None
INDEX Abert Lake, 40 Abnormal temperature, 546 Abrasion by ground-water, 105 by the wind, 70 Absolute humidity, 570 temperature, 677 Accidents to streams, 173 Aconcagua, 445 Agassiz, A., 474, 757 Aggradation, 44 Agonic lines, 477 Agriculture and rainfall, 701 Air, chemical work of, 71 Aitkin, J., 290 Alaska, coast of, 458 Alden, W. C., (and Salisbury), R. D., 78 Aldrich deep, 711 Alluvial cone, 182 fan, 183 plains, 183, 187 fertility of, 191 terraces, 203 Alpine glaciers, 219 Alps, glaciers of, 233 Alps Mountains, 441 section of. 39 Altitude and temperature, 537, 545 Anchor-ice, 214 » Andes Mountains, 441 Aneroid barometer, 583 Annual isobars, 585 maximum temperatures, 550 minimum temperatures, 551 parallax, 488 range of temperature, 549, 552 Antarctic Circle, 502 Antarctica, ice-cap of, 216, 240 Antecedent streams, 177 Anticyclones, 620 movements of, 632 origin of, 648 tracks of, in United States, 636, 645 Ants, effect on surface, 78 Aperiodic changes of pressure, 620 Aphelion, 489 Appalachian Mountains, 39, 41 Aral Sea, 297 Arctic Circle, 502 Areas of low pressure in high lati- tudes, 597, 601 Argon, 512 Aridity, effect on temperature, 545 Artesian wells, 94, 95 Ashes, volcanic, 368 Asteroids, 505 Astronomic latitude, 491 Atlantic, equatorial temperature curves for, 723, 724 Atmosphere, a mixture of gases, 513 carbonic-acid gas of, 514 constitution of, 512 density and altitude, 507 general conception of, 506 heating of, 521 height of, 508 history of, 510 impurities of, 513 mass of, 510 oxygen of, 514 relation to rest of earth, 507 temperature of, 520 volume of, 510 water-vapor of, 517 work of, 55 Atmospheric moisture, effect on movements, 569 function of, 564 Atmospheric pressure, 582 temperature, effect on movement, 561 Atolls, 470 Attraction of sun and moon, cause of ocean movement, 728 Aurora, 509 Autumn, 531 759 760 INDEX Avalanches, 253 Axis of earth, 484 inclination of, 497 Bad lands, 160 Balloon ascents, 508 Barometer, 582 aneroid, 583 Barometric gradient, 613 Bars, 327 Base-level, 131 temporary, 139 Bath, springs of, 99 Batholiths, 375 Bayous, 189 Beaches, 324, 325 Belknap, G. E., 757 Bigsbee, Lieut. Com. C. D., 757 Black Hills, 23 Blake deep, 711 Blizzards, 646 Boiling springs, 124 Bonney, T. G., 390 Bore, tidal, 735 Bowlders, 251 Braided stream, 185 Brigham, Prof. A. P., 337 Buttes, 173 Bysmalith, 375 Caldera, 305 California, model of, 37 rainfall in, 619 Campbell, M. R., 206 Canyon of the Yellowstone, 159 Canyons and gorges, 156 Carbon dioxide of atmosphere, 512 Carbonation, 72 Carbonic-acid gas, 512 in atmosphere, 514, 517 effect on temperature, 517 in ocean, 719 Cascade IV'ountains, 35 Caspian Sea, 297 Castle Geyser, 92 Catskill Mountains, 440, 446 Caucasus Mountains, 442 Caverns, 97 Central America, earthquakes in, 428 Challenger, course of, 710 Chamberlin, Prof. T. C., 112, 289, 290, 291,337, 757 Changes of level, 43, 398, 400-404 Changes of temperature, effect of, 72 Charleston earthquake, 413 Chemical work of air, 71 Chemical work of ground-water, 96 Chesapeake Bay, drainage about, 174 Chile, coast of, 332, 459 earthquakes in, 416 Chimborazo, 445 Chinook winds, 673, 675 Chittenden, H. M., 113 Cinder buttes, 365 Cinders, volcanic, 368 