None
2 40 0 654 17 01 8 171 00 101 51 165 09 84 31 70 2 40 0 653 17 04 4 178 25 101 39 164 88 84 15 69 2 40 0 650 17 06 4 182 00 100 92 163 09 S3 53 «s 2 40 0 648 17 06 4 186 50 100 69 161 73 83 02 67 2 40 0 644 17 07 4 195 50 100 11 158 23 81 65 66 2 40 0 642 17 11 4 204 75 99 87 153 88 79 41 455 9 40 0 635 17 12 4 218 75 98 83 145 43 75 79 63 2 40 0 633 17.10 4 233 25 98 37 134 85 70 69 64 - 2 40 0 633 17 10 4 247 50 98 37 121 62 63 75 S3 2 00 0 549 17 20 3 152 33 85 65 129 45 77 4S 82... 2 00 0 553 17 21 4 160 75 86 20 •131 96 78 44 81 2 00 0 552 17 18 4 168 75 85 98 131 70 78 69 SO 2 00 0 552 17 14 3 181 00 85 98 130 80 78 26 79 2.00 0 548 17 16 3 191 00 85 43 126 98 76 38 78 2.00 0.539 17.17 4 205.00 84.01 118 51 72.45 77 2.00 0.534 17.18 4 219 50 83.24 107 86 66 51 2.00 0.531 17.24 3 232.00 82.91 93.89 57.92 76 2.00 0.530 17.23 4 240 25 82 69 83 34 51 58 74 2 00 0 513 17 36 3 28' 00 80 42 810 Test Data of Turbine Water Wheels. TABLE 100. Holyoke Tests of a 30-inch Left Hand Smith (Type R) Turbine. Long conical Draft-tube. Swing-gate. Number of the experi- ment. Proportional part of Head acting on the wheel. In feet. Dura- tion of the experi- ment. Inmin Revolu- tions of the wheel. Per min. Quan- tity of water dis- charged by the wheel. Cubic ft. per sec. Power devel- oped bv the wheel. H. P. Effic- iency of the wheel. In per cent. the full opening of the. speed- jrate. the full dis- charge of the wheel. Per cent. 1 2  1.030 1.016 1.002 1.070 0.910 0.919 0.931 0.940 0.950 0.956 0.964 0.969 0.962 0.954 1.020 0.859 0.870 0.883 0.891 0.896 0.896 0.901 0.903 0.903 0.898 0.891 0.889 0.891 0.925 0.948 0.809 0.818 0.828 0.836 0.837 0.839 0.839 0.832 0.828 0.828 0.834 0.856 0.856 16.62 16.01 15.97 15.92 15.88 15.81 15.69 15.63 15.60 15.63 15.60 15.38 16.21 16.16 16.12 16.09 16.05 16.07 16.01 16.01 16.03 16.03 15.83 16.42 16.35 16.32 16.27 16.26 16.27 16.24 16.23 16.29 16.23 16.23 16.19 16.17 16.10 16.08 16.71 16.65 16.52 16.43 16.49 16.41 16.44 16.46 16.45 16.44 16.44  215.25 226.50 234.25 241.00 246.00 327.71 141.00 156.50 171.75 182.75 193.50 202.25 209.00 219.75 225.50 251.25 332.00 141.25 156.25 174.25 184.25 188.75 190.25 194.75 202.25 208.00 211.00 215.50 223.50 237.25 265.40 333.00 144.00 156.75 168.25 178.75 184.50 188.00 195.25 199.00 203.50 212.75 229.75 250.00 253.40 127.67 150.47 151.41 152.62 154.79 156.95 159.00 159.95 159.68 157.64 155.33 164.62 143.69 145.01 146.61 147.93 149.27 150.34 151.28 152.08 151.14 149.94 159.27 136.50 138.06 139.89 141.07 141.72 141.85 142.51 142.77 143.03 141.99 140.80 140.28 140.54 145.68 149.13 129.82 130.97 131.99 132.89 133.40 133.40 133.40 132.50 131.74 131.74 132.63 136.37 135.98 20 223.10. 229.70 235.21 241.59 244.06 241.98- 235.04 '222.82 201.46 177.27 81.66 83.76 85.36 86.66 86.73 85.53 82.90 78.87 72.10 64.51 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 ift so 215.41 225.55 232.68 237.05 239.84 241.35 240.97 234.37 221.00 173.81 81.55 84. S7 86. SI 87.82 88. Smith Turbine. TABLE 100— Continued. 811 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 • 0 y2... 0.726 0.749 16.80 4 14:. ::. 120 42 1^' ",". 82 40 91 0.726 0.758 16 76 4 160 25 121 78 r>* »;•' 85 81 90 0 726 0 765 16 72 4 172 25 122 78 203 57 87 44 89 0.726 0 768 16 77 4 182 00 123 40 "lit tin 87 18 88 0 726 0 765 16 75 4 187 25 122 78 199 71 85 62 87 0 726 0 759 16 74 4 191 25 121 78 192 94 83 46 86 0.726 0.756 16 74 4 201 50 121 40 185 86 SO 64 85 0 726 0 764 16 72 4 216 50 122 65 180 98 77 82 ^ 0.726 0 772 16 71 4 237 50 123 90 171 15 72 89 83 0 726 0 787 16 67 4 257 75 126 15 156 01 65 42 68 0.64"9 0 662 16 93 3 145 67 106 80 163 76 79 86 t>9... 0 649 0 670 17 01 3 159 33 108 36 172 68 89 61 67 0 649 0 674 16 97 4 169 00 108 95 175 37 83 64 66 0 649 0 668 16 96 3 178 00 108 00 169 32 81 51 65 0 649 0 665 16 97 3 189 00 107 52 163 44 TS SS 64 0 649 0 661 16 97 4 209 50 106 92 150 97 73 37 62 0 649 0 662 17 00 4 230 50 107 16 132 88 64 32 63 0 649 0 695 16 90 4 267 25 112 09 107 85 50 20 45 0.578 0.596 17.05 4 147.00 96.53 144.07 77.18 44 0.578 0.601 17.02 4 160.75 97.22 148.27 79.01 46 0.578 0.599 17.05 4 166.25 96.99 146.64 78.19 43 0.578 0.598 17.03 5 174.80 96.87 146.12 78.10 42 0.578 0.595 17.07 3 187.00 96.41 140.15 75.09 41 0.578 0.592 17.09 4 205.25 96.07 130.16 69.90 40 0.578 0.593 17.04 4 224.00 96.07 116.22 62.60 39 0.578 0.596 17.02 5 249.00 96.53 86.13 46.22 38 0 478 0 525 17 18 4 144.50 85 43 124.96 75.07 37 0.478 0.524 17.20 I 154.25 85.32 124.49 74.80 36 0.478 0.525 17.13 4 163.75 85.32 122.72 74.04 35 0 478 0 520 17.16 4 177.00 84.55 117.35 71.32 34 0.478 0.519 17.17 4 192.50 84.34 110.98 67.57 32 0.478 0.523 17.23 4 221.75 85.21 95.88 57.58 33 0.478 0.525 17.18 4 249.50 85.43 57.53 34.57 7... 0.382 0.429 17.36 4 142.00 70.20 98.23 71.08 6 0 382 0 426 17 36 4 165 00 69 69 95 12 69.33 8 0.382 0.418 17.35 4 186.75 68.37 SO. 75 60.02 5 0 382 0 424 17 35 4 215 25 69 28 62 04 45 51 9 0.382 0.427 17 37 4 239 75 69 79 34 55 25.13 4 0 382 0 430 17 28 4 '51 00 70 10 97 0 304 0 316 17 86 4 152 75 52 47 66 04 . 62 14 96... 