a wilting and drying up of the leaves. It also occurs in Iowa, and it has been reported from certain parts of New Jersey. The wilting may occur at any stage of growth, but the plants seem to be more susceptible at the time of flowering. As a rule the leaves succumb one at a time, although on the younger plants they may all wilt simultaneously. There is no external evidence which would indicate the cause of the trouble, but if a diseased stalk is cut length- wise, the fibro-vascular bundles appear as yellow strands in the white pith. A cross-section of such a stalk will show drops of a yellow viscid substance, composed largely of bacteria, exuding from the cut ends of the bundles. The infection is not confined to the stalks but can be found in the vascular system of the leaves, husks and cobs as well. The vessels are the principal structures invaded, but in time small cavities filled with the bright yellow slime are formed in the surrounding parenchyma. Method of Infection. — The germ may enter its host "through either the roots, stomata or water pores and when once inside the vas- cular system, it multiplies very rapidly, fills the water tubes with a yellow slime and wilting follows. Causal Organism. — The organism was first described by Stewart and later named Pseudotnonas stewarti by Erwin Smith. * Stewart, F. C, "A Bacterial Disease of Sweet Corn." Bull. 130, N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1897. 990 MICROBIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS It is a short, relatively thick, motile rod with rounded ends; occurs usually in pairs. No endospores observed. Stains readily with the aqueous stains. It grows well upon the ordinary culture media. On agar, smooth, shining, yellowish-white to deep yellow, lobate. On potato, spreading, deep yellow be- coming slightly iridescent, smooth; potato is browned. Broth — thin film, slight clouding and slight flocculent white precipitate. Milk — slight peptonization with- out coagulation; litmus reduced. No gas is produced from dextrose, etc Good growth in Uschinsky's solution. Facultative anaerobe. Pathogenic for sweet corn. Control. — It is believed that the germ is disseminated on dis- eased seed and therefore disinfection of the seed before planting is recommended. The disease is also spread by the use of manure which contains diseased stalks. Varieties differ considerably in their susceptibility, and by the selection of the more resistant kinds some relief can be secured. Rotation of crops and planting on new land, when available, should be practiced. Field corn and pop-corn are not affected by the wilt. Wilt of Tomato, Eggplant, Irish Potato and Tobacco Pseudomonas solanacearum — Erwin Smith History. — A bacterial wilt affecting a number of plants of the potato family has been described by Erwin Smith.* The disease was first observed in the Atlantic coast and southern states. In 1903 Stevensf and Sackett described a wilt of tobacco in Granville County, N. C. and this, too, Smith! has shown to be due to the tomato wilt organism, Ps. solanacearum. Quite recently Miss Bryan§ has shown the same organism to be the cause of nasturtium wilt. Symptoms. — The disease usually manifests itself by a sudden wilting of the foliage, and, as a rule, with little or no yellowing. This may be indicated at first by the collapse of a single leaf, but in time the whole plant will succumb. Following the wilting, the parts affected shrivel, • Smith, Erwin P., "A Bacterial Disease of the Tomato, Eggplant and Irish Potato." BulL 13. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., 1896. f Stevens and Sackett, "Granville Tobacco Wilt." Bull. 188, N. Car. Exp. Sta., 1903. X "Granville Tobacco Wilt/' Bull. 141. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Industry, 1908. $ Bryan, Mary K., "A Nasturtium Wilt Caused by BacU Solanactantm." Jour, of Agr. Research, Vol. IV, No. 5. p. ASi* 10x5 WILTS 991 turn yellow, then brown, and finally black. If a diseased stem is split lengthwise, black streaks, following the fibro-vascular bundles, can be traced the whole length of the stem and often out into the corresponding leaves. The vessels are packed with bacteria which ooze out on the cut surface as little drops of a dirty white, slightly viscid liquid. The batillus destroys the parenchyma of the pith and bark and mechanically plugs the water tubes so that the water supply from the soil is shut off and wilting follows. In the tubers of the potato, the rot begins in the blackened vascular ring and spreads in all directions, producing well- defined cavities next to the ring. Method of Infection. — Insect enemies are largely responsible for the spread of the wilt, especially above ground, while beneath the surface inoculated soil enters the roots through wounds made either by transplanting, cultivating, or nematodes. In the case of the nastur- tium, stomatal infections have been demonstrated. Causal Organism. — According to Smith, Pseudomonas solanacearum is a medium-sized rod, rounded ends; i.$m by 0.5/*; motile by a single polar flagellum, zooglceae formed in liquid media; stains readily with aqueous stains. Zooglceae produced at the surface in beef broth, copious dirty white sediment, reaction made alkaline. Casein of milk dissolved without precipitation and medium becomes alkaline. On nutrient agar, growth is smooth, wet shining, slightly viscid, at first dirty white becoming yellowish, then brown; agar browned. Gelatin stab — growth best at surface, pure white, smooth, wet shining, no liquefaction or very feeble after six weeks. Potato — wet shining, not wrinkled, copious, dirty white and later brown to black; medium browned. Neither acid nor gas produced in any of the culture media or from glucose, etc. Obligate aerobe; ammonia pro- duced in nutrient broth and potato tubes; pigment formation aided by glucose, fructose and saccharose. Grows well at 370. Thermal death-point, 520. Pathogenesis. — Pathogenic for tomato, potato, eggplant, tobacco, Jamestown weed, black nightshade, physilis, petunia and nasturtium. Control. — If the disease is not too general, it is possible to control its spread by removing the dead plants and burning them; the early and complete destruction of all insect pests is important; if available and practical, new land or land which has not been planted to any of the potato family for a period of years, should be used; only those seeds and tubers which have come from plants grown in localities free from the disease should be planted; the use of infected manure or soil should be avoided. 992 microbial diseases of plants Additional Bacterial Diseases Angular Leaf Spot of Cotton, Pseudomonas malvacearum Smith.* Gum Disease of Sugar Cane, Pseudomonas vascularum Cobb,f Smith. J Leaf Spot of Broom Corn, BurrOl.} Bacteriosis of Tomatoes, Bacillus briosii Pavarino.|| Wilt of Banana and Planting, Bacillus musa Rorer.** Bacteriosis of Ixia macula ta, Bacillus ixia Severini.ft Bacteriosis of Gladiolus colvilli, Pseudomonas gladioli Severinift Bacteriosis of Orchard Grass, Bacterium rathayi Smith.} t Rot of Potatoes, Bacillus solanisaprus Harrison. §§ A Bacterial Disease of the Mango, B. mangiferce. Doidge.|||| * Smith, Erw., Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases, I, p. 95. 126. t Cobb, N. A., Rept. New So. Wales Dept. Agr., 1S93, pp. i-ai. t Smith, Erw., Cent. f. Bakt., II Abt., Bd. XIII, 22-23, pp. 726-729. 