None
pressure distribution, 345 Injury to vegetation, 377 Irritation to eyes, 378 Maintenance of, 373 Materials used, 339, 368, 375, 379 Mechanical appliances, ses Dis- tributors On brick pavement, 578 On concrete pavement, 592, 596 Preparation of road surface, 342, 348, 368, 371 Slipperiness, 377 << <i Bituminous surfaces Specifications, coal tar, 340 Road Board of England, 348 water gas tar, 342 Sprinkling the surface, 344 Top dressing, 347, 351, 370 Use of, 337 Blown oils Definition of, 262 Melting point of, 301 Blown petroleums Definition of, 262 Melting point of, 301 Solubility in carbon disulphide, 292 Boiler, 225 Bond issues, 723 Boulevard, 18 Brick Absorption test, 559 Brick clays, 551 " shales, 551 Cross breaking test, 559 Manufacture, 553 Rattler test, 557 Repressed brick, 554 Size and character of, 556, 558 Wire-cut-lug, 554 See Brick pavement Brick pavement Asphalt filler, 575 Bituminous filler, 573 Bituminous surface on, 578 Characteristics, 581 Coal tar filler, 573 ^Tost data, 576 Cross section of, 561, 565 Crown of, 103, 104 Development of, 550 Ex[>ansion joints, 566 Foundation, 137, 560 Grout filler, 567, 571 Joint filler can, 574 Laying the brick, 557, 562 Life of, 644 Maintenance of, 578 Maximum grade, 85, 86, 582 746 INDEX Brick pavement Noise, 646 Resistance to traction, 650 Rolling, 565 Sand cushion, 561 Sand joint filler, 567 Slipperiness, 582, 646 Specifications, 561 See Brick Bridges Bridge floors, 708 Concrete, 711 Concrete arches, 715 Concrete girders, 713 Cost, 711, 714, 715 Depreciation, 713 Design, 694, 707 Formula for run-off, 688 Guard rails, 715, 717 I-Beam, 710 Location, 708 Measurement of flow, 693 Myer's formula, 688 Observation high water, 693 Pin connected, 711 Plate girder, 711 Pony truss, 711 Rainfall curves, 689 Reinforced concrete, 711 Riveted truss, 711 Selection of type, 706 Size drainage area, 687 Talbot formula, 688 Timber, 711 Types of, 706 Wearing surface, 709 British highways, ancient Condition of, 12 Early legislation, 11, 12 Stone pavements, 12, 13 Broken stone Cost of, 241 , 243, 244 Mechanical analysis, 187, 390 Size of, 10, 233, 235, 236,390,391, 394, 398, 400 Tests of, see Rocks Voids, 230, 232 Weights, 230 Broken stone See Broken stone roads Broken stone roads Applying screenings, 241, 244 Broken stone foundation, 136 Causes of wear, 245 Characteristics, 259 Conclusions relative to, 201 Cost of, 241-244 Cost of picking, 252 Cost of maintenance, 250 Cost of scarifying, 252 Cross section of, 100 Crown of, loi, 233 Crushing the rock, 222-229 Depth of stone, 233, 235, 239 Effect of motor traffic on, 245 Eliminating ruts, 247 Foundation, 233, 234, 237, 240 Hauling stone, 237, 243, 244 Horse path, 245 Life of, 645 Mc Adam's principles, 233 Mileage of, 201 Preparation of subgrade, 232, 234. Brooms Bass broonjs, 342, 619 Cost of, 619 Push brooms, 619 Sweeping machines, 619 Buck scraper, 162, 177 Building line platform, 91 Burning point test, 308 Burnt clay roads, 598 Bush hook, 158 Calcium chloride Applying dry method, 325 " wet method, 325 Cost data, 325, 327 Manufacture of, 325 Results of experiments, 326 California asphalt, 269, 468-471 Carbenes, 262 Carpet, 264 See Bituminous surface Car tracks Clearances, 626 Details of construction, 630, 631 Drainage, 627, 635 Location, 625 Longitudinal support, 632 Rails, 627 Rail joints, 629 Surfacing adjacent to rails, 627, 629, 634 Track foundation, 629 Width occupied by, 79, 80, 626 Cart, see Wagon Catch basin Construction of, 119 Inlet castings, 122 Location of, 124 Cement, see