None
Knox, Banking in the United States, 91-102, 132-137, 220-269, 287-294, and United States Notes, chs. ix-xi; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 464, 559-578, IV, 237-243, 427, 428, 509, V, 188; Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, VI, chs. xi, xii, IX, ch. iv; A. B. Hart, Chase, 215- 252, 274-289; E. P. Oberholtzer, Jay Cooke, I, chs. iv-xii; Comte §237] FINANCIAL MEASURES 479 de Paris, Civil War, II, 654-706, III, 403-450; H. C; Adams, Public Debts, pt. ii; A. M. Davis, Origin of the National Banking System; G. Bancroft, Plea for the Constilidion; C. J. Stille, How a Free People Conduct a Long War; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, ch. xviii, xix, xxii; Ed. Young, Customs-Tarif Legislation, pp. cxxi- cxlii; F. W. Taussig, Tariff History, 155-170 j E. Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, ch. xiii; F. C. Howe, Internal Revenue System, chs. iii-vii; W. C. Mitchell, Greenbacks. Sources. — Debates: Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong., 39 Cong., I sess. passim. — Finance Reports: Senate E.xec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess.. No. 2 (1861); 37 Cong., 3 sess.. No. 1(1862); House Exec. Docs., 38 Cong., i sess., VI, No. 3 (1863), VII, No. 8, and XV, No. 84 (receipts and expenditures), VII, No. 4, and IX, No. 36 (treasurer's reports); 38 Cong., 2 sess., VII (1864), VII, XIII, No. 73; 39 Cong., I sess., VI, XII, No. 74 (1865). — Documents: Senate Exec. Docs., 38 Cong., i sess., I, No. 35 (direct taxes), No. 52 (debt). No. 50 (banks); Senate Misc. Docs., 39 Cong., I sess., Nos. 100, 112, 117; Senate Reports, 51 Cong., 2 sess., No. 2130 (import duties); House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., I, III, Nos. 36, 44, IX, No. 122; 37 Cong., 3 sess., V, No. 25 (banks); 38 Cong., I sess., XIII, No. 66 (Jay Cooke); 38 Cong., 2 sess., VIII, No. i6 (cotton); 39 Cong., i sess., VII, No. 26 (deposits), XII, No. 95, (rebel cotton loan); 48 Cong., 2 sess., XVII, No. 4, Table E (proceeds of taxes); House Misc. Docs., 38 Cong., i sess., Ill, No. 28; House Reports, 38 Cong., i sess., II, No. 140; J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, 47, 87, 92, 129, 130, 149, 183, 246-248; American Annual Cyclopcedia, 1861, 295-314; 1862, 452-474 (finances); 1863, 290-304 (National Bank act), 394-412 (finances); 1864, 37i~377 (finances), 219-352 passim (Congress); 1865, 205-301 passim (Congress), 335-350 (finances); Ed. McPherson, Rebellion 358-374- — ^ Statutes: Statutes at Large, XII, XIII; C. F.Dunbar, Laws relating to Finance, 155-199; National Monetary Commission, Laws concerning Money, 161-191, 327-364, 518-525, 634-648; Wm. MacDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 19, 25, 29, 30, 33, 37, 39 ; Apps. to Congressional Globe, 37, 38 Congs. — Contemporary Writings: Hugh McCuUoch, Meji and Measures, chs. xv-xvii; John Sherman, Recollections , I, chs. xii, xiii, and Selected Speeches; R. B. Warden, Chase, chs. xxvi-xlii passim; J. W. Schuckers, Chase, chs. xxx, xxxvii-xxxix; Diary and Correspondence of Chase, 312-364 passim (on trade w'th the enemy); L. E. Chittenden, Recollections of Lincohi, chs. xxxiii, xxxiv; C. Sumner, Works, VI, 319, VII, 84-109, 148, 166, VIII, 419, 471, IX, 26, 229, 336. 480 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§238 Bibliography. — D. R. Dewey, Financial History, §§ 116, 126; A. B. Hart, Manual, § 50 (lect. 75); J. N. Larned, Literature of American History, 319-331; W. C. Mitchell, Greenbacks, chapter bibliographies; Bowker and lies, Reader's Guide, 35-43, 66-72; indexes to public documents (§ 26). § 238. International Complications of the War, 1861-1865 Summary. — Earlier foreign affairs (§ 224). — Administration of foreign affairs : Secretary Seward ; Senator Sumner ; controversies with Navy Department ; foreign representatives ; Lincoln. — Blockade: rival suggestion of closing the ports; 1861, Apr. 19, 27, Lincoln's proclamations; blockade-runners (§235); captures (§ 236) ; effect on foreign cotton-spinning. — Recognition of bellig- erency: international precedents; 1861, May 13, English neutral- ity proclamation ; other foreign neutrality proclamations ; no recognitions of independence of Confederacy; 1863, Dec. 3, the Pope's letter to Davis. — Trent affair: 1861, Nov. 8, seizure of Slidell and Mason by Wilkes; Dec. 23, English ultimatum pre- sented; Dec. 25, cabinet agrees to surrender Mason and Slidell. — Alabama question: 1861, May 13, Minister C. F. Adams in London ; Confederate sympathies of the governing class and English colonies; Union sympathies of the working class ; 1862, Feb. 8 to Mar. 22, Adams's protests against the Ore to (Florida) June 23 to July 29, Adams's protests against the " 290 " (Alabama) 1863, the Japan (Georgia) ; 1864, the Sea King (Shenandoah) depredations of the cruisers (§§ 235, 236) ; effect on American merchant marine ; Alabama claims (§ 244) ; question of indi- rect damages. — Captures of English vessels : blockade-runners (§ ^35)', "continuous voyages"; Stephen Hart, Springbok, and Peterhoff cases. — Mexico : 1861, English, French, and Spanish convention; 1862, French invasion; 1863, Sept. 20, Seward's protest; 1864, Apr. 4, House resolution on monarchical govern- ments ; MaximiHan's empire ; 1865-1867, Napoleon III compelled to withdraw (§ 244). General. — J. T. Morse, Jr., Lincoln, I, ch. xii; T. K. Lothrop, Seward, chs. xvi-xx; Moorfield Storey, Sumner, chs. xiii, xv; Pierce Butler, Judah P. Benjamin, chs. x-xii; J. K. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, ch. xx, and Outcome of the Civil War, ch. x; J. Schouler, «23S] INTERNATIONAL COMPLICATIONS 48 1 History, VI, ch. i, §§ vi, xiii, ch. ii, § vi; Cambridge Modern History, XII, ch. ii; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and Constitution, II, ch. xxxiii; J. W. Foster, Century of American Diplomacy, ch. x; J. M. Callahan, Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy; J. B. Moore, Arbi- trations, I, ch. xiv; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, chs. xiii, xiv; South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 525-543- Special. — Narratives: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, ch. XV, V, ch. ii, VI, chs. ii, iv, VII, ch. xiv, VIII, ch. x; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 417-435, 519-543, IV, 76-95, ch. xxii, V, 205-211; F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington, I, chs. Ix, Ixi, Ixv- Ixvii, II, chs. i-xi,' xx, xxiii, xxv, xxviii, xxiv, xxxiv; F. Bancroft, Seward, II, chs. xxx— xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii; C. F. Adams, C. F. Adams, 144—357, and Studies Military and Diplomatic, Nos. 9, 10; E. L. Pierce, Sumner, IV, chs. xliv-xlviii; P. A. Stovall, Robert Toombs, ch. xxi; Mountague Bernard, Neutrality of Great Britain; J. W. Draper, Civil War, II, chs. Ix-lxii, III, ch. Ixxxiv; J. Davis, Con- federate Government, II, 245-284, 367-381; T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, 348-417; Virginia Mason, James M. Mason, chs. viii-xx; Century Co., Battles and Leaders, IV, 595-614 (Confederate cruisers); Goldwin Smith, England and the War of the Secession {Atlantic, LXXXIX, 303); T. L. Harris, Trent Afair; John Bigelow, France and the Confederate Navy; Caleb Huse, Supplies for the Confederate Army; J. W. Headley, Confederate Operations in Canada and New York; J. D. Bulloch, Secret Service; Arthur Sinclair, Two Years in the Alabama; C. E. Hunt, The Shenandoah; Raphael Semmes^ Service Afloat; J. R. Soley, Blockade and the Cruisers; American Annual Cyclopadia, 1861, 70 (blockade), 693 (Trent); 1S62, 193 (blockade), 738 (mediation), 741 (slave trade). — Discussions: Henry Wheaton, International Law (Boyd ed.), §§ 412-537, and Apps.; C. C. Beaman, National and Private Alabavia Claims; T. D. Woolsey, International Law, §§ 163-203; Travers Twiss, Law of Nations in Time of War, chs. vi, x-xii; J. N. Pomeroy, International Law, ch. vii; Wilson and Tucker, International Law, pt. v. Sources. — Diplomatic Correspondence: Papers Relating to For- eign Affairs, years 1861, 1862, 1863 (2 vols.), 1864 (4 vols.), reprints from Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess.,I (1861); 37 Cong., 3 sess., 1 (1862) ; House Exec. Docs., 38 Cong., i sess., I, II (1863) ; 38 Cong., 2 sess., I-IV (1864); 39 Cong., i sess., I (1865); British and Foreign State Papers, LV; Staatsarchiv, I-V (see contents). — Other Official Documents: J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, 14, 15, 81, 246, and Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, II; 482 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§238 House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., Ill, No. 46 (Trent), VIII. No. 104 (privateers), VIII, No. 100 (Mexico); 37 Cong., 3 sess., V, No. 23, and VI, No. 54 (Mexico); 38 Cong., i sess., VII, No. 10 (diplomatic system); XV, No. 92 (Mexico); 39 Cong., i sess., VII, No. 36 (Shen- andoah); House Reports, 37 Cong., 2 sess., Ill, No. 122 (reciprocity); 39 Cong., I sess., I, No. 100 (neutral relations); Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., IV, Nos. 8, 14, 18 (Trent), V, No. 57 (suppression of slave trade); 37 Cong., 3 sess.. No. 27 (contraband), Nos. 49, 50, (English workingmen); 38 Cong., i sess., I, No. 30 (monarchical governments). No. 47 (Mexico), No. 54 (foreign enlistments); 38 Cong., 2 sess., I, No. 2 (aid by British subjects). No. 33 (Mexico); 39 Cong., I sess., I, No. 5 (Mexico); Case of the United States before the (Geneva) Tribunal of Arbitration. — Collections: Wm. Mac- Donald, Select Statutes, No. 34; Ed. McPherson, Rebellion, 150-153. 338-356; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, Sup. I passim; J. B. Moore, Digest of International Law, § 860, chs. xxvi-xxviii, especially §§ 1256-1262, 1265, 1271, 1310, 1330; American Annual Cyclo- pedia, 1861, 258-277 (correspondence), 70 (blockade), 252 (cotton). 462 (Mexico), 584-593 (privateering), 624-627 (neutrality procla- mations); 1862, 378-393 (correspondence); 1863, 340-345 (corre- spondence), 636 (Mexico); 1864, 360-366 (correspondence); 1865, 335-350 (finances); Southern Hist. Soc, Papers, VII, 99, ZiS', Pitt Cobbett, Leading Cases and Opinions in International Law. — Contemporary Writings: W. H. Seward, IFor^^, V; John Bigelow, Retrospections, I, chs. xi-xv, II; M. D. Conway, Autobiography, I, ch. xxvi; John Bright, Speeches on the American Question; Gideon Welles, Lincoln and Seward, and Diary, I, II; C. G. Loring and E. W. Field, Correspondence on the Present Relations between Great Britain and the United States; S. A. Goddard, Letters on the Rebellion; J. L. Peyton, American Crisis, II, chs. i-v; C. Sumner, ll'or^^, VI, 153-243, 474-487, VII-IX passim; Carl Schurz, Reminiscences, II, 273-326; J. M. Forbes, Letters and Recollections, II, chs. xiv, xv; The Index (Confederate review pub. at London) ; Letters of Richard Cobden to Charles Sumner, 1S62-1S65 {Am. Hist. Review, II, 306) ; C. F. Adams, Trent AJfair (with documents, Mass. Hist. Soc, Proceedings, XLV, 3) ; Brooks Adams, Seizure of the Laird Rams {ibid., 243). Bibliography. — J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, 311; Cambridge Modern History, XII, 852; South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 543; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§50 (lect. 74), 81, 82, 188, 189; indexes to public documents (§ 26); footnotes to Rhodes and to treatises on international law, cited above. §239] ADMINISTRATION AND PEOPLE 483 § 239. National Administration and Northern People during the War, 1861-1865 Summary. — Administration: President (§ 234); cabinet; Sec- retary Stanton ; civil service ; war governors ; generals. — Rais- ing troops: regulars; volunteers; guerillas; spies; terms; reenlistment ; officers' commissions ; recruiting ; bounties ; drafts ; 1863, draft riots. — Supplies: arms; commissariat; medical and hospital; clothing; "shoddy"; contracts; accessibihty to Europe. — Volunteer aid : Christian Commission ; Sanitary Com- mission ; fairs. — Parties : Republicans ; Union Party ; War Democrats ; Peace Democrats ; unfavorable elections of 1862 ; Republican opposition to Lincoln ; cabinet changes. — New states: 1863, June 19, West Virginia (35th); 1864, Oct. 31, Nevada (36th). — Arbitrary government: 1861, Apr. 27, Lincoln suspends habeas corpus; May 25, Merryman case ; Aug. 6, indem- nity act; 1863, Mar. 3, act authorizing suspensions; arbitrary confinements ; 1863, May, Vallandigham tried by a military tri- bunal ; Vallandigham sent south ; provost marshalships in North- ern states ; 1864, Milligan case. — Popular sentiment : commercial prosperity ; excitement of the war ; sacrifices of soldiers ; sacrifices of those who stayed at home ; the women. — Lincoln : popularity ; influence on Congress; 1863, Nov. 19, Gettysburg speech; 1864, June, renominated ; Nov. 8, reelected ; 1865, Mar. 4, second inau- guration and address ; Apr. 14, assassinated ; fame. General. — Alex. Johnston, American Politics, ch. xx; Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 104-116; J. Schouler, History, V, ch. i, §§ viii, xiv, ch. ii, §§ i, ii, v, viii, xi; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 572-580; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and Constitution, II, ch. xxviii; Herbert Croly, Promise of American Life, 89-99; H. Greeley, American Conflict, I, chs. xxxii, xxxiv, II, chs. xxi, xxx; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, chs. xvii, xx, xxi, xxiii; J. T. Morse, Jr., Lincoln, II passim; Norman Hapgood, Lincoln, chs. xi-xvii; A. B. Hart, Chase, ch. xii; W. A. Linn, Horace Greeley, 187-213; S. W. McCall, Thaddeus Stevens, 182-204; T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, 418-448; G. S. Boutwell, Constitution, §§ 243-261, 413-426; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 662-668, 703-710; Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Government, 244-266. Special. — Narratives: J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, 484 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§239 chs. i, iv, xiv, xv; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 438, 553-558, IV, 163- 170, 221-255, 320-332, 408-418, 456-487, 507-539, V, ch. x.xvii; W. A. Dunning, Civil War and Reconstruction, 1-62: Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, IV, chs. vi-viii, VI, chs. xv, xvi, VII, chs. ii, xii, xiii, VIII, chs. i, ii; Ida M. TarbcU, Lincoln, II; F. Bancroft, Seward, II, chs. xxxiv, xxxvii; E. D. Fite, Social and Industrial Conditions in the North; W. B. Weeden, War Government; G. C. Gorhsim, Stanton, I, chs. xxxvi, II, chs. Ixxi, Ixxv-lxxvii, Ixxx-lxxxii, Ixxxiv, Ixxxvii; W. D. Foulke, Oliver P. Morion, I, chs. xii-xxxi; G. H. Pearson, John A. Andrew, I, chs. vi-viii, II; J. Davis, Confederate Government, II, 1-17, 343-350, 450-503; F. W. Seward, Seward at Washington, II; D. S. Alexander, Political History of New York, III, chs. i-ix; J. A. Woodburn, Thaddeus Stevens and the Civil War (Am. Hist. Assoc, Report, 1906, I, 213); C. R. Fish, Civil Service and Patronage, 169-173; D. M. Devvitt, Assassination of Abraham Lincoln; Ethel A. Hurn, Wisconsin Women in the War. — Habeas Corpus and Martial Law: Joel Parker, Constitutional Law, and Habeas Corpus and Martial Law, and Three Powers of Governtnent; Wm. Whiting, War Powers under the Constitution; R. C. Hurd, Treatise on Habeas Corpus; L. G. Tyler, Suspension of Habeas Corpus {Polit. Set. Quart., Ill, 454); Samuel Tyler, Roger B. Taney, ch. vi; J. A Marshall, American Bastile; Horace Binney, Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus; W. W. Willoughby, Constitutional Law, §§ 732- 738; ]. R. Tucker, Constitution, §§315-319. Sources. — President's Messages: J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, 17-19, 24, 25, 36-39, 44-58, 77-/9, 88, 89, 98, 99, 102-109, 113-116, 120-122, 125, 163-174, 204, 219-222, 226-241, 252-256, 271, 276, 284-297, 306-308; Congressional Globe, 37 and 38 Congs., Annual Cyclopedia, 1861 to 1865 (under "Public Docu- ments"); A. Lincoln, Complete Works; contemporary newspapers; American History Leaflets, Nos. 18, 26. — Debates: Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong. — Documents: Senate E.vec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., V, Nos. 42, 50, 51; Senate Misc. Docs., 38 Cong., i sess., Ill, No. 71 (draft riots); House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., i sess., Nos. 5, 6, 16, 17 (habeas corpus); 38 Cong., i sess., V, No. i (provost marshal general); 38 Cong., 2 sess., XIII, No. 56 (election), No. 59 (peace); 39 Cong., I sess., IV, No. i (provost marshal general); House Reports, 39 Cong., I sess., I, No. 93 (Fry); House Misc. Docs., 39 Cong., i sess., Ill, No. 70; American Annual Cyclopadia, 1861, 328 (press), 354 {habeas corpus), 439 (martial law); 1862, 275-376 (Congress), 50S- 515 (habeas corpus), 726-732 (message of Dec, 1862); 1863, 233-258 (debates on habeas corpus), 268-328 (debates), 469-491 (habeas §240] ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 485 corpus), 606 (martial law), 811-818 (riots), 831-842 (general); 1864, 219-352 (Congress), 389-394 (press), 421-425 {habeas corpus), 778- 801 (general); 1865, 205-301 (Congress), 414-421 (habeas corpus); Official Opinions of Attorneys-General, X, XI passim; Wm. Mac- Donald, Select Statutes, Nos. 5, 7-9, 12, 22, 26, 31, 32, 36, 40, 43; Ed. McPherson, Rebellion, 153-195 {habeas corpus), 261-338, 374-389 (general), 403-417 (conventions of 1864), 617-622; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, I- XI, and Sup. passim. — Contempo- rary Writings: John Sherman, Recollections, I, ch. xv; A. Lincoln, Works (2 vol. ed.), II, 44-676, (Biog. ed.), VI, 266-361, VII- XI, (Fed. ed.), V, 299-471, VI, VII; Gideon Welles, Diary, I, II; J. Buchanan, Works, XI (see Contents); Wm. Salter, James W. Grimes, 139-276; Mrs. Chapman Coleman, John J. Crittenden, II, ch. xviii; Alex. Johnston, American Orations (Woodburn ed.), IV, 82 (Vallandigham), 123 (Lincoln); C. L. Vallandigham, Record on Abolition, The Union, and the Civil War; W. H. Seward, Works, V (diary); C. Sumner, Works, V-IX passim; H. W. Davis, Speeches and Addresses; Some Papers of Franklin Pierce {Am. Hist. Review, X, 367-370); G. W. Julian, Political Recollections, chs. ix-xi; A. G. Riddle, Recollections; Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln's Time; F. B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House; J. M. Forbes, Letters and Recollections, I, chs. ix-xiii, II, xvi-xviii; Katharine Wormeley, Other Side of War; C. J. Stille, United States Sanitary Commission; Lemuel Morse, Annals of the Christian Commission; A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, chs. xiii, xv. — ^ Humorists: R. G. White, New Gospel of Peace (2d sen); R. H. Newell, Orpheus C. Kerr Papers; C. F. Browne, Artemus Ward, His Book, and His Travels; D. R. Locke, Petroleum V. Nasby; J. R. LoweU, Biglow Papers (2d ser.). Bibliography. — J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, ch. xviii; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution, 26; Woodrow Wilson, Division and Reunion, § 95; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§ 50 (lect. 71), 159; see references under § 234. § 240. AboUtion of Slavery, 1861-1865 Summary. — Status in 1861 : free states; border slave states; territories ; District of Columbia ; government posts ; fugitive slaves. — Public opinion: 1861, Feb. 11, House unanimous reso- lution; 1861, Mar. 2, Corwin amendment (§ 233) ; 1861, July 22, House on the purpose of the war. — Question of fugitives and 486 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§240 slaves of combatants : 1861, May, Butler's " contrabands of war " ; Aug. 6, first confiscation act; 1862, ]\Iar. 13, return by oflicers forbidden; July 2, second confiscation act; 1864, June 28, act of 1850 repealed. — District of Columbia: 1862, Apr. 26, com- pensated emancipation act. — Territories : June 19, prohibition act. — Negro troops: 1861, Dec, Cameron's message; 1862, Hunter's regiment; July 17, act authorizing enlistments; 1862- 1864, enlistments; service. — Slave trade: 1862, June 7, treaty with England; 1864, July 7, domestic trade forbidden. — Eman- cipation proclamations: 1 861 -186 2, pressure on Lincoln; influ- ence of the border states; 1861, Aug. 30, Fremont's order; 1862, May 9, Hunter's order; 1862, Aug. 19, Lincoln's letter on saving the Union; Sept. 22, preliminary proclamation; 1863, Jan. i, final proclamation ; legal effect ; political effect ; effect abroad. — Proposed colonization : Lincoln's plans ; Chiriqui ; Hayti ; failure. — State emancipations : Lincoln's schemes of compensa- tion; 1862, Apr. 10, joint resolution; 1862-1863, border states refuse; 1862, Mar. 21, West Virginia abolishes; 1863, June 24, Missouri emancipates; 1864, Oct. 13, Maryland abolishes; 1865, Dec, abolition in Kentucky and Delaware by Thirteenth Amend- ment.— Thirteenth Amendment : Lincoln's influence ; 1864, Apr. 8, passes Senate; 1864, June 15, fails in the House; in campaign of 1864; 1865, Jan. 31, passes the House; Dec 18, declared in force. General. — J. K. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, ch. xiv, and Outcome of the Civil War, ch. viii; J. Schoulcr, History, VI, 214-232, 276- 279, 400-407, 528-531; Cambridge Modern History, VII, 580-602; E. E. Sparks, United States, II, 267-277; G. S. Merriam, Negro and the Nation, chs. xxvi, xxvii; J. W. Burgess, Civil War and Constitu- tion, II, chs. xvi, xviii, xx; H. Greeley, American Conflict, II, chs. xi, xii, xxii; J. W. Draper, Civil War, II, ch. Ixiv; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, I, chs. xx, xxi; American Annual Cyclopcedia, 1862, 786-796; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 109-119; Wm. Whiting, War Powers, chs. iii, viii; A. B. Hart, Chase, ch. x; Moor- field Storey, Sumner, chs. xii, xiv; S. W. IMcCall, Thaddeus Stevens, ch. xii; G. C. Gorham, Stanton, II, 73-79, 86-90; H. G. Pearson, John A. Andrew, II, ch. x. Special. — Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, IV, chs. xxii, xxiv, V, ch. xii, VI, chs. vi, viii, xvii, xix, xx, VIII, chs. xvi, xx, X, §240] ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 487 ch. IV ; E. L. Pierce, Charles Sumner, IV, chs. xlviii-1; Garrisons, Garrison, IV, chs. i-vi; I. N. Arnold, Lincoln and the Overthrow oj Slavery; J. Story, Commentaries (4th ed.), §§ 1923-1927; J. F. Rhodes, History, III, 269-271, 466-476, 630-636. IV, 60, 65-76, 157-171, 212-219, 228, 32>2-2,l(^, 421-426, 472-475, 532-536, V, 47- 50, 71, 82, 535-537; A. J. Wilcox, Powers of the Federal Government over Slavery; J. Davis, Confederate Government, II, 158-193, 460- 476; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, ch. iv; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xiv-xviii; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 85-105, App. C; Mary Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia, 92-98; B. T. Washington, Frederick Douglass, ch. xii; C. F. Adams, /. Q. Adams and Emancipation through Martial Law (Mass. Hist. Soc, Proceedings, 2d ser., XV, 436); biographies of Lincoln (see §§ 39, 234), Chase, Sumner, Ben Wade, Thaddeus Stevens, W. L. Garrison, Seward (§39). — Maps: J. K. Hosmer, Appeal to Arms, 214. Sources. — Debates: Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 38 Cong., 39 Cong., I sess.; daily newspapers, especially iVew York Tribune, Times, Herald, Boston Advertiser, Chicago Tribune (see § 41). — Docu- ments: Senate Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., V, No. 42, VI, No. 68; 39 Cong., I sess., II, No. 55; Senate Reports, 37 Cong., 2 sess., No. 12; 38 Cong., I sess., Nos. 8, 17, 24, 25; 38 Cong., 2 sess., I, No. 137; House Exec. Docs., 37 Cong., 2 sess., V, No. 69 (emancipation), X, Nos. 133, 143 (black troops); 38 Cong., i sess., IX, No. 42 (District of Colum- bia); 38 Cong., 2 sess., VIII, No. 38 (troops); House Reports, 37 Cong., 2 sess., Ill, No. 58, IV, Nos. 120, 148; 38 Cong., i sess., I, No. 2; 38 Cong., 2 sess., No. 9; House Misc. Docs., 38 Cong., 2 sess. (state reso- lutions).