None
I, 2, 3, 4, 5, thoracic; 2, 3, give maximum. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, thoracic, and 10 slightly. II, 12, 13. thoracic; 1, 2, lumbar and' 3 slightly. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, thoracic; 1, 2, 3, 4, lumbar. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, thoracic; 1, 2, 3, lumbar. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, thoracic; 1, 2, 3, lumbar. 1, 2, 3, 4, lumbar. (Gaskell) The ganglia for the pilomotor fibers are more widespread (extending from the fourth thoracic to the coccygeal ganglia) ; but the connector fibers are again strictly confined to the thoracicolumbar region. Stimu- lation of these fibers causes movement of the hairs, or on hairless animals, the condition called " goose skin." The Motor Nerves of the Muscles Surrounding the Segmental Duct. — It will be observed that the connector fibers to the abdominal and pel- vic viscera are collected into two special nerve trunks, the greater and the lesser (or lumbar) splanchnics. The collateral ganglia (semilunar and superior and inferior mesenteries) with wrhich these connect, have nothing to do with the segmental nerves, but their nerve cells send fibers (postganglionic) which supply the various viscera not only with vaso- motor fibers but also with the "sympathetic" fibers, which we have seen exercise such an important control over their glandular and muscular functions. All of the fibers contained in the lumbar splanchnics do not, however, have their cell stations in the inferior mesenteric ganglia, but run through it and proceed in the hypogastric nerves to find their effector cells on the musculature of the various structures that are developed from the Miillerian and Wolffian ducts — i. e., of the ureters, uterus, Fal- 882 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM lopian tubes and vas deferens. Many of the fibers of the hypogastric nerves are therefore those of involuntary internuncial neurons. The ileocolic and internal anal sphincter muscles of the intestines and internal vesical sphincter receive their nerve supply from effector neurons situated in the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia, the internuncial fibers arising from the thoracicolumbar region. It is possible that the other sphincters of the intestinal canal — viz., the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach — are similarly innervated. (Fig. 232.) Great aid in working out these nerve connections is received by study- ing the effect of epinephrine, which acts specifically on those tissues that are supplied by the sympathetic nervous system.* Epinephrine has no effect on tissues innervated by the bulbar or sacral outflows, and it develops its action peripherally, being indeed more potent on a dener- vated organ even after all its nerves have been allowed to degenerate. Advantage of this action of epinephrine has been taken in the investi- gation of doubtful cases of sympathetic innervation, such as in the cere- bral, coronary, and pulmonary blood vessels. The outcome of these in- vestigations has been discussed elsewhere. THE BULBOSACRAL OUTFLOW OR THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM From the medulla oblongata arise involuntary connector neurons, which are carried mainly by the vagus nerves but partly by the seventh, ninth and eleventh cranial nerves to effector nerve cells situated periph- erally on the structures to which the nerves run (Fig. 233). These include in a general way the muscles and glands of the alimentary canal and its derivatives as far as the end of the small intestine. In the small intestine itself the cells of these motor neurons are those of Auerbach's plexus found between the two muscular coats. In the diverticula, which include the lungs and the gall bladder, the nerve cells to which the vagus fibers run are also situated peripherally. The sacral outflow occurs through the second and third sacral nerves, the fibers joining to form a single nerve (the pelvic nerve or nervus erigens) on each side. This passes, directly to the bladder, where it connects with a plexus, often called the hypogastric, which extends over the bladder and neighboring portion of the rectum. The branches run to connect either with the nerve cells of the ganglia of the plexus itself, or with nerve cells situated on the walls of the large intestine and blad- der. The pelvic nerve makes its connections with the periphery in the *Its action is always the same as that which is produced by stimulation of the sympathetic nerve supply, whether this effect is one ot stimulation o-- inhibition. Head c Neck 'TC \_ PreGanyiionic Sympathetic PostGanglionic Sympathetic Pre Ganglionic Bulbo-Sacral (Para .Sympathetic) Post Ganglionic Bulbo-5acral Splanchnic (Post-gang.) Arm (Preganq) Coeliac Plexus & 5wp.Me5.Gang. Abdominal Viscera (Preqang.) int. 'Pelv/c visceral n^rve Fig. 232. — Diagram showing the main parts of the autonomic nervous system to be used along with Fig. 233. For the sake of clarity several of the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic autonomies are omitted, but the position of their egress from the cord is indicated in the side notes. The diagram shows clearly the distribution of the bulbosacral autonomic system by way of the vagus and the first, second and third sacral nerves. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 883 same manner as the vagus. Taken together these two nerves supply the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract, including the cloaca, the vagus as far as the end of the small intestine, and the pelvic nerve from this point on. It must of course be remembered that certain muscles — namely, the sphincters of the small and large intestine — receive their nerve supply from the sympathetic (page 882). Just as structures innervated by the sympathetic are peculiarly susceptible to the action of epmephrine, it has been discovered that those innervated by the bulbosacral system are very susceptible to the action of acetyl- choline, which is present in ergot. They are not acted on by epinephrine, nor are the structures upon which this acts affected by acetyl-choline. AXON REFLEXES At this place it is convenient to consider for a moment the phenome- non which has already been referred to as an axon reflex. It was dis- covered that when one of the hypogastric nerves was cut and the central end stimulated there was a reflex contraction of the bladder and the in- ternal anal sphincter, along with vasoconstriction in the region of the rec- tum and that this occurred, even after disconnecting the inferior mesen- teric ganglion from the spinal cord by cutting the lumbar splanchnic nerves. Injection of nicotine immediately abolished the response. It looked as if reflex action wras possible through the ganglion; which would justify the name "sympathetic" originally given to the involuntary nervous sys- tem in the belief that the ganglia were centers for local reflex actions. Further investigation showed, however, that this reflex is not similar to those occurring in the voluntary system, but is dependent upon the presence of a collateral on internuncial fibers that run through the in- ferior mesenteric ganglia to nerve cells situated peripherally on the walls of the bladder and rectum. The collaterals terminate by synapsis around nerve cells in the