0 304 0 315 17 87 4 178 00 52 19 56 44 53 36 95 0 304 0 315 17 87 4 199 75 52 19 40 30 38 11 94 0.304 0 318 17 92 4 221 75 52 75 19 18 17 89 93 0 304 0 317 17 91 4 225 25 52 66 3 0 191 0 236 17 SO 5 196 00 39 00 2 0.143 0.170 17.91 4 169.25 28.15 1 0.096 0 111 18 15 4 134 75 18 50 812 Test Data of Turbine Water Wheels. TABLE 101. HolyoTce Tests of a 30-inch Right Hand Improved Special Samson Turbine. Swing-gate. Conical Draft-tube. Number of the experi- ment. Proportional part of Head acting on the wheel. In feet. Dura- tion of the experi- ment. In min. Revolu- tions of the wheel. Per min. Quan- tity of water dis- charged by the wheel. Cubic ft. per sec. Power devel- oped I)V the wheel. 11. P. Effic- iency of the wheel. In pel- cent. the full opening of the speed- gate. the full dis- charge of the wheel. Per cent. 37 36 34 32 31 33 30 29 28 27 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42... 41 •. ... 40 39 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72... Special Samson Turbine. TABLE 101— Continued. 813 1 - 3 4 5 « 7 8 9 89... 0.600 0 658 17 18 3 153 33 196 91 208 31 84 31 S8 0.600 0.665 17.15 g 164.00 128 17 215 22 S6.40 86 0.600 0 670 17 11 3 170 67 128 80 217 07 S6 92 s7 0.600 0 671 17 12 4 175 75 129 06 218 45 87 25 85 0 600 0 672 17 V! 4 180 50 129 44 219 13 87 21 S4 0.600 0 670 17 17 3 186 00 129 18 215 06 85 56 S3 0 600 0 669 17 17 4 192 50 128 93 211 45 84 29 82 0 600 0 670 17 18 3 9Q2 00 129 06 204 36 81 34 SI 0 600 0 675 17 18 5 223 00 130 08 193 38 76 36 96... 0 500 0 560 17 48 3 149 00 108 83 172 28 79 92 0 500 0 564 17 .",1 4 157 25 109 67 177 29 81 46 .. 97 0 500 0 565 17 46 3 161 67 109 79 177 58 81 75 :M 0 500 0 564 17 51 3 166 00 109 79 177 54 81 50 83 0.500 0.565 17.51 3 174 67 109 91 176 71 81.03 92 0.500 0 564 17 50 3 187 00 109 79 172 97 79 45 ;<1 0 500 0 565 17 50 3 203 00 109 91 164 30 75 38 90 0.500 0 572 17 50 3 223 33 111 24 154 93 70 23. APPENDIX C COEFFICIENTS FOR WEIRS OF VARIOUS SHAPES. These figures are reduced directly from the diagrams of Mr. George W. Rafter in the Report of the Board of Engineers of Deep Waterways, 1900. Head on Crest of Weir in Feet ,3,-P, , , , r-r , ,4,P, Fig. 431. — Weir Coefficients for Weirs of Various Shapes. Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. 8 1 5 Head on Crest of Weir in Peer 2/> ifl . 40 ... 3.0 4.0 •fead on Crest of Weir in Feet Fig. 432.— Weir Coefficients for Weirs of Various Shapes. 8 1 6 Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. Head on Crest of Weir in feet 3.0 4.0 z.o *o ^470 Head on Crest of Weir in Fee! Fig. 433. — Weir Coefficients for Weirs of Various Shapes. Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. 81 7 Head on Crest of Weir in Feet 2:0 so fo Head on Crest of Weir in Feet Fig. 434.— Weir Coefficients for Weirs of Various Shapes. 818 Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. Head on Crest of Weir in Feet. 2.0 3.0 4.0 0,0 1.0 Head on Great of Weir in Feet Fig. 435. — Weir Coefficients for Weirs of Various Shapes. « N <*. ,; Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. 819 ? 5 s S 5 • s t) ^ *- ^ 5X I| ft ,j i Q 11 j ^ >» * tk m t ^ H ft w §s 'V^ i 1 ^ Oj ' °^ 2, «1 % K <f, N p. * 2 > \ \\ fl 3 k v-^ 4 V JR C) • ^. -H ^J J! «> 0 \ \\^ 3 <& S • Vj < IB i ,8 N § § S § B o 2 \ \\ \\ <a T* N r~ t ^ J , N 10 N ^ 5 5 •? s * § ; \ ' \\\ i & * ^ 05 *) 3 r ^ I o S fci 1 J ^\ \\\J Q i | n m 1 > .V k. Q t t fcS i N > i* ^ oi 5 N fi »> 5! * :•* s_ \ ^ V 5 ^ j *\ k° f) 5 .2 3 1 \ \ \\\ Q • *• ^ \ S a 54 \ ,\ '\V , fl ft 1^ V <0 ^ -c- 1 <n ? 3§ § 5 Q «J § X § Si g S -«H * «* \ ^\v 5 •^ o %| ^ ^i N ^ i •« 5 ^ K r^ fc '^ * ^ 1 \ t\ 3 i ft ?l \5 | ^i (3 ? )!> ss 5 gs '> \ \ ^ V \\ V * Q f i o v^ 1 oi 5^ * N * S ^ £ * S *}§ ? S^S '-" \ \ \\\ i r>. M =*=] f ^ 510 z. s \ \\\ ft F *\ m \ 1 \V ^ 3 ft I -f i s 1 Q : i S n j ) * § S N; <l* ^> « \ s :\ \ 0^ t ft ^ \ ^ .^ i ^ -• •> « ^j 0) S (T> t* ^^ -3 5 i 3 \ \ \\ ft \^ 5 ^ •» Q C S *> V \ \ \ \ ft ft * ~'\ i 1 »! iS N ^ ft J 5 »i « %$ ~ *^ "Z \ s \\ \ V ?! y n * ^^ ^ \ \ \^\ ft r > **( =• I \ N > s^ \ ft i' 3 < t\ ^ Ji ^ ^>» s ft 5; 1 f i 01 1 \ N \ S \ N 1- jjt V, tvi <0 N •i *i M ^ Q '£. *S a | ! OL ^ \ \ ^ \V 5 V 3 S«^ x i < «2 s t) \ \\ x L « ^ i- rt \ I ! ! i 8- I \ \ \ \ ', 4 t! *!.« * v «- £ I | •i k \ V>x' a ^ 5E.8 ° <i V c I l § ^ ^ s \ s \ N ^ 5 c 5' «o 0 ft ^ £ | ij i J 5 i I \ V N .5) t- <0 OS ft Z. 1 r r * I \ s N cs i*i 1 ij j v« L s \ N ^ ^ * ^^ | s I > n i \ \ \ ^\ "! 5 '. 0 « _ « vs * i QC h 8. •> 1 I P1 \ ^\ 5 \ *>$ ^ ^ *r) ' 8 !e «i \ s^ \ v ^N v £ i* j'i ^ n \ \^ ^ ^ * • > > i; ti 's 5 ic \ ^s 1 S s <r> ^ >, I-1-- eP V \ \! \^ If Ei | \i i ii ^ ^ X 1 U K" ti K ^ S ^ N I i ^ ^ 820 Coefficients For Weirs of Various Shapes. I I I INDEX. PAGE Acceleration, water hammer 443 Air chamber, application of 430 Air inlets, penstock 551 Alden dynamometer 355, 367 Allen, Prof. C. M., testing wheels. 366 Allis-Chalmers, governor, turbine 480 governor connections 489 relief valve 495 Alpena Power Co., general plan 603 plant 563 tainter gate 649 American Power Plant, costs 671 American turbine, discharge with fixed gate 305 Analysis and selection, turbine... 372 Analysis, turbine, characteristic curve 382 graphical, method of 372 graphical, value of 388 literature 407 necessity for 396 reductions, conditions at unit, diameter and head 376 reduction to uniform head con- ditions 372 reduction to unit head condi- tions 375 specifications, explicit 401 specifications, unsatisfactory.. 