None
In this way, by diffusion, a constant supply of dissolved material is kept in motion from the blood to the tissue elements. On the other hand, the functional activity of the tissue elements is accompanied by a breaking down of the complex protein molecule, with the formation of simpler, more stable molecules of crystalloid character, such as .the sulphates, phosphates, and urea or some precursor of urea. As these bodies pass into the tissue lymph they tend to increase its concentration, and thus by the greater osmotic pressure developed they serve to attract water from the blood to the lymph, forming one efficient factor in the production of lymph. On the other hand, as these substances raccumulate in the lymph to a concentration greater than that possessed by the same substances in the blood, they will diffuse toward the blood. By this means the waste products of activity are drawn off to the blood, from which, in turn, they are removed by the action of the excretory organs. Diffusion of Proteins. — This simple explanation on purely physical grounds of the flow of material between the blood and the tissues can only be applied, however, at present to the diffusible crystalloids, such as the salts, urea, and sugar. The proteins of the blood, which are supposed to be so important for the nutrition of the tissues, are practically indiffusible through animal membranes, so far as we know. It is difficult to explain their passage from the blood through the capillary walls into the lymph. Pro- visionally it may be assumed that this passage is due to filtration. The blood- plasma in the capillaries is under a slightly higher pressure than the lymph of the tissues, and this higher pressure tends to squeeze the blood constituents, including the protein, through the capillary walls. This explanation, however, cannot be said to be satisfactory; and in this respect the purely physical theory of lymph formation waits upon a clearer knowledge of the nature of the nutritive proteins and their relations to the capillary wall (see Lymph, p. 463). INDEX. ABDOMINAL respiration, 636 type of respiration, 640 Absolute power of muscle, 39 Absorption coefficient, 663 in large intestine, 791 in small intestine, 785 in stomach, 770 of carbohydrates, 787 of fats, 788 of proteins, 790 spectra of hemoglobin, 423 A-c interval (heart), 532 Acapnia, 690, 696 Accelerator center for heart, 585 nerves, effect of, on heart rate, 587 of heart, 581 reflex stimulation of, 583 Accessory thyroids, 850 Accommodation in eye, limits of, 310 mechanism of, 307 reflex, 320 Acetone bodies, 896 Achromatic series of visual sensa- tions, 343 vision, 351 Achroodextrin, 752 Acid albumin in gastric digestion, 768 aceto-acetic, 896 amino-acetic, 779, 988 aminocaproic, 779, 988 aminoglutaric, 988 amino-oxypropionic, 988 aminopropionic, 988 aminosuccinic, 779, 988 aminothiolactic, 988 aminovalerianic, 779, 988 cholic, 799 conjugated sulphuric, 793, 837 diaminocaproic, 988 diaminotrioxydodecoic, 988 glutaminic, 779 glycocholic, 799 glycuronic, 889 guanidinaminovalerianic, 988 hippuric, 836 lactic, 63 oxybutyric, 896 oxyphenylaminopropionic, 988 oxyproteic, 828 phenylaminopropionic, 988 phosphocarnic, 63 Acid, pyrrolidin-carboxylic, 988 taurocholic, 799 Acidosis, 896 Acrpmegaly, 864 Action current, diphasic, 102 in heart, 532 in 'muscle, 101 in nerve, 101 in retina, 331 monophasic, 102 relation to contraction wave, 104 to nerve impulse, 104 Activation of lipase, 784 of trypsin, 777 Activators, 735 Adamkiewicz's reaction for proteins, 991 Addison's disease, 857 Adenase, 736, 834 Adenin, 64, 833 Adrenal bodies, functions of, 860 Adrenalin, 859 Aerial perspective, 370 Aerotonometer, 665 Afferent fibers in cranial nerves, 82 position of, in posterior roots, 81 nerve-fibers, 78 After-images in eye, 346 Agnosia, 201, 218 Agraphia, 217 Air, effect of variations in, on res- pirations, 694 Alanin, 779, 988 Albumin, properties of, 992. See also Protein. Albuminoids, nutritive value of, 883 Albumon, 444 Alcohol as food, 907 effect of, on gastric absorption, 771 physiological action of, 906 use of, in diabetes, 909 Alexia, 217 Alexins, 417 Alimentary canal, movements of, 701 glycosuria, 787 principles of food, 725 Altitude, effect of, on red corpuscles, 431 Amboceptors, 417 Ametropia, 313 Amino-acetic acid, 779, 988 1001 1002 INDEX. Amino-acids as part of protein mole- cule, 779, 988 Aminocaproic acid, 779, 988 Aminoglutaric acid, 988 Amino-oxypropionic acid, 988 Aminopropionic acid, 779, 988 Aminopurins, 833 Aminosuccinic acid, 779, 988 Aminothiolactic acid, 988 Aminovalerianic acid, 779, 988 Ammonia compounds in urine, 828 salts, relation of, to urea, 829 Ammonium carbamate as precursor of urea, 830 carbonate as precursor of urea, 830 Amylase, 782 Amylolytic enzyme, 733 Anacrotic pulse, 517 Anaglyph, 373 Anelectrotonic currents, 106 Anelectrotonus, 86 Angstrom unit, 330 Anisotropous substance in muscle, 20 Anode as stimulus to muscle, 86 to nerve, 86 physical, 92 physiological, 92 Anomalous trichromatic vision, 348 Anorexia, 286 Anoxemia, 695 Anterior commissure, 185, 213 roots of spinal nerves, 81 Antidromic impulse in vasodilator nerve-fibers, 81, 609 Antigen, 416 Antilytic secretion, 749 Antiparalytic secretion, 749 Antithrombin, 453 Antrum pylori of stomach, 707 Anus praeternaturalis, 791 Apex beat