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Acid radicles, content of, in ground waters. 130-131 Adobe, small percolation through 99 Agriculture, methods suitable for 221-222 Alamo Canyon, irrigation from 208 Alamo National Forest, map of In pocket. Alamogordo, precipitation at 81 route from, to San Agustin Pass 216-247 to Sulphur Canyon 244-245 -water supply at 226-227 Alamogordo routes, description of 231-232 Alkali, analyses of 181 disposal of 191-193 kinds of 180-181, 184-185 relation of, to types of soil 186-187 to water level 187-190 Alkali flats, description of 44-45 no percolation through 101 Analysis of water and soils, methods of 265-267 Ancho, precipitation at 81 railroad wells at 160-162 watering place at 250 wells west of 162-163 Ancho routes, description of 233 Aple well, yield of 113 Arroyos, origin and classification of 48-51 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co., well of, at Ricardo, yield of 167 B. Baird's ranch, watering place at 250 Baird's wells, watering place at 250 Bar W ranch, watering place at 251 Basalt, Quaternary, distribution and charac- ter of 72-74 Baxter Mountain, description of 27-28 Benches, origin and distribution of 32-33 Bennett's ranch, watering place at 250 Black Lake ranch, watering place at 250-251 Boilers, water for, how affected by dissolved solids 136-137 Bonita pipe-line system, description of 224-226 Bowden well, yield of 113 Burro weed, prevalence of 193 Buttes, occurrence of 41 C. Calcium, content of, in ground waters 126-127 Caliche, occurrence of, in the valley fill 72 Camp well, yield of 114 Campbell, J. L., cited 224 Carbonates, influence of, in soils 183-184 Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, deposition of 78 divisions and distribution of 56-62 quality of water in 173 Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, springs Page. in 157-158 water-bearing capacity of 169 water levels in 170-173 water supply from, prospects of 174-175 wells in 158-169 Carl wells, yield of 112 Carrizo Mountain, description of 27-28 Carrizozo, precipitation at 81 railroad wells at 145-147 route from, to Gran Quivira 237-238 to Mockingbird Gap 242 shallow wells near 144-145 Carrizozo routes, description of 232-233 Carrizozo Spring, watering place at 251 Castle, G«orge, well of, yield of 148 Cedarvale, route from, to Willard, Estancia, and beyond 236 Cerrito Tularosa, plate showing 158 Chamiso, distribution of, in the shallow- water belt 200-206 prevalence of 193-194 Chaves Spring, watering place at 251 Chlorides, influence of, in soils 184 Chosa Spring, watering place at 251 Chupadera Plateau, description of 28-29 Chupadera Spring, watering place at 251 Cliff and terrace features east of Franklin Mountains, plate showing 43 near San Agustin Pass, plate showing. . . 44 north of San Agustin Pass, plate show- ing 42 Cloudcroft, precipitation at 81 water supply at 226 Coal, occurrence of 60-61 Coe's ranches, watering places at 251-252 Cooper's ranch, watering place at 252 Corona, precipitation at 82 Corona route, description of 234-237 Cox ranch, watering place at 252 Cox wells, watering place at 252 Coyote, precipitation at 82 Coyote Springs, watering place at 252 Creosote bush, distribution of , in the shallow- water belt 200-206 prevalence of 194-195 Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, deposition of. 79 distribution of 60-62 water-bearing capacity of 152-153 water in, distribution and character of. 138-156 quality of 154-155 water levels in 153-154 water supply from, prospects of 155-156 Culinary use of water, how affected by dis- solved solids 134-136 Cutter, route to, from Sulphur Canyon 245 313 314 INDEX. Page. Dog Canyon, route from, to San Agustin Pass 247 route from, to Sulphur Canyon 245 Dona Ana, route from San Agustin Pass to. . 