397 symbols used 372 Appleton, Wis., tainter gate 649 Apron, dam 614 Archibald, E. M., cost of power 684, 695 Atkins, Jearum, early impulse wheel 15 Austin, Texas, concrete dam 624 Auxiliary power, effect of . 175 Auxiliary power — Con. PAGE necessary to supplement stor- age 184 study of 730 use of 193 B Back water, computations 106 conditions causing 101 conditions for large changes in section 104 conditions for small changes in section 104 definition 103 effect on riparian rights 609 example of computation 106 mathematical expressions 103 method of computation 106 study of 728 Barker's mill 5 Bazin, experiments on weirs 117 formula for stream flow 74 Bearings, European 256 Geylin glass suspension 252 horizontal turbine 257 Kingsbury thrust 255 lignum vitae 252 literature 274 shafting 540 submerged 258 thrust 259 thrust, A. Giesler 259 thrust, Kingsbury 255 thrust, Mississippi River Pow- er Co 254 thrust, Niagara Falls Power Co 253 thrust, pressures on 260 thrust, Snoqualmie Falls 259 vertical turbine... . 252 822 Index. PAGE Bear trap, gates 647 Benjamin, Prof. C. H., power dis- tribution, losses in 675 Betiva dam, flood gate 654 Black River Falls, dam at «12 flood flow at 612 tainter gate 648 Bologna, Italy, turbine installation 510 Bonds, water power development. . 711 Boom, gate protection 656 Boott Cotton Mills, Francis turbine 11 wheel, flow through 286 Boyden tiiff user 272 Boyden, Uriah A., development of modern tur- bine 9, 11 testing wheels 339 Brake, Alden dynamometer... 355,367 prony ... 335,338,339,355,357,358 Brown, Ralph T., development of tangential wheel 18 Bucket, turbine (see "Water Wheel Runner") Buckets, tangential wheel 17, 18 Buffalo, International Railway load curves 53 Calgary Power Co., Ltd., turbine.. 518 Canadian power plant, cost esti- mates 670 Capacity factor, definition of 60 Cataract Power & Conduit Co., method of charging for power.. 695 Central Georgia Power Co., plant, Ocmulgee River 578 Central Hydraulic Plant, Cohoes, N. Y., plant 572 Channel (see also "Stream Flow"), changes in section, Missouri River 94 determination of cross-section 76 effiect of condition on gradient 86 efficiency of section 74 Channel — Con. i-.u.t gradient as affected by changes inflow 83 measurement of cross-section. 122 river, flow in 80 variation in factors of flow... 81 Chase, Stewart, testing wheels 340 Characteristic curve, turbine analy- sis 382 Chanoine wickets 647 Chesuncook dam, logway 663 Chicago Sanitary District, cost power plant 673 Christiania power station, load curves 47 Church, I. P., water hammer 441 Chute case, design of ....;. 263 material 263 turbine 262 Coefficients, turbine, defined 323 design, range of 328 efficiency, value for maximum 327 impulse wheel, specific power. 322 maximum efficiency 386 power and relative speed. .... 385 power coefficient 318 range of turbine design 328 reaction wheel, specific power. 323 relations 323 specific speed 320 specific power 320 specific power, use of 386 speed, for maximum efficiency 383 variations of 323, 326, 383 various wheels, from catalog. . 389 various wheels, from Holyoke tests 389 Coefficients, weirs, various shapes. 814 Color solution, discharge measure- ment 352 Columbus Power Co., plant 565 Commonwealth Edison Co., growth of load 55, 56 Conant, R. W., power plants, op- erating expense 684 Index. 823 Concord Electric Co., PAGE plant 562 turbine setting 513 Concrete dam, Austin, Texas 624 Wisconsin River Power Co. . . 622 Constantine, Mich., head gates 656 Construction, water power develop- ment 707, 735 Conversion, units of energy 40 Corrosion, turbine runner (see "Water Wheel Runner") Cost, plant, American 671 depreciation 673 estimates 673, 731 financial considerations 721 foreign 672 power plant 668 power and power plants 680 Cost, power, power 668 annual cost 673 distribution 675 economy effected by improve- ments 696 estimates 687 factors involved 679 limits of 725 literature 697 load effect of 675 market price 690 method of charging for power. 695 j Ontario Power Commission 669, 686 other than water power 682 operation 674 sale of 692 sale of, difficulties. . .- 717 sale of, equitable basis 695 value of property 696 value of power, measure of... 715 water power 669 Current meter, accuracy of 121 discharge measurement 352 methods of use 123 observations .. .122 Current meter — Con. PAGE rating of 121 use of 119 D Dams, appendages to 647 apron 614 Austin, Texas 624 baffled overfall, Gatun 621 Black River Falls 612 classification 608 discharge curve 188 earthen 616 failure due to gates 652 fishway in 663 flood gates (see "Gate") 648 foundations of 610 Gatun, Panama 621 head at 609 height of, and head 190 height of, limits 609 Holyoke Water Power Co. .... 622 impervious construction 615 Janesville, Wis 613 literature 628 logway in 663 Marathon Paper Mills 615 masonry, calculations for sta- bility 618 masonry, curved profile 621 masonry, design of 617 masonry, stability of 616 masonry, uplift 620 masonry, vacuum under sheet. 