Concrete Cementation test, 209 Chats, 204 Chert, 205 City planning, see Design Clay Adaptability, 150 Brick, 551 Formation of, 129 Requisites, 151 See Soils Clinker pavement, 601 Coal tar Analysis of, 279, 330 Blowing, 281 Combination tarandasphalt, 285, 311 Controlling viscosity, 281 Danger to fish life, 377 Dead oils, 263 Definition of, 262, 263 Dehydrated tar, 263 Distillation, 281, 304 Free carbon in, 263, 279, 293 Hydraulic main, 280 Injury to vegetation, 377 Irritation to eyes, 378 Melting point of, 301 Methods of testing, 286 Pitches, 263 Production of, 282 Refined tar, 263, 280 Removing water, 280 Retorts, 279 Source of crude tar, 279 Specifications, 340, 386, 388 Specific gravity, 289 Tar stills, 280 Use of, 320, 328, 332, 335, 339, 377 Cobblestone pavement Cost of, 604 Ramming, 604 Size of stones, 603 Use of, 14, 16 Coke oven tar Analysis of, 279, 283 Characteristics, 283 Dead oils, 263 748 INDEX Coke oven tar Definition of, 262 Dehydrated, 263 Free carbon in, 263, 279, 293 Methods of testing, 286 Pitches, 263 Production of, 282 Refined tar, 263 Source of, 282 Comparison of roads and pave- ments Annual cost, 650 , Conclusions, 656 Cost records, 658 Effect of grade, 648 Ideal, 643 Life of pavements, 644 Maximum grades, 646 Methods of comparison, 653 Noiselessness, 645 Report forms, 660 Resistance to traffic, 647, 650 Sanitary qualities, 645 Scientific comparison, 657 Slipperiness, 646 Suitability of types, 654, 656 Concrete Concrete slabs, 146 Grouting method, 146 In situ method, 145 Laying, 139 Mixing, I39-I4i» HS Proportions of, 138 Specifications, 138, 672 See Concrete pavement Foundation Sidewalks Concrete pavement Bituminous surface on, 592, 596 Blome pavement, 588 Characteristics, 596 Concrete cubes, 593, 594 Cost data, 594 Crown of, 585 Development of, 583 Expansion joints, 589 Foundation, 585 Concrete pavement Grouting method, 591 Hassam pavement, 591 Ingredients, 583 Kieserling pavement, 589 Maintenance, 595 Oil cement concrete, 589 One course method, 586 Proportioning concrete, 583, 586, 587 Reinforced pavement, 589 Slipperiness, 596 Specification, 584 Subgrade of, 585 Two course method, 585, 587 See Comparison of roads and pavements Conduits, see Pipe systems Cost, see article in question Cracked oil Definition of, 262 Solubility in carbon disulphide, 292 Creosote Distillation test, 509 Sampling, 508 Specification, 507 Crown Bituminous pavement, loi Broken stone road, loi Earth road, loi, 155 Gravel road, loi, 191 Powell formulas, 102 Rosewater formulas, 103 Warren's rules, 104 Zakniser's rules, 104 See pavement or road in ques- tion Crushers Bins, 226 Boiler, 225 Cost of, 224, 225, 228 Elevator, 225 Engine, 225 Gyratory, 222, 223 Jaw, 223, 224 Output, 224, 225 Screen, 226 INDEX 749 Crushing Cost of, 229, 244 Cost of portable plant, 228 Crushers, 222 Crushing plant, 222, 227, 228 Cuban asphalt, 270 (Culvert Arch, 704 Cast iron pipe, 698 Concrete pipes, 700 Corrugated metal pipes, 700 Cost, 698-705 Design, 695 Discharge of pipes, 692 Economy of design, 694 Foundation, 696 Formula for run-off, 688 Headwalls, 697 High water mark, 693 Location of, 118, 695 Measurement of flow, 693 Myer's formula, 688 Rainfall curves, 689 Reinforced concrete, 703 Selection of type, 694 Size of drainage area, 687 Stone box, 701 Talbot formula, 688 Timber box, 704 Vitrified pipe, 698 Cumberland Road, 15 Curbs Concrete, 682 Cost, 682, 683 Curb elevations, 96 Curb grades, 96 Dimensions, 681 Laying, 681 Radii comers, 99 Staking out, 63 Stone, 681 Curb line platform, 91 Curves Elimination