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'^:3fi'> m $ INDEX Abducting- prisms, 45 Accommodation, 82, 187 absolute, 40, 213 amplitude of, 37 at different ages, 41 binocular, 40 diminution of, 40, 187 of emmetropes, 37 of hypermetropes, 38 of myojies, 39 paralysis of, 196 produced by, 33 range of, 37 relative, 40, 50 spasm of, 197 Accommodative asthenopia, 124, 132, 226 Acquired hypermetropia, 128 Acuteness of vision, 29, 55 in hj^permetropia, 126 in myopia, 148 in astigmatism, 165 diminishes with age, 187 Adducting prism, 46 Aerial image, 73, 245 Altei'nating strabismus, 206 Amblj^opia, 211 Amblj^oscope, 220 Ametropia, 26 Amplitude of accommodation, 37 of convergence, 44 Anderson, Dr. Tempest, 182 Angle a, 41, 123, 145, 201 y, 203 metrical, of convergence, 44 of deviation, 9 of strabismus, 207 principal, 9 visual, 29, 56 Anisometropia, 29, 184 correction of, 185 treatment of, 185 Anterior focal point, 24 focus, 10 Aphakia, 132 case of, 256 test for, 132 treatment of, 133 ^i-pparent strabismus, 123, 200 Appendix, 259 Army, regulations for, 261 Asthenopia, 124, 224 accommodative, 124, 132, 226 muscular, 146, 228 retinal, 234 retinal veins in, 235 Astigmatism, 29, 156 causes of, 164 compound hypermetropic, 161 compound myopic, 161 estimation of, 167 irregular, 157 mixed, 161 principal meridians in, 158, 168 regular, 157 shape of disc in, 171 simple hypermetropic, 161 simple mj'opic, 161 svmptoms of, 164 treatment of, 176, 238 Astigmatic clock-face, 170 fan, 171 Asymmetry of cornea, 157 Atropine, 60, 89, 126, 151, 170, 196 in astigmatism, 170 in mj^opia, 151 in retinoscopy, 89 in hypermetropia, 126 Axial line, 121, 138 hypermetropia, 121 myopia, 138 Axis, optic, 201 principal, 9, 12 secondary, 12, 15 visual, 201 B Bar reading, 222 Biconcave lenses, 11, 16, 20, 238 Biconvex lenses, 11, 19, 238 Bifocal lens, 241 Binocular accommodation, 40 vision, 211, 219 Capsule of lens, 34 Cardinal points, 23 Cataract, 132, 148, 164 in myopia, 148 270 INDEX Cases, retinoscopy, 102, 244 others, 244 Centre of motion of the eye, 24 optical, 12 Choroid, thinning of, in mj^opia, 147 Ciliary muscle, fvinction of, 34 in hypermetropia, 123 in myopia, 145 body, 34 Civil Service, regulations for, 261 Cohn, 142 Cocaine, 90 Compound hyi)ermetropic astig- matism, 161 myopic astigmatism, 161 system, points of, 23 Concave lenses, 11, 16, 20, 238 mirror, in retinoscopy, 100 Concomitant squint, 200 Conjugate focus, 4, 14, 136 Conjunctiva, 126, 225 Convergence, 41 amplitude of, 44 insuflBciency of, 229 latent, 229 metrical angle of, 44 punctum proximum of, 44 punctum remotum of, 44 range of, 44 relative, 50 Convergent strabismus, 124, 208 Cone, 56, 144 of Ught, 158 Convex lenses, 11, 19, 238 Cornea, 22 image formed on, 34 Crescent, myopic, 146 Crystalline lens, 33, 122, 148, 157 Cylindrical glasses, 32, 157, 173 Decentering lenseSj 194, 233 Detachment of retina in myopia, 148, 155 Deviation, angle of, 9 primary, 204 secondary, 204 Dioptre, 31, 259 Dioptric system, 31 Diplopia, 42, 213 Direct ophthalmoscopic examination, 53,73 Disc, Placido's, 181 shape of, in astigmatism, 172 Distant type, 56 Divergent strabismus, 146, 208, 215 Divergence, appearance of, 123, 203 latent, 230 Donders, 121, 188, 226 Educational treatment of squint, 219 Elasticity of capsule, 34 of lens. Latent convergence, 229 deviation, 231 divergence, 230 hypermetropia, 59, 127 Length of eyeljall, 22 focal, 31 in hypermetropia, 122 in myopia, 138 Lens, crystalline, 35, 122, 148, 157 Lenses, 11, 31, 237, 260 Lenses, biconcave, 11, 16, 20, 238 Ijiconvex, 11, 19, 238 bifocal, 241 conjugate focus, 4, 14, 136 converging, 12 cvlindrical, 32, 157, 171 decentred, 194, 233 diverging, 12 foci of, 14, 16 images formed by, 17, 19 influence of, on the size of the image, 238 principal focus, 5, 14, 24 refraction by, 11 spherical, 31 table for presbyopia, 191 Light, artificial, 82, 150 Long sight, see presbyopia, 28, 1S7 M Macula, 29,'56, 147 Haddock's rod test, 46, 229 Manifest hyiJermetropia, 59, 126 Medium, refraction by, 7 Meniscus, 11 Metrical angle, 44 system of lenses, 31, 260 Microphthalmos, 123 Mirror, concave, for retinoscopy, 100 plane, for retinoscopy, 84 reflection by a plane, 2 from a concave, 3 from a convex, 6 Mixed astigmatism, 161 Monolateral strabismus, 206 Movements of mirror in retinoscopy, 85 Musca?. volitantes, 145 Muscle, ciliary, 34, 123, 145 iris, 34, 123, 146 Muscular asthenopia, 146, 228 Myopia, 27, 134 axial, 138 causes of, 138 determining causes, 141 diagnosis of, 148 estimation of degree, 148 formation of image in, 136 