None
Nutrition, holozoic, holophytic, saprophytic, 168. : in plants, 167, 531, '533, 536. See also Food. Nymph, 285. of Acarina, 269. of insects, 285. Obelia geniculata, 174,'1'75, 176. medusa of, 176, 177. Obturator foramen, 39. of pigeon, 408. of rabbit, 434. Esophagus, 47. See aiso Gullet. of Amphioxus, 335. of cockroach, 277. of crayfish, 249. of dogfish, 353. of earthworm,*221, of frog, 47. of pigeon, 410, of rabbit, 441. of swan mussel, .317. Offspring,. 8. vied organs, ‘of cockroach, 280, of crayfish, 264. of dogfish, 371. "607 Olfactory organs— of frog, 82. of pigeon, 417. of rabbit, 458. of swan mussel, :323. Oligocheeta, 515. Omentum, hepatic; of dogfish, 354. Ommatidia, 261. Omosternum, 37. Onchosphere, 211. Oocytes, 106. of Hydra,:170. Oogenesis, 106. Oosperm, 109. Open circulatory system, 257. of tadpole, 493. of Teleostomi, 380. Operculum, of tadpole, 493, 494. of Teleostomi, 380. , Ophidia, 392, 519. Order, 513. Organisation, 18, Organised things, 547. Organism, ‘18. Organs, :18. Ornithorhynchus, 457, 458. Orthoptera, 286,’ 515. ‘Osphradium, 323. Ossicles, auditory, 430. brachial, 577, 578. cardiac, prepyloric, pterocar- diac, , pyloric, urocardiac, and zygocardiac, 251. Ostia, of cockroach, 278. of crayfish, 253. Ovaries, 65. of Ascaris, 299. of cockroach, 280. of crayfish, 264. of earthworm, 227, 228. of frog, 65. of Hydra, 170. of leech, 238. of liver fluke, 204. of lizard, 579, 580. of rabbit, 447. of whiting, 382. Ovary, of pigeon, 414. of dogfish, 356. Oviducts, of Ascaris, 299. 608 Oviducts— of cockroach, 280. of crayfish, 284. of dogfish, 357. of earthworm, 227. of frog, 67. of leech, 238. of liver fluke, 204. of lizard, 579, 580. of pigeon, 414. of rabbit, 447. of Vertebrata, 382, 391. of whiting, 382. Ovum, i0. Oxidation, 3. Oxygenation of blood, 62. in frog, 62. See also Respiration. Oxyuris, 307. Palzozoology, 523. Palpiger, 274. Palps, labial and maxillary, of cockroach, 274. labial, of mussel, 314, 315. mandibular, of crayfish, 245. Pancreas, 48. of dogfish, 454. of frog, 48. of man, 474. of pigeon, 410. of rabbit, 441, 442. - Pancreatic duct. See Pancreas. Papilla, urinary, 356. urinogenital, 356. Paraglossa, of cockroach, 274. Paramecium, 129. effect of drugs on, 133. excretion in, 132. nutrition of, 132. reproduction in, 134, I9I. structure of, 129. P. aurelia, 131. P. caudatum, 129, 130. Paramylum, 125. in Euglena, 534. in Monocystis, 125. Parapodia, 232, 515. of Merezs, 232. Parasites, 307. ciliate, of frog, 158. INDEX Parasites— protozoan, of man, 144. See also Acarina, Aphaniptera, Glochidium, Hemiptera, Monocystzs, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes. Parasitism, 307. Parenchyma, 202. of liver fluke, 202. of tapeworm, 209. Parent, 8. Parthenogenesis, 190, 193, 196. artificial, 195. in Aphis, 190, 289. in Metazoa, 192. in Protozoa, 192. Pecten, in pigeon’s eye, 417. Pectoral girdle. See Girdle. Pediculus, 288. P. capitis, 288. P. vestimentt, 288. Pelomyxa, 119. Pelvic girdle. Pelvis, 433. Pentadactyle limbs, 40, 419. of Amphibia, 383, 518. of frog, 40. of Mammalia, 519. of pigeon, 402. of rabbit, 419. of reptiles, 518. Pepsin, 50. Pereiopoda, 