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[References are to star paging.] § 26. 1. Inns of Chancery and Inns of Court 23 Note : Inns of Court 23n § 27. a. Decline of the inns 25 § 28. University instruction in law 26 §29. 1. The Vinerian professorship of law 27 § 30. 2. Advantages of university teaching of law 30 Note: Function of university schools of law Sin §31. Importance of a university education for lawyers 31 Note: Eoman law in legal education 32n § 32. Groundwork of a lawyer's education 33 Note: Legal education in England 34n § 33. Method of these Commentaries 34 § 34. 1. General map of the law 35 Note : General map of the law 35n § 35. Hints to the law student 36 SECTION n. OF THE NATURE OF LAWS IN GENERAI/. §36. Meaning of law 38 Note: Definition of law by Austin and Holland 38n § 37. 1. Law as order of the universe 38 § 38. 2. Law as a rule of human action 39 Note: Laws of nature and laws of man 39n § 39. 3. Law of nature 39 Note : The law of nature 39n Note : TJlpian's juris proecepta 40n Note: May judges disregard acts of parliament 41n § 40. 4. Revealed law 41 Note: Religion and law 42n § 41. 5. Law of nations 43 Note : Jus gentium 44n § 42. 6. Municipal law 44 § 43. a. Definition of municipal law 44 Note: Definition of law: Bigelow 44n §44 (1) It is a "rule" 44 §45. (2) It is "a rule of civil conduct" 45 § '16. (3) It is "a rule prescribed" 45 Note: Ex post facto laws 46n Note: Retrospective legislation 46n § 47. (4) It is "a rule prescribed by the supreme power in a state" 46 § 48. (a) Nature of civil government 47 §49. (b) Foundations of society 47 Note : Social contract 47n §50. (c) Establishment of government 48 OUTLINE — BOOK I. xliii [Beferences are to star paging.] §51. (d) Sovereignty 48 § 52. (e) Forms of government 49 § 53. (f ) Laws made by sovereign 49 § 54: (g) Merits and demerits of different forms of government 49 §55. (h) The British constitution 50 § 56. (i) Merits, of the British constitution 51 §57. (j) Legislative power supreme 52 Note : Constitutions 52n § 58. (5) Definition of law continued 53 § 59. (6) "Commanding what is right, prohibiting what is wrong" 53 § 60. (7) Several parts of a law 53 Note : The parts of a law 53n § 61. (a) Declaratory part 54 Note: Malum in se and malum prohibitum. 54n §62. (b) Directory part 55 § 63. (c) Remedial part 55 § 64. (d) Vindicatory part, or sanction 56 § 65. MaJa in se and mala prohiiita 57 § 66. Interpretation of laws 58 § 67. (Roman method of interpretation) 59 Note: Authentic interpretation and declaratory laws 59n §68. 1. Interpretation by the usual meaning of words 59 § 69. 2. According to context 60 § 70. 3. According to subject matter 60 § 71. 4. According to the effect 61 § 72. 5. OF THE LAWS OP ENGLAND. § 74. Divisions of the law of England 63 Note: Written law and unwritten law 63n § 75. 1. The unwritten, or common, law 63 § 76. a. Ancient customs 64 § 77. b. Alfred's laws 64 Note: Origin of the common law 6on § 78. c. Danish and Saxon laws 65 § 79. d. Laws of Edward the Confessor 66 § 80. e. Source of validity of a custom 67 Note: Antiquity of the common law 67n § 81. f . Divisions of the common law 67 Xliv ' OUTLINE — BOOK I. [References are to star paging.] § 82. (1) General customs 68 Note: Customary law 68n § 83. (a) Precedents 69 Note : Doctrine of precedents 70n Note: Batio decidendi and obiter dictum. 70n § 84. (b) Judicial decisions evidence of the common law 70 § 85. " (e) Reports 71 Note : Law reporters 72n § 86. (d) Writings of the sages of the law 72 Note: Legal treatises 72n § 87. (e) Regard of the Roman law for custom 73 § 88. (2) Particular customs 74 Note: Particular customs and usage 74a § 89. (a) Lex mercatoria 75 ^ofe; Law-merchant 75n § 90. (b) Rules relating to particular customs 75 § 91. (i) Proof of their existence 76 § 92. (ii) Their legality: Requisites therefor. .. 76 Note: Malus usus est abolendus. , 76n § 93. (aa) That they be immemorial 76 § 94. (bb) That they be continued 77 § 95. - (cc) That they be peaceable 77 § 96. (dd) That they be reasonable 77 g 97. (ee) That they be certain 78 § 98. (ff) That they be compulsive 78 § 99. (gg) That they be consistent 78 § 100. (iii) Method of allowance 78 § 101. (3) Special kinds of law 79 Note: The canon and civil law in England .... 80n Note: English statutes in America 80n § 102. (a) Civil, or Roman, law 80 §103. (i) History of the Roman law 80 § 104. (ii) Divisions of Justinian's corpus juris civilis 81 § 105. (b) Canon, or ecclesiastical, law 82 (i) Pontifical collections 82 § 106. (ii) Legatine and provincial constitutions. 