of, 19 Radii of, 97 Stationing, 44 Vertical, 88 ii << it II i( II «i Curves Wear on, 97 Widthof roadon, 81 Cut-back products, 261 Design Crowns, 1 01-105 Curb elevations, 96 Curves, 97 Determination of grade, 82, 85, 86, 95, 646 Determination of width, 77-82 Drainage, 19, 105 Effect, horse-drawn traffic, 74 motor trucks, 73 motor vehicles, 72 traction engines, 73 Estimates, 105 Foundation, 19, 105 Influence of aesthetics, 22 " climate, 21 " locality, 21 *' maintenance meth- ods, 21 *• traffic, 22, 24, 25, 40, 72, 382 Loads and tire widths, 73-76 Location, 18, 22 Park highway systems, 67 Scope of design, 66 Size street blocks, 71 State highway systems, 66 Street intersections, 89-97 Street systems, 68 Type of surface, 105 Use of local materials, 21 Vertical curves, 88 Width, 20 Width of right of way, 81 Deval machine, 207 Distillation Creosote oil, 509 Description of test, 302 Interpretation of test, 304 Distributor Aitken, 364 Amount of pressure, 346, 368, 370 A. T. C, 360 750 INDEX II <l l< it Distributor Eldus, 354 For spraying light oils, 229 light tars, 333 oil and water, 325 Good Roads, 361 Good Roads Improvement Co., 361 Gravity vs. pressure, 345 Hand-drawn, 353, 362 Johnston, 366 Lassailly, 357 Miner, 367 Monarch, 367 Pillsbury, 364 Pouring cans, 352 Pressure tank, 362 Studebaker, 358 Tank with hose, 354 Topping, 360 Waithman broom, 354 Ward, 366 Weeks, 357 Ditch, 116, 153, 154 Dorry machine, 213 Drag scraper Cost of moving earth, 176 Description and cost, 160 Method of operation, 161 Drainage Catch-basins, 119 Concrete pipe subdrains, ill Conditions encountered, 109 Cost of, III, 115 Drop inlets, 119 Earth roads, 152 Frost action, no Gutters, 116 Inlet castings, 122 Laying the pipe, 113, 114 Log drains, 115 Object of, 109 Preliminary examination, 20, 126 Side ditches, 116 Size of pipe, in, 112 Stone drains, 115 Tile pipe subdrains, 1 10 V-drain, 135 Drilling Churn drilling, 219, 221 Cost of, 219, 243 Cost of sharpening drills, 219 Hammer drilling, 216, 219 Speed of, 219, 221 Steam drilling, 219, 221 Drop inlet, 119 Ductility test, 309 Durax pavement Cost data, 547 Foundation, 535 Joint tillers, 544 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Size of blocks, 533 Dust palliatives Calcium chloride, 325 Classification of, 321 Definition of, 264 Emulsion, 261, 327 Light oils and tars, 328 Oil and water, 325 Use of, 320, 321 Water, 322 See Dust prevention Dust prevention Calcium chloride, 325 Cost data, 324, 325, 327, 328 330 Effects of dust, 317 Emulsions, 327 Formation of dust, 317 Light oils and tars, 328 Oil and water, 325 On business streets, 319 On residential streets, 320 Pathogenic effects of dust, 318 Preparation of road surface, 332, 333 Sweeping and waterii^, 319 Use of palliatives, 320, 321 Water, 322 Earthwork Balancing cuts and fills, 84 Cost of, 174-179 Earth shrinkage, 156 Estimating volume, 106 Grading classification, 173 INDEX 751 II <l <l ti <l II II n II Earthwork Moving with brick scrapers, 162, 177 wagons, 162, 175, 176 drag scrapers, 160, 176 elevating grader, 171. 