— American Annual' Cyclopaedia, 1861, 641-645 (slaves); 1862, 720-726 (Lincoln's plans), 752-759 (slaves), 736 (emancipation proclamation); 1863, 268 (negro troops), 304-321 (emancipation in states), 425-431 (freedmen), 831-835 (Lincoln on emancipation); 1864, 219-353 passim (Congress), 387; 1865, 205-217 (Thirteenth Amendment), 370-378 (freedmen); J. D. Richardson, Messages and Papers, VI, 53, 54, 68, 73, 84-87, 91-98, 117, 127, 133-142, 157- 159, 167, 177, 188, 232, 252; Wm. MacDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 6, II, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 28, 38, 45, 48; Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. xxii; J. B. Moore, Digest of Lnternational Law, II, 941-948; Ed. McPherson, Rebellion, 195-261; Frank Moore, Rebellion Record, V-XI, and Sup. I passim. — Contemporary Writings: A. Lincoln, Works, especially (Biog. ed.), VI, 350, 353, 357-361, VII, 21-23, 112-115, 119-128, 132-134, 146, 167, 170-173, 270-277, J80-286, 289, VIII, 1-9, 15, 28-33, 36-44, 155-164, 181-183, 329 488 THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD [§240 IX, 292-295, X, 30, 65-68, 352, XI, 1-3; C. Sumner, Works, VI- IX passim; John Sherman, Recollections, I, ch. xiv; Diary and Correspondence of Chase, 45-49. 54, 87-93, 3". 319. 347, 352, 361, 365, 377-379, 399, 502, 511, 512; A. G. Riddle, Reminiscences, 129- 163; G. S. Boutwell, Speeches and Papers; Frederick Douglass, Life and Times, chs. xi, xii; S. A. Goddard, Letters on the American Rebellion; Noah Brooks, Washington in Lincoln's Time, ch. vi; A. K. McClure, Lincoln and Men of War Times, 88-104; F. B. Carpenter, Six Months at the White House; Elizabeth H. Botume, First Days among the Contrabands; A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, ch. xxi. Bibliography. — M. G. McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, App. E; indexes to public documents (§26); J. R. Bartlett, Literature of the Rebellion; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§ 50 (lect. 76), 159; footnotes to Rhodes. PART VI. RECENT UNITED STATES HISTORY, 1865-1910 CHAPTER XXIX RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 1865-1872 § 241. Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction, 1863-1868 Summary. — Southern economic and social conditions: devas- tation of war; large planters; small planters; poor whites; freed negroes. — Ante-bellum pohtical areas (§ 229); "black belt." — Northern interests in reconstruction: tariff; transportation; banking and currency; finance; idealistic attitude toward f reed- men; relation to Southern loyalists. — Theories of status of seceded states: unimpaired rights (Democrats); state suicide (Summer); conquered provinces (Stevens); forfeited rights (Congress). — 1862, Lincoln's appointment of military governors for Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Louisiana. — 1863, Dec. 8, Lin- coln's proclamation; 1864, July 8, proclamation on pocket veto of Wade-Davis bill; 1865, March 3, Freedmen's Bureau act; April g, Lee's capitulation; April 15, Lincoln's assassination (§ 239); May 29, Johnson's proclamation. — New Southern constitutions; Dec. 18, ratification of Thirteenth amendment; black codes. — 1865, Dec, Thaddeus Stevens and the Joint Committee of Fifteen; 1866, Feb. 19, veto of bill to strengthen Freedmen's Bureau; Feb. 22, Johnson's speech; April 9, Civil Rights act; June 16, submission of Fourteenth amendment; July 16, supplementary Freedmen's Bureau act. — Struggle between President and Con- gress: the general of the army; 1866, March i, admission of Ne- braska; March 2, Tenure of Ofiice act; March 2, 23, acts to pro- vide military governments for the seceded states; extra sessions; (489) 490 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§2il impeachment of the President; 1868, May 16, acquittal. — Powerlessness of the Supreme Court: 1866- 1867, leading cases; 1868, March 27, action of Congress in the McCardlc case; i86g, April 12, Texas v. White. — 1868, June 22, 25, Restoration of Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, and Georgia (temporarily). — Campaign of 1868: Nov. 3, election of Grant. General. — J. F. Rhodes, History, IV, 484-487, V, 47-57, 132-138, 516-626, VI, 1-157, 168-192; W. A. Dunning, Reronslruclion, chs. i-vii, and Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, 63-225, 253-303 ; W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, I, introductions to each chapter; P. J. Hamilton, Reconstruction Period; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 425-465, 480-487; W. Wilson, American People, V, 1-55, and Division and Reunion, ch. xi; Garner and Lodge, United Slates, II, 81Q-825, 830-863; J. W. Burgess, Reconstruction, chs. i-ix; G. T. Curtis, Constitutional History, II, chs. xi, xii; T. C. Smith, in Cambridge Modern History, VII, 622-638; E. E. Sparks, United States, II, 278-300; E. B. Andrews, United States in Our Own Time, 18-40, 68-85; W. G. Brown, Tenth Decade {Atlantic, XCVI, 359, 760); Encyclopcedia Britannica (nth ed.), XXVII, 711-717; P. L. Haworth, Reconstruction and Union, chs. i, ii. Special. — H. A. Herbert and others. Why the Solid South? chs. i, viii, X, and in Atlantic Monthly, LXXXVII, i, 145, 354, 473, 817, LXXXVIII, 121, 289, 432; McLaughlin and Hart, Cyclopedia, articles Civil War (Influence), Reconstruction; F. N. Thorpe, Con- stitutional History of the United States, III, chs. i-iii; P. S. Peirce, Freedmen's Bureau. — Constitutional Amendments (§240): H. V. Ames, Proposed Amendments (Am. Flist. Assoc, Report, 1896, II), 218-235 and