Circle of illumination, 497 Circulation of the atmosphere, 598 Circumpolar whirl, 605 Cirques, 231, 249 Cirrus clouds, 576 Cliff glacier, 221, 222 Climate, 676 changes of, 703 continental, 683 oceanic, 683 of polar zones, 700 of tropical zone, 693 Climate and life, 702 Climates, classification of, 683 Climatic changes, causes of, 705 effects of ocean currents, 733 zones, 684 Cloudbursts, 667 Cloudiness, precipitation, etc., shown on weather maps, 623 Clouds, 574 forms of, 576 Coal in the United States, distribu- tion of, 455 Coastal plains, 17 Coast -line irregularities, distribution of, 461 Coast-lines, affected by diastrophism, 463 affected by gradation, 462 affected by vulcanism, 464 effect on history, 465 irregularities of, 457 relief of, 460 Cold currents, 721 Cold waves, 645 Colorado, Grand Canyon of, 32, 33, 157 Colorado River, delta of, 199 Columnar structure, 388 Comets, 505 Compound alluvial fan, 183 Condensation of water-vapor, 572 Conduction, 526 Conglomerate, 49 Consequent falls, 168 streams, 177 Continental and oceanic tempera- tures, 560 climate, 683, 690 INDEX 761 Continental glaciers, 234 changes produced by, 274 of Europe, 272 of North America, 270 Continental platforms, 10, 11 shelves, 6, 22 slopes, 713 Continents, grouping of, 11 outlines of, 457 Contour interval 20 map, explanation of, 19 Contours, 20 Convection, 93, 527 Convection currents, 529 Coon butte, 380, 381 Copper ores in the United States, distribution of, 454 Coral islands, 469 reefs, 469 Cornish, V., 78 Corrasion, 129 Corrosion, 129 Coseismic lines, 425 Cotidal lines, 747 Counter currents, 733 Cowles, H. C., 78 Crater, 339 Crater Lake, 297, 305, 306, 382 Craterlets, 410 Creep, 108, 133 Crevasses of glaciers, 224 Crustal deformation, 405 movements, 392 Cumulus clouds, 576 Currents, oceanic, 721, 730 Cycle of erosion, 153 Cyclone, 621 structure of, 625 Cyclones, mean tracks of, in United States, 636 movements of, 632 origin of, 648 paths of, 645 tropical, 648 Cyclonic winds, 618 Daily range of temperature 553, 559 Daly, R. A., 206 Dana, Prof. J. D., 473, 474 Darwin, Charles, 474 Davis, B. M., 113 Davis, Prof. W. M., 208, 290, 511, 686 Dead Sea, 297 Deepening of valleys, 129 Deeps, 711 Deflection of winds by rotation, 602, 604 Degrees, length of, 494 Delta of the Colorado River, 199 200 the Danube, 202 the Mississippi, 181, 197 the Nile, 201 the Rhone River, 201 the St. Clair, 197 Delta lakes, 310 Delta-land, 330 Deltas, 198, 199 Density and movement of sea-water, Deposition by continental glaciers ^/o by ground-water, 99 by running water, 179, 180 Depth-limit of valleys, 131 Desert climates, 690 Dew, 573 Dew-point, 570, 572 Diastrophism , 303, 392 a cause of change of sea-level, 401 effects on coast -lines, 463 Diatom ooze, 754 Dikes, 375 Diller, J. S., 337, 390, 391 Dip compass, 479 Direction of winds, 602, 613 Distributary streams, 185 Divides, permanency of, 140 Dodge, Prof. R. E., 206 Doldrums, 617 Dolphin ridge, 714 Drainage changed by glaciation, 285 Drainage of the upper Ohio basin 285 Dredging, 753 Drift, 257 disposition of, 258 oceanic, 730, 732 topography, 260, 264 Driftless area, 272 Drowning of valleys, 173 Drumlins, 265, 278, 279 Dry farming, 615 Dry winds 697 