None
Labor-pains, 918 Labyrinth, the, 815 membranous, 815 fluids of, 817 transmission of vibrations through the, 820 osseous, structure of, 815, 816 Lactates in human urine. 278 Lacteals; absorption of fat by the, 258 Lactose, 202, 1006 relations of, to glycogen-formation, 268 Language defined, 874 Lanolin, 198 Larynx, appearance of the, laryngoscopic, 869 cartilages of the, 865 movements of the, 516 muscles of the, 865-868 nerve-supply of the, 868 self-examination of, method of, 869 stricture of, 861-869 ventricular bands of, 862, 863 Latent characters, inherited human, 932 heat, 948 period defined, 101 differentiation of electrical and mechanical, in retinal sensation, 789 of muscular contraction, 113, 114 Laughing, 562 Lecithin, 265, 1001 Lens, achromatic, discovery of the principle of the, 762 Leucin, 242, 983 Leucocytes, blood-, action of, 346, 374 classification of, 345, 346 —lymphocytes, 345 —mononuclear, 346 —polymorphous or polynucleated, 346 emigration of, 346, 376 functions of, 245, 346 movements of, 35 amceboid, 346 origin of, 347 shcreinine?: of, 345 * Leuconuclein,”’ 356 Levulose, 218, 1005 Life, phenomena of, hypotheses of, 25, 26 Light, ‘‘ dispersion ”’ of, 778 intensity of, 778, 785 modifications of, 779 —color, 779 —color-blindness, 784 —color-mixture, 779 —color-theories, 781 —intensity, 785 —luminosity of colors, 786 —saturation, 788 retinal, changes produced by, 776 saturation of, 77.9, 788 sensation of, ‘retinal, 777, 778 Limbs, nerves of the, vaso-motor, 501 Lipochromes, 1015 Liquor amnii, finction of, 911 quantity and composition of, 911 Liver, blood-flow in the, relation of the secretion of bile to the, 187 existence of secretory nerves to the, 188 extirpation of, effect of, on urea formation, 276, 277 functions of the, 260 glands of the, secretory, 184-189 1038 Liver, glycogen in the, conditions affecting the supply of, 270 function of, 269 occurrence and origin of, 266, 267 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 498 relations of the, to the circulation, 276 secretions of the, 185, 205 structure of the, histological, 184 urea in the, formation of, 271 urea-forming power of the, 271, 272 Liver and spleen, physiology of, 260-272 Liver-cells, blood-supply of, sources of, 187 chemical changes by the, 184 formation of urea by the, 271, 272, 275 glycogen of the, 267 ° physiology of the, 260, 261 relations of the, to the ducts, 184, 185 secretions formed by the, 205, 206 Locomotion, body-, 860 of the spermatozoa, 883, 903 mechanisms of, 855-861 Loop of Henle, 189, 190, 192 Lumen of the secretory cells, 161 Lung-pressure, 504, 505, 514, 516 Lung-ventilation, artificial, laboratory method of, 553, 554, 561 Lungs, action of the continuous pull of the, on the blood-flow, 387 air in the, admixture and purification of, 522 amount of, in adult human, 517 alveoli of the, number and size of, 504 blood-flow through the, 395 capillaries of the, 504 elasticity of the, 504 expansion of, in the new-born, 504, 573 fetal, atelectatic condition of, 504 in utero, 573 gases in the, alterations in the, 517 inflation of the, artificial, 554 innervation of the, 573 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 466 O and CO: absorbed and eliminated by the, quantity of, 519 diffusion in the, forces concerned in, 520 structure of the, 504 Lunule of the semilunar valves, 403 Lutein, 1015 Lymph, 363-367 aspiration of, thoracic, 439 composition of, 363 formation of, filtration-and-diffusion theory of, 362-367 < movement of, 362, 363, 437-439 occurrence of, 362 origin of the, 438 Lymph-flow, influence of body-movements upon the, 439 Lymph-hearts, absence of, in man, 438 Lymph-pressure, differences of, 438 Lymph-valves, body-movements and the, 439 Lymphatic system, 437 Lymphocytes, 345 Lysatin, 994 Lysatinin, 277, 994 Lysin, 994 MAGNEsIUM, 970 carbonates, 971 phosphates, 971 Malleus, the, 810, 811 Maltose, 218, 247, 1007 Mammalia, removal of cerebral hemispheres of, effect of, 710 Mammary glands. Man, reproductive