None
\\dloukUf«i^eerinf w 2 lay«r« of pa)i«r b*Ky VI»2'«^riptfiUMl bahv.iv miMrai wool jil'strips filled kKvLvy-mintral «woel y\<Joubl« I'm Jihcafhm^ w % layers of paptr tcKir {•It NiUefmjnooring nv 2lay«rs of p«p«r ^tw Insulation of ceilingrs for wood construction. mdoubJfi f m4ihii,jfi!Kig iV'2liy«» of p#pwr M* Vt>t'slnp)K4«c1r>, Wooden insulation for brick wall. \ UJauM^rm . Ahi^trt^ M 2 layer* ^^ft* kdkv Insulation of wooden walls. Insulation of grround floor. PLATE XXVIII.— B. T. U. TRANSMITTED PER SQUARE FOOT PER DAY PER DEGREE DIFFERENCE OF TEMPERATURE— F. W. Wolfs Teat. Digitized by Google PLATES. 531 Pig. 1. Pio 2. PLATE XXIX.— TYPES OF BOILERS. Fiff. 1, Horizontal tubular boiler. Fig. 2, Water tube boiler. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 632 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fig 2. 1 J^ m ^ ig« Fia. 3. Fig. 4. PLATE XXX.— BOILER SETTING AND STEAM APPLIANCES. Fig. 1, Setting of boiler. Fig. 2, Lever safety valve. Fig. 3, Cornish boiler. Fig. 4, Steam dryer. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PLATES. 538 Pio. 1. FiCk 2. Fia. 8. Fio. 4. Pig. B, Fio. 6. PLATE XXXI.— TYPES OF ENGINES. Plgr. 1, Heros engine. Fig. 2, Oscillating engine. Fig. 3, Holl3^s rotary engine. Fig. 4, Oscillating piston engine. Fig. 5, Beam engine. Fig. 6, Centrifugal governor. Digitized by Google 534 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Digitized by Google PLATES. 535 Digitized by Google 536 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. FiQ. 1. Fio. S. Fia. 4. Pia. 5. Fig. 6. PLATE XXXIV.— TYPES OF PUMPS. Fig. 1, Force pump. Fig. 2, Common lift pump. Fig. 8, DoiriMe- acting pump. Fig. 4, Double bellows pump. Fig. 5, CSbain pump. Fig. 6, Hydraulic ram. Digitized by Google PLATE8. 537 Digitized by Google 538 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fio. 1. Fia. 3. 3//n. Lint Fig. 5. Pig. 6. -«v ^ t ' — 1 k, - — 1 Po R P. P. P. Pi ipl. 2EB0 UWE Fig. 7. Fig. 8. PLATE XXXVI.— INDICATOR DIAGRAMS. (For explanation see chapter on "Testing Refrigerating Ma- chines.") Digitized by Google PLATES. 539 Fia. 1. Fio 2. Fia. 8. Pia 4. Pig. 5. PLATE XXXVII.— TESTING APPARATUS, ETC. Pigs. 1 and 2, Pressure gauge. Fig. 3, Indicator. Fig. 4, Parallel motion for indicator pencil. Fig. 5, Indicator attached to engine. Fig. 6, Dynamometer. Digitized by Google 540 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fia. 5, Fig. 8. PLATE XXXVIII.— VARIOUS ENGINEERING UTENSILS. Fig. 1, Slingr psychrometer. Fig. 2, Hydrometer for ammonia, etc. Fig. 3, Hydrometer jar. Fig. 4, Evaporating testing apparatus for ammonia. Fig. 5, Tliermometer in mercury well. Fig. 6, Thermometer in expansion pipe. Fig. 7, Plain calorimeter. Fig. 8, Arrangement for making brine. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PLATES. sa Fzo. 1. FiQ 2. PLATE XXXIX.— TESTING APPARATUS AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING LIQUID AIR. Pig. 1, Pressl's apparatus for testing refrigerating capacity. Fig. 2, Linde's apparatus for making liquid air: h, feeder com- pressor; g and f, principal compressors (up to 200 atmos- pheres in f) ; i, water separator; e, cooler (containing ice and ciiloride of calcium) ; pz, inlet to exchanger; Pu outlet to pump, g\ c, vessel receiving liquid air. Digitized by Google 542 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. PLATE XL.— ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. Fig. 1, Frictlonal electric maclilne. Fig. 2. Leyden jar. Fig. 3, Danlell's electric element. Fig. 4, Electromagnet. Fig. 6, Electromagnetic Induction (A, B, electromagnet, N, 8, ro- tating magnet). Fig. 6, Grams ring for dynamo (B, C, B, commutator, 70, circuit wire.) ^ i Digitized by VjOOQ IC PLATES. 643 Fia. 6. M LIOEJ ^ H I t i f s s r 8 $ 1C H Fig. 7. PLATE XLI.— ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. Figs. 1 and 5, Magrnets showing direction of lines of force. Fig. 2, Wheatstone bridge (a, b, c, d, arms of bridge; O, galvano- meter; E, K, keys of galvanometer and circuit). Fig. 3, Helices showing direction of current Induced by moving bar magnet. Fig. 4, Static galvanometer. Fig. 6, Magneto-elec- tric telephone — (8, Su magnets; P, P, steel plate diaphragrms at stations connected by wire). Fig. 7, Parallel arrange- ment of electric lights in circuit (O. H), M being mot(»'. Digitized by Google 544 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fia. 1. Fig 2. PLATE XLII.— ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. Fig. 1, Dynamo. Fig. 2, Storage battery. Digitized by VjOOQ IC PLATES. 645 Fia. 1. Fig. 3. Fio. 7. Fia. 6. Fia. 8. PLATE XLIII.— PULLING AND LIFTNG DEVICES. Pig. 1, Tread-wheel for horse. Fig. 2, Chinese windlass. Figs. 3-7, Combinations of fixed and movable pulleys. Fig. 8, Capstan. Digitized by Google 646 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Fio. 2. Fia 8. FiO. 7. FiQ. 6. Fio. 4. Fio. 8. Fio. 6. PLATE XLIV.— POWER TRANSMISSION. Fig. 1, Rope transmission. Fig. 2, Belt stretcher. Fig. 3, Crossed belt. Fig. 4, Transmission at rigiit angles. Fig. 5, Belt with tightening pulley. Fig. 6, Transmission for varying speed. Fig. 7, Rectangular gear. Fig. 8, Worm gear. Digitized by Google PLATES. 547 1 ^ y Fig. 3. PLATE XLV.— COMPRESSOR ATTACHMENTS. Fig. 1, By-pass for ammonia compressor (see text). Fig. 2, In- jector. Fig. 3, Meyer's cut-off (o, h, rods of valves to eccen- tric on fly-wheel shaft; a, hand wheel for regrulating cut-ofC, g, moving on main slide-valve, O. Digitized by Google 648 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. S/?/y^ Fia. 1. Fia 2. Fia. 3. Fig. 5. Fia. 6. PLATE XLVI.— WATER MOTORS. Fig. 1, Overshot water wheel. Fig. 2, Breast wheel. Fig. 3, Centrifugal discharge turbine. Fig. 4, Undershot water wheel. Fig. 5, Propeller screw. Flsr. 6- Jonval turbine. Digitized by Google PLATES. 54£ iiilii I I :t^ ' I ''■'■■ ■II'MJ I I I iV^^ I ' MI'IIH Z^ FlO. 2 PLATE XLVII— WATER COOLING TOWER AND STEAM FILTER. Fig. 1, Schematic deslg^i of water cooling (gradating) tower. Fig. 2, Steam niter. Digitized by VjOOQ IC 650 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. # 0 PLATE XLVIII.— PILLOW BLOCKS. HANGERS, PIPE FITTINGS, ETC. Digitized by Google TOPICAL INDEX. A PAGB PAGE Absorption vs. compression. .174, 346 Absolute and gauge pressure. ... 57 Accelerated motion 31 Absolute, boiling point 70 Acetylene 158 electrometer 367 Acid, carbonic 113 moisture 101 Action of vacuum 57 weight 26 Adhesion 28 zero 49, 60 Adiabatic changes in gases ... 59, 73 zero, change of 92 Affinity, chemical 23 Absorber 172 measure of 94 cleaning 316 Agitator, brine 202 heat removed in 163 Air at different temperatures, high pressure in 317 moisture in (table) 401 operating 317 weight of (table) 402 water required for 166 Air circulation 195 Absorption and compression, direct and indirect 196 combined (example) 486 for cold storage (plates) .... 522 machines, combination 131 natural and forced 196 Absorption cycle, equation of... 160 St. Clair's system 196 Absorption generator, heat re- system (plate) 621 quired in 164 Air, compressed 287 Absorption, heat of 163 drying 101 Absorption machine (plate) .... 510 for refrigerating purposes, dry 232 capacity of (example) 485 humidity of (tables) 404, 406 dimensions (table) 451 insulation 223 test 454 in cofd storage, drying 231 Absorption of ammonia, heat by Air, in meat rooms, circulation (example) 484 of 262 heat generated by 110 in shafts, velocity of (table). 398 under water ' Ill Air lift pump 287 Absorption of gases 61 Air, liquefied 182 Absorption of radiant heat 52 Air machine, test of 345 Absorption plant, ammonia re- Air, motive power of liquid (ex- quired in 311 ample) 488 charging 310 Air refrigerating machine 127 economizing water in 318 compressed 175 installation of 310 Air required in combustion 95 leak in 314 Air saturated with moisture. 