621 McCall's Ferry 622 Montana Power Co 626 movable 647 movable, control of head water 190 movable, literature .- . . 665 Olympian Power Co 616 power of overfall 615 power station in 603 principles of construction. 608, 610 purpose of 608 relation to power station 588 relation to tail water 195 rock fill.. . 616 824 Index. Dams — Con. PAGE Sewall's Falls 626 Southern Wisconsin Power Co. 614 spillway 612 spillway profile calculation ... 624 spillway, stepped profile ., 624 strength of 611 stresses in 611 timber crib 616 types and details 628 water power 608 Wisconsin River Power Co. .. . 622 deCour, Mathon, fundamental ideas of turbines 5 Depreciation, charges for 673 Deerfield River, plant No. 2 568 Design of plant (see "Plant De- sign") Diameter, turbine, discharge relations 307 measurement of 246 power relations 317 reduction to unit conditions.. 376 Discharge, river (see "Stream Flow") Discharge, turbine, fixed gate 302 measurement of 351 relation to diameter 307 relation to head 302 Doble, tangential wheel bucket 18 Dodd, tangential wheel bucket 18 Dolgeville Electric Light and Pow- er Co., plant 573 turbine installation 530. Draft tubes, advantages 270 application of 502 Boyden diffuser 272 function of , 268 Girard turbine 274 length of 270,271 literature 275 material 271 turbine 268 vacuum in 270 velocity head in 268 Draft tubes — Con. PAGE velocity recovery in 289 Duration curve, flow and power. . . 202 E Earthen dam 61 fi Economy, dam, height of 609 improvements, value of 696 load conditions for 58, 59 machinery selection for 533 water wheels, economic num- ber 201 Economy Light and Power Co., general plan 601 turbines 528 Edison Electric Co., Kern River plant 234 Efficiency, average plant 36 coefficients for maximum val- ues 327,386 combined plant 31 comparative, of turbine gates. 266 definition of 29 determination of 356 discharge and power relations 373 energy utilized 28 gate, relation to 379 graphical calculation of plant losses 36 guaranteed 238, 366 head, effect of 193 limits, natural 28 limits, practical 28 maximum, tangential wheel speed for 282 power and discharge relations 373 power relations 385 relative, of water wheels.... 212 single machines 29, 35 specific power relations.. 330, 385 speed coefficient for maximum 383 speed relations 313 speed relations, practical dem- onstration 301 turbine 313 turbine, Doble wheel 214 Index. 825 Efficiency — Con. turbine, Fourneyron 213 turbine, Francis 214 turbine, Jonval 213 turbine, speed for maximum . . 300 Egyptian tympanum 18 Electricity, units of energy 39 Electrical Development Co., On- tario, governors of 480 Ellis, T. G., testing wheels 341 Emerson, James, testing wheels. . . 339 ] Energy, amount that can be utilized. . 28 | conversion units 40 deficiency during increasing load 447 due to momentum 27 due to pressure 27 due to weight 27 excess during decreasing load 447 expression in terms of horse power 27 literature 43 lost in friction 455 lost in wheel 350 mathematical expression 27 necessity to change penstock velocity 417, 426 potential 26 relation to velocity in reac- tion wheel 289 standpipe, supplied by 453 transformation of 278 transformation, limits to effi- ciency 28 units of 39 Estimate, construction costs 704 contingencies in 673 cost plant 731 cost of power 687 Fairbairn, development of breast wheel 3 Financial, bonds 711 Financial— Con. PAffl development, considerations. . . 703 fair returns 713 financing methods 708, 732 head 721 investigation, extent of 722 investment companies, require- ments of 709 maintenance, financial consid- erations 721 market, consideration of. . 720, 724 possibilities of financing 712 sale of power, difficulties 717 securities 709 State stock and bond laws... 714 stocks 710 stocks and bonds 711 value of power, measure of . . . 715 water power development, ele- ments of success 719 water supply 720 Fishways 657 literature 667 Five halves power, table 741 Flashboards 653 automatic 654 headwater control 190 literature 665 support of 654 Floats, discharge measurement... 352 Flood flow, spillway for 612 vlood gate 648 vlow of streams (see "Stream Flow") Flow, turbine, discharge, fixed gate. 302 example, relation to diameter 309 relation to diameter 307 relative velocity 301 through wheel 192 vlow of water, penstocks, friction in.... 544 ^ly wheel regulation, effect on. . 436, 447, 500 value of 427 Wisconsin Public Service Co.. 518 Foreign power plants, cost 672 Fester, H. A., cost of power 684 826 Index. Fourneyron, PAGE development of modern turbine 8 testing, systematic 338 turbine, flow through 286 Foundation, dam 610 pervious 611 rock 611 Fox River, deficiencies in flow 154 hydrographs at Rapide Croche dam 152 maximum and minimum dis- charges 156 Francis, J. B., experiments with rod floats . . 131 flow through reaction wheel.. 285 testing Boott wheel 357 testing wheels 339 weir formula. 