None
INDEX Abrasion test, rocks, 207 Absorption Test for brick, 559 Test for rocks, 213 Test for wood blocks, 515 Acid sludge, 261 See Bituminous materials Administration Alabama, 732 Boston, 737 California, 732 Connecticut, 733 E^ly Grecian highways, 2 Early Roman highways, 7 France, 727 Germany, 729 Great Britain, 730 Illinois, 733 Maryland, 733 Massachusetts, 734 Methods of financing, 718 New Jersey, 734 New York, 735 Ohio, 736 Pennsylvania, 736 Rhode Island, 737 St. Louis, 738 Switzerland, 731 United States, 731 Adobe, 129 Aesthetics, highways, 22 American highways, ancient Cumberland Road, 15 Early highways, Boston, 14 Early legislation, New York, Highways of Peru, 13 Lancaster Turnpike, 15 Paving, 16 York Road, 14 American Society of Civil Engineers, Special Committee on Bitu- minous Materials Bituminous Concrete pavements, 400 Bituminous macadam pavements, 400 Bituminous materials, 416 Distillation test, 302 Evaporation test, 298 Fixed carbon test, 296 Melting point test, 301 Nomenclature, 263, 265 Parafhn test, 305 Ref)ort forms, 660 Solubility in carbon disulphide test, 290 Solubility in carbon tetrachloride test, 305 Solubility in naphtha test, 306 Specific gravity test, 288 Traffic census, 23 Traffic classification, 34 Viscosity or consistency test, 293 Water soluble material test, 288 American Society for Testing Ma- terials Test for distillation, 302 evaporation, 299 penetration, 295 " " solubility in carbon di- sulphide, 290 " " toughness, broken stone, 211 Amiesite, 434 Ancient highways 14 America, 13 Assyria, 2 Britain, 1 1 Carthage, I Eg>'pt, I 741 (1 i( 11 742 INDEX Ancient highways France, 8 Greece, 2 Phoenicia, i Rome, 2 Spain, 8 Asphalt Bermudez, 274, 276, 277, 468- 471 California, 269, 468-471 Combinations of tar and ^sphalt, 285 Cuban, 270 Definition of, 261, 269, 467 Determination of tar in, 311 Giisonite, 277 Methods of testing, 286 Mexican, 272 Oil asphalts, production of, 270 Pioneer, 468-471 Production of, 270 Rock, 262, 269, 270-273 Sources of, 270, 272, 273 Specification, 580 Texaco, 468-471 Trinidad, 274, 468-471 See Asphalt cement Asphaltenes, 262 Asphalt block pavement Composition of blocks, 444 Cost of, 462 Definition of, 263 Manufacture of, 445 Maximum grade of, 85 Size of blocks, 444 See Comparison of roads and pavements Asphalt cement Analyses of, 470 Comf)osition of, 467 Definition of, 262 Specifications, bituminous con- crete, 418, 419, 420 Specifications, bituminous mac- adam, 385, 387, 388 Specifications, sheet asphalt, 469, 471 Asphalt cement Value of naphtha solubility test, 306 See Sheet asphalt pavement Asphalte Comprim^ See Rock asphalt pavement Asphaltic petroleums Analysis, light oil, 330 Applying light oil, 330, 333 Construction of bituminous surface with, 338, 368, 371, 378 Definition of, 262 Fixed carbon in, 298 Methods of testing, 286 Nomenclature of, 267 Occurrence of, 268 Rate of production, 268 Specific gravity of, 289 Use of, for dust prevention, 320, 328, 330, 333 Value of evaporation test, 299 Value of flash point test, 308 Value of naphtha solubility test, 306 See Bituminous materials " Dust prevention Association for Standardizing Paving Specifications Asphalt cement, 385 Bituminous macadam pavement, 384 Brick pavement, 561, 567, 571, 573» 575 Coal tar, 386 Conclusions, water-bound mac- adam, 384 Concrete foundation, 138 Concrete pavement, 584 Concrete sidewalk, 672 Rock asphalt pavement, 482 Stone block pavement, 534, 536, 540. Bitumen Bitumen content, 423 Definition of, 261, 262, 265, 468 Extraction of, 311 Gilsonite, 277 Test for, 290 Bituminous concrete pavement Abbott patent, 426 Advantages of, 462 Aeberli method, 430 Amiesite, 434 Asphalt block, 444, 462 Asphalt cement specifications, 418, 419, 420 Bitulithic, 446, 461 Bitumen content, 421 Bituminous materials, 416 Causes of failure, 462 Classification of, 415 Cost report cards, 458 Comparison mixing