1904- i Borrill, Bull. 6, 111. Exp. Sta., pp. 165-176, 1889. Smith and Hedges, Science, N. S.t Vol. XXI, 535. P- 502, 1905. || Pavarino, G. L., Atti R. Accad. Lined. Rend. CI. Sci. Pis., Mat e Nat., 5, ser., 20 (19x1)1 I, No. 5. Pp. 355-358. ** Rorer, J. B., Phytopathology, I, (ion), No. 2, pp. 45-49- ft Severini, G.( Ann. Bot. (Rome), xz (19x3)1 No. 3. PP- 413-424. tt Smith. Erw. P., "A New Type of Bacterial Disease." Science, N. S., Vol. XXXVIII, No. 901, p. 926, 19x3; Sits. Ber. Weiner Alcad., x Abt., Bd. CVIII, p. 597. §§ Harrison, P. C, "A Bacterial Rot of the Potato Caused by Bacillus solaitiiaprus." Cent, f. Bakt., Abt. II, Bd. 17. p. 34. 1907. Doidge, Ethel M., Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. II, No. z. May, 191 5. pp. i-45- INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS Biolbtti, Frederic T., 6i, 579, 580, 603, 658 Buchanan, R. E., 303, 516 Cruess, W. V., 559, 564, 570, 572, 574> 577, 578. 649, 651, 652, 654, 655 Dorset, M., 119, 832, 838, 856, 858, 859, 860, 863, 864, 874, 875 Edwards, S. P., 412, 524 Pidlar, Edward, 781, 785, 787, 791, 792, 795, 798, 812, 816, 822, 825, 828, 830, 839, 842, 845, 851 Frost, W. D., 79 GUILLIERMOND, A., 1 5, 40, 63, 90 Harrison, F. C, i, 310, 801, 807, 818 Hastings, E. G., 444, 474, 486 Hill, H. W., 754, 854 Itano, Arao, 145 King, Walter E., 724, 740, 857 Lipman, Jacob G., 345 MacNeal, W. J., 542, 550, 58i, 593, 8 io, 865, 868 McCampbell, E. F., 659, 684 Marshall, C. E., ii, 99, 145, 195 Phelps, Earle B., 330 Rahn, Otto, 195, 263, 286, 297 Rbttger, L. F., 806 Reynolds, M. H., 778, 782, 784, 789, 809, 819, 825, 833, 839, 873 Sackett, Walter G., 949 Stocking, W. H., 428, 504 Thom, Charles, 13, 36, 775, 776, 777. 944 *Todd, J. L., 13, 123, 197, 876, 969 Wyant, Z.. Northrup, 905 * During Dr. Todd's absence on active service, Dr. E. E. Tyzzer, George Pabyan Professor of Comparative Pathology, Harvard University, revised the sections dealing with protozoa. The contributors wish to express their appreciative thanks to Dr. Tyzzer for his .generous and able cooperation. 63 993 INDEX OF SUBJECTS ABNORMAL fermentation of milk, 463 Abortion, contagious, 810 Abscesses, 792 Acanthocystis aculeata, 28, 29 karyokinesis of, 29 Acetic acid as preservative, 556 production of, 649 bacteria, 636 in wine, 609 fermentation, 636 Acetone, production of, 649 Achorion schdnleinii, in favus, 778 Achromatic spindle, 28 Acid-forming bacteria in milk, 444 Acid-gas fermentation, 235 Acidity, 160 of soils, 3S5 Actinobacillosis, 781 Actinomyces albus, in soil, 363 bo vis, in, 784 in actinomycosis, 778 cultural characteristics, 778 chromogenus, in soil, 363, 364 as higher bacteria, 1 1 1 scabies, limiting reaction of, 357 in soil, 363 Actinomycosis, 778 Activities of organisms, products of, 230 Addition of nitrogen to soil, 374 Adsorption, 171 Aedes (stegomyia) calopus, 876 Aeration, of milk, 455 of soils, 350 Aerobic organisms, in soil, 350 in wine, 608 Agglutinate, 716 Agglutination, stages of, 717 substances concerned in, 715 suspensions for test, 751 Agglutination, test for glanders, 752 test for other diseases, 752 test for typhoid, 752, 846 Agglutinins, 714, 751 co-, 716 distribution in blood, 715 hemo-, 717 inherited, 715 in leprosy, 829 normal, 696, 714 production of, 714 structure, of , 716 Agglutinogen, 715 structure of, 716 Agglutinoids, 717 Aggressin, blackleg, 730 Agitation, influence of, 285 Air, carrier of contagion, 308, 664 determination of microorganisms in, 305 disease organisms in, 308 entrance of microorganisms into, 304 fermentation organisms in, 309 freeing from bacteria, 309 kinds of microorganisms in, 303, 307, 3°8 of milk house, 439 number of microdrganisms in, 306 occurrence of microorganisms in, 304 subsidence of microorganisms in, 3°5 Air-borne infection, 664 Alcohol, distilled, 631 enzymes of, 208, 214 fermentation of, 634 as food, 224 methods of preparation of, 632 995 996 INDEX Alcohol, microorganisms of, 635 in milk, 466 as preservative, 557 saccharine raw materials of, 632 sources of, 631 starchy raw materials of, 633 uses of, 631 Alcoholase, 208, 214 Alcoholic fermentation, 234 equation of, 225 Ales, 622 Aleuria cerea, ascus development, 44 Alexins, 705 Alfalfa, stem blight of, 951 Algae in soil, 364 Alkalinity, 161 Allorhina nitida, 907 Alternaria, general characters, 57 tenuis, 362 Aluminum in soil, 425 Amboceptor, 706 anti-, 707 American foul brood, 920 Araidase, 208, 215 Amino-acetic acid, 241 Amino-acids, as food, 223 production of, 241 Amins, production of, 241 Amitosis, 28, 34 in yeasts, 66 Ammonia, as food, 222, 223 oxidation, 201 production of, 241 transformation, 398 Ammonification, 383 climatic conditions, influence of, 384 efficiency, 388 efficiency of species, 387 mechanism of, 384 by molds in soil, 361 numbers involved in, 385 rate of, 387 soil conditions, influence of, 384 species involved in, 385 Amoeba (See also entamoeba.) buccalis, 594 Amoeba, cob', 661 in faeces, 599, 601 diplomitotica, protomitosis of, 31 dysenteric, in intestine, 600, 601 froschi, protomitosis of, 31 histolytica, 600 limax, cyst of, 24 mucicola, mitosis of, 32 protomitosis of, 31 polypodia, 128 schizogony in, 27 proteus, 197 terricola, 365 tetragena, 661 vespertilio, 124 Amoebic dysentery, 876 Amylase, 208, 237 Amylobacter, 376 Amylomyces rouxii, 50 Amyloplastids, 20 Araylo process, 633 Anabolism, 200, 203 enzymic theory of, 217 Anaerobic organisms, facultative, 228 obligate, 228 in soil, 350 in wine, 609 Anaerobic tank, 342 Analysis of milk, 470 of water, 321 Anaphase, 28 Anaphylaxis, 684 Anaplasma marginale, 898 Anaplasmosis, 898 Ang-quac, 56 Anguillula aceti, 647 Anion, 159, 160 Anisogamous fertilization, 131 Anode, 160 Anopheles, 893 Antagonism, 426 Antheridium, 39 Anthrax, 801-806 symptomatic, 830-841 vaccination, 805 vaccine, 735 INDEX 997 Antiamboceptor, 707 Antibacterial substances, natural, 695 Antibiosis, 299 Antibodies, anti-, 707, 719 occurrence of, 698 origin of, 69S test for, 708 Antibody formation, 683 Anticomplements, 708 Anticy to toxin, 710 Antidiphtheritic serum, 741 Antidysenteric serum, 747 Anti-gas gangrene serum, 745 Antigens, 698 for diagnostic tests, 753 Antigonococcic serum, 746 Anti-hog cholera serum, 746 Antimeningococcic serum, 745 Antimicrobial serum, 740 Antiperfringens serum, 745 Antipneumococcic serum, 746 Antiprecipitins, 719 Antirabic serum, 746 Antiseptics, 288 Antiserum, 740 Antistreptococcic serum, 745 Antitetanic serum, 741 Antitoxin, 699, 740 concentration of, 744 for diphtheria, 741 for gas gangrene, 745 natural, 694 neutralization of toxin by, 702 perfringens, 745 preservation of, 747 for tetanus, 744 units of, 703, 743, 744 Archoplasm, 16 Arctia caja, 918 Arenicola ecaudata, 929 Argas persicus, 901, 904 Aromatic substances, 248 Arrack, 74, 632 Arsin, 245 Ascomycetes, 61 cell structure, 41 Ascomycetes, metachromatic corpuscles in, 45 reproduction of, 39 Ascospores, germination of, 67 sporulation of, 67 Ascus, 39 Ash elements in cells, 192 Asiatic cholera, 851 vaccine, 738 Asparagin, as food, 223 Aspergillosis, 775 Aspergillus, 61 candidus, 56 characters, 54 effect of light on, 280 flavus, 56 in aspergillosis, 775 fruiting bodies, 39 fumigatus, 48, 55 in aspergillosis, 775 glaucus, 55 herbariorum, 55 nidulans, 55 in aspergillosis, 775 niger, 54, 374, 379, 3»7 in aspergillosis, 775 chemotropism in, 286 conidial organ of, 45 enzymes of, 213, 215, 220 metachromatic corpuscles of, 45 nitrogen fixation by, 362 oxidation of, 234 temperatures, 270 ochraceus, 56 energids in, 16 oryzsB, 56 proteolytic enzyme of, 213 in rice beer, 630 repens, 55 terreus, 56 wentii, 56 Aster, 28 Atta sexdens, 918 Autocytotoxin, 710 Autogamy, 131 Autohemotipsonins. 