178 '* road scrap)er8, 167, 179 " wheelbarrows, 160, 175 ** wheel scrapers, 161, 177 Picking, 157, 175 Plowing, 159, 175 Shoveling, 157, 175 Earth road Cost of, 173-179 Cross-section of, 117, 152, 153 Crown of, loi, 155 Directions for building, 153, 155 Drainage of, 152 Earth shrinkage, 156 Extent of maintenance, 180 Grading classification, 173 Mileage in U. S., 149 Resistance to traction, 650 Road dragging, 180 Slopes of banks, 154 Tools and machines, 157-172 See Comparison of roads and pavements Economics Annual cost, 650 Bond issues, 723 Direct appropriation, 723 Direct taxation, 720 Labor tax system, 719 Private subscription, 726 See Comparison of roads and pavements Elevating grader Cost of moving earth with, 178 Description and cost of, 171 Method of operation, 171 Elevator, crushing plant, 225 Embankment Construction of, 153 Shrinkage of, 156 See Elarthwork Emulsion Composition of, 328 Cost data, 328 Definition of, 261 Use of, 328 See Dust prevention Engine, crushing plant, 225 Estimating Balancing cuts and fills, 84 Cross-sections, 105 Earthwork, 106, 107, 156 Quantity of stone, 108 See Design Evaporation test, 298 Excelsior pavement, 438, 440 Explosive Detonator, 221 Dynamite, 221 Explosive force, 221 Fuse, 221 Gunpowder, 221 Field stone, 205 Filbertine pavement, 438 Fixed carbon Definition of, 261 Description of test, 296, 298 Flash point test, 307 Float test, 294 Flushing Flushing machines, 613, 614 Hose flushing, 612 Removal of snow, 617 Squeegees, 624 See Street cleaning Flush coat, 264 See Bituminous concrete '' Bituminous macadam " Bituminous surface Flux, 261, 468 Footway, see Sidewalk Foundation Bituminous concrete, 148 Broken stone, 136 Classification of, 126 752 INDEX Foundation Concrete, 137-146 Concrete slab, 146 Examination for, 19 Field stone, 243 Importance of, 19, 126 Methods of improving, 132 Over marshes, 147 Proposed by McAdam, 233 " " Tresaguet, 232 Rolling, 133 Safe loads on, 131 Soil classification, 127 Telford, 134 Use of brush and plank, 133, 147 Use of old pavement, 147 V-drain, 135 Free carbon test, 290, 292 French highways, ancient Condition of early highways, 8-1 1 Corvee system, 10 Tresaguet 's method, 10 Fresno grader Cost of moving earth with, 177 Description and cost of, 162 Method of operation, 162 Frost, action of, no See Drainage Gas pipes, 639 See Pipe systems Gilsonite, 270, 277 Grade Curb, 96 Drawing, 87 Maximum, 82, 85, 95, 646 Minimum, 86 Paved gutter, 117 Recording grade stake notes, 53 Relation grade to location, 18 Setting slope stakes, 55 Staking, 51, 63 Vertical curves, 88 See Design Grader See Elevating grader Road scraper Grading Classification of, 173 Surveying for, 63 See Earthwork " Earth roads Granite Composition of, 204 Speed of drilling, 219 Use as road metal, 205 Granite block pavement See Stone block ptavement Gravel Binder in, 185 Cost of, 197, 198 Definition of, 127 Formation, 128, 196 Mechanical analysis, 187 Quality of stone, 188 Requisites, 184, 195 Results of analysis, 189, 190 Rolling, 195 Sampling, 187 Screening, 194 Solubility in water, 188 Specifications, Brooklyn, 186 Michigan, 185 Minnesota, 186 New York, 185 Spreading, 194 Use of, 401 Voids in, 188 Watering, 195 Gravel road Binder, 185, 186 Cost of, 194, 197, 198 Cross-section of, 193 Crown of, 1 01, 191 Depth of, 191, 193, 196 Gravel, 184, 186, 193, 196 Maintenance of, 199 Mileage of, 184 Patching, 199 Preparation of subgrade, 191 Resistance to traction, 650 Resurfacing, 199 Rolling, 191, 195, 197 Specifications, 185 << <i t< INDEX 753 Gravel road Spreading the gravel, 194, 197,198 Surface method, 191 Testing the gravel, 187 Trench method, 192, 193 Watering, 195 See Comparison of roads and pavements Grecian highways, ancient, 2 Guard rail Concrete, 716 Cost, 716 Location, 715 Parapet wall, 717 Pipe, 716 Wood, 716 Gumbo, 130 Gutter Cost, 685 Depth of, 96 Grades, 117 Materials used, 684 Methods of construction, 684 Necessity for, 683 Widths, 684 Hand mixing, 140, 457 Hardness test, 213 Haul, 174 Hauling Bituminous concrete, 