methods, 457 Covering, 425, 449 Crown of, loi, 103, 104 Definition of, 264, 415 Development of, 414 Disadvantages of, 462 Drying aggregate, 439 Excelsior pavement, 438 Extraction of bitumen, 311 Filbertinc, 438 Foundations, 137, 148, 424, 430, 442 Bituminous concrete pavement Hauling aggregate, 443 Heating bituminous material, 431, 432, 437, 465 Limiting grades, 86 Mathews patent, 424 Mbcing, 443, 449 Mixing machines, 451 Proportions, 425, 431, 435, 437, 440, 442, 445 Rolling, 425, 432, 433, 434, 437, 444,450 Seal coat, 425, 429, 432, 433, 434, 436, 437, 448 Size of aggregate, 425, 427, 428, 429. 430, 431, 434, 435, 436, 437, 441, 442, 445, 446, 449, 450, 464 Specifications, New York, 449 " Pennsylvania, 437 refined tar, 417 Rhode Island, 431 Road Board, Eng- land, 434 Spokane, 441 Spreading, 443 Subgrade, 424 Tarmac, 449 Thickness, 424, 425, 429, 430, 434- 436 Topeka, 440, 460 Warrenite, 445 Bituminous gravel pavement Advantages of, 408 Asphalt cement specification, 385, 387, 388 Bituminous materials used, 384 Causes of failure, 410, 412 Coal tar specification, 386, 388 Construction of, 402 Cost data, 406 Definition of, 383 Development of, 383 Disadvantages of, 410 Economy of, 402 Preparation of subgrade, 389 <i 11 14 << 744 INDEX Bituminous gravel pavement Size of gravely 402 See Comparison of roads and pavements Bituminous macadam pavement Advantages of, 408 Amount of bituminous material, 39i-393» 395, 39^, 398, 399, 404 Applying bituminous material, 390-392,404 Asphalt cement specification, 385. 387, 388 Pituminous materials used, 384 Causes of failure, 410, 412 Coal tar specification, 386, 388 Cost data, 403, 404 Covering, 391, 392, 394, 401, 404 Crown of, loi, 104, 397, 400 Definition of, 264, 383 Development of, 383 Disadvantages of, 410 Glad well system, 396 Limiting grades, 86 Maintenance of, 406 Method, Mass. 575 Melting point test, 301 Mexican asphalt, 272 Oil asphalts, 270 Paraffin test, 305 Pioneer asphalt, 468-471 Refined coal tar, 280 Refined water gas tar, 285 Results of analyses, 470 Rock asphalts, 269 Sampling, 313 Setting up, 339 Shipping, 315 Solubility, carbon disulphide, 290 carbon tetrachloride, 305 88^ Baum6 naphtha, 306 Specific gravity, 288 Sulphur test, 310 Tars, 262, 278 Texaco asphalt, 468-471 <i II INDEX 745 Bituminous materials Toughness test, 310 ' Trinidad asphalt, 274 Types used, bituminous con- crete, 416 Types used, bituminous mac- adam, 384 Types used, bituminous surfaces, 339 Typical analyses of, 313 Use of, 263 Viscosity test, 293 Water gas tar, 283 Water soluble material, 288 Writing specifications for, 287 Bituminous sand pavement, 264 Bituminous shell pavement, 264 Bituminous slag pavement, 264 See Bituminous macadam pave- ment Bituminous surfaces Advantages of, 376 Amount constructed, 320 Amount of bituminous material, 346.351,368,372,381 Applyingbituminousmatcr'l, 345 Asphalt mixed with sand, 372 Bituminous carpet, 264 Cost of, 371, 372, 373 Crown of, 104 Danger to fish life, 377 Definition of, 264, 337 Development of, 337 Disadvantages of, 376, 378 Failures, 378 Gravity vs. pressure distribution, 345 Injury to vegetation, 377 Irritation to eyes, 378 Maintenance of, 373 Materials used, 339. 368, 375. 379 Mechanical appliances, ses Dis- tributors On brick pavement, 578 On concrete pavement, 592, 596 Preparation of road surface, 342, 348, 368, 371 Slipperiness, 377 11 14 Bituminous surfaces Specifications, coal tar, 340 Road Board of England, 348 water gas tar, 342 Sprinkling the surface, 344 Top dressing, 347, 351, 370 Use of, 337 Blown oils Definition of, 262 Melting point of, 301 Blown petroleums Definition of, 262 Melting point of, 301 Solubility in carbon disulphide, 292 Boiler, 225 Bond issues, 723 Boulevard, 18 Brick Absorption test, 559 Brick clays, 551 *' shales, 551 Cross breaking test, 559 Manufacture, 553 Rattler test, 557 Repressed brick, 554 Size and character of, 556, 