length of eyeball in, 138 ophthalmoscopic appearances in, 146 posterior staphyloma in, 138 progressive, 135 stationary, 152 statistics in, 142 symptoms of, 144 treatment for, 150 Mj^opic astigmatism, 161 crescent, 146 N Nagel on convergence, 42 Navy, regulations for, 261 Near point (punctum proximum), 28, 35 272 INDEX Negative, angle a, 203 Nerve, optic, in hypermetropia, 124! in myopia, 147 Nodal points, 24 Nordenson, statistics of, 178 Objective examination, 53 Operative treatment of squint, 223 Optics, Chap. I Optic axis, 201 disc in myopia, 146 nerve in hypermetropia, 124 in myopia, 147 Optical centre, 12 Ophthalmo-dynamometer, 47 Ophthalmological Congress, 31 Ophthalmometer of Javal and Schiotz, 176 Ophthalmoscope, 53, 66 direct examination, 66, 73 indirect examination, 66 Ophthalmoscopic appearances, 146 Optometer of Tweedy, 178 wire, 35 Oris'inal hjqjermetropia, 128 Orthoptic exercises, 219 Orthoscopic lenses, 194 Paralysis of accommodation, 196 causes of, 196 treatment of, 197 Pantoscopic spectacles, 241 Perimeter, 207 Periodic strabismus, 206 Periscopic lenses, 241 Pin-hole test, 54 Placido's disc, 181 Plane mirror, 84 Points, cardinal, 23 nodal, 23 principal, 23 Position in myopia, 150 Posterior staphyloma, 138 Pray, test letters of, 168 Presbyopia, 28, 187 age at which it commences, 189 definition of, 188 glasses for, 190 symptoms of, 190 table for, 191 treatment of, 190 Principal angle, 9 focus, 3, 5, 9, 14, 24 points, 24 Prismatic, spectacles, 242 Prisms, 8, 42, 240 abducting, 45, 242 adducting, 46, 242 to test convergence, 42 PriKmos])heres, 233 Progressive myopia, 135 Protectors, 243 Public works, regulations for, 262 Punctum proximum, 28, 35 in emmetropia, 35 in hypermetropia, 38 in myopia, 39, 137 remotum, 28, 35, 137 m emmetropia, 35 in hji)ermetropia, 38 in myopia, 137 Pupil in accommodation, 34 in hypermetropia, 123 in myopia, 146 R Railways, regulations for, 263 Range of accommodation, 37 convei-gence, 44 Rays, 1 incident, 7 emergent, 7 Recti, internal, 146, 217 Reflection, 2 by concave surface, 3 l)y convex surface, 6 by plane surface, 2 Refraction, 6, 22 diminution of, 128, 146 estimation of, 53 index of, 7 by lenses, 11 by i)]ane surface, 6 by prisms, 8 by spherical surface, 9 liy the eye, 22 Regulations for army, 261 for civil service, 261 for English railways, 263 for Indian medical service, 261 for navy, 261 for ijul/lic works, 262 Regular astigmatism, 157 Relative accommodation, 40, 50 convergence, 50 Remotum punctum, 2S, 35, 137 in emmetropia, 35 in hypermetropia, 38 in myopia, 137 Retina, 21, 25, 147 Retinal asthenopia, 234 Retinal image, size of, in hyper- metroi)ia, 69 in myopia, 70 Retinoscopy, 52, 66, 82 cases of, 102 in astigmatism, 96, 173 in liypernietropia, 128 in niy()])ia, 149 mirror for, 84 o])li(iue movements in, 94 plane mirror in, 81 rate of movement in, 93 Rods and cones, 56, Iti Rod test, 16, 229 INDEX 273 Scale for testing deviation, 232 Scheffler, 194 Scheiner, 36, 64 Scotomata, 144 Secondaiy changes in myopia, 147 Shadows in retinoscopy, 82 Shadow test, 82 Short sight (myopia), 27, 134 Snellen, 56 Spasm of accommodation, 197 causes of, 198 symptoms of, 198 treatment for, 199 Spectacles (see also glasses), 237 for aphakia, 133 for astigmatism, 176, 238 for hypermetropia, 129, 237 for myopia, 152, 237 for presbyopia, 190 for strabismus, 217 Simple hypermetropic astigmatism, 161 myopic astigmatism, 161 Sqmnt, see strabismus, 200 Staphyloma, posterior, 138 Stationary myopia, 152 Statistics in myopia, 142 Stenopaic slit, 181 glasses, 157, 242 Stereoscope, 221 Strabismometer, 206 Strabismus, 200 alternating, 203 angle of, 207 apparent, 200 concomitant, 205 constant, 206 convergent, 124, 208 divergent, 146, 208, 215 monolateral, 20G paralytic, 200 periodic, 206 real, 201 treatment of, 217 Sturm, interval of, 160 Surfaces, refracting, of the eye, 22 Sj^mptoms of astheiiopia, 225" astigmatism, 164 hypermetropia, 124 Symptoms of myopia, 144 presbyopia, 190 Table for presbj^opia, 191 of amplitude of accommodation, 41 of angles of convergence, 49 of inches and dioptres, 260 of length of axial line in hj^per- metropia, 122 in myopia, 138 Tenotomy, 223 Test for aphakia, 132 clock-face, 170 fan, 171 letters. 18 1 a 4 4 1 g .^ i^S£UUk lETURN OPTOMETRY LIBRARY rO— #^ 490 Minor Hall 642-1020 _OAN PERIOD 1 NOM.P li.S 2 3 1 5 ( 5 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS RENEWALS MAY BE REQUESTED BY PHONE DUE AS STAMPED BELOW UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY ORM NO. 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