None
diaphysif? of, 49 epiphysis of, 49 Haversian system of, 48 marrow, 500 metabolism of, 50 ossification, centre of, 45 osteoblasts, 46 osteoclasts, 46 Bowman's capsule, 571 Bradycardia, 429 Brain (see Cerebrum, etc.) Breath sounds, 524 Breathing shallow, 530 Bronchial muscle, 515 sound, 524 Bronchioles, 515 Brunner's glands, 295 Bundle of His, 385 Cachexia strumipriva, 597 Ctecum, 296, 344 Caffeine, 578 Calcium in clotting, 477 in food, 289 Calories, definition of, 248 Calorimeter, 256 bomb, 256 respiratory, 259 Calorimetry, direct, 259 indirect, 260 Canaliculi, 46 Canals, semi-circular, 117 Cancellous tissue, 46 Cane sugar, 286 Canter, 242 Capillaries, 431 pulse in, 444 pressure in, 460 Carbohydrates, 20, 285 absorption of, 347, 350 determination of amount oxi- dised, 258 in foods, 288 storage of, 352 tolerance, 355 Carbon dioxide in blood, 481, 495 haemoglobin, 490 in the urine, 566 passage from tissues to blood, 546 Carboxyhsemoglobin, 489 Cardiac contraction, nature of, 427 42 Cardiac nerves, function of, 418 propagation of, wave, 427 starting mechanism, 424 cycle, 393, 401 impulse, 398 muscle, 205 branches of the vagus, 418 Cardiac rhythm, control, 424 Cardiogram, 398 Cardiograph, 398 Cardio-pneumatic movements, 536 Cartilage, 43 elastic fibro-, 45 hyaline, 43 white fibro-, 45 Cartilages of the larnyx, 550 Casein, 636 Castration, effect of, on thymus, 603 effect of, on body, 606 Catalytic action, 8 Catelectrotonus, 63 Cathode, 63 Cells, 23 et seq. activity of, 24 chalice, 34 nucleus, 26 oxyntic, 310 peptic, 311 reproduction of, 28 Cellulose in food, 287 Centre, auditory, 173 for dilator pupillas, 148 for smell, 136 for sphincter pupillse, 148 oculo-motor, 161 of ossification, 45 respiratory, 526 taste, 132 ' thermal sense, 116 touch, 116 vaso-constrictor, 457 vaso-dilator, 460 visual, 164 Centrosome, 23 Cerebellar arc, 95 synapses, 117 Cerebellum, structure, 125 celk of Purkinje, 125 connections of, 126 functions of, 127 removal, 128 stimulation, 129 Cerebral action, time of, 186 Cerebral arc, 95 cortex {see Cortex cerebri) 658 INDEX Cerebral arc, discharging side, 189 mechanism, fatigue of, 186 time of action, 186 Cerebrosides, 58 Cerebro-spinal fluid, 511 Cerebrum development, 181 discharging mechanism of, 189 evolution, 181 fatigue, 186 localisation of functions, 1 76 removal of, 127 storing mechanism, 185 Chalice cells, 34 Check ligaments, 237 Chemical regulation of growth and function, 588 et seq. Cheniiotaxis, 25 Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 531 Chlorine-containing bodies in urine, 565 Cholalic acid, 323 Cholesterol, 19, 58, 325 Cholin, 20 Chondro-mucoid, 44 Chondroitin, 44 Chondroitin-sulphuric acid, 44 Chordae tendinese, 388 Chorda tympani nerve, 304 Chorionic villi, 626 Choroid, 139 Choroid plexus, 511 Chromaffin tissue, 590 Chromatic aberration, 157 Chromatin, 27 Chromo-proteins {see Appendix II.) Chromosomes, 617 Chyle, 508 Chyme, 319 Cilia, 37 Ciliary muscle, f39, 147 processes, 139 Ciliated epithelium, 37 Circulation, tlie, 382 et seq. factors, extra-cardiac, in, 470 fcetal, 631 " head down and up position," 471 in bone-marrow, 470 in cranium, 468 influence on respiration, 536 in heart wall, 469 in kidney, f)72 in lungs, 468 in spleen, 469 in vessels, 431 schema of, 383 Circulation, time taken by, 472 Classification of food-sturt's for herbivora, 290 Coagulation of the blood, 475 Cochlea, 170 connections with central ner- vous Hvstem, 172 Coefficient of oxidation, 254 Cold spots, 104 Collagen, 39 Collecting tubules of kidney, 572 Colloids, 12 Colon, 296 Colostrum, 637 Colour-blindness, 157 Columnse carnese, 387 Columnar epithelium, 33 Common path, 86 Complemental air, 523 pleura,' 518 Concentrates, 290 " Conditioned '■' reflexes, 131 Conducting paths {see Spinal cord, etc.) Conduction of nerve impulse, 69 Cones of I'etina {see Retina) Connective tissues, 37 Consciousness, 185 relations to cerebral action, 185 Contraction of muscle, changes during, 219 Convoluted tubules of the kidney, 572 Cooking, effects of, on food, 366 Co-operative antagonism of groups of muscles, 231 Coprosterol, 332 Cord, spinal {see Spinal cord) Cornea, 139 Corona radiata {see Cerebrum) Coronary arteries, 406 Corpus Arantii {see Valves of heart) Highmori, 620 luteum, 608 striatum, 189 trapezoideum, 172 Corpuscles, blood, 483 et seq. of Hassall, 602 tactile, 102 Cortex cerebri, synapses, 