101 management of 310 Air thermometer 85 overcharge of 311 Air, velocity of 197 overhauling 174 Alcohol, table for dilution ...... 392 permanent gases in 313 Alcoholometers, comparison of recharging 312 (table) 391 test 344 Ale brewery refrigeration 252 Absorption refrigerating ma- Alloys, melting (table) 444 chines 128 Alternating dynamo 289 Absorption system 160 Alternating electrical currents.. 44 ammonia pump 162, 173 Ammonia and carbonic acid com- analyzer 171 pression, comparative test capacity 167 (table) 452 condenser 171 Ammonia and sulphur-dioxide cooler 173 compression, test of (table) 454 correction of ammonia in.... 316 Ammonia, anhydrous, definition eflSciency of 167 of 104 generator 171 aqua 113 heater 173 Ammonia charge, fortifying (ex- liquid receiver 171 ample) 484 operation of (illustrated) 326 Ammonia compression system... 132 rectifier 171 Ammonia, decomposition of.... Ammonia gas (superheated va- Attemperators 251 por) (table) 412 distillery 258 Ammonia, heat of 105 sweet water for 252 heat by absorption of 110 Attraction, capillary 70 heat by absorption of (ex- electrical 40 ample) 484 Avogadro's law 64 hydrometer for (plate) 540 Avoirdupois weight 357 impurities in 327 in absorption ^stem, correc- B tion of 316 In case of fire 304 B&ck pressure and condenser in water, solubility of (table) pressure 305 i 416, 417 Back pressure for plate ice 204 latent heat of evaporation of.. 107 Barometers, table of comparison Ammonia liquor 109 of British and metrical 394 poor 162 Baths, metal, for tempering properties of 110 (table) 443 properties of (Starr's table) Batteries, electrical (table) 369 413, 414, 415 storage 44 rich 162 Battery cell, electromotive force strength of (table) 416 of 45 Ammonia, needed in plant 303 Battery, storage (plate) 544 not explosive 105 Baudelot cooler and condenser ^if passing through compressor.. 138 showing connections with ^ j.H'f Ammonia plant, efficiency of machine (plate) 506 (table) 454 Beaumfi, degrees with specific Anunonia, pressure and temper- gravity, comparison of ature of 106 (table) 416, 417 properties of saturated 107 scales 110 Ammonia pump, absorption sys- specific gravity table 391 tern 162, 173 Beef, cold storage of 259 horse-power of 165 Beer chilling 252 packing 318 Beer wort, specific gravity of work done by 165 (table) 377 Ammonia refrigerating machines 129 specific heat of (table) 377 Ammonia, required in absorption Bellows 287 plant 311 Belt lacing 295 saturated properties of (Wood's Belting 293 table) 408 horse-power of (table) 436 saturated solution of 110 length of 296 specific heat of 106 Blister in boiler 300 testing 112, 327 Block or cell system 205 testing apparatus for evapora- Blow-oflf valve 300 tion (plate) 540 Bluemcke on Pictet's liquid.... 157 tests for Ill Body 25 under water, absorption of. Ill Boiler, alarm 273 Van der Waal's formula for. 107 attachments 273 Ammonia vapor, superheated. 108 blister in ^ 300 Ammonia, waste of 304 caloremetric test of 332 weight of 107 capacity of 274 Ampere, definition of 45 chimneys for steam (table). 424 Analyzer, absorption system 171 construction of 272 Aneroid gauges 57 Cornish (plate) 632 Anhydrous ammonia, definition of 104 corrosion of 277 Ante- room ice storage house.... 206 efficiency of evaporating power Apothecaries weight 357 of * 331 Apples, temperature for storing. 553 Boiler, str^gth of temperature of Boiler test conducting of repairing for starting of Boiler, theoretical evaporating power of tubular (tables) 422, types of (plate) two-flue (table) water evaporated in water heater for water required in water tube Boiling of water Boiling point absolute of liquids (table) Boil-over, remedy for Bone black Bone stink Breast wheel • • Breweries, heat of fermentaion in piping for (table) refrigerating storage rooms of. Brewery, fermentation, heat of .. ice making in connection with refrigerating capacity of Brewery refrigeration (examples) direct distribution of estimating of Brewery, refrigeration for ale .. refrigeration required in rooms, piping of rooms, rule for piping site for with refrigerating plant (plate) Brick and tile cold storage con- struction • • • • Brick work of tubular boilers (table) Brine agitator Brine circulation piping for gystem vs. direct expansion Brine coils, absorption plant, cleaning of Brine cooling Brine, device for making (plate) Brine, preparation of strength of Brine tank and coils (table) Brine tank, coils in leaks in operating painting pipe in 198, size of test of British thermal units compared with other energies Buildings, insulation for". Buoyancy, of gases liquids Butter, temperature for storing.. 425 By-pass 143 333 compressi<»i (plate) 547 329 330 o 329 830 Cabbage, temperature for storing 236 Calcium chloride 194 332 solutions of (tables) 420, 421 ??? Calculating ice making capacity J31 (example) 483 J^J Calculating size of pipes 125 ^ij Calculation of refrigerating duty 2'° (example) 489 1*1 Caloric engine 281 11^ Calorific media 97 211 Calorimeter (plate) 540 52 Calorimetric test of boiler 332 olo Candle power, arc lamp (table) 365 3°^ Can ice factory (plate) 515 31» Can ice harvesting 203 217 Can, sizes of 199 262 (table) 466 283 Can, standard sizes of ice 456 246 Can system 199 460 time required for freezing. . . . 199 247 Cantaloupes, temperature for 246 storing 234 254 Capacities of engines (table) . . 429 246 ice machines 132 243 refrigerating machines 132 493 tanks (table) 360 254 Capacity, absorption system — . 167 248 calculating ice making (ex- 244 ample) 483 252 freezing mixture (example) . . 478 248 ice making 132, 210 249 Capacity of absorption machine 250 (example) 485 2^4 Capacity of compressor 340 _ _ • cubic 136 o24 refrigerating 137 refrigerating (example) 482 221 Capacity of pump (example) .... 498 Capacity, refrigerating machines 424 ^ (table) 449 202 refrigerating (table) 457 202 Capillary attraction 70 192 Capstan (plate) 545 192 Carbonic acid 113 196 Carbonic acid and ammonia com- pression, comparative test 319 (table) 452 248 Carbonic acid cylinders 328 194 Carbonic acid gas, properties of 540 saturated (table) 418 193 volume of (example) 481 193 Carbonic acid refrigerating ma- 447 chine 151 201 compressor 152 202 condenser for 153 201 efficiency of 154 309 evaporator for 153 200 safety valve for 153 202 stuffing box for 152 342 Carbonic acid refrigerating plant, construction of 152 871 (plate) 527 116 Camot's ideal cycle 78 58 Casting, weight of (table) ...... 443 54 Cast iron columns, strength of 238 (table) 433 Digitized by VjOOQIC 654 MECHANICAL BEFBIGEBATION. Ceilinj?, dripping 232 Coils and brine tanks (table). 447 sweating 232 CJoils, cleaning 309 Celery, temperature for storing. 236 coiTosion of 313 Cell or block system 205 economizing condenser 314 C. G. S. unit 26, 30, 50 in absorption plant, cleaning Centigrade and Fahrenheit ther- of 319 mometer scales, comparison in brine tanks 201 of (table) 373 removing ice from 309 Centigrade, Fahrenheit and Re- size of expansion 189 aumur scales, comparison of Coke 97 (table) 374 Cold air machines, efficiency of Centre of gravity 30 (table) 451 gyration 32 Cold storage, air circulation for oscillation 31 (plates) 522 percussion 32 beef in 259 Centrifugal fans 199, 433 brick and tile construction 221 force 32 construction 220 force (example) 500 constructions, miscellaneous. 222 governor (plate) 533 drying air in 231 Chain pump 286 (examples) 491 Chain, strength of 293 freezing goods in 228 Charcoal 226 furs in 268 Charging, absorption plant 310 moisture in (example) 493 compression plant 302 piping for (tables) 458 with rich liquor 312 piping required in 229 Cheese, temperature for storing 239 rates for 467, 472 Chemical action, electricity by.. 40 refrigeration required for. 220, 226 of light 38 Cold storage rooms 220 Chemical affinity 28 disinfecting 233 Chemical atoms 93 doors for 224 Chemical change, heat developed moisture in 230 by 94 piping of (plates) 520 maximum principle of 94 refrigerating contents of 227 Chemical combination, heat by. 92 walls for 224 Chemical compound and mixture 93 Cold storage temperatures 233 Chemical symbols 93 lowest 242 Chemical works, refrigeration in. 269 for goods 467 Chilling of beer 252 cold storage, wood construction. 