of heart, 536 Aphasia, motor, 215 sensory, 217 Aphemia, 215, 217 Apnea, 688 Apraxia, 217 Arginase, 831 Arginin, 780, 831, 970, 994 Argyll-Robertson pupil, 321 Arterial pressure. See Circulation. Artificial muscle of Engelmann, 71, 72 respiration, 645, 654 stimuli of nerve-fibers, 83 Ascending paths in spinal cord, 167 Aspartic acid, 779, 988 Asphyxia, 689 effect of, on heart-rate, 589 Aspiratory action of thorax, 651 Association areas in brain, 219, 221 system of fibers in cerebrum, 182 Astereognosis, 200 Astigmatism, 316 Atropin, action of, on heart, 579 on iris, 322 on salivary secretion, 748 on sweat secretion, 847 Auditory center in cortex, 208 nerve, course of, in brain, 209 effect of secretion of, 402 sensations (see Ear). striae, 211 Auricle. See Heart. Auriculo ventricular bundle of heart, 527, 566 effect of compressing, 567 node, 529 Auscultation, 542 in determining blood-pressure, 495 Autolysis, 941 Autolytic enzymes, 736 Automaticity of heart-beat, 559 Autonomic fibers from brain, 249 from sacral cord, 251 from spinal cord, 248 nerve-fibers, normal stimulation of, 251 nervous system, general relations of, 246 Axial stream in arteries and veins, 472 Axon reflexes, 150 BACTERIAL action in intestines, 792 Balance experiments in nutrition, 875 Balloon ascensions, effect of, 697 Barometric pressures, effect of, 695 Bartholin, duct of, 738 Basilar membrane, function of, 393 Bathmotropic nerve-fibers to heart, 575 Bechterew's nucleus, 210, 231 Bell-Magendie law, 81 Beri-beri, 885 Bilateral representation in motor areas, 195 Bile, composition of, 797 curve of secretion of, 804 effect of occluding bile-ducts, 805 ejection of, into duodenum, 803 functions of, summary, 805 quantity of, 797 secretion of, 802 Bile-acids, composition of, 799 Bile-duct, sphincter of, 805 Bile-pigments, 429, 798 Bile-salts, importance of, in fat diges- tion, 789, 805 Bilirubin, 798 Biliverdin, 798 Binocular perspective, 372, 374 vision, 362 horopter in, 369 struggle of visual fields in, 369 INDEX. 1003 Binocular vision, value of, in judg- ments of distance, 375 of size, 375 Biological reaction, 416 Births, ratio of male and female, 979 Biuret reaction for proteins, 991 Bladder, urinary, movements of, 840 sphincter of, 840 gall-, movements of, 803 Blind spot in eye, 331 Blood, blood-plates of, physiology of, 436 circulation of. See Circulation. Carbon dioxid, tension of, in arterial blood, 671 in tissues, 672 in venous blood, 671 equilibrium, 875 monoxid hemoglobin, 421 Cardiac cycle, 546 glands of stomach, 754 muscle, properties of, 57, 563 nerves. See Heart. sphincter, 705 Cardiogram, 537 Cardio-inhibitory center, 576 Carnin, 64 Carnosin, 64 Casein, 768, 965 Catalase, 730, 737 Catalysis, 729 Catelectrotonic currents, 106 Catelectrotonus, 86 Cathode as stimulus, 86 physical and physiological, 92 Centers in cerebrum. See Cerebrum. Central field of vision, 336 Centrosome, 954 Cerebellum, ending of spinal tracts in, 170, 232 experimental work upon, 234 general functions of, 237 localization of function in, 239 paths connecting with other parts of brain, 231 psychical functions of, 239 structure of, 229 Cerebrin, 78 Cerebrogalactosides, 78 Cerebrosides, 78 Cerebrospinal liquid, 616 Cerebrum, association areas of, 219 center for hearing, 208 for olf action, 212 for vision, 203 centers affected in aphasia, 215 commissural system of fibers in, 184 development of cortical areas in, 222 general physiology of, 180 histological differentiation of cor- tex, 225 histology of cortex, 181 localization of function in, 189 motor areas of, 192 projection system of fibers in, 182 results of ablation of, 187 sensory areas of, 198 system of fibers in, 182 vasomotor supply of, 621 Cerumen, 848 Chemical heat regulations, 936 secretion, gastric, 763 pancreatic, 777 Chemotaxis, 125, 957 Cheyne-Stokes respiration, 699 Cholesterin, 77, 795, 801, 848 Cholic acid, 799 Cholin, 77 Chorda tympani nerve, 288, 739, 742 Chromatic aberration in eye, 313 visual sensations, 344 Chromatolysis, 128 Chromophile substance in nerve cells, 133 Chromoproteins, 994 Chromosomes, 954, 975 Chronotropic nerve-fibers to heart, 575 Chyle fat, 789 Chymosin, 767 Ciliary muscle, action of, in accom- modation, 308 nerves to, 318 Ciliated epithelium, 57 Circulating proteins, 878 Circulation, accessory factors in, 508 as seen under microscope, 472 curve showing pressures in, 484, 487, 488 data concerning pressures in (man), 495 mean pressures in, 486 diastole and systole of heart, 524 effect of adrenal extracts upon, 857, 858 of heart beat and size of arteries upon, 477 explanation of side-pressure in, 501 of velocity changes in, 477 pressure in, 502 factors of normal pressure and velocity in, 504 form of pulse wave, 514 general curve of velocities in, 477 statement of pressure relations, 479 hydrostatic effects upon, 506 importance of elasticity of arteries, 503 in brain, 614 in kidneys, 824 means of determining blood-pres- sure in, 479, 490 velocities in, 475 pressure in coronary system, 549 in pulmonary system, 509 pulse pressures in, 483 regulation of blood supply, 610 respiratory waves of pressure in, 652 systole and diastole of heart, 524 systolic, diastolic, and mean pres- sures in, 483 velocities in, 475 time required for complete, 478 Traube-Hering waves of pressure in, 606 velocity in capillaries, 475 INDEX. 