115 discharging area, 189 receiving areas (how localised), 176 fibres, 194 functional development, 182 storing and associating part, 185 INDEX 659 Cortex cerebri, structural develop- ment, 181 Corti, organ of, 171 Coughing, 522 Cranial nerves, 200 nuclei of, 200 Creatin, 209, 560 Creatinin, 560 Cricoid cartilage, 550 Critical temperature, 271 Crossed pyramidal tract, 194 Crude fat, 285 fibre, 288 Crystalline lens, 141 Crystalloids, 20 Curare experiment, 217 Current of action, 213 injury, 212 Cutaneous nerves, influence on re- spiration, 534 receptors, 99 Cystin, 32, 564 Cytase, 339 Cytotoxins, 614 Dairy cows, food requirement, 375 Death, 10 of muscle, 214 Decerebration rigidity, 113 Decidua reflexa, 625 Deftecation, 335 Degeneration, Nissl's, 77 Deiters' nucleus, 126 Delivery, 633 Dendrites, 53, 56 axon of, 56 Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, 125 )r nerve {see Cardiac branches of vagus) Deutero-proteose, 312 {see Appendix II.) Development, 624 Dextrose, 286 Diabetes {see Glycosuria), 357 Diacetic acid, 358 Di-amino acids, 17 Diapedesis, 468 Diaphragm, 517 Diaphysis, 49 Diastase, 320 Diastole of heart, 394 Diastolic pressure, 449 Dicrotic notch, 441 wave, 440 Diets, influence of various, on gastric secretion, 313 Diffusion of gases in lungs, 523 Digestibility of food, 364 apparent, 364 Digestion, 291 et seq. experiments, 364 fate of the secretions of, 331 gastric, 308 in carnivora, 302 in herbivora, 336 in horse, 341 in mouth, 302 in ruminants, 337 intestinal, 319 of stomach wall, 313 Digital torus, 233 Dilator, pupillje, 140 Dioptric mechanism, 144 imperfections, 149 Diphtheria bacillus, 612 toxin, 612 Diploe of bone {see Bone) Diplopia, 162 Disaccharids, 286 Disc, optic, 141 Dissociation of oxy-hiiemoglobin, 494 Diureides {see Appendix I.) Divalent acids {see Appendix I.) Dobie's line, 204 Douglas bag, 261 Dropsy, 462 Ductus arteriosus, 633 venosus, 631 Dynamometer, 225 Ear, anatomy of, 167 annular ligament, 168 cochlea, connections with central nervous system, 173 external, 167 internal, 170 middle, 167 osseous labyrinth, 170 ossicles of, 167 Eck's fistula, 360 Effectors (see Muscle), 202 Efferent nerves, 195 Elastic-fibro cartilage, 45 Elastin, 39 Electrical changes in muscle, 212 Electricity induced, action on muscle, 219 Electrocardiogram, 428 Electrotonus, 63 660 INDEX Eleventh nerve (see Spinal accessory) Embryo, attachment to mother, 626 Emmetropic eye, 146 Empedocles, 1 Emulsion, 13 (Appendix III.) Endocardium, 390 Endocrinetes, 588 et seq. classification, 589 interaction, 611 Endogenous purins, 561 Endolymph (see Ear) Endothelium, 40 Energy requirements, 264 et seq. factors modifying, 266 Energy value of carbohydrates, 257 determination of, 356 fats, 257 proteins, 257 Enteric fever, toxin of, 613 Entero-hEsemal circulation, 331 Entero-hepatic circulation, 331 Enterokinase, 321 Enzymes, 7 Eosinophils, 483 Epiblast, 624 parts developed from, 624 Epiglottis, 307, 550 Epiphysis, 49 Epithelium, ciliated, 37 columnar, 33 excreting, 36 glandular, 34 mucin-secreting, 34 secreting, 34 simple squamous, 32 stratified squamous, 32 transitional, 33 zymin-secreting, 36 Equilibrium of body, 130 Erection, 623 Erepsin, 328 Erythroblasts, 501 Erythrocytes, 500, 505 Erythro-dextrin, 303 Esters {see Appendix I.) Ethane (see Appendix I.) Ethereal sulphates in urine, 563 Ether extract, 285 Ethers (see Appendix I.) Ethylene (see Appendix I.) Euglobulin (see Blood serum), 480 Eustachian tube, 167, 169 Excito-motor nerves, 74 reflex nerves, 74 secretory nerves. 74 Excreting epithelium, 36 Excretion, by the lungs (see Respira- tion) by the skin, 583 by the intestine, 363 Exogenous purins, 561 Exophthalmic goitre, 598 Expiration, 521' Expiration, forced, 521 Expired air, 537 Extensor thrust, crossed, 85 Exteroceptive receptors, 96 Eye, 139 et seq. anatomy of, 139 astigmatic, 151 blind spot, 151 connection with central nerv- ous system, 162 dark adapted, 153 emmetropic, 146 fluids of, 140, 143 hyaloid membrane of, 140 hypermetropic, 149 myopic, 150 physiology, 143 presbyopic, 149 Eyeballs, glance movements of, 160 movements of, 159 muscles of, 159 nervous mechanism of, 161 Facial nerve, 201 Faeces, 361 composition of, 363 Fainting, 472 Fallopian tube, 621 Faraday-Tyndall phenomenon, 13 Faradic stimulation, 67 Far point of accommodation, 147 Fascia, 40 dentata, 135 Fasting, metabolism during, 272 