714 998 INDEX Autolysis} 215 Autolytic enzymes, 208, 516 Autoprecipitins, 719 Autotrophic organisms, 223 Avenue of infection, 674 Avian coccidiosis, 889 Azotobacter, 371, 372, 374, 378, 380, 398, 402, 403, 405, 425 agilis, 403 beyerincki, 404, 405 chroococcum, 403, 404, 405, 420 complete oxidation, 234 isolation of, 359 life cycle of, 100 limiting reaction, 357 prototrophic, 223 vinelandii, 403, 405 vitreum, 404 woodstownii, 404 BABESIA, 139 bigemina, morphology, 895 in red water, 894 parva, in East coast fever, 896 pathogenic, 894 Bacillary septicaemia of caterpillars, 918 white diarrhoea, 806 Bacillus acetigenus, 638 acridiorum, 005, 918, 946 artificial infection with, 914-917 in disease of locusts, 912 morphology of, 913 alvei, 96, 948 in European foul brood, 928 metachromatic corpuscles of, 101, 102 amethystinus, 312 amylobacter, 402, 404 fermentation of, 236 fermentation products of, 233 prototrophic, 223 in retting, 658 in sewage, 334 amylovorus, 958 morphology of, 961 Bacillus amylozyma, 232 anthracis symptomatid (B. chau- vaei)', 740 in blackleg, 839 morphology of, 841 production of vaccine, 729 toxin of, 840 aquatilis, 312 aroideae, 984 asterosporus, 96 metachromatic corpuscles of, 101, 102 aurantiacus, 312 bifidus, in faeces, 598 in intestine, 597 pathogenic in intestine, 600 technique of isolation, 600 botulinus, 577, 663, 740 acid formation of, 236 antitoxin for, 704 in botulism, 587 on cabbage, 571 in canned foods, 529 cultural characteristics, 589 in food poisoning, 584, 585 incidence of, 590 indication of presence, 540 morphology, 589 in olives, 573 prevalence, 529 in silage, 576 spoilage due to, 591 in stomach, 671 toxin of, 500, 676 bronchisepticus, production of vac- cine, 738 btitschlii, 95 diffuse nucleus in, 94 membrane, 103 nucleus in, 97 butyricus, in sewage, 334 cacosmus, in fowl diphtheria, 8x8 cajae, morphology of, 918-919 in septicaemia of caterpillar, 9x8 capsulatus mucosus, in pneumonia, 798 INDEX 999 Bacillus carotovorus, 984 morphology, 985 caucasicus, morphology of, 510 chancroids mollis, 692 chauvei (B. anthracis sympto matici), 841 choleras suis, 386 morphology of, 863 circulans, in water, 311 cloacae, 312 coeruleus, 312 coli, 272, 386 agglutinins in blood, 687, 714 in bread, 569 in bud-rot of cocoanut, 981 in butter, 476, 482 in concentrated milk, 506 effect of light on, 278 effect of phenol on, 293 in faeces, 508 fermentation of, 235 fermentation products of, 233 in food poisoning, 584, 585 in genital tract, 672 glycogen in, 190 inhibition of growth, 301 in intestine, 596, 597 isolation from faeces, 600 in milk, 472, 473 in milk poisoning, 587 nitrogen content, 190 in olives, 573 oxidation of, 226 pathogenic in intestine, 600 plasmolysis in, 264 in pneumonia, 798 in protein degradation, 243 in sewage, 330, 340 symbiosis of, 298 test of water, 322 in water, 313 weight, 222 coli aerogenes, in butter, 478 in cheese, 489, 490 morphology, 448 coli communis, 313 Bacillus, coli communis, in milk, 445, 463 vaccine, 737 cob' communis verus, 313 communior, 313 cyanogenes, pigment of, 246 cypripedu, 982 morphology of, 982-983 danicus, 403 delbruckii, in compressed yeast, 560, 562 in lactic acid, 651 delphini, 975 morphology of, 975 denitrincans, 395 diphtheria columbarium, in fowl diphtheria, 819 diphtheriae gallinarum, in fowl diphtheria, 819 enteritidis, agglutination of, 716 in canned foods, 529 in food poisoning, 584, 585 in intestine, 600 in sewage, 330 enteritidis sporogenes, test of water, 322 in water, 313 erausquinii, 946 erodiens, in leather, 657 flexilis, sporulation of, 98 fluorescens, 239, 378 plasmolysis in, 264 in protein degradation, 243 fluorescens liquefaciens, 387 in leather, 655 in water, 311 fluorescens non-liquefaciens, in water, 311 fluorescens putidus, 387 fulvus, 31? furfuris, in leather, 657 fusiformis, in mouth, 594, 595 gangrsenae emphysematosa, pro- duction of vaccine, 729 gortynse, 946 graphitosis, 920 IOOO INDEX Bacillus hoplosternus, 945 hyacinthi septicus, 985 indicus, 312 indigogenus, 658 industrius, in vinegar, 638 invertenti acetid, in acetone pro- duction, 650 invertenti lattici, in acetone pro- duction, 650 janthinus, 312, 385, 387 pigment of, 246 lactis viscosus, 403, 465 in milk, 441, 464, 465 larvae, in American foul brood, 921 morphology, 923-924 lathyri, 962 morphology, 962 leptosporus, 86 lineola, 105 liparis, 945 liquefaciens, in water, 311 lividus, 312 lymantris, 930, 945 lymantricola adiposus, 930 morphology, 930 macerans, in acetone production, 650 malabarensis, 403 maximus (buccalis), in mouth, 504 megatherium, 86, 96, 312, 386, 948 in leather, 655 metachromatic corpuscles of, 101 nucleus of, 92 melolonthae, 911, 925, 045 morphology, 926 melolonthae liquefaciens, 945 melolonthae non-liquefaciens, 945 melonis, 986 morphology, 986 raesentericus, 385, 403 in canned food, 528 in soil, 370 mesentericus fuscus, 312 mesentericus ruber, 312 mesentericus vulgatus, 312, 387 in compressed yeast, 562 Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, in ropy bread, 569 methanicus, 377 methylicus, 380 mirabilis, 312 mycoides, 17, 96, 312, 383, 420, 424 in air, 307 ammonification of, 385, 386, 387, 388 metachromatic corpuscles of, 101 nucleus of, 92 in protein degradation, 242 proteolytic enzyme of, 213 in soil, 370 spore formation in, 27 nitrator, 391 non-liquefaciens, 945 ochraceus, 312 oedematis maligni, in faeces, 598, 599 in intestine, 597 morphology of, 839 oleraceae, 983 morphology, 983 oligocarbophilus, 378 omelianski, in sewage, 334 orpheus, in European foul brood, 928 oxydans, in vinegar, 638 paracoli, agglutination of, 716 paralacticus, in yahourth, 511 paratyphosus, agglutination of, 716 in fish poisoning, 586 in food poisoning, 584, 585 in intestine, 600 in milk poisoning, 587 production of vaccine, 737 Bacillus (Clostridium) pasteurianus, 402, 404 in soil, 378 phytophthorus, 980 morphology, 98 x pieris agilis, 945 pieris fluorescens, 945 pieris liquefaciens, 045 pieris non-liquefaciens, 945 INDEX IOOI Bacillus pluton, in European foul brood, 926 morphology, 928 poncei, 947 prodigiosus, 80, 239, 403 in air, 305 ash elements in, 193 on bread, 569 effect of light on, 278 oxygen pressure, 284 pigment of, 246 in protein degradation, 243 proteolytic enzyme of, 213 in sewage, 340 in water, 311 proteus, in protein decomposition, 243 proteus mirabilis, in leather, 655 punctatus, in water, 311 putrificus, in protein degradation, 243 pyrameis, 946 radicicola (See pseudomonas.) radicosus, 96, 102 metachromatic corpuscles in, 10 1, 102 nucleus in, 92 radiobacter, 403 ruber, in water, 311 rubescens, 312 rubifaciens, 312 rudensis, in cheese, 499 ruminatus, 403 saccobrinchi, 08 septicus insectorum, 929 morphology, 929 simplex, 403 sottft, 945, 948 spirogyra, 99 sporonema, 95, 96 subtilis, 86, 312, 385, 386, 387 in air, 307 in compressed yeast, 561, 562 in disease of locusts, 913 effect of gravity on, 284 in feces, 598 Bacillus subtilis, glycogen in, 190 in leather, 655, 657 organs of locomotion, 25 plasmolysis of, 264 in soil, 354, 370 temperatures for, 270 suipestifer, morphology, 863 sulphureus, in sewage, 336 tetani, 663, 726 acid formation of, 236 antitoxin for, 704 for antitoxin production, 744 facultative parasite, 660 morphology, 843 on skin, 689 test of vaccine for, 728 in tetanus, 843 toxin of, 676 tentlium, 987 morphology, 987 tracheiphilus, morphology of, 989 in wilt of cucurbits, 988 tracheitis, in graphitosis, 920 morphology of, 920-921 tumescens, 388 fat content, 192 in soil, 370 typhosus, 662, 687, 705, 726 agglutination of, 752, 846 agglutination test for, 716 agglutinins in blood, 697, 714, 7iSi 717 effect of pressure on, 284 elimination of, 697 facultative saprophyte, 660 fermentation of, 236 flagella, 105 in food, 582 in food infection, 666 on house flies. 