None
69.1150 380.13 5-8 89.9281 643.55 1-2 48.6947 188.69 1-8 69.5077 384.46 3-4 90.3208 649.18 5-8 49.0874 191.75 1-4 69.9004 388.82 7-8 90.7135 654.84 3-4 49.4801 194.83 3-8 70.2931 393-20 29. 91.1062 660.52 7-8 49-8728 197.93 1-2 70.6858 397.61 1-8 91.4989 666.23 16. 50.2655 201.06 5-8 71.0785 402 . 04 1-4 91 .8916 671.96 1-8 50.6582 204.22 3-4 71.4712 406 . 49 3-8 92.2843 677.71 1-4 51-0509 207.39 7-8 71.8639 410.97 1-2 92.6770 683.49 3-8 5I-4436 210.60 23. 72.2566 415.48 5-8 93.0697 689.30 1-2 51.8363 213.82 1-8 72.6493 420.00 3-4 93.4624 695.13 5-8 52.2290 217.08 1-4 73.0420 424.56 7-8 93.8551 700.98 3-4 52.6217 220.35 3-8 73-4347 429.13 30. 94.2478 706.86 7-8 53-0144 223.65 1-2 73-8274 433-74 1-8 94.6405 712.76 17. 53-407I 226.98 5-8 74.2201 438.36 1-4 95.0332 718.69 T-8 53-7998 230.33 3-4 74.6128 443.01 3-8 95.4259 724.64 TABLE OF CIRCLES. 117 CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREAS OF CIRCLES— Continued, Diam. Circumf. Area. Diam. Circumf. Area. Diam. Circumf. Area. 30. 1-2 95.8186 730.62 37. 116.239 1075.2 43. 1-2 136-659 1486.2 5-8 96.2113 736.62 1-8 116.632 1082.5 5-8 137.052 1494 • 7 3-4 96 . 6040 742.64 1-4 117.024 1089.8 3-4 137-445 1503.3 7-8 96.9967 748.69 3-8 117.417 1097.1 7-8 137.837 1511.9 31. 97.3894 754-77 1-2 117.810 1104.5 44. 138-230 1520.5 1-8 97.7821 760.87 5-8 118.202 nil. 8 1-8 138.623 1529-2 1-4 98.1748 766.99 3-4 118.596 1119.2 1-4 139-015 1537-9 3-8 98.5675 773.M 7-8 118.988 1126.7 3-8 139.408 1546.6 1-2 98.9602 779-31 38. 119.381 1134.1 1-2 139.801 1555.3 5-8 99.3529 785.51 1-8 119.773 1141.6 5-8 140.194 1564.0 3-4 99-74S6 79L73 1-4 120.166 1149.1 3-4 140.586 1572.8 7-8 100.138 797.98 3-8 120.559 1156.6 7-8 140.979 1581.6 32. 100.531 804 . 25 1-2 120.951 1164.2 45. 141.372 1590.4 1-8 100.924 810.54 5-8 121.344 1171.7 1-8 141.764 1599-3 1-4 101.316 816.86 3-4 121.737 H79-3 1-4 142.157 1608.2 3-8 101.709 823.21 7-8 122.129 1186.9 3-8 142.550 1617.0 1-2 102.102 829.58 39. 122.522 1194.6 1-2 142.942 1626.0 5-8 102.494 835.97 1-8 122.915 1202.3 5-8 143.335 1634.9 3-4 102.887 842.39 1-4 123.308 I2IO.O 3-4 143.728 1643.9 7-8 103.280 848.83 3-8 123.700 I2I7.7 7-8 144.121 1652.9 33. 103.673 855.30 1-2 124.093 1225.4 46. 144.513 1661.9 1-8 104.065 861.79 5-8 124.486 1233.2 1-8 144-906 1670.9 1-4 104.458 868.31 3-4 124.878 I24I.O 1-4 145.299 1680. o 3-8 104.851 874.85 7-8 125.271 1248.8 3-8 145.691 1689.1 1-2 105.243 881.41 40. 125.664 1256.6 1-2 146.084 1698.2 5-8 105.636 888.00 1-8 126.056 1264.5 5-8 146.477; 1707.4 3-4 106.029 894.62 1-4 126.449 1272.4 3-4 146.8691 1716.5 7-8 IO6.42I 901.26 3-8 126.842 1280.3 7-8 147.262 1725-7 34. 106.814 907.92 1-2 127.235 1288.2 47. 147.655 1734.9 1-8 107.207 914.61 5-8 127.627 1296.2 1-8 148.048 1744.2 1-4 107.600 921.32 3-4 128.020 1304.2 1-4 148.440 1753.5 3-8 IO7 . 992 928.06 7-8 128.413 I3I2.2 3-8 148.833 1762.7 1-2 108.385 934.82 41. 128.805 1320.3 1-2 149.226 1772.1 5-8 108.778 941.61 1-8 129.198 1328.3 5-8 149.618 1781.4 3-4 109.170 948.42 1-4 129.591 1336.4 3-4 150.011 1790.8 7-8 109.563 955.25 3-8 129.993 1344.5 7-8 150.404 1800. I 35. 109.956 962 . i i 1-2 130.376 1352.7 48. 150.796 1809.6 1-8 110.348 969.00 5-8 130.769 1360.8 1-8 151.189 1819.0 1-4 II0.74I 975.91 3-4 131.161 1369.0 1-4 151.582 1828.5 3-8 III.I34 982.84 7-8 I3L554 1377.2 3-8 I5L975 1837.9 1-2 HI.527 989.80 42. I3L947 1385.4 1-2 152.367 1847.5 5-8 Ill.gig 996.78 1-8 132.340 1393.7 5-8 152.760 1857.0 3-4 II2.3I2 1003.8 1-4 132.732 1402.0 3-4 153.153 1866.5 7-8 112.705 roro.8 3-8 133.125 I4I0.3 7-8 153.545 1876.1 36. 