rate of waste during, 273 Fat cells, 41 in foods, 285 storage of surplus, 351 soluble A, 281 Fat-splitting enzyme of pancreas (see Lipase) Fate of food absorbed, 350 Fatigue of cerebral mechanism, 186 nerve, 69 of muscle, 225 Fats, 19, 41, 285 absorption of, 347, 350 determination of amount oxi- dised, 258 INDEX 661 Fats, energy value of, 257 regulation of supply, 358 Fattening, 373 Fatty acids, 29 lower, 359 tissue, 351 Feeding, standards, 375 Fenestra ovalis, 167 rotunda, 167 Fermentation in rumen, 340 losses, 365 Fetlock joint, 237 Fibres, elastic, 39 nerve, 56 non-medullated nerve, 56 splanchnic, 54 somatic, 54 white, 39 Fibrillar twitching, 220 Fibrillation of heart, 430 Fibrin, 476 Fibrinogen, 477, 480 Fibroblasts, 38 Fibro-cartilage, elastic, 45 white, 45 Fibrous tissue, 38 Field of vision, 152, 158 Fifth cranial nerve, 201 Filiform papillae {see Tongue) Flocculus of cerebellum, 125 Flow of blood, 464 to heart, 404 Fluids, swallowing of, 308 Fodder, green, 290 dry, 290 Fcetal circulation, 631 Fcetus, growth of, 630 nourishment of, 628 Food, 283 et seq. absorption of, 347 absorbed, fate of, 350 availability of, 363 effect of, on metabolism, 272 not yielding energy, 288 requirements, 368 et seq. methods of determining 369 for fattening, 373 for growth, 371 for maintenance, 371 for milk production, 374 for meat production, 374 for work, 375 residues, 363 storage of surplus, 351 yielding energy, 283 Food stuffs, classification of, for herbivora, 290 Foot, horse's, 233 ft seq. Foramen ovale, 632 occlusion of, 633 Formamide {see Apj^endix I.) Formic acid {see Appendix I.) Fourth cranial nerve, 201 Fovea centralis {see Retina) Frauenhofer's lines, 487 Frog of horse's foot, 233 Frog's heart, 393 Galactose, 286 Galactosides, 58 Galen, 1 Gall-bladder, 323 Gallop, 241 Galvanic current, stimulation by, 62 Galvanometer, 212 string, 214 Galvanotaxis, 26 Ganglia, nicotine on, 198 terminal, 55 Gas pump, 496 Gases of the blood, 492 Gastero-colic reflex, 335 Gastric digestion, amylolvtic period, 311 proteolytic period, 311 Gastric glands, 295 Gastric juice, 310 action on gelatin, 312 action on proteins, 311 antiseptic action, 313 influence of diet on, 313 nervous mechanism of, 314 source of constituents, 310 Gastric movement, nervous mechan- ism of, 317 Gelatin, 39 action of trypsin on, 320 value as a food, 276 Gels, 13 Gemmules, 56 Generative organs {see Gonads) Gennari, layer of, 164 Gestation, 633 Giant cells, 501 Giantism, 600 Gills of aquatic animals, 513 Glance movements of eyeballs. pulmonic, 383 relations of, 393 sino-auricular node, 385 sounds of, 407 structure, 384 sympathetic fibres to, 421 tone, 428 valves (see Valves) work of, 410 Heat elimination, 267, 271 elimination from respiratory passages, 268 elimination in urine and faeces, 268 production, 268 INDEX Heat production in glands, 268 in muscle, 268 regulation of, 269 chemical, 269 physical, 269 units (see Calories) Hemispheres, cereljral (see Cere- brum) Henle's loop, 572 sheath, 57 Hepatic vein, 299 Herbivora, digestion in, 336 Hereditary inertia, 586 Herpes zoster, 91 Hexoses, 28 Hiccough, 522 High tension pulse, 443 Highmori, corpus (see Corpus High- mori) Hippocampus, 135 Hippocrates, 1 Hippuric acid, 562 Hirudin, action on blood, 478 His, bundle of (see Bundle of His) Histamine, 451 Histidin, 17, 555 Histones (see Appendix II.) Holoblastic segmentation, 624 Homogentisic acid, 555 Hoof, horse's, 234 et seq. Hormones, 588 Horse, action of limbs, 237 et seq. amble, 241 caecum, 297, 344 canter, 242 capacity for work, 252 colon, 298, 344 diet, maintenance, 371 for work, 375 digestion, 341 efficiency as machine, 252 foot, 237 gallop, 241 grooming, 585 jump, 242 legs, conformation of, 235 lying, 239 mastication, 293 overwork, 253 rising, 239 standing, 237 stomach, 295 sweat, 585 sweating, 267 teeth, 292 trot, 240 Horse, vomiting, 346 walk, 239 watering, 367 work, 375 Hot spots, 104 Humour, aqueous, 140 vitreous, 140 Hunger, 99 contraction, 309 Hyaline cartilage, 43 Hyaloid membrane, 140 Hydrocarbons, unsaturated (-see Appendix I.) saturated (see Appendix I.) Hydrogen ion concentration (see Appendix III.) Hydroquinon, 555 Hydrosols, 15 Hydroxyl molecule (-^ee Appen- dix III.) Hypermetropia, 149 Hyperpncea, 528, 531 Hyperthyreoidism, 598 Hypnosis, 188 Hypnotic drugs, 187 Hypoblast, 625 parts developed from, 625 Hypoglossal nerve, 200 Hypophysin, 595 