None
Egypt, early manufacture of iron in, 390 ; sodium carbonate from, 450. Einstein, quantum theory, 398. Eka-aluminium, same as gallium, 506. Ekaboron, same as scandium, 136, 503. Ekeberg, discovery of tantalite, 523. Electric furnace, carborundum in, 349 ; use for aluminium, 391. Electrical batteries, use of zinc in, 481, theory of, 435 ; horse power, 34 ; unit charge, 438 ; units, 33. Electrochemical theory, influence on formulas of minerals, 356. Electrodes, carbon, 279. Electrolysis, migration of ions in, 113 ; of dilute sulfuric acid, 47, 9 ; sodium hydroxide by, 402. Electrolyte, definition, 48. Electrolytic methods in metallurgy, 391. Electromotive force, relation to solu- tion pressure, 435. Electromotive series, 435, table, 436. Electron, relation to Faraday's law, 438. Electron theory, 181 ; as explanation of ionization, 182 ; relation to ionization, 206; relation to prop- erties of metals and non-metals, 370. Electronegative elements, denned, 437. Electroplating, copper, 433. Electropositive elements, defined, 437. Electrotyping, 433. Elements, absolute potential of, 436 ; atoms of probably complex aggre- gates, 138 ; classification of, 132 ; definition, 9 ; life of, 474 ; melting points of, absolute, 135; melting points of, 372, table, 373 ; metallic in periodic system, 136 ; missing in Group VII, possible reason, 533 ; molecules of, 93. Elements, non-metallic in periodic system, 136 ; radioactive, series of, 475 ; specific heat of, 397 ; symbols of, 11; table, of familiar, 371; table of groups of, 371 ; table of non-metallic, 348. Emery, 494; artificial, 500. Endothermic compounds, defined, 225 ; explosive decomposition, 225. Endothermic reactions, 215. Energy, conservation of, 6 ; defini- tion, 6; muscular, in respiration calorimeter, 315; of coal from sunlight, 230. Energy required to decompose a gram equivalent, 438 ; units of, 32 ; varieties of, 6. England, destruction of forests for iron manufacture, 540. English laws for glazes, 502. Enzymes, 344. Epsom salts, 478, 480. Equations, writing of, 49 ; writing of, for reactions between acids and bases, 156. Equilibrium between gaseous and solid phases, 443, silver, silver oxide and oxygen, 443 ; between water and water vapor, 76; dis- placement of, 152 ; effect on, of removing one of the reacting sub- stances, 152 ; for combination of nitrogen and hydrogen, 201 ; for formation of nitric oxide, 216; hydrogen, iodine and hydriodic acid, 146. Equilibrium in chemical reactions, 108 ; in gas flame, 300 ; illustra- tion of that between water and water vapor, 76 ; in ionization of orthophosphoric acid, 250 ; in neutralization, 385. Equilibrium of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water vapor, 300 ; of Deacon process, 109 ; of reaction between hydro- chloric acid and oxygen, 108. Equivalents, relation to Faraday's law, 438. Erbium, compounds, 505. Erg, defined, 32. Ethane, structure, 284; substitu- tion products of, 291. Ethene, 290. Ether, ethyl, 290. Ethyl alcohol, ether and ethylene from, 290; ethyl chloride from, 580 INDEX 245 ; manufacture, properties, uses, 325; absolute, denatured, 325; structure, 323. Ethyl borate, 367; chloride, formed from ethyl alcohol, 245; ether, formation, 290; iodide, relation to structure of ethyl alcohol, 323. Ethylene, addition compounds, 291 ; bromide, 291 ; chloride, formation from ethylene, 291 ; in illuminat- ing gas, 295 ; preparation, prop- erties, uses, formation and de- composition, 290 ; ratio of specific heats of, 237 ; structure, 292. Eudiometer, description, 67. Europium, compounds, 505. Eutectic point, defined, 488. Evaporators, triple and multiple- effect, 405 ; Yaryan, 405. Exercises, aluminium, 507 ; atmos- phere, 239; Avogadro's law, 99; calcium, barium, 476 ; carbon dioxide, cyanides, 322 ; chlorine, 116; copper, silver, gold, 450. Exercises, Group V, 272 ; hydrocar- bons, 305 ; laws of gases, 43 ; mag- nesium and mercury, 493 ; nitro- gen, 225 ; phosphorus, 255 ; silicon, boron, 368; sulfur, 196; writing equations, 156. Exothermic reaction, definition of, 215. Explosions, definition, 62 ; of en- dothermic compounds, 225 ; of methane and air, 287; of dust and air, 289 ; waves, 301. Factories, humidity in, 232. Families of elements, table, 371. Faraday, injured by nitrogen tri- chloride, 224; law, 338; liquefac- tion of chlorine, 108. Fast colors, 340. Fats, composition, 331 ; use in making soaps, 332 ; reduction with the aid of colloidal palladium, 564 ; soft soap from, 414. Fatty acids, calcium salts of, 332. Fehling's solution, formula for, use, to detect glucose, 335. Feldspars, 348 ; use as glaze, 502. Ferric acetate, mordant, 342. Ferric chloride, hydrate, anhydrous, 554 ; molecular weight, 555 ; hydrolysis, precipitation of ferric hydroxide from, 553; theory of hydrolysis of, 386. Ferric ferrocyanide, 320 ; decomposi- tion with sodium hydroxide, 321 ; hydroxide, precipitation, 555; by barium carbonate, 553 ; hydroxide, to absorb hydrogen sulfide, 295; oxide, preparation, manufacture, use, 555. Ferric sulfate, fuming sulfuric acid from, 556 ; preparation, alums from, 556 ; reduction by hydrogen sul- fide, 171 ; sulfide, formation, prop- erties, 556 ; thiocyanate, test for iron, 322 ; thiocyanate, use as test for iron, 556. Ferrite, defined, a-, /3- and 7-, rela- tion to tempering, 546 ; table of properties, 546. Ferromanganese, use in chilled cast iron, 543. Ferrous bicarbonate, formation, in mineral waters, ores from, 554 ; carbonate, ore, 540 ; carbonate, properties, 554. Ferrous chloride, absorption of nitric oxide by solutions of, 554 ; prepara- tion, properties, 553 ; preparation, structure, 552. Ferrous chromite, 524 ; preparation of potassium chromate from, 527 ; ferricyanide, 321 ; hydroxide, for- mation, properties, 553 ; hydroxide, use to reduce indigo, 341 ; manga- nese tungstate, 530 ; metatantalate, 523 ; metacolumbate, 523 ; oxide, 553 ; silicate, formed in metallurgy of copper, 429. Ferrous sulfate, preparation, proper- ties, 554 ; sulfide, oxidation to ferric hydroxide in gas purifiers, 296 ; sulfide, preparation, prop- erties, use, 556. Ferro vanadium, 522. Ferrum, 11. Fertilizer, calcium cyanamide as, 463 ; slag from basic steel process as, 548 ; various phosphates in, 461. Filters, charcoal, inefficient, 83. Fire damp, 286, 287. Fireproofing fabrics, with sodium tungstate, 530 ; of cotton goods, 513 ; with water glass, 353. Fixing in photography, 445. Flame colors of calcium, strontium and barium, 471 ; gas and candle, structure, 299. Flame, oxidizing, blowpipe and Bun- sen burner, 304; reducing, blow- pipe and Bunsen burner, 304. Flames, cause of luminosity, 299 ; re- versed, 304 ; temperature of, 302 ; source of carbon in, 299. Flint, 348. Flint, atomic weight of tellurium, 190. Flint glass, 467. INDEX 581 Flour, explosive when mixed with air, 289. Flowers of sulfur, 160. Fluoboric acid, 367. Fluorine, occurrence, 153 ; prepara- tion, 153 ; properties, 154. Fluorite, 153, 452. Fluosilicic acid, preparation, proper- ties, 350. Foods, animal, vegetable, inorganic constituents, 347 ; average