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\\ mec aatrenrt tesa New ES SNAT SS Ta ae biol PR Ww Gibson. WR SeLib Lon g Fo al Ww ” oo o HOW CROPS GROW. A TREATISE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND LIFE OF THE PLANT, FOR ALL STUDENTS OF AGRICULTURE. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES OF ANALYSES. BY SAMUEL W. JOHNSON, M. A. PROFESSOR OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY IN THE SEPFFIBLD SOIENTIFIO SCHOOL OF YALE COLLEGE; OHEMIS’ TO THE OCNNEG TIOUT STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL AOADEMY OF SCIENCES, CIBER ART aw YORE BOTANICAL ratwetirRen NEW YORK: 0. JUDD CO., DAVID W. JUDD, Przs’r, 751 BROADWAY. 1888, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by ORANGE JUDD & CO., &t the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Unitid States for the Southern District of New-York, LovgEsJoy, Son & Co., Execrrotyrers & STEREOTYPERS, 15 Vandewater Street, N. Y. PREFACE. For the last twelve years it has been the duty of the writer to pronounce a course of lectures annually upon Agricultural Chemistry and Physiology to a class in the Scientific School of Yale College. This volume is a result of studies undertaken in preparing these lectures. It is intended to be one of a series that shall cover the whole subject of the applications of Chemical and Physiological Science to Agriculture, and is offered to the public in the hope that it wili supply a deficiency that has long existed in English literatvre. The pregress of these branches of science during recent years has been very great. Thanks to the activity of numerous English, French, and especially German inves- tigators, Agricultural Chemistry has ceased to be the monopoly of speculative minds, and is well based on a foundation of hard work in the study of facts and first principles.) Vegetable Physiology has likewise made re ') markable advances, has disencumbered itself of many * useless accumulations, and has achieved much that is of “direct bearing on the art of cultivation. The author has endeavored in this work to lay out a » ~ groundwork of facts sufficiently complete to reflect a true = and well-proportioned image of the nature and needs of - © the plant, and to serve the student of agriculture for = =~ thoroughly preparing himself to comprehend the whole = 3 Iv HOW CROPS GROW. subject of vegetable nutrition, and to estimate accurately how and to what extent the crop depends upon the at- mosphere on the one hand, and the soil on the other, for the elements of its growth.. It has been sought to present the subject inductively, to collate and compare, as far as possible, ad the facts, and so to describe and discuss the methods of investigation that the conclusions given shall not rest on any individual authority, but that the student may be able to judge him- self of their validity and importance. In many cases ful- ness of detail has been employed, from a conviction that an acquaintance with the sources of information, and with the processes by which a problem is attacked and truth ar- rived at, is a necessary part of the education of those who are hereafter to be of service in the advancement of agri- culture. The Agricultural Schools that are coming into operation should do more than instruct in the general re- sults of Agricultural Science. They should teach the subject so thoroughly that the learner may comprehend at once the deficiencies and the possibilities of our knowl- edge. Thus we may hope that a company of capable in- vestigators may be raised up, from whose efforts the science and the art may receive new and continual im- pulses. In preparing the ensuing pages the writer has kept his eye steadily fixed upon the practical aspects of the subject. A multitude of interesting details have been omitted for the sake of comprising within a reasonable space that informa- tion which may most immediately serve the agriculturist. It must not, however, be forgotten, that a valuable principle is often arrived at from the study of facts, which, consid- ered singly, have no visible connection with a practical result. Statements are made which may appear far more curious than useful, and that have, at present, a simply speculative interest, no mode being apparent by which the farmer can increase his crops or diminish his labors by help ——— eS oe ee PREFACE, Vv of his acquaintance with them. Such facts are not, how- ever, for this reason to be ignored or refused a place in our treatise, nor do they render our book less practical or less valuable. It is just such curious and seemingly nseless facts that are often the seeds of vast advances in industry and arts. For those who have not enjoyed the advantages of the schools, the author has sought to unfold his subjects by suck regular and simple steps, that any one may easily master them. It has also been attempted to adapt the work in form and contents to the wants of the class-room by a strictly systematic arrangement of topics, and by di- vision of the matter into convenient paragraphs. To aid the student who has access to a chemical labor- atory and desires to make himself practically familiar with the elements and compounds that exist in plants, a number of simple experiments are described somewhat in detail, The repetition of these will be found extremely useful by giving the learner an opportunity of sharpening his perceptive powers, as well as of deepening the impres- sions of study. The author has endeavored to make this volume com- plete in itself, and for that purpose has introduced a short section on The Food of the Plant. In the succeeding vol- ume, which is nearly ready for the printer, to be entitled “How Crops Feed,” this subject will be amplified in all its details, and the atmosphere and the soil will be fully discussed in their manifold Relations to the Plant. A third volume, it is hoped, will be prepared at an early day upon Cultivation; or, the Improvement