Hypophysis cerebri, 594 Hypothyreoidism, 597 Hypoxanthin, 556 Ileo-c^cal valve, 296, 334 Impregnation, 623 Impulse, nature of nervous, 74 Incompetence (cardiac), 410 Incus, 167 Indican, 563 Indol, 329 Indoxy], 563 Induced electricity, stimulation, 62 Inferior oblique muscle, 159 Infundibula, pulmonary, 514 Infundibular passages, 514 Inhibitory action of vagus, 420 Inorganic salts in food, 288 Inosite, 209 Insalivation, 302 Inspiration, 516 forced, 520 Interchange of air in lungs, 537 Intercostal muscles in respiration, 519 external intercostals, 519 internal intercostals, 521 664 INDEX Intermittent muscular exercise, 470 Internal respiration, 547 secretions, mode of action, 611 Interoceptive receptors, 96 Interrenal tissue, 609 Intestinal wall, enzymes of, 328 mechanism of secretion, 328 Intestine, 295 absorption from, 348 capacity, 301 digestion in, 319 ef seq. large, 296 length, 301 movements of, 332 secretion, 328 Intracardiac pressure, 399 Inverted image rectified, 166 lodothyreoglobulin, 596 lodothvrin, 596 Iris, 140 Islets of Langerhans, 300, 601 Isometric contraction, 225 Isotonic contraction, 225 Jacksonian epilepsy, 191 Jacobson's nerve, 305 Karyoplasm, 27 Karyosomes, 27 Kellner's standards, 376 Keratin, 32 Ketones (see Appendix I.) Kidney, 571 et seq. influence of nervous system, 580 nerves of, 572 regulation of ions, 556 structure, 571 Kilogram-metre, 242 Kinsesthetic sense {see Muscle-joint sense) Knee-jerks, 89 Labyrinth, osseous, 117, 170 connections with central nerv- ous system, 119 physiology, 121 Labyrintho-cerebellar mechanism, 117 physiology, 121 Lactase, 328 Lactation. 634 Lactose, 286 Lacuna, 46 Lsevulose, 286 Lamellae (see Bone) Laminitis, 253 Langerhans, islets of, 300, 601 Lanolins, 585 Large intestine, 296, 334 Laryngoscope, 552 Larynx, cartilages of, 550 centre, 552 ligaments of, 550 mucous membrane of, 551 muscles of, 551 nervous mechanism of, 552 position in deglutition, 307 structure of, 550 Latent period of muscle, 216 time of reflex action, 83 Lateral fillet, 172 Lecithin, 19 Leg, horse's conformation of, 235 Lens, capsule, 141 crystalline, 141 physiological, 145 Lenticular nucleus (see Cerebrum) Leucin, 17 Leucoblasts, 500 Leucocytes, 483 fate of, 503 phagocytic action, 484 source of, 499 Leucocytosis digestion, 348 Leuwenhoek, 2 Levers, 231 Leydig's cells, 606 Lieberkiihn's follicles, 295 Life, 5 Ligaments, 40 Linin network, 27 Lipase, 321, 328 Lipoids, 19 Liquor folliculi, 619 sanguinis, 474 Live weight test, 369 Liver, 299 circulation in, 353 development of, 353 formation of urea in, 359 glycogenic function, 353 regulator of sujjply to muscles, 353 relation to fats, 358 relation to general metabolism, 353 et seq. relation to proteins, 359 storage of carbohydrates, 354 Living matter, essentials of, 5 Lobus pyriformis (see Smell) Loudness of sounds, 553 INDEX 665 Lungs, 514 circulation in, 468 interchange between air and blood in, 537 physiology of, 515 et seq. Lymph, 507 formation of, 508 in disease, 508 Lymphatic glands, 499 Lymphatics, pressure in, 464 Lymphocytes, 483 Lysin, 17, 278 Macula lutea {see Retina) Maize as food, 276 Malleus, 167 Malpighi, 2 Malpighian bodies of kidney, 573 corpuscles of spleen, 504 Maltose, 286 Mammary glands, 609 Manometer, papers, 400 Manurial values, 380 Marchi's method of nerve-staining, 76 Marey's muscle forceps, 225 Mariotte's experiment, 151 Mastication, 302, 337 in horse, 293, 342 in ruminant, 337 Maternal attachment of ovum {see Placenta) Meat production, 374 Meconium, 363 Medulla of kidney {see Kidney) Medullary sheath {see Nerve) Meeh's formula, 265 Megaloblasts, 500 Meissner's plexus {see Intestine) Melanin, 43 Melanoidins, 43 Membrana nictitans, 140 reticularis, 172 tectoiia, 172 tympani, 167, 169 Membranous labyrinth, 118, 171 Memory, 180 Mesoblast, 625 parts developed from, 625 Metabolism, basal, 264 during fasting, 272 effect of food on, 272 factors modifying, 266 general, 264 method of investigating, 257 of fats and carbohydrates, 257 Metabolism of protoplasm, 9 protein, 257 regulation of, 586 semi-starvation in, 274 Metaphosphoric acid, 28 Meth^emoglobin, 489 Methane (see Appendix L) Methyl-guanidin, 209, 605 Micro-organisms in rumen, 339 in intestine, 329 Micturition, 581 Milk, 635 composition of, 637 enzyme causing curdling, 310 fats, 636 proteins of, 636 production, 374 secretion of, 635 sugar of, 637 Mitotic division, 