246. Pericardialcavity. SeePericardium. Pericardium, of cockroach, 278. of crayfish, 253. of dogfish, 350. of frog, 52. of rabbit, 421, 448. of swan mussel, 317. Perilymph, 81. Periostracum, 310. Perisarc, 174. Perissodactyla, 465, 468, 520. Peristalsis, 50. Peristome, of Balantidium, 158, of Paramecium, 129. of Vorticella, 138. ron of earthworm, 215, 210, of Nerets, 233. See Girdle. INDEX Peritoneal cavity, 421, 444. Peritoneum, 27. Perivisceral cavity, 230. coelomic, 230. See also Coelom (perivisceral), Pericardial cavity (except cockroach and crayfish), Peritoneal cavity, Pleural cavities, Pleuroperitoneal cavity. heemoccelic, 230. of Arthropoda (=open blood vascular system), 267, 515. of Ascaris, 296. of cockroach, 273, 278. of crayfish, 249. of Nematoda, 309, 516. Petromyzon, 377, 517. Phagocytes, 100. Pharynx, of Amphioxus, 330. of dogfish, 350, 353- of earthworm, 2109. of frog, 47. of rabbit, 441. Philosophical questions, 12, 79, 550. Phthtrus inguinalis, 289, 290. Phyla, definitions of, 513-517. Phylum, 513. Physiological division of labour, 18. Physiology, 21. Pia mater, 68. Pieces, intercalary, 346. Pig, 463, 465, 467. Pigeon, 396. alimentary system of, 410. blood vessels of, 415. excretion and reproduction of, 414. external features of, 397. feathers of, 399. musculature of, 408. nervous system of, 417. respiratory organs of, 411. skeleton of, 402. skull of, 406, 407. Pisces, 374, 377, 517. Plaice, 382, 383. Planaria, 209. Plantigrade, 464. Plants, differences between ani- mals and, 531. 609 ‘Planula, 179. of anemones, 186, of Aurelia, 187. of Obeléa, 179. Plasmodium, 119, 151. P. falciparum, 153. P. malaria, 153. P. vivax, 153. Plasmogamy, I19. Plate, epicranial, 272. neural or medullary, 479, 491. Plates, podical, 276. Platyhelminthes, 201, 514. Pleura of crayfish, 240. Pleurze of rabbit, 421. Pleural cavities, 421, 441. Pleurobranchia, 258. Pleuroperitoneal cavity, 52, 350, 421, 444. Plexus, anterior choroid, 72. hepatic, of Amphioxus, 337. nephridial, of Amphzoxus, 334. posterior choroid, 71. solar, 455. sympathetic, 74. Podobranchia, 258. Polycheeta, 515. Polyp, 162. body of Hydra, 162. of anemones, 184. of Acalephz, 186. of Obelia, 174. Polytoma, 122, 168, 191, 193, 513, 534- P. uvella, 122. Pores, abdominal, 341. spermathecal, 217. Postpatagium, 401. Postzygapophyses, 29. Pouch, genital, of cockroach, 276, abdominal, of marsupials, 461. Practical work, 551. on Ameéa, 561. on Ascaris, 570. on Balantidium, 561. on cod, 574. on cockroach, 568. on crayfish, 569. on dogfish, 573. on earthworm, 565. ' on Entameba, 561. 610. Practical work— on Hugilena, 561. on frog, 556. on Hematococcus, 561, on Hydra, 562. on lancelet, 572. on leech, 568. on liver fluke, 563. on lizard, 578. on Monocystis, 561. on Wyctotherus, 561. on Obelia, 503. on Ofalina, 561. on pigeon, 581. on Polytoma, 561. on rabbit, 584, on swan mussel, 571. on tapeworm, 565. Preserving fluids, 551. Prezygapophyses, 29. Primary, body. cavity, See Hemoccele. Primary remiges, 401.. Primates, 462, 473, 520. Proboscidea, 465, 470, 520. Proctodeum, 411, 492, Proglottis, 209, 211. Pronephros, 354. of dogfish, 354. of tadpole, 502. Propatagium, 401:. Propodite, 241. Propterygia, 