443 Broken stone, 237, 243, 244 Gravel, 197, 198 Heater Surface heater, 498 See Kettle Highway, 18 History, pavement Bituminous concrete, 414 macadam, 383 surface, 337 Brick, 550 Broken stone, 12, 232 Concrete, 583 Dust palliatives, 321 Iron, 601 Sheet asphalt, 466 Stone block, 12, 530 Wood block, 503 <( i< Hoes, 159 Horse Pull exerted by, 84, 174, 649 Working speed, 174 Horse-drawn traffic Effect on highways, 74, 245, 382 International Road Congress con- clusions Bituminous surface, 375 Foundation, 126 Macadam, 201 Palliatives, 320 Suitability of types, 656 Iron pavement, 601 Jarrah wood, 504 Joint filler See Brick pavement " Stone block pavement " Wood block pavement Karri wood, 504 Kettles, 356 Kleinpflaster pavement Cost data, 546 Foundation, 535 Joint filler, 544 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Size of blocks, 533 Lead, 174 Legislation, highway Alabama, 732 California, 732 Connecticut, 733 Early legislation in France, 9 •' Great Brit- ain, II Illinois, 733 Loads and tire widths, 75 Local Government Board, Eng- land, 730 Maryland, 733 Massachusetts, 734 New Jersey, 734 New York, 735 N. Y. City, radii curb corners, 99 payment, 722 street widths, 79 Ohio, 736 Pennsylvania, 736 (< II 14 II 754 INDEX Legislation, highway Rhode Island, 737 Road Board, England, 730 Road drag law, Illinois, 181 Rules adopted by New York in 1664, 14 Levelling Bench marks, 49 Information desired, 50 Instruments, 61 Plotting profile, 56 Recording notes, 51 Running levels, 49 See Surveys Lighting cables, 639 See Pipe systems Limestone Composition of, 204 Speed of drilling, 219, 221 Use as road metal, 205 Loads Commercial motor trucks, 73, 74 Heavy loads, New York City, 75 Loads hauled by team, 174 Loads on foundation, 131 Traction engines and trailers, 73 See Design Loam, 130 Location Aesthetics and location, 22 Bridges, 708 Culverts, 118, 695 Essentials of, 18 Pipes, see Pipe systems Macadam road, see Broken stone road Maintenance See road or pavement in ques- tion Maltha, 262, 270 Mapping Cross-sections, 58 Drawing the grade, 87 Plan of road surveys, 55 Profile of road surveys, 56 Street surveys, 65 Topography, 57 Marl, 130 Marsh road, 147, 155 Set Earth road Mattock, 158 McAdam Principles of construction, 233 Report on British highways, 12 Mechanical analysis test, 187 Medina sandstone See Stone block pavement Melting point test, 301 Mexican asphalt, 272 Mixing machinery Batch concrete mixer, 143, 145 Chicago cube mixer, 453, 457 Continuous concrete mixer, 141, 143 Equitable asphalt mixer, 453 Guelich asphalt mixer, 453 Iroquois mixer, 454 Koehring mixer, 453 Link-Belt mixer, 454 Rapid Heated mixer, 452 Ruggles-Coles mixing plant, 456 Smith mixer, 452 Warren Bros, mixing plant, 455 Mixing method Comparison machine and hand, 457 Hand mixing cement concrete, 140 Machine mixing cement con- crete, 141 See Bituminous concrete pave- ments See Sheet asphalt pavements Motor trucks Effect on highways, 73 Loads carried by, 74, 75 See Design Motor vehicles Effect of grade on, 84 " on highways, 72, 97, 245 See Design Muck, 130 Noiselessness, 645 Oil gas tar, 263 Oiled road See Dust prevention /^ INDEX 756 Paraffin test, 305 Park highway Curves, 99 Design of system, 67 Width of, 82 See Design Pavement, 18 See pavement in question Peat, 130 Penetration method See Bituminous gravel pavement See Bituminous macadam i>ave- ment Penetration test, 293 Petroleum Asphaltic, 267 Definition, 262 Methods of testing, 286 Paraffin, 267 Production, 270 Semi-asphaitic, 268 Petrolithic road, 597 Pick