113.097 1017-9 1-2 133.518 1418.6 49. I53-938 1885.7 1-8 113.490 1025.0 5-8 133.910 1427.0 1-8 154-331 1895.4 1-4 113.883 1032.1 3-4 134.303 1435.4 1-4 154.723 1905.0 3-8 114.275 1039.2 78 134.696 1443.8 3-8 I55."6 1914.7 1-2 114.668 1046.3 43. I35.088 1452.2 1-2 I55.509 1924.4 5-8 II5.06I 1053.5 1-8 I35.48t 1460.7 5-8 I55-902 1934.2 3-4 U5-454 1060.7 1-4 135.874 1469.1 3-4 156.294 1943.9 7-8 115.846 1068. o 3-8 136.267 1477.6 7-8 156.687 1953-7 THE GOETZ Box ANCHOR AND POST CAP. Certainly the most admira- ble system now known for Slow-Burning Construction. Posts are fastened to cap forming continuous post from cellar to roof. Falling parts are self-releasing. In the New Schedule for rating risks, adopted by the National Board of Underwriters, November, 1892, a reduction in rate is made on all buildings that make use of the Goetz methods. A dovetail box of cast-iron built into the wall ; a notch in the girder fits over lug in box, forming a self-releasing anchor. cz TOP VIEW. Showing dovetail form of sides by which the box is locked in the wall. HOME OKKICE, No. 70 STATE STREET, NEW ALBANY, I\D., for details and catalogue in which this self-releasing method of anchoring is. applied to various conditions. Manufacturing Agent* In Every Large City. SKELETON CONSTRUCTION AS APPLIED IN BUILDINGS. By \VIVI. H. FlUly Illustrated with Engravings from Practical Examples of High Buildings. 8vo, Cloth, This work includes the description and practical working details of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns in the construction of the skeleton frame, and their connections with the Floor and Curtain Wall Girders; Stability of the Structure; Wind Bracing, i.e., Knee and Lateral Bracing; Construction of Joints; Experiments on the Strength of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns, such as Z Bar Columns, Phoenix Columns, Plate and Angle Columns, and various commercial rolled shape columns ; Floor Framing in the Skeleton Construction. New York Building Law of 1892 in relation to the Skeleton Frame and Curtain Walls. The same law in relation to the strength of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns. Illustration and Calculation of the Columns, Floor Plans, Tables of Material, Specification, Stairways, Elevators, and Roofs in buildings using Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel Columns as a skeleton frame, such as "The New Netherlands,'* a seventeen-story building with nineteen tiers of beams ; the Home Life Insurance Building, and others. To be published in February or March. FOR SALE BY JOHN WILEY & SONS, S3 East Tenth Street, New York. ARCHITECTURAL IRON AND STEEL, AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS. INCLUDING BEAMS AND GIRDERS IN FLOOR CONSTRUCTION, ROLLED IRON STRUTS, WROUGHT AND CAST-IRON COLUMNS, FIRE-PROOF COLUMNS, COLUMN CONNECTIONS, CAST-IRON LIN- TELS, ROOF TRUSSES, STAIRWAYS, ELEVATOR ENCLOSURES, ORNAMENTAL IRON, FLOOR LIGHTS AND SKYLIGHTS, VAULT LIGHTS, DOORS AND SHUTTERS, WINDOW GUARDS AND GRILLES, ETC., ETC., WITH SPECIFICATION OF IRONWORK. AND SELECTED PAPERS IN RELATION TO IRONWORK, FROM A REVISION OF THE PRESENT LAW BEFORE THE LEGISLATURE AFFECTING PUBLIC INTERESTS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, IN SO FAR AS THE SAME REGULATES THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS IN SAID CITY. TABLES, SELECTED EXPRESSLY FOR THIS WORK, OF THE PROPERTIES OF BEAMS, CHANNELS, TEES AND ANGLES, USED AS BEAMS, STRUTS AND COLUMNS, WEIGHTS OF IRON AND STEEL BARS, CAPACITY OF TANKS, AREAS OF CIRCLES, WEIGHTS OF CIRCULAR AND SQUARE CAST-IRON COLUMNS, WEIGHTS OF SUBSTANCES, TABLES OF SQUARES, CUBES, ETC., WEIGHTS OF SHEET COPPER, BRASS AND IRON, ETC. BY WM. H. BIRKMIRE, OF J. B. ft J. II. CORNELL IRON WORKS, 141 CENTRE STREET. fully f HustrateD. 8VO, CLOTH $3.50. NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, 53 EAST TENTH STREET. 1891. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. • THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON. ARTICLE PAGB 1. Iron I 2. Smelting, x 3. Pig Iron, j WROUGHT IRON. 4. Puddling, 9 5- Piling, 2 6. Rolling, 3 7. Channels, 3 8. Quality of Wrought Iron, .3 9. Testing Wrought Iron, 4 10. Cold Bend Test, 4 11. Modulus of Elasticity 5 12. Wrought Iron in Compression, 5 13. Weight of Wrought Iron, ......... 5 STEEL. 14- Steel 5 15. Mild or Soft Steel, 6 16. Rolling Steel 6 17. Billets, 6 18. Weight of Steel, • 7 CAST IRON. 19. Cast Iron 7 20. Castings, . .8 21. Cores, 8 22. Crushing Strength of Cast Iron, 8 23. Tenacity of Cast Iron, 8 24. Weight of Cast Iron, 8 v VI CONTENTS, CHAPTER II. FLOORS. ARTICLE PAGE 25. Dead Load, • . 9 26. Live Load, 9 27. Method of determining Rolled-iron Beams by Diagram, ... 9 28. Beams as Girders, . u 29. To determine Coefficient for Beams, u 30. Properties of Wrought-iron I Beams, 12 31. Deflection, . 12 32. Coefficients for Steel Beams, 13 33. Properties of Steel I Beams, ... .... 13 34. Channels, ...... .... 14 35. Properties of Wrought-iron Channels, 14 36. Properties of Steel Channels, 15 37. Zee Bars, .....15 38.  Stone Work, . 18 46. ICnees for Beam Connections, 18 47. Bolts and Rivets for Beam Connections, 19 48. Tee Irons as Beams, -19 49. Angle Irons as Beams (Even Legs), ....... 20 50. Angle Irons as Beams (Uneven Legs), 20 51. Beams not uniformly loaded, and Beams not supported at both Ends, . 20 CHAPTER III. GIRDERS. 52. Compound Girders, 22 53. Webs, 22 54. Buckling, 22 55. Flanges, 22 56. Deflection, 22 57. Rivets in Girders 22 58. Strain on Flanges of Girders 23 59. Shearing, 24 60. Flanges reduced in Thickness near Ends, 24 61. Weight of Brickwork, . . .26 62. Separators, 27 CONTENTS. vii ARTICLE FAG B 63. Cast-iron Plates on Girders for Walls, .28 64. Bolts and Rivets, 28 65. Shearing and Bearing of Rivets .28 66. Pins 29 CHAPTER IV. CAST-IRON LINTELS. 67. Cast-iron  . 32 71. Window-head Lintels 32 72. Double-web Lintels, 32 73. Window Sills, * .32 74. Rule for Breaking Weight at Middle, . . . .... .32 75. Webs, .33 76. Tests of Cast-iron Lintels, 33 CHAPTER V. TRUSSMS.  '. . ' . ., . . ; .36 8 1. The Graphic Method, . ... 36 82. King-post Truss 36 83. Truss No. 2, . . . *. * . . . .38 84. Truss No. 3 38 85. Truss No. 4, 39 86. Truss No. 5, 40 87. Details of Iron Trusses, 42 88. Ties and Struts 42 89. Wooden Purlins, 42 90. Connections, 42 CHAPTER VI. STRUTS. 91. Rolled-iron Struts 44 92. End Connections, 44 93. Factors of Safety, 46 viii CONTENTS. ARTICLE PAGE 94. Greatest Safe Load on Struts, . . 47 95. Channel Struts, 48 96. Angles as Struts, • ... 48 97. Tees as Struts, • 49 98. Properties of Beams for Struts, 50 99. Properties of Channels for Struts, . . . « . » . .51 100. Properties of Angles for Struts, ........52 101. Properties of Tees for Struts, ........ 