558 Wire-cut-lug, 554 See Brick pavement Brick pavement Asphalt filler, 575 Bituminous filler, 573 Bituminous surface on, 578 Characteristics, 581 Coal tar filler, 573 Cost data, 576 Cross section of, 561, 565 Crown of, 103, 104 Development of, 550 Expansion joints, 566 Foundation, 137, 560 Grout filler, 567, 571 Joint filler can, 574 Laying the brick, 557, 562 Life of, 644 Maintenance of, 578 Maximum grade, 85, 86, 582 746 INDEX Brick pavement Noise, 646 Resistance to traction, 650 Rolling, 565 Sand cushion, 561 Sand joint filler, 567 Slipperiness, 582, 646 Specifications, 561 See Brick Bridges Bridge floors, 708 Concrete, 711 Concrete arches, 715 Concrete girders, 713 Cost. Brooms Bass brooms, 342, 619 Cost of, 619 Push brooms, 619 Sweeping machines, 619 Buck scraper, 162, 177 Building line platform, 91 Burning point test, 308 Burnt clay roads, 598 Bush hook, 158 Calcium chloride Applying dry method, 325 " wet method, 325 Cost data, 325, 327 Manufacture of, 325 Results of experiments, 326 California asphalt, 269, 468—471 Carbenes, 262 Carpet, 264 See Bituminous surface Car tracks Clearances, 626 Details of construction, 630, 631 Drainage, 627, 635 Location, 625 Longitudinal support, 632 Rails, 627 Rail joints, 629 Surfacing adjacent to rails, 627, 629, 634 Track foundation, 629 Width occupied by, 79, 80, 626 Cart, see Wagon Catch basin Construction of, 119 Inlet castings, 122 Location of, 124 Cement, see Concrete Cementation test, 209 Chats, 204 Chert, 205 City planning, see Design Clay Adaptability, 150 Brick, 551 Formation of, 129 Requisites, 151 See Soils Clinker pavement, 601 Coal tar Analysis of, 279, 330 Blowing, 281 Combination tarandasphalt, 285, 311 Controlling viscosity, 281 Danger to fish life, 377 Dead oils, 263 Definition of, 262, 263 Dehydrated tar, 263 Distillation, 281, 304 Free carbon in, 263, 279, 293 Hydraulic main, 280 Injury to vegetation, 377 Irritation to eyes, 378 Melting point of, 301 Methods of testing, 286 Pitches, 263 Production of, 282 Refined tar, 263, 280 Removing water, 280 Retorts, 279 Source of crude tar, 279 Specifications, 340, 386, 388 Specific gravity, 289 Tar stills, 280 Use of, 320, 328, 332, 335, 339, 377 Cobblestone pavement Cost of, 604 Ramming, 604 Size of stones, 603 Use of, 14, 16 Coke oven tar Analysis of, 279, 283 Characteristics, 283 Dead oils, 263 748 INDEX Coke oven tar Definition of, 262 Dehydrated, 263 Free carbon in, 263, 279, 293 Methods of testing, 286 Pitches, 263 Production of, 282 Refined tar, 263 Source of, 282 Comparison of roads and pave- ments Annual cost, 650 Conclusions, 656 Cost records, 658 Effect of grade, 648 Ideal, 643 Life of pavements, 644 Maximum grades, 646 Methods of comparison, 653 Noiselessness, 645 Report forms, 660 Resistance to traffic, 647, 650 Sanitary qualities, 645 Scientific comparison, 657 Slipperiness, 646 Suitability of types, 654, 656 Concrete Concrete slabs, 146 Grouting method, 146 In situ method, 145 Laying, 139 Mixing, 139-14^ 145 Proportions of, 138 Specifications, 138, 672 See Concrete pavement Foundation Sidewalks Concrete pavement Bituminous surface on, 592, 596 Blome pavement, 588 Characteristics, 596 Concrete cubes, 593, 594 Cost data, 594 Crown of, 585 Development of, 583 Expansion joints, 589 Foundation, 585 Concrete pavement Grouting method, 591 Hassam pavement, 59Z Ingredients, 583 Kieserling pavement, 589 Maintenance, 595 Oil cement concrete, 589 One course method, 586 Proportioning concrete, 583, 586, 587 Reinforced pavement, 589 Slipperiness, 596 Specification, 584 Subgrade of, 585 Two course method, 585, 587 See Comparison of roads and pavements Conduits, see Pipe systems Cost, see article in question Cracked oil Definition of, 262 Solubility in carbon disulphide, 292 Creosote Distillation test, 509 Sampling, 508 Specification, 507 Crown Bituminous pavement, loi Broken stone road, 10 1 Earth road, loi, 155 Gravel