Dunes, 63 distribution of, 63 migration of, 67 shapes of, 65 Dust, 55 in atmosphere, 518 distribution of, 62- sources of, 56 Dust-wells, 227, 228 Dutton, Major C. E., 206, 391, 434 Earth, flattened form of, 482, 496 motions of, 484, 488 762 INDEX Earth relations, 482 Earth, size of, 484 Earthquake fissures, 431 Earthquake wave, 424 Earthquakes, 408 beneath the sea, 420 Calif ornian, 419 causes of, 430 distribution of, 429 frequency of, 427 in Italy, 418 in Japan, 412 in Mississippi valley, 417 in Panama, 428 strength and destructiveness, 408 surface changes caused by, 432 Earthworms, effect on surface, 78 Ebb-tide, 735 Eddying streams, 124 Elbruz Mountains, 445 Elk Mountains, 36, 39 Enchanted Mesa, 172 Englacial drift, 253 Entrenched meanders, 174 Eolian sand, 63, 69 Epicontinental seas, 7 Equator. 484 Equatorial calms, 603, 617 currents, 730 temperature curves for the At- lantic, 724 temperature curves for the Pacific, 724 Equinoxes, 499 Erosion, 129 by continental glaciers, 274 by streams, 120 by wind, 55 conditions affecting rate of, 155 Eskers, 267 Evaporation, 80, 565 affected by temperature, 568 amount of, 567 effect of temperature on, 568 influenced by wind, 568 rate of, 566 Exfoliation, 74 Extinct lakes, 333 Extra-tropical belts of high pressure, 600 Fairchild, Prof. H. L., 291 Fall Line, 22 Fault, normal, 406 reversed, 406 Faulted mountain, 39 Faulting, 405, 406 Faults and folds, 406 Fault-scarps, 407 Fenneman, Prof. N. M., 337 Ferrel, W., 5U "Fetch" of waves, 321 Filling of lake basins, 302 Fiords, 248, 331 Fissure eruptions, 371 Fissures, 338 Flint, J. M., 757 Floe-ice, 212 Flood-plain meanders, 187 Floods of rivers, 115, 195 of Yellow River, 202 Flood-tide, 735 Flowing wells, 94 "Fluvial period" of history, 191 Fluvio-glacial deposits, 265 Foehn winds, 673 Fog, 574, 734 Folding, 405 Folds and faults, 406 Foraminiferal ooze, 754 Forests, climatic effect of, 692 Form of earth, 482 Fossils as evidence of change of level, 393 Foucault's pendulum, 486 Freezing and thawing, 72 Frigid zones, 684 Frost, 573 Fuji-yama, 445 Funnel-shaped cloud, 668 Galveston storm, 648, 654 Gannett, H., 206 Geikie, Prof. J., 78, 112, 290, 337 Geikie, Sir Archibald, 290, 337 General circulation and precipitation, 614 Geodetic latitude, 491 Geographic latitude, 491 Geography defined, 4 Geology defined, 3 Geysers, 90 Geyser tube, 91 Giant Geyser, 91 Gilbert, G. K., 205, 290, 337, 391, 434 Glacial bowlders, 252 epochs, cause of, 273 grooves, 249, 250, 263 lakes, 311 period, 270 plains, 436 stria?, 248, 250, 263 Glaciated valleys, 244 Glaciation and drainage, 280, 285 effects of, on human affairs, 287 Glacier movement, nature of, 231 Glaciers, 219 INDEX 7G3 Glaciers, conditions affecting rate of n.ovement, 230 crevasses of, 224 deposition by, 255 effect on shores, 330 erosion by, 242 movement of, 229 size of, 233 types of, 219 waste of, 229 work of, 242 Glaciers and ice sheets, ancient, 270 Gold and silver, distribution of, 454 Gradation, 305 agents of, 44 effects on coast -lines, 462 Gradient of wind, 613 Graham Island, 379 Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 32, 33, 157 Granite, 52 Gravity faults, 406 Great Ararat, 445 Great Bear Lake, 297 Great Lakes, the, 