667 human carriers of, 668 in intestine, 600, 671, 692 isolation from faeces, 601 morphology, 847 in pneumonia, 798 precipitins for, 718 1002 INDEX Bacillus typhosus, production of vac- cine, 737 resistance to, 675 in sewage, 340 toxin of, 676 in typhoid fever, 845 variation in infection, 673 in water, 314 violaceus, 312 pigment of, 246 proteolytic enzyme of, 213 vulgaris, 312 (Proteus) vulgaris, 385, 386, 387, 419, 424 in faeces, 598 in food poisoning, 584, 585 in leather, 655 nitrogen content, 189 pathogenic in intestine, 600 xerosis, ash elements in, 193 zeukeri, 312 zopfi, 312 Bacteria, $8t 79 artificial cultivation of, 118 ash elements in, 193 cell aggregates, 87, 88 capsule, 103, 104 cytoplasm, 89, 90 flagella, 82, 105 nucleus, 89, 90 volume, 221 wall, 102 weight, 221 chromogenic, 246 classification of, in cytology of, 89 diseases caused by, 784 on grapes, 608 higher, 107 forms of, 107 involution forms of, 80 life cycle of, 99 lower, 79 form types of, 79 gradations, 80 involution forms, 80, 81 Bacteria, lower, motion, 81 brownian, 82 character of, 82 organs of, 82 rate of, 82 vital, 82 reproduction, 83 spore formation, 84 vegetative, 83 size, 81 metachromatic corpuscles, xox metachromatic granules, 90 nomenclature, 117 pathogenic, 660 relationship, 117 reserve products, 101 in soil, 367 distribution, 368 methods of counting, 370 morphological groups, 369 numbers, 367 physiological groups, 370 quantitative relations, 391 Bacterial disease, 784 of gut-epithelium of lug- worn), 929 of June beetle larvae, 006 of larvae of Lamellicornae, 929 of locusts, 912 enteritis, chronic, 809 oxidation, 337 ' substance, in soil, 397 availability in soil, 398 vaccines, 736 Bactericidal substances, 288, 704 Bacterins, 736 Bacteriolysins, 705 Bacteriopurpurin, 247 Bacteriosis of beans, 953 Bacterium abortus, morphology of, 810 aceti, morphology of, 637 in white lead, 654 aerogenes, 272 in butter, 476 fermentation, 235 in soil, 370 INDEX IOO3 Bacterium anthracis, 86, 705, 707, 726 in anthrax, 801 effect of disinfectant on, 289 effect of pressure on, 283 in intestine, 600 morphology, 802, 803 nucleus in, 92 plasmolysis in, 264 production of vaccine, 735 proteolytic enzyme of, 213 temperatures, 270 threads of, 88 arenicolas. 929 morphology, 930 bovisepticum, in hemorrhagic sep- ticaemia, 825 morphology of, 827 bulgaricum, 272 in artificial buttermilk, 512 in cheese, 493, 496, 501, 502 in fasces, 599 in lactic acid, 651, 652 in milk, 445 morphology, 450 in yahourth, 511 butyricum, oxygen pressure on, 284 capsulatus, capsule of, 104 chlorinum, 118 choleras gallinarum, in chicken cholera, 807 morphology, 808 coli apium, 946 diphtherias, 662, 726 antitoxin for, 704 cell aggregate, 88 in diphtheria, 812 elimination of, 679 in healthy persons, 663 metachromatic corpuscles of, XOI, 102 morphology of, 813 in mouth, 596 in nasal cavity, 690 in pneumonia, 798 precipitins for, 718 toxin of, 676 Bacterium dysenterias, agglutinins in blood, 697, 714 cultural characteristics, 817 in dysentery, 816 in intestine, 600 in milk, 470 toxin of, 676 eurydice, in European foul brood, 928 gammari, 91 nucleus in, 91, 92 influenzas, in conjunctiva, 692 dissemination of, 677 in healthy persons, 663 in influenza, 822 morphology, 824 in nasal cavity, 690 in pneumonia, 798 in production of influenza-pneu- monia vaccine, 738 klitznigianum, in vinegar, mor- phology, 637, 638 lactis acidi, 235, 273 antibiosis of, 300 in artificial buttermilk, 512 in butter, 476, 477, 479, 483 in cheese, 489, 491, 496 cultural characteristics, 446 in ice cream, 515 in kumyss, 508 in milk, 432, 436, 445, 450, 462, 463, 468 in yahourth, 511 lactis ae*rogenes, in milk, 445, 462, 463 in water, 314 lepras, morphology, 828 obligate parasite, 660 ludwigii, temperatures, 270 mallei, in glanders, 819 in mallein production, 750 morphology, 821 in nasal cavity, 690 toxic protein of, 676 toxins of, 820 michiganense, 963 ioo4 INDEX Bacterium murisepticum, 832 necrophorus, in foot rot of sheep, 838 panatuberculosis, morphology, 809 pasteurianum, in vinegar, mor- phology, 637, 638 pertussis, in whooping cough, 825 vaccine for, 737 pestis, 726 avenue of entrance, 669, 675 in eye, 670 in fleas, 667 in intestine, 600 morphology, 830 precipitins for, 718 variation in infection, 673 phosphoreum, temperatures, 270, 271 pilline, in leather, 655 pneumonue, 403, 717 capsule, 104 moisture content, 187 variation in infection, 673 pseudodiphtheri©, 707 effect of pressure on, 283 pullorum, 806 rhusiopathiae suis, in swine ery- sipelas, 832 savastanoi, 969 tuberculosis, 753 ash elements in, 193 carbohydrates in, 190 differentiation of, 828 droplet infection by, 665 in dust, 665 effect of phenol on, 293 elimination of, 678, 679 fat content of, 192 frequency of infection, 694 in healthy persons, 663, 664 in intestine, 600, 671 isolation from feces, 601 metachromatic corpuscles of, 101, 102 in milk, 452, 470 morphology, 836 Bacterium tuberculosis, natural suscep- tibility to, 685 nitrogen content, 189 in pneumonia, 708 production of vaccine, 736 toxic proteins of, 676 in tuberculin production, 747 in tuberculosis, 833 variation in infection, 672 urea, in sewage, 335 vermiforme, 74 in ginger beer, 631 viride, 118 Welchii, 663, 740 for antitoxin production, 745 capsule, 104 facultative parasite, 660 in feces, 598, 600 in intestine, 597, 600 xylinum, in vinegar, 638 Balantidium coli, morphology, 899 enteritis, 899 Barber's itch, 777 Bartonella bacilliformis, 897 Basidiomycetes, reproduction of, 39 Basidium, 39 Basophile grains, 65 Beans, bacteriosis of, 953 Beef, dried, 523 extract, 523 Beer, after treatment, 626 ales, 622 bacteria of, 624 brewing of, 623 composition of, 622 definition of, 622 diseases of, 627 enzymes of, 623 fermentation of, 625 grains employed, 622 lager, 622 malting, 623 pasteurization of, 530 porter, 622 "temperance," 622 weisbiers, 622 INDEX I005 Beer, wort, 623 yeasts of, 74, 622 Bees, nosema-disease of, 939 Beggiatoa alba, 93 Benzoic acid as preservative, 556 Beriberi, 591 Binary fission in protozoa, 128 Binuclearity of cells, 18 Binucleata, 134 Biological activities, physical forces in, 155 unit of, 147 Biological changes in canned foods, 528 Bitter cheese, 499 milk, 465 Blackleg, 839 aggressin, 730 filtrate, 731 of potato, 980 vaccine, 729 Blepharoplast, 25 Blight of alfalfa, 951 of beans, 953 of lettuce, 954 of mulberry, 955 of oats, 956 of pears, 958 (stem) of peas, 956 (streak) of sweet peas, 962 of tomato, 963 of walnut, 963 Blood-forming organs, action of organ- isms on, 681 Boas-Oppler bacillus, 596 Boda ovatus, 365 Boils, 792 Bombyx mori, 909, 910, 918, 937 Boophilus annulatus, 894 Boric add as preservative, 555 Botryomyces equi, 784 Botryomycosis, 784 Botrytis cinerea, 616 in wine, 604, 605 Botulism, 587 Brandy, 631 Bread, 564 Bread, bacteria of, 564 diseases of, 569 dough, 565 fermentation, 564 