Ameri- can dietary, 347. " Fool's gold," 556. Forge, reduction of iron in, 540. Formaldehyde, preparation, use as disinfectant, 327 ; use in food for- bidden, 328 ; probable formation by reduction of carbon dioxide by plants, 312. Formalin, see formaldehyde. Formic acid, from mercuric fulminate, 491 ; preparation from carbon monoxide, uses, 329. Formula of mineral, calculation, 357. Formular solutions, definition of, 183. Formulas, meaning of, 16; struc- tural, basis for, 323. Franklinite, 481. Frasch, process for getting sulfur, 161. Fraunhofer lines, discovery, 424. Free metals, occurrence, 439. Freedom, degrees of, 77. Freezing points of solutions and os- motic pressure, 360 ; law for de- pression of, 112. French Revolution, relation to alkali industry, 400 ; sources of saltpeter during, 418. Friedel, discovery of carbon in meteo- rite from Canon Diablo, 274. Fructose, formation from cane sugar, properties, 335; from cane sugar, 334. Fruit, sulfuring of, 164. Furnace, electric for aluminium, 495 ; electric for calcium carbide, 462 ; electric for carbon disulfide, 317; electric for carborundum, 349 ; electric for phosphorus, 241 ; re- generative, for open hearth steel, 549, 550. Fusible alloys, 269. Gadolinium, compounds, 505. Galena, 161 ; lead ore, 513 ; silver in, 439. Gallium, compounds, same as eka- aluminium, 506. Galvanic cells, calculation of electro- motive force, 437 ; theory, 437. Galvanized iron, manufacture, theory of conduct, 482. Garnet, 349 ; calculation of formula of, 356 ; orthosilicate, 355. Gas, blast furnace ; use for heating blast, for gas engines, 542 ; carbon, manufacture, uses, 279. Gas, correction of volume for changes of pressure, 38 ; for temperature, 39. Gas, determination of weight of a liter of, 40 ; effect of pressure on, 34 ; effect of temperature on, 38 ; effect of water vapor on volume and pressure of, 76. Gas, illuminating, 295 ; " ideal," 94 ; iron pentacarbonyl in, 561 ; laws, graphical representation, 42, 43 ; lighters, cerium-iron, 364 ; liquors, ammoniacal, 202. Gas, oil, Pintsch, water, 296 ; pro- ducer, 297 ; producer, use in re- generative furnace for steel, 550. Gases, collection and storage of, 22 ; diffusion of, 56 ; drying of, 54 ; Henry's law for solution of, 165 ; spectra of, 427 ; kinetic theory of, 58 ; laws of, 34, 38 ; laws of, exer- cises, 43 ; monatomic, ratio of specific heats for, 236; table of densities, 95. Gasoline, 289. Gasometer, description of, 22. Gastric juice, hydrochloric acid in, 406. Gayley, dry blast for iron manufac- ture, 542. Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes, 89 ; tower, use in manu- facture of sulfuric acid, 179. Geology, relation of radiochemistry to, 475. Germanium, discovery, compounds, 361. German silver, 560. Germicides, sulfites as, 174. Gibbs, Willard, phase rule, 107. Glass, etching of, 154 ; manufacture, properties, 466 ; crown, flint, strass, paste, Bohemian, Jena, Re- sistanz, Non-sol, hard, borosilicate, Durax, 467 ; opaque, stannic oxide in, 511 ; soluble or water, 353. Glazes, for earthenware and porce- lain, 502. Glover tower, use in sulfuric acid manufacture, 179. Glucinum, name for beryllium, 451. Glucose, from hydrolysis of cane sugar and of starch, properties, 334 ; formation in diabetes, defec- tion, 335. 582 INDEX Gluten from cereals, 8, 335. Glycerol, source, use, 326; by-prod- uct in manufacture of soap, 322. Glyceryl nitrate, 326. Gmelin, manufacture of ultramarine, 502. Goiter, connected with deficiency of iodine, 144. Gold, chlorides of, 450 ; dioxide, 448 ; exercises, 450 ; monochloride, 450 ; dichloride, 450 ; trichloride, 45 ; monoxide, 448. Gold, occurrence, 445 ; in sea water, washing for, hydraulic mining, cyanide process, 446 ; annual pro- duction, coining value, 447 ; oxides of, hydroxide, 448; properties, alloys, use of term carat, 448. Gold, recovery from copper, 430 ; trichloride, use in photography, 445; trioxide, 448. Goldschmidt's thermite process, 497. Goldthwaite, jelly making, 337. Goodwin, preparation of metallic calcium, 452. Graebe, discovery of structure of alizarin, 341. Graham, crystalloids, colloids, 357. Graham, study of diffusion of gases, 57 ; of liquids, 357. Gram, definition, 31. Gram atom, definition, 25. Gram equivalent, definition of, 184. Gram molecular volume, definition, 94. Gram molecule, definition, 25. Granites, decomposition to shales, clays and soils, 494. Graphical representation of gas laws, 42, 43. Graphite, abnormal specific heat, 397 ; anodes for alkali manufac- ture, 402 ; heat of combustion, 276 ; in cast iron, 543, 544 ; in colloidal solution as lubricant, 277 ; sources, formation, manufacture, proper- ties, 276 ; uses, 276. Gravitation, law of, 1. Gravity cell, description of, electro- motive force of, 437. Greenland, cryolite from, 495. Green vitriol, 554. Grotto del Cano, carbon dioxide in, 308. Groups of elements, table of, 371. Group zero, 236. Group I, alternate metals of, general properties, 428. Group II, alternate metals of, general properties, 478 ; general properties, 451 ; solubility of sulfides of, 491. Group III, metals of, 494. Group IV, metallic elements of, 361, 362. Group V, alternate elements, 522; exercises, 272 ; general properties, 256 ; table of oxides, chlorides, acids, sulfur acids and hydrides, 271. Group VI, alternate elements, 524; metallic elements of, 192 ; proper- ties of elements of, 191. Group VII, metallic elements of, 156, 533 ; missing elements, possible reason, 533. Group VIII, general statement, 539 ; metals of, general properties, table, 562. Guignet's green, 525. Gun cotton in smokeless powder, 419 ; manufacture, properties, uses, 338. Gun metal, 509. Gunpowder, composition, 418 ; de- composition, manufacture, theory of burning and explosion, 419. Gypsum, 161, 452; plaster of Paris from, 457 ; phase rule, 458 ; con- ditions for formation of, 458, 460 ; vapor pressure of, table, 459. Haber, dissociation of hydrobromic acid, 146 ; synthesis of ammonia, 201. Haddam, columbite from, 523. Hall, manufacture of aluminium, 495 ; process, 496. Halogen acids, table of, 139 ; family, 139 ; meaning of name, 139. Halogens, compounds with hydrogen and oxygen, 139 ; general prop- erties of, 138; table of, 139. Hamburg, cholera in, from water, 83. Hampson, liquid air machine, 234. Harcourt, atomic weight of tellu- rium, 190. Hard glass, 467. Hard waters, 310 ; permanent hard- ness, temporary hardness, soften- ing by boiling, 463 ; by milk of lime, 464 ; by sodium salts, 464. Hatchett, discovery of columbium, 523. Haynes, cobalt chromium alloy, 557. Heat of combination of chlorine with H2, Na, Zn, Cu, P, 108; of oxygen with Ek, Na, Zn, Cu, P, 108. Heat of combustion, 25 ; of bitumin- ous coal, calculation of, 44 ; of C, S, P, Fe, Hg, 27 ; of hydrogen, 65. INDEX 583 Heat, mechanical equivalent of, 6 ; units of, 33. Helium, coefficient of expansion, 38 ; discovery in sun and in cleveite, 237; distribution, 238; from radium, 9. Hematite, 540. Hemihedral forms of crystals, 193. Henry's law, applied to carbon di- oxide, 309 ; for solution of gases, 165. Heptane, 