349. Pros.omium, of earthworm, 215. of Merezs, 233. Prothorax, 274.. Protoplasm, 20, 84, I01. Protopodite, 241. Prototheria, 459, 519.. Protozoa, 143, 513. parasitic, in-‘man, 144.. reproduction of, 191. Proventriculus, of crayfish, 249. of pigeon, 250. Pseudobranch, 353. Pseudonavicella, 126. Pseudopodia, 100. of white corpuscles, 100. of Ameba, 111, 112. Pseudopodiospores, 127, Pterylz, 399. INDEX Pubis, 38, 39. of frog, 38. of pigeon, 408.. of rabbit, 433. Pulex irritans, 292. Pulvillus, 275. Pupa, 285. Purposiveness, 13, 16, 175 545. Putrefaction, 536, 548. Pygostyle, 404. Pylangium, 53. Rabbit, 418. alimentary system of, 437. anatomy of, 420. blood ‘vessels of, 448. ductless glands of, 444.. excretory organs of, 445.. external features.of, 418. habits of, 418; intestine of, 441. nervous system of, 453. pelvic girdle of, 434. reproductive organs of, 446. respiratory organs of, 444: sense organs of, 457. shoulder-girdle of, 426, skeleton of, 422, 423.. skin of, 420. ; skull of, 427, 429, 430, 431. stomach of, 441. vertebrae of, 422, 424, Rachis, of feather, 400. of gonad of Ascaris, 299. Radula, 325.. Rana temporaria. Rays (fishes), 377, Rays, branchiostegal, 577.. fin, 348, 349, 350, 383. gill, 348. Receptaculum ovorum,; 227. Rectrices, 399. Redia, 207. Reflex actions, 77. Regeneration, 173, 181. in crayfish, 265. in earthworm, 229. in Hydra, 173. Rejuvenation, 162, 195. Remiges, 399. Repair of waste of body, 7, See Frog. INDEX Repeated fission, 123, 141. Reproduction, 9, 189. analysis of, 9. asexual, 10, 189. of Ameba, 118. of Amphioxus, 338. of Ascaris; 300: of cockroach, 280. of crayfish, 264. of Entameba, 144. offrog, 65, 109. of Hydra, 170. of leech, 238. of liver fluke, 204. of malaria parasite, 151; of Monocystts, 126. of Merets, 234. of Obelia, 178. of Opalina, 159. of Paramecium, 134, of pigeon, 414. of Polytomay.123. of Protozoa, 191, of rabbit, 446.. of swan mussel, 323. of tapeworms, 209. of Z7rypanosoma, 149.. of Vorticella, 141: sexual, 10, 189, 190.: See also Life-history. Reproductive organs. SeeGenera- tive organs. W Reptilia, 374; 385, 518. blood vessels of, 391. heart of, 389. - orders of, 392. skull of, 386.. urinogenital organs:of;.391; Respiration, 3, 16. of Ameba, 116. of Amphibia, 391. of birds, 391: of cockroach, 277. of crayfish, 257. of dogfish, 353. of earthworm, 225. of frog, 61. : of Hydra, 170. of mammals, 391. of pigeon, 411. of rabbit, 444. 611 Respiration— of reptiles, 391. of turtles, 391. Retinula, 261. Rhabditis, 302. Rhizopoda, 143, 513-. Rhynchocephalia, 394, 519.: Ribs, of cod, 575. of dogfish, 344. of frog (vestigial), 29., of pigeon, 402, 404; of rabbit, 425. of snakes, 392. of turtles, 391, 393. Rima glottidis, of frog, 62. Rodentia, 471, 520.. Rostrum, of crayfish, 240. of dogfish, 346. of /xodes, 271. Ruminantia, 467, 520. Sacculus rotundus, 442> Saccus vasculosus, 365.. Sacs, air, of pigeon, 411. lymph, of frog, 26. scrotal, of rabbit; 446. sperm, of dogfish, 356. vocal, of frog, 47. Salmon, 381. Sarcolemma, 96. Scales, cycloid, 381.. epidermal, of pigeon; 397. of reptiles; 385. of snakes, 392; of turtles, 393. ganoid, 381. of Gymnophiona, 384. placoid, 342, 343; 377° Scaphognathite, 246, 257. Scapus, 399. Schizogony, 151. Schizont, 151. Schizozoite, 151. Sclerotic, 80. Sclerotome, 487. Scolex, 209. Scyllium, 340. Sea-anemones, 184,.514, 539. Sea cows, 462. Secondary or true body cavity. See Coelom. 