of the Soil and the Crop by Tillage and Manures. Lastly, if time and strength do not fail, a fourth work on Stock Feeding and Dairy Produce, considered from the point of view of chemical and physiological science, may finish the series. It is a source of deep and continual regret to the writer that his efforts in the field of agriculture have been mostly VI HOW CROPS GROW. confined to editing and communicating the results of the labors of others. He will not call it a misfortune that other duties of life and of his professional position have fully employed his time and his energies, but the fact is his apology for be- ing a middle man and not a producer of the priceless com- modities of science. He hopes yet that circumstances may put it in his power to give his undivided attention to the experimental solution of numerous problems which now perplex both the philosopher and the farmer; and he would earnestly invite young men reared in familiarity with the occupations of the farm, who are conscious of the power of investigation, to enter the fields of Agricul- tural Science, now white with a harvest for which the reapers are all too few, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The author would express his thanks to his friend Dr. Peter Collier, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Vermont, for a large share of the calculations and re- ductions required for the Tables pp. 150-6. Of the illustrations, fig’s 3, 4, 5, 7, 47, 63, and 64, were drawn by Mr. Lockwood Sanford, the engraver. For oth- ers, acknowledgments are due to the following authors, from whose works they have been borrowed, viz. : ScHLEIDEN.—Fig’s 10, 13, 17, 19, 30, 48, 49, and 50, Physiologie der Pflanzen und Thiere. Sacus.—Fig’s 56 and 65, Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, XX XVII, 1859, and fig’s 22, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 59, 66, 69, 70, and 71, Haperimental-Physiologie der Pflanzen. Payen.—Fig’s 11, 12, and 23, Precis de Chimie Indus. trielle. Ducuartre.—Fig’s 60 and 61, Eléments de Botanique. Ktun. — Fig’s 18, 21a, 29, and 34, Hrndhrung des Rindwiehes. Hartie.—Fig’s 20, 21b, 32, Hntwickelungsgeschichte des Pflanzenkeims. Unerr.—Fig. 26, Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akade- mie XLIII, and fig. 55, Anat. u. Phys. der Pflanzen. Scuacut.—Fio’s 33, 37, 44, Anatomie der Gewachse, fio’s 51, 53, 54, and 62, Der Bawm, and fig’s 52, 57, ana 58, Die Kartoffel und thre Krankheiten. Henrrey.—Fig’s 36 and 39, Jour. Roy. Ag. Soc. of England, Vol. XTX, pp. 483 and 484. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS. EMTRODUCTION:. 05.050 56-5 <ises's ane osiewem acine sieeentateeeee seen Peco DIVISION L—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PLANT. Cwap. l—TuHEe VoLatoz Part OF PLANTS, J..250<0csccevesesenmene astaees 1. Distinctions and Definitions. >. alt Sei dee aceee aeeeene 28 § 2. Elements of the Volatile Part of Plants...................- 81 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphor- us, Ultimate Composition of Organic Matter......... creme 8. Chemical Adgfnity wr. .-ccc terie Wo ass Cole onic Callens eee 46 4. Vegetable Organic Compounds or Proximate Elements....... 52 Le Water. 5 cis:0:c oc hs!s.01c wie c s)eiareie vein le etalon si tare aetna emcee > 2. gathilosd GrOUDsidisccicisdoutnrec ecto o vicia\ove bra ietwistaterenaraie 65 8. Pectose Pr [tacichtersehee ae altace din, inte a ae catatintate dcomwente 81 4. Vegetable ACidS:. 3.5: «cio0 cae. seis sisdeels sees va eines 85 ys WHat, Fa) Kicks aisistsie wistate wis oes stpinnelee tele ee ttetsiate = slve easement 6: Albuminoids: 2.3. -stsewets a wccheiteeee oe eh aaee ane Appendix, Chlorophyll, etc............ ROC EAL: 109 Guar: Il.—Tar AsHor PLANnta:... i .i...cenes saa ste euns dete Pee eerie ccc Lei! § 1. Ingredients of the Ash... ©... ..%)....-ccecveleciee oaevieeiasivislohibrarmaeaun Non-metallic Elements... .............c0ee-eeeee oes enlenjeeeeiain Carbon and its Compounds ne weitaae eseaee vison ve Seem eens Sulphur Sen bee wee csee c/s qa umqeat Ren Phosphorus ‘** ‘* Ser La Wactaetee wate ciate atate aio's cle sivlow sitesesannn Silicon SENN ASE ~ aeanicislecniaeniee os\c\e\e sin alemieateepeeeg Metallic Elements....................cceseeeeee ao sic eis atatd d cle sieieleeetnae Potassium and its Compounds BAO doscce a nlaiewiefenuale anne 124 Sodium BE EER Sh RCE SN) Ce secre Sree aetna edeatile eee Bees te. ! Calcium een ee I eR COS: ain (a'njmrd| a /eintale eee oat 15 Magnesium and its Compounds siete 04 0 d:c'e'e,eiele.aialereeteaear arate 126 Iron ane clainlaninlatatenatate anteiobiaatstettats 127 Manganese Salevia wie RU Ga Siac 5 chet via eases cisiwiviaiore enaiaiselaasiciee Carbonates.. SUPP ates. ot. \o< prog sini! stalare) eyelniaie/aio aiatololelaieisteletttaetae Phosphates 011 (0 (6 {1 ARG en eInE ESO CRIS ICOR SOCDDOA OCI: 22 or eniah wearers 135 INT HATO 6s Scere cic a b.als’s eieceie ova ba.a nictera close ete alee jeenlete 136 § 2. Quantity, Distribution, and Variations of the Ash. 3 jceee - 138 able of Proportions of Ash in V egetable Matter............ 139 § 8. Special Composition of the Ash of ‘Agr icultural Plants....... 147 1. Constant Ingredients... . 2% 00.26. cas0cncewslteenen ana 148 2. Uniform composition of normal specim’s of given plant. is Table of Ash-analyses........:0-sss0% saiuinecsialee mata 8. Composition of Different parts of Plant.......... IBY 4. Like composition of similar plants..............+0. ..159 5. Variability of ash of same species............ .+-se0es 180 6. What is normal composition of the ash of a plant?..... 163 % To what extent is each ash-ingredient essential or acci- Cental sac. <:cictentere:vioielealateivieleve s/a!eisial ejeteoraaae e-aveiere psa Seva Water-cultnre. vi... 2 aiccisscaisjetctelseraacneete on, a's ils pie aaa 167 Essential ash-ingredients. . nitiee 172 Is Soda Essential to Agricultural | Plants? ....