Cost of picking, 175, 252 Cost of, 157 Pioneer asphalt, 468—471 Pipe drain Concrete, ill Cost of. III, 115 Grade of, 114 Laying, 113 Size of, III, 112 Specifications, 114 Tile, no Pif)e systems Kinds of, 636 Location cable conduits, 639 gas pipes, 639 sewers, 638 water pipes, 639 Pipe subways, 637 Practice in Antwerp, 640 Berlin, 640 Brooklyn, 641 " Budapest, 640 " France, 640 Repaving trenches, 641 See Design <t i( ti II i« 11 <i <i (I Plow Cost of plowing, 175 Grading plow, 159 Hardpan plow, 159 See Elarthwork Pouring pot, 352 Preliminary investigation Aesthetics, 22 Climatic conditions, 2£ Drainage, 19 Foundation, 19 Location, 18 Local environment, 21 Local materials, 20 Maintenance, 21 Reconnaissance, 17 Traffic, 22, 35, 40 Width. 20 Preserving timber See Wood block Quarrying Blasting, 221 Churn drilling, 219, 221 Cost of, 228, 229, 243, 244 Cost of drilling, 219 Explosives, 221 Hammer drilling, 216, 219 Miscellaneous equipment, 219 Moving rock to crusher, 222 Steam drilling, 219, 221 Stripping quarry, 216 Quartzite, 206 Rail, 627 Railway See Caf track Rake, 159, 257 Rattler test, 207 Raveling See Broken stone road Reinforced concrete See Bridge " Concrete ptavement " Culvert Residual oil, 308 Road, 18 See type in question Road administration See Administration 766 INDEX Road administration See Economics " Legislation Road Board of England Specifications, 348, 388, 397, 434 Traffic classification, 32 Road drag Cost of dragging, 182 Drags vs. scrapers, 180 Lap plank drag, 166 Method of operation, 167, 182 Plank drag, 165 J Rules for dragging, 182 Split log drag, 164 Steel drags, 166 Road machinery See machine or tool in question Road scraper Cost of moving earth with, 179 Description and cost of, 167, 169 Spreading stone with, 259 See Earthwork Road taxes, 719, 720 Rocks Abrasion test, 207 Absorption test, 213 Amphibolite, 205 Andesite, 203 Aqueous, 201, 203 Ball mill, 209 Basalt, 203 Breccia, 204 Cementing value, 209 Chats, 204 Chert, 205 Definitions, 202 Deval machine, 207 Diabase, 203 Diorite, 203 Dorry machine, 213 Fieldstone, 205, 206 Flint, 204 French coefficient, 209 Gabbro, 203 Gneiss, 204 Granite, 204, 205 Hardness, 213 Rocks Igneous, 201, 203 Impact machines, 211 Limestone, 204, 205 Mechanical analysis, 187 Metamorphic, 201 Mineral constituents, 202 Peridotite, 203 Pudding stone, 204 Quartz porphyrites, 204 Quartzite, 206 Results of tests, 209, 211, 213, 216 Rock clasdfication, 201 Rock testing, 206 Sandstone, 204, 206 Schist, 205 Slate, 205 Specific gravity, 215 Syenite, 204 Tests, 206 Trap, 203, 205 See Crushing " Quarrying Rock asphalt pavement Broken rock asphalt, 483 Crown of, 103 Definition of, 265 Powdered rock, 481, 482 Production of rock asphalt, 270— 273 Rock asphalts of Europe, 262, 269, 272, 273 Use of rock asphalt, 466 Roller Cost of, 172, 254, 489 Horse roller, 172 Tandem roller, 489 Three wheel gasoline, 254 Three wheel steam, 252 Rolling Bituminous concrete, 425, 432— 434» 437, 444, 45© Brick, 565 Broken stone, 240 Cost of, 197, 198, 244 Earth road, 172, 197 Gravel, 191, 195 INDEX 757 Rolling Sheet asphalt, 476, 478, 480, 496, 497 Wood block, 518 Roman highways, ancient Appian Way, 4, 6 Classification of, 2 Construction of, 6 Domitian Way, 4, 7 Flaminian Way, 4 Supervision of, 7 Width of, 4 Sand Adaptability for road construc- tion, 150 Definition of, 129 Formation of, 129 Mechanical analysis of, 187 Quicksand, 129 Sand cushion, 518, 561 " filler, 520, 567 Wearing surface, sheet asphalt, 473 See Soils " Sheet asphalt pavement Sand-clay road