117 Fresno, California, feeder pipe, failure of 421 Friction, hydraulic, losses due to 350, 455 Friction factor, table of 545 Friction, mechanical, losses due to, in turbine 350 G Garratt, Allan V., governing 484 Gates, bear trap 647 Chanoine wicket 647 control of head water 190 Gates, flood 612, 648 automatic drop shutter 654 effect of debris 652 effect of ice 656 flashboards (see "Flash- boards") 653 hoist 649, 655 literature 665 Marathon Paper Mills 652 movable 649 tainter 603, 648 use of 651 Gate, head 655 hoist for 655, 657 PAGE Gates, turbine 264 comparative efficiency 266 connection 265 cylinder 264 effect of part gate 288 fixed, speed-resistance rela- tions 410 Girard turbines 266 governor connection 485, 489 head effective during changes 445 movement, rate of 421 needle nozzle 266 power, effect of movement 447 register . . .__ 265 relative advantages 266 Snoqualmie Falls 265 speed, effect .on 315 tantgential wheels. . . , 266 water hammer due to move- ment of 440 wicket 264, 265 Gatun, dam 621 power station, turbine setting 513 Gauge, effect of ice on readings 100 readings at Kilbourn 89 relation of gauge heights to flow 91 Gauging station, establishing rating curve 134 rating curve 134 selection of 130, 134 *ears, connection of, vertical tur- bine 537 Jeological conditions, study of . . . 727 Mesler, A., thrust bearing 259 Glocker-White governor 480 overning (see "Regulation") overnor, turbine, action of 460 Allis-Chalmers Co 480 closed system 488 control from switchboard 484 dead beat 418 earliest type 3 gate connections 485,489 Index. 827 Governor, turbine — Con. PAGE Glocker-White 480 hunting or racing 418 hydraulic, advantages of 479 hydraulic, essential features of 468 ideal 413 location of 487 Lombard hydraulic. 468 Lombard, results with 472 mechanical 462 mechanical, advantages of 479 mechanical, anti-racing 463 open system 488 regulation by 411 relief valves (see "Valves, Re- lief") relay 460 relay, electrical 462 relay, hydraulic 461 relay, mechanical 460 requirements of 498 sensitiveness, effect of 426 specifications for 501 Sturgess, hydraulic 473 Sturgess, test results 478 systems of 488 systems, relative advantages. . 488 time of action 422 types of 460 Watt 3 Woodward compensating 463 Woodward, details of 466 Woodward, standard 462 Governor, water wheel (see "Gov- ernor, Turbine") 460 Gradient, factors determining 186 variation with discharge 186 H Harness, waterwheel (see "Ma- chine Connection") Harper, John L., testing wheels.. 359 Hartford Electric Light Co., load curves 47 load, growth of 57 machinery selection 533 Harza, L. F., water hammer 442 Head, PAUE effect on, by number of wheels 199 available at dam 609 available during operation.... 188 effective during gate changes. 445 efficiency, effect on 193 financial considerations 721 graphic representation 188 high head developments 604 high water 532 machine selection, effect on... 535 measurement of 355 power hydrograph, effect on... 202 power of plant 192, 193 power of a stream 186 power relations 316 reduction to uniform condi- tions 372 reduction to unit conditions.. 375 regulation, departure from nor- mal 452 relation to height of dam 190 relation to tailwater 188 selection, effect on 535 speed relations 383 study of 729 variation, curve of 189 variations in 186, 188, 197 velocity table 742 Headrace (see also "Raceways").. 590 Head water, control of height 190 curve of 188 Heat, units of 39 Hesse, tangential wheel bucket. . . 18 Hill, S. B., storage and power 173 Hoist, tainter gate 649 Holyoke testing flume, description 344 object of 341 tests and results in place 366 tests, extension of 362 tests, limits of 364 Holyoke Water Power Co., testing wheels 340, 347, 348 dam 622 distribution of water.. . 595 828 Index. PAGE Homologous wheels (see "Water Wheels, Homologous Design") Houck Falls, testing wheels 360 Howd, Samuel B., inward flow wheel 11 Hudson River Power Co., govern- ors of 472 Hudson River Power Transmission Co. plant (Spier Falls) 569 Hug, tangential wheel bucket 18 Hydraulic gradient, channel condition, effect of... 86 change, effect of 87 variation in flow, effect of. ... 83 Hydraulics, turbine 276 angle of jet 281 impact, effect of 278 conditions for highest efficiency 277 first principles 277 impulse wheel 279, 281 literature 332 mathematics of 280 power of turbine 310 reaction wheel 279 reaction wheel, effect of part gate 288 reaction wheel, flow through. 285 reaction wheel, homologous. . . 291 reaction wheel, principles of economy 287 reaction wheel, relations of en- ergy and velocity 290 reaction wheel, relative veloc- ity 288 reaction wheel, residual veloc- ity 288 reaction wheel, speed of 295 speed and diameter 296 symbols used 276 tangential wheel, angle of dis- charge 284 tangential wheel, energy of jet 282 tangential wheel, flow through bucket 282 tangential wheel, speed rela- tions for maximum efficiency 282 transfer of energy 280 Hydraulics, turbine — Con. I>A<;K transformation of energy 278 velocity reduction, practical limit 278 velocity of water leaving wheels 278 Hydro-electric plants (see "Plants") Hydrograph, basis of conclusions 166 comparative 143 comparative, reliability of.... 164 comparative, study of 159 comparison of, at Necedah and Kilbourn 145 definition of 141 power, at Sterling, 111 169 power curve 146 power, for variation in flow and head 191,202 relation to power demand .... 