+s:cepnuen 172 Oxide of Iron indispensable..........00.0ss+300 seas Oxide of Manganese unessentibl.......e:ceccceececee- 10D Is chlorine indispensable ?..........eeeeeeeeeee ha wate ewetataes Silica is.not.essential.;...05<ss.<evessleuicemeniee anaes 183 Ash-ingredients taken up IN OXCESS: ceca esindenee ois wu Dae Disposition of superfluous matters.........+++eeeeeee es 189 State of Ash-ingredients in plant........ o ahinareinye eataile 193 4, Functions of the Ash- “ingredients o:060.0.6 joe s’uib-e ele alten an eaetaatem 19¢ Cuar. I11.—§ 1. Quantitative Relations among the Ingredients of Plants...... 20° 2. Composition of the plant in successive stages of growth..... 20° Composition and Growth of the Oat Plant. «si ceases 20. DIVISION LK. -THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT AND OFFICES OF ITS DBBANE. OmaPp, I.—GENERALITIES.......060+ si cl eee d viet oon cecccevececes wee B20 Organism, Organs..... . sees ee enee sereceeceacvscreceres oF 8 ee ee ee TABLE OF CONTENTS, ma cencces Re0 Cnap. II.--Primary ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC STRUCTURE. .. ... §1. shite Wecetable Celle cock ci. cialctecseicts ore'aye Srasonegoc SERV CO Ota DIG TISKHES) cre cicie esse isielstenretiemarciaialsia poesten CoSeSoGs sa. Caap, TII.— VEGETATIVE ORGANS........20c-ceeeeee sence una Sas Deneeaveneme ba (Sie UL) Tate) Raemeereno nm: Gaon cacaccar Sonne. HoGoniien saoctegeEcdn 234 NHORCVOIES, OOt Cape ce sec cine ale «laine cinta Vaaieialeleieiaie(s) einjeloie s\clsiaie 2QBE OUHCES OL FROOUE araiccaia\sia's 6 = ores oisrewieleleharan arsine Siena aisle teeta ete 238 GH CHC Ys Ol, O ULUCUUNG (cites cereale sfelstele eisieeieiataieisinin ole. Sbaneoddr 230 Anparent Search fOr HOO =) <icis\ccje sislc/elsieleicied ojeinconiels nie stu\siole)=ie/a 241 ROO TABI S cei ciliots.or rarer atatetsisia, ./e-aralatetetatn sceinterinialatolaleiaratewieloleleiclerel= 243 CONTACT OL LOOtS with: Ol! \ ccs ctaietemciutaiersieutciacai sis etetnlals alstale 245 FAIPROLD LOM Dy EROObs ci... 5.c.c/<eteremistols=lclate winnie e/sle\e)s\e/arele/eirinistslanli= 24s Soil Roots, Water Roots, Air Roots...... Saas nie ratens/clerenisatereiaiae 252 PEPIGLE TODS se tsp o,o'x areteioisisah oats wientiat al aelaiala efarelale? (osvsiajajeie’eial reuse 258 Rie LIT) SOLEMN ons o/s 0 o aia aysid, slavelsie alsinge.s) aietaie ns a\a)s 26 PNGB st eratciasarai/evaraca' ai he lo!ay a aiclate.clote sVatete tm ieisieieiajaie’e)'s Layers, Tillering Jaieeelenelste LOD T= LOCK Bass laveinicje¥e oie's 0. sfeiwialeveia Rtalaia”aie ateial siaistsioro alsin Metaie eaten PRI OTB eseye eis 2. «:stetutsi sis nic .c1eTe e/eiasareiolam aie siaierolotard a /ofaterajelelatsferal en taraie Structure of the Stem..... .......... | bese yeisie terete oteulatoeate 267 INCOSE ONS HELAMIS 5c ,<icic cimetesicivipis'nielsie [acts wioiels' so laste ale rotat 268 Exogenous SOM Leni totsletie aisieis = = (si oiainlatneiglatetelctelsveteie acs ata tetenee 273 BU EVE-COLISG cic css. ciecteleeie's oof miaroeioreloleraintate, anualpis elotwiaiatclels a ateterem eats 280 3h LUTE nomcocepe Gaerereenc once con acr occdaedaSOnO On5: 283 GT OLOG ca.cincretieiatless. 9 owsiiie sicvare cielalereaishannials o aeO See arses 285 Hxchalationiof Water VAPOLs.< an:<:s celersialsrsials « 0/c\o'e\sieioyolalelaleiviel=tat= 287 Oniees Of MOMACE See, 2 c.«asiemsleicinle saivisie's rerata ale loiaeaisisin estore 290 HAPPY, — REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. <...c0c.s0 cose scencnisien sid coddeoceones 291 Mie UCL LOVED. sinienis? cimireron sibel ore iefalo(e oiaini ctaollateiae eialwintelstekaneiatetts 291 PHONE MARTI: ois ales aie) oxai tare teieie eiale oieisis tala) eials\oieia pun «_s(a\einiely/ialatetetete 294 PEL DIMA OS. cyorers wlela/s vas atelel ets piniaisiaiaioialaials ciptecaen @iewlelarawia iain siete 295 Darwin’s Hypothesis, 298 Meee HIER taravais.o,;ceisieh ia imisicie misinaye 500 IDM net ia poateraiaivicisiwipie cis stole be Gites ee TE NGLORD CFIA S14, 5:4ia:cinie Sep aleiccvaieaisamasvteiein path é 302 PHT DEY Ore itis ereic ci. 9S Sas Winks ns calnleln 5 wis nie otp atsia os Mate mieten Sinlioiey Goleta § 3. DORE AGISEEMLN ATION Sp coieiioieccics ihn cic sisle/d ai alnie aieiowe alte Soelcaaee el aie PPE UNOM ICOM Vortec ic, \c s.a)eia (esos 6 0. '8's wis cietncaia civjale elelelo(eiacmmiate raat 2. Phenomena of Germination... 3. Conditions of Germination.. Proper Depth of. SOWING...) saciec <iacisescscawe § 4. Chemical Physiology of Germination Whemirsiny OLruMaltooy, .\c.clec on os Sole casio eae arcisic> alee celeoeniaere Cua>, IL.— §1. Food of the Plant when independent of the Seed............ 327 §z. The Juices of the Plant. Their Nature and Movements.... 330 GOV LOM SAD senses oe leicle ccaremnts oe cle ticinle-a.e-e Risie in oalsteitreloig step iaters 331 BlCeding. .. 0.2... esse ween ccc ee cons cescscerccccccesccnscecens 332 MOM OSiAOM OL Sapscs, cacti alte Sec class elstore'd olalotatctatoral etme 337 PRG FOENS AP watts =. sataty a pepe kis cine cleteleninve aiutu/aid a/oftla lelwatavalamieeteior 333 Motroniof Nutrient Matters: <i ccssstteersec.c, ase) i vlarerelstet eee § 3. Causes of Motion of the Juices...........-..eeer0e sind vielatsisiere 346 IPOROSHVODN LISSUES J. cree coerce esroinly les clelwoiaacia eeem ick se One PEREPTSUD LOU iar.) marais s(o\c esis) siete areola Rimaibia” le, fal me “sidloraleisiefavsleloiafery 346 anil arye AAC LL ACLLOVG ie cin ets lalelere slatsiolny wie elas Gia wala nl, olclerelelb/ sie) sfatere nuiquid Diffusion,.......... De cine etaisiete vu oy oweltolenialeie viaius sietetatste Oxsmose or Membrane Diffusion..... PERN OTIATCHLONS taky |. coetcte ce wines oe eiciely ola Selective Power of Plant........... 4 Mechanical Mitects Of OSMIOLE....%.0cccstende sseetelcoes was Ue 5. Direction of Vegetable Growth....... ... ainieval eee nens es -..300 APPENDIX.—TABLES. Tasxz I.—Composition of the Ash of Agricuit’i Plants and Products. Averages, 87@ 1* x HOW CROPS GROW. Tans.e I1.