284 Great Plains, 23 Great Salt Lake, 315 Great sea waves, 412 Greece, earthquakes of, 420 Greely, Gen. A. W., 511 Greenland, ice-cap of, 216, 235 Ground-ice, 214 Ground moraine, 257, 278 Ground-swell, 319 Ground-water, 83 abrasion by, 105 amount of, 86 deposition by, 99 descent of, 84 existence of, 83 movement of, 86 solution by, 96 source of, 83 surface, 85 work of, 80, 96 Gulf Stream, 544, 730 Gullies, 119 Gulliver, F. P., 474 Gully, growth of, 142 Heat received in different latitudes, 524 Heating of land and water, 530 Heilprin, Prof. A., 390, 474 Henry Mountains, 373 Hanging valleys, 247 Hann, Prof. J., 511, 689 Harrington, M. W., 337 Hawaiian volcanoes, 361 Hayden, F. V., 511 Hayes, Dr. C. W., 206 "High." (See Anticyclone.) High-latitude areas of low pressure, 601 High-latitude glaciers, 219 High-pressure belts, 594 High tides, 738 variation in height of, 744 Hill, R. T., 390 Himalayas, rainfall in, 619 Hitchcock, A. S., 78 Hogbacks, 171 Hot waves, 645 Hovey, E. O., 112, 390 Humidity, 570 absolute, 570 effect on temperature, 545 relative, 570 Hurricanes, 648 Hydration, 105 Hydrography defined, 3 Ice and snow, work of, 207 Ice of lakes, 207 of sea, 210 in soil, 207 Icebergs, 269 Ice-cap of Antarctica, 240 of Greenland, 235 Ice-caps, 221, 234 Ice cascade, 224 Ice columns, 228 Ice-fields, 218 Ice-foot, 212 Ice jams, 213 Ice-packs, 212 Ice-sheets, 221 Ice-shove, 212 Igneous rocks, 51 Immediate run-off, 83 Inclination of earth's axis, effects of, 497 India, earthquakes in, 416 famines in, 619 Inequalities of level, 727 Insolation, 522 in different latitudes, 524 Interior plains, 17, 22 Intermediate zones, 684, 686 climate of, 695 Intermittent streams, 118 Intrusions of lava, 374 Iron ores in the United States, dis- tribution of, 455 Irrigation, 193, 451 Is-abnormal lines, 546 764 INDEX Is-abnormal temperatures for Janu- ary, 547 for July, 548 Islands, origin of, 466 Isobaric chart for January, 591 for July, 593 Isobaric charts, 584 Isobaric gradient, 587 Isobaric surfaces, 587, 596 Isobars, 584, 620 annual, 585 courses of, 588 and humidity, 594 and parallels, 589 and temperature, 590, 592 relation of, to land and water, 589 Isogonic lines, 477 Isothermal chart of United States, annual, 553 for April, 554 for January, 554 for July, 555 for October, 555 Isothermal charts, 539 Isothermal surfaces, 546 Isotherms, 539 courses of, 540, 624 Japan, earthquakes in, 412 Jefferson, M. W., 206 Jetties of the Mississippi, 128 Johnson, L. C., 206 Joints, 53 Jordan, Pres. D. S., 434 Jordan craters, 364 Judd, Prof. J. W., 390 Jupiter, 504 Kames, 268 Karst, 98 Karst topography, 98 Kaskaskia, 189 Kemp, Prof. J. F., 337 Kenai, 445 Kilauea, 363, 364 Kilimanjaro, 445 King, F. H., 112 Krakatoa, 348 Kummel, H. B., 291 Laccoliths, 374 Lacustrine plains, 333, 437 Lag of tides, 741 Lake Agassiz, 282, 333 Agnes, 35 Baikal, 297 Balkash, 297 Bonne ville, 314 Chad, 297 Lake Chelan, 297 Como, 297 Erie, 297 Garda, 297 Huron, 297 Michigan. 