1005 Circulation velocity in coronary sys- tem, 548 in man, 475 in pulmonary system, 509 of pulse wave, 512 Clarke's column, 162 Claudication, intermittent, 32 Clotting. See Coagulation. Coagulation, blood, 444 intra vascular, 454 means of hastening and retarding, 455 theories of, 446 Coacin, action of, on iris, 322 Cochlea, functions of, 392 sensory epithelium of, 386 Coefficient, absorption, 663 temperature, 114 Coferment, 735 Cold spots on skin, 274 Color blindness, 348 contrasts, 347 fusion, 344 saturation, 344 sense of retina, 351 vision, theories of, 354 Combustion equivalents of foods, 917 Comma tract of Schultze, 178 Commissural system of fibers (cere- brum), 184 Common sensations, 266 Compensatory pause in heart beat, 566 Complemental air, 644 Complementary colors, 345 Compound muscular contractions, 41 Condiments, 727, 905 Conduction as physiological property, 74 direction of, in nerve-fibers, 113 Conjugate foci, 301 Conjugated sulphates, 837 Contraction, 17, 32. See also Muscle. Contralateral conduction in cord, 174 Convoluted tubules of kidney, 816, 821 Core-model of nerve, 107 Coronary arteries, effect of occlusion of, 552 vasomotor supply of, 612 Corpora quadrigemina, relation of, to visual apparatus, 204, 207 striata, functions of, 227 Corpus callosum, structure and func- tion, 226 luteum, 946 trapezoideum, 211 Corresponding points of retina, 3bb Cortex of cerebrum, general physi- ology of, 184 histology of, 181, 225 Corti, rods of, 386 Costal respiration, 640 Cowper's glands, 969 Cranial nerves, afferent fibers in, 82 efferent fibers of, 82 nuclei of origin of, 241 Cranioscopy, 189 Creatin, 64, 835 Creatinin, 64, 835 Crespl-sulphuric acid, 793, 837 Cretinism, 851 Crystalline lens, calcium of, in catar- act, 904 Curve, contraction, of artificial mus- cle, 72 of arterial pulse, 515, 518 of plain muscle, 56 of skeletal muscle, 26 dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, 667 extensibility and elasticity of mus- cle, 20 gastric secretion, 761 intensity of sleep, 255 pancreatic secretion, 775 pressures in vascular system, 484, 487, 488 relations of heart sounds, 543, 544 respiratory movements, 642 secretion of bile, 804 systolic, diastolic, and mean blood- pressures, 483 velocity of blood-flow, 477 venous pulse, 520 visual acuity of retina, 338 work of muscle, 40 Cycloplegia, 323 Cystin, 800, 988 Cystinuria, 800 DEAD space of lungs, 645 Deamidizing enzymes, 734 Death rigor, chemical changes during, 68 in muscle, 52 theories, of, 983 Deep reflexes, 158 sensibility, 272, 281, 283 Defecation, 720 Degeneration in nerve-fibers, 124 Deglutition, 701 nervous control of, 705 Deiter's cells in cochlea, 386 nucleus, "210, 231 Demarcation current, muscle and nerve, 94 Demilunes of salivary glands, 738 Depressor nerve-fibers, 601 of heart, 604 Derived proteins, 995 Descending paths, spinal cord, 176, 178 Deuteranopia, 349 1006 INDEX. 1007 Enzymes, pepsin, 763 peroxidases, 941 ptyalin, 751 rennin, 767 reversible reactions of, 730 specificity of, 731 trypsin, 778 Epicritic sensations, 273 sensibility, 272 Epigenesis, 970 Epinephrin, 859 Erection, physiology of, 971 Erepsin, 785 Ergograph, 47 Erythroblasts, 430 Erythrocytes. See Red blood-cor- puscles. Erythrodextrin, 752 Eserin, action of, on iris, 322 Ethereal sulphates, 837 Eupnea, 639 Eustachian tube, 385 Evolution, hypothesis of, in heredity, 974 Exogenous fibers in spinal cord, 168 Expiration. See also Respiration. definition of, 635 expiratory center, 683 muscles of, 638 Expired air, composition of, 655 injurious effects of, 656 Extensibility of muscle, 20 Extensor thrust reflex, 156 Eye, abnormalities in refraction of, 313 accommodation in, 307 action of drugs upon, 322 acuity of vision in, 337 after-images in, 346 as optical instrument, 300 binocular field of vision, 368 perspective, 372 chromatic aberration in, 313 color blindness of, 348 contrasts in, 347 vision in, 343 complementary colors, 345 corresponding points in, 366 dark adapted, 332, 340 diffusion circles in, 307 diplopia in, 364, 367 direct field of vision in, 336 ontoptic phenomena in, 360 far point of distinct vision, 310 function of cones, 352 of rods, 352 fundamental color sensations, 345 horppter, 369 indirect field of vision in, 336 inversion of image in, 305 light adapted, 332, 340 reflex in, 320 Eye, movements of, 362 muscular insufficiency, 364 nature of visual stimuli, 332 near point of distinct vision, 310 nodal point of, 304 ophthalmoscopic examination of, 325 optical defects of, 313 delusions, 376 physics of formation of image in, 303 qualities of visual sensations, 343 reduced schematic (Listing), 304 refractive power of, 311 size of retinal images, 306 spherical aberration in, 313 stereoscopic vision, 372 struggle of visual fields, 369 suppression of visual images, 369 theories of color vision, 354 threshold stimulus of, 339 visual field of, 334 judgments, 370 purple of, 332 Eye-muscles, action of, 362 FACIAL nerve, dilator fibers in, 606 nucleus of, 244 Far point of distinct vision, 310 Fat, absorption of, 788 as glycogen former, 809 digestion of, 782 in stomach, 772 excessive formation of, in obesity, 899 in bile, 802 metabolism of, in body, 895 mode of oxidation of, in body, 896 nutritive value of, 894 of chyle, 789 origin of, from carbohydrates, 898 in body, 897 relation of liver to, 