—Composition of Fresh or Air-dry Agricult’l Products in 1,000 parts..331 TaBLE III.—Proximate Composition of Agricultural Plants and Products.. Tas ie [V.—Detailed Analyses of Bread Grains Tasie V.—Detailed Analyses of Potatoes TaBLeE VI.—Detailed Analyses of Sugar Beets... . ...... TaBLE VII.—Composition of Frnits.. TaBLE VIII.—Fruits arranged in the Order of their Content of Sugar.. TaBLeE IX.—Fruits arranged in the Order of their Content of Free Acid errr eee eee eee ee ee ee TABLE X.—Fruits ar ranged according to proportions between Acid, Sugar, etc..893 TasBLe XI.—Fruits arranged according to the proportions between . Water, Soluble Matters, etc........ TasLe XIL—Proportion of Oil in Seeds ee a ey ee eo saa Be: Se'elosie\olcimalale « elsis's\cine elaine ———__+ 69. INDEX. Absorption by the root... .239, 250, = Access of air to interior of Plant... Acids, Definition of........... ae "36 ede Nest forieccanscacarenawnenee 87 NGI .ClEMCNIB «<< s<elodeaeredescssies 113 RMN OSION:. G cacanowdene wtiadlvted dens 26, 349 Aoriculture, Art Of. .. ss255 caste wees 17 agricultural products, Composition in 1,000 parts.... . .....+..eee- 281 Agricultural Science, Scope of...... 24 % Experiment-Stations of Germanyecs. cess. 24 Air-passages in plaut...... ioiiewtarete 289 RAT- POOR. c iacisics acawamscebestevieete « 252 EROTIC’ Ws inves cciusiseise cients Aowles 301 SPMD ee eis (aso ohic(oja:0/0/0 0b w simile 96 Albuminoids, Characters and com- POSIitION........-. see ee eee sees 94 Albuminoids i in animal nutrition...104 IDUFasion Of vice. sx.<.x10 364 as in oat-plant....... 211, 215 ‘es Mutual relations of...103 #6 Proportion of, in yege- table products...........c20e00 109 PSUENPEVTUUIINAE =, = 0 « sixicie'starsrasiaiotetictota states 282 Alcohol from saw-dust...........-. PRIGHYOUC wate se, cuain cciaere's cena wn egieeiste 105 PAGE Fores adn siesta eeew aes 177, 223 Alkali- PATCHS > visi yet aicts cleiaia’ = win/etS niet 125 Be MINN CHON Olesen cieisaibiere 197 = SS. NECTAR S eso nin alata oleieiae 125 PAL MOLAIS </<\0: cazic nieisealem sae eae METAL OR 550.0: 0.c:d0 eptestata otal bie ateialets 86, 124 me Mast £OMa isis: OM MNCTION (Ole oce'e sg) osicew ele DeMRAT A Ee sn Jip aig emits Alum, decomposed by diffusion... 364 PITH na paied secle seaatek ees 129 PRATT TN: cielc piaib's 5 dip y'einvi siete winleinl stares 129 Ammonia, Carbonate....,......+++- 49 ab UT SDIBTIIG . <:65 <siaciresl ue. ele 108 as PITS OL. a isigisi ta meulaan sts 137 ¥ AUS 301 DAU ewe ae tall 137 CANA Bas reve els pgs dines epee ve 55 Be Transformation of........ 3 Anhydrous phosphoric acid........ 117 BINCIC ACI caaceeieweeel 120 Lg Sulphuric Acid... veces 115 DUNCR is Fon cares gu tses deabeceantae 292 Apatite App’ e Cells of.. Arabic acid......... ATADING | o:5:5):s- “sha/aiv'ote cieleln wlcletel renee Arendt, Estimation of sulphur and sulphuric BCIG. <a: «ccm oteleeeieeee Arendt, Study of oat-plant ‘* Analysis of oat-plant... Seah 141 Aral. cvcicss ce! los (ote ope 88 ATTOW TOOt«:.«:c\.:s/c'< cetacean 63 Arsenic in plants........c..se- 123, 196 Art'and Sciente..... vance cseeseeeme 17 Artificial fecundation.......... .... 295 Ash- Ingredients a sie's Gigisters eters ae 112, ace “ Excess Of, oc casee 187 e “ +e how dis- POKEMIORS. ajo victors tem aeeceeeeee 189 Ash-Ingredients, Function of, im DANK. oa: oie vote acietwictol eae eter 196 Ash-Ing redients, The indispensable.146 “State of, in plant...193 Ash of plants.ae: Jcsenagaeeeeeee 30, 111 Ke Analy ses, Tables of. 150, 376 fs sf Composition of, nor- MAL .. «0.05500, costing nese meee 163 Ash of plants, Composition of, va- PIAtONB, Noi ceno:ssenceeee 157, 163 Ash of 08t-Crop) sci... stelenaatae 212, 216 “ Proportions of, Tables..... 139) 145 os ‘* variations in...143 Asparagus, Ash-analyses........... 176 ‘Assimilation.....:. \.<. seen 825 Atmosphere, Offices of.............. 329 Atoms..... > a aise \a\eieialo eleinielvle tietsl tas Pre s 380 Barley, Ash-analyses..150, 153, 160, 878 Proximate analyses... 387 detailed. oat ee Lay ‘© Root-cap Ofm.s. saccesessnee “6. -Root-hairs.Of.:4., esicumtmetes i 2a Barley-Sugar.c...2cs-sls ssues couse 43 Baryta in plants....... eeaideloutewene 196 Bases, Definition of. . MPP eye) BASSOLIN.. »\ 00 </e.c0/ceeelie eile tee UW Bast-GOues sissies ddeine pacdp mete «20, 275 Bast-Tissue. .c:cviwis see me duuseiively same Bayberry tallow:....s<iscise sedslesesies se 91 Bean, Ash-analyses... ....152, 164, 379 ‘© Proximate analysis....... .. INDEX, © xi Bean, peal Section of..... Siestae wes COO Cellulose, ag ‘ foletct Tajecoe DH PEEEIBEE sc (ous civ ss maieleieisie sieisiaretatere 304 THELEN ATION. «cs \sieiere versie) s<iere ate KS Bees Betty BEE yainieic dialclsie vluretetthe wievc's'e's’b's 6 91 s GLOUPES jose Henecives, we’ sie 55 PSEA aotsicicns)< wie o cle cicle'c oe.o0ccis 3 S= SRESUROM Ta mercies iets lok. seckoee 59 PRM Mitre de odo awe s cs ve cetae ccc 301 * Quantity of, in plants..... 62 Bicarbonate of POLLED 6 5c<cie sioeseLaO! | NCOnasltiveeeae eens kasiiclsociok oecrite 71 Bicarbonate of soda...... nia ersisieyeinravs 131 | Cereals, Ant-analysen: of.. .150, 278, 378 Biennial plants......... ....--.+.. 2255 Bagel 0) ef SRN cs OR Cen eee eon. 294 Bitartrate of potash .............-. 8 €o ASTOR etic rats jolene oterers elorsrae 373 Bleeding of vine........... 250, 332 Chemical BTL E crs io1o)xfacercininixolierosrers 46 PSUR Sic WicloaCewte ccwcc sis voice sea 223 ‘* overcome by os- SEE: Ee eee eee 98 IOS EG iajoern gasstayort ve tage lola ola) Sete or 0 82 | Chemical combination......... ... 46 Bons-phosphate.............-2.-+0+ 135 ss decomposition............ % Bread grains, Detailed analyses... 388 | Chemistry.... ............5 +» -. 26 Bretschneider, Study of oat- /plant.. .204 | Cherry gum.... peerit PRIRAMIRC Ee Xa a. - sive icra en'e oferoe! Veieies 119 | Chlorhydric acid. 118 IEMA Mr one noice duletewes.vietee eee’ M237 | Whlorides... .