220 Chimney and grate 275 vegetables in 236 Chloride, ethyl 114 woolens in 268 methyl 114 Oblor of ice 217 of calcium 194 Columns, strength of cast iron of calcium, solutions of (table) 420 (table) 433 Chocolate factories, refrigeration strength of timber 434 in 268 Combined absorption and corn- Circles, areas of (table) 353 pression (example) 486 properties of 349 Combustion, air required in 95 Circulating medium, choice of.. 131 definition of 95 refrigerating effect of 133 ^eat generated by 96 Circulation, air 195 of fuels, heat of (table) 386 brine 202 spontaneous ^5 direct and indirect air 196 Comparison of, alcoholometers of air in meat rooms 262 (table) 391 St. Clair's system air 196 British and metrical barom- Cleaning absorber 316 eters (table) 394 brine coils absorption plant. 555 Gorapressed air 287 loss of pressure, by friction in pipes (table) 441 Compressed air refrigerating ma- chine 175 efficiaicy of 177 formulae for 176 Compressed air, uses of 178 Compression and absorption ma- chines, combination 131 (example) 486 Compression, by-pass (plate) — 647 heat of 58 Compression machine, test (table) 462 Compression plant, insulation re- quired 309 management of 301 operation of 302 Compression refrigerating ma- chines 129 Compression system, ammonia.. 132 perfect 129 Compression vs. absorption. 174, 346 Compression, wet and dry 135 Compressor 133 ammonia passing through.... 138 attachments (plate) 647 capacity of 340 carbonic acid refrigerating ma- chine 162 clearance in 137 compound 143 combined with Qorliss engine (plate) 608 counteracting superheating in. 135 cubic capacity of 136 different kinds of 141 dimensions of 141 double-acting ammonia (plate) 504 efficiency of 141 excessive clearance in (illus- trated) 339 friction in 338 horizontal double acting 142 horse-power of 138 inclosed 143 lubrication of 310 mean pressure of (table) .... 446 oil injection 143 operation of Linde (illus- trated) 319 piston, packing 308 piston, area of 139 power to operate 140 pressure in 338 refrigerating capacity of 137 refrigerating capacity of (ex- ample) 482 revolutions of 139 single acting enclosed (plate) 503 size of 138 superheating in 134 test of 337 useful and lost work of 139 vertical single acting 142 volume of 136 water jacket 143 water jacket (plate) 505 with oil circulation (plate). 509 work of 134 work of (example) 483 Condensation of steam in pipes. 121 by water 122 (tables) i. 884 Condenser, absorption system. 171 Condenser and back pressure... 306 Condenser and Baudelot cooler, showing connections with machine (plate) 506 Condenser, cleaning 308 Condenser coils, economizing. 314 Condoiser, dimensions of (tables) 446 electrical 44 for carbonic acid refrigerating machine 153 for water distillation 212 heat removed by 343 heat removed in, absorption system 162 heat removed into 134 open air 147 pipe required for open air.... Core, ice with white 216 Cork, insulation 221 sheets 221 Corliss engine 279 sizes and dimensions of (table) 427 Corrosion of boiler 277 coils 313 pipes 195 Cost of, making ice 209 (tables) 464, 465 refrigeration 210, 329 Coulomb, definition of 46 Counteracting superheating in compressor 135 Criswell's table on refrigerating capacity 457 Critical, condition of gases 66 data (table) 394 data for gases 67 pressure 58 temperature 58 volume 58, 70 Crushing streng^th 297 Cryogene 158 Cube roots (table) 351 Cubic capacity of compressor... 136 Cubic measure 358 Current, alternating electrical... 44 direction of electrical 43 electrical 40 energy, unit of electrical 45 induction 43 measurements, electrical 46 strength, unit of electrical. ... 45 Cut-oflf 279 Cut-oflf, Meyer's (plate) 547 Cut-out, electric 290 Cycle, Camot's ideal 78 defect in refrigerating 130 efficiency of ideal 78 equation of absorption 160 ideal 75 of operations 75 reversible 75 reversible refrigerating 130 Cylinder, piston and 35 Cylinders, carbonic acid 328 Cylinders, contents of, in cubic feet and gallons (table) .... 861 D Dairy plant (plate) 526 Dairy refrigeration 270 Dalton's law 58 for vapors 63 Daniell's electric element (plate) 542 Davidson's recalculation. Wood's table on properties of sat- urated ammonia ..409, 410, 411 Decimal values of inches (table) 357 Decomposition of ammonia 104 Deep well pumps (table) 432 Defrosting of, meat 264 pipes 197 Density 26 of ammonia 106 of gases 64 Dew point 101 Diagram, indicator 335 interpretation of indicator (il- lustrated) 838 Diesel motor 282. Dimensions, compressor 141 condensers (tables) 446 piping 191 Direct, air circulation 196 brewery refrigeration 254 expansion 189 wort cooler 249 vs. brine circulation 195 Disc fans, capacity and horse- power of (table) 432 Disinfecting cold storage rooms 233 Dissipation of energy 30, 73, 89 Dissociation, definition of 63 Distance, measurement of 26 Distilled water 212 cooling 214 Distillery, attemperators 258 cooling apparatus 25G cooling. Wolf's method 257 fermentation, heat of 258 mash, cooling of 256 refrigeration 256 Distilling plant, arrangement of 214 dimensions of 214 Distilling system, water (plate) 513 Doors for cold storage rooms . . 224 Dripping ceiling 232 Dry air for refrigerating purposes 232 Diy and wet compression 135 Dry measure 358 Dryer 149 steam (plate) 532 Drying air 101 in cold storage 231 Drying of egg rooms 241 Duplex steam pump 285 Dynamic electricity 40 Djrnamics, definition of 29 Dynamo, alternating 289 definition of 43 diversity of electric 288 efficiency of electric 289 electric 288 grams ring for (plate) 542 (plate) 544 Dynamometer 336 (plate) 539 use of (example) 497 Dyne, compared with other ener- gies 871 E Earth's gravitation 80 Ebullition 62 of liquids 399 Economizing, condeiser coils. . . 314 fuel in distillation 212 water in absorption plant. . . . 818 Efficiency, absorption system ... 167 ammonia plant (table) 454 carbonic acid refrigerating ma- chine 154 cold air machines (table) .... 451 compressed air refrigerating machines 177 compression and absorption compared 168 compressor 141 engine 280, 836 Digitized by VjOOQ IC TOPICAL INDEX. 557 Efficiency, evaporating power of boiler 331 fans (table) 432 fuels 387 ice plant (table) 466 ideal cycles 76, 78 pump 285 refrigerating machine 80 Egg rooms, drying of 241 E^s, temperature for storing. 240 Electrical, alternating currents. 44 apparatus (plates) 542, 543 attraction 40 batteries, description of 369 condensers 44 conductors 41 Electrical current 40 energy, unit of 45 measurements 46 resistance, unit of , ... 46 imit of strength of 45 Electrical, induction 40 insulators 41 pump 285 repulsion 40 units (table) 367 work, unit of 46 Electricity, by chemical action. 40 by friction 40 by heat 41 definition of 39 distribution of 290 dynamic 40 static 40 storage of 290 Electric, cut-out 290 fluids 39 heater 292 licating (example) 502 Electric light 41 circuit (plate) 543 installation of 292 machine, friction (plate). 542 machinery 288 meter 289 Electric motor 288 horse-power of 289 Electric, power and light meter (illustrated) 370 push button 290 safety fuse 290 switch-board 290 wiring 291 Electromagnet 288 (plate) 542 Electromagnetic induction (plate) 542 Electromagfnetic machines, defi- nition of 43 Electrometer, absolute 367 Electromotive force 45 of a battery cell 45 unit of 45 Electromotors, definition of 42 Electro-plating 41 Elementary bodies 93 Elements, properties of (table). 