283. Heptene, 283. Heptine, 283. Hexaaquochromic chloride, 526. Hexagonal System (crystallography), 194. Hexane, 283. Hexanitrocellulose, 338. Hexathionic acid, 188. Hexene, 283. Hexine, 283. Hillebrand, gases from uraninite, 237 ; use of sodium pyrosulfate for solution of alumina, 408. Holmberg, holmium, 505. Holmium source, 505. Homologue, definition, 289. Honey, invert sugar in, 334. Hornblende, metasilicate, 355. Horn silver, 439. Hulett, purification of mercury, 485. Humidity of rooms, 232. Hunyadi water, magnesium sulfate in, 480. Hydrargyrum, 11. Hydrates, defined, 81 ; of nitric acid, 211 ; of sulfuric acid, 181 ; vapor pressure of, 82. Hydration, water of, 82. Hydrazine hydrochloride, 222 ; prep- aration, 222; structure, 220; trinitride, structure, 221. Hydriodic acid, constant boiling solution, 146 ; equilibrium with hydrogen and iodine, 146 ; forma- tion from potassium iodide, 145; heat of formation of, 153 ; prep- aration from iodine, phosphorus and water, 145 ; rate of formation and decomposition, 150 ; reduc- tion of sulfuric acid by, 145. Hydrobromic acid, constant boiling solution of, 143 ; dissociation of, 146 ; preparation from hydrogen and bromine, 143 ; preparation from potassium bromide, 142 ; reduction of sulfuric acid by, 142 ; preparation from bromine, phos- phorus and water, 143. Hydrocarbonate ion, r61e in decom- position of carbonates, 375. Hydrocarbons, exercises, 305 ; table of, 283. Hydrochloric acid, and oxygen, equilibrium of reaction between, 108 ; by-product in making alumin- ium oxide from clay, 496 ; diffi- culty with in Leblanc soda process, 411. Hydrochloric acid, constant boiling solution of, 120. Hydrochloric acid, determination of composition by volume, 120 ; de- termination of composition of, 130 ; deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; electrolysis to show composi- tion by volume, 120 ; formation from chlorine and hydrogen, 118; in gastric juice, 406 ; oxidation of, 100. Hydrochloric acid, preparation from salt and sulfuric acid, 118; prop- erties, 119; reactions with hy- droxides and oxides, 121 ; re- actions with metals, 120 ; reac- tions with oxidizing agents, 122; reaction with potassium perman- ganate, 159. Hydrocyanic acid, preparation, prop- erties, uses, 319. Hydrofluoric acid, constant boiling solution of, 155 ; etching of glass by, 154 ; molecular weight, 155 ; preparation, 154 ; properties, 154. Hydrogen, 45 ; apparatus for prep- aration of, 53 ; burning in chlo- rine, 118; chemical properties of, 59 ; coefficient of expansion, 38. Hydrogen, combination of iodine with reversible, 146 ; combination with oxygen reversible, 372 ; deter- mination of atomic weight, 72 ; deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; formed in preparing phosphine, 243. Hydrogen, formerly unit for atomic weights, 68 ; heat of combustion of, 65 ; ions in liquid ammonia, 208 ; in the atmosphere, 45. Hydrogen, occurrence, 45 ; nascent, 213 ; palladium semipermeable membrane for, 358, 360. Hydrogen, preparation, 47 ; prepara- tion by " hy drone," 52; prepara- tion by sodium and potassium, 50; preparation by zinc and acids, 52 ; preparation from iron and steam, 49 ; properties of, 55 ; purification of, 54. Hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent, 84 ; as reducing agent, 85 ; 584 INDEX preparation, 83; properties, 85; uses, 85 ; structure, 86 ; tests for, 86. Hydrogen phosphide, liquid, 243; selenide, preparation, properties, 190; silicide, 349. Hydrogen sulfide, decomposition by heat, 164 ; decomposition of solu- tion in air, 166; formation from elements, 164 ; ionization of, 168 ; occurrence, 164. Hydrogen sulfide, Parsons apparatus for generating, 165 ; reaction with iodine, 171 ; reducing agent, 171 ; removal from hydrogen, 55 ; re- moval from illuminating gas, 295 ; solubility in water, 166. Hydrogen telluride, 190. Hydrolysis of chlorides, 115; of chlorides of phosphorus, 245 ; of salts, theory, 385; of sulfides, 171. " Hy drone," preparation of hydrogen by, 52. Hydronitric acid, preparation, 223 ; properties, 223; structure, 221. Hydrosulfate ion, role in decomposi- tion of salt, 375. Hydrosulfites, see hyposulfites. Hydrosulfuric acid, 167. Hydrosulfurous acid, 186. Hydrotetrachloroantimonic acid, 267. Hydroxide, meaning of name, 21. Hydroxides, oxides prepared from, 392; preparation from metals, 392; from salts, 393. Hydroxylamine, from mercuric ful- minate, 491 ; preparation, 221 ; properties, uses, 222. Hydroxylammonium sulfate, 222. Hygrometer, moist bulb, 232. Hypo-, prefix, 123. Hypobromite, sodium, 143. Hypochlorites, autoxidation to chlo- rates, 125. Hypochlorites, preparation, proper- ties, uses, 124. Hypochlorous acid, preparation, properties, 124; formation from chlorine and water, 106 ; structure, 130. Hypochlorous anhydride, 126. Hyponitrous acid, preparation, prop- erties, 221. Hypophosphites, use, preparation, 248; structure, 247. Hypophosphoric acid, formation, salts, 254. Hyposulfite, old name for thiosul- fate, 187. Hyposulfites, preparation, 186. Hypotheses, 2. lanke, George, value of the calorie at different temperatures, 33. -ic, suffix, meaning, 30 ; use for acids, 123. Ice machines, 204. Ice, vapor pressure of, 75. -ide, suffix, use, 47. Illuminating gas, ammonia from, 201 ; manufacture, composition, 295 ; removal of hydrogen sulfide from, 295. Imide, definition of, 206. Indestructibility of matter, 6. India, diamonds from, 275 ; potas- sium nitrate from, 418. India rubber as semipermeable mem- brane, 358. Indicators, acidity or alkalinity of at change of color, table, 388 ; chemical nature, 389 ; choice of an, 389 ; definition and list, 122 ; for determining free and combined carbonic acid, 464 ; use of, 387 ; for weak acids and bases, 389. Indigo, source, synthesis, use as dye, 341 ; use of sodamide in manu- facture of, 410. Indigo white, 342. Indium, discovery, atomic weight, compounds, 506. Inductive reasoning, 13. Infusorial earth, use for dynamite, packing and scouring, 351. Ingle, separated Bunsen flame, 301. Ink, sympathetic, 557. Insolubility, effect on a reaction, 376. International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 31 ; scale of tempera- Invariant, definition, 78. [tures, 32. Invert sugar, 334. lodic acid, 139. Iodine and starch, 145 ; com- bination with iodine reversible, 146; in thyroid gland, 144; monatomic at high temperatures, 144 ; occurrence, 144 ; liberated by nitrous acid, 145 ; liberated in titrating copper, 433 ; positive in iodine trinitride, 224. Iodine, properties, 144 ; reaction with hydrogen sulfide, 171 ; removal from hydriodic acid, 145 ; sodium tetrathionate formed by action of on thiosulfate, 409; solutions standardized by arsenious oxide, 260; tincture of, 144; trinitride, iodine positive in, 223 ; trinitride, preparation, 223. INDEX 585 Ion, definition, 48. Ionium, 475. lonization, calculation of degree of from freezing points of solutions, 381. lonization, degree of, table acids, 383 ; bases, 383 ; salts, 384 ; effect of degree of, neutralization, 384 ; effect on freezing points of solu- tions, 