<2xceceawane sere ee 118, 135 Buckwheat, Ash-analyses....152, 153 Chloride of ammonium, decompos- AMEN ARAARVAS ot o'eh waar cererware 163, 378 ed by Plamtisoace cca iediaeroetererec ee Buckwheat, Proximate ana’ysis... "387 | Chloride of Magnesium............ 118 3 ae de- a “\ (POtassimim....cewhiwaleete ote 135 PAUP Bene Ritsicicts'ats Pclclde\acisis.ce0 388 #6 8° (Sodtumys «<=; ia;zee ae aera 136 Buds, Structure Of...........0.. --- 261 | ‘Chlorine sss. 5.22 Sie icicle © toe! Adi tanaeee 1i8 ‘** Development under pressure.568 ** essential to crops ?....180, 183 Me aeia aceite se eeite des ceeaed 267 “ function in plant........... 1°9 AEREMAUNUD MERE chard ota1s 7s </a's slat aid'aioe.ale-si-veie's'e 90 * in. strand plants... ojos ase 183 Cabbage, Section of stem, fig... .. 56 Chlorophy Msc anslacscdtasciecse 109, 285 Cactus senilis, Lime salt in.......... 191 requires iron.:....... -200 Caesium.. SA Gece Church, on specitic gravity of seeds.308 ee ‘Action in oat... Circulation OL BAD siisiie: hvicleravetalamlotortae 330 RON Sap siasio' vse Caffeotanic acid .. ICING: A sige. ce stas ee UGB ge tesa se cieclsicices'cecee a RUE cise chatcrel sels weidie'e sce eases Glover; 2Ash iol... ident aacccspecemitee 3Te CambITM... 00%. =!ece. ‘+ soluble and insoluble ash-in- RUHCUSTORE Ma taveciel aide vie’ vesesese PTECIONIS, isk, <<a vlewtasceeoeene 194 Capillary MPFACHION << c.c502 ce ecied 319 Clover, washed by rain. ...... ....190 WRRER RO er tars ay ann charctat sie'oie-a:e\o<st ies cralere 73 Coagulation teeeeisee, tesisien wo mee 96 Carbon, Properties Of -4. <0 cows 31 | Cochineal tincture, test for acids and PERCPEARN yo ctaveracwerdece/cee is 113 PIRALICH Su s,cthvloisie sees cise =e emia 87 MATROHAICSS Asc. nse. tsesdedeceweeces (ESO! (MIO OLB ana csixcclactedore cs swieacictrals 852 Carbonate of lime.. He tndaelne teal SMO OMDUSUION s-ycsmtrcre as o'cl Maou etes 35 ne ** potash... Secfremel WOO: | SVOMMON ISAM L. 5 c.co cai oc octet aeiee 136 & SBOE Ar Sereraisivs Jvccivaneccete 131 | Composite plants. « ... si. igeacemccied 300 Carbonic AUD chart 2 ataravacaer si oteieor<'ci ave .113 | Concentration of Peper a3 : ‘* as food of plant..... 328 | Concretions in plant.. sae Ss ‘* in ash-analyses....... 149 | Coniferous plants...... PASPGHIZAUMON 6 3ccrces ees ees views S32. | (Copper IN Plants. ..ees caceoevie “£129, “196 Carrot, Ash-analyses....... wiih 156, 377 OF Gas dis wtarwivlaivie aielwine ssccleeinals aekOy iene. MO PRR ET aire daa \alaid, aad oi6 scone “ie wiare-elae'e 100 | Corn-starch ate) laiatatetctaets 63 WARBAVAN stewie cs oce ces aida etorat ecaste OL: || MGOROM A Ka ceicctermoue race qnaaiseanaee 292 Caulerpa prolifera, fig........0..0- 230 | Cotton, ash-analyses..... Sn eee 156 Causes of directive power Bataista ss aie 371 $492 Piber, Lg cwodedeces car 56, 227 s* ** motion of juices.. - 46 | «*. .8eed ‘cake, Analysis of. 378, 382 Caustic a breton dayd'eic.oe deen EA iGotyleden.csssccaheecds ee eee -268, 303 peda. . dale esos -...-125 | Crops, composition in 1,000 parts.. 381 MUANTO ELEC. toes cece ece'e'e ERS 6 0% 183 | Coniferous monpaegs ee ae ne 300, 304 WEUPCONIGNIS. . io... cee cece se woud 228 | Crude cellulose.. sinmsinsloeicientates ita “* membrane, Thickening = eee heel) |PGEVDLOCAIIG so wdc olnclua clo eiaiwsinre 223, 299 ae multiplication.. este ere Soe sa TeOL Crystalloid AEUTONE 556s cece sbecese 107 SREEENCEHEO OLvidcitcceseeceesree 's 224 | Crystalloids......sccees sescoe so0e 852 Cells, Forms of...... ....226 | Crystals in plant.... ...... 190, 192 BSR PRIZO OL, oacn ccc ss sceee 230 | Cubic centimeter......ces.ssscceees 58 Cellular plants.. Pe Sai ccdeodcesteee: | PCnIMS: sacacce Socio n ate Hota wader Ne TE 8 BR 2 eciua diesen cd SOO Oyanides so sseecies waiotevateencieys eooneokl4 PRMOEOCr ie et) oe visvweee cers es OO OYRNOZED socnsecnsvocveccedvves 114 xi HOW CROPS GROW. GCyanophyll......c5. 086505000 Ao) Darwin on insect-fertilization...... 295 So) Heypothesis:of..scc-2 5 ~es 298 Decimal system of weights. eraiaja mee 58 Deflagration WAS Re een ae a. 136 Definite Proportions, Law of... ... 47 GMANCRCENE moe sae so lnlntlee) se ates 135 Density of seeds...........- maleate 308 Depth Gl SOWING. o0.0000.50.ddeaciteecs 316 PRO soo sc inn swine ninlehicinnaemiak nee EEE OE ET 821 Dicalcic piseniiale aieniwaremen interes 134 Dicotyledonous seeds.......4...... 303 Diffusion of liquids WOTOSION-TALCE. <<. 62-000 ens cce veel MMS CIOUS PADIS... << <is's.0\.aeeemer icine Direction of growth.. Disodic phosphate... WIORDIGMIG WETS 5.(cice oe stale winleictoiaret ee 293 Drains stopped by roots............ 253 PIPABC, cis eis orca slbcleare vieiesas eeiveleane 300 Dry weather, Effect of, on plants. . a LUN GES Gee Ae ener 2 ar nem 234, 2 272 Dundonald’s treatise on Ag. Chem- ESET Y ro atete a is Weutt toe eh aia alee 20 Elements of Matter........... ese 25 ANT TOOLS: . sticks sm ciceseeaseecwe tas 254 TED IO o'-'slatatteeietorortaie eevee Sis (ental 802 Emulsin...... rgd nnuccoacoeuconics 101 PEL Men St Foe aon swale: sia alnla fa dhalsea ors 5 Endogenous plants Endosmose,.......... Endosperm ............-- MUONS oi iciare ao teialawclecieae eee = OMLCRT ae erctais, oe waters 285, 287 HAATHBOLUDN 3522/5 oS sa ns wis Selyese wee 184 Equivalent replacement of bases... 201 WORST ACATIGIS 45% 5 cace'sideistipleinita a Hele ais 37 Estimation of Albuminoids........ 108 a MOOLTIORGscacieaeenne 60 ae pee AUR. Sethe aistahetete ccievelet 94 SF £o PaArch... 66, 76 ee SP en PUTA Ts ct ajar niente olteresints Be of A W.SEET eee teenie nen 54 MEN GKIA) OSes <ceis-ciciecie-sastpnisece am 90 Excretion of mineral matters from leaves. : Excretions from roots. : Exhalation of water from foliage Rete aminecarailjsiaiesiniaSaeieaeee 287, 332 Exogenous plants..... .... 237, 273, 303 Exogens We cards 2 'Sai ale p\oinin(e alvin alsralatalne 237 MINE Sica od ncsnnc anaes inain bee = Experiment-Stations of Germany... RURIENSTONI OL YOOS sca ac cstv veiciesles 210 Extractive Matters...........000.0++320 Exudation of ash-ingredients...... 