82 §107. (iii) Canons enacted under James 1 83 § 108. (iv) Courts in which the civil and canon laws are administered 83 § 109. (v) Subordination of civil and canon law courts to 84 (aa) Courts of common law 84 §110, (bb) To acts of parliament 84 gill. (cc) To an appeal to the king 84 OUTLINE — BOOK I. xlv [Eeferences are to star paging.] § 112. 2. The written law, or statutes 85 §113. a. Different kinds of statutes 85 §114. (1) Public acts 85 (2) Special or private acts 85 Note: Distinction between public and private laws 85n §115. b. Classes of statutes: (1) Declaratory 86 §116. (2) Eemedial: (a) enlarging; (b) restraining 86 §117. c. Construction of statutes 87 §118. OF THE COUNTRIES SUBJECT TO THE LAWS OF ENGLANT>. § 129. The king's dominions, outside England 93 § 130. 1. Wales 93 § 131. a. Legislation under Henry VIII 94 §132. 2. Scotland 95 §133. a. The Act of Union of 1707 96 § 134. b. Essentials of the Act of Union 97 §135. c. The town of Berwick 98 § 136. 3. Ireland 99 § 137. a. Brehon law ' 100 § 138. b. Irish parliament 101 § 139. c. Power of the Irish parliament: Poynings' laws 102 § 140. d. Dependence of Ireland 104 Note: Union of Ireland and question of home rule.... 104n §141. 4. Adjacent Islands subject to the crown 104 § 142. a. Isle of Man 105 § 143. b. Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney 106 § 144. c. English colonies in America 106 Note: Rights of European governments on American Continent 108n Note: Authority of the common law in America 108n xlvi OUTLINE — BOOK I. [References are to star paging.] §145. (1) Forms of government : (a) Provincial 108 §146. (b) Proprietary governments 108 § 147. (c) Charter governments 108 Note: Appeals to the king in council lOSu §148. (d) Colonies and parliament 109 Note: Eelation of American colonies to parliament 109n § 149. Foreign possessions of the crown 109 § 150. The high sea 110 Note: Jurisdiction over the high seas llOn § 151. Divisions of England Ill §152. 1. The ecclesiastical division: a. Provinces of Canterbury and York ; subdivisions Ill § 153. b. Parishes Ill § 154. 2. The civil division 113 § 155. a. Tithings, towns or vills 114 Note: Modern legislation on local government 115n § 156. b. Hundreds 115 § 157. C. Counties or shires 116 Note: Importance of the division into counties 116n § 15S. (1) Counties palatine 116 § 159. d. Counties corporate 120 BOOK I. OF THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS. CHAPTEE I. OF THE ABSOLUTE EIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS. § 160. Objects of the law : rights and wrongs 121 Note: Meaning of "a right"; rights; legal rights; legal duties.. 122n Note: Rights in rem and rights in personam 122n Note: Scheme of rights in' Anglo-American law 12 2n § 161. Division of rights and of wrongs. ; 122 Note : "Jura rerum" 122n Note: Stephen's classification of rights X22n Note: Civil injuries and crimes 122n § 162. Division of these Commentaries 122 § 1 63. 1. Rights of persons 122 § 164. a. Division of persons 123 § 165. b. Division of rights of persons; absolute and relative 123 Note: Langdell's classification of rights into absolute and relative 123n § 166. (1) Absolute rights 123 §167, (a) Protection of absolute rights 124 §168. (b) Natural liberty 125 OUTLINE — BOOK I. xlvii [References are to star paging.] § 169. (c) Civil liberty 125 Note: The nature of legal rights and duties 126n § 170. (d) Civil liberty in England 126 § 171. (e) Vicissitudes of English liberties 127 § 172. (i) Charters of liberty 127 § 173. (f) Classification of personal rights 129 Note: Liberty of conscience 129n Note: Right of privacy 129n § 174. (i) Personal security 129 §175. (aa) Life 129 Note: Child in ventre sa mere. 130n § 176. (bb) Limbs 130 § 177. (cc) Self-defense 130 § 178. (dd) Duress 130 Note: Defense of duress 131n Note: Duress of goods 131n § 179. (ee) Civil death 132 Note: Civil death in the United States 132n § ISO. (ff) Forfeiture of life 133 §181. (gg) Due process of law 133 §182. (hh) Bodily immunity 134 §183. (ii) Preservation of health 134 §184. (jj) Security of reputation 134 § 185. (ii) Personal liberty 134 Note: Definition of civil liberty 134n § 186, (aa) Law of the land 134 § 187. (bb) Habeas corpus 135 § 188. (cc) Suspension of writ of habeas cor- pus 135 § 189. (dd) False imprisonment 136 § 190. (ee) Banishment 137 Note: Transportation, extradi- tion, deportation, exile 137n § 191. ' (iii) Right of private property; law of the land 138 §192. (aa) Right of eminent domain 139 Note: Right of eminent domain 139n §193. (bb) Taxation and representation 140 § ] 94. (iv) Bulwarks of personal rights 140 § 195. (aa) Parliament 141 § 196. (bb) Limitation of king's prerogative 141 § 197. [Keferences are to star paging.] CHAPTER II. OF THE PARLIAMENT. 