None
of iron and steel, 315 to 325 Cementite, allotropy of, 192 , definition and description of, 122 , etching of, 131 , free, definition of, 129 , graphitizing of, 257, 384, 398 in high carbon steel, 128 , primar>\ See cementite, pro-eutectic. , pro-eutectic, 432 , spheroidizing of, 252 Cementitic special steels, 326, 333 Chilled castings, 378 Chrome-nickel steel, 353 steel, 349 , uses and properties of, 349 -tungsten steel. See high-speed steel. Chromium, influence on critical points of iron of, 349 Cleavage brittleness. See intercr\'stalline brittleness. , definition of, 86 Cold working, cr>'stalline growth after, 96 , influence on structure and properties of steel of, 227 Colloidal solution, 285 Components, definition of, 454 Condensers, 19, 22 Cooling and heating curves of iron and steel, 169 to 181 curves of pure metals, 407 Copper, microstructure of, 86 , twinnings in, 95 Critical points and crystallization, 200, 204 dilatation, 199 electrical conductivity, 200 magnetic properties, 203 , calorimetric method for determination of, 179 , Carpenter and Reeling's determination of, 167 , causes of, 182 to 198 , definition of, 158 , determination of, 169 to 181 , graphical representation of the position and magnitude of, 169 Digitized by Google 476 INDEX Critical points, heat absorbed or evolved at, 167 in high carbon (hjT>er-eutectoid) steel, 166 iron, description of, 163 medium high carbon steel, 165 pure iron, 163 very low carbon steel, 164 , influence of chemical composition on position of, 162 speed of heating and cooling on, 161, 162 , magnetic method for determination of, 179 , melting-points method for detennination of, 179 , merging of, 165, 167 , metallographic method for determination of, 179 , minor, 167 , notation, 159 , occurrence of, 159 to 181 , relation between structure of steel and, 195 ^ , their effects, 199 to 207 , thermo-electric method for determination of, 179 , use of neutral bodies in detecting, 173 range. See critical points, temperatures. See critical points. Crystalline grains. See grains. growth in metals on annealing, 96 of strained ferrite, 265 to 271 Crystallite of iron, 105 Crystallites, definition of, 87 Crystallization and critical points, 200, 204 , cubic, of metals, 90 of austenite, 208 iron, 103 steel, 208 , process of, 86, 87 Cr>'stallography, systems of, 91 Crystals, allotriomorphic, definition of, 87 , cubic, of iron, 103 , definition of, 86 , formation of, 86 , idiomorphic, definition of, 87 , mixed. See mixed cr>'stals. Cubic crystallization of iron, 103 metals, 90 Degrees of freedom, definition of, 452 liberty. See degrees of freedom. Desch's types of cooling curves, 177 Dilatation and critical points, 199 Divariant equilibrium. See bi variant equilibrium. Ductility of steel, structural composition vs., 141 £ Electric arc lamps, 21 to 23 furnaces, 39 Electrical conductivity and critical points, 200 Electrolytic iron, crystallizing properties of. 111, 112 microstructure of, 101 Digitized by Google INDEX 477 Equilibrium, bivariant, definition of, 454 , definition of, 452 diagram. See fusibility curves. of iron-carbon alloys, 439 to 448 , Benedicks' diagram, 446 , Carpenter and Keeling's diagram, 445 , Roberts-Austen's diagrams, 442, 443 , Roozeboom's diagram, 444 , Rosenhain's diagram, 447 , Ruff's diagram, 449 , the author's early diagram, 441 , Upton's diagram, 448 , Wittorff's diagram, 450 , metastable, definition of, 453 , stable, definition of, 452 , univariant, definition of, 454 , unstable, definition of, 453 , unvariant, definition of, 454 Etching, 42, 43, 62, 64 figures. See etching pits, for macrostructure, 47 of cementite, 43, 131 wrought iron, 45 pits, formation of, 90 in iron, 46, 104 nitric acid, 42 picric acid, 42 sodium picrate, 43 Stead's reagent, 43 Eutectic alloys, 99, 120 , constitution and occurrence of, 415 to 427 , definition of, 418 , cast iron, 379 , iron-carbon, 429 Eutectoid, definition of, 121 steel, definition and structure of, 126, 127 Ewing and Rosenhain, straining of iron by, 110 metals, 92 Rosenhain's theory of cr>''stalline growth of metals on annealing, 96, 97 F Ferrite, crystalline growth of, 265 , definition of, 104 , free, 121 in cast iron, 367 low carbon steel, 119 wrought iron, 114 Fibers in wrought iron, 115 Finishing temperatures, influence on the structure and properties of steel of, 223 Free cementite, definition of, 129 ferrite, 121 Furnaces, electric, 39 Fusibility curves of alloys, 411 to 427 iron-carbon alloys, 428 to 450 Gamma iron, 182, 207 , crystallization of, 107 Digitized by Google 478 INDEX Gamma iron, description of, 106 , twinning in, 107 Ghost lines in steel, 153 to 157 Grading of steel vs. its carbon content, US Grain refining treatment, 241 Grains, crystalline orientation of, 90 , ferrite, 102 , orientation of, 102 , growth of, on annealing, 96 of metals, definition and formation of, S9 , heterogeneousness of, 89 Graphitic carbon, factors influencing formation of, 366 in cast iron, 366 Graphitizing of cementite, 257, 384, 398 in malleablizing cast iron, 398 Granulation of steel, 209 Gray cast iron, 366 vs. malleable cast iron, 406 Guillet's theory of special steels, 326 H Hadfield steel, 345 Hard castings, 399 Hardened and tempered steel, microstructure of, 304 Hardening and tempering in one operation, 297, 299 carbon, definition of, 305 theory of the hardening of steel, 311 , cooling for, 275 , heating for, 274 of steel, 274 to 297 , theories of, 308 to 314 , structural changes on, 276 theories of the hardening of steel, classification of, 308 Hardenite, definition, occurrence, and properties of, 291 Heat tinting, 44 treatment of case-hardened articles, 324 iron, influence of, 110, 111 metals, influence of, 96 Heating and cooling curves of iron and steel, 169 to ISl High-speed steel, 354 to 363 , composition of, 355 , discovery by Taylor and White of, 354 , etching of, 47, 361 , heating and cooling curves of, 357 to 361 , microstructure of, 355 , properties of, 354 , theory of, 356 , treatment of, 354 Hot working, influence on structure and properties of steel of, 221 to 225 Hyper-eutectoid steel, definition and structure of, 127 Hypo-eutectoid steel, definition and structure of, 127 I Idiomorphic crystals, definition of, 87 Igevsky, picric acid etching, 42 Illumination for microscopical work, 14 to 25 Illuminators, vertical, 15 to 18 Impurities in cast iron, 386 to 397 Digitized by Google INDEX 479 Impurities, in metals, influence of, 97 to 100 steel, 143 to 157 , segregation of, 153 influence on iron of, 112 Ingot iron, 101 Ingotism, 220 Intercrystalline brittleness, 271 Intergranular brittleness, 271 Interstrain theory of the hardening of steel, 313 Invar (nickel steel), 343 Inverted microscope, 29 to 33, 67 Iris diaphragms, 11, 18, 50 Iron, aflfinity for carbon of, 315 , allotropy of, 106 , alpha, 182, 207 , description of, 108 , beta, 182, 207 , description of, 108 -carbon alloys, equilibrium diagram of, 439 to 450 , fusibility curves of, 428 to 450 , phase rule applied to, 455 to 459 , structural composition immediately after solidification of, 430 eutectic, 429 , cementation of, 315 to 325 -cementite fusibility curve, 428 , cooling and heating curves of, 169 to 181 , critical points of, 163, 183 crystallite, 104 , crystallization of, 102, 107 , crystallizing of, 111, 112 , cubic crystals of, 103, 104 , electroljrtic, microstmeture of, 101 , etching in hydrogen, 117 pits in, 104 , gamma, 182, 207 , description of, 108 -graphite fusibility curve, 434 , influence of chromium on critical points of, 349 heat treatment on, 110, 111 impurities on, 112 mechanical treatment