ganglion, the axons of which, as we have seen, run to the bladder, the rectal blood vessels, and the internal sphincter ani. The evidence for this explanation depends on the observation that the axon reflex is no longer possible after the lumbar splanchnics have been cut and time allowed for their fibers to become completely degen- erated. Similar reflexes depending on collaterals have been found in the lateral chain, and there can be little doubt that they are of frequent occurrence throughout the whole involuntary nervous system, just as they are, within the spinal cord, in the voluntary. It is because of these collaterals and the fact that nerve fibers transmit impulses in both directions that a stimulus transmitted through one or a. limited number of connector 884 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM neurons may excite a broad field of effectors and cause a widespread effect. FUNCTIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVES The functions of the autonomic nerve fibers have been discussed in connection with the structures which they supply, and we shall require in this place only to review them in a general way. Two opposed effects may be obtained: stimulatory (augmentory) and inhibitory; and these may be produced through one nerve by its being stimulatory for one set of muscle fibers and inhibitory for another set in the same viscus. The branches running from the inferior mesenteric ganglion to the colon, for example, are augmentory (constrictor) for the blood vessels and inhibitory for the muscular walls of the colon. The greatest interest centers on the inhibitory impulses. They are best known in connection with the vagus nerve to the heart, the sympa- thetic to the small intestine, and the hypo gastric to the musculature of the bladder. It is interesting to compare the nature of inhibition in the involuntary and voluntary systems. In the latter, it will be remembered, inhibition can occur only through the intermmcial neurons and the ef- fector nerve cell, stimulation of the effector nerve fiber never having any other than an augmentor effect. It is quite otherwise in the involun- tary nervous system, for stimulation of the effector nerve fiber, after complete destruction of the effector nerve cell, is still followed by a tj^pical inhibition. This, it will be remembered, may be demonstrated on the frog heart by applying electric stimulation to the white crescentic line after paralyzing the effector nerve cells by nicotine. The same may also be shown in the case of the chorda tympani, where stimulation of the post- ganglionic fibers in the hilus of the gland causes dilatation of the blood vessels after paralysis of the ganglion by nicotine, vasodilatation being of course a phenomenon of inhibition. It is a difficult matter to designate precisely which fibers in any part of the involuntary nervous system are inhibitory and which augmentory. Indeed, as mentioned above, one fiber may perform both functions. In cases where the existence of inhibitory fibers is doubtful, great aid is afforded by the use of ergotoxine, an alkaloid of ergot, which possesses the remarkable property of specifically paralyzing the augmentor nerves of the sympathetic system (but not of the parasympathetic) ; that is, the same fibers as are stimulated by epinephrine. When a particular structure is supplied with augmentory and inhibitory fibers by a com- bined sympathetic nerve, electric stimulation or the application of epi- nephrine usually gives only augmentory effects; after the injection of -P//o motor muscle ^ Lacftryma/o/and Ciliary gang Nasal rnuc6sa"II.\ - ..... _^ -''fSpheno-paatgang Parotid gland\ Submaxillary gland 3ubmaxjlldry(Sublingual) ganglion Iliocecal sphincte Bla Vesical sphincter Urethral sphincter, Cranial and Sacral nerves motor = red inhibitory = blue Thorscico-lumbar nerves inhibitory=green Postganglionic fibers are dotted, thus — N.XI up. cervical ganglion Thyroid gland Inf.cervicat ganglion t-Ansa subclavia Q- Stellate (^-Thoracic) ganglion Sweat gland Va so-motor fibers Pilo motor muscle ^^ Celiac (Semilunar) ganglion(5olarplex) Splanchnic nerves Sympathetic chain umbar splanchnics Sup. Mesenteric ganglion Inf. Mesenteric ganglion Hypogastric nerves Pelvic(Hypoqastricjnterilidc) C sphincter plexus. (Vesical srectal portions) Pelvic nerves (Nervus erigens) 7? P HailecK Fig. 233. — Schematic representation of the involuntary nervous system. (From Jackson.) THE AUTONOMTC NERVOUS SYSTEM 885 •ergotoxine, however, a reversed effect is observed; namely, inhibition instead of augmentation. By taking advantage of this fact, Dale has been able to demonstrate in the hypogastric nerves inhibitory fibers to the uterus, and Elliott has demonstrated the inhibitory action of epi- nephrine on the muscles of the ureter in the dog. Inhibitory fibers have also been discovered by these methods in the great splanchnic nerves, in the nerve roots supplying the kidney, and in the cervical sympathetic supplying the blood vessels of the mucous membrane of the mouth, etc.; that is, in nerve trunks which previously were believed to contain only augmentory fibers. The accompanying diagram from Jackson will give an idea of the currently accepted views concerning the distribution of augmentory and inhibitory fibers. (Fig. 233.) THE AFFERENT FIBERS OF THE AUTONOMIC SYSTEM It has long been known that the exposed viscera are remarkably insen- sitive. This experience is in accord with the observation that the supply of afferent fibers to the viscera is relatively very small. The afferent visceral fibers, as above stated, arise like those of the voluntary system, from the ganglion cells of the posterior roots. They travel in company with the connector fibers through the white ramus communicans, so that the stimulation of the central end of one of these may cause reflex rise in blood pressure and other movements. It is found that, after opening the abdominal cavity under local anesthesia, cutting and suturing of the viscera may be continued without causing any pain. When the viscera are inflamed, however, and under certain conditions of stimulation, such as the distention of the bile ducts with biliary calculi, or the violent contraction of the intestines, excruci- ating pain may be evoked. This pain is frequently not localized in the viscera, but is referred to certain parts of the surface of the body, and it has been shown by Mackenzie and by Head that it is referred to the area of skin which is supplied with sensory nerves by the same segment as that to which the afferent autonomic fibers' of the particular viscus run. It has further been shown that vascular disease may cause sensi- $86 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM tivity of the corresponding cutaneous areas, so that clinical methods are available for localizing the site of the disease by studying the exact position and extent of the referred pain or skin tenderness. NERVOUS SYSTEM REFERENCES (Monographs and Original Papers) iParker, G. H.: Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1911, i, 217-225. ^Head, H., and Rivers, W. H. E.: Brain, 1908, xxxi, 323-450. s Meek, W. J.: Am. Jour. Physiol., 1911, xxviii, 356-360. *Bruce, A. Ninian: Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol., 1910, Ixiii, 426-433. 