5 201. Eelations of persons : public and private 146 Note: Division of persons, of rights, and of law 146n § 202. Government 146 § 203. 1. Departments of government 146 §204. Parliament: 1. Beginnings in Europe 147 § 205. 2. Saxon wittenagemote 147 § 206. 3. Norman great council 148 § 207. 4. The modern parliament: magna carta 149 Note : Origin of parliament 149n §208. 5. Constitution of parliament...- 150 a. Meeting 150, §209. (1) The convention parliament of 1660 151 § 210. (2) The convention of 1688 152 §211. (3) Parliament convoked by the crovrn 153 § 212. b. Constituent parts of parliament 153 Note: The estates of the realm 153q §213. (1) The crown 154 §214. (2) Hoiise of lords, (a) Lords spiritual 155 § 215. (b) Lords temporal 157 §216. (c) Rank and honors in a state 157 § 217. (d) Nobility in a state 158 §218. (3) The house of commons 158 §219. (a) Principle of representation 158 Note: Representation in the house of com- mons 159n § 220. (4) Consent of all parts of parliament 160 Note: Changes introduced by the Parliament Act of 1911 160n Note : Penalties of praemunire 160n § 221. c. Laws and customs of parliament 160 § 222. (1) Supreme power of parliament 160 Note: Democratization of parliament 161n § 223. (2) Qualification of members 162 § 224. (3) Jurisdiction of each house over its own affairs... 163 § 225. (4) Privileges of parliament 164 § 226. (a) Privileges of members 164 §227. (b) Writ of privilege 166 §228. (c) No privilege in crimes 166 Note: Parliamentary privilege 167n § 229. d. Privileges of the lords 167 Note: Proxies in the house of lords 168n § 230. e. Privileges of the commons 169 §231. (1) In respect to money bills 169 Note: The Parliament Act of 1911 170n § 232. (2) In election of members 170 OUTLINE — -BOOK I. xllX [References are to star paging.] §233. (a) Qualifications of electors 171 §234. (i) Electors of knights of the shire 172 Note: The franchise under modern English legislation 174n §235. (ii) Electors of burgesses 174 §236. (iii) Representation of universities 174 § 237. (b) Qualifications of members of house of com- mons 175 §238. (c) Regulation of elections 177 Note: Secret ballot 177n §239. (i) Purity of elections 179 § 240. (ii) The poll 180 §241. OF THE KING, AND HIS TITLE. § 256. The king : the supreme executive 190 §257. Importance of a rule of succession 190 § 258. Succession to the throne 191 §259. 1. The royal succession is hereditary 191 §260. a. Elective and hereditary monarchies 192 § 261. 2. The royal succession is feudal in character 193 § 262. 3. The royal succession is not indefeasible 195 5 263. 4. The royal succession is perpetual 196 § 264. Historical review of the rulers of England 196 § 265. 1. King Egbert (802-839) 197 § 266. 2. From Egbert to Edmund Ironside (802-1016) 198 §267. 3. The Danish kings (1014-1042) 198 §268. 4. Edward the Confessor (1042-1066); Harold (1066) 198 § 269. 5. William I (1066-1087) 199 1 OUTLINE — BOOK I. [References are to star paging.] §270. a. The Norman Conquest 199 §271. 6. WilUam II (1087-1100); Henry I (1100-1135) 200 § 272. 7. Stephen (1135-1154) 200 §273. 8. House of Plantagenet (1154-1399) 200 a. Henry II (1154-1189) 201 §274. b. Eichard I (1189-1199) 201 c. John (1199-1216) 201 d. Henry III (1216-1272) 202 e. Edward I (1272-1307) 202 f. Edward II (1307-1327) 202 g. Edward III (1327-1377) 202 h. Eichard II (1377-1399) 202 § 275. 9. House of Lancaster (1399-1461) 202 a. Henry IV (1399-1413) 202 §276. (1) Act of Succession to the Crown, 1405 203 § 277. b. Henry V (1413-1422) 204 c. Henry VI (1422-1461) 204 § 278. 10. House of York (1461-1485) 204 a. Edward IV (1461-1483) 204 § 279. b. Edward V (1483) 204 e. Eichard III (1483-1485) 204 § 280. 11. House of Tudor (1485-1603) 204 § 281. a. Henry VII (1485-1509) 205 Note: Title of Henry VII 205i? § 282. b. Henry VIII (1509-1547) 205 ( 1 ) Act of Succession to the Crown, 1534 206 §283. (2) Acts of Succession to the Crown, 1536, 1543 206 c. Edward VI (1547-1553) 206 d. Mary (1553-1558) 206 § 284. (1) Act of Succession to the Crown, 1554 206 § 285. e. Elizabeth (1558-1603) 207 (1) Acts of Succession to the Crown, 1558, 1571 207 § 286. 12. House of Stuart (1603-1714) 208 a. James I (1603-1625) 208 § 287. (1) Act of Succession to the Crown, 1603 208 § 288. b. Charles I (1625-1649) 209 (1) The Commonwealth (1649-1660) 209 (2) Proclamation of restoration 209 C. Charles II (1660-1685) 210 §289. (1) The crown hereditary subject to parliament 210 § 290. (a) The bill of exclusion, 1679-1681 210 , § 291. d. James II (1685-1689) 210 §292. ^ (1) The revolution of 1688 211 § 293. (a) Character of the revolution 212 § 294. e. William and Mary (1689-1702) 213 (1) Regulation of the succession (Bill of Rights, 1689) 214 § 295. f. Anne (1702-1714) 214 § 296. (1) Title of William, Mary, and Anne 214 « OUTLINE — BOOK I. li [References are to star paging.] §297. (2) Act of Settlement, 1700 215 §298. (3) Act of Succession to the Crown, 1707 216 § 299. 