248 Dorsey, C. W., cited 185 Dow's well, watering place at 255 Drinking water, influence of solids dissolved in 134-136 Dripping Spring, watering place at 253 Duck Lake, route from, to Mockingbird Gap . 242 watering place at. : 253 Dunes, origin and occurrence of 45-47 Duran, precipitation at 82 E. El Paso, Tex., precipitation at 82-83 routes to, description of 248-249 water supply of 228 waterworks wells at, yield of 115-118 El Paso & Southwestern Railroad Co., water supply for 223 wells of, at Tony 164-166 Encino, route from Torrance to 235-236 Engle, route to, from Sulphur Canyon 245 Escarpments, origin and distribution of 32-33 Estancia, route to, from Cedarvale 236 route to, from Gran Quivira 238 Estancia Valley, routes to 233-239 Estey, watering place at 253 F. Fall, A. B ., wells of, yield of 151-152 Farnsworth, C. M., cited 235 Fault scarps, occurrence of 41-44 Faults, age and distribution of 74-77 Fleck's ranches, watering places at 253 Flood waters, irrigation with 209-210 Fort Bliss, army post wells at, yield of 115 El Paso & Southwestern Railroad wells at, yield of 115 Southern Pacific Co.'s wells at, yield of. . 115 Fort Stanton, precipitation at 83 Fossils, occurrence of 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 French, J. B., ranch of, near Ancho, water- ing places at 253 ranch of, near Ancho, yield of well on . . . 162 near Duck Lake, watering place at. . 254 yield of well on 141-142 French, Horace, ranch of, watering place at. 254 Fresnal Creek, flood discharge of 98 irrigation from 208 Fresnal Creek basin, map of 91 precipitation in 90-91, 92 Fuller, P. E., cited 220-221 G. Gallacher Bros., well of, yield of , — 142 Gallacher's ranch, watering place at 256 Gallinas, precipitation at 84 railroad well at 163 wells near 164 Gallinas Mountains, description of 28 Geologic history, outline of 77-80 Geology of Tularosa Basin 53-80 George, Joseph, well of, yield of 143 G eorge's ranch, watering place at 254 Gibbs, George, cited 22 Gililland's ranch, watering place at 254 Globe Spring ranch, watering place at 254-255 Gold Camp, watering place at 255 Gran Quivira, route from, to Mountainair, Manzano, and beyond 238 route from, to Willard, Estancia, and beyond 238 route to, from Carrizozo 237-238 watering place at 255 wells near 163 Gran Quivira route, description of 237-239 Granite, pre-Carboniferous, distribution of. . . 55-56 Grass, distribution of, in the shallow-water belt 200-206 prevalence of 195 Gravelly sediments, percolation through 98-99 Gray's ranch, watering place at 255 Gschwind, A., well of, yield of 148 Gypseous plain, percolation through 99-100 Gypsum, influence of, in soils 182-183 occurrence of, in the valley fill 69-71 stratified, in bank of alkali flat, plate showing 48 in bank of mid-slope arroyo, plate showing 47 Gypsum sand, area of, plate showing 47 freshly deposited, plate showing 45 wind eroded, plate showing 46 H. Hansonberg, route to, by way of iron mines. . 240 route to, by way of Ozanne. ., 240-241 Hansonberg route to Rio Grande valley, description of 239-241 Hare, R. F., Methods of analysis 265-267 Hembrillo Spring, watering place at 261 Henderson ranches, watering places at 255 Herrick, C. L., cited 42 Hill, R. T., cited 42 Hill wells, yield of Ill Hunter ranches, watering places at 256 I. I bar X ranch, watering place at 256 Igneous rocks, distribution of 62-64 water in 175 Indian tank, watering place at 256 Infiltration ditches, use of 139-141 Iron mines, watering place at 256 Irrigation, areas adapted to 213-215 from streams and springs 206-209 from wells 210-212 storage of water for 220-221 water for, how affected by dissolved solids 137-138 with flood waters 209-210 J. Jackson ranches, watering places at 256-257 Jake's Spring, watering place at 257 Jarilla Mountains, description of 31 wells in 168-169 Jicarilla, watering place at 257 Jicarilla Mountains, description of 28 Jones, E. F., wells of, yield of 148-149 INDEX. 