896 Fatigue in nerve- fibers, 116 muscular, 49 of olfactory organs, 297 theories of, 69 toxin, 70, 658 Feces, composition of, 794 Fermentation in intestine, 792 of carbohydrates in small intestine, 788 Ferments, historical account of, 728 Fertilization of ovum, 956 Fibrillary contractions of heart, 553 Fibrin ferment, preparation of, 446 relations to blood-clot, 444 Fibrinogen, 442 preparation of, 446 Fictitious meal (Pawlow), 760 Fifth cranial nerve, 244 1008 INDEX. Fillet, lateral, 211 median, 200 Fistula, Eck's, 830 gall-bladder, 796 stomach, 757 Thiry-Vella, 784 Flavors, 727 dietary, importance of, 905 Flechsig's myelinization method, 163 Fluorid solution, effect on clotting, 456 Food, composition of, 727 definition of, 727 potential energy of, 915 Foodstuffs, definition of, 727 Fourth cranial nerve, nucleus of, 243 Fovea, center for, in occipital cortex, 207 of retina, size of, 336 Franklin theory of color vision, 358 Freezing-point, method of determin- ing, 998 Fundic glands of stomach, 754 Fundus of stomach, 707 GALL-BLADDER, functions of, 803 nerves of, 804 Galvanometer, construction of, 95 d'Arsonval, 96 string, 98 Gases, laws governing absorption of, 662 of blood, 659 pressure of, 662 tension of, in solution, 664 Gas-pump, 660 Gastric glands, 754 histological changes in, during secretion, 755 secretory nerves of, 760 secretion, acid of, 758 chemical, 763 composition of, 756 curve of, 762 means of obtaining, 756 nervous, 763 normal mechanism of, 761 Gelatin, history of, as a food, 884 nutritive value of, 884 Genital organs, vasomotor supply of, 626 Germ plasm, definition of, 984 Glans penis, sensibility of, 273 Gliadin, nutritive value of, 884 Globin, 418, 994 Globulicidal action of blood-serum, 415 Globulins, general properties of, 993 Glomerulus of kidney, functions of, 819 Glossopharyngeal nerve, dilator fibers in, 606 Glossopharyngeal nerve, nucleus, 245 Glucosamin, 990 Glutaminic acid, 779, 988 Gluteins, 993 Glutolin, 444 Glycin, 779, 799, 988 Glycocholic acid, 799 Glycocoll, 988 Glycogen, amount of, in liver, 807 discovery of, 806 glycogenic theory, 809 importance of, in embryo, 960 in muscle, 62, 811 loss of, during muscular contrac- tions, 66 metabolism of, in body, 894 origin of, 807 supply of, in body, 887 Glycogenesis, 889 Glycogenolysis, 889 Glycolysis of sugars in body, 888 Glycoproteins, 992 Glycosuria, 890 alimentary, 787 Glycylglycin, 989 Gmelin's reaction for bile-pigments, 798 Golgi's nerve cells, second type, 132 pericellular nerve net, 134 Graafian follicle, structure of, 945 Gram-molecular solution, 997 Growth, 982 Guanase, 736, 834 Guanin, 64, 833 Gudden's commissure, 205, 212 HARMONY, physiological cause of, 396 Haustral churning, 719 Hearing. See Ear. cortical center of, 208 limits of, 396 Heart, accelerator center for, 585 nerves of, 581 action, current of, 532 of inhibitory nerves, 571 analysis of inhibition, 573 apex beat of, 536 auriculoyentricular bundle, 527, 566 automaticity of, 554 capacity of ventricles of, 547 cardiac nerves of, course, 571 cardiogram, 537 cardio-inhibitory center of, 576 causation of beat, 554 change in form of ventricle in sys- tole, 534 compensatory pause of, 566 contraction wave in, 530 coronary circulation in, 549 course of cardiac nerves, 571 depressor nerve of, 604 INDEX. Hypertonic solutions, 999 Hypnotic sleep, 264 Hypnotoxin, 263 Hypoglossal nerve, nucleus of, 245 Hypopituitarism, 865 Hypotension, 861 Hypotonic solutions, 999 Hypoxanthin, 64, 832 IDENTICAL points of retina, 366 Identity theory of nerve impulse, 122 Immune body, 417 Incongruence of retinas, 367 Indican, 837 Indirect calorimetry, 931 field of vision, eye, 336 Indol group in protein molecule, 780 Indoxyl sulphuric acid, 793, 837 Induction coil, 24 Inert layer in circulation, 472 Inheritance, Mendelian, 977 Inhibition, escape from, in heart, 575 of heart, 571 of knee-jerk, 154 of reflexes, 146 of respiratory movements, 680 reflex of heart, 576 theories of, 579 Inotropic nerves to heart, 575 Inspiration. See also Respiration. definition of, 635 increased heart-rate during, 654 means of producing, 636 muscles of, 638 Inspired air, composition of, 655 Intermediary metabolism of carbohy- drates, 888 of fats, 895 of nucleoproteins, 832 of proteins, 877 products of muscle metabolism, 66 Intermittent claudication, 32 Internal secretion, adrenals, 857 definition and historical account, 849 liver, 840 ovary, 868 pancreas, 869 testis, 866 thyroid tissues, 840 sensations, 267 Interstitial tissue, 867, 967 Intestinal movements, effect of vari- ous conditions upon, 717 secretion, 784 Intestines, bacterial action in, 792 large, movements of, 718 nervous control of movements of, 717 reaction of contents of, 792 small, movements of, 713 Intracellular enzymes, 941 Intracranial pressure, 618 Intra-ocular pressure, 324 Intrapulmonic pressure, 647 Intrathoracic pressure, 648 origin of, 650 variations of, with forced breath- ing, 649 Intraventricular pressure, 537 Introductory contractions of muscle, 35 Invertase, 736, 785 Involuntary muscle, 55 lodothyrin, 851 Iris, action of drugs upon, 322 antagonistic action of muscles upon, 319 muscles and nerves of, 318 Iron, effect of removal of spleen on, 815 in hemoglobin, 421 salts, source and nutritive impor- tance of, 902 Irritability, definition of, 23 of muscle, 23 of nerve-fibers, 