Construction, 153, 155, 156 Cost of, 174-179 Cross-section of, 117, 152 Drainage of, 152 Extent of maintenance work, 180 Mileage constructed, 149 Mixture of sand and clay, 151 Road dragging, 181 Slopes of banks, 154 Tools and machines, 157-172 See Earth roads Sandstone Composition, 204 Speed of drilling, 221 Use as road metal, 206 Scarifier, 254, 256 See Broken stone road Scarifying, 252 Schuttc method, voids, 231 Screen Rotary screen, 226 Screen Sizes, mechanical analysis, 187, 473 Sea water, 325 See Dust prevention Sewer, 638 See Pipe systems Shale, 129 Sheet asphalt pavement Action of gas leaks, 494 " " water, 494 Analysis of asphalt cement, 470 Asphalt cement, 467, 469, 471 Asphalt plants, 483 Causes of failure, 491 Composition of binder, 472, 476, 496 " " wearing surface, 473» 477, 479 Cost of maintenance, 500 Cost of, 491 Cost of small plant, 486 Cross-section of, 467 Crown of, 103, 104 Defects in construction, 495 Definition of, 265, 466 Development of, 466 Drying sand, 484 Effect of ageing and exposure, 493 Filler, 474 Flux, 468 Foundation, 137, 148, 474, 495 Heating asphalt cement, 484, 486 Inspection of, 480 Laying, 478, 597 Laying binder, 475 Maximum grade of, 85, 86 Noise of, 646 Output of mixing plant, 484, 485 Patching, 491 Preparation binder course, 475 Preparation wearing surface, 477 Repairing, 498 Resistance to traction, 650 Rolling, 476, 478, 480, 496, 497 Sand, wearing surface, 473 Sanitariness of, 645 758 INDEX Sheet asphalt pavement Slipperiness, 646 Subgrade, 474 Suitability, 657 Surface heater, 498 Tandem roller, 489 Traffic deterioration, 492 See Comparison of roads and pavements Shell road Construction of, 598 Cost of, 599 Thickness, 599 Shoulder Construction of, 192 Rolling, 193 Slopes of banks, 154 Shovel, 157, 175 Sidewalk Asphalt mastic, 670 Brick and tile, 670 Cinders, 672 Concrete, 672 Cost of, 670, 671, 675, 679, 680 Cross-section of, 671, 674, 679 Essential qualities, 669 Foundation, 670, 671, 673 Gravel, 677 Slope of, 93, 95, 669 Small stone sets, 678 Stone flagging, 678 Tar concrete, 680 Width of, 669 Slag road, 449, 600 Slate, 205 Slipperiness, 646 Snow removal Construction of snow roads, 615 Cost data, 617 Flashing, 617 Organizing labor, 617 Removal from gutters, 616 Specification for salt, 617 Use of plows, 615 " " salt, 617 Soils Bearing power of, 131, 132 Classification of, 127, 173 Soils Clay, 129, 150 Drainage of, 109, 114, 116 Examination of, 130 Gravel, 127 Loam, 130 Marl, 130 Muck, 130 Peat, 130 Sand, 129, 150 Shale, 129 Solubility tests Carbon disulphide, 290, 292 Carbon tetrachloride, 305 Naphtha, 306 Specifications See material, road or pavement in question Specific gravity Description of test, 215, 288 Interpretation of result, 289 Sommer pycnometer, 288 Sprinklers, see Watering cart Sprinkling, see Watering Squeegees, 624 State aid See Administration " Legislation State highway Design of system, 66 Width of, 81 Stone block pavement Belgian block, 530 Characteristics, 548 Cost data, England, 546 France, 546 Germany, 546 United States, 544 Cross-section of, 537 Crown of, 103, 104 Development of, 530 Durax, 531, 533, 535, 544, 547 Foundation, 137, 535 Grout filler, 539, 542 Kleinpflaster, 531, 533, 535, 544, 546 Laying the blocks, 536 Life of, 644 i< i< << «( i( i< INDEX 759 (I 11 <i <( it Stone black pavement Maintenance of, 548 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Maximum grade of, 85 Noise of, 646 Resistance to traction, 650 Sand cushion, 536 Sand joint filler, 537 Sanitariness, 645 Size of blocks, 533 