297 Nyassa, 297 Ontario, 297 Pepin, 292 Pontchartrain, 310 St. Clair, delta of, 197 Superior, 297 Tanganyika, 297 Titicaca, 297 Victoria Nyanza, 297 Winnipeg, 297 Lake basins, filling of, 302 origin of, 303 Lake water, movements of, 300 sources of, 301 Lakes, 292 area of, 295 changes of level of, 300 changes taking place in, 302 climatic effects of, 316 conditions necessary for, 301 depth of. 295, 296 distribution of, 293 economic advantages and disad- vantages of, 316 fate of, 303 lowering of outlets, 303 origin of, 313 sections of, 298 topographic position of, 295 volume of water in, 297 Lakes of Red River (La.) Valley, 3C « Land, materials of, 45 Land and water, effect on tempen,- ture, 541 heating of, 530 Land-breezes, 561, 610 Land degradation, rate of, 154 Landslides, 106 Landslip Mountain, 106 Land-tied islands, 329 Land -water, source, 80 Lateral moraines, 254 mode of origin, 257 Latitude, 490 and sun altitude, 502 length of degrees, 494 Lava, 338, 367 Lava-flows of the northwest, 372 Lead and zinc ores in the United States, distribution of, 456 Le Conte, Prof. J., 473 Leuk. springs of, 98 Leverett, F., 290 INDEX 765 Life and climate, 702 Lightning, 665 Limestone, 49 origin of, 718 Limestone sinks, 97 Lithosphere, relief of, 9 Littoral climate, 691 currents, 319, 326, 729 Load of streams, 122, 128 Local variations of pressure, 597 Loess, 58, 59, 61 Lone Star Geyser, 92 Longitude, 491 and time, 490, 492 Louisville tornado, 670, 671 "Low." (See Cyclones) Low tides, 738 Magnetic declination, 477, 478 inclination, 479 intensity, 479 meridians, 475, 476 Magnetism, terrestrial, 475 Malaspina Glacier, 2.0 Mammoth Cave, 9/ Mammoth Springs, 102 Mantle rock, 46 Mars, 504 Maryland vein, 100 Marysville buttes, 384 Massive rocks, 52 Materials of the land, 45 Mature topography, 152 valley, 149 Maturity of rivers, 150 Mauna Kea, 442-443 Mauna Loa, 339, 362, 365 McGee, W J, 434 Mean monthly temperatures, 680 Medial moraine, 255 Medicinal springs, 90 Mercury, 504 Meridians, 484, 491 Merrill, G. P., 78, 206 Mesa, 34, 173 Metamorphic rocks, 53 Meteorites, 514 Meteorology defined, 3 Meteors, 509 Mill, H. R., 337 Milne, J., 434 Mineral matter of sea, 716 amount of, 716 source of, 717 withdrawal of, 718 Mineral springs, 90 Mississippi River, amount of sedi- ment carried by, 121 delta of, 181, 197 Mississippi River, flat, 136 rate ol erosion, 154 Mistral, 648 Moisture, effect on temperature, 545 Moisture of the air, 564 Monadnocks, 153, 171 Monoclinal folds, 406 Monsoon winds, 562, 605 of Chicago, 609 of India, 608 of Spain, 610 Mont Pelee, 350 Monument Park, 71 Moore, W., 511 Moraine-dams, 258 Motions of earth, 484 X'oulton, Prof. F. R., 740 Mount Hood, 381 Mazama, 307 McKinley, 441 Rainier, 381, 383, 441 Shasta, 380, 381, 382 \Vhitney, 441 Wrangell, 445 Mountain breezes, 562 chain, 439 climate, 691 group, 439 range, 438 ridge, 438 system, 439 Mountains, 15, 33, 437 barriers to animals and plants, 452 barriers to transportation, 452 changes taking place in, 443 distribution of, 439 effects of, 450 produced by erosion, 445 by faulting, 448 by folding, 447 by intrusion, 447 height of, 440 in history, 38 in ocean, 442 origin of, 39, 445 Movement of sea- water, 719 causes of, 727 Mud cones, 389 volcanoes, 388 Murdoch, L. H., 337 Murray, Sir John, 337, 757 Nansen, F., 291 Narrows, 169 Natural Bridge of Virginia, 163 Natural bridges, 98, 161 Natural levees, 187 Neap tides, 744 Needle Mountains, 34 766 INDEX Neptune, 504 New