112, 381. lonization, evidence of, 112; ex- plained by the electron theory, 182 ; measurement of degree of, 380 ; of acids, 167 ; of acids, relation to hydrolysis of sugar, 381 ; of ammonium hydroxide, 203 ; of compounds of cadmium and mer- cury, 491 ; of first and second hydrogen atom of acids, 168 ; of hydrates of chromic chlorides, 526. lonization of oxalic acid, relation to solubility of calcium oxalate, 465, 466 ; of sulfuric acid, 181 ; of sulfurous acid, 174 ; of trimethyl ammonium hydroxide and tetra- methyl ammonium hydroxide, 204 ; of water, 171, 383 ; relation to elec- tron theory, 206. Indium, properties, uses, oxides, chlorides, double salts, 565 ; tetra- chloride, 565. Iron, burning in oxygen, 23. Iron carbide, 543, relation to tem- pering of steel, 546. Iron, dialyzed, 555 ; discovery of metallurgy of, 390 ; disulfide, 556 ; heat of combustion, 27 ; in pro- teins, 343 ; magnetic oxide of from burning iron, 23. Iron, precipitation of copper by, 435 ; pentacarbonyl, 561 ; pyrites, 556. Iron, reasons for importance of, 539 ; ores, history of use, 540, blast furnace, 541 ; cast iron, 543 ; wrought, 544 ; cementation and cast steel, tempering of steel, 545 ; Bessemer steel, 547 ; open hearth steel, 548 ; analyses, 544, 551 ; 'alloy steels, 552 ; compounds, 552 ; tetracarbonyl, 561. Isobutane, structure, 284. Isomer, definition, 323 ; history of name, 511. Isometric System (crystallography), 193. Isothermals of carbon dioxide, 307. -ite, use for salts, 124. Jakowin, reaction of chlorine with water, 106. James, separation of thulium, 506. Jasper, 348. Jelly, conditions for making, 337. Jena glass, 467. Johnson, sherardized iron, 482. Jqule, defined, 26 ; relation to calorie. 33. Joule-Thomson, effect on expansion of compressed gases, 233. Kalium, 11. Kalk-Stickstoff, 463. Kamm, use of potassium silver co- baltinitrite in analysis, 559. Kaolin, 349; formation, 494; ortho- silicate, 355. Kekule, formula for benzene, 285. Kelly, inventor of process for steel, 547. Kelvin, size of molecules, 16 ; theory of the source of oxygen in the air, 230. Kerosene, manufacture, flashing point, 290. Ketones, 327. Kieselguhr, 359. Kilogram-meter, defined, 32; value in ergs, 33. Kilowatt, defined, 34. Kimberly, diamonds from, 275. Kindling temperature, 24. Kinetic theory of gases, 58 ; rela- tion to osmotic pressure, 361. Kipp generator, 54. Kirchoff, discovery of rubidium and caesium, 424 ; discovery of spec- trum analysis, 424. Knietsch, history of catalytic sulfur trioxide, 175. Konigsberger, critical temperature of mercury, 486. Kremann, hydrates of nitric acid, 212. Krogh, estimate of coal burned annually, 229. Krypton, discovery, 238. Kurnakow, sodium amalgams, 488. Kiister and Kremann, hydrates of nitric acid, 212. Lacquers, use of nitrocellulose in, 338. Lactic acid, formation, structure, 330. Lactose, from milk, use, 334. Ladenburg, density of ozone, 97. Lake Superior region, copper from, 428. Lakes, for dyeing, 501. Lampblack, 277. Landolt, demonstration of conserva- tion of matter, 6. Langworthy, respiration calorimeter, 313. Lanthanum, compounds, 503. 586 INDEX Latent heat, former use of term, 74. Laudanum, 343. Laughing gas, 215. Lavoisier, demonstration of the com- position of air, 19 ; determination of the composition of air, 227; system of nomenclature applied to minerals, 356. Law, Avogadro's, 89. Law, Boyle's, 34 ; Boyle's, relation to Avogadro's law, 94; Charles, 38; Charles, relation to Avogadro's law, 94 ; Dulong and Petit, 396. Law, Faraday's, 438. Law for depression of freezing points of solutions, 112. Law, natural, 1 ; of combining vol- umes, 89 ; of combining weights, 13 ; of constant proportions, 12 ; of diffusion of gases, 58; of gravitation, 1; of "mass action," 149 ; of multiple proportions, 87 ; of partial pressures, 41, 77. Laws, graphical representation of gas, 42, 43 ; of gases, 34, 38. Lead acetate, preparation, uses, 519 ; basic, 519 ; carbonate, prepara- tion, 519 ; basic, manufacture, 520 ; comparison with lithopone, 470 ; chloride, formation, solubility, 518 ; chromate, 527 ; chromate, dis- covery of chromium in, 524. Lead dioxide, formation, use in storage batteries, 516 ; contrast with barium peroxide, 518 ; glazes, danger from, 502 ; in brass and bronze, 431. Lead monoxide, . manufacture, use, 515 ; nitrate, preparation, use, 519. Lead, occurrence, metallurgy, 513 ; properties, uses, 514 ; alloys, 515 ; oxides, 515 ; compounds, 518. Lead oxide, reduction by potassium cyanide, 321. Lead, treatment by Parke's process, alloys with zinc, 441. " Lead " pencils, 276. Lead peroxide, 515 ; plumbate, red lead, preparation, 515 ; structure, 516 ; plumbate, structure, 535 ; red oxide of, 515; sugar of, 519; sulfate in storage batteries, 516 ; sulfate, preparation, use as pig- ment, 519 ; sulfide, formation, solubility, 518; sulfide, theory of precipitation, 169 ; tetrachloride, preparation, hydrolysis, 518 ; tetra- sulfate in storage batteries, 518. Leather, chrome tanning of, 527. Leblanc, discovery of soda process, 450. Leblanc soda process, 411 ; dis- covery, 400 ; recovery of sulfur in, 456. Le Chatelier, explosion waves, 301 ; principle of van't Hoff-, 111. Legislation controling Leblanc soda process, 411, 456; manufacture of matches, 243 ; control of lead glazes, 502 ; to prevent poisoning by white lead, 521. Leguminous plants, fixation of nitro- gen by, 199. Length, unit of, 31. Levulose, see fructose. Lewis, equilibrium between silver oxide, silver and oxygen, 443 ; relation of law of Dulong and Petit to Avogadro's law, 397. Liebermann, discovery of structure of alizarin, 341. Life of an element, 474. Lignites, brown and black, composi- tion, 280. Ligroin, 289. Lime kilns, continuous and inter- mittent, 452; slaking of, 453. Lime, manufacture, 452 ; theory of formation from calcium carbonate, 453 ; in minerals, 357. Lime-nitrogen, 463. Lime-sulfur wash, 164. Lime, used to prepare absolute alcohol, 325. Linde, liquid air machine, 234. Liquid air, 232; preparation of oxygen from, 20. " Liquid smoke, " contains acetic acid, 329. Liter, defined, 31. Litharge, reduction with blowpipe, 304; separation of lead from silver by formation of, 439. Lithium, atomic weight of, 396 ; carbonate, 396 ; chloride, deter- mination of molecular weight of, 131 ; comparison with magnesium, 396; hydride, 395; nitride, 396; nitride, formation, 201. Lithium, occurrence, properties, 395 ; flame reaction, 396; perchlorate, use in determining the atomic weight of chlorine, 131 ; phos- phate, 396; urate, 396. Lithopone, 470; compared with white lead, 521. Liversidge, gold in sea water, 446. Lockyer, discovery of helium in sun, 237. Louisiana, sulfur in, 161. Luminosity of flames, cause of, 299. Luna, alchemical name for silver, 444. INDEX 587 Lunar caustic, 444. Lunge, theory of manufacture of sul- furic acid by chamber process, 178. Lutecium, rare earth metal, 506. Luteocobalt chloride, 559. Luteorhodium chloride, 563. H, definition, 262. iu/x, defined, 262. Mabery, announcement of Cowles furnace, 495. McCay, formation of arsenic penta- sulfide, 