385 Emission of heat, by human species (table) 378 from steam pipes 123 from water pipes 123 Energetics, eiystem of 86 Energy, C. G. S. unit of 30 changes of free and latent ... 82 classification of 86 comparison units of (table). 871 conservation of 30 continuous conversion of 90 dissipation of 30, 73, 89 dimensions of 87 dominating principle of 88 Cexample) 499 factors 87 heat 48 heat and molecular 72 irreversible changes 90 kinetic 29 latent and free 81 mechanical 87 molecular 21) molecular transfer of heat.... 72 new definition of 86 of a living body 30 of gas mixtures, heat 72 of molecules, heat 65 origin of heat 83 potential 29 reversible changes 90 transformation of 30, 90 uniform units of 92 unit of electrical current.... 45 visible 29 Engineering, general (examples) 495 Engineering utensils (plate) .... 540 Engine, caloric 281 capacity of (table) 429 compound 280 condensing 280 Corliss 279 cylinder, Corliss (plate) 535 efficiency of 280, 336 expansion 279 governor 279 heat 79 Heros (plate) 688 horizontal slide valve (plate). Equivalents of inches in decimal values (table) 357 Erg, compared with other ener- fifies 371 Estimates and proposals 347 Ether, definition of 37 methylic 114 properties of saturated vapor of (table) .419 refrigerating machines 159 sulphuric 114 Ethyl chloride 114 refrigerating machines 159 Evaporating power of boiler.... 331 theoretical 332 Evaporation, factor of 331 Evaporator for carbonic acid re- frigerating machine 153 Examples 477 Excavating, refrigeration in.... 267 Exchanger 172 leak in 314 Expansion, by heat 61 co-efficient of (table) 377 coils 1®^ direct 189 engine 279 free 69 latent heat of 69 of ammonia 160 of gases ^6 of liquids 61 of liquids (table) 389 pipe, thermometer in (plate). 540 of solids 61 of solids (table) 377 of water (table) 399 without doing work (example) 480 valve 1*9 Experiments in cooling (table). 883 Explosions, boiler. ; 426 Explosive, ammonia not 105 Explosive bodies 96 External latent heat of vaporiza- tion of water 99 P Factor of evaporation. 831 Factors, energy 87 Fahrenheit and Centigrade ther- mometer scales, comparison of (table) 373 Fahrenheit, Reaumur and Centi- gn'ade scales, comparison of (table) 374 Fall of heat 80 Fan 287 capacity and horse-power of disc (table) 432 centrifugal 199, 433 efficiency of (table) 432 power required for 433 proportions of 433 rules for calculating 433 Farad, definition of 44 Feed water, boiler 276 Feed water heater 278 (table) 425 Fermented liquors, temperature for storing 237 Fenoentation, heat of 250 heat of distilleiy 258 heat produced by 246 in breweries, heat of 246 Field, magnetic 42 Filtering water, reboiling and. 213 Filters, intermediate 214 oil 299 required 218 steam 281 steam (plate) 549 Filtration, dang^s of 217 Fire, ammonia in case of 304 Fire-proof wall and ceiling. ... 118 First law of thermodjmamics. .. 72 Fish, temperature for storing. 237 Fitthigs, ammonia (plate) 512 pipe (plate) 550 Flavor of ice 217 Flow of liquids, velocity of... 55 (example) 498 Flow of water in pipes 55 Fluids, definition of 53 electric ^ 39 Foaming 299 Forced air circulation 196 Force, centrifugal 32 centrifugal (example) 500 direction of 27 electromotive 45 intensity of magnetic 42 molecular 27 parallelogram of 27 unit of electromotive 45 unit of measuranent of 27 Fore-cooler 148 Fractions of inches, equivalents of (tables) 353 Free energy, latent and 81 Free expansion 59 Freezing back 806 Freezing, by can system 199 by pUte system, time required for 204 goods in cold storage rooms. 228 meat from within 263 meats 262 Freezing mixtures 128 capacity (example) 478 Freezing rooms, packing house. 260 Freezing tank 200 for ice factory, arrangement of (plate) 516 Friction, co-efficients, "f," of roUing or axle (table). 435 co-efficients of sliding 435 definition of 35 electricity by 40 electric machine (plate) 542 in compressor 338 in pipes (table) 440 gearing, iron 295 gearing, paper 295 of compressed air in pipes (table) 441 of gases, internal 65 waste by (example) 501 Frigorific mixtures (table) 388 Fniits, storing 233 Fuel 96 economizing in distillation. 212 Digitized by Google TOPICAL INDEX. 659 Fuel, efficiency of 887 Gases, Van der Waal's formula for boiler 274 for 66 gas 97 weight of 57 heat of combustion of (table) 386 weight and density of (table). 398 test 329 Gaseous, kinetics of, bodies. ... 68 Fui-nace, temperature of (ex- matter 25 ample) 496 products 95 Furs, cold storing of 268 Gasoline 114 Fuse, electric safety 290 motor 282 Fusion and volatilization, heat Gauge pressure, absolute and 67 of (table) 378 (plate) 539 Fusion, latent heat of 53 Gauges, aneroid 57 wire, used in United States. 370 Q Gay Lussac's law  graduated 367 Generation of* heat \\\\\\\\\. 94 Gas. adiabatic changes of 78 Generator, absorption system... 171 auinionia (superheated vapor) ^eat required in absorption.. 164 (table) 412 Geometric rules 349 and vapor 70 qi^^ works, refrigeration in. %. 270 "8 fuel 97 Glycerine trap 153 equation (example) 478 Goods, shipping of 242 expandmg into vacuum 72 Governor, centrifugal (plate) ... 532 isothermal changes of 73 engine 279 lAeter (illustrated) 366 Grams ring'for dyii'amo * (plate) 542 mixtures, heat energy of 72 Grapes, temperature for storing. Heat, emission of, by human species (table) 378 Heat energy 48 of gas mixtures > 72 molecular transfer of 72 of molecules 65 origin of 83 Heat engines 79 Heat, expansion by 51 fall of 80 from steam pipes, emission of 123 from water pipes, emission of 123 generated by absorption of am- monia 110 g^ierated by combustion 96 generation of 94 into work, transformation of 75 latent 48, 53 leakage 118 leakage of walls 119 loss through ventilation and contents 125 mixtures (table) 387 n^^tive specific 84 Heat of absorption 163 of ammonia, specific 106 of beer wort, specific (table) 377 of combination of substances with oxygen (table) 387 of combustion of fuels (table) 386 of compression 58 of distillery fermentation. 258 of evaporation of ammonia, latent 107 of expansion, latent 59 of fermentation 250 of fermentation in breweries. 246 of fusion and volatilization (table) 378 of fusion, latent 63 of gases at constant volume, specific 83 of gases, components of specific 84 of gases, specific 59 of gases, specific (table) .... 389 of ice, specific 99 of liquids, specific (table) 375 of metals, specific (table) 376 of miscellaneous substances, specific (table) 376 of solids, specific (table) .... 375 of solution, latent 53 of steam 98 of steam, specific 99 of substances, co-efflcient of conduction of (table) .... 383 of vaporization, latent 62 of vaporization of water 99 of victuals, specific 227 of water, specific 99 of wort, specific 244 Heat, passage of 74 produced by fermentation... 246 produced by illumination (table) 365 rate of convertibility of 76 rate of passage of, through materials (table) 381 radiating properties of solids (table) 382 radiation of 52 Heat, reflecting properties of sol- ids (table) 382 removed by condenser 343 removed in absorber 163 removed in absorption ^stem condenser 162 removed into condenser 134 required in absorption gener- ator 164 specific 50 specific, of water at various temperatures (table) 403 transfer of 52 transfer, compensated, prin- ciple of 81 transfers through pipes 124 transmission of, through in- sulating structures (table). 381 transmission, Peclet's experi- ments on (table) 379 transmission through various substances (table) 379 through metal partitions, pas- sage of 123 through metal walls, transmis- sion of 122 uncompensated transfer of ... 81 under constant pressure, spe- cific 84 imit 50 weight 85 Heater, absorption system 173 electric 292 feed water 425 Heating and refrigeration 115 amount required 120 Heating, electric (example) 502 of boiler 300 pipes for steam (table) 425 Heats, iron (table) 379 Helices showing direction of cur- rent (plate) 543 Helix, definition of 42 Heros engine (plate) 533 Hop storing 254 Hose, plies of rubber (table) 441 Horse-power, compared with oth- er energies 371 engine 140, 334 Horse-power of ammonia piunp. 