road, loi, 191 Powell formulas, 102 Rosewater formulas, 103 Warren's rules, 104 Zakniser's rules, 104 See f)avement or road in ques- tion Crushers Bins, 226 Boiler, 225 Cost of, 224, 225, 228 Elevator, 225 Engine, 225 Gyratory, 222, 223 Jaw, 223, 224 Output, 224, 225 Screen, 226 INDEX 749 Crushing Cost of, 22g, 244 Cost of portable plant, 228 Crushers, 222 Crushing plant, 222, 227, 228 Cuban asphalt, 270 Culvert Arch, 704 Cast iron pipe, 698 Concrete pipes, 700 Corrugated metal pipes, 700 Cost, 698-705 Design, 695 Discharge of pipes, 692 Economy of design, 694 Foundation, 696 Formula for run-off, 688 Headwalls, 697 High water mark, 693 Location of, 118, 695 Measurement of flow, 693 Myer's formiila, 688 Rainfall curves, 689 Reinforced concrete, 703 Selection of type, 694 Size of drainage area, 687 Stone box, 701 Talbot formula, 688 Timber box, 704 Vitrified pipe, 698 Cumberland Road, 15 Curbs Concrete, 682 Cost, 682, 683 Curb elevations, 96 Curb grades, 96 Dimensions, 681 Laying, 681 Radii corners, 99 Staking out, 63 Stone, 681 Curb line platform, 91 Curves Elimination of, 19 Radii of, 97 Stationing, 44 Vertical, 88 n II << 14 • I II II II Curves Wear on, 97 Width of road on, 81 Cut-back products, 261 Design Crowns, 10 1- 105 Curb elevations, 96 Curves, 97 Determination of grade, 82, 85, 86, 95, 646 Determination of width, 77-82 Drainage, 19, 105 Effect, horse-drawn traffic, 74 motor trucks, 73 motor vehicles, 72 ** traction engines, 73 Estimates, 105 Foundation, 19, 105 Influence of aesthetics, 22 climate, 21 locality, 21 " maintenance meth- ods, 21 " traffic, 22, 24, 25, 40, 72, 382 Loads and tire widths, 73-76 Location, 18, 22 Park highway systems, 67 Scope of design, 66 Size street blocks, 71 St'ate highway systems, 66 Street intersections, 89-97 Street systems, 68 Type of surface, 105 Use of local materials, 21 Vertical curves, 88 Width, 20 Width of right of way, 81 Deval machine, 207 Distillation Creosote oil, 509 Description of test, 302 Interpretation of test, 304 Distributor Aitken, 364 Amount of pressure, 346, 368, 370 A. T. C, 360 750 INDEX II (I «« « Distributor Eldus, 354 For spraying light oils, 229 light tars, 333 oil and water, 325 Good Roads, 361 Good Roads Improvement Co., 361 Gravity vs. pressure, 345 Hand-drawn, 353, 362 Johnston, 366 Lassailly, 357 Miner, 367 Monarch, 367 Pillsbury, 364 Pouring cans, 352 Pressure tank, 362 Studebaker, 358 Tank with hose, 354 Topping, 360 Waithman broom, 354 Ward, 366 Weeks, 357 Ditch, 116, 153, 154 Dorry machine, 213 Drag scraper Cost of moving earth, 176 Description and cost, 160 Method of operation, 161 Drainage Catch-basins, 119 Concrete pipe subdrains, ill Conditions encountered, 109 Cost of, III, 115 Drop inlets, 119 Earth roads, 152 Frost action, no Gutters, 116 Inlet castings, 122 Laying the pipe, 113, 114 Log drains, 115 Object of, 109 Preliminary examination, 20, 126 Side ditches, 1 16 Size of pipe, in, 112 Stone drains, 115 Tile pipe subdrains, 1 10 V-drain, 135 Drilling Churn drilling, 219, 221 Cost of, 219, 243 Cost of sharpening drills, 219 Hammer drilling, 216, 219 Speed of, 219, 221 Steam drilling, 219, 221 Drop inlet, 1 19 Ductility test, 309 Durax pavement Cost data, 547 Foundation, 535 Joint fillers, 544 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Size of blocks, 533 Dust palliatives Calcium chloride, 325 Classification of, 321 Definition of, 264 Emulsion, 261, 327 Light oib and tars, 328 Oil and water, 325 Use of, 320, 321 Water, 322 See Dust prevention Dust prevention Calcium chloride, 325 Cost data, 324, 325, 327, 328 330 Effects of dust, 317 Emulsions, 327 Formation of dust, 317 Light oils and tars, 328 Oil and water, 325 On business streets, 319 On residential streets, 320 Pathogenic effects of dust, 318 Preparation of road surface, 332, 333 Sweeping and watering, 319 Use of palliatives, 320, 321 Water, 322 Earthwork Balancing cuts