315 Page. La Luz, route from, to San Agustin Pass 247 water supply at 226 La Luz Creek, flood discharge of 98 irrigation from 208 La Luz Creek basin, map of 91 precipitation in 90-91, 92 Las Cruces, route from San Agustin Pass to. , 248 Larsen wells, yield of 112 Laundry use of water, how affected by dis- solved solids 136 Lava bed, younger, edge of, plates showing. 36,37 origin and chief features of 34-37 surface of, plate showing 36 wells near north end of 141-142 Lava bed, older, origin and chief features of. . 37-38 Lava beds, percolation through 100 Lava Gap route to Rio Grande valley, descrip- tion of 243-244 Leatherman ranch, watering place at 257 Lee, James, ranch of, watering place at 257 well of, yield of 159 Lee, Oliver, ranch of, watering place at 257-258 Little Burro Mountains, description of 29 fault scarps on 75-76 Pennsylvanian rocks in 58-59 Lomitas Springs, watering place at 258 Lone Mountain, description of 27-28 Loomas well, yield of 113 Lucero ranches, watering places at 258 Lumbley's ranches, watering places at 250, 258 M. McDonald's ranch, watering place at 258 McDonald's tank, watering place at 258 McNew's ranches, watering places at 258-259 Magnesium, content of, in ground waters 128 Malpais, points west of, route from, to Gran Quivera 237-238 Malpais Spring, route from, to Mockingbird Gap 242 watering place at 259 Manzano, route to, from Gran Quivera 238 Mayes's ranch, watering place at 259 Meadow south of the white sands, descrip- tion of 51-32 Mescalero Indian agency, water supply at 226 Mesquite, distribution of, in the shallow- water belt 200-206 prevalence of 194 Milagro Spring, watering place at 259 Mills, A. C, well of, yield of . . . . 160 Mills ranch, watering place at 259 Mississippian series, distribution of. 57 Mockingbird Gap, route from Carrizozo to 242 route from Duck Lake to 242 route from Malpais Spring to 242 route from Oscuro and Three Rivers to. . 241-242 route from Red Canyon to 242 route from Tularosa to 242 Mockingbird Gap route to Rio Grande valley, description of 241-243 Moor Spring, watering place at 261 Morgan well, yield of. 112 Mound Springs, watering place at 259-260 Mounds built by springs, description of 52-53 Mountain areas, precipitation in 97-98 Mountainair, route to, from Gran Quivera. . . 238 Mountains and plateaus of Tularosa Basin. . . 26-31 Murray, watering place at 260 N. Newman, precipitation at 84 • railroad wells at, yield of. 115 Nitrogen, per cent of, in soils of Tularosa Basin 180 Nogal Arroyo slope, wells on 142-144 Nogal Spring watering place at 264 O. Organ Mountains, description of 30-31 Orogrande, precipitation at 84 route from, to San Agustin Pass 247 watering place at 260 Oscuro, precipitation at 84 railroad wells at 149-151 shallow wells near 148-149 water supply at 226 and Three Rivers, route from, to Mock- ingbird Gap 241-242 Oscuro foothills, wells in 159-160 Oscuro Mountains, description of 29 fault scarps on 75-76 Pennsylvanian rocks in \ . 58, 59 Otis wells, yield of 110-111 P. Parker Lake, watering place at 260 Pastura, railroad wells at, yield of 166 Patty well, yield of. 113-114 Pecos River, wells near 167-168 Pecos Valley, routes to 231-233 Pelman well, watering place at 258 Pennsylvanian series, distribution of 57-60 Perched supplies of water in Carboniferous rocks 170-172 Percolation, zones of 96-97 Phillips, E. E., well of, section of 159 Phillips Spring, watering place at 260 Phillips well, watering place at 260 Phosphoric acid, per cent of, in soils of Tula- rosa Basin. 