612 Secondary remiges, 401. Secretion, 5, 17, 543. in plants, 531. Section cutting, 554. Segmentation, metameric, 230. in Amphioxus, 326. in crayfish, 239. in dogfish, 342, 491. in earthworm, 230. in frog, 421, 491. in rabbit, 421. in tadpole, 498. in tapeworm, 231. Segmentation of ovum. age. Sense organs, 18. of Amphioxus, 337. of cockroach, 280. ° of crayfish, 261. of dogfish, 371. of earthworm, 222. of frog, 80. of pigeon, 417. of rabbit, 457. of swan mussel, 323. See also Ear, Eye, Cnidocil, Olfactory organs, Statocyst. Senses, of crayfish, 261. of dogfish, 371. of frog, 79. of Vertebrata, 79. Septum, nasal, 82, 346, 430, 437. interorbital, of pigeon, 405. of reptiles, 386. Setee, of earthworm, 216, 217, 420. of Merezs, 232. coxopoditic, of crayfish, 241. Setobranch, 241. Sex, 9, 197. Sexual reproduction. duction. Sheep, 467. heart of, 586. skull of, 465, stomach of, 465. Sinus, pericardial, of crayfish, 253. sternal, of crayfish, 256. urinary, of dogfish, 356. urinogenital, of dogfish, 356. venosus, of dogfish, 359. of frog, 53, 54, 59. See Cleav- See Repro- INDEX Sinuses, vascular, of crayfish, 256. of dogfish, 362. of leech, 238. Siphons, of mussel, 312. Sirenia, 462, 519. Skate, 377. blood vessels of, 377. heart of, 377. nervous system of, 378. various organs of, 376. | Skates, 377. Skein (or spireme), 105. Skeleton, 18, 40. of cod, 577. of crayfish, 246. of dogfish, 344. of frog, 27, 28. of pigeon, 402. of rabbit, 422. of skate, 376. endophragmal, 248. visceral, of dogfish, 347. preparation of, 555. Skin, of bird, 399. of dogfish, 343. of frog, 25, 61, 93. of lizard, 389. of mammal, 420. “scarf,” 92, Skull, 27. of Amphibia, 384. of bird, 505. of Capitosaurus, 385. of dog, 427, 469, 470. of dogfish, 346. of frog, 27, 30. of lizard, 580, 582. of pigeon, 405. of rabbit, 427. of reptiles, 386. of whiting, 577. Sleeping sickness, 149. Slits, gill-, of Amphzoxus, 328. of dogfish, 350. snail, 325. Snakes, 385, 392. Soil, action of earthworm on, 215. Somatopleure, 485. Somites, mesoblastic, 481, 484, _ 491, 498. Species, 512. INDEX Spermatheca, 227. Spermatocytes, 106. Spermatogenesis, 106. Spermatozoon, Io. of Ascaris, 299. of crayfish, 264, 266. of earthworm, 228. of frog, 65, 92, 94, 106. of Hydra, 171. of man, 10. of Nematoda, 309. Sphenodon, 394. Sphincter, pyloric, of dogfish, 353. of frog, 50. Spiders, 267, 268, 516. Spinal cord, 27. of frog, 27, 68, 98. Spindles, cell-, 105. Spine. See Backbone. Spine, heemal, of dogfish, 346. neural, 27, 346. of scapula of rabbit, 433. Spinules, of liver fluke, 201. Spiracle, 340, 353, 377, 380. Spireme, 105. Splanchnoccele, 486. Splanchnopleure, 485. Spongioplasm, 84. Spores, 127. Sporoblast, 155, 156. Sporocyst, 205, 208. Sporont, 126, 155. Sporozoa, 143, 513. Staining, 553. Statocysts, of crayfish, 244, 261. of medusa, 178. of mussel, 323. Stegocephali, 384. Sterna, of crayfish, 240. Sternum, absent in dogfish, 344. of lizard, 583. of Ornzthorhynchus, 460. of pigeon, 407.. of rabbit, 426, 427. structures representing, in frog, 37+ Stigmata, of cockroach, 277. Stipes, 274. Stomach, 18.. of crayfish, 249. ot dogfish, 353. 