29 Mitral area, 408 valve, 390 Molecular layers of retina (see Retina) Mon-amino acids {see Appendix I.) Monaster stage of cell division, 30 Monocular vision, 144 Monosaccharids, 286 Motor areas, 191 nerves {see Nerves) Mountain sickness, 543 Mouth, 291 Mucin, 35 secreting epithelium, 34 Mucoid tissue, 37 Mucus, 35 Midler, 2 Murmurs, cardiac, 409 simulation of, by breath sounds, 537 Muscarin, 20 Muscle, 202 et seq. absolute force of, 224 action, mode of, 231 carbohydrates of, 208 cardiac, 205 changes in shape, 219 chemical changes in, 254 chemistry of, 207 ciliary, 147 colour of, 210 contraction, 222 contracture, 226 corpuscles, 204 course of contraction, 222 death of, 214 666 INDEX Muscle, deaeneration of, 66 development, 202 direct stimulation, 217 Dobie's line, 204 efficiency, 248, 250 elasticity, 210 electrical changes in, 212 electrical condition of, 212 electrotonus, 63 extent of contraction, 223 factors modifying contraction, 225 fatigue, 226 force of contraction, 223 forceps, Marey's, 225 galvanotonus, 62 heart, 205 heat production in, 212, 246 in action, 215 isometric tracings, 225 isotonic tracings, 225 latent period of contraction, 223 lever arrangement of, 231 metabolism. 254 mode of action, 231 optimum load, 244 oxidation, 254 material oxidised, 255 mode of, 256 paradoxical contraction, 72 physical characters of, 210 physiology of, 210 pofar exciWion of, 62, 67, 219 proteins of, 207 red, 205 sarcolemma of, 204 sarcous substance, 204 skeletal, 217 spindles, 105 stapedius, 167, 169 stimulation bv galvanic current, 219 stimulation by induced elec- tricity, 219 " stimulation, direct, 217 stimulation, methods of, 218 stimulation temperature, 219 storage of food in, 352 structure of, 202 successive stimuli, 228 tension developed, 224, 242, 248 tensor tympani, 167, 169 tetanus of, 229, 230 tonus of, 211 visceral, 203, 215 Muscle, voluntary contraction, 230 white, 205 work, 242 work measurement, 245 work production, relationship to heat production, 246, 248 Muscles, and joint sense, 105 co-operative antagonism of, 231 of eyeball, 159 of larynx, 551 Muscular sense, 105 work, effect on metabolism, 266 work, effect on respiratory in- terchange, 258 et seq. Myelocytes, 484, 501 Myenteric plexus, 94 Myocardium, 384 Myoglobulin, 208 Myohsematin, 210 Myoids, 202 Myopia, 150 Myosin, 207 Myosinogen, 207 Myostromin, 208 Myxcedema, 596, 597 Native proteins (see Appendix II.) Near point of accommodation, 1 46 Necrobiosis, 10, 214 Neopallium, 181 Nephridium, 570 Nerve, 58 automatic action of, 75 cells, 75 centres {see Centres) changes in disease and injury in, 66 chemistry of, 57 conduction, 76 corpuscles, 56 degeneration of, 67 development, 53 electrical changes in, 60 excitability, variations in. 68 exposed, stimulation of, 62 fibres, 56 fibres, medullary sheaths of, 56 fibres, non-medullated, 56 grey, 56 impulse, nature of, 74 stimulous, relationshijj of, 68 structure of, 55 under skin, stimulation of, 64 Nerves, afferent, 74 anterior roots, 107 auditory, 172 INDEX 667 Nerves, augmentor, 73 cranial, 200 degeneration of, 76 etterent, 73, 195 excite- motor, 74 excito-reflex, 74 excito-secretory, 74 excito-vaso dilator, 74 factors modifying conduction in, 71 ingoing, 106 inhibitory, 73 mixed, 74 motor, 73 nature of impulse in, 74 optic, 162 posterior root, 107 rate of conduction in, 70 regeneration of, 76 secretory, 73 sensory, 74 somatic, 54 splanchnic, 54, 196 thoracico-abdominal, 197 vagus, 200 vaso-constrictor, 456 vaso-dilator, 458 visceral, 195 Nervous mechanism, intra-cardiac, 388 extra-cardiac, 418 gastric movement, 318 regulation of metabolism, 587 system, 53 development of, 53 structure of, 55 Neural arcs, 78 et seq. cerebellar, 81 cerebral, 80 general action of, 80 spinal, 78 Neurilemma, 56 Neuroblast, 53 Neuro-keratin, 57 Neuromyal junction, 205 Neurons"^ of heart, 388 Neurons, 53 axon of, 56 cell of, 55 cell, Nissl granules in, 55 classification of, 73 conduction in, 69 degeneration of, 77 dendrites of, 56 excitation of, 60 function of cell, 76 Neurons, gemmules of, 56 in series, 77 manifestations of activity, 59 means of stimulating, 61 nature of impulse, 74 neuro-myal junction, 205 nutrition of, 76 physiology, 58 regeneration of, 77 stimulation of, 61 et seq. structure, 55 synapsis, 54 Neutral sulphur in urine, 564 Nicotine, effect of painting ganglia, 198 Ninth nerve, 201 Nissl's degeneration, 