power of, waning period, 927 Manometer, differential, 422, 423 elastic, 418, 419 INDEX. Manometer, mercurial, 379, 380 Manometers, Hales’, 378 Marsh-gas, 976 Massage, effect of, on muscular fatigue, 79 Mastication, 310 normal salivary flow during, the result of re- flex action, 171 taste-perception developed by, 852 Maturation of the ovum, 889, 891 of the spermatozoon, 884, 892 Meats as a source of proteid-supply, 305 Meconium, biliary salts in, 987 Medullary sheath, 36, 151 Medullation in central nervous system, 616 of nerve-fibres, 614, 615 significance of, 729 Melanins, 1015 Menopause, the, 898, 927 Menstruation, 895 amount of blood discharged, 896 appearance of, time of, 927 conditions affecting, 897 duration and onset, 896-898 physiology of, comparative, 898 process of, 895, 896 theory of, 898, 899 Mercaptan, methyl, 977 Metabolism, body-, 20, 282, 302 conditions influencing, 298 —effect of muscular work, 298 —effect of starvation, 301 _—effect of variations in temperature, 300 —metabolism during sleep, 300 total, determination of, 282-284 , in the encephalon in old age, 743 in the nerve-cells in old age, 742 of carbon, 962 of cell-body, 626 of sulphur, 951 Methemoglobin, 342, 1014. Methane, 975, 976 Methyl aldehyde, 977 compounds, 976 cyanide, 985 mercaptan, 977 selenide, 978 telluride, 978 Methylamine, 984 ** Micelle,” 25 Microcephalics, the brain of, 711, '720 Micturition, 327 control of the process of, 329 mechanism of normal, 328 —movements of the bladder, 328 —movements of the ureters, 327 —nervous mechanism of the bladder, 330 normal, a reflex act, 329, 330 “Micturition-centre,’’ 329 Milk, composition of, 201 secretion of, normal, 204 Milk-coagulation, rennin process, 234 Milk-ducts of the mamme, 201 Milk-fat, constituents and formation of, 201, 203 Milk-formation, changes in the cells of alveoli * of mammary gland during, 202 Milk-plasma, constituents of, 201, 202 Milk-salts, secretion of, epithelial, 202 Milk-sugar or lactose, 202, 247, 1006 Mitosis, 20 Molecule, proteid, size of, 1021 protoplasmic, instability of, 23, 24 Monoxide, carbon, 960 Morula, 909 Mouth, temperature of the, 577 Mucin, 261 bile, 265 formation and function of, 221 INDEX. ‘ Mucin of goblet-cells, formation of, 157, 158 of saliva, amount of, 162 Mucins, 1019 Mucous glands. See Glands. membrane, gastric, composition of the secre- tion of, 179 glands of the, structure, 178 irritation of, temperature-sensation not discriminated by, 842 irritation of, touch-sensation not induced by, 840 olfactory, 850 Murexid, 998 Musce volitantes, 766 Muscarin, 986 action of, on the heart, 442 Muscle, “‘ after-loaded, » 108 altered condition of, after contraction, 109 change in, in rigor mortis, 144 composition of, 32 conduction in both directions in, 86 conductivity of, loss and recovery of, 83 contraction of. See Contraction. contraction-wave of, length of, methods of determining, 90 rate of transmission of, 88-90 death of, chemical change in, 144 digastric, function of, 310 dying, circumscribed contraction of, 42 effect of mechanical stimulus on, 93 elasticity of, 104 changes in the, conditions influencing, 105 excitation of, effect of rate, on height and form of contraction, 109 -—continuous contractions caused by con- tinuous excitation, 123° —effect of frequent excitation on the height of separate muscular contrac- tions, 109 —effect of frequent excitation to produce tetanus, 114 —effect of frequent excitations upon the form of separate contractions, 113 —effect of exceedingly rapid excitations, 122 —effect of gradually increasing the rate of excitation, 121 —effect of, upon the form of separate con- tractions, 113, 114 —explanation of the great height of tetanic contractions, 118 —number of excitations required to tetan- ize, 121 —relative intensity of tetanus and single contractions, 122 —summary of the effects of rapid excita- tion that produce tetanus, 121 excitations, double, effect of, 118, 119 extensibility and elasticity of, 104-106 a