of, 1 iD nickel on dilatation of, 343 tungsten on critical points of, 346 , microstmeture of, 101 oxide in steel, 153 , slip bands in, 110 , straining of, 92 sulphide in steel, 146 Irreversible steels, 337 Isomorphous mixtures, definition of, 98 KourbatofF's etching to color cementite, 43 reagent for hardened steels, 63, 2S0 Le Chatelier's inverted microscope, 67 to 71 Ledebur's temper carbon, 398 Digitized by Google 480 INDEX Lieberkuhn, 15 Lights for microscopical work, 14 to 26, 50 Liquidus, definition of, 410 Macrostnicture, etching for, 47 Magnetic properties and critical points, 203 method for determination of critical points, 179 specimen holders, 12 Magnifier, vertical, 19 Malleable cast iron, 398 to 406 , annealing for the maufacture of, 400 f packing materials for the manufacture of, 400 vs. Manganese in cast iron, influence and occurrence of, 387 steel, 148 oxide in st^el, 150 steel, 343 to 346 , austenitic, 345 , martensitic, 345 , pearlitic, 344 , water-toughening of, 345 sulphide in steel, 145, 151 Manipulations, 40 to 50 Martensite, definition, description, occurrence, properties, etching, and structure of, 283 Martensitic special steels, 332 steel, tempering of, 302 MatweiefiTs method of etching slag in wrought iron, 117 Maurer, production of austenite by, 279 Mazda lamps, 19, 20 Mechanical refining, 229 stages, 8 treatment of iron, influence of, 110 metals, influence of, 96 steel, 221 to 225 Metallic alloys. See alloys. , constitution of, 407 to 427 Metallographic laboratory, apparatus for, 5 Metallography, industrial importance of, 1 Metalloficope, inverted, 29 to 33 * Metals, cooling curves of, 407 , crystalline growth on annealing, 96 , crystallization of, 87 , cubic crystallization of, 90 , definition and formation of grains of, 89 , influence of heat treatment on, 96, 97 mechanical treatment on, 96 , latent heat of solidification of, 408 , phase rule applied to, 455 , solidification of, 407 Metarals, definition of, 293 Metastable equilibrium, definition of, 453 Meteorites, microstructure of, 212 Microscopes and accessories, 5, 67 to 85 , inverted, 29 to 33, 67 Microstructure of cast steel, 208 to 220 electrolytic iron, 101 Digitized by Google ^ INDEX 481 Microstructure of hardened and tempered steel, 304 high carbon steel, 126 sulphur steel, 145 impure gold, 99 low carbon steel, 119 medium high carbon steel, 124 meteorites, 212 pure copper, 86, 89 gold, 86 iron, 101 metals, 86 worked steel, 221 to 230 \^Tought iron, 113 to 117 Mixed crystals, definition of, 98 Mohs scale of hardness, 123 Molybdenum steel, 351 Monovariant equilibrium. See univariant equilibriiun. Mottled cast iron, 375 Nachet illuminating objectives, 17 prism vertical illuminator, 17 Neumann's lines, 96, 109 Neutral bodies for the detection of critical points, 173 Nickel, influence of, on critical points of iron, 337 dilatation of iron, 343 steel, 336 to 343 , austenitic, 342 , case hardening of, 342 , critical points of commercial, pearlitic, 339 , hardening and annealing of, 339 , martensitic, 342 , pearlitic, 337 , properties of pearlitic, 338 Nitric acid etching, 42 Non-variant equilibrium. See unvariant equilibrium. O Objectives, 8 Orientation of crystalline grains, definition of, 90 ferrite grains, 102 Osmond and Cartaud on the crystallization of iron, 107, 108 , on polishing, 51, 61 , production of austenite by, 277 Osmondite, definition, description, and occurrence of, 303 Overheating, 258 P Parabolic reflector, 16 Patented wire, 247 Patenting, 247 Pearlite, carbon content of, 131 , definition and description of, 120 , formation of, 190 in high carbon steel, 126 low carbon steel, 120 , varieties of, 256 Digitized by Google 482 INDEX Pearlitic special steels, 331 Phase rule applied to alloys, 454 iron-carbon alloys, 457 metals, 455 , definition