4aSherrington, C. S. : Numerous papers on reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles, Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. B, 66; also in Jour. Physiol., xxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, xliii, and Quart. Jour. Exper. Physiol., ii. sHolmes, Gordon: Brit. Med. Jour., 1915, ii, Nov. 27, Dec. 4 and 11. epike, F. H. : Am. Jour. Physiol., 1909, xxiv, 124-152. 7Jolly, W. A.: Quart. Jour/Exper. Physiol., 1910, iv, 67-87. ^Lombard, W. P.: -Jour. Physiol., 1889, x, 122-148. sGollier, J.: Lancet, April 1, 1916, 711. iQRanson, S. W., and von Hess, C. L.: Am. Jour. Physiol., 1915, xxxviii, 128. "Head, H., and Thompson: Brain, 1906, xxix, 537. isSherrington, C. S., and Brown, T. Graham: Jour. Physiol., 1913, xlvi, Proc. Physiol. Soc., p. xxii. isBrown, T. Graham, and Sherrington, C. S.: Proc. Roy. Soc., 1912, 85, B<, 250-277. "Gushing, Harvey: Proc. Am. Physiol. Soc., Am. Jour. Physiol., 1909. isLuciani, L.: Kleinhirn, Ergebnisse der Physiol., 1904, i. i«Black, Davidson: Cerebellar Localization in the Light of Recent Research, Jour. Lai;. and Clin. Med., 1916, i, 467. irQaskell, W. H. : The Involuntary Nervous System, Monographs on Physiology, ed. by E. H. Starling, Longmans, Green & Co., 1916. Other Monographs not Specifically Referred to in the Context isSherrington, C. S.: (1) The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, Silliman Lec- tures, Yale University. Scribner's Sons, New York. (2) Shafer's Textbook of Physiology, II. Young J. Pentland, London, 1899. on, J. S.: Recent Researches on Cortical Localization and on The Function of the Cerebrum in Further Advances in Physiology, ed. by Leonard Hill, London, E. Arnold, 1909. INDEX Abdominal respiration, 307 Abnormal pulses, 276 Absorption, in general, 13 from stomach, 456 of fats, 691 Acapnia, 292 Accessory food factors, 584 Acetaldehyde, 708 Acetoacetic acid, 683, 709 Acetone, 683, 709 Acid: buffer action, 36 excretion of, by kidneys, 46 number of fats, 687 total concentration of, 32 Acidity, actual degree of, 23 Acidosis : ammonia-urea ratio during, 616 compensated, 39 in diabetes, 683 in nephritis, 683 in starvation, 569 relationship to alveolar CO2, 354 relationship to breathing, 354 theory of, 38 uncompensated, 39 Acids, of urine, 524 Actual degree of acidity and alkalinity, 23 Adenine, 635 Adenosine, 638 Adjusters, 783 Adrenal glands and diabetes, 673 Adrenaline (see Epinephrine) Adsorption, 65 compounds, 70 conditions influenced by, 67 effect of chemical forces on, 68 effect of electric changes on, 67 everyday reactions depending on, 66 of gases, 66 Afferent fibers of autonomic system, 885 Afferent spinal pathways, 830 Age, 584 effect on creatinine excretion, 624 Alanine, 600, 603, 606, 649, 666 Albolene absorption, 692 Albuminuria, 519 Alkali retention, determination of, 48 Alkaline buffer, 36 Alkaline reserve, 38 measurement of, 41 887 Allantoin, 636, 639, 645 Allied reflexes, simultaneous integration of, 823 successive integration of, 823 Alloxan, 635 Alveolar air: clinical investigation of, 347 estimation of gases in, 344 Fridericia method, 340 Haldane method, 340 Pearce method, 345 tension of CO,, 46, 339, 356 during breathing in confined space, 357 tension of oxygen, 339 Ambard's equation, 527 in acid excretion, 48 Amboceptor, 96 Amino acids, 597 and energy output, 541 in blood, 606 chemistry of, 598 determination of, 599 fate of, 610 groups, 598 in growth, 576 in tissues, 607 in urine, 530, 620 structure of, 602, 603 Aminoacetic acid (see Glycocoll) Aminopropionic acid (see Alanine) Ammonia : ammonia-urea ratio: influence of acidosis on, 616 in disease, 620 influence of liver on, 617 as reserve alkali, 616 excretion of, 615 excretion of acid in combination with, 46 of urine, 530 Ammonium carbamate, 616 Ammonium carbonate, 616 Amoeba, 782 Amylases, 81, 90, 491 Amylolysis, 491 in stomach, 454 Amylopsin, 491, 656 Anacrotic wave, pulse, 203 Analysis (psychic), 858 Anaphylactic reaction, 595, 601 Anaphylaxis, 89 Anarthria, 862 Anastomosis, intestinal, 470 sss INDEX Anemia, 93 bloodfiow in, 283- Anesthesia, 831 Aneurism, bloodflow in, 284 pulse in, 143, 200 Angina pectoris, fibrillation in, 196 Animal calorimeter, 536 Anions, 16, 59 Antagonistic muscles, 818 Antagonistic reflexes, 824 Anterior roots, 787 Anticoagulants, 99 Antidromic impulses, 234 Antiferments in blood, 89 Antithrombin, 104, 112 Antitoxins, 69 Antitrypsin, 90 Aortic regurgitation, pulse in, 131 Apesthesia, 838, 851 Apex beat, tracing of, 275 Aphasia, motor, 860, 862 sensory, 862 subcortical, 862 Apnea, nervous element in, 332, 362, 365 Apparatus for measuring respiratory ex- change, 554 Appetite juice, nature of, 440 Arc, reflex, 784 Arginase, 81, 616 Arginine, 605, 616, 627 Aromatic sulphates, 632 Arrhythmia of sinus, 266, 277 Arterial pressure, 122 Arteries, bloodflow in, 198 Arteriosclerosis, diastolic pressure in, 143 Aspartic acid, 605, 666 Asphyxia, 311 Assimilation limit, 652 Association areas, cerebral, 852, 861 neurons, 783, 785 Astasia, cerebellar, 8C7 Asthenia, 867 Asthma, dead space in, 311 Ataxy, cerebellar, 866 Atonia, cerebellar, 867 Atophan, 651 Atropine, effect on glands, 422 Auditory center, 851 Auricle, pressure in, 148 propagation of beat in, 191 Auricular curve, contour of, 153 Auricular fibrillation, 196, 269, 280 Auricular flutter, 196, 269, 279 Auriculoventricular orifice, 148 bundle, 183 node, 183 Ausculatory method (of blood pressure), ' 130 Autocatalysis, 77 Autonomic nerves, cerebral, 423 sympathetic, 423 Autonomic nervous system, 877 afferent fibers of, 885 Aulonomie nervous system — Oont'd axon reflexes in, 883 bulbosacral outflow, 882 connector fibers of, 878 functions of, 884 general plan of construction, 878 parasympathetic, 882 thoracicolumbar outflow, 880 internal vesical sphincter, 882 Axon, 784 reflexes, 797, 883 Azelaic acid, 712 Bacillus coli communis, 500 Bacteria, in intestine, 499, 657 in stomach, 482 Bacterial digestion, 499 Balance, energy, 535 material, 543 sheet of body, 543 Banting cure, 571 Basal heat production, 538 Basal ration, 576 Basophile cells, 96 "Bends" in caisson workers, 402 Benzoic acid, 630, 710 Benzoyl chloride, 631 Beriberi, 584 Beta-hydroxy butyric acid, 709 Bile, 442 and fat digestion, 690 chemistry of, 494 constituents of, 492 from gall bladder, 492 functions of, 493 pigments of, 495 salts, 494 Bilirubin, 495 Biliverdin, 495 B-imidazolylethylamine, effect on blood vessels, 397 Birds, removal of liver from, 618 Blood: absorption into, 13 amino acids in, 606 amount in body, 135 antiferments of, 89 circulation of, 122 dissociation curve of, 383 fat of, estimation, 696, 697 variations in, 697 ferments of, 89 gases of, transportation, 379 general properties of, 85 mass movement of, 281 means by which gases are carried, 390 oxidation in, 396 proteases of, 89 proteins of, 87 origin, 88 INDEX 889 Blood— Cont 'd quantity of, in body, 85 refractive index of, 88 specific gravity of, 86 sugar level of, 657 regulation, 671 transfusion of, 93, 135, 139 viscosity of, 140 volume of, 136 water content of, 86 Blood cell, red, fate of, 93 origin of, 92 regeneration of, 93 stroma of, 91 white, 96 Blood clotting, 98 in diseases, 111 in physiological conditions. 