180 Physiography of Tularosa Basin 25-53 Pierce well, yield of 113 Pinos Wells, route from Torrance to 235-236 Pipe lines for water 224-226, 227-228 Point of Sands, watering place at 260 Polly, wells near ._ 147 Potash, per cent of, in soils of Tularosa Basin. 180 Potassium, content of, in ground waters . . . 128-130 Pramberg, John, well of, watering place at. 260-261 well of, yield of 142 Precipitation, average 85-86 distribution of 86-92 records of 80-85 relation of, to agriculture and water sup- plies 92-94 zones of 96-97 Pumping plants, cost and efficiency of 217-220 for irrigation, statistics of 211-212 publications on 215-217 Purday 's ranch, watering place at 261 Purday's well, yield of 111-112 316 INDEX. Page. Railroads of the region 229,231 Red Canyon, route from, to Mockingbird Gap. 242 Red Canyon ranch, watering place at 262 Red Lake, watering place at 261 Reservoirs, building of 220-221 Rio Grande, route from Mockingbird Gap to. 241 Rio Grande valley, routes to 239-249 Ritch's ranches, watering places at 261-262 Ritch's tank, watering place at 262 Roads. See Railroads and Wagon roads. Roberts ranch, watering place at 262 Run-off, zones of 96-97 S. Sacramento Mountains, description of 26 fault scarp on 74-75 Sacramento River pipe line, description of. 227-228 Sagebrush, prevalence of 195 Saline deposits in the valley fill 72 Salt Creek, plate showing 37 watering place at 262 San Agustin Pass, route from Dog Canyon to. 247 route from Orogrande to 247 route from, to Las Cruces and Dona Ana. 248 route from Tularosa and La Luz to 247 route from west side of white sands to . . . 247 route to, from Alamogordo 246-247 San Augustin Pass route to Rio Grande valley, description of 246-248 San Agustin ranch, watering place at 252 San Andreas Mountains, description of 29-30 fault scarp on 74-75 Pennsylvanian rocks in 60 Sand, quartz, occurrence of, in the valley fill. . 71-72 white, analysis of 71 Sands, areas of, percolation through 100 San Nicolas Spring, watering place at 262 Schole's ranch, watering place at 262 well, watering place at 262 Serano tank, watering place at 262 7X7 ranch, watering place at 263 Shoemaker's flowing well, plato showing 158 watering place at 263 Shore features, occurrence of 41-44 Sierra Blanca, description of 27 Sierra Blanca coal field, stratigraphic sec- tion of 61 Sink hole extending below ground-water level, plate showing 37 in interior gypsum plain, plate showing. . 48 Sink holes in area underlain by Pennsylva- nian rocks, plate showing 48 origin and distribution of 34, 47-48 Sodium, content of, in ground waters 128-130 Soils, alkali in 180-185 analyses of 306-311 circulation of water in 17S distribution of, in the shallow-water belt 199-206 methods of analyzing 265-267 plant food? in 179-180 relation of, to antecedent rocks 178 to depth of water table 179 to native vegetation 196-197 typical 176-1 78 Page. Soils, relation of, to alkali 186-187 Soledad Spring, watering place at 254 Springs, irrigation from 209 list of. 300-301 mound, action of 52-53 plate showing 52 occurrence of, in Cretaceous rocks 139 supplying Tularosa River 158 Steam-pump ranch, watering place at 263 Stone's ranch, watering place at 263 Storage of water for irrigation 220-221 Structure of the Tularosa Basin 74-77 Sulphates, influence of, in soils 181-183 Sulphur Canyon, route from, to Cutter and Engle 245 route from Alamogordo and Tularosa to 244-245 route from Dog Canyon to 245 route from east side of the malpais to . 