None
705 dsSaiiBsiire — on exhalation of watery vapour by plants, 195 on formation of non-nitrogenous organic substances in plants, 147 on germination of oily seeds, 205 on Opuntia, 207 on potash in plants, 132 on respiration of flowers, 196 on temperature of flowers, 314 on temperature of spadix, 305 de BauBsnre'B law of absorotion, 59 Saxijraga crusiata^ water-gland of (Fig. i9)» 91 Sohadht, on starch in growing cells, 177 Bdieele, on absorption of oxygen by plants, 75 Sdhelbler, on asparagin in beet-root, 171 Seliell, on tannin, 137 fkditmper— on aggregation, 565 on formation of starch-grains, 145, 180, 181, l%^, 217 on formation of chlorophyll-cor- puscles, 340 on geotropism of roots of Epi- phytes, 458 on proteid crystalloids, 35 BcTilndlir, on enect of high tempe- rature on spores, 283 Schizomycetes, metabolism of, 193, 211 ; reproduction of, 602, 604 Bcblfialiig— on absorption of ammonia by plants, 86 on nitrification, 129 on ph^iol(^cal significance of transpiration, 12^ Bctamldt, on emulsm, 189 Solmiiedeberg, on proteid crystals, 172 Bobmlti — on formation of cellulose, 217 on formation of cell- wall, 15, 16, on formation of proteid in plant- cells, 151 on microsomata, 26 on nuclear division, 27 on the oogonium of Peronosporeae, 641 on structure of protoplasm, 24 Bdhmoeger— on absorption of acids by roots, 131 on carbon supplied to plants by organic acids, 125 Solitfnbelii, on oxidation of ammonia, 128 SohrOdor, on composition of sap, 91 V. Btihnltie — on movements of Diatoms, 520 on rotation of protoplasm, 297 Btihnli, on evolution of ammonia by germinating seeds, 210 Btihulie — on allantoin, 221 on distribution of proteids, 164 on glutamin in beetroot, 171 on glutamin in pumpkin seeds, 174 on nitrates in plants, 127 on phenylamido-propionic acid, 221 on sugar and amides in growing- point, 177 on sulphates in germinating seeds, on xanthin-group, 221 Schiima6her, on effect of low tempera- tures on Schizomycetes, 272 Btihtttsenberger— on decomposition of fats, 173 on ferments, 190 on germination at low temperature, 270 on xanthin, 221 on effect of high temperature on yeast, 279 Schwan, on' influence of gravity on rate of growth, 410 Schwendener, on twining stems, 510 Sclerotinia Fuckeliana^ ufe-history of, ^634 Scutellum, 178 Scyphanthus elegans^ reversal of twining in, 517 Scytosiphon, reproduction of, 608 Seed, 170; albuminous, 170; exal- buminous, 170; generations in, 630; germination of, 172 ; reserve materials m, 169 Seed- variation, 652 Seeds and seedlings, comparative analy- sis of, 175 Self-fertilisation, 646 Sempervivum, calcium oxalate in cell- walls of, 22 Sen^bior — on absorption of carbon dioxide by growing plants, 81 on absorption of nitrogen by plants, 85 on dephlogistication of air, 141 on destructive metabolism, 202 of evolution of heat during flower- ing, 304 on growth of leaves in darkness, 382 on transpiration, as affected by substances absorbed b^ roots, 1 10 on xanthophyll, 260, 267 45 / 7o6 INDEX. Sensitive plant, yyi (see Mitnosa pudica) Sensitiveness of motile organs, 544 Seta, 619 Sexual affinity, 648 Sexual process; 601, 643; in Algae, 606; in Archegoniata, Oio; in Con- jugatae, 612; in Floridese, 613; in Fun^ 617; in Phanerogams, 615 Sexuality of plants, degeneration of, 605, 618, 620, 613; development of, 605 Shoots ; external directive