613 Stomach— of frog, 47. of medusz, 176, 186. of rabbit, 441. Stomodzum, 493. Strobilisation, 188. Structure and function, 17. Struggle for existence, 16, 17. Sturgeon, 380. Styles, of cockroach, 276. Subclass, 513. Subkingdom, 513. Submentum, 274. Subphylum, 513. Subplantigrade, 464. Subumbrella, 176. Succus entericus, 50. Suckers, of leech, 234. of liver fluke, 201. Suina, 467. Suprarenal body, 51, 444. Suspensorium, 34. Swan mussel. See Mussel, swan. Symbiosis, 168. Symmetry, 24. bilateral, 24. radial, 178. Synangium, 53. Synapticulz, 332. Syncytium, 119, 248, 297. in Ascaris, 297. in egg of crayfish, 265. in epidermis of crayfish, 248. Tadpole, 23, 493. Tenia solium, 209. TI. cenurus, T. echinococcus, T. saginata, T. serrata, 212. Tail, 327, 339. of Amphzoxus, 327. of Cetacea, 462. of dogfish, 340, 341. of fishes, 380. of newts, 383. of pigeon, 397. of rabbit, 418. of tadpole, 23, 339,492, 493, 495- vestigial vertebre of. ce Coccyx, Pygostyle, Uro- style. Tail-fan, 427. 6614 Tapeworms, 209. ° Teeth, 343. bunodont and lophodont, 464. of dogfish, 343, 350. of frog, 46. of rabbit, 439. of mammals, 439, 464, 474. selenodont, 467. Teleostei, 381, 518. Teleostomi, 377, 380, 518. Telson, 240. Tentacles, of Hydra, 161. of medusa, 176, 177. of Obelza polyp, 174. of sea-anemone, '186. prostomial, of Werezs,-233. velar, of Amphioxus, ‘328. Tergum, of crayfish, 240. Testes, 65. of Ascarzs, 299. of cockroach, 280. of crayfish, 264. of dogfish, 357. of earthworm, 227. of frog, 65. of Hydra, 171. of liver fluke, 204. of lizard, 578, 580. of pigeon, 414. of rabbit, 446. of reptiles, 391. of Teleostei, ‘391. Thalamencephalon, of ‘dogfish, 364. of frog, 71, 73. of rabbit, 453. Thalami, optic, 72. Thorax, of cockroach, ‘272. of crayfish, 240, of rabbit, 421, °444. Thyroid body, 51, 359, 444. Ticks, 269, 270. Tissue, 19, 83. adipose or fatty, 97. connective, 19, 97. epithelial, 88, -mesoblastic, 495. muscular,' 95. ‘nervous, 92. skeletal, 96. various forms of, 19, 88. INDEX Tortoises, 392. Trematoda, 208 514. ‘Trial and Error,” :method of, 134. Trichinella, 305, 308. Trichocephalus, 306, ‘367. Trichocysts, 130. Triploblastica, 230, 495, 514. Trochlea, 38. Trochosphere, 234. Trophoblast, 508. Trophonucleus, 148. Trophozoite, 126, 151, £56. Tropisms, 134. Truncus arteriostis, 52. Trypanosoma, 147. TZ. brucez, 150. T. crust, 151. T. equinum,(151. T. gambiense, 149. T. rhodesiense, 151. Tuberculum, or tubercle of rib, 4045 426. Turbellaria, 208, 514. Turtles, 385, 391, 392. Tylenchus scandens, 302, 308. Typhlosole, of earthworm,’ 221. of swan mussel, 319. Umbilicus, superior and inferior, of feather, 400. Umbo, 311. Unguiculata, 463, 471. Ungulata, 462, 464, 520. Unguligrade, ‘464. Unity of life processes, £5. Unorganised things, 547. | Urea, 3, 65 Ureter, of dogfish, '356. of pigeon, 414. of rabbit, 446. (so-called) of frog,’ 65. Urodeeum, 411. Urodela, 383, 518. -Urostyle, 27. Uterus, of Ascarzs, 299. of liver fluke, 204, of rabbit, 448. Uterus masculinus, 448. Vacuoles, 