110 influence of calcium on, 103 influence of tissues on, 104 intravascular, 107 methods of retarding, in drawn blood, 99 negative phase of, 108 theories of, 106 time of, 100, 108 visible changes during, 98 Blood corpuscles in mountain sickness, 401 Bloodflow : clinical conditions affecting anemia, 283 cardiovascular diseases, 284 fever, 284 diseases of nervous system, 285 mass movement of, 208 movement in veins, 214 variations in, 282 velocity of, 206 visceral, 212 Blood gas manometer, 381 Blood platelets, 97 Blood pressure, 122 diastolic, 127 effect of hemorrhage on, 135 effect of pleural pressure on, 306 factors maintaining, 134 H-ion of blood on, 237 mean arterial, 123 in shock, 290 systolic, 127 tracing, 125 Blood vessels, 880 elasticity of, 142 tone of, 236 Body fluids, reactions of, 35 Body weight and energy production, 539 Botulism, 503 Bowman, capsule of, 507 Bradycardia, 193 Brain : circulation in, 247 vasomotor nerves, 252 volume of, 250 Breathing, in compressed air, 399 in rarefied air, 360 periodic, 363, 371, 376 Brownian movement, colloids, 57 Bruits, 158 Buffer action of blood, 374 Buffer substances, 36 Building stones of protein, 597 Bulbosacral outflow, 882 Butyric acid, 709 Cadaverine, 629 Caffeine, 635 Caisson disease, 402 cause of, 403 decompression of workers, 406 prevention, 404 symptoms, 402 working conditions in, 408 Calcium ion, influence on clotting, 103 influence on heart, 166 Calcium rigor, 166 Calomel electrode, 30 Calorie, 535 Calorimeter, 535 animal, 536 Benedict, 537 bomb, 537 hand, 281 respiration, 536 Kussel-Sage, 537 Calorimetry, direct, 546 indirect, 546, 554 Canals, semicircular, 873 removal of, 874 Cannabin, 577 Capillary analysis of colloids, 56 Carbamino reaction, 599 Carbohydrates, absorption of, 657 assimilation limits, 652 digestion of, 656 and growth, 583 metabolism of, 652 production from protein, 665 saturation limit, 652 Carbon balance, 547 Carbon dioxide, combining power, 42 effect on respiratory center, 352 estimation in blood, 390 output, 550 volume percentage in blood, 391 Carbon dioxide tension, 337 in alveolar air, after exercisej 367 estimation of, 339, 344 in mountain sickness, 361 in periodic breathing, 375 in arterial blood, 337 in venous blood, 342 Carbonic acid (see Carbon dioxide) Carboxyl group, 598 Cardiac decompensation, 311 890 INDEX Cardiac depressor nerve, 239 Cardiac muscle, physiological characteris- tics of, 176 Cardiac pouch (stomach), 453 Cardiac sphincter, 448 Cardiorenal disease, bloodflow in, 284 energy output in, 542 Cardiograms, 275 Cardiovascular disease, bloodflow in, 284 Casein, 488, 576 Caseinogen, 488 Catalase, 90 Cations, 16 Catalysts, 72 Catalytic power, 23 Celenterates, nervous system of, 782 Cellulose, digestion of, 500 Centers : association, 852, 855 diabetic, 672 motor, 843 sense, auditory, 851 visual, 851 sensory, 850 word centers, 862 Cephalin, 689 Cereals and growth, 581 Cerebellar ataxy, 866 Cerebellum : ablation of, 869 clinical observations, 870 extirpation of, 869 functions of, 865 lobes of, 868 localization of function of, 867 Cerebral circulation, 247 Cerebral compression, 253 Cerebral cortex, stimulation of, 844 structure of, 852 Cerebral localization, 843 clinical observations, -849 hemispheres, removal of, 840 Cerebral vessels, ligation of, 247 Cerebrospinal fluid, 248 Cerebrum, higher functions of, 860 CH, method of expressing, 27 Cheyne-Stokes breathing, 371, 377 Chlorides, urine, 513 Cholesterol, 494, 688 estimation of, 697 Choline, 689 Chorda tympani, 231, 396, 423 Chromatolysis, 801 Chromatine, 638 Chromosones, 638 Chyme, 456, 482 Circle of Willis, 247 Circulation of blood: control of, 216 influence of gravity on, 244 mass movement of blood, 208 through the heart, 257 Circulation of blood — Cont'd through the liver, 255 through the lungs, 253 time of, 213 Circulation time, 206 Clinical application, circulation, 259 nervous system, 828, 849, 862 respiration, 310, 399 Clotting of blood (see Blood clotting) Coagulative ferments, 82 Cod-liver oil, nutritive value, 706 Coefficient of oxidation, 393 Coefficient of solubility of gases, 337 Cold spots, 792 Collaterals, 784 Colloids : Brownian movement, 57 capillary analysis, 56 characteristic properties of, 50 diffusibility of, 51 dispersion means, 54 dispersoid, 54 electric properties of, 55 osmotic pressure, 57 electrophoresis, 56 external phase, 54 gelatinization, 61 heterogeneous, 51 homogeneous, 51 imbibition, 62 • internal phase, 54 isoelectric point, 64 lyophobe, 60 mutual precipitation of colloids, 56 osmotic pressure of, 141 size of colloid particles, 53 suspensions, 53 suspensoids and emulsoids, action of electrolytes on, 63 Tyndall phenomenon, 51 Compensated acidoses, 39 Complemental air, 300 Compressed air sickness, 399 cause of symptoms, 403 prevention of, 404 treatment of, 406 Concentration cell, 30 Concentration point, auricles, 185 Conception, 861 Concept, 861 Conditioned reflexes, 481, 856 Conductivity, determination of, 17 equivalent, 19 molecular, 19 specific, 17 Conductivity cell, 18 Conglutin, 538 Construction of autonomic nervous sys- tem, 877 Contracture, extension, 806 Cooking, 593 Coronary circulation, 257 Coronary vessels, vasomotor nerves, 268 INDEX 891 Corpora quadrigemina, 840 section behind, 840 section in front of, 840 Corpuscles of blood, red, 91 white, 96 Cortex, removal of, 843 Coughing, 300, 412 Cranial cavity, pressure in, 251 Creatine, 606, 613 chemistry of, 622 estimation of, 623 in disease, 626 metabolism of, 624 origin of, 626 Creatinine, 613 chemistry of, 622 coefficient, 624 estimation, 623 in urine, 529 metabolism, 624 of blood in disease, 651 origin of, 626 Crista acustica, 873 Critical concentration, 8 Crossed extension reflex, 804 Cuorin, 689 Current of action of heart, 187 Cyanosis, 360, 400 Cysteine, 603 Cystine, 577, 592, 604 Cystosine, 637 Cytases, 463 Dalmatian dog, purine metabolism of, 646 Dalton's law, 336 Dead space, 302, 310 Deafness, 864 Deamidization, deaminization, 501 Deaminizing enzyne, 639 Decerebrate rigidity, 808 Decerebration, 843 Decolorization of liquids by charcoal, 66 Decompression, 406 Defecation, 470 blood pressure during, 412 Defibrinated blood, 101 Degeneration, successive, 813 Deglutition, 445 Delayed conduction, 270, 276 Delirium cordis, 195 Dendrites, 784 Depression of freezing point, 10 of urine, 523 Depressor nerve, 238, 239, 240 Depressor substances, 397 Dessert, physiologic value of, 437 Detoxication compounds, 629 Detoxication process, 501 Dextrins, 491, 656 Dextrose (see Glucose) Diabetes : acidosis in, 684 and the ductless glands, 678 assimilation limits in, 652 blood examination in, 659 blood fat in, 699 center, diabetic, 672 early diagnoses of, 652 energy output in, 542 experimental, 672 fat metabolism in, 683 ketosis, 683 pancreatic, 678 nervous, in man, 674 permanent, 676 phlorhizin, 665 postprandial hyperglycemia, 659 renal, 661 starvation treatment in, 684 treatment of, 653 Diabetic acidosis, 684 Diabetic center, 672 Diabetic gangrene, 258 Dialuric acid, 645 Dialysate, 52 Dialysis, 12 method, colloids, 51 Diaphragm, action of, 320, 321 physiology of, 324 Diastolic filling of heart, 153 Diastolic pressure, 127, 132 measurement of, in man, 128 Dicrotic notch, 202 wave, 203 Diet at different ages, 590 of different communities, 589 Dietetics, 588 Differential manometer, 381 Diffusion, 12 Digestibility of foods, 593 Digestion, by pancreatic juice, 489 in intestine, 489 in stomach, 481 mechanism of, 444 Digestive glands: control of, hormone, 425 nervous, 423 general physiology of, 418 microscopic changes during activity, 418 Dispersion medium, colloids, 54 Dispersoid, colloids, 