protection against injury, 106 gases of, 150 glycogenetic function of, 270 importance of the blood-supply to the, 75 of the circulation to the, 73 injured, ‘‘ diminution effect’ upon, 141 tetanized, changes of electric potential in, 140 intestinal, of the fly, structure of, 84 irritability of, independent, 40-42 curare experiment, 41 conditions which determine the effect of, 42 “loaded,’’ 108 masseter, function of the, 310 omohyoid and pectoralis, of turtle, contraction and function of, 107 phenomena, electric, theories of, 138 pterygoid, external, function of, 310 1039 Muscle, pterygoid, internal, function, 310 reaction of human, to electric currents, a means of diagnosis, 58 rest of, necessary to restoration of normal condition, 109 stapedius, 814 stretching of, effect of, on irritability, 66 striated, conductivity ‘of, 82 optical properties of, during rest and action, 2 contraction of, rapidity of, 308 temporal, function of, 310 tensor-tympani, 814 tetanized, amount of shortening in, 122 Muscle and. Muscles and nerves: —effect of use and disuse, 80 —fatigue of muscles, 76 —fatigue of nerves, 79 fey irritability of, conditions which determin the, 64 effect of heat and cold on the, 66 transmission of excitation to, by end-organs, 85 Muscular activity, dyspnoea of, 552 effect of, on the respiratory quotient, 546 influence of, on body-temperature, 578 influence of, on heat-dissipation, 595 on the volume of gases respired, 541 mechanisms, special physiology of, 855-877 Musical note, highest, number of impulses pro- ducing the, 778 Mydriatics, 771 Myogram, the, 50, 101 of simple muscle-contraction, 101 Myograph, 50, 51, 99 double, experiments with the, 52 Myopia, 759 Myosin, 147, 148 Myotics, 771 Myrosin, 218 Myxcedema, treatment of, with thyroid extracts, 208, 209 NATIVE ALBUMINS, 349 “Negative variation current,” 140 Nerve, auditory, 679, 818 chorda tympani, course of the, 159, 160 conductivity of, effect of stretching on, 93 depressor, effects of stimulation of the, 464 dying, effect of mechanical stimulation on, 93 end-organs of, importance of, 839 glosso-pharyngeal, excitation of the, effect on , respiratory movements of, 570 irritation of, chemical, 40 conditions determining the effect of, 42 electrical, 40 mechanical, 40 temperatural, 47 thermal, 40 layngeal, superior, excitation of the, effect of, on respiratory movements, 570 of Jacobson, 159 olfactory, 682 optic, 679 relations of afferent fibres in the, 680 pressure upon a, irritating effect of, 47 reaction of a, effect of making and breaking induction shocks on the, 49 relation of the strength of a current to the irritating effect upon a, test of, 54 sensory, excitation of, effect of mechanical, 65 separation of a, break in conductivity by, 82 - stretching a, effect of, on irritability, 65 sympathetic, effect of stimulation of the, 467 ulnar, effect of pressure on the, 93 excitation of the, effect of ice-water on the,66 vagus, of the dog, morphology of, 450 Nerve and muscle protoplasm, resemblance of, b Nerve-cell, anatomical characteristics of, 607 , bodies, sizes and shapes of, 607, volume relations of, 608 body, impulses on the, effect of, 622 metabolism of, 626 - points of the, at which the nerve-impulse can be aroused, 624 shape of, significance of, 622 structure of, 608 chemical changes in, 626 defined, 607 fatigue of, influence of, 628 INDEX. Nerves, sensory, defined, 36 Racsiocteuisles conduction. in, 83 ; d of the muscles, 844, 845 Nerves, action of the, on the pancreatic secre- tion, 173 auditory, of ‘the cochlea, 821 augmentor, course of, in various animals, 459 stimulation of, effects of, 460 branching of, 84 cardiac, 450 —augmentor nerves, 458 —centrifugal nerves, 462 —centripetal nerves, 463 —inhibitory nerves, 452 centres of the, 467-470 —augmentor centre, 469 —inhibitory centre, 467 —intra-ventricular centre, 470 —peripheral reflex centres, 470 division of the, 451 inhibitory, 452 chemical changes in, by conduction, 96 chemistry of, 150 concerned