165 of belting (table) 436 of boiler 274, 331, 424 of boiler (example) 495 of compressor 138 of disc fans (table) 432 of electric motor 289 of engines (table) 429 of shafting (table) 436 of steam engine (example). 497 per ton of refrigeration (table) 449 required to raise water (table) 429 steam required for 100 Humidity of air (tables). .404, 406 Hydraulic ram 286 (plate) 636 Hydrodynamics, definition of. 56 Hydrometer 54 for ammonia (plate) 640 jar (plate) 540 Hydrostatics, definition of 56 Digitized by Google TOPICAL INDEX, 561 Hygrometer 101 Hygroftietry 100 Ice cans, freezing of vater in (table) 466 size of (table) 466 standard sizes of 456 Ice, clear 211 color of 217 cost of making 209 defects of 215 Ice factory, arrangement of freezing tank for" (plate). 516 can (plate) 515 Ice, flavor of 217 from coils, removing 309 handling of 208 harvesting, can 203 harvesting, plate 204 Ice house, refrigerating 206 Ice in therapeutics 266 Ice machines, capacities of 132 Ice making 1 90 (tables) 463, 464, 465 and refrigerating plant com- bined (plate) 519 capacity 132, 210 capacity, calculating (exam- ple) 483 cost of (tables) 464, 465 in connection with brewery.. 254 tanks, dimensions of (table). 450 Ice, packing 206 Ice plant, arrangement of (plate) 514 efficiencies (table) 466 plate (plate) 517 Ice, practical yield of 347 properties of 98 quality of 210 rotten 219 selling 208 shrinkage of 207 specific heat of 99 Ice storage house, ante-room. Latent heat, solution 53 vaiiorizaiion 62 vaporization of water 99 Leakage, heat 118 Leak, detemiination of 802 in absorption plant 814 in brine tank 202 in exchanger 314 in rectifying pan 315 mending 303 Lemons, temperature for storing 235 Length, metric measures 358 Lever, definition of 33 Levey's tables for piping 459 Leyden jar (plate) 642 Lifting and pulling devices (plate) 645 Light, arc 292 chemical action of 38 color of 37 cut off by globes 365 definition of 36 electric 41 incandescent 201 installation of electric 292 intensity of 39 measurem'ent of 39 Light motor, electric power and (illustrated) 370 Light, nature of 37 polarized 37 reflection of 38 refraction of 38 transmission of 38 unit of 39 Lignite 97 Linde apparatus for making liquid air (plate) 541 Linde compressor, operation of (illustrated) 319 Linde method of air liquefaction 186 Linde refrigerating machine, op- eration of (illustrated) 319 Linde self-intensifying refrigera- tion 183 Lines, magnetic 42 Liquefaction, of gases 58, 70 vapors 63 Liquefied air 182 Liquefied gases (table) 394 table of physical constants of 397 Liquid air, Linde's apparatus for making (plate) 541 motive power of (example). 488 uses of 187 Liquid ammonia, specific volume of 107 Li quid matter 25 Liquid measure 358 Liquid, pressure and temperature of Pictefs (table) 420 Liquid receiver 148 absorption system 171 Liquid trap 150 Liquids and gases, equation for 66 Liquids, boiling point of (table) 389 buoyancy of 54 data about 446 ebullition of 399 expansion of 51 expansion of (table) 389 Liquids, flow of (example) 408 heavier than water, specific gravity of (table) 390 lighter than water, specific gravity of (tabb) 395 pressure of 54 specific heat of (table) 375 surface tension of 55 vapors from mixed 63 velocity of flow of 55 Liquor, ammonia 109 ammonia, strength of (table) 416 poor 162 properties of ammonia 110 properties of ammonia (Starr's table) 413, 414, 415 rich 162 temperature for storing fer- mented 237 to be circulated, rich (exam- ple) 485 Logarithms, rules for 355 (table) 354, 355 Long measure 857 Lubricants, solid 298 Lubricating materials 297 Lubrication 299 of compressor 310 M Machines, absorption refrigfer- ating 128 air refrigerating 127 ammonia refrigerating 129 capacities of ice and refriger- ating 132 carbonic acid refrigerating. 151 combination compression and absorption 131 compound vacuum refrigerat- ing 180 compressed air refrigerating.. 175 compression refrigerating .... 129 compressor for carbonic acid refrigerating 152 construction of absorption.... 168 construction of refrigerating. 128 efficiency of refrigerating. ... 80 electromagnetic, definition of. 43 elementary 33 ether refrigerating 159 ethyl chloride refrigerating. 159 formulae for compressed air re- frigerating 17t» ideal refrigerating 80 methyl chloride refrigerating* 159 simple 33 Southby's vacuum refrigerat- ing 181 stufling box for carbonic acid refrigerating 152 vacuum refrigerating ....128, 179 Magnet, definition of 41 ahowing direct lines of force (plate) 643 Magnetic, field and lines 42 force, intensity of 42 Magneto-electric telephone (plate) 543 Malt house, refrigeration in. 255 Manometers, definition of 67 Mash, cooling of distillery 256 Digitized by VjOOQ IC TOPICAL INDEX, 563 Masonry, notes on 441 Mass 25 and weight, relations between 26 unit of 26 Matter, constitution of 25 gaseous 25 liquid 25 properties of 25 aoUd 25 Mean effective pressure (table). 428 Measure, dry 358 cubic or solid 358 liquid 358 long 357 square 357 square or land 357 Measurement of distance, unit of 26 Measures, equivalents of 359 metric standard 358 of length, metric 358 of weight, metric 358 Meat rooms, circulation of air in 262 Meat, defrosting of 264 freezing 232 freezing from within 263 mouldy spots on 264 shipping 264 storage, official views of 261 temperatures for 261, 264 Mechanical energy 87 Mechanism 33 Melons, temperature for storing 234 Melting alloys (table) 444 Melting point, effect of pressure on 53 (table) 378 Mensuration 349 of solids 350 of surfaces 349 Mercury well 342 thermometer in (plate) 640 Metal baths for tempering (table) 443 Metals, relative tenacities of 28 specific gravity of (table) .... 362 specific heat of (table) 376 weight of (table) 362 weight superficial foot of (table) 364 Meter, electric 28U electric power and light (il- lustrated) • 370 gas (illustrated) 366 Methyl chloride 114 refrigerating machines 159 Methylic ether 114 Metric measures of length 358 of weight 358 Metric standards, weights and measures 358 Meyer's cut-off (plate) 547 Micro- farad, definition of 44 Milk, temperature for storing. 240 M'lky or white ice 215 Milligrams and grains, compari- son of (table) 407 Mineral oils 297 Mineral wool, insulation 221 slabs 221 Mixed liquids, vapora from 63 Mixtures, freezing 128 frigorific (table) 388 Mixtures, heat (table) 387 heat energy of gas 72 of gases 58 temperature of 51 (example) 495 Moisture, absolute 101 air saturated with..... 101 determination of 101 in air at different tempera- tures (table) 401 in coal 331 in cold storage (example). 493 in cold storage rooms 230 numerical rules for _ 233 Molecular, dimensions of gases. 69 energy 29 energy and heat 72 force 27 transfer of heat energy 72 velocity 64 Molecules, definition of 93 heat energy of 65 Momentum 29 Motay and Rossi's system 158 Motion 27 accelerated " 31 accelerated (example) 499 laws of 29 perpetual 90 Motor 278 Diesel 282 electric 288 gas 281 gasoline 282 horse-power of electric 289 water 282 water (plate) 548 wind 283 Mouldy spots on meat 264 Multiple expansion condensing engine 281 Multi-tubular boiler 272 N Naphtha 114 Natural air circulation 196 Natural gas (example) 479 Negative specific heat. 84 Numbers for approximations... 444 0 Ohm, definition of 46 Ohm's law 48 Oil and fa^, saponiflable 298 Oil filter 299 Oil injection compressor 143 Oil, mineral 297 Oil trap 144 Oil, viscosity of mineral (tables) 442 Oil works, refrigeration in 270 Onions, temperature for storing 236 Open air condenser 147 pipe required for 147 Operation of, absorption system (illustrated) 326 Linile compressor (illustrated) 319 plant (examples) 495 Oranges, temperature for storing 234 Oscillation, centre of 31 Overcharge of absorption plant.. 