index; H. F. Flack, Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment ; J. W. Garner, Fourteenth Amendment (South Atlantic Quart., IV, 209); S. B. Weeks, Negro Suffrage (Polit. Sci. Quart., IX, 671); J. W. Burgess, Present Problems of Constitutional Law (ibid., XIX, 545); J. M. Mathews, Fifteenth Amendment; A. H. Stone, Mississippi's Constitution in Reference to Freedman (Miss. Hist. Soc, Publications, IV, 143); G. T. Stephenson, Race Distinc- tions in American Law, ch. xi ; J. C. Rose, Negro Suffrage (Am. Polit. Sci. Review, I, 17); J. A. Hamilton, Negro Suffrage and Con- gressional Representation. — Treatises: H. C. Black, Constitutional Law (2d ed.), §§ 202, 224, 232-234; J. W. Burgess, Political Science §241] RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES 491 and Constitutional Law, I, 201-232, II, 41-48; T. M. Cooley, Con- stitutional Law (3d ed.), 219-223^ 233-252, 268, 272-280, 290-294; R. Foster, Commentaries, §§ 38, 52-56, 90 (pp. 546-564); W. D. Guthrie. Lectures on the Fourteenth Article of Amendment; J. I. C. Hare, Constitutional Law, 131, 508-543, 746-886; W. W. Willoughby, Constitutional Law, §§ 80, 85-90, 227, 238-242, 456-459, 480-487; G. W. McCrary, Law of Elections, §§ 2, 3, 12-16. Under Lincoln: Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, VI, ch. xvl, VIII, chs. xvi-xx, IX, chs. v, xix; J. K. Hosmer, Outcome of the Civil War, ch. viii; C. H. McCarthy, Lincoln'' s Plan of Reconstruction; E. G. Scott, Reconstruction during the Civil War; C. E. Chadsey, Recon- struction prior to Close of Civil War; F. W. Moore, Representation from the Seceding States {Am. Hist. Review, II, 279, 461); A. H. Carpenter, Military Government of Southern Territory, 1861-1865 (Am. Hist. Assoc, Report, 1900, I, 467); W. E. Birkhimer, Military Government and Martial Law. — Under Johnson: W. A. Dunning, More Light on Andrew Johnson {Am. Hist. Review, XI, 574, 951; authorship of messages); D. M. DeWitt, Impeachment of Johnson; C. E. Chadsey, Struggle between President Johnson and Congress; E. G. Ross, Impeachment of Andrew Johnson; F. T. Wilson, Federal Aid in Domestic Disturbances {Senate Docs., 57 Cong. 2 sess., XV, No. 209), chs. v-viii. — In States: W. L. Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, and Reorganization of the Industrial System in Alabama {Am. Jour, of Sociology, X, 473); J. M. Harrell, Brooks and Baxter War (Ark.); John Wallace, Carpetbag Rule in Ftorida; E. C. Woolley, Reconstruction of Georgia; J. R. Ficklen, Reconstruction in Louisiana; Albert Phelps, Louisiana, chs. xiv, xv; F. W. Moore, Louisiana Politics, 1862-1866 {South Atlantic Quart., I, 128); W. S. Myers, Self-Reconstruction of Maryland; J. W. Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi; J. G. de R. Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina; J. P. HoUis, Reconstruction in South Carolina; J. S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina; J. W. Fertig, Secession and Reconstruction in Tennessee; R. L. McDonnoId, Recon- struction Period in Tennessee {Am. Hist. Mag., I, 307) ; C. W. Rams- dell, Reconstruction in Texas; J. A. C. Chandler, Sujffragc in Virginia, ch. vi; H. J. Eckenrode, Virginia during Reconstruction; C. H. Ambler, Disfranchisement in West Virginia { Yale Review, XIV, 38, 155). Northern Biographies: H. G. Pearson, John A. Andrew, II, 260-287; E. Stanwood, /. G. Blaine, ch. iv; G. S. Merriam, Sam- uel Bowles, II, chs. xxxii, xxxiii; [Detroit Post and Tribune], Zach- ariah Chandler, ch. xvi; A. B. Hart, Chase, chs. xiii, xiv; J. W. 492 RECONSTRUCTION, 18G5-1872 [§241 Schuckers, Chase, chs. xlviii-li; R. B. Warden, Chase, chs. xliv- xlviii; O. J. HoUistcr, Schiivler Colfax, chs. ix, x; Ed. Gary, G. W. Curtis, chs. xiv, xv; J. H. Wilson, C. A. Dana, chs. xxii, xxiii ; B. R. Curtis, Memoir of B. R. Curtis, ch. xiii; Hamlin Garland, Grant, chs. xxxviii-xiii; Adam Badeau, Grant in Peace, chs. ii-xvii; J. R. Young, Around the World u'ith Grant, II, 358-365, 454-463; W. A. Linn, Horace Greeley, ch. ix; C. E. Hamlin, Hannibal Ham- lin, chs. xxxvi-xxxviii; F. A. Walker, General Hancock, 295-304; W. S. Jones, Andrew Johnson; John Savage, Johnson, chs. xx-xxii, App. 88-130; W. D. Foulke, Morton, I, chs. xxxii-xxxv, II, chs. i, ii, V, vi; F. Bancroft, Seward, II, chs. xxxvi, xli; T. K. Lothrop, Seward, ch. xxi; F. Bancroft and W. A. Dunning, Carl Schurz's Political Career (C. Schurz, Reminiscences, III), ch. i; T. E. Burton, John Sherman, ch. vii; W. S. Kerr, John Sherman, I, chs. xxii, xxvi-xxviii, xxx; G. C. Gorham, Stanton, II, chs. xc-cxviii; S. W. McCall, Thaddcus Stevens, chs. .xiii-xix; J. A. Woodburn, Stevens (Am. Hist. Assoc, Report, 1906, I), 221-231; M. Storey, Sumner, chs. xvi, xviii-xxx; A. G. Riddle, B. F. Wade, chs. ix, x. — Southern Biographies Herbert Fielder, Joseph E. Brown; W. E. Dodd, Jefferson Davis, ch. xxii; Mrs. Davis, Jcjferson Davis, II, chs. Ivi, Ivii; B. H. Hill, Jr., B. H. Hill, 46-67, 273-350; Ed. Mayes, L. Q. C. Lamar, ch. xii; Johnston and Browne, A. H. Stephens, chs. xxxi.x-xli; Louis Pendleton, A. H. Stephens, ch. xvii; P. A. Stovall, Robert Toombs, chs. xxiv-xxviii; J. C. Reed, Brothers' War, ch. xi. Sources. — Official Documents: Congressional Globe and Con- gressional Documents, ^g, 40 Congs. ; Senate Exec. Docs., 39 Cong. I sess., I, No. 2, II, No. 43 (reports of Grant, Schurz, and Truman), and House Reports, 39 Cong, i sess., II, No. 30 (report of Committee on Reconstruction, 1866, which is also printed, without testimony, in Ed. McPherson, Reconstruction, 84; these four reports are of special significance); House Reports, 40 Cong, i sess.. No. 7; House Misc. Docs., 40 Cong. 2 sess., II, Nos. 85, 89, 91, 92, loi, 107, 134, and Senate Misc. Docs., 40 Cong. 2 sess., Nos. 42, 43 (trial of Johnson on im- peachment); J. D. Richardson, Afessages a)id Papers, VI, 1S9-191, 213-215, 222-226, 251, 252, 305-757; Statutes at Large, XIII, 507, 737, 744, 758, 760, XIV, especially 27, 173, 364, 428, 