77 granules, 55 Nitric oxide, 489 Nitrogen in the urine, 559 free extract, 288 non-protein, 284 Noci-ceptive receptors {see Pain) Nocuous stimuli, 100 Nodes of Eanvier, 57 Non-medullated nerve fibres, 56 Non-polarisable electrodes (see Elec- trodes) Normoblasts, 501 Nuclei of the cranial nerves, 200 _ Nucleic acid {see Appendix I.), 27 Nucleins (see Appendix I.), 27 Nucleolus, 27 Nucleo-proteins {see Appendix II.), 556 action of gastric juice on, 312 action of trypsin on, 320 of urine, 566 Nucleus, 26 et seq. accessorius, 172 chemistry of, 27 division of, 28 functions of, 28 membrane of, 28 of Deiters', 126 structure of, 26 Nutritive ratio, 368 Oats, 366 Oblique muscles of eye, 1 59 Oculomotor nerve, 161, 201 Esophageal groove, 295 CEsophagus, 293 peristaltic action of, 308 (Estrous cycle, 622 Oleic acid, 42 668 INDEX Olein, 42 Olfactory area, 134 bulb and tracts, 134 tubercle, 134 Omasum, 294 Oncometer, 452, 573 Oocytes, 619 Ophthalmoscope, 142 Opsonins, 615 Optic axis, 159 chiasma, 162 disc, 141 fibres, decussation of, 162 nerve, 162 thalamus, 112, 162 tracts, 162 Optimum stimulus, 227 Ora serrata, 142 Organ of Corti, 171 Organic acids as salts in food, 340 Organs of Golgi, 105 Osmosis, 21 (see Appendix III.) Osseous labyrinth, 170 Ossicles of ear, 167 Ossification, process of, 45 centre of, 45 Osteoblasts, 46 Osteoclasts, 46 Osteomalacia, 50 Otoliths, 118 Ovary, 607, 619 Ovum, 616, 618 Oxalates on blood, 477 Oxalic acid in urine, 566 Oxidation coefficient, 254 Oxy-acids (see Appendix I.) Oxybutyric acid, 358 Oxygen, head of, 545 in blood, 492 Oxyhsemoglobin, 487 Oxyntic cells, 310 Oxyphil leucocytes, 483 Pacemaker of heart, 430 Pacinian corpuscle, 97 Pain, 100 referred, 98 sensation of, 100 spots, 100 Palmitic acid, 42 Palmitin, 42 Palpation of pulse, 442 Pancreas, 300, 601 islets of Langerhans {see Lan- gerhans) removal of, 357, 601 Pancreatic secretion, 319 action of, 320 character of, 320 enzymes of, 320 nervous, control of, 322 physiology of, 321 Papillary muscles, 387 Paradoxical contraction, 72 Paralysis, 191 crossed, 194 Paramyosinogen, 208 Parathyreoid, 603 Parotid gland, 305 Parthenogenesis, 616 Partial pressure of oxygen and car- bon dioxide in blood, 541 pressure of gases in air vesicle, 539 Passage of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood, 546 of oxygen from blood to tissues, 545 Peas as food, 290 Pectinate muscle, 386 Peduncles of cerebrum (see Cerebrum) Pelvis, nerves of, 198 Penis, 621 erection, 623 Pentosans, 287 Pepsin, 310 source of, 310 Pepsinogen, 311 Peptides, di-, tri-, 19 Peptone (see Appendix II.) Perfusion method of studying action of drugs, 453 Pericardium, 389 Perichondrium, 46 Perilymph, 170 Perineurium, 57 Peripheral resistance, 451 Peristalsis, 333 nervous mechanism of, 333 of bladder wall, 581 of intestine, 333 et seq. of wall of ureter, 581 Peyer's jaatches, 296 Pfliiger's law, 72 Phacoscope, 147 Phagocyte action, 484 Pharvnx, 307 Phenol, 330, 563 Phloridzin, injection of, 357 Phosphatides, 19, 58 Phospho-protein (see Appendix II.) Phosphorus in food, 289 INDEX 669 PhosphoriTs-containing bodies in the urine, 565 Phototaxis, 26 Phrenic nerves, 527 Physiology, growth of, 1 study of, 3 Pigment, blood {see Hsemoglobiii) cells, 43 Pigments of the bile, 324 of the urine, 566 Pitch of sounds, 174, 553 Pituitary, 599 Placenta, 628 Plantar cushion, 233 Plasma, 479 Plasmodia, 11 Plasmolysis, 21 Platelets, blood, 484 Plethysmograph, 452 Pleura, complemental, 518 Pleural cavity, 515 Plexus, Auerbach's (see Auerbach) Meissner's {see Meissner) terminal, 55 Pneuma, 1 Polar excitation, law of, 64 Polycrotic pulse {see Pulse) Polymorph o-nuclear leucocytes, 483 Polypeptides, 19 Polysaccharids, 287 Portal circulation, 353 Positive accommodation, 147 et seq. accommodation, varying power of, 149 Posterior columns of spinal cord (see Spinal cord) ganglion reflex, 93 grey commissure (.s«e Spinalcord) roots, ganglia of, 107 Posture on circulation, 471 Potassiiim in food-stuffs, 289 Potatoes, composition, 290 Precipitins, 614 Predicrotic wave, 441 Preformed sulphate in urine, 563 Pregnancy, course of, 608 metabolism, 631 Prepyloric sphincter, 295 Presbyopia, 149 Presphygmic period, 404 Pressure, arterial, 447 et seq. arterial, factors controlling, 450 blood, 432 in capillaries, 460 in lymphatics, 464 intracardiac, 399 Pressure, variations in, due to respiration, 446 