311 Overhauling absorption plant... 174 Digitized by V3OOQ IC 664 MECHANICAL EEFRIGEBATION, Over-shot wheel 283 Piping, dimensions of 191 Oysters, temperature for storing 237 for breweries (tables) 460 for brine circulation 192 P for cold storage (tables) .... 459 Packing ammoniapump 318 ^^^ ^^^1^ ^yy-y ^59 compressor P\s^. ; • ; • • • ' ' ' f^^ packini house rooms (tables) 462 ^""""Y^L Z'^hll^^ ' !fi2 practical rule for. .191 SSsT^: <•«:: ^^ MV^::::: S ,.Sff £««■.•■•.■■■■:::: SS! T2> ■"■••"■•""•" s Painting brine Unk 309 ^^. ■;-■,■• i22 Pflanal's law 54 Piston engine 278 ?^ge of heai: \\\\\\\ 74 Pifjon, packing of compressor. 308 Peaches, temperature for storing 234 Pjston Pump • 284 Pears, temperature for storing.. 234 ^S? ',•' Ko!J ;;^'.;: 'fo/ " " 9ftl Peclet's experiments on heat ^^111^5;^ ^ Inl transmission (table) 379 JfJ^f^'^f,. \ ??i Pendulum, definition of 31 p P.^f * Pi^*^> I" rexflinDlG^ 500 Pl**e system 203 PeSrUtV;oi: ::::::::: 32 timerequiredfor freeing.. ^ 204 PprfPTt irasea 60 ^^^^ ^^ rubber hose (table) 441 ^uati^^or*\\\\\\\.: 66 Plums, temperature for storing 234 Pernjanent gases, in absorption ^^J^^^^^ * •* .*: i i i .* i ! ! i i i S^Q in plant*"::::::::;::*.*.:;: 306 polyhedrons (tawe) 350 (example) 478 Poor ammonia liquor 162 Perpetual motion 90 Potential energy 29 Petroleum 97 P<*und Fahrenheit, compared with Pferdekraft,*cim*p*ar^*with othei „ other energies 371 energies 372 Pound, standard 26 Photometer 39 Power unit of 28 Photometric standards (table).. 366 insulating 116 Physics, sub-division of 30 of boiler, evaporating 331 Pictet's fluid 114 required for fans 433 Pictet's liquid, Bluemcke on... 157 to operate compressor 140 (table) 420 transmission 293 pressure and temperature of transmissions (plate) 546 (table) 420 water 56 refrigeration by 156 Practice in wet compression 307 Pictet machine, test of 345 Pressl's test 344 Pillow blocks (plate) 550 Pressl's testing apparatus (plate) 541 Pipe, calculating size of 125 Pressure, absolute and gauge.. 57 corrosion of 195 and suction pumps 284 defrosting 197 and temperature of ammonia. 106 equalizing (table) 439 and temperature of gases... 56 exposed to air, condensation in 121 ^nd temperature of Pictet's fittings (plate) •••••••• ?S2 liquid (table) 420 flow of steam through (table) 439 boiling points under atmos- for steam heating (table)... 425 j^^^^ (table) 390 in brine tank 192 condenser 148 insulation of 116 critical ;. 58 line refrigeration 266 p„_„„ mnffP 'r'nlkte^ 'i'^o loss of pressure by friction in P-^- ^^^ ^!^LV.\:\V, 3oS radiatSg silriac;* * 'o'f * * *i*roi ^'^^'^ i"' ^^'^' 317 (table) 425 compressor ...... 338 required for open air condenser 147 Pressure, loss of, by fnction m rules for laying 192 ^ P^Pfs , (table) .... 440 thermometer in expansion K^ tnction of compressed air (plate) 540 in pipcs (table) 441 velocity of flow in (table) ... 440 Pressure, mean effective (table) 428 wrought iron welded (table) 437 Pressure, of compressor (table) 446 wrought iron welded extra of gases 64 strong (table) 438 of liquids 54 Piping, brewery rooms 249 of water 55 cold storage rooms (plates).. 520 on melting point, effect of... 63 Digitized by CjOOQ IC TOPICAL INDEX. 565 Pressure, solubility of ammonia Rates for cold storage 407 at different (table) 417 Reaumur, Centigrade and Fah- i!:|>ecific heat under constant. 84 renheit scales, comparison of unit of 57 (table) 374 volume and temperature of Reboiling and filtering water.. 213 gases, relation of 59 Receiver, liquid 148 Priming of boiler 278 Recharging absorption plant. ... 312 Properties of, ammonia liquor. 110 Rectifier, absorption system.... 171 elements (table) 385 Rectifying pan, leak in 315 matter 25 Red core, ice with 216 saturated ammonia 107 Reflection of light 38 saturated ammonia (Wood's Refraction of light 38 table) 408 Refrigerating and ice making saturated carbonic acid gas plant combined (plate) .... 519 (table) 418 Refrigerating capacity (table). 457 saturated steam (table) 400 Refrigerating capacity, brewery 246 saturated vapor of ether compressor 137 (table) 419 (example) 482 sulphuric dioxide 114 in cold storage (table) 455 Proposals and estimates 347 required for storage rooms Provisions, temperatures for stor- (table) 456 ing 233 Refrigerating, contents of cold Peychrometer 101 storage rooms 227 Psychrometer, sling (plate) .... 540 duty, calculation (example). 489 Pulleys 294 effect, cubic foot ammonia at (plate) 545 different pressures (table). 448 fixed and loose 34 effect, net theoretical 136 fixed and loose (example) 500 effect of circulating medium 133 Pulling and lifting devices effect of sulphurus acid (ex- (plate) 545 ample) 481 Pump, absorption system am- ice house 206 monia 173 Refrigerating machines, absorp- air lift 287 tion 128 capacity (example) 498 air 127 capacity of rotary (table) .... 432 ammonia 129 chain 286 capacities of 132 deep well (teble) 432 capacity of (table) 449 double acting, capacity (table) 480 carbonic acid 151 duplex steam 285 compound vacuum 180 efficiency of 285 compression 129 electrical 285 connected with condenser and force (plate) 536 Baudelot cooler (plate) .... 506 horse-power of ammonia 165 construction of 128 montejus 286 efficiency of 80 packing of ammonia 318 efficiency of (tables) 451 painting of 308 eff.ciency of compressed air.. 177 piston 284 ether 159 plunger, capacity of (table). 431 ethyl chloride 159 rotary 285 ideal 80 rotary (plate) 536 methyl chloride 150 rubber syringe 286 operation of Linde (illustrate<l) 319 single acting, capacity (table) 430 Southby's vacuum 181 steam 284 test of 337 steam, section of (plate) .... Kef riprcrat ion, by sulphuric diox- ide 155 cost of 210, 329 dairy , 270 direct brewery 254 distillery 256 estimating brewery 244 for ale breweries 252 for cooling wort 245 gas required to be pumped at differ«it pressures to pro- duce one ton (table) 448 horse-power per ton of (table) 449 in breweries, distribution of.. 248 in chemical works 269 in chocolate factories 268 in distillery, amount required 257 in excavating 267 in glue works 270 in India-rubber works 270 in iron mills 267 in malt house 255 in oil works 270 in packing house 259 in sugar refining 259 in steel mills 267 in wine making 258 means of producing 127 miscellaneous uses of. 132, 270, 348 of halls 265 of residences 265 pipe line 266 production of (examples) 477 required in cold storage. .226, 229 self-intensifying 183 water required in 449 Repulsion, electrical 40 Resistance, electrical 47 unit of electrical current 46 Retort, absorption system 171 Reversible cycle 75, 130 Revolutions of coaipressor 139 Rich ammonia liquor 162 Rich liquor, charging with 312 to be circulated (example). 485 Rinks, skating 219 Rooms, insulation for 116 Roi>e transmission 293 (plate) 546 Rotary engine 280 Rotary pump 285 (plate) 536 capacities of (table) 432 Rotten ice 219 Rubber hose, plies of (table) ... 441 Rubber syringe pump 286 Rubber works, refrigeration in.. 270 Rules for calculating insulation 118 Saccharometera 247 comparison of (tables) 393 Safety fuse, electric 290 Safety valve 273 (example) 496 for carbonic acid refrigerating machine 153 lever (plate) 532 pressure gauge 300 Salometer, substitute for 194 Salt cake, decomposition of. 270 Salt, solutions of (tables) 421 Sa|>unitiable oil and fat 29S Saturated air 101 Saturated ammonia, properties of 107 properties of, Davidson's re- calculation of Wood's table on 409, 410, 411 properties of (Wood's table). 408 Saturated solution of ammonia.. 110 Saturated steam 98 properties of (table) 400 Saturated vapor 61 Screw 34 power of (example) 500 Second law of thermodynamics. 