in the reflex action of deglutition, 314 conduction in both directions in, 86 experimental methods of determining, 87 rate of, 90 —in motor nerves, 91 —in sensory nerves, 92 - conductivity of, effect of pressure upon, 93 effect of temperature on the, 93 cutaneous, excitation of the, effect on the respiratory movements of, 571 effect of electric current upon, 69 on normal human, 62 of sudden alterations in the intensity of stimuli, 46, 47 electro-motive force of, 1389 extrinsic, of the intestines, 322 to the stomach muscles, 319 fatigue of, by conduction, 79, 97 influence of the, on the gastric secretion, 180. inhibitory, defined, 36 and augmentor, Pawlow’s classification, 462 effect of simultaneous stimulation of, 461 intracardiac, 440 effects of stimulation of the, 463 irritability of, 38-40 testing anelectrotonic and katelectrotonic alterations of, 69, 70 irritation of, by electrical current, Du Bois- Reymond’ s law, 47 liberation of heat i in, by conduction, 96 motor, conduction in human, 91, 92 defined, 36 of the bile-vessels, 188 of common sensation, 843 -. of special sense, effect of stimulation of the, 467 of the eye, 769-772 ‘of the spleen, 499 olfactory, excitation of the, effect of, on the respiratory movements, 571 pancreatic, 172 phrenic, result of section of, 571 pneumogastric, 573 functioris of, 568-570 pulmonary branches of, 573, 574 reaction of, to currents of gradually increas- ing strength, 64 respiratory, afferent, 568 efferent, 571 sciatic and sensory, excitation of the, effect of, on respiration, 571 secretory, 36, 162-164 ‘action of drugs upon the, 170 existence of, to the liver, 188 of the pancreas, 173 stimulation of the, effect of, 466 septal, effect of vagus excitation on the, of a splanchnic, excitation of the, effect of, on the respiration, 571 sweat-, 199 sympathetic, pulmonary, 574 temperature, 84 thermogenic, 598 trigeminal, excitation of the, effect on _ the respiration of, 591 “‘trophic,” defined, 36 vagus, stimulation of the, effects of, 463 vaso-dilator, early demonstration of, 484 vaso-motor, defined, 36 differences between the constrictors and dilators of the, 487 early experimental demonstrations of, 482- 486 observation of, methods of, 486 — origin and course of, 488 reflex excitation of, ‘492 topography of, 494. Nervous system, nerve-impulses of the, diffusion of, 648, 652, 653 nerve-im pulses of the, evidence of con- tinuous outgoing of, 655 nerve-impulses of the, theories of the passage of the, 644 nerve-tracts in the, 668 nerves of the, specific afferent, 673 —auditory, 679 —olfacfory, 682 —optic, 679 —special nerves of pain, 674 old age of the, 742, 743 organization of, 642, 734 organization and nutrition of the, 732-739 pathways of the, 648, 670, 675 phenomena of the, involving conscious- ness, 606 physiology of the, comparative, 703-705 processes in the, time taken in, 738 reaction of the efferent impulses, 660 reactions of, from fractures of the spinal cord, 660 reactions of, during sleep, 740, 741 reactions of the spinal cord, segmental,658 reflex action of, 657-667 relations between body-weight and, 719 stimulation of the, conditions of, 647 strength of stimulus and strength of re- sponses of, 648 subdivisions of, 605 symmetry of, bilateral, 645, 723 unity of the, 605, 639 sweat-centres in, 200 volume of the, 731 changes in the, dependent upon age, 715 control of the mammary secretion by the, 203 disturbances of the, influence of, on body- temperature, 580 influence of the, on functional activity, 81 on heat-dissipation, 596 physiology of the, as a whole, 715 sympathetic, nerve-impulses in the, diffu- sion of, 654 weight of the, interpretations of, 717 Neuridin, 986 Neurilemma, 36, 150 Neurin, 986 _ Neuroblast, the, 610, 611 Neuroblasts, polarization of, 611 Neuro-keratin, 151, 1020 Neuron, axis-cylinder of the, constitution of,614 defined, 607 form of the, as a means of classification, 611 _ structure of the, 607 volume of the, 609 Neurous, medullation of, 614-616 size