Madrid earthquake, 418 Niagara Falls, 167 Nimbus clouds, 576 Nitrogen, 512, 513 Nitrogenous compounds, 513 Normal fault, 406 North Atlantic, temperature curve for, 723 Northern lights, 509 Northers, 646 Nunatak, 237 Obsidian, 367 Ocean, the, 706 age of, 718 Ocean basins, 708 continuity of, 11 Ocean bottom, topography of, 713 Ocean currents, 721, 730 cause of, 733 climatic effects of, 733 effect on temperature, 544 gradational effects of, 734 Ocean, depth of, 711 Ocean life, 749 Ocean, mass of, 712 Ocean movements, types of, 729 Ocean, reasons for low temperature of, 724 relation to rest of earth, 756 temperature of, 721, 722 volume of, 712 Ocean water, temperature and move- ment, 722 Oceanic climates, 683, 688 Oceanography, defined, 3 Oceans, area of, 6 Old age of rivers, 150 Ores, distribution of, 452 Orizaba, 445 Ouachita Mountains, 23 Outwash plain, 266 Ox-bow lakes, 189 Oxygen of atmosphere, 512, 514 Ozark Mountains, 23 Pacific, equatorial temperature curves for, 724 Paint-pots, 390 Palisade Ridge, 385, 387 Parallels, 490 Peary, Lieut. R. 393 River floods, 195 River ice, 213 River lakes, 308 River plains, 436 River system, history of, 141 Rivers, amount of water in, 114 effect on shores, 329 load of, 122 Rock, 47 Rock-basins, 275 Rock-breaking, 73, 111 Rock decay, 111 Rock flour, 251 Rock terraces, 170, 171 Rock waste, 46, 47 Roots, agents of weathering, 76 Rotation of earth, 484 Rotation, effect of, 488 winds deflected by, 602, 604 Running water, work of, 114 Run-off, 83 Russell, Prof. I. C., 205, 289, 290, 337, 390,511 Salinity and movement, 719 Salt Lake, 315 Salt lakes, 314 Sand, 62 lodgment of, 62 sources of, 62 Sandstone, 49 San Francisco earthquake, 419 San Francisco Mountain, 381, 384, 386 Satellites, 505 Saturation, 569 Saturn, 504 Scandinavia, changes of level in, 393 Sea, temperature of, 721 Sea bottom, materials of, 753 Sea-breezes, 561,610 Sea caves, 394 ice of, 726 Sea cliff, 321,322, 323,394 Sea-level, 400. 707 distortion by attraction, 707 inequalities of, 707 , 727 Seasonal range of temperature , 559 Seasons, 531 change of, 533 Reasons in different latitudes, 534 Sea-water, composition of, 716 gases in, 718 movements, 727 salinity and color, 720 Secular changes of level, 392 Sedimentary rocks, 48 Sedimentation, a cause of change of sea-level, 400 Seepage, 89 Seiches, 300 ^emi-arid lands, 618 Sensible temperature, 677 Seward glacier, 234 Shale, 49 Shaler, Prof. X. S., 112, 205 290, 337, 434 Shepard, E. M. Prof., 434 "Shooting-star" dust, 753 Shooting-stars, 509, 514 Shore current, 318, 319 deposition by, 324 Shore-drift, 325 Shore ice, 333 lakes, 311 terraces, 334 Shore lines, 292 effect of glaciers on, 330 effect of rivers on, 329 effect of wind on, 330 ^ topographic features of, 317 Sierra el Late Mountaims, 34 Sills, 374, 375 Sinking of coasts, evidences of, 395 Sirocco, 645 Slichter, Prof. C. S., 112 Sliding, 105 Slumping, 105, 107. 