Specification, blocks, 534 asphalt filler, 541 coal tar filler, 540 grout filler, 542 relaying, 548 subgrade and foundation, 536 Stone used, 531 Subgrade, 535 Suitability of, 654, 657 Tar and gravel filler, 538, 540 Tests of blocks, 533 Use of as foundation, 147 See Comparison of roads and pavements Stone fork, 257 Straw road, 598 Street Circumferential plan, 69 Cross-section of, 100 Crowns of, loi Curves, 99 Definition of, 18 Design of street intersections, 89-97 Maximum grades, 85, 86 Minimum grades, 86 Rectangular plan, 69 Size of street blocks, 71 Street surveying, see Surveys for streets Widths, 78, 79 See Design Street cleaning Austria, 610 Bags and cans, 622 Bituminous surfaces, 606 Boston, 614 Street cleaning Cost of, flushing machines, 613, 614 " " hand sweeping, 612, 614 " *' hose flushing, 612 France, 609 Germany, 609 Great Britain, 608 Hand cleaning, 606 Heavy-traffic streets, 606 Hose flushing, 607 Light-traffic streets, 606, 607 Machine sweeping, 607 Motor-truck sweepers, 621 New York City, 610 Pick-up sweepers, 621, 622 Push brooms, 342, 619 Rotary squeegees, 609, 610 Squeegees, 624 Sweeping machines, 619 To allay dust, 319 Washington, D. 245, 382 motor car, 72 motor truck, 73 traction engine, 73 Loads and tire widths, 73-76 Regulations, 40, 75 Widths occupied by, 77 Traffic census Classification of traffic, 23, 27, 29, 32-35 Coefficients of reduction, 31 Comparison of results, 35 Congestion of traffic, 40 France, 26, 29, 39 Future traffic, 25 Illinois, 32 Importance of, 23, 31 London in 1873, 28 Massachusetts, 33 Methods used, 36, 38, 39 New York, 33 Rhode Island, 35 United States, 29 Transit line Reading intersection angles, 45 Recording notes, 47 Running the line, 45 II II II INDEX 761 Transit line Stationing, 44 Use of as center line, 43 " "as reference line, 43 See Surveys Trap Composition of, 203 Use of, as road metal, 205 Traverse Instruments used, 60, 61 Monumenting points, 62 Standards of accuracy, 60-62 Traverse method, 59, 60 See Surveys Tresaguet, 10, 232 Trinidad asphalt Analysis of deposit, 275 Description of deposit, 274 Source of, 272, 274 Use of, 468-471 V-drain Construction of, 135 Cost of, 136 Specification, 136 Viscosity test Crosby consistometer, 295 Engler viscosimeter, 294 Float test, 294 Penetration, 293, 295 Voids test Broken stone, 230 New York State method, 230 Pouring method, 230 Schutte method, 231 U. S. Office of Public Roads method, 231 Volatilization test, see Evaporation Wagon Cost of moving earth with, 175, 176 Patent bottom dump, 164 Slat bottom dump, 163 Tip cart, 162 Use of hauling stone, 237, 238 Warrenite, 445 Watering Amount of water used, 609, 614 As a dust layer, 322 Watering Cost data, 324 Use of sea water, 325 See Dust prevention " Street cleaning Watering cart Cost of, 257 Description of, 256, 609 Motor truck, 624 See Street cleaning Water gas tar Combinations tar and asphalt, 285 Definition of, 263 Dehydrated tar, 263 Free carbon, 263, 293 Manufacture, crude, 284 " refined, 285 Methods of shipping, 285 " testing, 286 Oil gas tar, 263 Pitches, 263 Production of, 286 Refined tar, 263, 284 Specifications, 342 Water pipe, 639 See Pipe systems Water soluble material test, 288 Waterway See Bridges Wheel, see Traffic Wheelbarrow Cost of moving earth with, 175 Description and cost of, 160 Use of, 160 See Earthwork Wheel scraper Cost of moving earth with, 177 Description and cost of, 161 Method of operation, 161, 162 Wheelway, 604 Width See Design " Sidewalk Wood block Amount of preservative, 515 Causes of decay, 505 Creosote, 506. 