83 Isodynamic equivalent of foodstuffs, 920 Isoleucin, 988 Isometric muscular contractions, 28 Isotonic muscular contractions, 28 solutions, definition of, 999 Isotropous substance in muscle, 20 JACOBSON, nerve of, 738 Judgments, visual, of distance and size, 375 perspective or solidity, 370 KENOTOXIN, 70, 658 Kidney, action of diuretics on, 823 blood-flow through, 824 composition of secretion of (urine), 826 function of convoluted tubules, 821 of glomerulus, 819 secretion of urine in, 817 structure of, 816 Kinases, 735 KjeldahTs method for determination of nitrogen, 828, 874 Knee-jerk, conditions influencing, 157 definition of, 153 explanation of, 155 reinforcement of, 153 use of, as diagnostic sign, 158 Ktipffer cells, 430 LABOR physiology of, 962 Lactic acid in muscle, 63 increase of, during contractions, 67 INDEX. 1011 Laked blood, 413 Langerhans, islands of, 870, 871 Large intestine, digestion and absorp- tion of food in, 791 movements of, 718 Larynx, reflex effects from, on respi- rations, 682 Latent period of muscular contrac- tion, 27 Law of constant energy consumption, 985 growth-quotient, 985 of surface area, 932 Lecithin, 77, 801 as complement, 417 Lecithoproteins, 995 Lemniscus, lateral, 211 median, 200 Leucin, 779, 988 Leucocytes, effect of hemorrhage upon, 460 functions of, 434 structure and classification, 434 variations in number of, 435 Leydig's cells, 867 Liebermann's reaction for proteins, 992 Liebig's classification of foodstuffs, 910 Light-reflex in eye, 320 Lipase, 733 activation of, 784 gastric, 769 in pancreatic secretion, 782 reversible reaction of, 731 Lipoids, 76 Listing's law, 364 schematic eye, 304 Liver, bile-pigments of, 798 acids of, 799 formation of urea in, 812 glycogen of, 806 glycogenic action of, 809, 810 internal secretion of, 850 pulse, 519 quantity of bile, 797 relation of, to fat metabolism, 896 secretion of bile, 802 Localization of function in cerebellum, 239 in cerebrum, 189 Localizing power of skin, 277 Locke's solution, 561 Locomotor ataxia, 169 Ludwig theory of urinary secretion, 817 Luminosity of visual sensations, 341 Lungs, gaseous exchanges in, 670 total surface of, 635, 671 vasomotors of, 613 Lymph, action of lymphagogues, 465 circulation of, 628 formation of, 463 Lymph, summary of factors concerned in formation of, 468 Lymphoblasts, 434 Lymphocytes, 434 Lysin, 780, 988, 994 MACROPHAGS, 430 Macular field, 337 Maltase, 736, 751, 782, 785 Maltose, 752, 782 Mammary glands, conditions control- ling secretion of, 963 structure and functions, 962 Manometer, Hiirthle's, 485 maximum and minimum, 485 use of,. 1013 Nerve, trigeminal, nucleus of, 244 twelfth cranial, nucleus of, 245 vagus, nucleus of, 245 Nerve-cell, chromatolysis of, 127 classification of, in spinal cord, 160 degenerative changes in, 126 general physiology of, 134 internal structure of, 133 metabolism in, 137 neuron doctrine, 128 reaction of, 135 refractory period of, 138 summation of stimuli in, 137 varieties of, 130 Nerve-fibers, action current of, 101 afferent and efferent, 78 anodal and cathodal stimulation of, 86 antidromic impulses in, 81 artificial stimuli of, 83 autoregeneration of, 126 chemistry of, 76 classification of, 79 core model of, 107 degeneration and regeneration of, 124 demarcation current of, 94 direction of conduction, 113 du Bois-Reymond's law of stimu- lation, 85 electrical stimulation of, in man, 92 electrotonic currents of, 106 electrotonus of, 86 impulse in, historical, 109 independent irritability of, 83 metabolism in, during activity, 118 myelin sheath of, 75 nutritive relations to nerve-cells, 122 opening and closing tetanus of, 89 Pfliiger's law of stimulation of, 91 stimulation of, in man, 89 structure of, 74 unipolar method of stimulating, 90 Nerve-impulse, historical, 109 metabolism during, 118 modification of, by various influ- ences, 115 qualitative changes in, 79, 121 relation of, to action current. 104, 113 theories of, 119 velocity of, 110 Nervi erigentes, 251, 607. Oval field of Flechsig, 178 Ovaries, internal secretion of, 868 relation of, to menstruation, 950 Overtones, production of, 391 Ovulation, 946 Ovum, fertilization of, 956 implantation of, in uterus, 958 maturation of, 954 passage of, into uterus, 953 Oxalate solutions, effect of, on coagu- lation, 456 Oxidases, 734, 938 Oxidations, theories of, 938 Oxygen, action of, on respiratory center, 685, 694 compound of, with hemoglobin, 420 condition of, in blood, 666 effects of varying pressures of, on respiration, 694 tension of, in alveolar air, 670 in tissues. 