135 Snake river, 31 Snow, 214, 580 Snow and ice, work of, 207 Snow-eaters, 674 Snowfall, 682 at Chicago, 680 in the United States, 556 Snow-fields, 215 Snowflakes, 81 Snow line, 215, 217 Soil, 46 Solar climate, 683 system, 504 tides, 743 Solstices, 499 Solution by ground-water, 96 Soufriere, 57, 350 Sounding line, 712 South Atlantic, temperatures in, 725 temperature curve for, 725 Spanish Peaks, 445 768 INDEX Spits, 327 Spring, denned, 531 Spring tides, 736, 744 Springs, 89 mineral and medicinal, 90 temperature of, 89 Stalactites, 101 Stalagmites, 101 Standard-time zones, 495 St. Louis tornado, 669 Stone, G. H., 290 Storms, 621 special types of, 663 Stratified drift, 287 Stratified rocks, 48 Stratus clouds, 576 Stream water, sources of, 116 Streams, accidents to, 173 antecedent, 177 consequent, 177 deposition by, 179 erosive work of, 120 load of, 122 Stromboli, 341 Submarine volcanic extrusions, a cause of change of sea-level, 401 Submerged forests, 396 Submerged valleys, 397, 714 Subsoil, 47 Summer, defined, 531 Summer and winter, differences, 532 Summer solstice, 499 Sun, varying distance of, 536 Sun-cracks, 135 Sun's distance, effect on tempera- ture. 536 Supan, A., 688 Surf, 319 Suspension of sediment in rivers, 127 Tajamulco, 445 Talus, 74, 134 Talus glacier, 107 Tanner, Lieut. Com., Z. L., 757 Tarr, Prof. R. S., 337, 474 Taylor, F. B., 291, 337 Temperature of air, 520 effect on movement, 561 vertical movements, 563 Temperature and altitude, 537 and condensation of water- vapor, 572 Temperature changes with rise of air, 537 curve for the North Atlantic, 723 Temperature curve for the South Atlantic, 723 Temperature, eiiect on evaporation, 568 of springs, 89 of sea, 721 on weather map, 624 zones, 688 Temperatures in South Atlantic, 725 Temporary base-level, 139 Terminal moraines, 257, 276 Terrestrial magnetism, 475 Texas, coast of, 461 model of, 36 Thermal equator, 602 Thermometer, 520 self-registering, 726 Thomson, Dr. C. Wyville, 757 Thrust -fault, 406 "Thunder-squall," 664 Thunder-storms, 610, 663, 666 Tidal currents, 736 Tidal poles, 741 Tidal races, 736 Tides, 729, 735 cause of, 736 effects of on shores, 748 lag of, 741 monthly variation of, 746 periodicity of, 736 rate of movement, 748 Timber jams, 308 Topographic features of shores, 317 Topographic relations, effect on tem- perature, 545 Topographic unconformity, 332 Tornado near Chicago, 672 at Louisville, 670 at St. Louis, 669 at Rochester, Minn., 672 Tornadoes, 611, 657 Tower, N. S., 206 Trade-winds, 603, 617 Trade-wind zone, 687 Transpoitation by rivers, 127 Travertine, 101 Tributaries, growth of, 147 Tropic of Cancer, 501 of Capricorn, 501 Tropical belts of high pressure, 594 calms, 601, 617 cyclones, 611, 648 zone, 684, 685 climate of, 693 Turtle Mountain landslide, 106 Tuscarora deep, 711 Tyndall, J., 290 Typhoons, 655 Typhoon tracks, 659 INDEX 769 Udden, Prof. J. A., 78 Undertow, 318, 319, 729 Unequal heating of land and water, effect on wind, 605 Unequal insolation, effect on winds, 598 Upham, Warren, 291, 337 Uranus, 504 Valley, stages in history of, 148 Valley breezes, 562 flats, 135 glacier, 219, 223 train, 266 Valleys, 118 courses of, 144 deepening of 129 depth-limit of, 131 lengthening of, 140 widening of, 131 width-limit of, 134 Variable climate, 677 Veins, 100, 101 Velocity of wind, 613 Venus, 504 Vesuvius, 341 Volcanic "ash," 56, 368 Volcanic belts, 368 cinders, 368 cones, 378 dust, 56 eruptions, phenomena of, 366 gases, 368 glass, 367 mo'intains, 445 necks, 385 plugs, 385 vapors, 