54 Dissociation, 16, 17 Dissociation constant, 19, 388 Dissociation curve : of blood, 383 of hemoglobin, 383 influence of salts on, 385 influence of H-ion concentration on, 386 influence of temperature on, 386 Dissociation hypothesis, applications of, 21 Dissociation, rate of, 380 892 I\DI:X Diuresis, 578 Diuretics, 578 Diver's palsy, 402 Douglas method, 544, 558 Dropped beat, 271 Du Bois formula, 541 Ductless glands, 729 in diabetes, G78 Dyspnea, 314, 349 Dystrophy, isolation, 808 E Earth worm, nervous system of, 783 Eck fistula, 617 Eclampsia, 620 Edema, 62, 120 Edestin and growth, 577 Effectors, 782 Elastin, digestion of, 486 Electric conductivity, 16 Electric currents, development of, 29 Electric properties of colloids, 55 Electrocardiograms, 158, 259 normal, 261 standardization of, 260 ventricular complex, 262 waves of, 261 P-wave, 189, 261 T-wave, 220, 263 Electrocardiograph, 260 Electrocution, cause of death in, 195 Electrolytes, 16 action of, on colloids, 63 Electrolytic solution pressure, 29 Electrophoresis of colloids, 56 Electrostatic attraction, 29 Emboli, 107 Emetics, 450 Emotional glycosuria, 675 Emphysema, 311, 314, 324 Empyema, 324 Emulsions, 688 Emulsoids, colloids, 60 Endocrine organs, 729 Endoenzyme, 71 Endogenous metabolism, 615' of purines, 647 Energy balance, 535 Energy output, and age, 541 and body weight, 549 and disease, 542 and muscular work, 549 and sex, 541 and surface area, 540 in starvation, 568 Enterokinase, 443, 489 Enzymes, 71 action of temperature on, 74 amylases, 81 and catalysis, 72 antienzymes, 81 arginase, 81 K 1 1/. vinos— Con t M coagulative fermentsj 82 conditions of activity, 82 endoenzymes, 71 glyoxylase, 82 invertases, 81 lipases, 81 nature of, 72 oxidases, 82 peculiarities of, 80 peroxidases, 82 properties of, 73 proteases, 80 reversibility of action of, 25, 77 specific action of, 73 types of, 79 urease, 82 velocity constant, 74 Epicritic receptors, 790 Epilepsy, Jacksonian, 849 Epinephrine, 236, 502 and diabetes, 673 Equilibrium, nitrogen, 571 Equivalent, conductivity, 19 Erepsin, 490, 601 Ergastoplasm, 420 Ergot, 502 Ergotoxine, 209 Erythrocytes, 91 fate of, 94 regeneration of, 93 Escapement, 218 Esophagus, during swallowing, 446 inhibition of, 447 peristaltic wave in, 447 Esters, 686 Ester value, 687 Ethereal sulphates, 501, 632 Excelsin, 577 Exogenous metabolism, 615 Exophthalmic goiter, 756 energy output in, 542 Excretion of acid combined with ammonia, 46 Excretion of urine, 507 Extension contracture, 45, 806 Extensor thrust, 57 reflex, 805 Exteroceptors, 788, 822 Extrasystole, 266 Eyes, movements of, 847 Factor safety, in diet, 592 Fatigue of reflexes, 825 Fats: absorption of, 691 chemical theory, 693 mechanistic theory, 692 and growth, 583 blood, 696, 697 destination of, 699 INDEX 893 Fats, blood— Cont'd determination, 696 during absorption, 698 during fasting, 698 variations in, 697 chemistry of, 686 depot fat, 699, 700 destination of, 701 desaturation of, 705, 712 digestion of, 690 fat dust, 696 liver fat, 699, 701 metabolism of, 696 tissue fat, 699, 706 transportation to liver, 702 Fatty acids, 686 acid number, 687 breakdown of, 709 ester value, 687 formation from carbohydrates, 701, 707 in liver in disease, 703 iodine value, 688 melting point, 687 Eeichert-Meissl value, 688 saponification value, 687 Feces, 499, 521 Ferments (see Enzymes) Ferments in blood, 89 Fever, bloodflow in, 284 cold-bath treatment, 284 purine excretion during, 648 Fibers, anterior root, 100 connector, 193 internuncial, 802 Fibrillation, auricular, 196, 269 ventricular, 195 Fibrin, 99 fibrin needles, 99 source of, 101 Fibrin ferment (see Thrombin), 102 Fibrinogen, 87, 101, 103, 111 Filtration, 13 Final common path, 787, 821, 824 Fistula, biliary, 492 gastric, 434 salivary, 430 Flexion-reflex, 804, 821 Flutter, auricular, 269 Food: accessory factors of, 593 cooking, importance of, 593 effect of, on circulation, 243 effect on creatinine excretion, 624 laxative qualities, 594 payability, 593 Food factors, accessory, 584 Foodstuffs, rate of leaving stomach, 458 Forced breathing, 324 Formaldehyde titration, amino acids, 487 Formation of solid surface films, 66 Freezing point constant, 10 Freezing point, depression of, 10 Fridericia's method for alveolar air, 340 Frontal visual center, 851 Fructose, 666 Functions of autonomic nerves, 884 Fundus of stomach, 452 Gallstones, 494 Galvanometer, string, 187, 259 Ganglia, 784 Gas in stomach, 462 Gas laws, 3, 336 Gases, adsorption of, 66 coefficient of solubility, 337 estimation of, 344 partial pressure of, 336 solution of, 336 tension of, 336 transportation in blood, 390 Gaskell's clamp, 175 Gastric contents, regurgitation of, 449 Gastric digestion, 481 rate of, 487 Gastric fistula, 434 Gastric juice, quantity secreted, 440 strength of, 441 Gastric secretion, 432 hormone control of, 437 local stimulation of, 438 nervous control of, 434 Gastric tube, 453 Gastrin, 439, 456 Gastroenterostomy, 460 Gastrointestinal contents, reaction of, 505 Gelatin, 578 Gelatinization, 61 Glands, changes during activity, 422 electric changes, 422 normal conditions of activity, 430 oxygen consumption of, 396, 421 respiration of, 396 Globulin, 577 Gliadin, 576 Glomerulus, 507 Gluconeogenesis, 662, 677, 680 direct method, 663 indirect method, 664 in normal animals, 667 Glucose, 708 fate of absorbed, 662 glucose to nitrogen ratio, 664 injections, intravenous, 653 subcutaneous, 656 parenteral assimilation, 656 tolerance for, 653 utilization of, in tissues, 677 Glutamic acid (see Glutaminic acid) Glutaminic acid, 605, 667 Glutein, 577 Glutelin, 577 Glyceric aldehyde, 665 Glycerol, 665 894 INDEX Glycocholie acid, 494, 631 Glycine, 494, 603 Glycinin, 577 Glycocoll, 601, 630, 667, 710 Glycogen, 662 fate of, 669 sources of, 662 Glycogenase, 662 Glycogenolysis, 669 hormone, 676 nervous, 672 postmortem, 670 Glycolaldehyde, 665 Glycolysis, 677 Glyconeogenesis (see Gluconeogenesis) Glycosuria, alimentary, 659 emotional, 675 postprandial, 659 relation to sugar of blood, 660 renal, 661 Glycuronates, 630 Glycuronic acid, 630, 631, 632 Glyoxal, 631 Glyoxylase, 82, 666 Glyoxylic acid, 631 G-N-ratio, 664 Goiter, exophthalmic, 542 Gout, 648, 650 etiology of, 650 guanine, 640 uric acid excretion in, 648 Grading of intensity of reflex action, 809 Gram molecule, 3, 5 Gram molecular solution, 22 Gravity, on circulation, 244 compensation for, 245 Growth, 574 accessory factors, 585 basal ration, 576 carbohydrates and, 583 curves of, 576 curves of inhibition, 579 fats and, 583 inorganic salts and, 586 lysine and, 578 proteins and, 574 trypanophane and, 578 vitamines, 584 Guanidine, 605, 622 Guanine, 635 gout, 640 Guanosine, 638, 639 Giinsberg reagent, 487 II Haldane-Barcroft apparatus, 45 Haldane gas apparatus, 559 Haldane's method for alveolar air, 340 Heart : action of, 144 auricular curve, 153 diastole of, 145 Heart— Gout 'd isometric period in, 149 muscle, properties, 176 nutrition of, 161 opening and closing of valves, 154 oxygen requirements of, 396 oxygen supply of, 164 perfusion of outside body, 161 postsphygmic period, 150 presphygmic period, 149 pressure in, 146 pumping action of, 134, 144 resuscitation in situ, 164 rhythmic power in, 170, 174 sounds of, 157 systole of, 145 utilization of glucose in, 681 vagus control of, cold blooded, 217 vagus control of, mammalian, 220 vagus terminations in, 225 ventricular curve, 146 work