261. McCoy, atoms of metallic elements, 94. Maclnnes, table for degree of ioni- zation, 383, 384. Magnalium, 497. Magnesia usta, 479. Magnesite, 478. Magnesium ammonium arsenate, 259 ; ammonium chloride, an- hydrous magnesium chloride from, 480; ammonium phosphate, use, decomposition to magnesium pyro- phosphate, 481 ; carbonate in hard water, 463. Magnesium chloride, by-product in ammonia soda process, 413 ; ef- fect on the formation of gypsum, 460 ; hydrate, conduct on heating, 480 ; in salt, 405. Magnesium compounds, effect of ammonium hydroxide on solutions of, 491 ; diammonium phosphate, decomposition, 252 ; exercises, 493 ; hydroxide, formation, theory of solubility in solutions of ammo- nium salts, 479, 491 ; metaphos- phate, formation, 252. Magnesium nitride, formation, 201 ; occurrence, preparation, proper- ties, 478 ; uses, 479 ; oxide, prepa- ration, uses, 479. Magnesium pyrophosphate, forma- tion, 252 ; pyrophosphate, from magnesium ammonium phosphate, 481; silicide, 349; sulfide, hy- drolysis, 491 ; sulfide, preparation, hydrolysis, 480. Magnetic oxide of iron, formation from iron and steam, 49 ; from burning iron, 23 ; ore, structure, 556. Magnetite, 540. Malachite, 428; formation, 431. Malonic acid, carbon suboxide from, 316. Maltodextrin, from starch, 334. Maltose, alcohol from, 325 ; forma- tion from starch, hydrolysis, 334. Mammoth cave, saltpeter from, 418. Manchot, combination of ferrous sul- fate with nitric oxide, 217 ; ferrous chloride and nitric oxide, 554. Manganates, preparation, 536. Manganese dioxide, history of uses, 535 ; use in preparing oxygen, 21. Manganese heptoxide, properties, 538 ; list of oxides, 538 ; occur- rence, properties, 533 ; alloys, uses, compounds, 534 ; valence, structure of compounds, 534 ; tetrachloride, probable formation, 101. Manganic acid, change to perman- ganic acid, 536. Manganous chloride, 530. Manganous hydroxide, 535. Manganous manganic oxide, 534, structure, 535. Manganous sulfides, 535. Manometer, 41. Maple sugar, 333. Marsh's test for arsenic, 257. " Mass action," law of, 149. Mass and weight, relation, 32 ; de- pendent on velocity, 5. Matches, 242 ; from tetraphosphorus trisulfide, 243 ; law forbidding ordinary phosphorus in, 243. Matte, copper, 429 ; nickel, 559. Matter, conservation of, 6 ; defini- tion, 5 ; indestructibility of, 6. Mauve, discovery of, 340. Mechanical energy, units of, 33 ; equivalent of heat, 6. Medicine, relation of radiochemistry to, 475. Meerschaum, trisilicate, 356. Meker burner, temperature of, 303. Melting point, criterion of pure sub- stance, 12. Melting points of elements, 372, table, 373 ; in absolute tempera- ture, 135. Mendeleef, identification of scan- dium as ekaboron, 503 ; gallium as eka-aluminium, 506 ; periodic sys- tem, 136. Mental work in respiration calorim- eter, 316. Menzies, critical temperature of mer- cury, 485. Mercuric chloride, ionization of anomalous, 382; chloride, prep- aration, 489; properties, uses, antidote for, 490; cyanide, prep- aration, decomposition, 490 ; de- rivatives of ammonia, 492. Mercuric fulminate, use, hydrolysis to hydroxylamine, 491 ; iodide, for- mation, complex compound with 588 INDEX potassium iodide, use, 490 ; iodide, Nessler's reagent from, 492 ; ni- trate, 490. Mercuric oxide, decomposition, 9 ; formation and decomposition, 19 ; preparation, 488 ; yellow, 489. Mercuric sulfide, red and black, use, 489 ; solubility, 491. Mercurous chloride, formation in amalgamation process, 441 ; chlo- ride, preparation, vapor density, formula, uses, 489 ; nitrate, prep- aration, oxidation and reduction of, 490; basic, 490; oxide, 488; sulfate, use in Weston and Clark cells, 437. Mercury, abnormal ionization of compounds of, 491 ; exercises, 493 ; heat of combustion, 27 ; occur- rence, 484; metallurgy, purifica- tion, properties, critical tempera- ture, 485 ; uses, amalgams, 486 ; use in recovering gold, 446 ; use in Castner-Kellner process, 402. Metaboric acid, 366. Metachloroantimonates, 268. Metallic elements in periodic system, 136. Metallurgy, development of, 390 ; electrolytic methods in, 391 ; of aluminium, history, 391; roasting of sulfides in, 391 ; use of fuels in, 390. Metals, characteristics, 369. Metals, classification, 370, 371; preparation by thermite process, 495 ; spectra of, 427 ; systematic study of, 390. Metantimonic acid, 267. Metaphosphoric acid, formation properties, 253; hydrolysis, 249; properties, polymeric forms, 254. Metasilicates, 355. Metasilicic acid, 355. Metastannic acid, preparation, prop- erties, 512. Metastannyl chloride, 512. Metathesis, defined, 81. Meteorites, iron and nickel in, 540. Meter, definition, 31. Methane, kindling temperature, 288. Methane, limits for explosive mix- ture with air, 288 ; occurrence, preparation from sodium acetate, properties, 286; structure, 284; substitution products of, 287. Methyl alcohol, manufacture, 324, properties, use, 325; relation to structure of methyl ether, 324. Methyl amine, 339. Methyl ammonium iodide, 339. Methyl chloride, from methane, 287. Methylene chloride, from methane, 287. Methyl ether, determination of struc- ture, 324. Methyl iodide, relation to structure of methyl ether, 324. Methyl red, use in determining free carbonic acid, 465. Methyl silicate, colloidal silicic acid from, 353. Meyer, Lothar, preparation of hy- driodic acid, 145. Meyer, V., kindling temperature of methane, 288. Mho, defined, 380. Mica, 348 ; orthosilicate, 355. Michael, explosion waves, 301. Michelson, explosion waves, 301. Michigan, bromine from brines in, 140. Microcosmic salt, use, 423 ; formula, decomposition, use, 253. Micron, defined, 262. Migration of ions in electrolysis, 113. Milk sugar, source, use, 334. Millikan, number of molecules in Ice., 16, 96. Milliliter, used instead of cc., 31. Mineral, calculation of formula of, 356. Mirrors, tin amalgam for, 487. Mispickel, 256. Mixer for iron, 542. Mixtures and pure substances, 7. Moissan, artificial diamonds, 274 ; preparation of fluorine, 153. Moisture, determination of in air by weighing, and dew point, 232 ; effect on chemical reactions, 312 ; precipitation from air at an alti- tude, 232 ; presence in air, 231 Mol, definition, 183. Molar solutions, definition of, 183. Molecular weights, determined by measuring osmotic pressure, 360. Molecules of the elements, 93; number of in 1 cc., 95, 16. Molybdenite, 528. Molybdenum, occurrence, properties, 528 ; compounds, 529 ; trioxide, properties, 528; use in molybdic solution, 529. Molybdic anhydride, complex com- pounds from, 529. " Molybdic solution " preparation, use to determine phosphoric acid, 529, 530. Molybdic sulfate, reduction of molyb- dic acid to for phosphorus de- terminations, 529. INDEX 589 Monatomic gases, ratio of specific heats, 236. Monazite sand, cerium from, 363, thorium from, 364. Mo no calcium phosphate, 249 ; solu- bility, hydrolysis, 461. Monoclinic system (crystallography), 195. Monopotassium diarsenite, 259. Monosodium phosphate, 249 ; methyl orange as indicator for, 251. Montana, arsenic from smelting fur- nace in, 