venous, 463 Primitive nerve sheath, 56 Private path, 87 Production of heat (in muscle), 268 Propionic acid {see Appendix 1.) Proprioceptive receptors, 96 Prostate gland, 621 Protamine, 17 Proteates {see Appendix II.) Protein, absorption of, 347 chemistry of, 15 classification of {see Appendix II.) conversion into fat, 352 determination of amount oxi- dised, 257 disintegration of, 16 energv value of, 257 in food, 283 metabolism of, 257 et seq., 554 native {see Appendix II.) physical characters, 14 products of, 15 regulation of supply 359 Protein, requirements, 370 storage of, 352 synthesis of, 18 vegetable, 284 Proteins, 15 {see Appendix II.) Proteolytic period of gastric diges- tion, 311 Proteoses, 311 Prothrombin, 477 Protoplasm, 5 chemistry of, 12 liberation of energy by, 7 metabolism of, 9 structure, 11 Protoplasmic activity, 5, 21 Proto-proteoses, 312 Pseudoglobulin, 480 Pseudopodia, 24 Ptvalin, 302 Puberty, 618 Pulmonarv area, 407 valve^ 392 Pulmonic heart {see Heart, pul- monic), 383 Pulse, anacrotic, 442 arterial, 434 capillary, 444 characters of wave, 436 dicrotic, 440 form of wave, 438 670 INDEX Pulse, height of wave, 437 high tension, 443 length of wave, 437 palpation of, 442 polycrotic, 442 rate of, 442 rhythm, 442 tension, 443 velocity of wave, 436 venous, 444 volume of, 442 Pulsus celer, 443 parvus, 442 plenus, 442 tardus, 443 Pupil, 140 dilatation, 148 dilator of, 140 drugs, action, 149 sphincter of, 140, 147 Purin bodies, 556, 561 Purkinje's cells, 125 images, 152 Pyloric end of the stomach, 295 sphincter, 316 Pyramidal tracts (see Spinal cord), 194 Pyriform lobe, 134 Pyrimidin bases, 28 Pyrocatechin, 564 Pyrrol derivatives {see Appendix I.) Quality of sounds, 553 Racemose glands, 34 Radiation of heat from skin, 267 Radicles, organic (see Appendix I.) Ranvier, nodes of, 57 Reaction time, cerebral, 186 of degeneration, 66 Receptor spots, 306 Receptors, 96 connection with central nervous system, 106 distance, 130 Recti muscles (see Eye) Rectum, 296 Recurrent laryngeal nerve (see Nerves of larynx) Red cells of blood (see Erythrocytes) marrow of bone, 501 nuclei (see Cerebrum) Reduced alkaline hteniatin, 490 Referred pain, 98 Reflex action, 82 et seq. bladder, 93 I Reflex action, fatigue, 89 jjosture, 88 Reiiexes, peripheral, 92 visceral, 89 Refraction of light, 144 Refractive indices of media of eye, 144 Refractory period of muscle, 216 Regeneration of nerve, 77 Regulation of growth and function, 586 Rennet (see Rennin) Renuin, 312, 321 Reproduction, 616 et seq. Requirements, food, 368 et seq. proteins, 370 Reserve air, 523 Residual air, 523 Respiration, 513 et seq. artificial, 549 at high altitudes, 543 chemical regulation, 527 Cheyne-Stokes, 531 eifect of, on air breathed, 537 effect on the blood, 538 external, 513 influence of heart's action on, 536 influence on circulation, 535 intermediate, 545 internal, 547 mechanism of, 513 et seq. movement of ribs in, 519 et seq. movements in, 516 nervous mechanism of, 523 number per minute. 525 physiology of, 515 reflex control of breathing, 532 rhythm of, 525 vagus, influence on, 532 Respiratory calorimeter, 259 centre, 526 reflex regulation, 532 Respiratory interchange, extent of, 647 ; causes of, 539 movements, special, 522 passages, elimination of heat by, 268 quotient, 258 Rete testis (see Testis) Reticulum, 294 Retina, 140 central spot, 153 corresponding areas on the two sides, 158 fatigue of, 154 INDEX 671 Retina, layers of, 141 modes of stimulation, 153 nature of changes in, 154 rods and cones of, 142 stimulation of, 153 et seq. Rhinencephalou, 135, 181 Rhodopsin, 154 Ribs, movements of, in respiration {see Respiration) Rickets, 50, 281 Rigor mortis, 214 Riva Rocci blood pressure apparatus, 438 Roaring, 553 Rolandic area (see Motor areas) Roof nucleus of the cerebellum {see Cerebellum), 125 Roots as food, 290 Roots of the spinal nerves, 107 Rubro-spinal fibres, 195 Rumen, 294 digestion in, 339 Rumination, 337 Saccharomyces cerevisfe, 5 Saccule, 118 Saliva, 302 et seq. character of, 302 chemistry of, 302 functions of, 303 influence of chorda tympani in secretion of, 304 physiology of, 303 reflex stimulation of secretion, 304 stimulation of sympathetic effect on, 305 Salivarv centre, 305 glands, 293 glands, nerve supply, 303 secretion, physiology of, 303 Salts of the bile acids, 323 Sanson's images, 147 Sarcolactic acid, 209, 250 Sarcolemma, 204 