430, 432, 486, 571, 811, XV, 2, 14, 41, 72, 73, 85, 193, 257, 344, 711 (most of these laws and proclamations are in substance in Wm. MacDonald, Select Statutes, Nos. 35, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50-52, 56-59, 61, 62, 64, 66-69, 71, 72, 74-76). — Cases: Ex parte Milligan (1867): 4 Wallace, 2; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2381. — Cummings v. Missouri (1S67): 4 §241] RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES 493 Wallace, 277; Thayer, Cases, 1447; C. E. Boyd, Cases, 381. — Ex parte Garland (1867): 4 Wallace, s:^^, Emlin McCIain, Cases, 576. — Mississippi v. Johnson (1S67): 4 Wallace, 475; Thayer, Cases, iq6; McClain, Cases, 102; Boyd, Cases, 652. — Georgia r. Stanton (1867): 6 Wallace, 50; Thayer, Cases, 201; McCIain, Cases, 606 n. — White v. Cannon (1868): 6 Wallace, 443. — Ex parte McCardle (1869): 7 Wallace, 506. — Texas -.'. White (1869): 7 Wallace, 700; Thayer, Cases, 302; McCIain, Cases, 838; Boyd, Cases. 552. — White v. Hart (1872): 13 Wallace, 646; Thayer, Ca^e^, 259. — Gunn V. Barry (1873): 15 Wallace, 610; McCIain, Cases, 1029 n. — Slaughter House cases (1873, 1884): 16 Wallace, 36 and III U.S., 746; Thayer, Cases, 516, 537; McCIain, Cases, 19. — United States v. Reese (1876): 92 U.S., 214. — United States v. Cruikshank (1876): 92 U.S., 542; McCIain, Cases, 31. — Williams v. Bruffy (1878): 96 U.S., 176. — Strauder v. West Virginia (1880): 100 [l.5'.,303; Boyd, Ca^cj, 511. — £.v /»(ir/e Siebold (1880): J00U.S., 371; Thayer, Cases, 326; McCIain, Cases, 56. — United States u. Harris (18S3): 106 U.S., 629. — Civil Rights cases (1883): 109 U.S., 3; Thayer, Cases, 554; McCIain, Cases, 37 «. — State Action : action by the states on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution is in Documentary History of the Constitution, II, 520-897, V. 495-567. The new constitutions of the Southern states are printed in F. N. Thorpe, Charters and Constitutions. For reference to state documents, consult histories of reconstruction in states (ante). ^ Unofficial Collec- tions: W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, I; Ed. McPherson, Reconstruction, and Handbook of Politics (1872- 1878, biennial); A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, IV, §§ 141-154; Mabel Hill, Liberty Documents, ch. x.xiii; American Annual Cyclopadia (1864-1877; volume for 1864, p. 307, prints the Wade-Davis pro- test of Aug. 5, 1864); Tribune Almanac (annual). The iiles of the Nation, Harper^s Weekly, Galaxy, Independent, Christian Examiner, Christian Union, New York Times, Tribune, Sun, and Chicago Trib- une illustrate the currents of sentiment in the period. Contemporary Writings: Mrs. M. L. Avary, Dixie after the War; G. S. Boutwell, Reminiscences, II, chs. xxx-xxxii; Carl Schurz, Reminiscences, III, chs. vi, vii, ix, x; J. B. Bradley, Miscellaneous Writings, 151-163; B. F. Butler, Butler's Book, ch. xx; Diary and Correspondence of Chase, 334-337, 382, 417-423, 430-434, 443- 456 (see also the index) ; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years, II, chs. i, iii- xii, xiv; Mrs. C. CIny, A Belle of the Fifties, chs. xviii-xxix; S. S. Cox, Three Decades, chs. xvi-xxxiv; S. M. Cullom, Fifty Years, 494 RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1872 [§241 chs. viii, ix; G. W. Curtis, Orations and Addresses, I, 123-214; Fred. Douglass, Z,//"e and Tinics, chs. xii-xiv ; Francis Fesscnden, W . P . Fes- senden, II, chs. vii-x ; Rollo Ogden, £. L. Godkin,!, chs. vii, viii; Wm. Salter, /. W. Grimes, 276-367; O. 0. Howard, Autobiography, II, pt. iii; Andrew Johnson, Speeches; G. W. Julian, Recol- lections, chs. xii-xiv; Jos. Le Conte, Autobiography, chs. ix, x; A. Lincoln, Works (Biog. ed.), index, and VIII, 61, 64, 79-81, 326- 328, IX, 218-223, 289-291, 296, 299-301, X, II, 37-39, 85, 139, 152-154, 185, 266-269, 312-314, 333, XI, 84-92, (Federal ed.), VI, 158, 172, 331-334, VII, 28-32, 50-56, 74-77, 84, 102, 105, 129, 150, 159, 168, 170, 233, 268, 362 ; Hugh McCulloch, Mew and Measures, chs. XXV, x.xvi; B. F. Perry, Reminiscences, 242-314, and Sketches, 191-216; B. P. Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, II, chs. xvi-x.xi ; J. H.- Reagan, Memoirs, Apps. B-E; J. M. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army, chs. xix, xxi, xxii; P. H. Sheridan, Memoirs, II, chs. x, xi; J. Sherman, Recollections, I, chs. xvi, xix; Sherman Letters, 245- 325; S. D. Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, chs. xviii-xxi; E. L. Pierce, Sumner, IV, chs. 1-liii; Chas. Sumner, Works, VI- XV (see contents); S. J. Tilden, Writings and Speeches, I, 395-420, and Letters passim; W. M. Stewart, Reminiscences, chs. xx, x.xii, xxiv; Rich. Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, ch. xv; W. H. Trescot, Reconstruction in South Carolina {Am. Hist. Review, XV, 574); T. W. Barnes, Thurlow Weed, chs. xxiv, xxv; R. H. Wilmer, Recent Past, 139-165; O. M. Roberts, E.Kperience of an Unrecognized Senator (Texas Hist. Assoc, Quarterly, XII, 87); G. Welles, Diary, II, III (see index under "Reconstruction"); Jon. Worth. Correspondence (see index); E. A. Pollard, Lost Cause, ch. xliv; J. A. Garfield, Works, T, I, 73, 95, 243; A. H. Stephens, War between the Stales, II, colloquies xxiii, xxiv, and Reviewers Reviewed, 226-270; Gustavo Koerner, Memoirs, II, chs. .\liv-xlvi; Cornelius Cole, Memoirs, chs. XXX, xxxii. — Descriptions: Sidney Andrews, South since the War; Victoria V. Clayton, White and Black: Elizabeth W. Pearson, Letters from Port Royal; E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause Regained; White- law Reid, After the War; Robt. Somers, Southern States since the War; J. T. Trowbridge, The South; J. H. Kennaway, On Sherman's Track. Bibliography. — W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, ch. xxii; W. L. Fleming, Documentary History of Reconstruction, references passim; J. F. Rhodes, History,Y-YU, footnotes passim; A. B. Hart, Manual, §§ 51, 52 (lects. 