86, INDEX 615 Vacuoles— contractile, 116. of Balantedium, 158. of Paramectum, 132. of Polytoma, 122. of Vorticella, 140. Valves, heart, of crayfish, 255. of dogfish, 359. of frog, 53. of pigeon, 415. of rabbit, 449. spiral, of dogfish, 353. Vane (or vexillum) of feather, ‘400. Variation, 511, 526. acquired, 526. germinal, 526. Vasa deferentia, of crayfish, 264. of dogfish, 357. of earthworm, 227. of pigeon, 414. of rabbit, 446. See also Wolffian duct. Vasa efferentia, ofifrog, 65. of dogfish, 357. Vascular system, 18. See also Arteries, Veins. Vein— anterior abdominal, 59, 417. azygos, 451. brachial, 415. caudal, 364, 416. coccygeomesenteric, 416. dorsolumbar, 59. epigastric, 417. external iliac, 451. external jugular, 59, 451. femoral, 59, 416. genital, 59, 451. hepatic, 59, 451. hepatic portal. See Portal. hypogastric, 416, 451. iliolumbar, 451. innominate, of frog, 59. of man and sheep, 476, 588. internal iliac, 416, 451. internal jugular, 59, 451. lingual, 59. mandibular, 59. musculocutaneous, 59. ovarian. See Genital. of Ameba, 111, Vein— pectoral, 416. pelvic, 59. portal, 60, 416, 451. postcaval (or inferior -vena cava), 59, 383, 416, i451. precaval (or superior vena cava), 59, 362,:455, 451. pulmonary, :59. renal, 59, 451. renal portal, 59, 391, 416. sciatic, 59, 416. spermatic. See Genital. subclavian, -59. subscapular, 59. vesical, 60. Veins, 56. of dogfish, 362, 363. of frog, 59. of pigeon, 415 of rabbit, 451. of reptiles, 391. of vertebrates, 451. Velum, of Amphzoxus, 328. of medusa, .176. Vena cava, of swan mussel, 322. of Vertebrata. See Vein, post- caval, precaval, Venous system. See Veins. Vermiform appendix, 444, 476. Vertebree, 26. of dogfish, 345. of frog, 26, 27, 29. of pigeon, 404. of rabbit, 422, 424. of snakes, 392. See also Backbone. Vertebral canal, 26, 27. Vertebralcolumn. See Backbone. Vertebral foramen, 27. Vertebrarterial canal, 422. Vertebrata, 339, 342, 517. Vesicle, cerebral, of Amphzoxus, 38. Vesiculze seminales, of earthworm, 227. of frog, 65. Vestibule, of Ciliata. stome. of frog’s auditory labyrinth, 81. of rabbit, 448. See Peri- ~ 616 Vestigial organs, 522. Vexillum (or vane) of feather, 400. Vibrissz, 419. Viscera, 26. Vision, in crayfish, 261. in frog, 81. Vitalism, 547. Vitality, suspended, 117, 548. Vitreous humour, 80. Vocal chords, 62. Vocal sacs, 47. von Baer’s law, 510, 523. Vorticella, 138, 139, 140. imitation of sex in, 199. Vulva, 419, 448. Warm-blooded animals, 60, 453, 459. Whales, 461. White matter, 68. Whiting, 381, 574. Wings, 18. as homologous and analogous organs, 521, 522. of cockroach, 272, 275. of insects, 282, of pigeon, 400. INDEX Wolffian duct, 65, 355-357, 387, 391, 414, 445, 446, 503. Xiphisternum, 37, 427. Xiphoid cartilage, 37, 427. Xiphoid processes, 427. Xylol, use of, 554. Yeast, 535- Yellow cells, 221, 225. Yolk, 92, 478, 488, 504, 510. Yolk cells, 204. Yolk glands, 204. Yolk plug, 490. Yolk sac, 506, 507, 508. Zoochlorella, 167, 534. Zooids, v, 143, 173, 181. Zoology, I, 20. Zygantra, 392. Zygapophyses, 29. Zygoma, 431. Zygomatic arch, 428. Zygomatic process, of maxilla, 431. of squamosal, 428. Zygosphenes, 392. Zygote, 10, 107, I09, 182, 191, 193, 199, 528. 