and fills, 84 Cost of, 174-179 Earth shrinkage, 156 Estimating volume, 106 Grading classification, 173 INDEX 751 <( n «l <( If (i II II II « (I Earthwork Moving with brick scrapers, 162, 177 wagons, 162, 175, 176 drag scrapers, 160, 176 elevating grader, 171, 178 " road scrapers, 167, 179 wheelbarrows, 160, 175 wheel scrapers, 161, 177 Picking, 157, 175 Plowing, 159, 175 Shoveling, 157, 175 Earth road Cost of, 173-179 Cross-section of, 117, 152, 153 Crown of, loi, 155 Directions for building, 153, 155 Drainage of, 152 Earth shrinkage, 156 Extent of maintenance, 180 Grading classification, 173 Mileage in U. S., 149 Resistance to traction, 650 Road dragging, 180 Slopes of banks, 154 Tools and machines, 157-172 See Comparison of roads and pavements Economics Annual cost, 650 Bond issues, 723 Direct appropriation, 723 Direct taxation, 720 Labor tax system, 719 Private subscription, 726 See Comparison of roads and pavements Elevating grader Cost of moving earth with, 1 78 Description and cost of, 171 Method of operation, 171 Elevator, crushing plant, 225 Embankment Construction of, 153 Shrinkage of, 156 See Earthwork Emulsion Composition of, 328 Cost data, 328 Definition of, 261 Use of, 328 See Dust prevention Engine, crushing plant, 225 Estimating Balancing cuts and fills, 84 Cross-sections, 105 Earthwork, 106, 107, 156 Quantity of stone, 108 See Design Evaporation test, 298 Excelsior pavement, 438, 440 Explosive Detonator, 221 Dynamite, 221 Explosive force, 221 Fuse, 221 Gunpowder, 221 Field stone, 205 Filbertine pavement, 438 Fixed carbon Definition of, 261 Description of test, 296, 298 Flash point test, 307 Float test, 294 Flushing Flushing machines, 613, 614 Hose flushing, 612 Removal of snow, 617 Squeegees, 624 See Street cleaning Flush coat, 264 See Bituminous concrete " Bituminous macadam " Bituminous surface Flux, 261, 468 Footway, see Sidewalk Foundation Bituminous concrete, 148 Broken stone, 136 Classification of, 126 762 INDEX Foundation Concrete, 137-146 Concrete slab, 146 Examination for, 19 Field stone, 243 Importance of, 19, 126 Methods of improving, 132 Over marshes, 147 Proposed by McAdam, 233 " " Tresaguet, 232 Rolling, 133 Safe loads on, 131 Soil classification, 127 Telford, 134 Use of brush and plank, 133, 147 Use of old pavement, 147 V-drain, 135 Free carbon test, 290, 292 French highways, ancient Condition of early highways, 8-1 1 Corvfe system, 10 Tresaguet 's method, 10 Fresno grader Cost of moving earth with, 177 Description and cost of, 162 Method of operation, 162 Frost, action of, no See Drainage Gas pipes, 639 See Pipe systems Gilsonite, 270, 277 Grade Curb, 96 Drawing, 87 Maximum, 82, 85, 95, 646 Minimum, 86 Paved gutter, 117 Recording grade stake notes, 53 Relation grade to location, 18 Setting slope stakes, 55 Staking, 51, 63 Vertical curves, 88 See Design Grader See Elevating grader Road scraper Grading Classification of, 173 Surveying for, 63 See Earthwork •" Earth roads Granite Composition of, 204 Speed of drilling, 219 Use as road metal, 205 Granite block pavement See Stone block pavement Gravel Binder in, 185 Cost of, 197, 198 Definition of, 127 Formation, 128, 196 Mechanical analysis, 187 Quality of stone, 188 Requisites, 184, 195 Results of analysis, 189, 190 Rolling, 195 Sampling, 187 Screening, 194 Solubility in water, 188 Specifications, Brooklyn, 186 Michigan, 185 Minnesota, 186 New York, 185 Spreading, 194 Use of, 401 Voids in, 188 Watering, 195 Gravel road Binder, 185, 186 .Cost of, 194, 197, 198 Cross-section of, 193 Crown of, loi, 191 Depth of, 191, 193, 196 Gravel, 184, 186, 193, 196 Maintenance of, 199 Mileage of, 184 Patching, 199 Preparation of subgrade, 191 Resistance to traction, 650 Resurfacing, 199 Rolling, 191, 195, 197 Specifications, 185 II <4 II INDEX 753 Gravel road Spreading the gravel, 194, 197,198 Surface method, 191 Testing the gravel, 187 Trench method, 192, 