of, 212 Heart beat : arrhythmia of, 266 myogenic hypothesis of, 171 neurogenic hypothesis of, 170, 172 origin of, in cold-blooded animals, 170 origin of, in mammalian, 182, 189 pace maker of, 174 propagation of, 224 sympathetic control of, 223, 227 ultimum moriens, 185 vagus control of, 217, 220 Heart block, 174, 270, 276 effect of vagus on, 219 Heart disease, vital capacity of lungs in, 314 Heart-lung preparation, 158 Heat production and age and sex, 541 and body weight, 539 surface, 540 disease, 542 Heat spots, 792 Heat value of foods, 535 Hematocrit, 7 Hematoporphyrin, 496 Hemiplegia, 258 Hemodromograph, 200 Hemoglobin, 91 dissociation constant, 388 dissociation, curve of, 380, 382, 383 estimation of, 92 rate of dissociation, 386 relationship to bile pigments, 496 specific oxygen capacity of, 379 transportation of O2 by, 390 Hemolysis, 7, 95 Hemolytic jaundice, 93 Hemophilia, 112 Hemopoietic activities of bone marrow, 93 Hemorrhage, 59 immediate effects of, 137 recovery from, 138 INDEX 895 Hemorrhagic diseases, 112 Henle, loop of, 507 Hepatic artery, floAV in, 255 Heterocyclic compounds, 604 Hexoses, 652 Hibernating animal, metabolism of, 549 Hibernation, breathing during, 374 Higher functions of cerebrum, 860 H ion or hydrogen ion, 168 H-ion concentration, 22 after hemorrhage, 142 catalytic power of, 23 determination of, 31 of intestinal contents, 505 law of mass action and, 26 method of expressing, 27 method of measurement: electric method, 29 indicator method, 32 standard solutions for, 34 H-ion concentration in blood: effect on dissociation curve, 386, 389 effect on respiratory center, 335 Hippuric acid, 530, 630, 710 Hirudin, 100 Histamine, 397, 502 Histidine, 606, 623 Homogentisie acid, 502, 531 Hordein, 578 Hormones, 3, 729 in control of circulation, 216 respiratory, 349 Howell theory (blood clotting), 106 Hunger, 471 Hunger contractions : alcoholic beverages and, 478 control of, 476 during starvation, 475 in esophagus, 474 inhibition of, 477 in stomach, 471 nerve centers and, 479 remote effects of, 474 rhythmic, 471 splanchnic nerve and, 477 vagus nerve and, 477 Hiirthle manometer, 126, 146 Hydrocephalus, 249, 253 Hydrochloric acid, amount of, 482 and emptying of stomach, 460 functions of, 482 source of, 483 Hydrogen ion (see H ion) Hyperacidity, 461 Hyperesthesia, 831 Hyperglycemia, in pancreatic diabetes, 680 postprandial, 659 splanchnic, 673 Hyperpnea, 349, 359 Hyperthyroidism, 756 Hypertonic solution, 6 Hypertonicity, 63 Hypogastric nerves, 797 Hypothyroidism, 755 Hypotonic solution, 6 Hypoxanthine, 635 Ignition juice, 438 Ileocolie muscles, 882 Ileocolic sphincter, 467, 469 Imbibition, 62 Imidazole and growth, 586, 604, 623 Imidazole ring, 623 Imidazolylethylamine, 397, 426, 502 Immediate induction, 823 Impulses, nature of, 830 Index test, 870 Indican, 632 Indicator method, list of indicators, 33 Indole, 501, 604, 632 Indoxyl sulphate of potassium, 632 Induction, immediate, 823 successive, 824 Inhibition, reciprocal, 814 Inhibitory effects of autonomic nerves, 884 Innervation, reciprocal, 814 Inorganic constituents of urine, 531 Inorganic salts and growth, 586 Inosine, 639 Inosinie acid, 637 Inspiration, negative pressure during, 305 Integration of allied reflexes, 822 Integration of nervous system, 809 Intercostal muscles, 319 Internal anal sphincter muscles, 882 Internal vesical sphincter, 882 Internal respiration, 378 Intestinal bacteria, 657 Intestinal juice, control of, 442 Intestinal obstruction, 470, 504 Intestinal secretions, 441 Intestine : absorption from, 13 anastomosis of, 470 bacterial digestion in, 499 digestion in, 489 law of, 466 movements of: large, 468 clinical conditions effecting, 470 small, 463 nature of, 466 nervous control of, 467 Intracardiae pressure curves, 146, 151 Intracranial pressure, 253 Intragastric pressure, 454 Intrapleural pressure, 304 Intrapulmonic pressure, 299 Intra vitam anticoagulants, 100 Intra vascular clotting, 107 Inulin, 664 Invertase, 81, 492, 657 Invertebrates, segmented, 783 Inverting enzymes, 657 896 INDEX Involuntary fibers, ccurse of, 879 Iodine value of fats, 688 lonization, 16 Irradiation in nervous system, 826 Irreversibility in reflexes, 810 Isoelectric point, 64 Isoleucine, 604 Isomaltose, 79 Isometric period, 149 Isotonic solution, 6 Jacksonian epilepsy, 849 Jugular pulse tracing, 274 Juice, gastric, 434 intestinal, 442 pancreatic, 441 K Keith and Flack, conducting tissue in heart, 185 Kent, bundle of, 185 Ketonic acid, 708 Ketosis, 683 Kidney, oxygen requirements of, 396 removal of, 621 structure of, 507 Knee-jerk, 804, 815, 828 reinforcement of, 829 Lactalbumin, 577 Lactam, 649 Lactase, 491, 657 Lactic acid, 397, 603, 676, 665, 708 effect on respiratory center, 376 in mountain sickness, 362 produced by exercise, 367, 413 Lactim, 649 Language, 860 Latent period, 809 Laws of gases, 336 of mass action, 23 applied measurement of H-ion concen- tration, 26 Lead poisoning, 650 Lecithin, 689 estimation of, 697 in bile, 498 in blood, 696, 699 Leech extract, 100 Legumelin, 578 Legumin, 578 Lesions of nervous system, 835 Leucine, 604, 666 Leucocytes, 96 sensitizing of, 70 transitorial, 97 Leucocythemia, 648 Levulose, 656 Levy and Eowntree method, 41 Limulus, heartbeat of, 172 Lipase, 25, 90, 491, 687 Lipemia, 699 Lipoids of blood, 699 Lissauer-tract, 831 List of indicators, 33 Litten's diaphragm phenomenon, 321 Liver : circulation through, 255 disease of, 620 glycogen in, 662 metabolism of fats in, 701 perfusion of, 618 removal of, 617 urea formation in, 617 Local irritants, 243 Localization, cerebral, 843 Locke solution, 168 Loven reflex, 244 Lungs, circulation through, 253 mode of expansion of, 325 Lymph : absorption into, 13 electric conductivity, 16 filtration in, 118 formation and circulation, 115 formation of, 15 Lymph spaces, 115 Lymphagogues, 119 Lymphatics, 115 Lymphocytes, 96 Lyophobe colloids, 60 Lysine, 592, 605 Lysine and growth, 576 M Maculae acusticse, 873 Maintenance, diets for, 579 Malingerers, 42 Maltase, 491, 657 Maltose, 491 Manometer : blood-gas differential, 382 Hiirthle, 124, 146 mercury, 123 optical, 146 spring, 126 valved mercury, 152 Mark-time reflex, 806 Mass action, 23 Mass action and H-ion concentration, 26 Mass movements of blood, 281 Mastication, 444 Mechanics of respiration, 299 Medulla, section above, 839 Megacaryocytes, 103 Melting point, fats, 687 Membrane synaptic, 798 Memory, 786 Mercury manometer, 123 INDEX 897 Metabolism : calculations, 544 endogenous, 615 exogenous, 615 general, 534 in starvation, 566 normal, 570 of carbohydrates, 652 of fats, 686 of proteins, 595 of purines, 637 special, 534 Methyl glyoxal, 665 Methyl group, 598 Methyl purines, 635 Methylation, 627 Methylglyoxal, 665, 666 Mett's method, 487 Microcytes, 94 Microtonometer, 339 Mid-capacity of lungs, 311 Milk, clotting of, 488 Miniature stomach, 433 Minimal air, 300 Mononuclear leucocytes, 96 Morawitz theory, blood clotting, 107 Motor areas, ablation of, 843 stimulation of, 844, 846, 848 Motor nerves of segmental duct muscles, 881 Mountain sickness, 360, 399 adaptation to, 400 alveolar CO., in, 360 blood corpuscles in, 401 Movements, of intestine, 463 of stomach, 452 Municipal food statistics, 591 Muscarine, action on heart, 226 Muscle, cardiac, properties of, 176 refractory period, 178 respiration in, 395 staircase phenomenon (treppe), 177 skeletal, 177 respiration in, 394 Muscles, antagonistic, 