influences on growth of, 497 ; on normally etiolated, 385 ; on structure of etiolated (Fig. Sicyos angukUtis, tendrils of, 484 Sieve-tubes (Fig. 23), aa, 167 Silica, in cell- walls, 21 ; in plants, 61 Silicon, in food, 137 Silphium Uiciniatum^ fixed light-posi- tion of, 446 Simple nutation, 361 Siphonese, reproduction of, 607 Strogonium sticticum, reproduction of, 641 Sleep-movements, 539; tracing of {Averhoa bilimbi) (Fig. 58), 540; of Hedysarum {Desmoaium) gyrans, (Fig. 60), 542; of Mimosa pudica (Fig. 59)» 54« Sodium, m food, 136 Soil; condensation of aqueous vapour by, 48 ; hygroscopic water of, 48 ; retention of soluble salts by, 49 Solanum dulcamara, twining of, 513 Solatium jasminoidesy clasping of pe- tiole of (Fig. 46), 413 Bolms-LaulMi^ on reproduction of Corallineae, 615 Somatic cells, 597 Somatotropism (Fig. 52), 475 Sonchus arvensis, changes in light- position of, 430 Horauer — on calcium oxalate in plants, 331 on relation between supply of water and growth, 335 Sorby — on the composition of chlorophyll, 154 on erythrophyll, 267 Soredia, of Lichens, 599 SowlnBky, on conductivity of wood, 316 gpallainanl, on somatotropism, 475 Sparmannia, movement of stamens of, 545 Specific absorbent capacity, 59, 64 Specific irritability, 374 Spermatia, 531, 614 (Fig. 73), 623 Spermogonia, 623 Sphacelaria, gemmae of, 599 Spiral growth ^09 Spirogyra, conjugation of (Fig. 69), 612; contraction of protoplasm in, 567 ; streaming of protoplasm in, 524 Spontaneous heterauxesis, 376 Spontaneous movements; conditions of, 537 ; inhibition of, by light, 544 ; of growing organs, 300; of mature organs, 531 Sporangiferous leaves, 604 Sporangium, 600 Spore : germination of, 626 ; reproduc- tion, 597 ; structure of, 600 Spores, different kinds of, 602 Sporogonium, 629 Sporophore, 628 Stabl— on Compass-plants, 446 on direction of growth of Vaucheria, in light, 441 on fixed light- positions of leaves, 445 on geotropism of rhizomes, 501 on movements ; of chlorophyll-cor- puscles (Fig. 36), 299, 525, 527; of Desmids, 520; of plasmodia, 528 on reproduction of Lichens, 622 (Fig- 73) on structure of leaves, 384 Stamens, 604 Starch, conversion of into sugar (Fig. 28), 183, 191; formation of, 145, 147, 180, 217 Starch-cellulose, 183 (Fig. 28) Starch* forming corpuscles (amyloplasts) (Fig. 26), 180 Starch-grains, growth of (Fig. 26), 181 ; optical properties of, 35 (Fig. 27), 182; stratincation of, 181; striation of, 181; structure of, 35, 179 SteUer, on growth in length of leaves, 340 Stereoplasma, 656 Sterigmata, 623 Stimulating effect of contact, 484; of gravity, 458; of heat, 377; of light, 299, 400, 435, 576; of pressure, 411 Stimulation, 301, 371 Stimuli, transmission of, 374, 438, 468, 474» 487* 582 Stolunaim, on retention of salts by soil, 49 Stokes, on chlorophyll, 154 Stomata, 7oj^ effect on transpiration, I22i.j2,echanism of movements, 107 Stomatal transpiration, 107 — «» Stossweise Aenderungen," 358, 375 K INDEX. ;o7 Straslrazger— on adventitious budding in embryo- sac, 599 on branching of Cladophora, 349 on ciliary movement, 298 on direction of movement of zoo- spores, 526 of Plasmodia, 527 on division of nucleus, 27 on the extrusion of the paranucle- olus, 639 on the extrusion of the polar body, 640, 659 on formation of cellulose, 145, 217 on formation of cell- wall, 15, 10, 181 on formation