of, 454 , enunciation and explanation of, 452 Polymorphism, 106 Phosphorus in cast iron, influence and occurrence of, 388 steel, 144 Photography. See photomicrography. Photomicrographic cameras, 26 to 33 Photomicrography, 48 Picrate of sodium etching, 43 Picric acid etching, 42 Pits. See etching pits. Planes of cleavage. See cleavage. Platinite (nickel steel), 343 Point of recalescence. See recalescence point. Polishing, 40, 41, 51 to 62 machines, 34, 35, 36, 51 to 61 Polyhedral special steels, 326, 332 Polymorphism. See allotropy. Portevin's etching for macrostructure, 47 Potentiometer, 36 Preserving samples, 64 Prism vertical illuminator, 16, 17, 84 Pseudomorphism, definition of, 304 Pure metals, crystallization and microstructure of, 86 Pyrometer, Le Chatelier thermo-electric, for the determination of the critical points, 36 Pyrometers, 36 to 39 , self-recording, 37 to 39, 178 Quaternary steels, 335. See also special steels. vanadium steels, 349 Quenching in annealing, 240 Recalescence point, description and occurrence of, 158 Red-shortness in steel caused by sulphur, 147 Refining, mechanical, 229 Retardations. See critical points. Retention theories of the hardening of steel, 308 Reversible steels, 337 Revillon on preparation of alumina for polishing, 53 Roberts-Austen's equilibrium diagrams of iron-carbon alloys, 444 use of neutral bodies for detecting critical points, 39, 173 Robin, on preparation of alumina for polishing, 53 production of austenite by, 278 Rohl on sulphur printing, 45 Roozeboom's equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 444 Rosenhain and Ewen, on amorphous cement, 91 Ewing. See Ewing and Rosenhain. Humfrey, straining of iron by, 110 Rosenhain's equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 447 Ruff's equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 449 Digitized by Google INDEX 483 Saladin self-recording pyrometer, 37 to 39 Saladin's cooling and heating curves of steels, 175 Segregation of impurities in steel, 153 Self-hardening steel, 348 -recording pyrometers, 37 to 39, 178 Silicates in steel, 150 Silicon in cast iron, influence and occurrence of, 386 steel, 143, 144 steel, 352 Slag in wrought iron, 114, 116, 117 , composition of, 116 , Matweieflf's method of etching, 117 , microstructure of, 116 Slip bands, description and production of, 92 in iron, 110 Sodium picrate etching, 43 Solid solutions, 409 , definition of, 98 Solidus, definition of, 410 Solution theories of the hardening of steel, 309 Sonims, 143, 150 Sorbite, definition, description, and formation of, 225, 236, 289 Sorby-Beck parabolic reflector, 15 Special steels, 326 to 363 , austenitic, 332 , cementitic, 333 , constitution, properties, treatment, and uses of most important types, 326 to 335 , definition and general character of, 326 to 335 , influence of special elements on position of critical range in, 328 , martensitic, 332 , pearlitic, 331 , polyhedral, 332 , treatment of, 333 Specimen holders, 11 to 13 Spheroidizing of cementite, 252 Stable equilibrium, definition of, 453 Stages, leveling, 66 , mechanical, 8 Stead and Carpenter on the crj'stallizing properties of electrolytic iron, 111, 112 on heat-tinting, 44 phosphorus in cast iron, 388 to 392 the brittleness of low carbon steel, 271 crystalline growth of very low carbon steel, 265 on polishing, 53 to 55 Steadite, defiitition and description of, 390 Stead's brittleness, 273 etching reagent for detection of phosphorus, 43 Steel, annealing of, 231 to 273 , temperatures of, 232 , brittleness of low carbon, 271 , burning of, 259 , calculation of structural composition of, 132, 148 , carbon in, 119 , case hardening of, 315 to 325 Digitized by Google 484 INDEX Steel castings, annealing of, 248 , causes of critical points in, 182 to 198 , cementation of, 315 