245 route from west side of the malpais to 245 Sulphur Canyon route to Rio Grande valley, description of 244-246 T. Tarr, R. S., cited 42 Tecolote, precipitation at 84 Tertiary (?) sedimentary rocks, distribution of 64 Thompson ranch, watering place at 263-264 Three Rivers, irrigation from 208-209 precipitation at 84 route from, to Mockingbird Gap 241-242 watering place at 264 Three Rivers valley, wells in 151-152 Thurgood's ranch, watering place at 264 Toilet use of water, how affected by dissolved solids 136 Torrance, precipitation at 84 route from, to Pinos Wells, Encino and beyond 235-230 to Vaughn and beyond 234-235 Transmalpais Hills, wells in 158-159 Tucson Mountain, description of. 27-28 Tularosa, precipitation at 84 route from, to Mockingbird Gap 242 to San Agustin Pass 247 to Sulphur Canyon 214-245 water supply at 226 Tularosa Basin, climate of 14-15 formations in, columnar section of, figure showing 54 history of 15-18 industrial development in 18-20 investigations in 20-23 literature of '. 23-25 location and main features of 11-12 map of In pocket. map of part of 26 map of shallow-water area of In pocket. names applied to 13 reconnaissance geologic map of 54 and adjacent country, 1851, map of 14 1859-1867, map of 16 Tularosa River, irrigation from 207 valley of, plate showing 158 Tularosa routes, description of 232 INDEX. 317 U* Page. Unconformities, occurrence of 77 V. Valley fill, materials and distribution of 64-72 stratified, at El Paso, plate showing 42 water in, distribution and character of. . 95-138 Varney switch, well at, yield of 164 Vaughn, route from Torrance to 234-235 wells near 164-166 Vega, Joseph, well of, yield of 143 Vegetation, native, distribution of, in the shallow-water belt 199-206 native, relation of, to soil 196-197 relation of, to temperature 199 to water supplies 197-199 zones of 193-196 Volcanic cone, younger, description of 38-39 Volcanic cones, older, description of 39-40 Volcanic structures, kinds of v 77 Votaw well, yield of .'. Ill W. " Wagon roads of the region 229-230 Walnut, watering place at 264 Warden's ranch, watering place at 264 wells on, yield of 162-163 Water, artesian head of 122-124 circulation of, diagram showing 95 disposal of 107-110 from springs, analyses of 300-301 from streams, analyses of 302-303 from wells, analyses of 268-299,304, 305 methods of analyzing 265-267 mode of occurrence of 101-102 solids dissolved in, character of 125^-126 influence of, on the use of water . . . 134-158 quantity of 124-125 relation of, to depth of water-bearing beds 133 to depth of water table 132 Page. Weather, solids dissolved in, relation of, to derivative rocks 131-132 sources of 95-101 Water table, form and fluctuations of 103- 104, 106-107 relation of, to land surface 104-106 significance of 102-103 Watering places on routes of travel, descrip- tions of 249-265 Wegeman, Carroll H., cited 61 Well at Newman, section of, figure showing . 67 near Dog Canyon station, section of, figure showing 65 Wells at El Paso waterworks, section of, fig- ures showing 66, 68 at Varney, Duran, and Vaughn, N. Mex., sections of, plate showing 164 dug, sections of, figures showing 70 list Of : 268-299 methods of casing 119-120 methods of drilling, boring, and digging. 118-119 methods of finishing 120-122 north and south of Tularosa Basin, analy- ses of water from 304, 305 yield of 110-118 Wertane well, yield of 112-113 White sands, west side of, route from, to San Agustin Pass 247 Whiteoaks, precipitation at 85 watering place at 264 wells at 147 Whitewater Spring, location of 265 Wilde well, watering place at 253 Willard, route to, from Cedar vale 236 route to, from Gran Quivera 238 Willow Springs, watering places at 265 Windmills, pumping with 217-219 Y. Yucca, prevalence of 195 o ^ 11 -+— MAP °P ™E PR^^E^!^L^ ^ATF.R AREA OK TILAHOSA BASIN. NEW MEXICO ' ,c-"Lnl'H FORMATIONS. UNDERGKOUOT WATER, AND VEGETATION I WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 343 PLATE III I *m#%_ s §i o^£i> M_Jr/ S c A IL K li <> ATA <iV'Ln E MAP OF ALAMO NATIONAL FOREST AND VICINITY, NEW MFXICO SHOWINO DRAINAGE BASINS, ROADS. AND WATERING PLACES ir. 