of proteids, 151 on formation of starch, 217 on germination of pollen-grains, 615, 640 on growth by apposition, 336 on growth without turgidity, 335 on imbibition, 34 on micellar theory, 33 on microsomata, 26 on movement of zoospores, 523, 524 on optical properties of organised bodies, 35 on osmosis, 43 on physiological equivalence of gametes, 059 on sexual process in Phanerogams, 616, 643, 671 (Figs. 70, 71, 75, 76) on sieve -tubes, 169 on starch-grains, optical properties of, 183 on stratification, 17 on structure of starch-grains, 1 79 on structure of protoplasm, 24 on theory of reproduction, 658 on thickening of the cell* wall, 291 on vegetative cell in microspore of Vascular Cryptogams, 640 Strehl, on retarding influence of light on growth, 393 Striae on stems, 353 Stmye, on silica in cell-wall, 21 Stutier, on organic acids as carbonaceous food, 125 Stylidium adnaium, movement of gjrno- stemium of, 536 Suberin, 18 Substratum, influence of, on direction of growth, 474 Succinic acid, 228 Sugar and allies, 28; as reserve material, 171; formation from starch, 164, 191 O'SulllTan, on action of diastatic fer- ment, 191 Sulphur in food, 131 Suspensor, function of, 178 Swelling up of organised bodies, 31, 37 Synergidae (Fig. 37)» 304; of opening flowers (Fig. 38), 306; of plants, 313; of trees, 315 Tendril of Vitis (Fig. 53), 485 Tendrils, coiling of, 487; growth on contact, 485 Tensions, in organs, 343; cause of annual rings, 351; cause of striae on stems, 353; daily period of, 405; in- fluence of, on growth of cells, 348 Tentacles of Drosera, aggregation in, 564 ; stimulation of, 547 Terebenthene, 237 Tetrachytrium, conjugation in, 618 Tetraphis pellturida, gemmae of, 599 Tetraspores, 603 Theca, 629 Thermotonus, 377 Thermotropism, 434; of plasmodia, 528 van Tlegbem — on crystals on Mucorini, 171 on the embryo artificially nourished, 179 on proteid crystalloids, 35 on thermotropism, 434 7o8 INDEX. TimMaieff, on theory of chlorophyll- function, 156, 254, 157 Tip of root, irritability of, 467, 474, 479» 4?« Tissue, definition of, 10 Tissue-tensions, 343, 405 Todea Africana^ apogamy of, 601 ToUens, on acrylcoUoid, 31 Tonic influence, 371 ; of heat (thermo- tonus), 377, 577 ; of light (phototonus), 380, 393, 573 Torsion, 353, 510; homodromous, 515; antidromous, 515 Torus, 625 C. de la Tour, on effect of low tempera- ture on yeast, 272 Traction, effect on growth, 349, 413 Tradescantia, hairs of, streaming of protoplasm in, 297, 524 Tragopogon orientally Ught-position of, 431 Transpiration, 72, 103, 576 ; relation of, to absorption by roots of salts and water, no, 115; to growth, 576; to humidity of air, 108; to light, 109, 576; tomechanical disturbances, 112, 576; to negative pressure, 117; to temperature of air, 108 ; to tempera- ture of soil, 109; to tissue- tensions, 406; to age of leaf, 107 Transpiration - current, 96 ; passage through wood, ^7 ; rate of, 100 Traube, on artificial cells, 42 Tteut) — on embryo of Orchids, 1 78 on hook climbers, 411 Tteylraniis, on erythrophyll, 266 Trinchlnettl, on absorption of salts by water-plants, 60 Tropaolum majm, dorsiventrality of, 4*51 4«9 Tubes corpusculif^res (Dutrochet), 586 Tulasne, on reproduction of Pyronema (Peziza), 621 Turgidity, 40; daily period of, 569; factors of, 42, 562; recovery of, 567; relations of, to growth, 335, 342; relation to tissue tensions, 406 of etiolated intemodes, 391 Tussilago far/arat pendent position of buds, 455 ; change in geotropism of, 4.59 Twining, causes of, 508; direction of, ^(Fig. 54)» 51^ Twining stems (Fig. 54), 516; irrita- bility of, 511 Tyloses (Fig. 40), 350 Ty rosin, 221 Ulothrix, 522, 524; pViololaxis ol loo- spores of, 523 ; reproduction of (Fig. 65). 