13. House of Hanover (1714 ) 216 a. George I (1714-1727) 216 b. George II (1727-1760) 216 C. George III (1760-1820) 216 d. George IV (1820-1830) 216n e. OF THE king's ROYAL FAMILY. § 302. The Queen 218 §303. 1. Queen, regent, regnant, or sovereign 218 §304. 2. Queen consort 218 §305. a. Queen consort's exemptions and prerogatives 219 § 306. (1) Queen consort's revenue: queen-gold 219 §307. (a) Origin and history of the queen-gold 220 § 308. (2) Other perquisites of the queen consort 222 §309. (3) Queen consort's personal security and liability.... 222 § 310. (4) The prince consort 222 § 311. 3. Queen dowager 223 § 312. The heir apparent. 223 § 313. Meaning of royal family 224 § 314. 1. Younger sons and daughters 224 § 315. 2. Other members of the royal family 225 CHAPTER V. OF THE COUNCILS BELONGING TO THE KING. §316. Various councils of the king 227 § 317. 1. Parliament 227 § 318. 2. Peers of the realm 227 § 319. a. Older conventions of the peers 228 § 320. b. A peer's right of audience 228 § 321. 3. Judges of the courts of justice 229 § 322. 4. Privy council 229 Note: The Cabinet 230n § 323. a. Appointment of privy counselors 230 § 324. b. Qualifications of privy counselors 230 § 325. c. Duties of privy counselors 230 § 326. d. Jurisdiction of the privy council 231 Note: Jurisdiction of the privy council 232n lii OUTLINE — BOOK I. [References are to star paging.] § 327. e. Privileges of privy counselors 232 §328. f. Dissolution of the privy council 23 j CHAPTER VI. OF THE king's duties. §329. Constitutional duties of the king 233 § 330. King's duty to govern according to the law 233 §331. The coronation oath 234 . CHAPTER VII. OF THE king's PREROGATIVE. §332. Constitutional limitations on the royal prerogative 237 § 333. 1. Former pretentions 237 § 334. 2. The king subject to the law 238 § 335. Meaning of prerogative 239 Note: Historical view of the king's prerogative 239n § 336. Classes of prerogative 239 § 337. 1. Direct prerogatives 240 § 338. a. The royal dignity 241 § 339. (1) Sovereignty 241 Note: No action lies against the state 242n §340. (a) Protection of the subject 243 § 341. (i) In cases of private injuries 243 §342. (ii) In cases of public o'ppression 244 (aa) Responsibility of king's advisers. 244 §343. (bb) Remedies for oppression 244 §344. (cc) Theory of the king's abdication.. '245 § 345. (2) The royal perfection: "The king can do no wrong" 246 §346. (a) Corrective for royal mistakes 246 §347. (b) Parliamentary right of remonstrance 247 §348. (c) "Time runs not against the king" 247 Note: Lapse of time does not bar the sovereign 247n §349. (3) The royal immortality 249 § 350. Executive department of government 250 Note: Real character of the royal authority 250n § 351. 1. Absolute charactCT of king's power 250 § 352. a. Responsibility of king's advisers 251 §353. 2. King's prerogative in (1) foreign relations; (2) domestic aif airs 252 § 354. a. The king, the national representative in foreign relations 252 §355. (1) Ambassadors 253 § 356. (a) Privileges of ambassadors 253 §357. (i) In criminal prosecutions 253 OUTLINE — BOOK I. liii [Eeferences are to star paging.] § 358. (ii) In civil suits 254 Note: Jurisdiction over diplomatic agents 254n §359. (iii) Diplomatic Privileges Act, 1708 256 § 360. (2) Treaties 257 Note: Treaty-making and war-making authority. 257n § 361. (3) Power to make war 257 §362. (4) Letters of marque and reprisal 258 Note : Letters of marque 2o9n §363. (5) Passports and safe-conducts 259 Note : Safe-conducts 259n §364. (a) Protection of foreign merchants 260 Note: Roman view of commerce 261n § 365, t>. King's prerogative in domestic aifairs 261 § 366. (1) King as part of legislature 261 § 367. (2) King as generalissimo 262 § 368. (a) The Militia Act, 1661 262 §369. (b) Trinoda necessitas 263 §370. (c) Regulation of commerce and navigation.... 263 §371. (i) Limitation of ports 264 § 372. (ii) Lighthouses and buoys 264 § 373. (iii) Writ of ne exeat regno 265 § 374. [References are to star paging.] §394. (b) Nomination of bishops 280 §395, (e) Appeals in ecclesiastical causes 280 CHAPTER VIII. OF THE king's EEVENUE. § 396. The king's fiscal prerogatives 281 § 397. 