189 EVER OL POLO. ccicn cial dedieip cian ee 237 IR MLOS sce pienen'vaidvicts aia Beg oraweeae 298 AP UVARCLOS, sae. cinti<siaicasia bintn/a caw teats 93 EB rio cleats oto tdipisine aos a Ade aeO SR 89 ** converted into starch,.........318 Hat in Oat. CrOp <ccccscscewevewes 211, 215 *“ Proportions of, in Vegetable PPOUNCCS. cconsmeticts Waleeasias Yale's 94 Ferments....... Perere Sha bene eae 827 MOT USATION «:0.6;<0caadmacwesen aie tie ees toe Viber..... bisteseds A . #& Fiber in oat crop....... s.eees 20, 214 BiDriN.....6 is sia ancn/ahaeiel eee 98 Field-beet, ash-analyses.. = 176 e at prox, “ Flax fiber, fig..... .. ai cia 56, oy Flesh fibrin. «..«.<:iu.sescaeeeeeae 93 Fleshy roots....... oaes ts: SeRa Sie 251 WIOWEY sa.ci5.s cue eimsasaee i Joico, Laban Flow of sap......... 20. 331 Fluorine in plants..... aia ath iit: 195 Fodder plants, Ash Of.........-.««. 74 Foliage, Offices of.......... . 290 8 white in absence of “ron. .199 Food. of Plant........c.0sesseeseeeeen 327 FOLCE 5. ::<.,5 suis o's oa cee ieee WOLCES seisc.cas ole neee aces woe Formative layer..... <a ann eee Formulas, Chemical... save Fructification....... aeid> aeieeaierels ee BTUCLOSC «i5,6)0,0 20s aciesacteet casa denial aenes Fruit. -.:.s0d%. Scenes aclneeene Fruits, Ash Pr NE 379 “© Composition of,....ssseneeen 390 Bruit Sugar........ <sceles sees vate ease Fuchsia, fig. of flower... ......0.00--208 FPUDGL. «<5 oesc10js, «s(csie/aeeiee eee 223 Gases, how distributed throughout the DIAN... :s« cneieiele se aaa orale 365 Gallic acid. «...0..s» euch osama - ate Gallotannic acid.......... sin apap Gelatinous Silica. ... Genus; Genera..... Germs. 2 62 wa. aan Germination. . ..... +... s=seime nnn se Chemic’l Physiology of. — Ee Phenomena of..... ... ss Temperature of........ 312 Girdling::. «ccs. acclemieimeten 2, 348, 344 GU a8S 0.0, ccisincinereiee cilae) tone 2 erate s Salt..... sweeper pees 132 Giiadine smenaccemmer sfaemeisidseieaes 101 Globulin... .<ic<0 MPS Glucose. ccaacwn a6 Manvioam <o¢ennel vc 3 Glucosides... ....0cesanenccesiniinit Kanne Gluten..... F 99 Gluten-Casein. Glycerin........ oe Gourd fruits..... Grains ..... ** Ash of. Grain). cs es sanidanets cesarean sine Grape Sugaris d.0-e-m cues «voce gale Grasses, ash-analyses......... 157, ‘a oe Prox... 5° avon Gravitation, influence on growtk... on Growth, «..ssikasaealeeeee aillareivag i ee 5" OF TOOTS) o\5.a0 cuales 22-200 ‘© Downward and upward. 10302 Gum, Amount of, in plants...... one he Gum Arabic Gyde, Exp. on root-excretion, Haberlandt, on Vitality of secds.... Hemoglobin ........s.+++ soituias waitearn Hallett’s pedigree wheat...... ...-.144 ee ee ne 7 ‘ St ee a INDEX. xm Hallier, Exp’s on absurption of pig- Binolemit. ssa SWalses.s Prelate treme PEST UVEPIATIG «2.5. es..s0 2. clee's 366 | Liquid Diffusion.......... sarseraiieies 351 Hazel leaves, loss by solution... ..190 | Lithia, papers ad ela cictacievs eiate(a’eoiae aa 125 Sn 282 s& SN) PIAMEB ws'ds enle ee elene ce ta sare 195 PARE IHETAIS 0 dee siciec sss ascs ss 127 | Litter, ‘Ash Ofsnaidedels es aeeaaees 378 Henrici’s Exp. with raspberry roots.254 Londet, on vitality of seeds... ... 306 Herbaceous stems.............. .. 982 | Madder CLOPssces pe antels clale wreleinatctorates 195 PAGE PCWer joe cles. (ciccencesses %6 | Magazine, Root as...........-.s-ee- 25 Hooibrenk, artificial fecundation, ..295 Magnetic ‘oxide of iron........-... 128 Horse-chestnut, Ash-analyses of....159 Magnesia Reet eee aoeiaa elas laic ol aeiatser 124 Hybrid, Hybridizing Pee saesisps eee 295 “+ Movements of, in oat...... 219 Hydrated phosphoric acid AY] Mia om esi), c.iwyeisewierseeet siels leans ° Sone. a ee 5c .121 | Maize, ash-analyses.. ee SUP MOMIC ACOs ss. +a. 2. 116 SCL YOR ar’ ivgraterOfr ine)... . 2s. cc cece esse 126 S68 paper oncosn ciaceerteeeae Pee EEHPUICSID, sa ois ccc’ eciss es 127 “* seed, Section of. see eee oUe Ree IOEASI 2 was ccic sane s nes oe 124 gs stalk, SCE. Secretetcaete 268 BEE ROG oo. coe. c cer ces cess ri a Ch APE mob encmorasnouGolc 63 Hydration of membranes........... S57) | Mialates! S525 cone ae a eveteatenctectetstels 136 PEEVOMOCMIOTICACIO.. 00. seecsecaess 118 || Malate of lime... -encieetnicates sate 88 PAINE: Stele lslcicic ace s,s o00:ceeee' SOF 102) | Malicraeidi ee te). ne2 acl aatetateretotatets 88, 89 fe in Germination.......... Seo | Malt, Chemistry Of. .\.cncccc sseccise 319 PS PMUNTLOH ators clea soc soc eces cvesce se SAG), | MALCOSOR fu7-js <orernie elas olaistett Weis) etete "5 Tmbibing power... .......2s0s. Manganese Me 0... cc ceases. sass 262 % cannot replace iron BRST DEOB Sc) -c's\cccs siss se0 seis: ee MWannai's.: .cc:) en's evens aeiniere steaerters Inorganic matter.... ... Mncoecpnens IMATINNIbe.: 5 obec hbo sine scatterer eee Intercellular spaces Maple, Flow of sap from Tnternodes............ sugar. UND TUI Byee ee Marcarinss Sicccclteu cies Rogimein plants... .....6cceses Mattern { -243.c2a%00caeeste oesmeeenee SOLON Ol... 05. c--o-ses e- Meadow hay, Ash of................ 376 | 22) eee ieee [Medullary rays: s-ncecckesaeeemeeee 276 Gvmauction of.....-....-.......... 199 | Membrane-diffusion................ 354 US 002 0)2 1th i ae ae eee 81 | Membranes, Influence on motion Jerusalem Artichoke, Cell of....... 224 OF JULCES Ls. ab acm wle <c ealnelnieke eS Gietie LAANL... ces ocee sess OBO! || Metalsi2s #05, sent ete ce ceMetmohniee 112 JET Es 5o-e. Sc SARA oe eeIne See 3802 | Metallic elements.............06 «- 123 PACTS Peocese cleecicts \ecise'ssveceae vt Metapectice: acid). c's cciines oe teniets 83 PSLCMIN MAS. lel oe wo a's cee ociside-cie sin 26a.) | Metarable acidiniwcemcts. ecieecieeet yet Laurus Canariensis, Air-roots OP. 8bt) | GIT ducts..ieccaacasechede. cee 281. TEApriN': 5.2 << Meet cialis ech lececis’ seis 90 | Millon’s test..... Netrenn state oleiniereienatere 96 PRAUEE EN nec cscs célece Ges ...264 | Moisture, in Germination.......... 313 Leached ashes.............s.