606 Ulvaceae, 9 Uncaria ovalifoHa^ hooks of (Fig. 47), 412 Undulating nutation, 368 Unger— on lenticels, 72 on loss of water by transpiration, 104, 105 on movements of stamens of Cy- nareae, 559 on periodicity of transpiration, 1 14 on branching of roots m soil, 52 on root-pressure, 92 on structure of stamens of Berberis and Mahonia, 533 on structure of stamens of Cy- nareae, 533 on transpiration, as affected by stomata, 107 on the velamen of Orchids, 50 (Fig. 12) Unorganised ferments, 188; action of, 191; classification of, 189; influence of temperature on, 192 ; preparation of, 193 Uredinese, life-history of, 634; repro- duction of, 624 Uredospores, 603 Urloh — on absorption of nitrates by plants, 127 on glutamin in beetroot, 171 Uriica macrophylla^ cystolith from (Fig. 34)» »49 Ustilaginese, conjugation of, 618; life- history of, 634 Vacuoles, 13, 28; formation of, 28; pulsating, 522, 558 Variability: hereditary, 676; origin of, 676 ; of cultivated plants, 652, 675, 679 ; of hybrids, 676 ; promoted by sexual reproduction, 676 Variation, 652, 675 Varieties, 652 Vascular Cryptofi;ams, isosporous, 603 Vascular plants, heterosporous, 603 Vaucheria, 8; heliotropism of, 428, 441; reproduction of, 610 Vegetative reproduction, 597; relation of to life-history, 635 Velamen, 50 (Fig. 12) Velten— on circulation of protoplasm, 524 on electricity, 323 Ventral canal-cell, 641 Verbascum, want of heliotropic irrita- INDEX. 709 on absorption by roots, 53, 78 on filtration of water in wood, 118 on transpiration, as affected by sub- stances absorbed by root, 1 1 1 Victoria regia^ growth in length of leaves of, 359 VUle, on absorption of ammonia by leaves, 86 on aleurone-grains, 184 on growth of leaves in darkness, 38 1 on retarding influence of light on growth, 395 on sugar in leaves, 164 Viscum, hypocotyl of; negative helio- tropism of^ 439 ; not geotropically irritable, 458 ; somatotropism of, 474 Vitis, tendrils of (Fig. 53), 485, 489 Vdchttng— on diagetropism, 463 on direction of growth in darkness and in light, 441 on nutation, 36^ on pendent position of buds, 455 on rectipetality, 418 on reversal of geotropic proper- ties, 459 on reversal of heliotropic properties, 429 on weeping trees, 409 Vogtf , on absorption of carbon dioxide by leaves, 83 Volvo)[, movement of, 530; reproduc- tion of, 610 de VUee— f' on absence of sugar and amides from growing point, 177 <^ on allassotonic and auxotonic move- ment, 533 V on destructive metabolism, 293 k on diageotropbm, 470 (- on diaheliotropism, 449 ^ on effect of high temperature on plants, 278, 279 ( jvon formation of autumn-wood, 352 *^ on * heliotropism of dorsiventxal shoots, 442 ^ on heliotropism of leaves, 444 ^ on hyponasty and epinasty, 366 ^ on influence of transpiration on absorption, 115^ on mechanism of curvature, $^9^l' 580 on organic acids in etiolated plants, 268 V on osmotic substances, 41 on calcium oxalate in plants, 23 il on plasmolysis (Fig. 9), 39, 43, 44, 335 de on