818 Muscular exercise, 243, 539 circulatory changes during, 410 effect on metabolism, 551 effect on respiration, 366 H-ion during, 413 purines during, 647 redistribution of blood during, 415 respiratory changes during, 410 temperature of blood during, 415 Mutual precipitation of colloids, 56 Myenteric reflex, 796 Myogenic hypothesis of heartbeat, 171 • Myxedema, 755 energy output in, 542 N Narcotics and blood fat, 698 Necrosis of liver, 620 Negative pressure in ventricle, 152 Nephelometer, 697 Nephrectomy, 621 Nephritis, 650 acidosis in, 683 urea retention in, 528 Nerves : of skin, 796 network, 4, 29 regeneration of, 36 segmental distribution of, 837 specific properties of, 789 vasodilator, 797 Nerve cells, 33, 799 Nervi erigentes, 231 Nervous control: of gastric secretion, 434 of ileocolic sphincter, 468 of intestinal glands, 442 of intestinal movements, 467 of pancreas, 427 of salivary glands, 423 of stomach movements, 458 Nervous diabetes, 672 in man, 674 Nervous system: autonomic, 877 bulbar fibers, 882 functions of, 884 sacral fibers, 882 thoracicolumbar fibers, 880 effect of section at various levels of : anterior root, 99, 835 just behind medulla, 839 just behind post. corp. quad., 840 just in front of ant. corp. quad., 840 posterior roots, 836 spinal cord, 839 evolution of, 718 influence on excretion of urine, 519 integration of, 786, 809 Network, nerve, 796 neurofibrils, 800 neuropile, 784, 797 Neurogenic hypothesis, of heart, 172 Neurons, 784 association, 783, 785 intermediate, 802 internuncial, 802 Neutrality, regulation of, 36 Nicotine, 233 action on vagus, 226 Nissl bodies, 800 Nitrogen : excretion of, premortal rise, 566 in starvation, 566 undetermined, urine, 613 Nitrogen balance, 570 Nitrogenous constituents of urine, 523 Nitrogenous equilibrium, 571 Nitrogenous metabolites, in starvation, 568 898 INDEX Nociceptive, 795, 804 impulses, 832 reflex, 825 Noeud vital, 327 Nonelectrolytes, 16 Nonthreshold substances, 512 Normal acid, 22 Normoblasts, 93 Nuclease, 638 Nucleic acid, 637, 689 Nuclein ferments, 90 Nueleins, 637 Nucleoside, 638 Nucleotide, 638 Nystagmus, 871, 875 O Obesity, Banting cure for, 571 Oleic acid, 868 Olein, 868 Opsonins, 70 Organs, loss of weight during starvation, 568 perfusion of, 618 Ornithine, 616, 631 Ornithuric acid, 631 Orthopnea, 313, 318 Oscillatory method of blood pressure, 130 Osmometer, 5, 230 Osmosis, 4 Osmotic pressure, 4, 10 and formation of lymph, ^3 and hemolysis, 7 and plasmolysis, 8 measurement by depression of freez- ing point, 11 in physiological mechanisms, 13 in production of urine by kidneys, 14 of transfusates, 141 Ovalbumin, as food, 577 Ovovitellin, as food, 577 Oxidases, 82 Oxidation of blood, 387 Oxybutyric acid, 616, 683, 709 Oxygen : coefficient of oxidation, 393 determination of, 562 estimation in blood, 390 requirements of tissues, 393 tension in alveolar air, 340, 344 tension in arterial blood, 337 transportation by blood, 379 volume percentage in blood, 390 Oxygen insufficiency, and periodic breath- ing, 373 effect of, on respiration, 350, 359 Oxygen supply of heart, 164 Oxyproteic acid, 629 Pacchionian body, 249 Pain: sensation of, 832 Pain, sensation of — Cont'd transmission in cord, 830 sense, 795 Palatability, 593 Palmitic acid, 686, 707 Pancreas : hormone control of, 420 histological changes of, 42!) oxygen requirements, 396 nervous control of, 427 sugar metabolism and, 678 Pancreatic diabetes, 678 Pancreatic digestion, 489 Pancreatic juice, 441 and fat digestion, 690 secretion of, 420, 426 Pancreatin, 490 Parasympathetic system, 882 Paroxysmal tachycardia, 269, 278 Partial dissociation, 271 Partial pressure of gases, 336 Pathways, sensory, in spinal cord, 830 Pelvic ganglionic group, 878 Pentose, 664 Pepsin, action of, 485 products of, 486 Pepsinogen, 485 Peptides, 601 Peptone, 105, 486 Perception, 861 Perfusion, of kidney, 631 of liver, 618 Perfusion fluid, of heart, 165 Perfusion of heart, 161 Periodic breathing, causes of, 372 types of, 371 Peripheral resistance, 134, 229 Peristalsis : in esophagus, 446 in large intestine, 468 in small intestine, 465 in stomach, 453, 456 Peristaltic rush, 466, 470 Peristaltic wave, 465 Pernicious anemia, energy output in, 542 Peroxidases, 82 PH, 27 Phagocytes, 97 Phenaceturic acid, 710 Phenol, 501 Phenolacetie acid, 502 Phenolphthalein, 482, 525 Phenylacetic acid, 631, 710 Phenylalanine, 604 Phenyl group, 604 Phlorhizin, 664, 665 Phosphates, excretion of, 47 Phosphate solutions for H-ion, 34 Phosphates of urine, 532 Phospholipins, 689 in bile, 498 Phrenic center, 328 Physicochemical basis, 1 INDEX 899 Physiological processes depending on ad- sorption, 69 Pigments, absorption of, 117 Pilocarpine, action on heart, 226 Pilomotor fibers, 880 Pitot's tubes, 201 Plasma, 99 Plasmolysis, 8 Platelets, of blood, 97, 106 Plethora, 86 Plethysmograph, 209, 230, 273, 303 Pleurisy, 324 Plexus of Auerbach and Meissner, 466, 796 Pneumothorax, 305 Poikilocytes, 94 Polygraph, 273 Polyneuritis, 584 Polynuclear cells, 96 Polypeptides. R Kami communicantes, 233 Raynaud's disease, bloodflow in, 258 Eeaction deviation, 871 Reaction of urine, 524 Reactions depending on adsorption, 66 Reactions of body fluids, 35 Receptors, 782, 788 distance, 785 epicritic, 790 external, 788, 822 internal, 788 of skin, 790 projicient, 785, 788 proprio, 822 protopathic, 790 temperature, 791 touch, 793 900 INDEX Eeciprocal inhibition, 814 action of strychnine on, 819 Eeciprocal innervation of blood vessels, 241, 814 Bed blood corpuscles, origin of, 92 Eeduction of blood, 387 Eeferred pain, 885 Eeflex, conditioned, 431 unconditioned, 431 Eeflex arc, 784 after effect, 810 grading of intensity, 809 irreversibility of conduction, 810 latent period, 809 oxygen deprivation, 813 properties of, 13, 29, 49 refractory period, 811 summation, 810 Eeflex conduction, resistance of, 813 Eeflexes : allied, simultaneous integration of, 823 antagonistic, 824 axon, 797 Babinski, 807 conditioned, 856 cremasteric, 856 crossed extension, 804 extensor thrust, 805 fatigue of, 825 flexion, 804, 821 integration of allied, 821 interaction between, 821 irradiation of, 826 mark-time, 806 myenteric, 796 nature of, 825 nociceptive, 825 postural, 826 unconditioned, 431, 856 Eefractive index, blood, 88 Eefractory period, 811 Eefractrometric methods, 88 Eegen oration of erythrocytes, 93 Eegulation of neutrality, 36 Eegurgitation of gastric contents, 449 Eeichart-Meissl value of fats, 688 Eeinforcement of knee-jerk, 829 Eenal diabetes, 661 Eenal function, theories of, 511 Eennin, 488 Eeserve alkalinity, measurements of, indi- rect methods, 42, 46 measurement of, titration methods, 41 Eesidual air, 300, 311 Respiration : abdominal, 307 beyond the lungs, 378 during muscular exercise, 410 in compressed air, 402 in rarefied air, 399 mechanics of, 299 movements of diaphragm in, 321 movements of ribs in, 319 Respiration calorimeter, 536 Eespiratory center, 327 afferent impulses to, 331, 332 automaticity of, 329 hormone control of, 335, 349 reflex control of, 331 sensitivity to alveolar CO.,, 357 stimulation by CO,, 352 subsidiary, 328 Eespiratory changes in muscular exercise, 410 Eespiratory exchange: according to body weight, 550 and body temperature, 551 clinical method for determining, 554 in diabetes, 678 and muscular exercise, 551 and temperature of environment, 551 in tissues, 393, 397 Eespiratory hormone, nature of, 349 