+..se.. 132 | Molecular Weightat 00;.7 $2 20beep eae Lead in plants......... Ao panosaocne LOG, | Moletnless. face) ereeeeee Petpet s) POSER EH esa vice sic ciaicjee sis eos 110 | Monecious plants........ é 2. 294 BOMEDORCS Get tec. \clsstcoccceecnseas 285 | Monocotyledonous seeds ......-... 303 Leaves, Structure of.. seeeee2--283 | Monocalcic phosphate............ .134 "office in nutrition... . ..3828 | Motion caused by adhesion. . ....350 me Ontrers, Ash’ Of... :......0s. 379 OUIET cove testes Sfelstelelsicial feiel=iatalatas ? “under artificial DLespUTe.... O69. | MUUCIGIN eee eicecedeieele stance 101, 321 UE e ce alesse c celse vs ccisiae 9 vis 301 | Multiple Proportions............... EA PEMTCRIE Tee ol os os cbt cee ees 101) || CMumimy wheat. so. scot sces vac ciate . 805 Legeminous plants... . 302, 304 | Muriate of soda............-0-0 -- 136 Legumes, ash- vaualyses.. . 152, 157, 379. | Mnriatievacidiec i. sccumeenceeie sions? — mote lviele steed eter 387 | Mustard, Root-hairs of......... ....244 BUI Seda bcc sce Se ccce TO” | SNiyeose: (fa asc cecte rere sae sree eee NIECES cis caccsceccscsesi ss Roh ||] WEVPIStiDi ss.) v.letets calm otceleeplarm eee L:ebig on small seeds.............. 308 | Nasturtium, Cells of.............. “ “© relations between N and INICONIN SAS ccc cwaeeneese a, Chace Wns GaeapeenOSgenonorrar 202 | Niter, nitrate of potash............ Light, * effect on direction of growth.375 | Nitrates in plants.............. é eee SCYMINALIONs .s305 a4, |e Nitrocetlulose:. > daasisenc ce ctstepaeres 58 Light seeds, Plants from........... 307 Nitrogen, Properties of............ 3T Lignin ona. ceguOBAe donovan dcboren ak ID ASHG corer an seat veeelibe BRAPIEM aeeaia Sse cc alsisccelciseeses 126 aC Germination... css 32d “* essential to vegetation ....... 172 & relation to phospharier MAE ELOLS. cos occ sec veueesee. 36, 126 MCI a. su cose neclore een <Iv Nobbe & Siegert, Exp. on buck- WITEGAL Jon aitas, anne eteed taenied 188 MMOH 5-142), Sasica,n aaron degen 262 Nomenclature, Botanical. . ne oes PN R= WRC LAIR oo acas. ccs usta, ots). aoteraree 112 Norton’s analyses of oat-plant..141, 204 Notation, Chemical......... ....... 49 IMG ONES wajoicisisie, aa ctd's Stein's. se wei 422, 278 PRGI CONES, 5 yeteie are aiete waiziete's syaiale. veld ro MG eS chee slncisie sisiccino ars’ =, watatorte Nutrient matters in plant, Motion of. 340 Nutrition of seedling... .......... aS nko Bafaiolas Sa wlombtassresaalae sor Oat, ash-analysis......151, 153, 157, 160 Seepaieasae sie = Sala aS, 162, 378 Pe ADEOK 98 satreada actcte crewiae’s sia 378 arn ** -detailed.......0....<2588 ** crop, weight per acre.. 3st a poms Composition and grow th Ol eee tess se dews os 204, 207, 214, 217 Oat, proportions of ash in its differ- ent parts.......0. sseeeceeveeee 141 Oats, weight per bushel............ 162 Offices of organs of plant.......... 220 Oil in seeds, TS, 89, 90, bef ort cea 2 recs ia teen Be tee WARLILOU Si atc wisreinicie | 'a1s/e'a-<iatate 42, 116 Oils: Properties Gfscn.- toe) ecoeacters $9 Old seeds, Plants from............. 307 PRR oo ein sass inate on atestaralee 93 Olein p Orders Organic matter. Organism Organs Osmose ‘* mechanical effects on plant. 367 PISIMOMCEER vite 0 cis:cia Holerseiere Siais'ate clots 855 UP ARTCR as ao oie wleclona sia aisislaw sola etoleets 293 BUVDILOR AS avis aicie nic na baw oh top foie werd 293 PERA LER ES ios oiorcms tavinie 6 oie winteia ota deve 136 Oxalate of ammonia................ 86 PNR Gren: Aree Maes 85, 86 “eG walnut.......... 191 GRANCACIA§. 5, tecievinta \ewincisiteanaeatew rxide Of ALON... <scuistaaaen vide cosice 000 “ “ ** essential to plants....178 ‘© State of, in plant... ..198 “ =“ manganese in ash..... ..179 “ “ MINER UA cece oo. assy stare Sine enetewte 37 ** -of iron, described........ -127 “« “ manganese, described... 128 Oxygen, Propertie 8 of 5 Sips ered ate aiaeke 33 ES occurrence Insdeh Jonamtase 113 ses in Agsimilation.............d20 J ** Germination.:...05 sve 314 PUR MAC GCIC.«riciicnine-a'cia'o.c 365 Mametaic 93 DPPRITTEL Nets ces aia aicip win 0's acloojatcle 90, 92 PRRCDCUVING «5 5.cin, Dasule n'a Smeewonas 232 conus DIALS. aiscic oraelune oe RAPLITIING: sninie' sin, opioids arn ates a caer cia ke Pea, ash-analysis.......... 152, 153, ato AOLOES bic oncicinie valvitaitiae rad ed 387 eS TMAMATS ANALYBIG s<:.cc1s\c wei elon 45 PARED 5 o5 5,3: v wnetn didlelal aida e'u.e eee 130 PECUC ACI... sisisisdoelenta'ese wineste 82, 84 FOC ioc seapiée Vectieic acid HOW CROPS GROW. P@CLO8@)aiciassaninanten oe eivtnaiatleeleaenee Pedigree wheat....... o-cis'e =o aajomie ieee Permeability of cells....... - 232 Peroxide of iron. 2... eeerass .128 (Petals... :..<:.'.0ss0.ciceee pee ean 292 Phenogame. ...- jaceua wales Pe ee 299 Phantom bouquets....... Pee is Phioridzin . ee es Phosphate of lime.. wa baie cto EE SS: ROGA..2.s gecemae aia oirancleek * §© “POtASB. sxc, ctsientelaeiees 1? Phosphates............ .43, 44, 117, 133 ss function in plants Siictoamre 197 s relation to albuminoids.202 Phosphoric acid.. 0 iis) onthe bss 117 “in oat-crop.... = serosa Phosphorite:.. 05.40 sstueeteeeee 1 33 ‘Phosphorized Oils...... concen eect IPHOSDHOFDS......\.).~ vsace eee ef in albuminoids * “* fats of various pee 92 PHYSICS. «..°< «ior ae-aie ccctetas tats ae ee 26 Physiology..«...: sswvesrsassemueeee 27 Pinite<'... ....2. .<essencaseeeeee 3 Pistils.. < ic(e'e c.0)e erciatein eteaenne DBItH Ss ae ase Mee SE TES «:. <2 01s «abe oe oeelepeereeeea +200 Plastic Elements of Nutrition...... 104 Plaster of ‘Paris: ...... «ses sees ...133 Plumule, «ccise seca eeeen anions 303 POG. << «2500000 os nsawegheeee teeta 301 Polarding.. : .c...:0 nc deen eee 264 Pollen.. --292 Poly ygonum ‘convolvulus, Fertilization of, POME. . . .2)< 10 cise s'ahuw nl gee Porosity of yegetable tissues....... 346 Potato, ash-analyses. . .154, 162, 165, 377 prox. analyses sat)” papee eee 387 ne se detailed.......389 © sultimate!* es cana 45 ¢ ‘leaf, Pores of, fis. seees sees “© stem, Section of, fig....... 281 “ -gngar...