sugar in leaves, 164 (^ on turgidity, 41 on twining of tendrils, 490 on twining stems, 491, 509 on wrinkles on roots, 354 de VMeae, on temperature of spadix, 304* 310 Vtollk, on temperature of spadix, 304 Wagner— on acrylcolloid, 31 on decomposition of hippuric acid by plants, 237 Warmlnff, on temperature of spadix, 310 Wazxlngton, on nitrification, 129 Waste products, 216, 222; fate of, 244 Water, absorption of, 46, 93 ; filtration of, through wood, 99; movement of, in plants, 89 Water-culture, 123, 133 (Fig. 21) Water, influence of currents of, on growth (Rheotropism), 473 Water-£land, 246; oi Saxt/rage incrus' tata (Fig. Wlesner— on heliotropism of doisivenlral shoots, 443 on heliotropic effect of light, 380, 43» on heliotropic effect of rays of dif- ferent wave length (Fig. 50), 433 on heliotropism of leaves, 444 on negatively heliotropic organs: their growth in darkness, 440 on nutation, 368 on organic acids in etiolated plants, 368 on photochemical induction, 363 on photomechanical induction, 435 on physiological significance of transpiration, 116 on resin, 233 on reversal of heliotropic pro- perties, 429 on substances forming latex, 168 on transpiration as affected by light, 109, no Will, on peptic ferment, 190 WiUlaniBOii, on excretion of water by Caladium, 92 WUflon, on exhalation of carbon di- oxide, by plants in light, 260; by seedlings in absence of free oxygen, 200 Wlttwer, on absorption of carbon di- oxide by leaves, 82 Woad, 239 Wolf- on absorption of asparagin by roots, 124 on excreta of plants, 224 on de Saussure's law of absorption, 58 Wolff— on ash of, Buckwheat, 64, 65; hay, etc., 60 on potash in plants, 132; on sili- con, 137 TOn Wolkoff, on absorption of oxvgen ; by plants, 198; by seedlings, 76, 260 Woodhouse, on absorption of nitrogen by plants, 85 Woodward, on transpiration, 104 Woronln, on reproduction of Botry- dium, 607 Woronin's hypha, 624 Wortmann — on destructive metabolism, 291 on diastatic ferment in Bacteria, 189, 192 on evolution of carbon dioxide by seedlings, 200 on hydrotropism, 478 on nutation, 368 on thermotropism, 434; of Plas- modia, 528 WnnafthinaTin, on glands of Nepenthes, 247 Worti, on peptic ferment (papain), 190 Xanthin, 221 Xanthophyll, 241 Xylaria, 624 Yeast (Fig. 2), 3; fermentative action of, 208; growth of, in Pasteur's solution, 3; in water, 4; potential energy of, 5; reproduction of (Fig. 2), 3, 602 Yucca Jiiatn^ntosa, positive geotropism of rhizome of, 458 on the chemistry of sexual cells, 669 on nucleiu, 27 Zantedeflchi, on heliotropic effect of rays of different wave-lengths, 433 Zlmmeiiiiaim, on induction of dorsi- ventraUty in gemnue of Marduntia, 426 Zoospores, 603; influence on move- ments of, age, 526; amount of water of imbibition, 524; concentration of solution of, 524; free oxygen, 297, 522, 526 ; light, 522 ; direction of incidence of rays (phototaxis), 535; of intensity (phototonus), 525 Zoospores, 603; influence on movements, of solutions, 539 ; of light, 523, 535; of temperature, 397, 533, 536 of Haematococcus (Fig. i), i, 6, 605; contractility of, 7; irritability of, 7; phototaxis of, 534 Zygnemes, reproduction of, 603, 613 Zygomycetes, reproduction of, 617 Zygospores, 607, 613, 617 Zymogen, 193 CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY C. 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