158 reliability of comparisons 143 study of 149 unit flow 145 use of 141 value of local 149 value of single year 142 Wisconsin River at Nece- dah 141,145 Hydrology, factors of stream flow 13'9 reliability of data 141 sources of data 140 value of data .- . . 141 Ice, gauge height, effect on 100 interference with gates 656 rating curve, effect on 101 velocity, effect on 99 Impervious construction, dam 615 Tmpulse wheels, regulation of (see "Regulation") 421 International Railway, load curve. 5S Investigation, details, water power develop- ment . . 723 Index. 829 Investigation — Con. extent, water power develop- ment 722 physical conditions 730 preliminary water supply 725 requirements for financing. . . . 709 James Leffel, turbine 223 James Leffel and Co., governor con- nections 490 Janesville, Wis., dam at 613 Joints, expansion, penstock 552 Jonval, development of modern turbine 8 Jonval, turbine 211 Joukowsky, N., water hammer.... 438 K Kingsbury, thrust bearing 255 Knight, tangential wheel bucket. . 18 Koechlin, development of modern turbine 8 Kuichling, experiments with rod floats 131 Kutter, formula for stream flow. . . 73 Lake Superior Power Co., general plan 601 Leakage, turbine 350 Legal, rights 732 stock and bond laws 714 Light, voltage, variation with 414 Literature, bearings 274 conversion of energy 43 cost of power 697 dams 628 draft tubes 275 I examples of water power plants 582 | fishways 667 flashboards 665 flood gate 665 governing 456 hydraulics of turbine. .. . 332 load and load factor 69 1 Literature — Con. PA<IK machinery selection 553 movable dam 665 orifices, flow through 135 plant design 653 pondage 185 regulation 456 storage 185 stream flow 108, 166 stream flow measurement 137 stream gauging under ice.... 138 turbine analysis and selection 407 turbine details and appurten- ances 274 turbine testing 368 value of property 697 water wheel development 23 weirs, flow over 135 Lloyd, E. W., power loads, various classes 693 Load, capacity factor 60 characteristics of 45 Christiania power station 47 Commonwealth Edison Co. ... 56 conditions for maximum econ- omy 58 cost, effect on 675 curves of light and power plants 47 effect on machine selection... 63 effect on plant 158 electric power stations 50 electric railway 53 factory curves 48 growth of 55 Hartford Electric Light Co. . . 47 hydro-electric plants 406 International Railway Co. of Buffalo 53 literature 69 machine factor 60 Xew York Edison Co 48 overload, effect on machinery selection 533, 535 Pennsylvania R. R. Co 50 study in relation to auxiliary power 64 '830 Index. Load — Con. PAGE study in relation to stream flow 64 variation in 45 various industries 693 Load factor, cost of power 684, 695 definition of 60 effect on machine selection ... 63 effect of, on necessary capacity 61 literature 69 Loches, France, turbine setting. . . 510 Logway 663 Lombard Governor Co., governor, hydraulic 468 governor, results with 472 relief valve 491 London Hydraulic Supply Co., load curve 57 M Machine connection, bearings 536, 540 direct 536 Oliver Plow Works 537 rope drive 537 shafting 540 Trade Dollar Mining Co 537 turbine and machines 536 Machine factor, definition of 60 Machinery selection, capacity 531 complications 534, 536 connections of 536 economy 533 Hartford Electric Light Co. . . 532 head and speed 535 literature 553 load, effect of 63 overload 533 prime movers 534 single turbine 536 size, effect of on cost 535 tandem water wheels 535 total capacity 532 Main, C. T., testing wheels 367 Maintenance, contingencies 706 Maintenance — Con. PAGE financial considerations 721 water power development 735 Marathon Paper Mills, dam 615 flood gates 652 Market, consideration of 724 financial considerations 720 Masonry dam, curved overfall 621 design of 617 Holyoke Water Power Co 622 Gatun, Panama 621 McCall's Ferry 622 pressure, uplift 620 spillway, profile, calculation. . 624 stability .".... 616,618 vacuum under sheet 621 McCall's Ferry, dam 622 financial considerations 703 flashboards 655 McCormick turbine, discharge with fixed gate 305 Measurement, color solution 352 current meter 352 discharge 351 float - 352 head 355 moving screen 352 orifice 351 pitot tubes 353 power 355 salt solution 352 speed 355 stream flow (see "Stream Flow") submerged orifice 352 submerged weir 352 turbine as a meter 353 Venturi meter 353 weir 351, 360 weir coefficients for 814 Minneapolis, logway 665 Mississippi River Power Co., bearing, thrust 254 Index. 831 Mississippi River Power Co. — Con. turbine setting 513 water wheels 230 Missouri River, changes in chan- nel section 94 Montana Power Co., timber dam . . 626 Morin, testing wheels 339 Morris, Elwood, development of modern turbine 8 testing wheels 339 Morris, I. P. Co., governor turbine 480 Moore, tangential wheel bucket. . . 