to 325 , chemical tests for the detection of sulphur in, 44, 45, 148 vs. , mediimi high carbon, microstructure of, 124, 125 , micro-test for determination of carbon in, 135 , pearlite in, 124 , nickel, 336 to 343 , normal structure of, 118 , occurrence of critical points in, 158 to 181 of maximum hardening power, 296 , overheated, 259 , phosphorus in, 144 , physical properties of constituents of, 137 , production and structure of burnt, 259 , relation between structure above and below the critical range of, 262 and critical points of, 195 , reversible, 337 Digitized by Google INDEX 485 Steel, segregation of impurities in, 153 to 157 , self-hardening, 348 , silicates in, 150 , silicon, 352 in, 142, 143 , special, 326 to 363 , structural changes on cooling in, 187 composition of, 132, 133 , structure of cast, 208 to 220 worked, 221 to 230 , sulphur in, 145, 151 , tempering of hardened, 298 to 306 , tenacity vs. structural composition of, 138 to 140 , theories of hardening of, 308 to 314 , tungsten, 346 , vanadium, 349 vs. carbon content, grading of, 118 , Widmanstatten structure in, 212 Straining of iron, 92, 110 , crystalline growth after, 96 of metals, 92, 94 Stress theories of the hardening of steel, 311 Structural composition of alloys, 221 to 226 cast iron, calculation of, 370, 375, 395 iron-carbon alloys immediately after solidification,'^430 steel, calculation of, 92, 132 to 134 Subcarbide theory of the hardening of steel, 311 Sulphur in cast iron, influence and occurrence of, 388 steel, 145 , chemical tests for the detection of, 44, 45, 151 printing, 44, 45, 148 Taylor and White's discovery of high-speed steel, 354 Temper carbon, 398 Temperatures for annealing steel, 232 Tempering and the retention theories of the hardening of steel, 313 stress theory of the hardening of steel, 313 colors, 298 , decrease of hardness on, 306 , explanation of, 298 , heat liberated on, 307 , influence of rate of cooling in, 299 time in, 299 of austenitic steel, 300 case-hardened steel, 325 hardened steel, 298 to 306 martensitic steel, 302 troostitic steel, 302 temperatures, 298 Tenacity of steel vs. structural composition, 138 to 140 Ternary steels, 326. See also special steels. Thermal critical points. See critical points. treatment. See heat treatment. Toughening treatment, 241 Transformation points. See critical points, range. See critical points. Digitized by Google 486 INDEX Transition constituents. See also martensite, troostite, and sorbite. , definition and formation of, 293 Troostite, definition, description, occurrence, properties, etching, and structure of, 285 Troostitic steel, tempering of, 302 Troosto-sorbite, 290 TschemofiF iron crystallite, 105 Tungsten, influence on the critical points of iron of, 3-16 steel, 346 Twinnings, and amorphous iron theory, 313 definition of, 95 in copper, 95 gamma iron, 107 marble, 94 produced by pressure, 95 Univariant equilibrium, definition of, 454 Unstable equilibrium, definition of, 453 Unvariant equilibrium, definition of, 454 Upton's equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 448 Vanadium steel, 349, 353 Vertical illuminators, 14 to 19 magnifier, 19 W Water-toughening of manganese steel, 345 Welsbach lamp, 19, 20 Widmanstatten structure, 212 Wittorfif's equilibrium diagram of iron-carbon alloys, 450 White, cast iron, 369 heart castings, 401 , annealing for, 401 , Maunsel. See Taylor and White. Workshop microscopes, 81 to 84 Wrought iron, composition of, 113 , definition of, 113 , etching of, 45 , fibers in, 115 , microstructure of, 114 to 116 , slag in, 114, 116, 117 vs. low carbon steel, 118 Y Yatsevitch, M., etching of high-speed steel, 47 Zeiss prism illuminator, 16, 17 Digitized by Google X Digitized by I Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google clgitizecl by Google. 