French, 568 Mexican, 568 salt-rising, 569 sour dough, 568 sponge dough, 567 Brewing, 623 Bronchopneumonia, 795 Brownian motion, 172 Bubonic plague, 830 vaccine, 739 Budding, 27 Butter, canned, 507 chemical preservation of, 553 decomposition of, 483 flavor of, 475, 482 -milk, 512 pathogenic bacteria in, 485 refrigeration, 547 sour-cream, 474 sweet-cream, 474 types of, 474 Buttermilk, artificial, 512 Butyric fermentation, 236 equation of, 232 in wine, 612 CABBAGE, black rot of, 978 ''stump root" of, 969 Cadaverin, 241 Calcium in soil, 417 Calla lily, soft rot of, 984 Calothrix pulvinata, nuclear division of, 17 Camembert cheese, 502 Canine distemper, 856 vaccine for, 738 Canker, citrus, 973 Canned foods, B. botulinus in, 529 bacteria in, 528 biological changes in, 528 butter, 507 cheese, 507 ioo6 INDEX Canned foods, chemical changes in, 527 corn, 534 digestibility of, 528 fish, 534 fruits, 535 meat, 533 olives, 573 palatability, 528 peas, 534 physical changes in, 526 processing of, 532 spoilage of, 540 sterilization of, 532 vegetables, 534 Canning, cleanliness in, 535 condition of raw material, 535 disposal of factory refuse, 540 heat required for, 536 home, 539 number of spores, relation of, 536 receptacles for, 536 resistance of spores, 536 water supply, 536 Canning of foods, commercial impor- tance, 526 dietetic importance, 525 economic importance, 525 health importance, 525 pasteurization, 530 Capsules of bacteria, 104 Carbohydrate fermentation, products of, 238 foods, drying of, 521 Carbohydrates, in cells, 190 enzymes of, 208, 209 as food, 223, 226 in soil, 375 Carbon cycle, 259 dioxide, as food, 222, 223, 226 oxidation in soil, 351 monoxide, as food, 222, 224 sources for organisms, 222 Carbon-nitrogen ratio in soils, 382 Carchesium polypinum, 19 Carotin bodies, 247 Carriers of infection, air, 664 animal, 667 food, 666 human, 668 milk, 467, 666 water, 666 Carrot, soft rot of, 984 Caterpillars, bacillary septicaemia of, 918 Cathode, 160 Cations, 159, 160 Cattle plague, 856 Cauliflower, rot of, 983 Causes of infection, 675 Cell, binuclearity of, 18 chemical content, 186 diffusion, 184 ionization in, 185 mechanism, 151 membrane, 103 nutrition, 149 osmosis in, 177 plasmolysis in, 177 reproduction, 27 structure of, 15 as unit of life, 147 wall, of bacteria, 102 of molds, 47 Cellulase, 208, 209 Cellulose, decomposition by molds, 362 fermentation of, 237 in microorganisms, 191 in soil, 375 Centrifugal separation of milk, 456 Centriole, 16 Centriole-nucleolus, 17 Centrodesmose, 25 Centrosome, 16 Cercomonas, 135 Cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic, 787 Certified milk, 432 Channels of infection, 659 Character of milk, 428 Cheddar cheese, 500 Cheese, abnormal, 498 acid-curd, 486 INDEX IOO7 Cheese, bitter, 499 Camembert, 502 canned, 507 cause of proteolysis of, 404 Cheddar, 500 colored, 499 curdling of milk for, 491 Emmenthaler, 500 flavor of, 496 gassy, 498 Gorgonzola, 502 kinds of, 500 moldy, 499 poisoning, 586 proteolysis of, 494 putrefaction of, 495 putrid, 499 quality of milk for, 487 rennet-curd, 486 ripening of, 492 ripening of milk for, 490 Roquefort, 502 Stilton, 502 Swiss, 500 theories of ripening, 492 types of, 486 Chelonia caja, 945 Chemical changes in canned foods, 527 Chemical content of cells, 186 ash, 192 carbohydrates, 190 enzymes, 194 fats, 191 moisture, 187 proteins, 188 toxins, 194 vitamines, 194 Chemical nature of food poisons, 592 Chemical preservation of food, 550 after storage changes, 551 of butter, 553 effect on food, 550, 554 of fish, 551 of fruits, 553 of meat, 551 storage, 551 Chemical preservation of vegetables, 553 Chemicals, influence on organisms,*286, 326, 343 Chemotaxis, 286 Chemotropism, 286 Chicken cholera, 807 pox, 854 Chlamydobacteriaceae, 108 Chlamydospores, 37 Chlamydothrix ochracea, no Chlamydozoa, 139 pathogenic, 900 Chlorella vulgaris, moisture content, 187 nitrogen content, 189 Chloroplastids, 20 Chloroplasts, in barley, 20 Cholera, Asiatic, 851 chicken, 807 hog, 860 Chondriosomes, 19 Chondrium, 19 in molds, 42 Chromatic reduction, 35 in protozoa, 130 Chromatin, 16 grains, 16 in protozoa, 125 Chromatium okenii, 93, 105 cilia, 107 Chromidium,' 18 in protozoa, 18, 126 Chromogens, 246 Chromoparous bacteria, 246 Chromophorous bacteria, 246 Chromoplastids, 20 Chromosomes, 28 in protozoa, 130 Chronic bacterial enteritis, 809 Chymosin, 208 Cider, alterations in, 629 composition of, 628 fermentation of, 629 microorganisms of, 628 Cilia, 25 of protozoa, 127 Cirphis unipuncta, 910 ioo8 INDEX Citric acid, production of, 652 Citromyces, 234, 653, 654 citricus, 654 Glaber, 654 Pfefferianus, 654 Citrus canker, 973 Cladosporium, general characters, 57 herbarium, 57 Cladothrix dichotoma, 105, 312 Classification of bacteria, 1 1 1 Migula's, 112 S. A. B., 114 of enzymes, 208 Claviceps purpurea, 59 Cleanliness in canning, 535 Clostridium, 236 americanum, 404 Coagglutinins, 716 Coagulating basins, 324 enzymes, 208, 213 Cocci in milk, 451 characteristics, 451 Coccidiosis, avian, 889 of rabbits, 889 Coccidium, 137 cuniculi, 138 morphology, 889 diseases caused by, 888 hominis, 600 schubergi, 18, 129 Cockchafer, septicaemia of, 925 - Cocoanut, bud rot of, 981 Ccenocytes, 42 Cold as preservative, 542 Coleosporium senecionis, karyokinesis in, 29 Colloidal nature of soil, 349 solution, 157, 179 electrophoresis, 180 emulsoid, 179 gel, 180 lyophilic, 179 lyophobic, 179 sol, 180 suspensoid, 179 Colloids, 177 Colored cheese, 499 Colpidium colpoda, 365 Colpoda cucullus, in soil, 365 Colymbetes fuscus, 919 Commensals, 133 Common milk, 430 Complement, 706 anti-, 708 deflection of, 708 deviation of, 707 fixation of, 709 Complementoid, 706 Complementophile, 706 Composition of beer, 622 of cell, cell contents, 186 of soil, 350 Compressed yeast, 559 Concentrated milk, 505 Concentration, hydrogen ion, 162 of soils, 356 Condensed milk, 504, 531 sweetened, 504 unsweetened, 505 Conductivity, 158 (See also ionization.) Conidia, 37 Conidiophore, 37 Conjugation, in protozoa, 131 Conjunctiva, 692 Contact infection, 668 Contagious abortion, 810 bovine pleuro-pneumonia, 856 Contents, xv Control of cold storage industry, 549 of infectious diseases, 754 in London, Canada, 761 practice of, 756 principles of, 754 of preservation of food by chemi- cals, 558 Copper in soil, 425 Copra, dried, 522 Coprecipitins, 720 Copula, 131 Copulation, 130 Corn, canned, 534 sterilization of, 534 INDEX IOO9 Counting bacteria, in milk, 471 in soil, 370 Cowpox, 857 Cream, cultures for ripening, 479 ice, 512 microorganisms in, 476 pasteurization of, 530 pasteurized, 481 raw, 481 ripening (spontaneous and con- trolled), 477 Crenothrix polyspora, 109 Crithidia, characteristics, 135 Crown gall, 966 Crystalloids, 158, 177, 178 Ctenocephalis felis, 046 Cucumbers, angular leaf-spot of, 974 Cucurbits, wilt of, 988 Culex fatigans, 859 Cultivation of bacteria, 118 of protozoa, 142 of yeasts, 76 Cultures, commercial, 479 in beer, 625 in leather, 656 in oleomargarine, 482 in pasteurized cream, 481 pure, 481 in raw cream, 481 in vinegar, 641 in wine, 614 Curd, acid, of cheese, 486 manipulation of, 492 rennet-, of cheese, 486 Curdling of milk, 491 Curing by chemical preservation, 550 Cutaneous orifices, protection by, 688 Cyanophyces, 17, 21, 22, 94 cellular division in, 30 locomotion in, 24 membrane, 24 nucleus in, 97 Cybister laterimarginalis, 919 Cycle of development, 09 Cyst, 37 Cytase, 208, 209 64 • Cytology, of bacteria, 