1. The king's ordinary revenue 281 § 398. a. Ecclesiastical revenues 282 (1) Temporalities of bishops 282 § 399. (2) Corodies 283 §400. (3) Tithes 284 § 401. (4) First-fruits and tenths 284 §402. (a) Queen Anne's bounty 285 § 403. b. Eents from the crown lands 286 § 404. c. Prerogative of purveyance 287 § 405. d. Wine licenses 288 § 406. e. Profits from the forests 289 § 407. f. Judicial fines and fees 289 § 408. g. Royal fish 290 §409. h. Wrecks 290 § 410. ' (1) Jetsam, flotsam, and ligan 292 §411. (2) Statutes protecting wrecks; salvage 293 § 412. i. Royal mines 294 § 413. j. Treasure-trove 295 §414. k. Waifs 296 § 415. 1. Estrays 297 § 416. (1) Bona vacantia 298 § 417. m. Forfeitures 299 Note: Theory of the deodand. , 300n §418. (1) Deodands 300 § 419. n. Escheats 302 § 420. 0. Custody of idiots and lunatics 302 Note: The king's wardship of an idiot's lands 302n §421. (1) Idiots 302 § 422. (a) Inquest of idiocy 303 §423. (2) Lunatics, or persons non compos mentis 304 § 424. (a) Inquest of lunacy 305 § 425. (3) Spendthrifts 305 § 426. p. Decline of the king's ordinary revenue 306 § 427. 2. The king's extraordinary revenue : taxes 306 § 428. a. Taxes granted by parliament 307 § 429. b. Kinds of taxes 308 (1) Annual taxes '..... 308 § 430. (a) Land tax 308 § 431. (b) Ancient levies 308 (i) Tenths and fifteenths 308 OUTLINE — BOOK I. Iv [References are to star paging.] § 432. (ii) Scutages 309 §433. (iii) Hydage and talliage; subsidies 310 §434. (iv) Ecclesiastical subsidies 311 § 435. (v) Lay subsidies equivalent to a land tax. ... 311 §436. (c) Malt tax 313 §437. (2) Perpetual taxes SI'S (a) Customs 313 § 438. (i) Prisage of wines 314 § 439. (ii) Subsidies, tonnage, poundage, and other imposts 315 § 440. (iii) Theory and evils of a customs tariff .... 316 § 441. • (b) Internal revenue or excise 318 § ^42. (c) Salt tax 321 § 443. (d) The postoffice 321 § 444. (e) Stamp duties 323 § 445. (f) Duty on houses and windows 324 § 446. (g) Duty on servants 325 § 447. (h) Licenses to hacknej^-coaches 325 § 448. OF SUBORDINATE MAGISTRATES. § 461. Principal subordinate magistrates 338 Note: Eelation of king and officers of state S3Sn § 462. 1. The sheriff 339 § 4G3. a. Election of sheriff 339 § 464. b. Sheriff's term of office 342 § 465. c. Powers and duties of the sheriff 343 § 466. (1) Judicial capacity of the sheriff 343 § 467. (2) Sheriff as keeper of the king's peace 343 §468. (3) Sheriff executes judicial process 344 § 469. (4) Sheriff as the king's bailiff 344 § 470. (5) Officers subordinate to the sheriff 345 § 471. (a) Deputy sheriffs 345 Ivi OUTLINE — BOOK I. [References are to star paging.] § 472. (b) Bailiffs 345 § 473. (c) Jailers 346 § 474. (6) Sheriff's personal expenses 346 § 475. 2. The coroner 346 § 476. a. Election of coroner 347 § 477. b. Coroner's term of office 348 § 478. c. Powers and duties of the coroner 348 (1) Coroner's judicial functions 348 § 479. (2) Coroner's municipal functions 349 § 480. 3. Justices of the peace 349 § 481. a. Conservators of the peace 349 § 482, b. Appointment of justices «. 351 § 483. c. Number and qualifications of justices 352 § 484. d. Term of office of justices 353 § 485. e. Jurisdiction of justices 353 § 486. 4. The constable 355 § 487. a. Kinds of constables: (1) high constables; (2) petty con- stables 355 § 488, b. Duties of constables 356 § 489. 5, Surveyors of highways . 357 § 490. a. Appointment of highway surveyors 358 § 491, b. Powers and duties of highway surveyors 358 § 492. 6. Overseers of the poor 359 § 493. a. Appointment of overseers of the poor 360 § 494. b. Powers and duties of overseers of the poor 360 § 495. (1) Poor Eelief Act, 1601 361 § 496. (2) Poor Relief Act, 1662 362 § 497. (3) The law of settlements 362 CXHAPTER X. OF THE PEOPLE, WHETHER ALIENS, DENIZENS, OR NATIVES, § 498. The people ' 366 § 499. Division of the people 366 1. Natural-born subjects 366 Note : Citizens 366n 2. Aliens 366 § 500. 3. Allegiance and fealty 366 § 501. a. Natural, or perpetual, allegiance 369 § 502. b. Local, or temporary, allegiance , 370 Note: Change of domicile • 370n § 503. C. Allegiance is personal 371 § 504. 4. Eights of aliens 371 Note: Property rights of aliens in United States 371n Note: An alien's inability to hold land 372n Note : Droit d'auhaine 372n Note: Right to exclude aliens 373n OUTLINE — BOOK I. Ivii [References are to star paging.] § 505. 5. British subjects born abroad 372 § 506. 6. Children of aliens 373 Note : Citizens born abroad 373n Note: Elective citizenship 374n § 507. 7. Denizens 373 § 508. 8. Naturalization 374 Note: Alienage and naturalization 375n CHAPTER XL OF THE CLEEGT. § 509. The clergy 376 § 510. Privileges and disabilities of the clergy 376 § 511. Ecclesiastical orders 377 § 512. 