256. Moore, dissociation and ionization of ammonium hydroxide, 204. Mordants, 342 ; potassium pyrochro- mate, 527 ; titanium compounds as, 363. Morley, determination of the compo- sition of water by volume, 68 ; by weighing oxygen and hydrogen, Morphine, 343. Mortar, composition, hardening of, 454. Mother of vinegar, 329. Muffle furnace, 440. Multiple-effect evaporators, 405. Multiple proportion, law of, 87. Munroe-Neubauer crucibles, 565. Muscular energy in respiration calo- rimeter, 315 ; 346. Musgrave, development of Leblanc soda process, 400. Naphtha, 289. Naphthalene, from coal tar, use, 295. " Nascent," definition, 213. Natrium, 11. Natural gas, 286. Natural law, definition, 1. Nature of chemical energy, 27 ; of scientific knowledge, 1. Negatives in photography, 445. Neodymium, discovery, separation from praseodymium, compounds, 504. Neon, discovery, 238. Nernst, equilibrium for formation of nitric oxide, 216 ; quantum theory, 398 ; table for periodic system, 135 ; lamp, 363. Nessler's reagent, 490, 492. Neubauer-Munroe crucibles, 565. Neutrality, definition of, 385. Neutralization, definition, 121 ; in liquid ammonia solutions by union of hydrogen and amide ions, 208 ; theory of imperfect, 386, 384. New Caledonia, nickel from, 559. Newton's law of inertia, probable basis for principle of van't Hoff-Le Chatelier, 111. Nickel carbonyl, preparation, proper- ties, 561 ; chloride, 560 ; dimethyl- glyoxime, separation from cobalt, 560 ; occurrence, properties, 559 ; uses, alloys, compounds, 560 ; sul- fate, 560. Nicotine, 342. Niobium, see Columbium. Niton, discovery, 238; properties, 474 ; half-life of, 474. Nitrates, formation in soils, 199 : oxides prepared from, 392. Nitric acid, action on copper, 213; action on zinc, 213 ; and nitric oxide from nitrogen peroxide, 220 ; as oxidizing agent, 212 ; decom- position of, 212 ; detection with ferrous sulfate, 217 ; formation of nitrates from, 212. Nitric acid, hydrates of, 211 ; oxida- tion of feathers or wool by, 212 ; preparation from sodium nitrate, 210 ; properties, 212 ; structure according to electron theory, 207. Nitric oxide and carbon bisulfide, flame of, 217 ; and ferrous chloride, 554 ; and nitric acid from nitro- gen dioxide, 220 ; coefficient of ex- pansion, 38 ; combination with ferrous sulfate, 217 ; deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; equilibrium of formation, 35; formation of nitrites from, 217 ; formed by re- duction of nitric acid with ferrous sulfate, 217 ; formed by union of nitrogen and oxygen, 215 ; prepa- ration by action of nitric acid on copper, 215 ; structure, 217 ; use in manufacture of sulfuric acid, 178. Nitrobenzene, use in preparing ani- line, 340. Nitrogen, coefficient of expansion, 38 ; combination with oxygen, 200 ; with hydrogen, 201 ; deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; exercises, 225; iodide, preparation, proper- ties, 225; liquid, 234; list of oxides of, 214 ; pentoxide, prepa- ration, properties, 220 ; dioxide, formation from nitric oxide, 219 ; dioxide, from copper nitrate, 434 ; dioxide, from nitric oxide, 217; ratio of specific heats of, 237 ; tri- chloride, endothermic, 225 ; tri- chloride, equivalent to 3 Ch, 224 ; trichloride, formation by action of chlorine on ammonia, 209 ; occur- rence and natural history, 198; 590 INDEX trichloride, oxidation of arsenious oxide by, 224 ; trichloride, prepara- tion, properties, 224 ; peroxide, structure, 219 ; peroxide, use in manufacture of sulfuric acid, 178 ; preparation from air, 200 ; prepara- tion from ammonium nitrite, 200 ; from sodium nitrite, 200 ; proper- ties, 200 ; sources of for vegetable growth, 198 ; tetroxide, dissocia- tion, 219 ; tetrqxide, formation of nitrous and nitric acids from, 219 ; tetroxide, relation to nitrogen per- oxide, 219; tetroxide, structure, 219. Nitroglycerin, 326 ; explosion of, 327. Nitro Nitrogen Trichloride, probable existence, 225 ; hydrolysis of, 226. Nitrosyl chloride, properties and hydrolysis, 214. Nitrosylsulfuric acid, formation in manufacture of sulfuric acid, 178. Nitrous acid, formation, 218 ; anhy- dride, dissociation, 218 ; anhydride, preparation, 218 ; anhydride, use in manufacture of sulfuric acid, 178 ; oxide, deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; oxide, preparation, properties, structure, uses, 214 ; oxide, use as anesthetic, 215. Nomenclature, Lavoisier's system applied to minerals, 356 ; of acids and salts, 123 ; of binary com- pounds, 29 ; of oxides, 29. Noncoking coals, 281. Nonmetallic elements in periodic system, 136. Non-metals, characteristics, 369. Non-sol glass, 467. Nordhausen sulfuric acid, 556. Normal solutions, definition of, 184. Norton, composition of silicic acids, 354. Norway, manufacture of nitrates in, 460. Noyes, A. A., cause of slight solu- bility of cobalt and nickel sulfides, 558. Noyes, W. A., determination of the composition of water, 71. Number of molecules in 1 cc., 16. Nutrition, diet, 345, 347; studied with respiration calorimeter, 345. Octahedron (crystal), 193. Octane, 283. Octene, 283. Octine, 283. Octovalent, definition, 64. Ohm defined, 33. Oil gas, 296 ; percentage composi- tion, 299. Oil of vitriol, 46, Oleic acid, source, 331. Olein, 332. Opal, composition, 354. Open hearth steel, 548 ; regenerative furnaces for, 549, 550. Opium, 343. Ordinates, axis of, 43. Ores, assay of for gold and silver, 440. Origin, mathematical definition, 43. Orpiment, 256 ; preparation, proper- ties, uses, 260. Orthoantimonic acid, 267. Orthoclase, trisilicate, 356. Orthophosphoric acid, classes of salts, 249 ; decomposition of salts of, 252 ; formation, 248 ; ionizatipn, 250 ; preparation, 249 ; properties, 249; solubility of salts of, 252; structure, 247. Orthosilicates, 355. Orthosilicic acid, 355. Oscillators, in quantum theory, 398. " Osmic acid," see osmium tetroxide, 565. Osmium, catalyzer for synthesis of ammonia, 201. Osmium-iridium, composition, prop- erties, 564 ; ruthenium in, 563. Osmium, occurrence, oxides, 564 ; chlorides, osmates, 565; tetroxide, use in histology, 565. Osmosis, 358. Osmotic pressure, connection with freezing points and boiling points of solutions, 360; defined, 360; measurement of, 359. -ous, suffix, meaning, 30 ; use for acids, 123. Oxalic acid and hydrazine from bis- diazoacetic acid, 222 ; carbon mo- noxide from, 311; decomposition, 466 ; ionization, relation to solu- bility of calcium oxalate, 465, 466 ; occurrence, manufacture from so- dium formate, 329 ; strength illus- trated, 386 ; use, decomposition, 330. Oxidation, definition, 63 ; reactions for potassium permanganate, 537 ; writing equations for reactions of, 171. Oxide of mercury, decomposition, 9. Oxides, nomenclature of, 29 ; of nitrogen, summary of methods of preparation, 214 ; preparation from metals, nitrates, carbonates and hydroxides, 392 ; by precipita- tion, 393 ; valence of elements in, 157. INDEX 591 Oxidizing flame, blowpipe and Bun- sen burner, 304. Oximes, 222. " Oxone," preparation of oxygen from, 21. Oxyacids of chlorine, structure, 130. Oxygen, 19 ; absorbed by molten silver, 443 ; and acid properties, 23 ; and chlorine, comparison of heats of combination, 108 ; basis of unit for atomic weights, 68 ; coefficient of expansion, 38 ; com- bination with hydrogen reversible, 372. Oxygen, determination of in air, 227 ; deviation from Boyle's law, 35 ; dissociation pressure of from barium peroxide and manufacture, 469 ; for medicinal use from liquid air, 235 ; liquid, 234 ; occurrence, 19 ; of air, may have come from carbon dioxide, 230 ; origin of name, 23. Oxygen, preparation from liquid air, 20 ; mercuric oxide, 19 ; " oxone," 21 ; potassium chlorate, 20 ; potas- sium chlorate with manganese dioxide, 21 ; sodium peroxide, 21. Oxygen, properties of, 22 ; weight of one liter in different latitudes, 22. Oxyhydrogen blowpipe, 61. Ozone, action on silver, 443 ; prepa- ration, 97 ; properties, 97 ; struc- ture, 98 ; from action of fluorine on water, 154. Palladium, semipermeable mem- brane for hydrogen, 358, 360; catalytic effect, use as catalyzer for reduction of fats, 564 ; di- chloride, use in gas analysis, 564 ; occurrence, properties, absorption of hydrogen, 563 ; oxides, chlo- rides, ammines, 564. Palmaer, absolute potential of ele- ments, 436. Palmitic acid, source, 331. Palmitin, 331. Paper, manufacture, 337; sizing, 338. Paraffin, 290. Parastannic acid, 512. Paregoric, 343. Paris green, 259. Parke's process for silver, 440. Parsons' apparatus for hydrogen sulfide, 165. Partial pressures, law of, 41, 77. Paste, glass, 467. Pattison's process for silver, 439. Peat, composition, 280. Pectin, relation to jelly, 337. Pectose, relation to jelly, 337. Pens, iridium for tips of, 565. Pentane, 283. Pentathionic acid, 188. Pentine, 283. Pepsin, 344. Per-, prefix, meaning, 30, 123. Perchlorates, 128. Perchloric acid, 128 ; structure, 130; structure of hydrated, 129. Perchloric anhydride, 129. Periodic law, exceptions to, 138. Periodic system, 132; tables, 134, 135. Perkin, discovery of mauve, 340. Perkin, fireproofing of cotton goods, 513. Permanent hardness, 311. Permanganates, preparation, 537. Permanganic acid, formed by use of sodium bismuthate, 269 ; from manganic acid, 537. Permanganic anhydride, 538. Permonosulfuric acid, 188. Peroxides, structure, 518. Perrin, estimate of number of mole- cules in 1 cc., 96. Persulfuric acid, preparation, uses, 187. Pertitanic acid, use in detecting titanium, 362. Petrolatum, 290. Petroleum ether, 289. Petroleum, occurrence, localities, varieties, refining, 289. Pewter, 509. Pharmaceutical extracts, use of al- cohol in, 325. Phase, effect of escape of a gaseous, 376; solid, effect of on reaction, 377. Phases, definition, 77; of chlorine hydrate, 107. Phase rule, 107 ; dissociation of calcium carbonate, 453 ; plaster of paris, 458 ; transition or quadruple point for sodium sulfate, 406. Phenacetine, 340. Phenol, source, manufacture, prop- erties, use as antiseptic, 326. Phenolphthalein, use as indicator in liquid ammonia, 208 ; use in determining free carbonic acid, 464. Phenylhydrazine, derivative of hydra- zine, 223. Phosgene, 316. Phosphate rock, 241. 592 INDEX Phosphine, compared with ammonia, arsine and stibine, 244; prepara- tion, properties, 243. Phosphomolybdic acids, 529. Phosphonium group, unstable, 244 ; iodide, interference in preparing hydriodic acid, 145 ; iodide, prep- aration, 243. Phosphor bronze, 431. Phosphoric acid, determination with molybdic solution, 529, 530; formed by burning phosphine, 243 ; water soluble, citrate-solu- ble, insoluble, in fertilizers, 461. Phosphorous acid, preparation, prop- erties, 248 ; structure, 247. Phosphorus, acids of, list, 247 ; acids of, basicity, 247 ; allotropic forms, 241 ; burning in oxygen, 23; chlorides of, hydrolysis, 245; exercises, 255. Phosphorus, heat of combustion, 27 ; in proteins, 343 ; occurrence, 240 ; oxides of, 246; oxychloride, formed by hydrolysis of the penta- chloride, 245; oxychloride, prep- aration from the trichloride, 246. Phosphorus pentachloride, action on hydroxyl compounds, 245 ; dis- sociation, 245; hydrolysis, 116, 245 ; preparation, properties, 244. Phosphorus pentasulfide, properties, uses, 254. Phosphorus pentoxide, efficiency as drying agent, 246 ; from burning phosphorus, 23 ; moisture left in gas by, 54 ; preparation, prop- erties, 246. Phosphorus, positive and negative valences, 248 ; preparation, 241 ; red, 241 ; sulfides of, 254 ; sulfide, use for matches, 243. Phosphorus tetroxide, 246 ; tet- roxide, hydrolysis, 254 ; trichlo- ride, hydrolysis, 1 15 ; trichloride, hydrolysis, 245 ; trichloride, prep- aration, properties, 244 ; triox- ide, preparation, properties, 246; valence in acids, 248 ; yellow, 241. Phosphotungstic acid, 531. Photographic plate, effect of Rontgen and Becquerel rays on, 471. Photography, 444, dry plates, posi- tives, negatives, developing, fixing, toning, 445. Photometry, stellar, use of selenium in, 190. Photosphere of sun, spectrum, 426. Physical sciences, 4. Physics, definition, 5. Pictet, liquefaction of air, 233. Pig iron, continuous casting ma- chines for, composition, gray, white, chilled, 543; analyses, 544. Pintsch gas, 296. Pitchblende, uranium in, 531. Plank, quantum theory, 398. Plaster of Paris in cement, 454 ; manufacture, use, 457 ; phase rule, 458. Plating, silver, 442. Platinic chloride, preparation, prop- erties, 566. Platinized asbestos, catalysis of union of O and H by, 62 ; prep- aration, 62. Platinous chloride, 565. Platinum ammines, 566 ; catalyzer for sulfur dioxide, 175 ; disulfide, 566; iridium electrodes in alkali manufacture, 401 ; metals, gen- eral properties, table, 562 ; prints in photography, 445; properties, uses, catalytic action, sponge, 565. Plticker tubes for spectra of gases, 427. Plumbic acid, 516. Plumbum, 11. Poisoning by white lead, 521 ; by lead water pipes, 514. Polarimeter, used to determine sugar, 333 Polarization of light by crystals, 196. Polarized light, effect of sugar on, 333. Poly sulfides, ammonium, 422. Polythionic acids, 188. Porcelain, 501; glazing, 502. Positives in photography, 445. Potassium aluminium sulfate, 500 ; argenticyanide, 320 ; use in silver plating, 321 ; aurate, 450 ; aurous cyanide, formation in cyanide process, 446 ; bicarbonate, prep- aration, use, 420. Potassium carbonate from wood ashes, 414 ; from beet sugar manu- facture, from wool, 419 ; prop- erties, 419 ; uses, 420. Potassium chlorate, composition, 21 ; manufacture, uses, 416 ; prepa- ration, 127 ; preparation of oxygen from, 20. Potassium chloroaurate, 450. Potassium chloride, measurement of degree of ionization of, 380 ; conductance of solutions of, 380 ; properties, use in fertilizers, 416 ; for manufacture of saltpeter, 416, 418 ; chloroplatinate, use in de- termining atomic weight of chlo- INDEX 593 rine, 130; chloroplatinate, 566; chloroplatinite, use in photogra- phy, 565 ; chloroplumbate, 519 ; chromate, preparation from chrome iron ore, 527 ; chromium sulfate, 527 ; cobaltinitrite, formation, prop- erties, use in analysis, 558, 419 ; colbalticyanide, 558 ; cobaltocyan- ide, 558 ; cupric chloride, use in iron analysis, 432 ; cuprocyanide, 435 ; cyanate, 321 ; cyanide, for- mation, preparation, use, 319 ; cyan- ide, preparation, use, 420. Potassium diuranate, 532; dichro- mate, mordant, 342 ; dichromate, reduction by hydrogen sulfide, 171.; ferrate, 553; ferricyanide, formation from potassium cya- nide, 320 ; ferricyanide, use in blue-print paper, 331 ; ferric ferro- cyanide, 321 ; ferrocyanide, forma- tion from potassium cyanide, 320 ; Prussian blue from, 320 ; ferro- cyanide, preparation, 319 ; flu- oride, acid, 155 ; fluotantalate, use in purifying tantalum, 524. Potassiumhydroxide.'preparationfrom the carbonate, 415 ; by electroly- sis, properties, 415 ; slight effect on glass, use in analysis, 416. Potassium iodate, reduction in pre- paring the iodide, 417 ; iodide, manufacture, uses, 417. Potassium manganate, preparation, conversion to permanganate, 536 ; mercuric iodide, 490 ; metachlo- roantimonate, 268 ; metallic, dis- covery, preparation, properties, 415. Potassium nitrate, formation in soil, 199 ; nitrate, relation to gunpowder, 417 ; sources, manu- facture, properties, uses, 418 ; nitrite, preparation, properties, use, 419. Potassium, occurrence, relation to minerals, clays, soils, plant growth, 414 ; osmate, 565 ; oxide, 415 ; perchlorate, preparation, 128 ; per- chlorate, preparation, properties, 416. Potassium permanganate, properties, uses, 537 ; typical oxidations with 537 ; reaction of hydrochloric acid with, 159 ; purification of hydrogen by, 55. Potassium perruthenate, 563 ; per- sulfate, preparation, 187 ; polyi- odides, formation, use in iodimetry, 417 ; pyrochromate, preparation, properties, uses, relation to pyro- sulfate, 527 ; use in chrome tanning, 527 ; pyrosulfate, decomposition, use in analysis, 417. Potassium, retention in soils by colloi- dal silicic acids, 354 ; ruthenate, 563; silver cobaltinitrite, 559, 419 ; silver cyanide, use in silver plating, 442. Potassium, source for shales, clays and soils, 494 ; sulfate, 417 ; sulfate, acid, preparation, pyro- sulfate from, 417 ; sulfocarbonate, preparation, 317, use, 318 ; tar- trate, acid, 330 ; tetroxalate, use as standard in alkalimetry, 330. Potassium thiocyanate, carbon oxy- sulfide from, 318 ; thiocyanate, preparation, use in testing for iron, 321 ; triiodide, 145 ; zincate, 483. Potential, absolute, of elements, 436 ; differences of in relation to corro- sion of iron, 550. Power, unit of, 33. Praseodymium, discovery, separa- tion from neodymium, compounds, 504. Precipitation, theory of, 376. Premier and Schupp, molecular weight of sulfur vapor, 163. Preparation of compounds, general methods, 372-379; of pure sub- stances, 8. Pressure, effect of on a gas, 34. Priestly, analysis of air by nitric oxide, 230. Primary salts, 249. Printing in photography, 445. Producer gas, 297 ; heat relations in manufacture, 298; percentage composition, 299 ; use in regenera- tive furnace for steel, 550. Propane, structure, 284. Propene, 283; structure, 284. Propine, 283. Propylene, structure, 284. Proteins, occurrence, 343 ; diges- tion, 344. Prussian blue, 320; use in chrome green, 525. Prussic acid, 319. Ptomaines, 343. Ptyalin, 344. Pure substances and mixtures, 7 ; composition of expressed in mul- tiples of atomic weights, 17 ; distinguished from mixtures, 12; preparation of, 8. Purpureocobalt chloride, 559. Pyridine solutions with semiper- meable membrane, 358. Pyrite, 161. 594 INDEX Pyrite burners, 179; use of oxide of iron from, 540. Pyroantimonic acid, 267. Pyroarsenic acid, 259. Pyroboric acid, 367. Pyrolusite, 533. Pyrophosphoric acid, hydrolysis, 248 ; preparation, properties, 253. Pyrosulfates, preparation, 186. Pyrosulfuric acid, 186. Quadrivalent, definition, 64. Quadruple point for sodium sulfate, 406. Qualitative analysis, basis for groups of, 166 ; definition, 66 ; groups of, 166 ; of water, 66. Qualitative synthesis of water, 66. Quantitative analysis, definition, 66. Quantitative synthesis of water by volume, 66. Quantum theory, 398. Quartz, 348 ; properties, fused, uses, 352. Quinine, 343. Quinquivalent, definition, 64. Radiations, penetrating, 471 ; kinds of, 472, 473. Radical, definition, 47 ; definition, relation to structure, 323. Radioactive elements, series of, 475. Radiochemistry, relation to geology and medicine, 475. Radiothorium, 364. Radium, an element, 9, 473 ; chemical action, 475 ; discovery, 471 ; dis- integration, 473 ; emanation, 474 ; evolution of heat by, 472 ; half- life, 474 ; nature of rays, 473 ; properties, 472. Rails, steel, manufacture, 548. Ramsay, discovery of argon, 235 ; discovery of helium, 237 ; discovery of helium from radium, 473 ; disso- ciation of nitrous anhydride, 218 ; possible disintegration of atoms by radium emanation, properties of niton, 474, 475 ; use of periodic sys- tem in discovery of noble gases, 136. Rare earth elements, position in periodic system, 134, 138. Rare earths, general, 502 ; groups of, 503 ; methods of separation, 503, 504. Raschig, theory of sulfuric acid manufacture, 179. Rayleigh, discovery of argon, 235. Rays, a, 0, 473 ; 7, 5, 474. Rays, chemical action of radioactive, 475. Reacting substances, effect of remov- ing one on equilibrium, 152. Reactions, bimolecular and unimolec- ular, 150 ; calculation of relative speed of at equilibrium, 151 ; effect of insolubility on, 376 ; effect of volatility on, 374 ; re- versible, 50 ; speed of chemical, 151. Realgar, 256; preparation, proper- ties, uses, 260. Reasoning, inductive, 13. Reciprocal ohms, definition, 380." Red lead, oxide, manufacture, 515; structure, 516. Reducing agent, sodium amalgam, zinc amalgam, 487 ; flame, blowpipe and Bunsen burner, 304. Reduction, definition, 63 ; writing equations for reactions of, 171. Refining, electrolytic, of copper, 429. Refrigeration by ammonia in ma- chines, 204. Regenerative furnace for open hearth steel, 549, 550. Regular system (crystallography) , 193. Reid, discovery of indium, 506. Resistanz glass, 467. Resonators in quantum theory, 398. Respiration calorimeter, 313 ; study of nutrition with, 345. Reversed flames, 304. Reversible reactions, 50; hydro- chloric acid and oxygen, 109 ; hydrogen and iodine, 146 ; ioniza- tion, 115; salt and sulfuric acid, 119; theoretically all reactions, 372. Rhodium, properties, oxides, chlo- rides, complex salts, 563. Rhombic dodecahedron (crystal), 193; hexahedron (crystal), 195; system (crystallography), 194. Richter, discovery of indium, 506. Roasting, defined, 263; sulfides in metallurgy, 391. Rochelle salt, use in Fehling's solu- tion, 335. Rock crystal, use for lenses, 352. Rock salt, mining and obtaining, 404. Rontgen, discovery of Rontgen rays, 471. Rosa, respiration calorimeter, 313. Roscoe and Schorlemmer, Treatise, standard for ventilation, 231. Rose, distinguished columbium and tantalum, 523. Roseocobalt chloride, 559. Roseorhodium chloride, 563. Rouge, 555. INDEX 595 Rubidium alum, 424 ; chloroplatinate 424, 393 ; discovery, occurrence in carnallite, properties, 424. Ruby, 494 ; artificial, 500. Rum, 325. Ruthenium, occurrence, oxides, chlo~ rides, double chlorides, ruthenates, perruthenates, 563. 