89 elements of, 15 of molds, 40 of yeasts, 63 Cytolysins, 705, 709 Cytophile group, 706 Cytoplasm, appearance, f 8 of bacteria, 89 properties of, 18 of protozoa, 125 Cytotoxins, 705, 709 anti-, 710 auto-, 710 leuco-, 710 DASYHELEA obscura, 045 Decomposition of insoluble food, 203 type of, due to temperature, 272 of urea, 202 Delhi boil, 881 Dematium, 62 metachromatic corpuscles of, 44 pullulans, 60 morphology, 610 in slimy wine, 604 Dengue, 858 Denitrifkation, 395 environmental relations, 396 Dermatomycoses, 777 Desiccation, 267 of foods, 516 Determination of bacteria, in air, 305 in milk, 471 in soil, 371 Development of bacteria in milk, 452 Deviation of complement, 707 Dialysis, 175 Diarrhoea, bacillary, white, 806 Diastase, 204, 208, 209 Diffusion, 173 in cell, 184 Digestive tract, microdrganisms of, 593 study of, 601 Diphtheria, antitoxin for, 741 fowl, 818 human, 812-815 IOIO INDEX Diphtheria, Schick test for, 753 toxin, 741 toxin-antitoxin mixture, 739 Diphtheroids, 812 Diplobacilli, 88 Diplococcus, 87 lymantriae' (See bacillus.) melolonthae (See bacillus.) pneumoniae (See streptococcus.) Direct division of nuclei, 34 Direct microscopic count of milk, 471 Dirt in milk, 466 Diseases, of beer, 627 contagious, 660 control of infectious, 754 due to food poisoning, 587 infectious, 659 of insects, 905 American foul brood, 921 European foul brood, 926 flacherie (silkworm), 907 graphitosis, 920 of the gut epithelium, 929 immunity, 946 Japanese gipsy moth disease, 909 of the June beetle larvae, 906 of locusts, 912 nosema-disease of bees, 939 other microbial diseases, 945 pathology, 946 p6brine, of silkworm, 937 pseudograsserie of gipsy moth caterpillar, 930 sacbrood of bees, 931 septicaemia of caterpillars, 918 septicaemia of cockchafer, 925, 945 septicaemia of larvae of Lamelli- cornae, 929 wilt, of gipsy moth caterpillar, 935 of man and animals, 775 abscesses, 792 actinobacillosis, 781 actinomycosis, 778 amoebic dysentery, 876 Diseases of man and animals, anaplas- mosis, 898 anthrax, 801-806 Asiatic cholera, 851-853 aspergillosis, 775 bacillary white diarrhoea of chicks, 806 balantidium enteritis, 899 barbers' itch, 777 beriberi, 591 blackleg, 839 boils, 792 botryomycosis, 784 botulism, 587 bronchopneumonia, 795 canine distemper, 856 cattle plague, 856 cerebrospinal meningitis, 787 chicken cholera, 807 pox, 854 cholera, Asiatic, 851 chicken, 807 hog, 860 chronic bacterial enteritis, 809 coccidiosis, 889 contagious abortion, 810 contagious bovine pleuro-pneu- monia, 856 cowpox, 857 Delhi boil, 881 dengue, 858 dermatomycoses, 777 diphtheria, fowl, 8x8 human, 812 dourine, 888 Dukes disease, 855 dysentery, amoebic, 876 bacillary, 816 East coast fever, 896 entero-hepatitis of turkeys, 879 ergotism, 591 erysipelas, 795 favus, 778 foot-and-mouth disease, 859 foot-rot of sheep, 838 fowl diphtheria, 818 INDEX IOII Diseases of man and animals, fowl plague, 860 frambooesia, 904 German measles, 855 glanders, 819 gonorrhoea, 785 hemorrhagic septicaemia, 825 herpes tonsurans, 777 hog cholera, 860 horsepox, 857 sickness, 863 human trypanosomiases, 886 infantile paralysis, 864 infectious mastitis, 789 influenza, 822 kakke, 591 kala azar, 879, 880 leishmaniasis, 881 leprosy, 828 lyssa, 868 Madura foot, 781 malaria, 890 mal de caderas, 887 malignant oedema, 839 Malta fever, 791 measles, 855 in milk, 452, 468 mumps, 854 mycetoma, 781 mycotic lymphangitis, 782 nagana, 887 non-inheritance of, 685 organisms classified, 660 oroya fever, 897 osteomyelitis, 792 pellagra, 591, 865 plague, 830 pneumomycoses, 775 pneumonia, 798 poliomyelitis, 864 puerperal septicaemia, 795 pyaemia, 792 pyorrhoea aveolaris, 595 rabies, 868 red water, 894 relapsing fever, 901 Diseases of man and animals, ring worm, 777 scarlet fever, 855 septicemia, general, 795 hemorrhagic, 825 puerperal, 795 sheep-pox, 857 sleeping sickness, 882 smallpox, 854 spirochetal diseases, 000, 004 staphylococcic infections, 792 streptococcic infections, 795 surra, 887 swamp fever, 873 swine erysipelas, 832 symptomatic anthrax, 839 syphilis, 903 tetanus, 842 Texas fever, 894 thrush, 776 trichomycosis, 777 trypanosomiases of animals, 887 of humans, 886 tuberculosis, 833 typhoid fever, 845 typhus fever, 874 white diarrhoea, badllary, 806 whooping cough, 825 wounds, 792 yaws, 904 yellow fever, 875 of plants, 949 blight (stem) of alfalfa, 951 of beans (bacteriosis), 953 of lettuce, 954 of mulberry, 955 of oats (blade), 956 of pear, 958 of peas (stem), 956 of sweet peas (streak), 962 of tomato, 963 of walnut, 963 galls and tumors, 966 crown gall, 966 finger and toes, 969 olive knot, 969 IOI2 INDEX Diseases of plants, tuberculosis of sugar beet, 972 leaf spots, 973 angular leaf spot of cucum- bers, 974 citrus canker, 973 larkspur, 975 plum and peach, 975 sugar beets, 976 rots (black), of cabbage, 978 of calla lily (soft rot), 984 of carrots, other vegetables, 984 of cauliflower, 983 of cocoanut (bud rot), 981 of hyacinth, 085 of musk melon, 986 of orchids (brown rot), 982 of potatoes (basal stem rot), 980 of sugar beets, 987 Wakker's hyacinth disease, 979 wilts, of cucurbits, 988 egg plant, 990 Irish potato, 990 sweet corn, 989 tobacco, 990 tomato, 900 predisposition to, 685 protection against (See protection), 688 transmitted in food, 582 of vinegar, 647 of wine, 608 Disinfectants, 288 acids, 292 alcohols, 293 alkalies, 292 classification of, 291 essential oils, 294 formaldehyde, 294 gases, 294 hydrocarbons, 294 mode of action, 288 salts, 292 Disinfection, 771 Disinfection, concurrent, 771 curve of, 289 factors influencing, 290 terminal, 772 Dispora caucasica, 510 Disposal of factory refuse (canning), 54o Dissemination of microorganisms, 677 Dissociation (See ionization), 158 Distribution of bacteria in soil, 368 Division, nuclear, direct, 34 general, 28 indirect, 28 in molds, 43 Dorset-Niles (hog cholera) serum, 733, 746 Dourine, 888 Droplet infection, 665 Drosophylla cellaris, 648 Drought in soil, 348 Drying of foods, 516 carbohydrates, 521 fats, 522 methods of, 519 proteins, 523 Duke's disease, 855 Dust, infection from, 665 influence in milk, 439, 443 Dysentery, amoebic, 876 antiserum for, 747 bacillary, 816 Dyticus pisanus, 919 EAST coast fever, 896 Ectoplasm, 19 protozoa, 125 Egg plant, wilt of, 990 Eggs, dried, 523 refrigerated, 547 Eimeria avium, 138 stiedae, 889 Electrical conductivity (See ionization), 158 Electricity, influence of, 282 Electrolyte, 159 Electrolytic solution, 158 INDEX IOI3 Electrons, 158 Elimination of microftrganisms from body, 678 Emmenthaler cheese, 500 Empusa aulicae, 918 muscse, 944 Emulsin, 205, 211 Encystment of protozoa, 132 Endo-enzymes, 208, 210, 214 Endo-erepsin, 215 Endomyces decipiens, 42 fibuliger, 41, 42 magnusii, 41, 42, 43 Endo-oxidase, 216 Endoplasm, 19 of protozoa, 125 Endospores, 84 Endothelial tissues, effect of micro- organisms on, 682 Endotoxins, cause of infection, 676 Endo-tryptase, 208, 215 Energid, 15, 16 in molds, 41 Energy, 155 liberated by enzymes, 214 for metabolism, 200 for nutrition, 109 source of, 201 Ensilage, Monascus in, 56 Entamoeba, 134 buccalis, 594, 876 morphology of, 595 coli, 661, 876 agglutination of, 716 in faeces, 599, 601 morphology, 877 dysenteriae, in intestine, 600 isolation from faeces, 601 gingivalis, 876 histolytica, 18, 600 in amoebic dysentery, 876 morphology, 877 meleagridis, 876 in entero-hepatitis of turkeys, 879 tetragena, 661 in amoebic dysentery, 876 Enteritis, balantidium, 809 chronic