54 CHAPTER VII. CAST-IRON COLUMNS. 102. Columns, Shafts Ornamented, 55 103. Capitals, 55 104. Cast-iron Column Connection, 56 105. Holes Drilled, 58 106. Column Flanges, ....58 107. Fire-proof Column, 58 108. Dowel Columns, .....59 109. Strength of Cast-iron Columns, 60 no. Weight to be Estimated for any Use, 62 in. Strength of Hollow Cast-iron Columns, ...... 62 112. Factors of Safety for Cast-iron Columns, ...... 63 713. Ribbed Base Plates, 64 114. Flat Base Plates, 65 115. Grouting, 65 116. Bedding, 66 117. Cast-iron Dowels for Wooden Columns, ...... 66 1 1 8. Wrought-iron Pins and Cast-iron Star-shaped Dowels, . . . .66 CHAPTER VIII. WROUGHT-IRON COLUMNS. 1  68 122. Safe Load on Wrought-iron Columns, ....... 69 123. Radii of Gyration for Round Column, ....... 7° 124. Radii of Gyration for Square Column, ....... 7° CHAPTER IX. STAIRWAYS. 125. Close-string Stairs, .......... 7* 126. Height and Breadth of Steps, 7* 127. Cast-iron Stairs, 7' CONTENTS. ix ARTICLE ,AGR 128. To Measure Height of Railing 72 1 29. Number of Strings regulated by Width, 74 130. Wrought-iron Stairs, . •. . 74 131. Circular Stairs, . 76 1 32. Deck- beam Strings • • • 77 133. Channel Strings, . • • 77 134. Plate and Angle Strings, < . . .77 135. Treats and Risers, .  39. Stairs to be carefully constructed, 79 CHAPTER X. ORNAMENTAL IRONWORK. 140. Ornamental Design, .......... 80 141. Hammered Wrought Iron, . .80 142. Method of Hammering Leaves, etc., 83 143. Hammered Wrought-iron Grilles, ... . , t -83 144. Cast-iron Ornamented, -83 145. Modelling for Ornamental Castings, . 84 146. Finish of Ornamental Iron, ......... 86 CHAPTER XI. ELEVA TOR ENCLOSURES. 147. Passenger-elevator  CHAPTER XII. DOORS AND SHUTTERS. 151. Circular-head Door and Frame, 95 152. Sidewalk Door, 95 153. Outside Folding Shutters 98 154. Shutter Hinges, 99 155. Storm Hooks, ........... 99 156. Shutter Eyes, 99 157. Shutter Rings, 99 158. Cast-iron Brick 99 159. Rolling Steel Shutters, 100 1 60. The Noiseless Shutter, 100 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. FLOOR LIGHTS AND SKYLIGHTS. ARTICLE PAGE  Beams, ...... 102 163. Wrought-iron Floor Lights for Wooden Beams, ..... 102 164. Skylights, 106 165. Hip Skylight, 109 CHAPTER XIV. HOLLOW BURNT CLA Y. 1 66. Hollow Blocks for Arches, no 167. Porous Terra Cotta no CHAPTER XV. ANCHORS. 1 68. Ashler Anchors, . . 113 169. Side Anchors, 113 170. Wall Anchors, 114 171. Hook Anchors, 114 172. Drive Anchors, . . 114 173. Wedge Anchors 115 174.  178. Square-head Bolts, 117 179. Hexagon-head Bolts, . . . .. . . . . .117 1 80. Button-head or Carriage Bolts,  Bolts 118 185. Double and Single Expansion Bolts, . 118 186. Lag Screws, . 119 187. Upset Ends 119 1 88. Open-drop Forged Turn-buckles, Pipe Swivel and Arm Swivel, . .119 CHAPTER XVII. MISCELLANEOUS DETAILS. 189. Mail Chutes, 120 190. Folding Gates . .122 CONTENTS. XI 191. Box Slides, . 123 192. Hanging Ceilings, 124 193. Flitch-plate Girders, 125 194. Sidewalk Elevator, . . . .127 195. Wrought-iron Gratings, 129 196. Cast-iron Perforated Plates, 130 197. Knee Gratings, . . \ .130 198. Galvanized Iron Cornices, 130 199. Scuttle, 131 200. Scuttle Ladder, 131 201. Iron Fronts, 132 202. Plain Fire Escapes, 134 203. Brackets on New Buildings, . 135 204. Top Rails, . . • , . 