18 Moving screen, discharge measure- ment 352 N Xevada Power Mining and Mill- ing Co., plant 580 Xew York Edison Co., load curves 48 Xiagara Falls, hydro-electric plant, cost of 668 Xiagara Falls Power and Mfg. Co., plant 605, 607 relief valves 491 testing wheels 359 wheels 227 Xiagara Falls Power Co., bearing, thrust 253 plant 606 water wheels 218 Xiangua River, Missouri, flow measurement 127 I Xozzle, Doble needle 266 effect of angle of jet 281 Numbers, five-halves powers 741 three-halves power 737,739 Xunn, P. M., testing wheels 358 O Olympic Power Co., dam recon- struction 616 Ontario Hydro-electric Power Com- mission, cost of power plants 669, 686 Ontario Power Co., plant 606 Operation and maintenance, water power development 735 Orifice, PA<;K coefficients for 116 discharge measurement 351 flow through 114 measurements of streams 113 submerged, discharge measure- ment 352 Overload, electrical generator ca- pacity 406 Overshot wheel, Laxy wheel 18 Passaic River, Great Falls plant.. 573 Pelton, tangential wheel bucket... 18 Peninsular Power Co., fishway 660 logway 665 Penn Iron Mining Co., turbines... 522 Pennsylvania Railroad shops, load curves 50 Penstocks (see also "Pipe Line"), application of 542 closed, regulation, method of analysis 433,436 closed, regulation with 432 Dolgeville Electric Light Co.. 530 friction loss in 544 maximum power from 544 . open, speed regulation with . . 431 regulation, effect on 414, 420, 421, 423, 500 Shawinigan Water & Power Co. 530 velocity changes in 423,450 Peshtigo River, comparative hy- drographs 161 Pinchot, Gifford, fair returns from investment 713 Piobert, M., development of turbine 8 Pipe line, accessories 551 air inlets 551 design of 548 economy in 548 expansion joints 552 headrace 592 steel, economical size 546 valves .. . 551 832 Index. PAGE Pilot tubes, discharge measure- ment 353 Pit, turbine 542 Plant, Alpena Power Co 563, 603 Central Georgia Power Co., Ocmulgee River 578 Central Hydraulic Plant, Co- hoes, N. Y 572 classification, concentrated fall 590 classification of development, types 589 classification, divided fall 592 Columbus Power Co 565 Concord Electric Co 562 Cost of (see "Cost Plant")... 668 Deerfield River 568 design, capacity 531 design, literature 553 design, study of 734 design, symbols used 531 Dolgeville Electric Light & Power Co 573 Great Falls' plant on Passaic River 573 high head 604 Hudson River Power Trans- mission Co 569 literature 582 Nevada Power, Mining & Mill- ing Co 580 Niagara Falls' Hydraulic & Mfg. Co 605, 607 Ontario Power Co 606 power of, conditions affecting 198 power of, with variation in flow 192 Shawinigan Water & Power Co 575 South Bend Electric Co 560 Southern Wisconsin Power Co. 526 Sterling Gas & Electric Co. . . 554 Tallulah Falls (Georgia) 579 Toronto & Niagara Power Co. 606 Trenton Falls, N. Y 604 United Missouri River Power Co. . . 578 Plant — Con. PAUE water distribution at 594 water power, examples of. ... 554 Winnipeg Electric Railway Co. 569 Wisconsin Public Service Co. 604 Wisconsin River Power Co. 565, 603 York Haven Water Power Co. 554 Plant, power, average working efficiency.... 36 capacity necessary as influ- enced by load factor 61 cost of (see "Cost, Plant") costs, Mississippi Valley 680 cost, Ontario Commission 669, 686 efficiency of 31 graphical calculation of losses 36 load curves 47 location, economics of . . ". 588 location in dam 590,603 McCalls' Ferry, financial con- siderations 703 operating expense 684 Sault Ste. Marie, financial con- siderations 704 St. Lawrence, financial consid- erations 704 Platt Iron Works, turbine, verti- cal 512 Pcncelet, M., water wheel develop- ment 3 Pondage 168 definition of 16S effect on Fox River 170 effect of limited on power curve 168 effect on other powers 170 effect on power 168 effect on power output 147 required at Kilbourn for vari- ous conditions 169 Potomac River, discharge curves at Point of Rocks, Md 135 Power, effect on, by number of wheels 199 auxiliary plant, necessity for. 170 auxiliary power necessary.... 158 conversion units 4ft cost (see "Cost, Power") Index. 833 Power — Con. PAGE dam overfall 615 definition of 39 during high water 193 effect of head 186 graphical study of relations to head and flow 193 hydrograph for variations in head and flow 202 limits to demand for 158 potential energy 26 symbols used. . 26 variation with head 191 Power distribution, cost of 675 losses in 675 Power plant (see "Plant") Power, sale (see "Cost, Power") Power, turbine 192, 310 computation by coefficient and test, comparisons of 319 coefficient of 318 coefficient, range of 328 diameter relations 317 efficiency relations 385 gate movement, effect of 447 guarantees for 397 head relations 316 increase in recent wheels.... 14 maximum from penstock 544 measurement of 355 relation to power of water... 313 relation to speed 311 specific power coefficient 320 specific power, impulse wheel 322 specific power, range of 329 specific power, reaction wheel 323 specific power, relations of . . . 385 specific power, use of 386 speed relations 315, 319 under various flows 197 Pressure, energy due to 27 water hammer (see "Water Hammer") Prony brake. 335,338,339,355,357,358 R Raceways, PAGE Economy Light & Power Co. . . 601 headrace, arrangements of 590, 592, 597 Holyoke Water Power Co 595 Lake Superior Power Co 601 Sterling Hydraulic Co 594 tailrace, application of 592 tailrace, tunnel 592 various conditions 592 water distribution 594 Wisconsin River Power Co. . . 597 Racks, trash, design of 543 Rafter, experiments on weirs 117 Railway, load curves i . . . 