bacterial, 809 Entero-hepatitis of turkeys, 879 Entomogenous fungi, diseases caused by, 944 Entomophthoraceae, diseases caused by, 944 Enzymes, 204, 248 alcoholase, 208, 214 amidase, 208, 215 amylase, 208, 237 autolytic, 208, 516 of beer, 623 of carbohydrates, 208, 209 casease, 493 in cells, 194 cellulase, 208, 209 chymosin, 208 classification of, 208 coagulating, 208, 213 cytase, 208, 209 diastase, 204, 208, 209 in drying of foods, 516 emulsin, 205, 211 endo-, 208, 210, 214 endo-erepsin, 215 endo-oxidase, 216 endo-tryptase, 208, 215 energy liberated by, 214 erepsin, 208 ereptase, 204, 208, 212 exo-, 208 of fat, 208, 211 of fermentation, 207 galactase, 494 general, 219 hydrolyzing, 208, 209 invertase, 204, 205, 208, 210, 214 katalase, 208, 216 lactacidase, 208, 214 lactase, 208, 210, 214 lipase, 204, 208, 211, 214 maltase, 208, 210, 214 oxidase, 216 oxidase on grapes, 605 oxidizing, 208, 216 ioi4 INDEX Enzymes, pepsin, 204, 208, 212, 214, 491, 494 peptase, 208 peroxidase, 216 properties of, 205 proteases, 208, 211 proteolytic, 208, 211 action upon albumin, egg, fibrin, gelatin, milk, serum, 213 determination of, 212 of yeasts, 215 ptyalin, 208 pyocyanase, 300 reducing, 208, 216 reductases, 208, 216 rennet, 205, 208, 213 rennin, 491 reversibility of action, 218 soluble, 214 steapsin, 208, 211 sucrase, 210 thrombase, 208, 213 trypsin, 204, 208, 212, 214 tryptase, 208 tyrosinase, 208, 216 urease, 208, 214 vinegar-oxidase, 208, 214, 216 in yeast preparation, 560 of yeasts, 215 zymase, 207, 208, 214 Enzymic theory of anabolism, 217 of katabolism, 217 Epiplasm, 27, 45 of yeasts, 69 Epithelial tissues, action of micro* Organisms on, 682 Epitoxoid, 704 Equations of fermentations, 230 Equatorial plates, 28 Erepsin, 208 Ereptase, 204, 208, 212 Ergotism, 591 Erysipelas, 795 of swine, 832 Erythrocytes, effect of microorganisms on, 682 Eubacteria, 79 Euglena splendens, protomitosis of, 31 viridis, 21 Euproctis chrysorrhea, 931, 945 European foul brood, 926 Evaporation of foods, 516 of milk, 505 Exhaustion theory of immunity, 721 Exo-enzymes, 208 Extracellular fermentation, 203 FACTORY refuse (canning), disposal of, 540 Facultative aerobes, 228 anaerobes, 228 parasites, 132, 660 saprophytes, 660 Faeces, microorganisms of, 597 Fat, in cells, 191 enzymes of, 208, 211 fermentation of, 239 in soils, 378 Fatty foods, drying of, 522 preservation of, 522 Favus, 778 Feeding, influence on milk, 443 Fermentation, abnormal of milk, 463 acetic, 235, 636 of acetic acid, 649 of acetone, 649 acid-gas, 235 of alcohol, 634 alcoholic, 225, 231, 234 equation of, 231 in milk, 466 of amygdalin, 211 of beer, 625 of bread, 564 of butter, 483 butter-milk, 512 butyric, 232, 236, 612 of canned foods, 540 carbon dioxide, 199 cellulose, 237, 333, 362, 375 of cheese, 492 of cider, 629 INDEX IOI5 Fermentation, citric, 234, 653 curdled milk, acid, 462, 491 sweet, 464 .of dextrose, 225, 231, 235 of disaccharides, 237 energy of, 214 enzymes of, 207 equations of, 230 extracellular, 203 of fats, 211, 239,334,378 of flax, 658 of ginger beer, 631 glycerin, 239 hippuric acid, 244 hydromel, 629 indigo, 658 intracellular, 203 kefir, 508 kelp, 650 koji, 630 kumyss, 508 lactic, 225, 232, 235, 236 lactic acid, 651 of lactose, 232 of leather, 655 of leben, 510 of malt syrups, 577 of mannit, 611 mead, 629 mechanism of, 203 Mexican pulque, 630 of milk, 460 molds of, 50, 56 moto, 630 of olives, 572 organic matter, 345 perry, 628 pickles, 571 pombe, 631 of protein, 332, 380 proteolytic, 205, 239, 332, 380 ragi, 635 rice beer, 630 of saccharose, 237 of sake, 630 of sauerkraut, 570 Fermentation of sewage, 332 of silage, 574 of starch, 209, 237, 378 of starch manufacture, 579 of sugar, 209, 225, 233, 378 in sugar manufacture, 580 of tanning, 655 of tea, 580 of tobacco, 578 of urea, 243 of vinegar, 640 of waxes, 378 of white lead, 654 of wine, 603 of yahourth, 510 of yeast manufacture, 560 yeasts of, 73 Fever, East Coast, 896 Malta, 791 oroya, 897 relapsing, 901 swamp, 873 of Texas cattle, 894 typhoid, 845 typhus, 874 yellow, 875 Filters, life in, 339 porous, 325 sand, 323 sewage, 341 Filtrable microorganisms (viruses), 119, 661 cultivation of, 121 determination of, 122 evidences of, 119 of flacherie, 935 of sacbrood, 931 Filtrate, blackleg, 731 Filtration of water, 323,324,325 Fingers-and-toes, 969 Fire blight, 959 Fish, chemical preservation of, 551 dried, 523 poisoning, 585 refrigeration of, 544 sterilization of, 534 ioi6 INDEX Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, 400 of complement, 709 Flacherie of gipsy-moth caterpillar, 935 of silkworm, 906 Flagella, 24 of bacteria, 105 formation of, 25 lophotrichous, 105, 106 monotrichous, 105, 106 peritrichous, 105, 106 of protozoa, 127. Flagella ta, characteristics, 134 diseases caused by, 879 locomotion in, 24 Food, alteration by heat, 526 appearance changes, 527 due to heat, 526 B. botulinus in, 587 changes after cold storage, 544 chemical from heating, 527 during chilling, 543 during cold storage, 543 desiccation of, 516 detection of spoilage, 540 digestibility changes in, 528 drying, 516 evaporation of, 516 effect of preservatives, 550 fermented, 559 home canning of, 539 infection from, 666 mechanical disintegration by heat, 527 of microorganisms, 195, 221 alcohol, 224 amino-acids, 223 ammonia, 222, 223 amount required, 221 asparagin, 223 carbohydrates, 223, 226 carbon dioxide, 222, 223, 226 carbon monoxide, 222, 224 for energy, 224 for growth, 222 Food of microorganisms, hydrogen, 222, 224, 226 hydrogen sulphide, 224 methane, 222, 224, 226 methods of securing, 195 minerals, 222, 224 nitrates, 223, 226 nitrites, 224 nitrogen (free), 223 organic acids, 223, 226 oxygen, 223, 226 peptones, 223 in soil, 358 thiosulphate, 224 normal fauna of, 528 normal flora of, 528 palatability changes by heat, 528 pasteurization of, 530 poisoning, 581 preservation by chemicals, 550 by cold, 542 processing of, 532 spoilage of canned, 540 sterilization of, 532 yeast as, 563 Foot-and-mouth disease, 859 Foot rot of sheep, 838 Formaldehyde, as' disinfectant, 294 as preservative, 557 Formic acid as preservative, 556 Foul brood, American, 920 European, 926 Fowl diphtheria, 818 plague, 860 Frambocesia, 904 Freezing of organisms, 274 Fruits, chemical preservation of, 553 pasteurization of juices, 530 refrigeration of, 548 sterilization of, 535 Fungi, basis of classification, 37 general, 36 imperfect, 40, 61 reproduction of, 37 Fusarium, general characters of, 57 INDEX IOI7 GALACTIMA succosa, mesomitosis of, S3 Galleria melonella, 946 Gallionella ferruginea, 1 10 Galls, crown, 966 Gametocytes, of protozoa, 131 Gas gangrene, antiserum for, 745 Gassy cheese, 498 fermentation of milk, 463 Gelatin, 523 Gemma, 37 Gemmulation, 27 of protozoa, 128 Geni to-urinary tract, 692 Geotropism, 284 German measles, 855 Germicidal action of milk, 461 Germination of ascospores, 67 of spores, 86 Ghee, 522 Ginger beer, 631 Gipsy moth caterpillar, parasitic bac- teria of, 945 pseudograsserie of, 930 wilt disease of, 935 Gipsy moth, Japanese disease of, 909 Glanders, 819 agglutination test for, 752 mallein test for, 750 Glaucoma piriformis, 19 Glossina morsitans, 882, 887 palpalis, 882 Glycogen, as reserve product, 22 Gonorrhoea, 785 antiserum for, 746 Gorgonzola cheese, 502 Gortyna ochracea, 946 Granulobacter pectinovorum, 658 Graphitosis, 920 Gravity, influence of, 284 Gregarinae, 137 carbohydrate in, 190 Growth, inhibition of, 288 stimulation of, 286 