672 in venous blood, 670 Oxygenase, 941 Oxyhemoglobin, 420 Oxyprolin, 988 Oxyproteic acid, 828 Oxypurins, 833 PACCHIONIAN bodies of brain, 617 Pain sense, distribution and char- acteristics of, 280 localization of, 280 path for, in cord, 172 Pale fibers of muscle, 19, 26 Pancreas, action of lipase in, 782 anatomy of, 773 curve of secretion of, 775 digestive action of secretion, 778 on carbohydrates, 782 internal secretion of, 869 normal mechanism of secretion, 776 secretory nerves of, 774 Pancreatic secretion, chemical, 777 nervous, 777 Paraglobulin, 442 Paralysis (motor), 194 Paralytic secretion (saliva), 749 Parapeptone, 766 Paraphasia, 216 Parathyroid, structure and function of, 850, 851 Parthenogenesis, 958, 981 Parturition, physiology of, 962 Pendular movements (intestine), 713 sound waves, 389 Pepsin, 763 discovery of, 728 properties of, 763 Pepsin-hydrochloric acid digestion, 765 Peptids, 781, 989 Peptone, 765 absorption of, in stomach, 772 effect on clotting of blood, 457 Peptozym, 457 Pericardial liquid, 442 Perimeter, 335 Peripheral field of vision, 336 resistance in circulation, 505 Peristalsis, 713 Peroxidases, 941 Perspiration. See Sweat. Pettenkofer's reaction, 799 Pfliiger's law of stimulation, 87 tetanus, 89 Phagocytes, 436 Phenolsulphuric acid, 837 Phenylalanin, 780, 988 Phloridzin diabetes, 892 Phosphatids, 77 Phosphocarnic acid, 63 Phosphoproteins, 995 Phrenology, 189 Phrenosin,' 78 Physical heat, regulation, 934 Physiological diplopia, 367 oxidations, theories of, 938 Lavoisier's work, 631, 924 point (vision), 338 saline, 415 Physostigmin, action of, on iris, 322 Pilocarpin, action of, on heart, 579 on iris, 322 on salivary glands, 248 on sweat glands, 847 Pineal body, 866 Piqure, 890 Pituitary body, structure and func- tions of, 862 Placenta, functions of, 959 Plain muscle, 55 Plasma of blood, composition of, 439 Plethysmography, 594 Pneumogastric nerve. See Vagus. Pneumograph, 641 Pneumothorax, 651 Poikilothermous animals, 925 Polar bodies of ovum, 955 Polypeptid, 781, 989 Positive electrical variation in heart, 580 Posterior funiculi, descending tracts of, 175, 178 tracts of, 167 root, cells of, origin of, 82 ganglia, type of cells in, 130 termination in cord, 166 Postganglionic nerve-fibers, 247 Potassium salts, action of, on heart, 560 Potential energy of food, 915 Precipitins, 990 Predicrotic pulse-wave, 516 INDEX. 1015 Preganglionic nerve-fibers, 247 Pregnancy, changes in, 961 Prepyramidal tracts, 178 Presbyopia, 310, 315 Press-juice, 733 Pressor nerve-fibers, 601 Pressure of gases in solution, 664 sense, deep, 273 distribution of, 277 localizing power, etc., 277 Primary proteoses, 766 Principal axis of lens, 301 focal distance, 301 Projection system of fibers (brain), 182 Prolamines, 993 Prolin, 780, 988 Propeptone, 766 Prostate gland, 969, 972, 973 Protalbumoses, 766 Protamins, 970, 993 Protanopia, 349 Proteases, 733 Proteins, absorption of, in intestine, 790 adequate, 883 as glycogen formers, 808 classification of, 992 definition and structure of, 988 diffusion of, 1000 excretion of nitrogen of, 827, 828 general reactions of, 990 in blood-plasma, 441 inadequate, 883 necessary amount of, in diet, 880, 918, 919 normal metabolism in body, 877 nutritive value of, 883 of muscle, 60 osmotic pressure of, 999 putrefaction of, in large intestine, 793 specific dynamic action of, 885 synthesis of, in body, 790 Proteolytic enzymes, 733 Proteoses, 995 general properties of, 766 Protopathic sensations, 273 sensibility, 272 Proximate principles of food, 725 Psychophysical law, 269 Ptyalin, 741 action of, in stomach, 712, 752 digestive action of, 751 effect of various conditions upon, 752 Pubertal gland, 868, 967 Puberty, 947, 967 Pulmonary arteries, vasomotors of, 613 circulation, peculiarities of,. residual air, 644 respiratory center, 674 quotient, 697 waves of blood-pressure, 652 secretion of gases in lungs, 672 INDEX. Serum-albumin, 441 Serum-globulin, 442, 993 Seventh cranial nerve, nucleus of, 244 Sex, determination of, 979 Sexual infantilism, 865 Side-pressure in blood-vessels, 501 Sinoauricular node, 528 Sinospiral fibers of heart, 526 Sixth cranial nerve, nucleus of, 244 Skatoxylsulphuric acid, 837 Skeletal muscular tissue, structure of, 17 Skiascope, 327 Skin, excretory functions of, 843 sweat glands of, 844 Sleep, changes in circulation during, 256 curves of intensity of, 255 effect of sensory stimulation during, 259 hypnotic, 264 metabolism during, 913 physiological phenomena of, 253 theories of, 260 Small intestine, absorption in, 785 Smegma praeputii, 848 Smell, center for, in brain, 212 end-organ of, 293 Smelling, mechanism of, 294 Sodium chlorid, nutritive value of, 902 salts, effect of, on heart-beat, 560 Somatoplasm, definition of, 984 Sound, sensations of. See Ear. waves, nature and action of, 388 overtones of, 391 simple and compound, 389 Specific energy of taste sensations, 291 gravity of blood, 411 nerve energies, doctrine of, 121, 267 of cutaneous nerves, 275 Spectra, absorption, blood, 423 Spectroscope, 424 Spermatozoa, chemistry of, 970 maturation of, 968 properties of, 968 Spermin, 867 Spherical aberration in eye, 313 Sphincter, cardiac, 705 external, of anus, 720 ileocecal, 718 internal, of anus, 720 of bile-duct, 805 of bladder, 840 Sphygmography, 514 Sphygmomanometers for determining blood-pressure in man, 490 Spinal cord as path of conduction, 160 classification of tracts in, 163 effect of removing, 152 general relations of gray and white matter in, 162 groups of cells in, 160 Spinal cord, Helweg's bundle in, 179 homolateral and contralateral conduction in, 174 less well-known tracts of, 177 Monakow's bundle in, 177 paths in, for cutaneous impulses, 172. pyramidal tracts of, 175 reflex activities of, 139 tonic activity of, 151 tracts of, in lateral funiculi, 170 in posterior funiculi, 167 in white matter, 163 vestibulospinal tract, 178, 231 reflex movements, 141 reflexes, 141 in mammals, 144 respiratory center, 675 Spirometer, 643 Spleen, physiology of, 813 Stannius, first ligature of, 568 Stapedius muscle, function of, 384 Starvation, effect of, on body-metab- olism, 