1. Archbishops and bishops : appointment 377 § 513. a. Eights and duties of archbishops 3S0 § 514. b. Eights and duties of bishops 382 § 515. c. Expiration of oflSce of archbishops and bishops 382 § 516. 2. Dean and chapter 382 § 517. 3. Archdeacons 383 § 518. 4. Eural deans 383 § 519. 5. Parsons and vicars 384 § 520. a. Holy orders 388 § 521. b. Presentation 388 § 522. c. Institution 390 § 523. d. Induction 391 § 524. e. Eights of parsons and vicars 391 § 525. f . Expiration of office 392 § 526. 6. Curates 393 § 527. Inferior ecclesiastical officers 394 § 528. 1. Churchwardens 394 § 529. 2. Parish clerks and sextons 395 CHAPTER XII. OF THE CIVIL STATE. § 530. The civil, military, and maritime states 396 § 531. The eivil state 396 § 532. 1. The nobility and commonalty 396 § 533. 2. The nobility 396 § 534. a. Dukes 397 § 535. b. Marquises 397 § 536. C. Earls 398 Note: Title of earl 398n § 537. d. Viscounts 398 § 538. e. Barons 398 Note : The baronage 399q Iviii OUTLINE^ — BOOK I. [Bef erences are to star paging.] § 539. f . Creation of peers 399 Note: Privileges of peerage 401n § 540. g. Incidents of nobility 401 § 541. h. Loss of nobility 402 Note: Different varieties of peerage 402n § 542. 3. Orders of tbe commonalty 403 § 543. a. Vidames 403 § 544. b. Knights 403 (Table of precedence) 404n § 545. c. Esquires, gentlemen and yeomen 406 § 546. d. Best of the commonalty 407 CHAPTER XIII. OF THE MILITARY AND MARITIME STATES. § 547. The military state 408 § 548. 1. Military system of the Saxons 408 § 549. 2. King Alfred's militia 409 § 550. 3. Military part of the feudal system 410 § 551. 4. The militia from reign of Henry II 410 § 552. 5. Eeorganization of the militia 412 § S'53. 6. Martial law 412 § 554. 7. Quartering troops 413 § 555. 8. A standing army 413 § 556. 9. The annual mutiny act 414 § 557. 10. Military offenses 415 § 558. 11. Danger of slavery 416 § 559. 12. Privileges of soldiers 417 § 560. The maritime state 417 § 561. 1. Navigation acts 418 § 562. 2. The royal navy 419 § 563. a. Recruiting the navy 419 § 564. b. Discipline in the navy 420 § 565. c. Privileges of sailors 421 CHAPTER XIV. OP MASTER AND SERVANT. 8 566. The domestic relations 422 Note: Service and agency discriminated 422n § 567. Master and servant 423 § 568. 1. Classes of servants 423 §569. a. Slavery 423 § 570. (1) No slavery in England 424 Note: Is perpetual service legal 424n § 571. b. Menial servants 425 § 572. c. Apprentices 426 OUTLINE — BOOK I. lix [Beferences are to star paging.] § 573. a. Laborers 426 § 574. e. Stewards, factors and bailiffs 427 § 575. 2. Relation of service 427 § 576. a. Master's right of correction 428 Note: Assault on master 428n § 577. b. Servant's wages 428 § 578. c. Relation of service as to third persons 428 § 579. (1) Responsibility of master 429 Note: The law of fellow-servant 429n Note: Employers' liability acts 430n Note: Workmen's compensation acts 430n Note: Workmen's industrial insurance acts 430n § 58,0. (2) Scope of employment 430 § 581. (3) Negligence of servant 431 Note: Primitive notion of legal liability 431n CHAPTER XV. OP HtrSBAND AND WIFE. § 582. Marriage 433 Note: The domestic relations in law and ethics 433n § 583. L Marriage, a civil contract 433 a. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction over marriage 433 Note: Marriage in the ecclesiastical law 433n § 584. b. Consent of the parties 434 Note: Consensus non confni'bitas facit nuptias 434n Note: Marriage as a contract 434n § 585. c Capacity of the parties 434 § 586. (1) Disabilities 434 (a) Canonical disabilities 434 Note : Deceased wife's sister 434n § 587. (b) Civil disabilities 435 Note: Civil and canonical disabilities 435n §588. (i) Existing prior marriage 436 Note: Disappearance of spouse 436n § 589. • (ii) Want of age 436 Note: Disagreement to marriage of in- fant 437n §590. (iii) Nonconsent of parents 437 § 591, (iv) Mental incapacity 438 Note: Insanity as avoiding marriage... 438n § 592. d. Celebration of marriage 439 Note: Marriage formal or by reputation 439n Note: Absence of ceremony in canonical marriage.... 440n § 593. e. Dissolution of marriage 440 §594. (1) Divorce 440 IX OUTLINE — COOK I. [References are to star paging.] (a) Divorce a vinculo 440 Note: The law of divorce 440n § 595. (b) Divorce a mensa et thoro 440 Note : Legislative divorces 441n § 596. (i) Alimony 441 § 597. f. Legal consequences of marriage 442 § 598. (1) Coverture of wife 442 Note: Wife's separate domicile 442n §599. (2) Transactions between husband and wife 442 § eOO. (3) Liabilities of husband 442 Note : Liabilities of husband 443n § 601. (4) Suits by and against wife 443 § 602. (5) Incapacity as witnesses 443 § 603. (6) In ecclesiastical courts 444 § 604. (7) Separate acts of wife 444 § 605, (8) Husband's right of correction 444 CHAPTEE XVL or PARKNT AND CHILD. § 606. Parent and child 446 § 607. Children 446 Note : Adoption 446n § 608. 