79, 80), 160; bibliographies appended to state his- tories of reconstruction cited above: A. P. C. Griffin, References on Impeachment, and References on Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments; §242] CARPETBAG AND NEGRO RULE 495 The South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 625, 626, 645; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 478, 506. § 242. Carpetbag and Negro Rule, 1868-1877 Summary. — Union, or Loyal, Leagues; "carpetbaggers"; ''scalawags." — Ku Klux Klan; Knights of the White Camelia. — 1869, Feb. 27, submission of Fifteenth amendment; 1870, March 30, ratified. — 1870, Restoration of Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas; 1871, Georgia. — 1870, May 31, Enforcement act; 1871, Feb. 15, substitute for iron-clad oath; Feb. 28, act for federal supervision of elections; April 20, Ku Klux act; — 1872, May 22, Amnesty act; June 10, supplementary federal election law. — • Misrule of negro and carpetbag governments: conservatives; 1872, federal troops occupy the capitals of Louisiana, Alabama, and Arkansas. — White ascendancy: 1870, Democratic control of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Virginia; 1872, removal of political disabilities; improvement of white leadership; 1872- 1876, split in Republican party in Southern states; 1872, Feb. 19, report of the " Ku Klux committee "; 1874, white ascendancy in Alabama, Arkansas, and Texas; Louisiana uprising; " Mississippi plan "; 1874, April 27, Lamar's oration on Sumner; Dec. 7, Grant's message; 1875, Jan. 13, Grant on the federal purge of Louisiana legislature; Feb., Force bill fails in Senate; March i, Civil Rights act; Sept., refusal of troops to Mississippi; election of 1876 (§ 251); 1877, withdrawal of troops by Hayes (§ 251); 1880, May 4, act forbidding use of army at the polls. — Federal decisions (§ 241): 1873, Slaughter House cases; 1876, United States v. Reese; 1876, United States v. Cruikshank; 1883, United States v. Harris; 1883, Civil Rights cases. — Later Southern history (§ 261), General. — J. F. Rhodes, History, VI, 200-204, 244-246, 284- 334, 390-391, VIL 74-174; W. A. Dunning, Reconstruction, chs. xi, xiii, xv-xvii, xix, and Essays, 225-252, and Undoing of Reconstruction {Atlantic, LXXXVIII, 437); W. Wilson, American People, V, 55-64, 72-78, 97-102, 104-108, 136-140, and Division and Reunion, ch. xii; E. B. Andrews, Our Own Time, chs. v, vi: J. W. Burgess, Reconstruction, chs. x-xiii; T. C. Smith, in Camhridqe Modern His- tory, VII, 638-654; Garner and Lodge, United States, II, 863- 875, 889-893, 906-918; F. N. Thorpe, Constitutional History, III, chs. iv, v; Johnston and Woodburn, American Political History, II, 496 RECONSTRUCTION, 1805-1872 [§242 465-478, 487-492; South in the Building of the Nation, IV, 601- 625, 632-645; Encydopcedia Brilaniiica (nth ed.), XXVTI, 715- 722 ; P. L. Haworth, Reconstruction and Union, ch. iii. Special. — Carpetbag and Negro Rule (see § 241 for state reconstruction, biographies, etc.): H. A. Herbert, Why the Solid South? chs. ii-v'i, viii, .xii-.xiv; \V. E. B. Du Bois, Reconstruction {Am. Hist. Review, XV, 781); F. Bancroft, Negro in Politics; G. S. Mer- riam, Negro and the Nation, chs. xxviii-xxxvi; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xxi ; xxiii; A. H. Stone, Race Problems, chs. vi, viii; G. W. Cable, Silent South, and Negro Question; W. K. Boyd, W. W. Haldol, ch. iii-v, App.; J. W. ^Sloore, North Carolina, II, chs. ix-xii ; W. L. Royall, Virginia Debt Controversy. The period- icals cited in § 241, reached through Poole's Itulex, contain a mass of material; for material in historical society publications, etc., see American Historical Associntion, Report, 1905, IT; especially useful are Alabama Historical Society, Transactions, and Mississippi His- torical Society, Publications. — Ku Klux Klan and Election Frauds: J. C. Lester and D. L. Wilson, Ku Klux Klan (Fleming ed.), and in Century, VI, 398; W. G. Brown, Lower South, ch. iv, and Ku Klux Movement {Atlantic, LXXXVII, 634); J. E. Cutler, Lynch Law, ch. v; W. A. Sinclair, Aftermath of Slavery, chs. ii-vi. — Schools and Churches: B. T. Washington, Up from Slavery, and Future of the American Negro, ch. i, and Story of the Negro, ch. xiii, and (with others) Negro Problem, ch. i; Mrs. E. A. Talbot, E. C. Armstrong, chs. v-viii; John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen; P S. Peirce, Freedmen's Bureau, ch. v; J. W. Alvord, Letters from the South; A. T. Porter, Led on Step by Step, chs. xxi- xlii; Maria Waterbury, Seven Years among the Freedmen; E. G. Murphy, Present South, chs. ii, iii; J. C. ^eed, Brothers' War, ch. xvi; Atlanta University, Publications, V, VI; W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Church; National Teachers' Associations, Proceedings, 1865, 1870; H. K. Carroll, Religious Forces, 27, 255, 263, 294; J. M. Buckley, Methodism, 517-526; G. G. Smith, G. F. Pierce, chs. xvi, xvii: R. R. Wright, Negro Education in Georgia; G. W. Williams, Negro Race, II, chs. xxiv-xxvii; J. L. M. Curry, The Negro since j86o, and Education of Negro (Commissioner of Education, Report, 1895, II, 1374); A. D. Mayo, Schools in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia {ibid., 1904, I, 999); John F. Slater Fund, Proceedings, 1884. — Social and Economic Conditions: P. A. Bruce, Plantation Negro; G. T. Stephenson, Race Distinctions; Washington and Du Bois, Negro in the South; J. .\. Tillinghast, Negro in Africa and America, 171-228. §242] CARPETBAG AND NEGRO RULE 497 Sources. — (See § 241 for sources not here repeated.) — Official Documents: Congressional Globe, 40 Cong. 3 sess. to 42 Cong. 3 sess.; Congressional Record, 43, 44 Congs.; Congressional Docu- ments of the period, especially the Ku Klux report and testimony in 42 Cong. 2 sess., Senate Reports, II, No. 41 (13 pts.); also 40 Cong. 3 sess., Senate Exec. Docs., No. 15; 41 Cong, i sess., House Misc. 