-.. <Js. ann ae tuber, Structure and Section Of, AG... «0c .o.0'0.c.ee eee 274, 277 Potato tuber, why mealy... onc eee Potash... .20c.00.cmMonin selene “124, 130 fe YO). oa sjecja.nin0i9)) ene ee 124 ‘* in strand and marine plants..17& PotassiG .,. 10. .00scjseceeen Ke Chloride of.... Prosenchyma...... ° PYrOtagon.... «i. «,.0:0:c\ewalebinsianvaneeeeeee 93 Protoplasm .. TT es Protein bodieS.....c.cc.ceeecees 94, 103 Protoxide Of ir0n:...00ssemmeeaeen 1 ‘© “MANPANERe, ., oxic antes 128 eesti Composition of Crops...385 Jk. Elements .... 00.000 Pry >) Pressic VAciC......00s0. saacomeeln ane 114 PoP Dals. ca... sacle: .simmtaia cacao ee 232 Pulp of fruits... .....sesnssasemmee eee 223 Quack rags. ..... «s00.000biesimaineoens 266 Quantitative relations —— ingre- dients of plant. eos dtaswle.e said GNIALI 7s « chysiperaiae 2 ating ra Quercitannic acid....... .... ee | INDEX. xv oe By sisareysts svewctebeceses oo 18 , Saponification... -... Di Saneelefa oo. 28 Rabe sais fais tai \aixta'o 0 «lero ste'e.oy'e'e _.308 | Saussure, exp. 01 mint......... .-. 1387 Red clover hay, Ultimate analysis of. 45 SAXEFVAGG CTUSLALLs.. ee ees vere oes 192 “ beet, Pigment of........-+.+5+- 367 | Scotch fir, Wood-cells of, fig.... .. 209 “ pine, Pith rays Of.......---.++- 276 | Scouring rush.......++-+..+s++08 +: 184 BER ETADISV Ard charac: ciats'e «(n\n nis) s\0/0,jle's's) (o'e'e 223 | Screw pine, Root cap of, fig..... .- 236 Relations of Cellulose and Pec ose Sea-weeds, Potash in.. 198 BATELEIE Senne oe a) « wise (cinin = lsiete @'ele Seed. 52. c wotetereiansersterm oe i Relations of Fats to Amyloids..... 94 We“ VESSElocc,- = clarmccteieiorcletureictelers Oe “ Veg. Acids to Amy- Seeds, constancy of composition. ..145 EEG Serta a ie ciciersrcin\s\c sisisielviaiaeis ole 89 | Selecting power of plant Reproductive Organs........... 922, 291 | Sepals... 2.0... cece ecer cere rene cess Rice, ash-analysis.......... 151, 152, 379 | Series.......-...-2.- see ee seen er eee 298 EMILORS fa vleraeicloreislow ewe aioe 387 | Sesquioxide of iron........+++-+-+- 128 43 PT © detailed ..........389 ee ‘+ manganese......... 128 BEREROES) Ole ser = = 00 cicics os cceecie- 952 | Sieve-cells ......-.... escsees-eees 280 SEMIN Ae cieinic)otnin oja'0e en aie'we Srctateraratelore 15 Be Corie aU EA Souconcoe 3438, 345 Ringing of stems... ......+.+++++- 944) 7| Silex... 35). iS ares) JaistGaisals shia) dia's 120 Rock Crystal.......---+++++ Sey AO. §|) SHC a ec. < ae xs 0'e 01s wrote wioletersawtnaiadtelenceale 120 Root-action, imitated............-- 361 * does not prevent lodging of a ee in winter............-.d00 PTAIN..... 2.0.02 cree en se eens ones 98 o3 ee MSTIOSE. Ure rciers vine aiele'e 360 ‘* Function of, in plant....... tL ON MTNA Rte ay acc a5 Sic, 0 a’ GereiSie\eie!seieieje 5 BET AGH: cc, marciacfnnis'stolerm ala mtstepmtaters 183 * crops, ash-analyses Cen Oe: Oat. SOISOlS 405 cscs sc see Pie aaies Salts, Definition of...........-++++- 86 ‘* “in ash of plants 129 se Properties Of......-.-+++++++> 87 Saltwort...... Petal MuIieIe bysidis cleis's vfelee'e 177 BGP MTG nsecicaan seco seren's <coieev tt BIOs teaiciarsie’e’s a 23° Seicine) vcleldiete’s ete SOU “Acid and alkaline,.........+..--306 * ascending..... Boned “© descending... .... o«- *% Composition of...... % of sunflower... .....»+ , “ Spring flowof ... oo os A eee Solution of starch in Germination. .322 ee for water-culture 168 Soluble silica.... .........- 121 6 BEATCD..0 oc: once oc cemscess 322 Gpecies...... 2.000 cecscccccccccece 296 Spirits of salt......... s.ssee-ee-e- 119 Spongioles........-sese+seeeeeeeeee 235 BISMONS. <.,oa1c)oj0,02 oiei- winje isielm were geleial 292 Starch, amount in plants........... 66 © estimation..........+s. stlaarele OU S$ IM WOOD 40:2 «fe wfaieiesctviormaoaipin'e 337 ‘6 Properties of... de S* (BURAT. 0... 0c=0010 Ce TRBBE LIT .ns sw inae ncn winiaietars “© unorganized.....02 sees cere Stearic acid .... ...ccescecees cove SHOAL. 2... ose cewcie se mralaleisteinigie 90, 92 Stem, Endogenons ........--- 269 « Exogenous.......- danataiole looters 275 “ Structure Of. .....sc0ec0s--0- 267 LEMS oclsisielawicin)siein eiesencohe aaaieouter= 261 SHOMA ns eicse) o dcletctomivi sale pwisieiemanety 24 RILOMIALA = octei-tel es nia'c sical eee Ballas Aeon: SEOOL a. ov vaca adadeeaeome one 265 Straw, ash-analyses........ 152, 153, 157 = POR OPS Trac ascites 386 Structure ofiplant....2. 255-22 = RUICKETS! ciaan cee c sc onaap cane os Sugar-beet, ash-analyses....154, 156, 58 te "detailed analyses ASEAN 389 Sugar, estimation of............... 76 *Y IM COLERIS sn otesaccn weslaee xu) Se pee RBAT) oais Skererelete che oectere estes 338 as COM mMlen = 2/3. Fear ebcecase he 78 «> Trommer’s test for........: 75 Sulphate of line. -. 2s. ss. Secs tes 133 aS SoM NOkAS nee seco neclanciecias 132 3 PP BOUMS c cas ccsaeeenc 132 PM Hates Fsas Sonnet oalcierere 43, 117, 132 SS Muncttion Of, 2s oac.c cde sje 196 of STUCGLONCE ++ can siasarcsrss ices = 194 a reduced by plane: adariescode 190 Sulphides.. Ste asda oo Le Sulphide of potassium.. Seamtelsleetoaiesiel= 115 Sulphites Lphdadantaoonacohonoocpoale 115 Sulphocyanide of allyle............ 114 Saiphurtc jsjehss sv asecascese «2 42, 114 Phe WEOORLS Paticens = bebe sisan 9 cess 194 Sulphureted hydrogen........... 43, 115 SUIPMULC tasers sesaces cess seen 42 Su)phuric ers eg oecerinapone .. 42, 116 “ MMI OAL 3 Falcone ree 219 SHIPHNTONS ACC... -ccscocccssecs 42, 115 PUIphyaric acid. sa. swesacexisoes 43, 115 Supercarbonate of soda............ 131 Superphosphate of lime............ 135 Symbols, Chemical........cccsee-ce 47 RIED MUTE ae eos Aaisictatatesicicie Seisiereloisiete PEANUTS Gi eile veseis ive sccm haces AD TOOs cee e) eece wee SRADIOCR sa. donc vane Tap-roots Partaric Acid. \..5%<scic0es cosas 88, 89 ERCP ACERS 2 2 cols tewcictc acces detain satel orators 136 Tasselsof Maize. i.) i. ss0s00 cee sic. 294 Teak, Phosphate of lime in........191 Tension in DIANE: sacisien eecesicemels 372 Tests for albuminoids........... 