1. Legitimate children 446 Note: Legitimation by subsequent marriage 446n § 609. a. Duties of parents 446 § 610. (1) Duty to support children 447 Note: Eights and liabilities of father 447n § 611. (a) Duty of support under the civil law 447 § 612. (b) Duty of support under English law 448 Note: Duty to support children 449n Note: Eeligious instruction in American public schools 449n § 613. (c) Disinheriting of children 450 § 614. (2) Duty to protect children 450 Note : Battery in defense of kin 450n § 615. (3) Duty to educate children 450 § 616. b. Parental authority 452 (1) Parental authority under Eoman law 452 §617. (2) Parental authority under English law 452 Note : Eights of mother 453n § 618. c. Duties of children 453 § 619. 2. Illegitimate children, or bastards 454 § 620. a. Who are bastards : legitimation 454 § 621. (1) Children of dubious parentage 456 § 622. (2) Bastards born during wedlock 457 Note: Effect of divorce on legitimacy 457n OUTLINE — BOOK I. Lxi [Beferences are to star paging.] §623. b. Support of bastards 458 §624. c. Rights and incapacities of bastards 459 CHAPTER XVn. OP GUARDIAN AND WARD. § 625. Guardian and ward 460 Note : Tlie law of guardianship 460n § 626. 1. Guardians 460 § 627. a. Kinds of guardians 461 (1) Guardians by nature 461 (2) Guardians for nurture 461 (3) Guardians in socage 461 (4) Guardians by statute or by testament 462 (5) Guardians by custom 462 § 628. b. Reciprocal rights and duties 462 § 629. 2. Wards : infancy 463 § 630. a. Privileges and disabilities of infants 464 Note: Privileges and disabilities of infants 464n § G31. (1) Contracts and conveyances of infants 465 CHAPTER XVIII. OF CORPORATIONS. § 632. Corporations : artificial persons 467 Note: Are corporations real or fictitious persons? 467n § 633. 1. History of corporations : Roman law 468 § G34. 2. Classes of corporations 469 Note: Public and municipal corporations 469n § 635. a. Corporations aggregate 469 b. Corporations sole 469 Note : Corporations solo 470n § 636. c. Ecclesiastical corporations 470 § 637. d. Lay corporations 470 (1) Civil corporations 470 (2) Eleemosynary corporations 470 § 638. 3. Creation of corporations 472 a. Civil law 472 § 639. b. English law 472 (1) Corporations by common law 472 (2) Corporations by prescription 473 § 640. (3) Consent of king, how given 473 (a) By parliament 473 §641. (b) By charter 473 § 642. (4) Power of parliament to create corporations 474 § 643. (5) Creation of corporations by patent 474 § 644. (6) Corporate name 474 Note: Authority to create corporations 475n Note: De facto corporations 475n Ixii OUTLINE — BOOK H. [References aro to star paging.] § 645, 4. Powers of a corporation 475 a. To have perpetual succession 475 b. To sue and be sued 475 c. To purchase and hold lands 475 d. To have a common seal 475 Note: Use of seal by corporations 475n €. To make by-laws 475 § 646. 6. Privileges and disabilities 476 Note : Characteristics of corporations 476n Note : Tort liability of corporations 476n Note: Criminal liability of corporations 477e § 647. 6. Corporations act by majority 478 § 648. 7. Power to purchase lands 478 a. Statutes of mortmain 479 Note: Implied powers of corporations 48Gb § 649. 8. Duties of corporations 479 § 650. 9. Visitation of corporations 480 Note : Right of visitation 48Qt a. Ecclesiastical corporations 480 § 651. b. Civil corporations 480 (1) Lay corporations 4?r §652. • (2) Eleemosynary corporations 482 §653. (3) Colleges 482 S 654. 10, Dissolution of corporations 484 § 655. a. Methods of dissolution 485 ( 1 ) By act of parliament 485 (2) By death of all members 4Si (3) By surrender of franchise 485 (4) By forfeiture of charter 485 BOOK II. OF THE EIGHTS OF THINGS. CHAPTER I. OF PROPERTY, IN GENERAL. § 1. Eight of property 1 Note: Of the form in which rights and duties appear in the law In § 2. 1. Origin of property 2 Note : Origin of property in land 2n § 3. a. Ownership in common 3 § 4. b. Individual ownership 4 § 5. (1) Ownership of animals and wells 5 § 6. (2) Ownership of land 6 OUTLINE — BOOK H. Ixiii [Beferences are to star paging.] § 7. 2. Occupancy, original title to property 8 § 8. a. Dereliction 9 § 9. 3. Transfer of ownership 9 § 10. ft. Succession to property on death 10 i\"ote; Escheat lln § 11. (1) Intestate succession 11 § 12. (2) Testamentary succession 12 § 13. 4. Things in common 14 § 14. 