136 205. Bottom Rails, 136 206. Filling-in Bars 136 207. Stairs, 136 208. Floors, 136 209. Drop Ladders, 136 210. Height of Railing, ." 137 211. Ornamental Fire Escapes, . .137 212. Fire Escapes for Schools,  Bar Window Guards, 138 217. Bridle or Stirrup Irons, . . . . 139 218. Chimney Cap, 142 219. Cast-iron Flue Door and Frame, ........ 142 220. Wrought-iron Flue Door, . . . 142 221. Flue Ring and Cover, 142 222. Chimney Ladder, » . , . . . .143 223. Corrugated Iron, .... * 143 224. Galvanized and Black Iron, 144 225. Finial and Crestings, 145 226. Vault Lights, 146 227. Wrought-iron Guard, 147 228. Dwarf Doors 148 229. Cast-iron Wheel Guards, 148 230. Fire Pipes 148 231. Mansard Roof 148 232. Railings for Roof Protection, 148 233. Pipe Railing 149 234. Corrugated Flooring, 149 235. Tanks, 15° 236. Chains and Cables, 152 Xll CONTENTS. ARTICLE PAGE 237. Wire Work, I54 238. Cast-iron Boiler Flues, I55 239. Wrought-iron Boiler Flues, !g5 CHAPTER XVIII. FINISHING IRON AND STEEL. 240.  Malleable Castings, 158 246. Lacquer for Iron,  Work, 161 Wrought Iron, 161 Wrought Steel, . . . 161 Cast Iron, 162 Painting, 162 Anchors, Clamps, Dowels, etc 162 Columns, ............. 162 Girders, 163 Cast-iron Lintels, . . . .164 Stairs, 164 Bulkheads on roof, 165 Miscellaneous, . 165 Setting, ............. 165 CHAPTER XX. TABLES. Average Weight in Pounds of a Cubic Foot of Various Substances, 166, 167 168 Squares and Cubes, of Numbers from i to 440, . . . 169, 170, 171, 172 The Circumference and Areas of Circles from i to 50, . . . 173, 174, 175 Weight per Foot of Flat Iron 176, 177 Number of U. S. Gallons (231 Cubic Inches) Contained in Circular Tanks, . 178 CONTENTS. Xlii PAGE Decimal Equivalents for Fractions of an Inch,  and Nuts, 180 Weights of Nuts and Bolt-heads in Pounds, 180 Weight of Sheets of Wrought Iron, Steel, Copper, and Brass, . . .181 Weight of Square Cast-iron Columns in Pounds per Lineal Foot, . .182 Weight per Lineal Foot of Circular Cast-iron Columns, . , . .183 CHAPTER XXI. NEW YORK BUILDING LA W. Vault Lights and Areas Protected . 184 Buildings Increased in Size by Use  Weight on Floors, V^T"' '*' * ' l86 Framing of Beams, ^ j . /. . . 187 Cast-iron Templates , . . , . , . ' . 188 Iron Lintels, , > '*  .190 Thickness of Cast-iron Posts, . . . VV\« /'• • • • *9° Curtain-wall Girders, • . . •' ... . . IQO Rolled Iron and Steel Beams and Factors of Safety, V, . V« ' '; . .191 Girders to be Tested, ^£ . ..,r ,.^ A .  for Girders, 193 Smoke Flues Lined with Cast Iron, 194 Iron Shutters, 194 Railings around Well-holes, .......... 195 Elevator Wells Inclosed with Brick or Iron, 196 Dumb-waiters, Skylights over Elevators, 196 Screen of Iron under Elevator Machinery, . 196 Mansard Roof, 19° Bulkheads, 197 Cornices and Gutters, 19? Dormer Windows, Scuttles and Skylights 197 Iron Ladders to Scuttles, I98  and Doorways to Theatres, ........ 199 XIV CONTENTS. PACK Doorways through Proscenium Wall, Doors of Iron and Wood, . . . 199 Roof of Auditorium, Main Floor of Auditorium and Vestibule, Floor of Second Story over Entrance, Lobby and Corridors of Iron and Fire- proof Materials, ........... 200 The Fronts of Galleries, Ceiling of Auditorium, Partitions in Auditorium, Entrance Vestibule, Partitions of Dressing-rooms and Doors in same to be Fire-proof,  £ S HO T! University of Toronto Library DO NOT REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat. "Ref. Index File" Made by LIBRARY BUREAU E m •. 