72 Self-intensifying refrigeration de- vice, Ilampson's 186 refrigeration 183 Selling ice 208 Setting Ijoiler 276 Shafting 294 horse-power of (table) 436 Shipping goods 242 temperatures for (table) .. 468, 469 Shipping meat 264 Shrinkage of ice 207 Siebel's sterilizing and boiling apparatus 211 (plate) 518 Size, brine tank 202 cans 199 compressor 138 pipes, calculating 125 Skating rinks 219 Skimmer 213 Skinkle's table dimensions of ice making tanks 450 Sling psychronieter (plate) .... 567 Specific gravity, with degrees BeauiDe, coinparison of (table) 416, 417 Specific heat 60 Specific heat, negative 84 of ammonia 106 of beer wort 244 of beer wort (table) 377 Specific heat of gases 59 (table) 389 at constant volume 83 components of 84 Specific heat, ice 99 liquids (table) 375 metals (table) 376 soHds (table) 375 steam 99 under constant pressure 84 victuals 227 water 99 water at various temperatures (table) 403 Specific volume of liquid am- monia 107 of steam 99 Specific weight 26 Spectroscope, definition of 38 Spontaneous combustion 95 Square and cube roots (table). 351 Square measure 357 St. Clair's system air circulation 196 Standard pound 26 Starr's table, heat transmission 381 Static electricity 40 Statics, definition of 29 Steam and heat required (ex- ample) 486 Steam and water space in boiler 276 Steam, condensation of in pipes (tables) 384 definition of 98 dryer (plate) ^32 engine 278 engine xoi'ge-power (example) 497 Steam filter 281 (plate) 549 Steam, flow of 100 heating, pipes for (table). 425 heat of 98 in pipes, condensation of.... 122 production of 100 properties of saturated (table) 400 Steam pump 284 duplex 285 Steam required, absorption sys- tem 166 to produce horse-power 100 Steam, saturated 98 specific heat of 99 specific volume of 99 superheated 61 work done by 100 Steel, metal baths for tempering 443 Steel mills, refrigeration in.... 267 Sterilizing apparatus, Siebel's (plate) 211 Stones, specific gravity of (table) 302 weight of (table) 362 Storage batteries 44 Storage battery (plate) 544 Storage, cold (examples) 401 Storage, construction for cold. 220 moisture in cold (example). 493 of electricity 290 of hops 254 rates 467 (table) 472 Storage rooms, cold 220 refrigerating capacity (table) 456 Storage, space for 242 temperatures 467 Storing fruits 233 ice 199, 205 provisions, temperatures for. 233 Strength, crushing 297 of ammonia liquor (table) .... 410 of boiler 425 of brine 193 of timber columns 434 round bar iron (table) 433 transverse 296 transverse (example) 501 Strong liquor syphoned over 315 Stufilng box, for carbonic acid refrigerating machine 152 for piston rod (plate) 511 Sublimation, definition of 63 Submerged condenser 144 Suction and pressure pump 284 Surfaces, mensuration of 349 Surface tension of liquids 55 Surface, unit of measurement of 26 Sugar refining, refrigeration in. Table, areas of circles 353 brick work of tubular boilem 424 brine tanks and coils 447 boiling point of liquids 389 boiling points under atmos- pheric pressure 390 Table capacities and horse-power of disc fans 432 double acting pumps 430 mgines 429 injectors 431 plunger pumps 431 refrigerating machines 449 rotary pumps 432 single acting pumps 430 tanks 360 Table cold storage rates 472 Table comparative test, ammo- nia and carbonic acid com- pression 452 sulphur-dioxide and ammonia compression. : 454 Table comparison, British and metrical barometers 394 degrees Beaumfi with specific gravity 416, 417 grains and milligrams 407 saccharometers 393 saccharometers with specific gravity 393 Table, composition of water con- stituents 406 concentration of gases 389 contents of cylinders in cubic feet 361 converting feet heat of water into pressure 391 copper wire 368 cost of ice making 464, 465 critical data 394 cube roots 351 deep well pumps 432 description of two-flue boilers. 422 dilution of alcohol 392 Table dimensions, absorption ma- chines 451 condensers 446 Corliss engine 427 engines by horse-power in inches 429 feed water heater 425 ice making tanks 450 wrought iron welded pipe... 437 Table efficiency, ammonia plant (Linde) 454 cold air machines 451 of fans 432 Table electrical, batteries 369 units 367 Table, equalizing pipes 439 equivalents of fractions of an inch 353 expansion and weight of water 399 expansion of liquids 389 flow of steam through pipes. 439 gallons contained in cylinders 361 Table horse-power, of belting. 436 of shafting 436 per ton of refrigeration 449 required to raise water 429 Table, humidity of air 404, 406 Table, ice making 463, 464, 465 ice plant efficiencies 460 liquefied gases 394 logarithms 354, 355 loss of pressure by friction of compressed air in pipes.... 441 loss of pressure by friction in pipes 440 mean effective pressure 428 mean pressure of compressor. 446 melting alloys 444 metal baths for tempering 443 photometric standards 366 Table physical constants of, gases 396 liquified gases 397 Table piping, for breweries. 460 for packing house 462 Levey's 459 required for cold storage 459 Table, plies of rubber hose. ... 441 pressure and temperature. 420 Table, properties of, ammonia Uquor (Starr) ...413, 414, 415 elements 385 saturated carbonic acid gas. 569 Table, time required for water to freeze in ice cans 4GG trigonometric functions 356 tubular boilers 422, 423 vapor tension 418 velocity of air in shafts 398 velocity of flow in pipes 440 viscosity of miileral oils 442 weight and density of gases.. 398 weight and density of vapors 398 weight of air vapor of water at different temperatures. 402 weight of castings 443 weight of various materials. 476 wrought iron welded extra strong pipe 438 Tank, brine 200 capacities of (table) 360 coils in brine 201 dimensions of ice making (table) 450 freezing 200 leaks in brino 202 operating brine 201 painting brine 309 size of brine 202 test, brine 342 Taste of ice 217 Telegraph, main principle of... 42 Telegraphy, wireless 44 Telephone, magnetoelectric (plate) -543 main principle of 42 Temperature, ammonia pressure and 106 critical 58 definition of 48 endurable by man 379 Temperature for storing, apples 235 butter 238 cabbage 236 cantaloupes 234 celery 236 cheese 239 eggs 240 fermented liquors 237 fish 237 grapes 235 lemons 235 meat 264 milk 240 melons 234 onions 236 oranges 234 oysters 237 peaches 234 pears 234 plums 234 Temperature of, boiler 333 furnace (example) 496 gases 56 mixture (example) 495 Pictet's liquid (table) 420 Temperature, thermodynamic scale of 85 volume and pressure of gases, relation of 59 Temperatures, cold storage .... 233 expansion and weight of water at various (table) 399 for goods in cold storage 467 Temperatures, for storing meats. 261 for storing provisions 233 lowest cold storage 242 measuring high 49 moisture in air at different (table) 401 of cities, mean 470, 471 of mixtures 61 solubility of ammonia in water at different (table) 416, 417 specific heat of water at vari- ous (table) 403 table of weights of air and vapor of water at different 402 Tempering, metal baths for (table) 443 Tenacities of metals 28 Tensile and compressive strength of timber 434 Tensile strength round bar iron (table) 433 Tension of liquids, surface 65 vapors 61 vapor (table) 418 water vapor (tables) 405 Testing, ammonia 111, 112, 327 apparatus (plate) 539 apparatus for refrigerating ca- pacity (plate) 641 compression machine (table). Transfer of heat 52 compensated, principle of.... 81 complicated 123 uncompoisated 81 Transformation of energy. .30, 90 Transmission of heat, co-efficient for (table) 382 through insulating structures (Uble) 381 through metal walls 122 through various substances (table) 379 Transmission of lii^t 38 Transmission, power 293 power (plate) 546 Transverse strength 296 (example) 501 Trap, glycerine 153 liquid 150 oil -p. 144 Trigonometric functior::, table of 356 Triplet's invention 186 Troy weight 357 Tubular boilers, brick work ot (table) 424 (tables) 422, 423 Turbine 283 U Under-shot wheel 283 Unit, C. G. S 26 electrical (table) 367 Unit of, boiler test 329 electrical current energy 45 electrical current resistance.. 