914 Steapsin. See Lipase. Stenson's duct, 738 Stereognostic perception, 200 Stereoscopic vision, 372 Stethoscope, 542 Stimulants, 727 nutritive importance of, 905 Stimuli, artificial, of muscle, 24 of nerve, 83 Stokes-Adams syndrome, 568 Stokes' reducing agent, 426 Stomach, absorption in, 770 anatomy of, 706 automaticity of, 712 digestion in, 769 glands of, 754 histological changes in, during activity, 755 means of obtaining secretion of, 756 mechanism of gastric secretion, 761 movements of, 708 musculature of, 708 properties of pepsin of, 763 secretory nerves of, 760 Strabismus, 364 String galvanometer, 98 Stromuhr, 473 Subliminal stimulus, 340 Submaxillary ganglion, 738 Substrata, 732 Succus entericus, 784 Sugar puncture, 890 regulation of supply of, in body, 889 Sugars. See Carbohydrates. Sulphur, forms in which excreted, 837 Summation of muscular contractions, 42 of stimuli in nerve-centers, 137 INDEX. 1019 Superior olivary body, relation of, to auditory paths, 211 Supplemental air, 644 Surface area law, 932 Swallowing, 701 respiration, 703 Sweat, amount and composition of, 844 nerve-centers for, 847 nerves, action of, in heat regula- tion, 933 secretory fibers of, 845 Sympathetic nervous system, general relations, 246 resonance, 392 Syntonin, 766 Systole, duration of, in heart, 547 Systolic arterial pressure, 483 determination of, in animals, 485 in man, 490 plateau of ventricular contraction, 538 TABES dorsalis, 169 Tactile discrimination, 173, 280 localization, 280 Taste buds, 290 center for, in brain, 214 nerves of, 288 sensations, classification of, 290 specific energy of, 291 threshold stimulus, 293 sense of, 288 stimuli, mode of action, 292 Taurin, 800 Taurocholic acid, 800 Tectorial membrane, 394 Temperature. See Heat. coefficient, 114 effect of, on body metabolism, 913 on gases in solution, 663 on heart-rate, 590 on muscular contraction, 29 of human body, 926 sense, distribution and character- istics, 274, 276 path for, in spinal cord, 172 punctiform distribution of, 274 Tension of gases in solution, 664 Tensor tympani muscle, function of, 384 Tenth cranial nerve, nucleus of, 245 Testis, internal secretion of, 866 Tetanus, number of stimuli necessary for, 44 of muscle, 41 opening and closing, 89 Theobromin, 833, 906 Third cranial nerve, nucleus of, 241 heart sound, 545 Thirst, sense of, 286 Thorax as closed cavity, 634 aspiratory action of, 651 normal position of, 635 origin of negative pressure in, 650 Thrombin, 447 Thrombogen, 448 Thrombokinase, 452 Thromboplastic substances, 451 Thrombosis, 446 Thyroid, extirpation of, 851 function of, 853 internal secretion of, 850 Tidal air, 644 Tigroid substance in nerve-cells, 133 Tissue protein, 878 Tissues, exchanges of gases in, 672 Tone (musical) of muscular contrac- tion, 44 Tonicity of heart muscle, 569 of muscle, 50 of nerve-centers, 151 Tonus, myogenic, 57 neurogenic, 56 Touch sense, path of, in cord, 172 Tracts in cerebellum, 231 in spinal cord, 163 of Flechsig, 165 of Gowers, 165 of Helweg (olivospinal), 179 of Monakpw (rubrospinal), 178,195 Traube-Hering waves, 606 Treppe on muscular contractions, 35 Trigeminal nerve, area of distribu- tion of, 243 nucleus of, 244 Tritanopia, 349 Trophic nerve-fibers, salivarv glands, 744 Trypsin, 733, 778 Tryptophan, 780 Tiirck's method for reflex time, 148 Twelfth cranial nerve, nucleus of, 245 Tympanic membrane, 380 Tyrosin, 780, 988 UNIPOLAR method of stimulation, 90 Unitarian theory (blood-corpuscles), 434 Urea, formation of, in liver, 812 origin and significance of, 829, 883 Ureters, contractions of, 839 Urethra, sphincter of, 840 Uric acid, 64, 832 in spleen, 815 significance of, 832 Uricolytic enzyme, 834 Urinary bladder, movements of, 840 nerves of, 842 pigments, 827 1020 INDEX. Urination, physiological mechanism of, 839 Urine, composition of, 826 nitrogenous excreta of, 827 origin of acidity of, 822, 826 reaction of, 826 secretion of, 817 pressure of, 821 Uterus, changes of, during menstrua- tion, 948 effect of, on mammary glands, 963 Utriculus, function of, 406 VAGUS nerve, action of, on gastric secretion, 760 on heart, 571. See also In- hibition. on pancreas, 774 as motor nerve to stomach, 712 nucleus of, 245 relations of, to respiratory cen- ter, 678 Valin, 779, 988 Vasomotor fibers, centers for, in cord, 605 in brain, 624 to pulmonary arteries, 613 nerves, action of, in heat regula- tion, 934 antidromic impulses in, 609 course and distribution, 596, 606 general properties of dilators, 607 history of discovery of, 592 methods used to demonstrate, 593 of heart, 612 position of constrictor center, 599 reflex actions of, 601 rhythmical action of constrictor center, 605 to abdominal organs, 625 to dilator center and reflexes, 608 to genital organs, 626 to head, 624 to kidneys, 824 to skeletal muscles, 626 to trunk and limbs, 625 to veins, 627 tonic activity of, 599 Veins, vasomotor supply of, 627 Velocity of blood-flow. See Circula- tion. pressure in blood-vessels, 502 Venous blood-pressures, 497 cistern, 508 pulse, 519 in brain sinuses, 620 Ventilation, principles of, 656 Ventricle. See Heart. Veratrin, effect of, on muscle, 31 Vernix caseosa, 848 Vestibular nerve, 210 Vestibulospinal tract of spinal cord, 179, 231 Vision. See Eye and Retina. Visual acuity, 337 center in cortex, 203 field, binocular, 366 monocular, 336 fields, conflict of, in binocular vision, 369 purple, 332 Vital capacity, 643 Vitamine, 885 Volume curve of heart, 539 Voluntary muscular contractions, 45 Vomiting, 722 WALLERIAN degeneration, 123, 163 Warm spots of skin, 274 Water, absorption of, in stomach, 771 excretion of, 838 rigor, 55 Weber-Fechner law, 269 Wharton's duct, 738 Wirsung, duct of, 773 Work done by contracting muscle, 40 XANTHIN, 64, 832 oxidase, 834 Xanthoproteic reaction for proteins, 991 ZYMOGEN, 735 granules, 747 Zymoids, 732 SAUNDERS' BOOKS on Skin, Genito -Urinary,^" Chemistry, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat, and Dental W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY WEST WASHINGTON SQUARE PHILADELPHIA 9, HENRIETTA STREET. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON MECHANICAL EXCELLENCE IkJOT alone for their literary excellence have the Saunders publi- * ^ cations become a standard on both sides of the Atlantic : their mechanical perfection is as universally commended as is their sci- entific superiority. The most painstaking attention is bestowed upon all the details that enter into the mechanical production of a book, and medical journals, both at home and abroad, in reviewing the Saunders publications, seldom fail to speak of this distinguishing feature. The attainment of this perfection is due to the fact that the firm has its own Art Department, in which photographs and drawings of a very high order of merit are produced. This department is of decided value to authors, in enabling them to procure the services of artists specially skilled in the various methods of illustrating medical publications. A Complete Catalogue of our Publications will be Sent upon Request SAUNDERS* BOOKS ON Stelwagon V Diseases of the Skin A Treatise on Diseases of the Skin. By HENRY W. STELWAGON, M. D., PH. D., Professor of Dermatology in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Octavo of 1195 pages, with 289 text-cuts and 34 plates. Cloth, $6.00 net; Half Morocco, $7.50 net. THE NEW (6th) EDITION The demand for five editions of this work in a period of five years indicates the practical character of the book. In this edition the articles on Frambesia, Oriental Sore, and other tropical diseases have been entirely rewritten. The new subjects include Verruga Peruana, Leukemia Cutis, Meralgia Parsesthetica, Dhobie Itch, and Uncinarial Dermatitis. George T. Elliot, M. D., Professor of Dermatology ', Cornell University. " It is a book that I recommend to my class at Cornell, because for conservative judgment, for accurate observation, and for a thorough appreciation of the essential position of derma- tology, I think it holds first place." Schamberg's Diseases gf the Skin Eruptive Fevers Diseases of the Skin and the Eruptive Fevers. By JAY F. SCHAMBERG, M. D. , Professor of Dermatology and the Infectious Eruptive Diseases, Philadel- phia Polyclinic. Octavo of 573 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $3.00 net. THE NEW (2d) EDITION " The aciite eruptive fevers constitute a valuable contribution, the statements made emanating from one who has studied these diseases in a practical and thorough manner from the standpoint of cutaneous medicine'. . . . The views expressed on all topics are con- servative, safe to follow, and practical, and are well abreast of the knowledge of the present time, both as to general and special pathology, etiology, and treatment." — American Journcu *f Medical Sciences. GENITO-URINARY DISEASES ^ Norris' Gonorrhea in Women — Gonorrhea in Women. By CHARLES C. NORRIS, M. D., Instructor in Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, with an Introduction by JOHN G. CLARK, M. D., Professor of Gynecology, University of Penn- sylvania. Large octavo of 520 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $6.00 net JUST ISSUED Dr. Norris here presents a work that is destined to take high place among publications on this subject. He has done his work thoroughly. He has searched the important literature very carefully, over 2300 references being utilized. This, coupled with Dr. Norris' long experience, gives his work* the stamp of authority. The chapter on serum and vaccine therapy and organotherapy is particularly valuable because it expresses the newest advances. Every phase of the subject is considered : History, bacteriology, pathology, sociology, prophylaxis, treatment (operative and medicinal), gonorrhea during pregnancy, parturition and the puerperium, diffuse gonorrheal peritonitis, and all other phases. Further, Dr. Norris considers the rare varieties of gonorrhea occurring in men, women, and children. The text is illustrated. Sharp's Ophthalmology for Veterinarians Ophthalmology for Veterinarians. By WALTER N. SHARP, M. D., Professor of Ophthalmology in the Indiana Veterinary College. I2mo of 210 pages, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. JUST READY This new work covers a much neglected but important field of veterinary practice. Dr. Sharp has presented his subject in a concise, crisp way, so that you can pick up this book and get to "the point" quickly. He first gives you the anatomy of the eye, then examination, followed by the various diseases, including injuries, parasites, errors of refraction, and medicines used in ophthalmic thera- peutics. The text is illustrated. 