Gryllus pennsylvanicus, 917 Guaranteed milk, 432 Gymnoasceae, 61 ILEMOGREGARIN^E, 139 Haemoproteus, 139 Hemorrhagic septicaemia, 825 Haemosporidia, 138 pathogenic, 890 Hail, microorganisms in, 317 Hanneton commun, 946 de la Saint- Jean, 946 Haplosporidia, 139 parasitic, 898 Haptophile receptors, 700 Haptophore group, 700 Heat as preservative, 524 production, 250 required for canning, 536 Heliotaxis, 280 Heliotropism, 280 Hemagglutinins, 717 Hemolysins, 705 normal, 696 Hemoopsonins, 714 Hepatozoon perniciosum, 139 Herpes tonsurans, 777 Herpetomonas, characteristics, 135 muscae-domesticae, 134 Heterogamy, 34 Heterolysins, 696 Heterotrophic organisms, 223 Higher bacteria, 107 plants in soil, 367 Hippuric acid, production of, 243 Histoplasma capsulatum, 139, 900 History of canning, 524 of microbiology, 1 of non-symbiotic nitrogen- fixation, 401 of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, 405 Hog cholera, 860 antiserum for, 733, 746 Holophytic organisms, 196 Holozoic organisms, 196 Home canning of foods, 539 Hormodendron, 57 ioi8 INDEX Hormones, 147 Horse pox, 857 Horse sickness, 863 Hyacinth, soft rot of, 985 Wakker's disease, 979 Hydrogen, displaceable, 160 as food, 222, 224, 226 oxidation in soil, 351, 377 production in soil, 375 sulphide as food, 224 Hydrogen ion concentration, determina- tion of, 165 of soils, 356 theory of, 162 Hydrolyzing enzymes, 208, 209 Hydromel, 629 Hydrophilus pistaceus, 919 Hyperimmune serum, 746 Hypha, 36 Hyphomycetes, 251 Hyposulphite oxidation, 201 ICE CREAM, 512 increase of bacteria during storage, poisoning, 586 Immunity, acquired, 687, 697, 725 active, 697, 725 definition of, 684 exhaustion theory of, 721 familial, 688 general, 684 individual, 688 of insects, 946 natural, 687, 725 factors of, 688 noxious retention theory of, 721 passive, 697, 608, 725 phagocytic theory of, 723 plants, 950 racial, 687 side chain theory of, 722 theories of, 721 Imperfect fungi, 40, 61 Index, opsonic, 712 percentage, 713 Index, phagocytic, 712 Indigo, 658 Indirect division of nucleus, 28 Indol, production of, 241 Infantile kala azar, 880 paralysis, 864 control of, in London, Canada, 763 Infection, air-borne, 664 animal carriers of, 667 by biological agents, 773 cause of, 675 contact, 668 defined, 659 droplet, 665 dust, 665 factors influencing, 674 food, 581, 666 human carriers, 668 manner of entering body, 664 milk-borne, 467, 666 number of organisms involved in, 674 resistance against, 675 routes of, 669, 754 soil, 666 sources of, 664 staphylococcic, 792 streptococcic, 795 variations of, 672 virulence of, 674 water-borne, 666 Infectious mastitis, 789 Inflammatory processes, 693 Influenza, 822 Influenza-pneumonia vaccine, 738 Infusoria, characteristics, 139 parasitic, 899 Inheritance of disease, 685 Inorganic food preservatives, 555 Insects, diseases of, 005 immunity in, 946 pathology of, 946 Inspected milk, 432 Intercellular relations, 300 Intestine, microorganisms of, 596 INDEX IOI9 Intestine, protection by, 691 Intracellular fermentation, 203 Invertase, 204, 205, 208, 210, 214 Involution forms, 80 Iodococcus magnus, in mouth, 594 parvus, in mouth, 594 vaginatus, in mouth, 594 Ion, 159 Ionization, 158 anion, 159, 160 anode, 160 atoms, 158 cathode, 160 cations, 159, 160 displaceable hydrogen, 160 , electron, 158 valence electron, 158 Iron in soil, 425 Isinglass, in fining wine, 620 Isogamous fertilization, 131 Isogamy, 34, 131 Isohemottpsonin, 714 Isolysin, 696 Isoprecipitin, 719 JAMS, preservation of, 522 Japanese gipsy moth disease, 909 Jellies, preservation of, 522 June beetle larvae, bacterial disease of, 906 KAKKE,59i Kala azar, 879 infantile, 880 Karyokinesis, 28 in bacteria, 89 in molds, 43 in protozoa, 130 in yeasts, 68 Karyosome, 17 Katabolism, 200, 203 enzymic theory of, 217 Katalase, 208, 216 Kefir, 508 grain of, 513 Kelp, 650 Kinds of cheese, 500 Kinetonucleus, 18 Koji, 630 Kumyss, 508 LACHNOSTERNA spp., 906 Lactacidase, 208, 214 Lactase, 208, 210, 214 Lactic acid, production of, 651 bacteria in milk, 446 in wine, 610 fermentation, 235 equation of, 225, 232 Lager beer, 622 Lamblia, characteristics, 136 intestinalis, 137, 600 in faeces, 599 morphology, 136 Lamellicorna, 920 septicaemia of larvae of, 929 Larkspur, leaf spot of, 975 Laverania malarias, 892 sporozoits of, 138 Leather, manufacture of, 655 ^ pure culture for, 656 Leben, 510 Leish mania, disease producing, 879 donovani, 900 morphology, 880 infantum, 880 tropica, in Delhi boil, 881 Leishmaniasis, localized, 881 Leochracea, no Leprosy, 828 Leptospira icteriodes, in yellow fever, 876 Leptothrix buccalis, in mouth, 594 ochracea, no Lettuce, blight of, 954 Leucin, 241 Leucocytes, effect of microorganisms on, 682 in milk, 471 Leucocytotoxin, 710 Leucocytozoon lovati, spore formation in, 27 1020 INDEX Leuconostoc mesenterioides, 522 Leucoplastids, 20 Life, cycle of protozoa, 131 Light, heliotaxis, 280 heliotropism, 280 influence of, 278 upon organisms in water, 319 phototaxis, 280 phototropism, 280 production, 251 radium rays, 281 X-rays, 281 Linin, 16 of protozoa, 126 Lipase, 204, 208, 211, 214 Locomotion, 24 protozoa, 127 Locusts, bacterial disease of, 912 Luetin, 753 Lug worm, bacterial disease of gut epithelium, 929 Lungs, protection by, 691 Lymantria dispar, 930, 946 Lymphangitis, mycotic, 782 Lysin, 704 bacterio-, 705 cyto-, 705 hemo-, 705 hetero-, 696 iso-, 696 structure of, 706 Lysinogen, 706 Lyssa, 868 MACARONI, 522 Macrogametes, in protozoa, 131 in yeasts, 70 Macron ucleus, 18 Madura foot, 781 Magnesia in soil, 417 Mai de caderas, 887 Malacosoma neustria, 946 Malaria, 800 Malignant oedema, 839 Mallein, 750 Malt syrups, 577 Malta fever, 791 Maltase, 208, 210, 214 Malting, 560 of beer, 623 Manganese in soil, 425 Mannitic bacteria, in wine, 61 z Market milk, 430 Mastitis, infectious, 789 Matzoon, 510 Mead, 629 Measles, 855 Meat, chemical preservation of, 551 jerked, 523 poisoning, 584 refrigeration of, 544 sterilization of, 533 Mechanical effects, influence of, 283 Mechanism of cells, 151 Media, grape juice as culture, 603 soil as culture, 346 wine as culture, 603 Melolontha vulgaris, 918, 925 Membrane, 23 impermeable, 175 permeable, 175 semi-permeable, 175 undulating, 25, 127 Meningitis, epidemic cerebrospinal, 787- 789 antiserum for, 745 control of, in London, Canada, 763 Mercaptan, 242 Merismopedia, 87 Merozoites, 129 Mesomitosis, 32 in protozoa, 130 in yeasts, 69 Metabiosis, 298 Metabolism, 195, 200, 203 mechanism of, 203 products of, 233 physical, 250 of protozoa, 198 relation of infectious organisms to, 681 INDEX I02I Metachromatic corpuscles, 20, 22 in bacteria, 90, 101 in molds, 44 in yeasts, 64, 67 Metachromatic 45 Metachromatism in molds, 44 Metamitosis, 30 Metaphase, 28 Methane, as food, 222, 224, 226 oxidation in soil, 377 production in soil, 375 Methods of attenuating viruses, 726 of control of infectious diseases, 756 of counting microorganisms in milk, 471 of disinfection, 771 of infection, 659 of study of bacteria in digestive tract, 601 of study of bacteria in soil, 370 Mexican pulque, 630 Microbial content of milk, 429 diseases of plants, 949 food poisoning, 581 Microbiology, of acetic acid, 649 of acetone, 649 of air, 303 of alcohol, distilled, 631 of antisera, 740 of beer, 622 of bread, 564 of butter, 474 of cheese, 486 of cider, 628 of citric acid, 652 of compressed yeast, 559 of dairy (various) products, 504 of diseases of insects, 905 of fermented foods, 559 of food poisoning, 581 of