193 Watering, 195 Set Comparison of roads and ptavements Grecian highways, ancient, 2 Guard rail Concrete, 716 Cost, 716 Location, 715 Parapet wall, 717 Pipe, 716 Wood, 716 Gumbo, 130 Gutter Cost, 685 Depth of, 96 Grades, 117 Materials used, 684 Methods of construction, 684 Necessity for, 683 Widths, 684 Hand mixing, 140, 457 Hardness test, 213 Haul, 174 Hauling Bituminous concrete, 443 Broken stone, 237, 243, 244 Gravel, 197, 198 Heater Surface heater, 498 See Kettle Highway, 18 History, pavement Bituminous concrete, 414 '* macadam, 383 " surface, 337 Brick, 550 Broken stone, 12, 232 Concrete, 583 Dust palliatives, 321 Iron, 601 Sheet asphalt, 466 Stone block, 12, 530 Wood block, 503 Hoes, 159 Horse Pull exerted by, 84, 174, 649 Working speed, 174 Horse-drawn traffic Effect on highways, 74, 245, 382 International Road Congress con- clusions Bituminous surface, 375 Foundation, 126 Macadam, 201 Palliatives, 320 Suitability of types, 656 Iron pavement, 601 Jarrah wood, 504 Joint filler See Brick pavement " Stone block pavement " Wood block pavement Karri wood, 504 Kettles, 356 Kleinpfiaster pavement Cost data, 546 Foundation, 535 Joint filler, 544 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Size of blocks, 533 Lead, 174 Legislation, highway Alabama, 732 California, 732 Connecticut, 733 Early legislation in France, 9 " Great Brit- ain, II Illinois. 733 Loads and tire widths, 75 Local Government Board, Eng- land, 730 Maryland, 733 Massachusetts, 734 New Jersey, 734 New York, 735 N.Y. City, radii curb corners, 99 II II It payment, 722 " street widths, 79 Ohio, 736 Pennsylvania, 736 754 INDEX Legislation, highway Rhode Island, 737 Road Board, England, 730 Road drag law, Illinois, 181 Rules adopted by New York in 1664, 14 Levelling Bench marks, 49 Information desired, 50 Instruments, 61 Plotting profile, 56 Recording notes, 51 Running levels, 49 See Surveys Lighting cables, 639 See Pipe systems Limestone Composition of, 204 Speed of drilling, 219, 221 Use as road metal, 205 Loads Commercial motor trucks, 73, Heavy loads, New York City, 75 Loads hauled by team, 174 Loads on foundation, 131 Traction engines and trailers, 73 See Design Loam, 130 Location Aesthetics and location, 22 Bridges, 708 Culverts, 118, 695 Essentials of, 18 Pipes, see Pipe systems Macadam road, see Broken stone road Maintenance See road or pavement in ques- tion Maltha, 262, 270 Mapping Cross-sections, 58 Drawing the grade, 87 Plan of road surveys, 55 Profile of road surveys, 56 Street surveys, 65 Topography, 57 Marl, 130 Marsh road, 1 47, 1 55 See Earth road Mattock, 158 McAdam Principles of construction, 233 Report on British highways, 12 Mechanical analysis test, 187 Medina sandstone See Stone block pavement Melting point test, 301 Mexican asphalt, 272 Mixing machinery Batch concrete mixer, 143, 145 Chicago cube mixer, 453, 457 Continuous concrete mixer, 141, 143 Equitable asphalt mixer, 453 Guelich asphalt mixer, 453 Iroquois mixer, 454 Koehring mixer, 453 Link-Belt mixer, 454 Rapid Heated mixer, 452 Ruggles-Coles mixing plant, 456 Smith mixer, 452 Warren Bros, mixing plant, 455 Mixing method Comparison machine and hand, 457 Hand mixing cement concrete, 140 Machine mixing cement con- crete, 141 See Bituminous concrete pave- ments See Sheet asphalt pavements Motor trucks Effect on highways, 73 Loads carried by, 74, 75 See Design Motor vehicles Effect of grade on, 84 " on highways, 72, 97, 245 See Design Muck, 130 Noiselessness, 645 Oil gas tar, 263 Oiled road See Dust prevention INDEX 756 Paraffin test, 305 Park highway Curves, 99 Design of system, 67 Width of, 82 See Design Pavement, 18 See pavement in question Peat, 130 Penetration method See Bituminous gravel pavement See Bituminous macadam pave- ment Penetration test, 293 Petroleum Asphaltic, 267 Definition, 262 Methods of testing, 286 Paraffin, 267 Production, 270 Semi-asphaltic, 268 