Sarcostyle, 204 Sarcous substance, 204 Scala media, 171 tympani, 170 vestibula, 170 Scheiner's experiment, 146 Schwann, 2 white sheath of {see Nerve) Sclero-proteins (see Appendix II.) Sclerotic, 139 Scratch reflex, 87 Sebaceous glands, 585 Secretin, 321, 601 Secreting epithelium, 34 Secretions, internal, 588 et stq. Sectional area of circulatory system, 383 Semen, 621 Semicircular canals, 117 Semilunar valves, 391 Semi-starvation, metabolism of, 274 Seminiferous tubules, 620 Sensation, colour, 155 integration, 179 of hunger (see Hunger) of pain {see Pain) of smell (see Smell) of taste (see Taste) of thirst (.see Thirst) physiology of colour, 155 Sensation, production of colour, 156 Sense of acceleration and retarda- tion of motion (see Labyrinth) of hearing, 166 et seq. joint and muscle, U)5 tactile, 101 thermal, 103 Sensibility, common, 98 Sertolis cells, 606 Serum, 479 albumin, 476, 480 globulin, 476, 480 Sesamoid ligaments, 233 Seventh cranial nerve, 199 Sex, determination of, 617 Sexual organs, 618 organs, effect of removal of, 606 Sheath of Schwann, white, 56 Shingles, 91 Side-chain theory, 614 Sight, 136 et seq. Sino-auricular node, 385 Sinus of Valsalva, 392 Sixth nerve (see Abducens), 201 Skatol, 330 Skatoxyl-sulphate of potassium, 563 Skin, elimination of heat by, 267 excretion by, 582 receptors, 99 Slaughter test, 369 Sleep, 187 Small intestine, 295, 332 Smell, 133 centre for, 134 mechanism of, 133 672 INDEX Smell, physiology of, 136 Snake toxin, 612 Sneezing, 522 Sols, 13 Soluble nitrogen in feeding stuffs, 284 Somatic fibres, 54, 195 Somatopleur, 625 Sounds of the heart, 407 Specific dynamic action of foods, 272 nerve energy, 97, 138 Spermatids, 621 Spermatocytes, 621 Spermatogonia, 620 Spermatozoa, 618 Spherical aberration, 147 Sphincter ani, 296 centre, 148 ileo-caecal, 334 of stomach, 316 pupillee, 140, 147 Sphygmograph, 439 Sphygmomanometer(see Riva Rocci) Spinal accessory nerve, 200 Spinal cord, 106 et seq. anterior columns. 111 arc, 78, 82 ascending degenerations, 108 conducting paths in, 108, 194 hemisection, 108 lateral columns. 111 nerves, 106 posterior columns of, 111 reflexes, 82 et seq. tracts of, 107, 194 upgoing fibres, 107 " Spinal dog," 82 Spino-tectal synapsis, 1 1 3 Spino-thalamic synapsis, 113 Splanchnopleur, 625 Spleen, 504 circulation in, 469 movements, 506 Spot, blind (see Blind spot) cold {see Cold spot) hot (see Hot spot) Squamous epithelium, 32 Squint, 162 Stannius' experiment, 425 Stapedius muscle, 167, 169 Stapes, 167 Starch, 287 equivalent, 377 value, 377 Stearic acid, 42 Stearin, 42 Stenosis, valvular, 410 Stercobilin, 332 Stereoscopic vision, 158 Stethograph, 525 Stimulation, unilateral, 25 nocuous, 85, 100 of muscle direct, 217 Stimuli, 10 successive, on muscle, 228 Stomach, 295 absorption from, 318 after feeding, 310 digestion in, 308 in horse, 342 in ruminant, 34(i during fasting, 309 movements of, 315, 318 nervous mechanism of, 317 rate of passage of food from, 317 regurgitation, 318 secretion of, 310 structure of, 295 Storage of surplus food, 351 Storing mechanism (cerebral), 185 Strain, muscular, 253, 471 Stroma of red cells of blood (see Erythrocytes) Strom uhr, 466 Sublingual gland, 293 gland, nerve supply, 304 Submaxillary gland, 293 gland, nerve supply, 304 Subminimal stimulus, 84 Substrate, 8 Succus entericus, 328 Sulcus centralis, 190 Sulphates, ethereal, 563 inorganic, 556, 563 preformed (see Inorganic sul- phates) Sulphur-containing bodies in the urine, 563 Sulphur, neutral, 556, 564 Superior cardiac branch of vagus, 418 oblique muscle, 159 Suprarenal bodies, 590 cortex, 609 medulla, 590 metabolism after injection of, 593 Surface tension, 13 (Appendix III.) Suspensory ligament of eye, 141 Swallowing, 306 time of, 308 INDEX 073 Sweat, chemistry of, 585 evaporation, 267 glands, 583 secretion of, 584 Sympathetic nerves, true, 198 nerves, para, 199 Synapsis, 53 Systemic heart {see Heart), 382 Systole of heart, 394 Systolic blood-pressure, 449 Tactile sense, 101 corpuscles, 102 Tapetum nigrum, 142 Taste, 131 Taurocholate of soda, 323 Taurocholic acid, 323 Tecto-spinal fibres, 195 Tectum, 112, 127 Teeth of horse, 292 of ruminant, 292 Temperature, 264 et scq. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. f^f)^f7 fr^( ^^,f fl [|[p^ffT)/ji^rpi^'.^ LD 21-100m-8,'34 • (^, s 461269 BlOLOG^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY '-^%. 