6. Ownerless things 14 CHAPTER II. OF REAL PROPERTY; AND, FIEST, OF CORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS. § 15. Classification of things 16 Note: Eeal and personal property distinguished 16n § 16. 1. Things real 16 §17. a. Land 16 f 18. b. Tenements 16 § 19. c. Hereditaments: corporeal and incorporeal 17 Note: Corporeal and incorporeal hereditaments 17n i 10. (1) Corporeal hereditaments 1'7 (a) Land 17 Note: Ice as realty 18n ''^m. (i) Superjacent and subjacent space 18 Note: Eights in superjacent space... 19n CHAPTEE IIL OF INCORPOREAL HEREDITAMENTS. § ?.2 Character of an incorporeal hereditament 20 Note: Incorporeal hereditaments 20n § ?3. Kinds of incorporeal hereditaments 21 § 24. 1. Advo wsons 21 § 25. a. Advowsons appendant or in gross 22 § 26. b. Advowsons presentative, collative, or donative 22 § 27. 2. Tithes 24 § 28. a. Origin of tithes ' 25 § 29. b. Tithes, to whom due 26 § 30. c. Exemption from tithes 28 § 31. (1) By a real composition 28 § 32. (2) By discharge by custom or prescription 29 § 33. (a) De modo deciinandi 29 § 34. (b) De non decimando 31 §35. 3. Commons 32 § 36. a. Common of pasture 32 § 37. (1) Common appendant 33 $ 38. (2) Common appurtenant . 33 Note: Use of the word "appurtenant" 33n Ixiv OUTLINE— BOOK H. [Beferences are to star paging.] §39. (3) Common because of vicinage 33 Note: Common of vicinage 34n § 40. (4) Common in gross 34 §41. (5) Restrictions on commons of pasture 34 Note: Commons without stint 34n Note: Meaning of the word "approve" 34n Note: English inclosure and commons acts 34n §42. b. Common of piscary 34 § 43. c. Common of turbary 34 Note : Commons of piscary and tubary 35n § 44. d. Common of estovers 35 §45. 4. Ways 35 Note: No easements "in gross" 36n Note : Ways of necessity 36n Note: Way out of repair 37a §46. 5. Offices 36 Note: Whether right to an office is property 3'a § 47. 6. Dignities 37 § 48. 7. Franchises ?7 Note : Meaning of franchise 37n § 49. a. Various franchises 37 § 50. b. Franchise of forest 38 § 51. c. Franchise of freewarren 38 § 52. d. Francliise of free fishery 35 Note : Free fishery 39u § 53. 8. Corodies 40 § 54. 9. Annuities 40 Note: Annuities and corodies 40n §55. 10. Rents 41 § 56. a. Kinds of rents 41 § 57. (1) Rent-service 41 § 58. (2) Rent-charge 42 Note : Rent-charge 42ii §59. (3) Rent-seek 42 § 60. (4) Other varieties of rents 42 (a) Quit-rents 42 (b) Rack-rent 42 Note : Rack-rent 43n (c) Fee-farna rents 43 § 61. b. General rules as to rents 43 CHAPTER IV. OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. § 62. History of the feudal system 44 Note : The feudal system 44n § 63. 1. Origin of feuds 45 Note: Meaning of feudum 45d OUTLINE — BOOK n. IxV [Eeferences are to star paging.] § 64. 2. The foudal relation 45 § 65. 3. The feudal system on the Continent 46 § 66. a. Feudal tenure supplants allodial ownership 47 § 67. 4. The feudal system in England 48 § 68. a. The Norman Conquest 48 Note: Origin of the feudal system 48 n § 69. b. Domesday Book 49 § 70. c. Feudal tenures in England 51 § 71. d. Modifications in the feudal system 51 § 72. Theory of the feudal system 53 § 73. 1. Lord and vassal 53 § 74. 2. Oath of fealty; homage 53 Note: Fealty and homage; livery of seisin 53u § 75. 3. Feudal service 54 § 76. 4. Duration of feuds 55 Note: Origin of "estates" in land 55n § 77. a. Feuds become hereditary 56 § 78. 5. Feuds inalienable 57 Note : Freedom of alienation 57n § 79. 6. Subinfeudation 57 § 80. 7. Proper and improper feuds 58 §81. 8. Corruption of the feudal system 58 CHAPTEE V. OF THE ANCIENT ENGLISH TENURES. § 82. English tenures, feudal 5t* § 83. 1. Nature of feudal tenure 59 Note : Tenure 59n Note: Meaning of allodium COn § 84. a. Tenants in capite 60 § 85. 2. Kinds of feudal services 60 a. Free and base services; certain and uncertain services.. 60 § 86. 3. Species of feudal tenures 61 a. Frank-tenements 61 (1) Knight service 61 (2) Free socage 61 b. Villeinage 61 (1) Pure villeinage 61 (2) Villein socage 61 § 87. 3. a. (1) Knight service 62 Note: Greater and lesser tenants in chief 63n § 88. (a) Incidents of knight service 63 § 89. (i) Aids 63 § 90. (ii) Reliefs 65 2v'^ofe; Heriot and relief 65n § 91. (iii) Primer seisin 66 Ixvi OUTLINE — BOOK 11. [Beferences are to stai paging.] § 92. (iv) Wardship 67 § 93. (aa) Wardship of the lands 67 § 94. (bb) Wardship of the body 68 § 95. (cc) Delivery from wardship 68 § 96. (dd) Knighthood 69 Note: Tenants of the king 69 n § 97. (v) Marriage 70 § 98. (vi) Fines 71 § 99. (vii) Escheat 72 § 100. (b) Other species of knight service; grand ser- jeanty 73 §101. (c) Escuage or scutage „ 74 §102. (d) Corruption of knight service 75 §103. (e) Abolition of military tenures 76 CHAPTER VI. OF THE MODERN ENGLISH TENURES. 