Petrolithic road, 597 Pick Cost of picking, 175, 252 Cost of, 157 ' Pioneer asphalt, 468-471 Pipe drain Concrete, ill Cost of, III, 115 Grade of, 114 Laying, 113 Size of. III, 112 Specifications, 114 Tile, no Pipe systems Kinds of, 636 Location cable conduits, 639 gas pipes, 639 sewers, 638 water pipes, 639 Pipe subways, 637 Practice in Antwerp, 640 Berlin, 640 Brooklyn, 641 Budapest, 640 " France, 640 Repaving trenches, 641 See Design 11 <i K <l <( l< <i II II II Plow Cost of plowing^ 175 Grading plow, 159 Hardpan plow, 159 Su Earthwork Pouring pot, 352 Preliminary investigation Aesthetics, 22 Climatic conditions, 21 Drainage, 19 Foundation, 19 Location, 18 Local environment, 21 Local materials, 20 Maintenance, 21 Reconnaissance, 17 Traffic, 22, 35, 40 Width, 20 Preserving timber See Wood block Quarrying Blasting, 221 Churn drilling, 219, 221 Cost of, 228, 229, 243, 244 Cost of drilling, 219 Explosives, 221 Hammer drilling, 216, 219 Miscellaneous equipment, 219 Moving rock to crusher, 222 Steam drilling, 219, 221 Stripping quarry, 216 Quartzite, 206 Rail, 627 Railway See Caf track Rake, 159, 257 Rattler test, 207 Raveling See Broken stone road Reinforced concrete See Bridge " Concrete pavement " Culvert Residual oil, 308 Road, 18 See type in question Road administration See Administration 756 INDEX Road administration See Economics " Legislation Road Board of England Specifications, 348, 388, 397, 434 Traffic classification, 32 Road drag Cost of dragging, 182 Drags vs. scrapers, 180 Lap plank drag, 166 Method of operation, 167, 182 Plank drag, 165 Rules for dragging, 182 Split log drag, 164 Steel drags, 166 Road machinery See machine or tool in question Road scraper Cost of moving earth with, 179 Description and cost of, 167, 169 Spreading stone with, 259 See Earthwork Road taxes, 719, 720 Rocks Abrasion test, 207 Absorption test, 213 Amphibolite, 205 Andesite, 203 Aqueous, 201, 203 Ball mill, 209 Basalt, 203 Breccia, 204 Cementing value, 209 Chats, 204 Chert, 205 Definitions, 202 Deval machine, 207 Diabase, 203 Diorite, 203 Dorry machine, 213 Fieldstone, 205, 206 Flint, 204 French coefficient, 209 Gabbro, 203 Gneiss, 204 Granite, 204, 205 Hardness, 213 Rocks Igneous, 201, 203 Impact machines, 211 Limestone, 204, 205 Mechanical analysis, 187 Metamorphic, 201 Mineral constituents, 202 Peridotite, 203 Pudding stone, 204 Quartz porphyrites, 204 Quartzite, 206 Results of tests, 209, 211, 213, 216 Rock classification, 201 Rock testing, 206 Sandstone, 204, 206 Schist, 205 Slate, 205 Specific gravity, 215 Syenite, 204 Tests, 206 Trap, 203, 205 See Crushing '* Quarrying Rock asphalt pavement Broken rock asphalt, 483 Crown of, 103 Definition of, 265 Powdered rock, 481, 482 Production of rock asphalt, 270- 273 Rock asphalts of Europe, 262, 269, 272, 273 Use of rock asphalt, 466 Roller Cost of, 172, 254, 489 Horse roller, 172 Tandem roller, 489 Three wheel gasoline, 254 Three wheel steam, 252 Rolling Bituminous concrete, 425, 432- 434. 437, 444, 45© Brick, 565 Broken stone, 240 Cost of, 197, 198, 244 Earth road, 172, 197 Gravel, 191, 195 INDEX 757 Rolling Sheet asphalt, 476, 478, 480, 496, 497 Wood block, 518 Roman highways, ancient Appian Way, 4, 6 Classification of, 2 Construction of, 6 Domitian Way, 4, 7 Flaminian Way, 4 Supervision of, 7 Width of, 4 Sand Adaptability for road construc- tion, 150 Definition of, 129 Formation of, 129 Mechanical analysis of, 187 Quicksand, 129 Sand cushion, 518, 561 " filler, 520, 567 Wearing surface, sheet asphalt, 473 See Soils " Sheet asphalt pavement Sand-clay road Construction, 153, 155, 156 Cost of, 174-179 Cross-section of, 117, 152 Drainage of, 152 Extent of maintenance work, 180 Mileage constructed, 149 Mixture of sand and clay, 151 Road dragging, 181 Slopes of banks, 154 Tools and machines, 157-172 See Earth roads Sandstone Composition, 204 Speed of drilling, 221 Use as road metal, 206 Scarifier, 254, 256 See Broken stone road Scarifying, 252 Schutte method, voids, 231 Screen Rotary screen, 226 Screen Sizes, mechanical analysis, 187, 473 Sea water, 325 See Dust prevention Sewer, 638 See Pipe systems Shale, 129 Sheet asphalt pavement Action of gas leaks, 494 " " water, 494 Analysis of asphalt cement, 470 Asphalt cement, 467, 469, 471 Asphalt plants, 483 Causes of failure, 491 Composition of binder, 472, 476, 496 '* " wearing surface, 473, 477.  