368 Volcano, 338 Volcanoes, active, 341 distribution, 368 explosive type, 340 number, 368 products of, 367 quiet type, 340 topographic effects of, 378 Vulcanism, 305, 338 causes of, 375 effect on coast-lines, 464 Walcott, Dr. C. D., 206 Waldo, Frank, 511 Wall Lake. Iowa, 210 Ward, Prof. R. D. C., 511, 684 Warm currents, 721 , 732 W'arped shore-lines, 394 Warping, 405 Washington, rainfall in, 619 Watchung Mountains, 387 Waterspouts, 673 Water surface, 85 Water table, 85 Water-vapor, 564 amount of, 568 of atmosphere, 512, 517 distribution of, 569 sources of, 565 Wave-cut terrace, 324 Waves, 318, 729 crest of, 318 deposition by, 324 erosive work of, 320 "fetch " of, 321 length of, 318 of translation, 319 period of, 318 trough of, 318 Weather Bureau, 622, 663 Weathering, 72, 76, 110, 129 conditions affecting, 111 Weather maps, 620, 627 Weather predictions, 656 failure of, 660 value of, 663 Weed, W. H.. 113 Westerly winds, 603 West Indian storms, 653 Whirlwinds, 611, 666 Width-limit of valleys, 134 Wild, J. Volume I. Processes and Their Results. xix-f-654 pp. $4.00 Volumes II and III. Earth History. xxvi+6c)2-(-xi-(-624 pp. Vols. II and III not sold separately. $8.00. Chas. D. Walcott, Director of U. S. 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High School:— I am of the opinion, after careful examination of the leading Physiographies on the market, that Salisbury's Briefer Course of Physiography is in the lead, in the method of treatment of the subject of Earth Science, its clearness of presentation of detail, and especially in the ways in which the subject matter is discussed in illustrative dia- grams. Salisbury's Elementary Physiography By ROLLIN D. SALISBURY, Professor in the University of Chicago. (American Science Series, Elementary Course.) xi + 359 pp. 47 plates. Large i2mo. $1.30. This is particularly well adapted to first year pupils and short enough for a half-year course if need be. C. L. Walton, Lake Vino High School. Chicago :— "It would seem that nothing further could be done in the way of perfecting a text-book in elementary physiography. As we are to have but five months of this study hereafter, I think no other book is so well adapted to c ir needs as this one." 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With colored plates and many illustrations from photographs. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.87. " A delightful miscellany, telling about fish of the strangest kind. Nearly everything that is entertaining in the fish world is touched upon and science and fishing are made very readable." — New York Sun. INSECT STORIES By VERNON L. KELLOGG. Illustrated. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62. " The author is among a few scientific writers of distinction who can interest the popular mind. No intelligent youth can fail to read it with delight and profit." — The Nation. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY PUBLISHERS NEW YORK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. APR 2 3 1952; MAY 5 1961 * • Form L9-60m-ll,'50 (2554)444 THE TYRPA1W Salisbury - Sl6p Physiography, Ufa • Sl6p Geology Library UC SOUTHERN RE2ONALUBRARYFAaUTY IHlIll llll Mill H""1' A 000 582 759 7. 