Eespiratory movements, 315 Eespiratory passages, pressure of air in, 299 Eespiratory quotient, 545 in diabetes, 678 influence of diet on, 547 influence of metabolism on, 549 influence of muscular activity on, 370 Eespiratory tracings, 303 Eespiratory valves, Pearce's, 554 Eeticulated erythroblasts, 93 Eeversible action of enzymes, 25 Eibs, movements of, 315 musculature of, 319 undulatory movements of, 317 Eight lateral connection, heart, 185 Eigidity, decerebrate, 808 Eolandic fissure, 855 Eoots, 787 anterior, 787, 835 posterior, 787, 836 Ehythmic segmentation, 464 S Sacral outflow, 882 Salicylates, 648, 657 Saline injection, effect on blood pressure, 139 Saliva, control of secretion, nervous, 423 psychic, 431, 856 normal secretion, 431 Salt, dietetic value, 586 Salted blood, 100 Salting of proteins, 60 Saponification, 687 Sarcosine, 623 Saturation limits, 652, 654 Scratch reflex, 805, 821 Scurvy, 585 Sea anemone, nervous system of, 783 Second wind, 415 Secretory fibers, varieties of, 424 Secretin, 425 chemical nature of, '426 mechanism of action of, 420 Secretion (see under various glands) general considerations, 418 Segmental distribution of nerves, 837 Segmentation movements, 463 Segmented invertebrates, nervous system, 783 Semicircular canals, 873 eye movements and, 875 removal of, 874 Semilunar valves, 150, 155 Semipermeable membrane, 4 Sense, temperature, 791 touch, 793 pain, 795 Sensory centers, 850, 851 Serine, 603 Serum albumin, 87 Serum globulin, 87 Sex, effect on creatinine excretion, 624 effect on energy output, 541 Sham feeding, 435 Shell shock, 287 Shock, 287 anesthetic, 288 blood pressure in, 290 experimental investigations, 289 gravity, 287 hemorrhagic, 288 nervous, 289 recovery from, 805 secondary symptoms of, 295 spinal, 288, 803 surgical, 289 treatment of, 295 vasomotor control in, 290 Sinoauricular node, 185, 266 Sinus arrhythmia, 266, 277 Sinus bradycardia, 266, 277 Skatole, 501, 632 in urine, 531 Skeletal muscle, respiration in, 394 Skin, receptors of, 790 Soap, 686 Sodium ions, 166 Solution of gases, 336 Solutions : gas laws and, 3 gram molecular, 5, 22 hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic, 6 nature of, 3 Sorensen method for estimating amino groups, 599 Sounds, cardiac, 157 recording of, 158 Specific conductivity, 17 Specific dynamic action, 538 Specific gravity of urine, 522 Sphingomyelin, 689 Sphygmic period, 273 Sphygmograph, Dudgeon's, 201 Spinal animal, 804 Spinal column, 786 Spinal cord : ablation of, 839 in laboratory animals, 803 in man, 806 hemisection of, 831 sensory pathways in, 830 successive degeneration in, 813 Spinal pathways, afferent, 830 Spinal shock, 803, 807 Spirometer, 556 Splanchnic circulation in shock, 292, 294 Splanchnic nerve, 233, 672 Sponges, nervous system of, 782 Stalagmometer, 65 Standard of neutrality, 26 Standard solutions, preparation of, 34 Stannius' ligature, 176 Starvation, 566 acidosis during, 569 cause of death, 570 effect of creatinine excretion, 625 energy output during, 568 excretion of nitrogen, 566 loss of weight, 568 nitrogenous metabolism, 568 purines during, 569 secretion of gastric juice during, 476 sensations during, 475 sulphur during, 569 treatment of diabetes, 684 Statistical method, in diet control, 589 Stearic acid, 687 Stokes-Adams syndrome, 193 Stomach: arrangement of food in, 455 digestion in, 481 emptying of, 456 effect of pathological conditions on, 460 rate of, 458 gas in, 462 miniature, 433 movements of, 451 effect on food, 454 Stroma of red cell, 91 Stromuhr, 207 Strychnine, action on reciprocal inhibition, 819 Subarachnoid space, 116, 248 Subcostal angle, 321 Subcostal borders, 321 Subdural space, 116 Submicrons, 54 Substantia-gelatinosa, 831 Successive induction, 824 Successive regeneration, 813 Sugar, storage of, 662 Sugar level in blood, 657 Sugar metabolism (see Carbohydrates), 652 relation of pancreas to, 678 002 INDKX Sulphates, ethereal, 632 Sulphates, of urine, 532 Sulphur, excretion of, 614 in starvation, 569 Summation in reflexes, 810 Superior laryngeal nerve, influence on res- piration, 334 Supplemental air, 300 Surface area, and energy output, 540 Surface tension, measurement of, 64 Surgical shock, 289 Survival period, 580 Suspensions, 51 Suspensoids, colloids, 60 Swallowing, 445 center, 447 of liquid food, 448 nervous control of, 447 sounds produced by, 449 x-ray during, 449 Sweat glands, 880 Sympathetic control of heart, 227 afferent, 223 Sympathetic nerve, 424 Sympathetic system, 878, 880 Synapsis, 784, 797, 819 Synaptic fatigue, 296 Synaptic membrane, 798 Syntonin, 486 Systolic index, 128 Systolic pressure, 127 measurement of, in man, 128 Tabes dorsalis, 286 Tachycardia, paroxysmal, 269 Tactile impulses, 833 transmission in cord, 833 Taurine, 494 Taurocholic acid, 494 Temperature : after-effect, 792 effect on metabolism, 551 sensation of, 792, 832 transmission in cord, 832 Temporary association, 857 Tendon jerks, 828 Tension of CO, in venous blood, 342 of gases in alveolar air, 46, 339 Tetanus, in stomach, 471 Tetanus toxin, action on reciprocal inhi- bition, 819 Theine, 635 Theobromine, 635 Thermoesthesiometer, 791 Thoracic operculum, 316 Thoracicolumbar outflow, 880 Thrombin, 102 Thrombogen, 106 Thrombokinases, 106 Thromboplastin, 106, 111 Thrombosis, 107 Thrombus formation, 113 Thymic acid, 649 Thymine, 637 Tidal air, 300 Tissot method, 544, 556 Tissue fluid, 116 Tissue juice, 117 Tissues : amino acids in, 607 influence of, on clotting, 104 oxygen requirements of, 393, 397 utilization of glucose by, 681 Titrable acidity and alkalinity, 22 Tonometer, 338, 381 Tonus rhythm, of stomach, 471 Torcular herophili, 250 Touch, discrimination, 794 localization, 37, 795 sense, 793 Toxins, 69 Transfusion of blood, 135, 139 Trephining, 253 Treppe, 178 Trichlorlactamide, 635 Trimethylamine, 629 True colloidal solutions, 51 Trypsin, 426, 428, 601 action of, 489 Trypsinogen, 426, 428 Tryptophane, 592, 596, 604, 632 and growth, 576, 578 Tubules, uriniferous, function of, 517 Tumors and diet, 582 Turbidity of colloids, 51 Turck's method, 115, 842 Tyndall phenomenon, colloids, 51 Tyrodes solution, 168 Tyrosine, 502, 604, 632, 666 Tryptic digestion, products of, 490 U Ultramicroscope, 800 Uncompensated acidosis, 39 Unconditioned reflex, 431, 856 Undetermined nitrogen, 613, 629 Undulatory movement of ribs, 317 Urea, 527, 608 in blood, 610 during disease, 651 excretion of, 615 Urease, 82, 610 Uric acid, 529, 531, 614, 618 amount of, 522 bases of, 531 chemical nature of, 634 endogenous excretion, 647 in disease, 651 metabolism of, 643 of blood, 648 synthesis of, 644 under drugs, 648 Uric acid diathesis, 634 INDEX 903 Uricase, G40 Uricemia, 650 Uricolytic index, 641 Urine : acids of, 531 ammo acid, 530 aromatic oxyacids of, 530 chlorides of, 531 composition, 521 creatinine of, 529 depression of freezing point of, 523 hippuric acid, 530 homogentisic acid, 531 inorganic constituents of, 531 nitrogenous constituents of, 523 normal organic salts of, 523 phosphates, 532 physical processes involved in produc- tion of, 14 purine bodies of, 529 rate of excretion, 643 reaction of, 524 skatole, 531 solid constituents of, 525 specific gravity of, 522 sulphates of, 532 total potential acidity of, 524 urea^of, 527 Uriniferous tubule, 507 Urobilinogen, 496 Utilization limit, 653 Vagus, 878 control of heart, 217 impulses, afferent, 222 Vagus center, effect of nicotine on, 226.