548 Manufacture of blocks, 531 Maximum grade of, 85 Noise of, 646 Resistance to traction, 650 Sand cushion, 536 Sand joint filler, 537 Sanitariness, 645 Size of blocks, 533 Specification, blocks, 534 asphalt filler, 541 coal tar filler, 540 grout filler, 542 relaying, 548 subgrade and foundation, 536 Stone used, 531 Subgrade, 535 Suitability of, 654, 657 Tar and gravel filler, 538, 540 Tests of blocks, 533 Use of as foundation, 147 See Comparison of roads and pavements Stone fork, 257 Straw road, 598 Street Circumferential plan, 69 Cross-section of, 100 Crowns of, loi Curves, 99 Definition of, 18 Design of street intersections, 89-97 Maximum grades, 85, 86 Minimum grades, 86 Rectangular plan, 69 Size of street blocks, 71 Street surveying, see Surveys for streets Widths, 78, 79 See Design Street cleaning Austria, 610 Bags and cans, 622 Bituminous surfaces, 606 Boston, 614 II II «i Street cleaning Cost of, flushing machines, 613, 614 hand sweeping, 612, 614 ' ' hose flushing, 612 France, 609 Germany, 609 Great Britain, 608 Hand cleaning, 606 Heavy-traffic streets, 606 Hose flushing, 607 Light-traffic streets, 606, 607 Machine sweeping, 607 Motor-truck sweepers, 621 New York City, 610 Pick-up sweepers, 621, 622 Push brooms, 342, 619 Rotary squeegees, 609, 610 Squeegees, 624 Sweeping machines, 619 To allay dust, 319 Washington, D. C, 613 Street intersection Center line intersection, 91, 92 Design of, 89-97 Importance of, 22 Intersecting streets, light grades, 93 " " steep grades, 93 Maximum platform grades, 95 Radii of curb corners, 99 Subdrain See Drainage Subgrade See road or pavement in question Subsurface structures See Pipe systems Sulphur test, 310 Superficial tarring See Bituminous surface Surveys for city streets Instruments used, 60, 61 Levels, 61 Mapping, 65 Monumenting, 62 Staking, 63 Standards of accuracy, 60, 61, 63 760 INDEX Surveys for city streets Survey for grading, 63 " " repaving, 63 Traverse method, 59, 60 Surveys for roads. 245. 3^2 motor car, 72 motor truck, 73 traction engine, 73 Loads and tire widths, 73-76 Regulations, 40, 75 Widths occupied by, 77 Traffic census Classification of traffic, 23, 27, 29, 32-35 Coefficients of reduction, 31 Comparison of results, 35 Congestion of traffic, 40 France, 26, 29, 39 Future traffic, 25 Illinois, 32 Importance of, 23, 31 London in 1873, 28 Massachusetts, 33 Methods used, 36, 38, 39 New York, 33 Rhode Island, 35 United States, 29 Transit line Reading intersection angles, 45 Recording notes, 47 Running the line, 45 (i (< II INDEX 761 Transit line Stationing, 44 Use of as center line, 43 " "as reference line, 43 See Surveys Trap Composition of, 203 Use of, as road metal, 205 Traverse Instruments used, 60, 61 Monumenting points, 62 * Standards of accuracy, 60-62 Traverse method, 59, 60 See Surveys Tresaguet, 10, 232 Trinidad asphalt Analysis of deposit, 275 Description of deposit, 274 Source of, 272, 274 Use of, 468-471 V-drain Construction of, 135 Cost of, 136 Specification, 136 Viscosity test Crosby consistometer, 295 Engler viscosimeter, 294 Float test, 294 Penetration, 293, 295 Voids test Broken stone, 230 New York State method, 230 Pouring method, 230 Schutte method, 231 U. S. THIS BOOK IS DUE BEFORE CLOSING TIME ON LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW C^ LIBRARY USE JUN_2iLl3£.'t RECDLD JUN 2 9'6^-'- M LD 62A-60m-2,'64 (ES494b10)9412A General Libraiy UnlTecsity of Califoniia Berkeley. 