46 electrical work 46 electromotive force 45 energy 92 energy, comparison of (table) 371 energy, C. G. S 30 heat 50 light 39 mass 26 measurement of distance 26 measurement of force 27 measurement of space 26 measurement of surface 26 power 28 pressure 57 strength electrical current .... 45 time 26 weight 26 work 28 Universe, future condition of. 81 V Vacuum, action of 57 gas expanding into 72 in compression 302 Vacuum machine, test of 345 Vacuum pump 287 Vacuum refrigerating machine 128, 179 compound 1 80 Southby's 181 Valve, definition of .35 expansion 149 lever safety (plate) 532 lift 308 pressure gauge safety 300 Valve, pui^ 149 safety 273 safetj' (examples) 496 Van der Waal's, formula for ammonia 107 formula for gases 66 Vapor and gas 70 Vapor, Dalton's law for 63 definition of 53 dry or saturated 61 formulx for superheated 109 from mixed liquids 63 liquefaction of 63 of ether, properties of satu- rated (table) 419 saturated 61 superheated ammonia 108 tension 61 tension (table) 418 tension of water (tables) .... 405 weight and density of (table) 398 wet 61 Vaporization 62 latent heat of 62 of water 102 of water, latent heat of 99 Vegetables, cold storage of.... 286 Velocity 28 molecular 64 of air 197 of flow of liquids 55 Ventilation. » 198 Ventilators 287 Victuals, composition of 227 specific heat of 227 Viscosity, definition of 54 of mineral oils (tables) 442 Visible energy 29 Volt, compared with other «i- ergies 871 Volt-ampere, compared with other energies 371 Volt, definition of 45 Volume and weight of water. 100 Volume, critical 68, 70 of carbonic acid gas (example) 481 of compressor 136 of ice ; 208 of liquid ammonia, specific. 671 Water, distilled 212 distilling system (plate) 513 Water engine 283 Water, evaporated in boiler.... 274 for attemperators, sweet 252 for pure ice 211 head of 56 Water heater (feed) (table)... 425 Water, heating by steam (table) 384 horse-power required to raise (table) 429 in absorption plant, economiz- ing 318 in ice cans, freezing of (table) 466 in pipes, flow of 55 Water-jacket compressor 143 W^ater, latent heat of vaporiza- tion of 99 lifted by pump 285 Water motor 282 motors (plate) 548 Water power 56 (example) 498 Water pressure 65 Water, purity of 103 quantities of bodies required to produce hardness in (table) 402 reboiling and filtering 213 required in refrigeration (ta- ble) 449 required for absorber 166 required for atmospheric con- denser 147 required in boiler 141 Siebel's apparatus for steriliz- ing and boiling (plate) ... 518 specific heat of 99 vaporization of 1 02 Water vapor, tension of (tables) 405 Water, volume and weight of. 100 W^ater wheel 282 Watt, compared with other en- ergies 371 definition of 46 W^att-hour, compared with other energies 371 W^attmeter 289 Fort Wayne (illustrated) 370 Thompson (illustrated) 371 Weight, absolute 26 Weight and density of gases (table) 398 vapors (table) 398 Weight and mass, relations be- tween 26 Weight and volume of water. 100 Weight, apothecaries' 357 avoirdupois 357 metric measures of 359 Weight of, air at different tem- peratures (table) 402 ammonia 107 castings (table) 443 gases 57 heat 85 ice 208 materials (table) 362,476 metals (table) 362 Weight of, stones (table) 302 water (table) 39U woods 362 W^eight, specific 26 superficial foot, metals (table) 364 Weight, Troy 357 Weight, unit of 26 Weights and dimensions of gal- lons, barrels, etc 476 Weights and measures 357 comparison of 359 metric standards 358 Wet and dry compression 135 W^t compression, practice in ... 307 Wheatstone bridge 47 (plate) 543 Wheel-and-axle, definition of ... 33 Wheel, breast 283 over-shot 283 toothed 294 under-shot 283 water 282 White core, ice with 216 White or milky ice 215 Wind motor 283 Wine, refrigeration of 258 Wire, copper (table) 368 Wire gauges used in United States 370 Wireless telegraphy 44 Wiring, electric 291 Wolf's cooling method for dis- tillery 257 Wood 97 construction for cold storage. 220 constructions 119 insulation a^fainst brick wall 118 weight of (table) 362 specific gravity of (table) .... Digitized by Google MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. 673 DOORS DOORS are a weak point in all storagre rooms. Their insula- tion is important, but their tlsrhtness and quick operation is vastly more so. A leak is an endless expense. Slow mov- ing doors are hardly less so. Doors that bind and work badly are shut only when the workman can find no excuse for leavingr them open, which is seldom, if ever. The following: sketches show a construction which is patented, and which is especially contrived to avoid these troubles. The door makes an overlapping: contact, with a soft hemp g:asket in the joint, and is held to its seat ag:ainst the front of the door-frame by powerful elastic hardware. The thick portion of the door fits loosely, so that considerable chang:e of size, form and position, due to wear, swelling:, etc., does not make it leak or bind. Where all old style doors, when they work badly or leak, must be eased, thus for- ever destroying: their fit, a slig:ht readjustment of the door-frame of these doors restores them to their orig:inal perfection of fit and freedom in a minute at no expense. As these doors do not stand in the doorway when open, it can be six inches less in width than old style doorways— an important economy in refrig:eration. As constructed in this year, 1907, the opening: in wall to re- ceive these door-frames should be 3H inches wider, and 4* inches hig:her, than the size of the doorway in the clear. Fol- low construction numbered 1 and 2. For overhead track doors this roug:h opening: should extend 13 inches above the lower edg:e of track. Door-frames are secured with lag: screws ?8 X 4 inches throug:h front casing:, inserted at A. Fig:ure B shows wooden beveled threshold 15^ inches thick, > , ^_ j,^ which connects lower. f*^ f^ fends of door-fram6 *• ' * and forms a part of it, let down into flopr. No feather edg:e; no> jolt, no splinters. For warehouses. Accom- modates trucks. y///>^ 'f. ta^s ^^... ■iTM^nmMM^ Fig:ure C, cement floor, shows lower ends of door-frame ex- tending: down into the floor a distance of three inches, and connect- ed by ang:le irons extending: across doorway from one side to the other below the surface. Fig:ure S shows door-frame with full standard sill and head used on all sizes of door-frames. Suited only to walking: throug:h. Special doors on a modified plan for intermittent or continu- ous freezers, as well as for g:eneral purposes, perfectly tig:ht and perfectly free, reg:ardless of temperature, moisture or accumula- tion of ice in any deg:ree. Metal covered fireproof doors. Combined self-closing: ice door and chute of three styles. Ice counters. Patents are g:ranted or applied for on every valuable feature of this work. Infring:ers will be prosecuted. STEVENSON CO., CHESTER, PA. Digitized by Google 574 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION, MP. STORAGE DOOR3 ->0VND SPECIAL WRITE FOR v-=>v BOOK LET. ir27'33 PENN AYE.* PITTSBURG. U.5.A. Digitized by Google MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. 575 The arctic ice making and ] in REFRIGERATING any size MACHINE I REQUIRED TWENTY-BIGHT VKARS' SUCCESSFUL USK 1 he Arctic Ice iVlachine Co. CANTON, OHIO Digitized by Google 576 MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION. Rempe Company IRON PI Made by ELECTRICITY FOR ICE MAKING, REFRIGERATING AND ALL OTHER PURPOSES PIPE BEINOINO OF EVERY DESCRIPTION All Ammonia Coils made of the very finest quality of Pipe (in any desired continuous length) and tested to 400 pounds air pressure. Coils of all descriptions for Heaters, Soap Makers, Blast Furnaces, Etc. 