53 Rainfall, dependence of stream flow on 139 relation to stream flow 143 study of 727 Rating curve, character for different sections 93 construction of 134 establishment of 134 Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md 135 Wallkill River at New Paltz. . 101 Wisconsin River at Kilbourn. 92 Wisconsin River at Necedah. . 94 Reaction wheel (see also "Water Wheel"), arrangement of 502 specific power 323 submergence of 503 Regulation (see also "Governor, Turbine"), air chamber 430 analysis of 441 aperiodical 483 bypass 422 deflecting jet 421 draft tube, effect of 414 energy required to change pen- stock velocity 417, 426 failures, cause of 413 flow in penstock, effect of. ... 414, 420, 421, 423 flywheel, effect of 427, 436, 447, 500 834 Index. Regulation — Con. PAGE gate movement, effective head during 445 gate movement, rate of 421 gate overrun, value of 425 governor 411 governor, dead beat 418 governor, effect of sensitive- ness 426 head, departure from normal. 452 head, effective during gate movement 445 hunting of governor 418 ideal governor 413 importance of 498 inertia of moving parts 414 influences opposing 422 literature 456 needle valve 421 overload conditions 535 penstock, effect of 500 penstock, closed, method of analysis 433 penstock, open, method of an- alysis 436 penstock velocity, changes in. 423 power, effect of gate movement 447 power input during gate move- ment 446 predetermination of 413 predetermination of, closed penstock 432 predetermination of, open pen- stock 431 predetermination of, with stand- pipe 433 present status 413 racing, value of 425 impulse wheels, relief valve. . . 422 turbine, self regulation 410 slow acceleration of water. . . . 425 speed constant, relations for. . 411 speed departure from normal. 448 speed and resistance relations 409 stand-pipe (see "Stand-Pipe") stand-pipe, effect of 428 stand-pipe, method of analysis 437 steam engine 413 Regulation — Con. I>.U;K symbols used 408 time to return to normal head 455 uniform speed, value of 414 water hammer (see "Water Hammer") 418,438 Rennie, development of breast wheel 3 Report, water power development 732 Reserve capacity, necessity for .... 406 Rock fill dam (see "Dam") 616 Rockford Water Power Co., flash- boards 653 Rockford, 111., headgate 656 Rock Island, arsenal, governors in 467 Rock River, pondage at Sterling, 111 131 Rod floats, calculation of discharge 131 methods of measurement 130 use in stream measurement. . 129 Ross, J. D., efficiency of Seattle Municipal Lighting Plant 36 Roue & Cuves 8 Roue Volant 8 Runner, water wheel (see "Water Wheel Runner") S Sale of power (see "Cost, Power") Saline River, Kansas, discharge measurements of 125 Salt solution, discharge measure- ment by 352 Samson turbine, discharge, with fixed gate 305 Sault Ste. Marie, financial consid- erations 704 Seattle Municipal Light & Power Plant, losses in 36 Seattle & Tacoma Power Co., wheels at Snoqualmie Falls.. 233 thrust bearings 259 turbine gates 265 Securities, water power develop- ment 709 Selection, machinery (see "Ma- chinery") Index. 835 I'AGE Selection, turbine 388 analysis, necessity for 396 coefficients from Holyoke tests 389 coefficients, various wheels, from catalog 389 constant load 406 general principles 406 graphical diagrams 389 literature 407 power and efficiency 397 principles 388 reserve capacity 406 specifications, explicit 401 specifications, unsatisfactory.. 397 specific power 386 Sewall's Falls, dam 626 Shafting, machine connection 540 Shawinigan Water & Power Co., plant 575 testing wheels 360 turbine installation 530 Shawinigan Falls, water wheels. . 231 Slip, turbine leakage 350 Smeaton, development of breast wheel . . 3 experiments of 336 testing water wheels 335 Smith, Hamilton, Jr., weir for- mula 118 S. Morgan Smith Co., governor con- nections 489 Sounding, measuring channel sec- tion 122 Southern Wisconsin Power Co., dam at Kilbourn 614 flood gates 649 head gate hoist 657 logway 663 turbines 522 South Bend Electric Co., plant 560 turbine setting 510 South Bend, Tnd., Oliver Plow Works 537 Specifications, turbine, explicit 401 turbine, unsatisfactory 397 Specifications — Con. PAGE water wheels, importance of. . 348 Specific speed, coefficient 320 Specific power, definition of 320 efficiency relations 330 impulse wheel 322 practical signification 321 range of 329 relations of 385 Speed, turbine, computation of 297 constant, necessary conditions for 411 efficient 299 efficiency relations ' 313 efficiency relations, practical demonstration 301 efficient, coefficients for 386 gate, effect of 315 increase in recent wheels 14 measurement of 355 power relations 315, 319 regulation, departure from nor- mal 448 relation to diameter 296 relation to head 297 relation to resistance 311 resistance relations 409 resistance relations at fixed gate 410 resistance, variation with 414 runaway 298, 301 runaway, determination of 362 runaway, Importance of 299 self regulation 410 specific speed 320 uniform, value of 414 variation with head 383 Spillway (see "Dam"), control of head water 190 Spier Falls, plant 569 Stand-pipe, action, analysis of 449 consideration of 449 energy supplied by 453 fluctuation in 428 function of. . . . 428 836 Index. 