of, in different animals, 609 Neutrophiles, 345 New-born, body-temperature of, 577 expansion of the lungs in, 504, 573 respiratory movements of, 573 Nicotin, action of, upon the salivary glands and their secretions, 170 Nipple, origin of the, 201 Nitril defined, 985 Nitrogen, 954 compounds of the alcohol radicals with, 984 with oxygen, 956 effect of respiration of, 548 equilibrium, defined, in the body, 956 tension of, 525 Nitrogenous material, determination of amount destroyed in the body, 282 “Neeud vital,” 564 1043 Noises, 832 Non-nitrogenous tuaterial, determination of amount destroyed i in the body, 283 Nose, tracts of the, 849 Notes, musical, quality of, 827, 828 Nuclein, 1019 Nucleo-albumins, 1019 Nucleo-histon, 347, 356, 1019, 1020 Nucleo- -proteids, 1019 Nucleus, cell-, protoplasm of the, differentiation from cytoplasm of, 22 Nutriment, effect of, on muscular fatigue, 78 Nutrition, body-; bile not essential for, 261 defined, 18, 19, 213 of the embryo, 913 of the placental process of, 914, 915 of the heart, 461-482 Opokrs, detection of, by sensations of smell, 850, 1 skin, racial and individual, 851 (Esophagus, deglutition in the, 312 Oil, emulsions of, artificial, 245 Old age. Olefines, amines of the, 986 Oncometer, Roy’s, 196 Ophthalmometer, the, 750, 765 Ophthalmoscope, the, 772 **Optogram,” 776 Organ of Corti. See Corti. Organization. See Central Nervous System. Organs, reproductive, female, 887-901 male, 882-887 mechanical and pathological changes in the female, due to pregnancy, 915, 916 respiratory, 503 secretory, internal, 205-211 sexual, classification of, 882 vocal, 107, 870-877 Ornithin, 994 Osazones, 1004 Osmometer, 251 Osmosis, 250-252 Ossicles, auditory, 810 function of, 813 ligaments of the, 811 Otoliths or otoconia, 819, 849 Ova, irritability and contractility of, 37, 38 movements of, amceboid, 37, 38 primitive, number of, in the ovaries, 892 Ovaries, primitive ova in, number of, 892 structure of the, 892 Ovary, the, 892 Overtones, musical, 827 inharmonic, 830 Ovulation, 892-894 Ovum, the, 888 action of the spermatozoa in entering the, 904 chemistry of the, 889 chromosomes of, power of hereditary transmis- sion due to the, 2 fertilization of, 904-906 growth of the, uterine, 911 human and fowl’s, compared, 888, 913 © discovery of, 888 form and size of, 888 structure of, 888, 889 impregnation of, movements during the, 37, 38 maturation of ‘the, 889-891 nucleolus of the, 889 nucleus of the, 888 nutrition of the, mode of, 37 protoplasm of, 37 reception of the, by the Fallopian tube, 894 segmentation of the, 907, 908 Oxidation, body-, Hoppe-Seyler’ s theory of, 949 Traube’s theory of causation, 946 1044 Oxide, nitric, 956 nitrous, 956 Oxybenzol, 1010 Oxycholin, 986 Oxygen, 944 chaaretinn -papacities of tissues for, 530 -coefticient of blood for, 523 compounds, 956, 958 effect of respiration of, 548 influence of, on the heart- beat, 481 of muscle, 150 preparation and properties of, 945 reduction defined, 946 Oxygen and COz:, diffusion of, in the lungs, forces concerned in, 5 520 interchange of, between the alveoli and the blood, 522, 525 between the blood and tissues, 527 proportion of, in the blood, 519 in room-ventilation, 547 quantity of, absorbed and eliminated, 518 tension of, 523 volumes of, respired, 536 | Oxygen, CO2, and N, absorption-coefficients of water for, 522 and other gases, compounds of hemoglobin with, 336 Oxygen-dyspneea, cause of, 550, 551 Oxyhemoglobin, 336 absorption spectrum of, 339, 340 Oxyphiles, 345 Ozone, 946, 947 PACINIAN BODIES, 836 Pain, 842, 843 special nerves of, 674 Pains, ‘‘ sympathetic’’ or transferred, 844 Pancreas, 172-176 anatomical relations of the, 172 changes during activity in the, 174 characters of the, 172 consumption of sugar by the, 293 removal of the, result of the, 206 secretion of the. See Secretion. Pancreatic diabetes, 293 juice, action of, in the emulsification of fats, 246 artificial, 240 composition of, 238, 239 enzymes of, 238-244 —amylopsin, 243 —steapsin, 244 —trypsin, 239 flow of, during digestion, rapidity of, 176 obtaining the, methods of, 238 Papille of the tongue, 851, 852 sensitiveness of, to stimuli, 854 Paraffins or hydrocarbons, saturated, 975 Paraglobulin, 350 amount of, in the blood, 351 coagulation-temperature of, 351 composition and reaction of, 350, 351 function of, 351 occurrence and origin of, 351 Paralysis agitans, 73, 743 Paranuclein, 1019 Parapeptone, 230 Parathyroids, 207 Paraxanthin, 996 Parotid, appearance of, after stimulation, 168 in a fresh state, 168 ina resting condition, 167 changes in, following stimulation, 167 nerve- fibres of the, 159 position of, 158 ~ structure of, 160 Parturition, contractions in, uterine, 919, 920 INDEX. Parturition, date of, estimating the, 916 mechanism of, 917-919 Paté de foie gras, 1002 Pause, respiratory, 506, 532 P-cresol, 1011 Penis, the, 887 erection of, mechanism of, 902, 903 Pentamethylene-diamine, 986 Pentyl compounds, 983 Pepsin, action of, 235 on proteids, 219 nature and properties of, 228 = preparations of, Briicke’s method, 229 commercial and laboratory, 228 Pepsin and trypsin, differences in action of, 241 Peptones, 232, 1018 absorption of, from the stomach, 253 diffusibility of, 233 formation of, 230-232 properties and reactions of, 232 Peptones and proteoses, analysis of, 233 conversion of, into serum-albumin, 350 Peristalsis defined, 310 intestinal, 320-322 of the esophagus in deglutition, 312 of the stomach during digestion, 317 of the ureters, causation, 327 Peroxide, phosphorus, 958 Perspiration, 198, 281 “ Pettenkofer’s test,” 988 Phagocytes, 346 Phagocytosis theory of Metschnikoff, 346 Phakoscope, the, 754 Pharynx, deglutition in the, 311 respiratory movements of the, 516 Phenol, 280, 1010 Millon’s reagent, 1011 Phenyl-hydroxide, 1010 Phonation, 874 Phosphate, ferric, 972 sodium-ammonium, 967 Phosphates, calcium, 967 excreted, derivation of, 959 magnesium, 971 of urine, 280 potassium, 963 sodium, 966 Phosphenes, 751, 777 Phosphorus, 957 compounds of, with oxygen, 958 detection of, 958 in the body, 959 Phosphorus-poisoning, 957 Physiology defined, 17 divisions of, 17 special, differentiation of, from general, 29, 30 study of, experimental methods used and pre- liminary knowledge required in, 30,31 Pia and fluid, weight of, 716 Pigments, bile. See Bile-pigments. urinary, relationship of hemoglobin to, 343 Pilocarpine, action of, upon the salivary glands and their secretions, 170 Pince myographique and recording nike 89 Pinna or auricle, 807 Pitch, musical, 825, 826 Pituitary body, internal secretions of, 211 Placenta, the, 912 relationship of the, to embryonic nutrition, 914, 915 Plant-cell assimilation, 18." Plant-cells, conductivity in, 84 Plants and animals, structural dissimilarity of, 7; enzymes of, 218 Plasma (blood-), coagulation of, 147, 148 composition of, 347-349 INDEX. Plasma, hie 4s layer” of, in small blood-vessels, 74 proteids of, 349 pure, method of obtaining, 360 regeneration of, after hemorrhage, 361 “salted,’’ 357, 360 structure and color of, 331 Pleuronectide, chromotoblasts of, 35 Pneumograph of Marey, 531 Poikilothermous animals, 575 Poisoning, phosphorus, 957 Polymerization, 23 Polypneea, causation of, 550 Polyspermy, 909 Portal system, vaso-motor nerves of the, 501 Post-mortem rise of body-temperature, 145, 604 Potassium, 963 carbonates, 964 chloride, 963 cyanide, 985 in the body, 964 phosphates, 963 sulphocyanide, 221, 222 thiocyanide, 986 Pregnancy, influence of, on the mammary glands, 204, 915 multiple, 920, 921 physiological effects upon the mother of, 915 position of fetus at end of, 917 sign of, urinary coat as a, 968 Presbyopia, 760 Pressure, blood-, and speed, compared, 393 arterial and venous, method of studying, 377 capillary, causation, 385 symptoms of bleeding i in relation to, 383 the mean arterial, capillary, and venous, 382 venous, causation, 386 intrapulmonary, 505, 516 intrathoraci , 505, 516 sense of. See Touch. upon a nerve, irritating effect of, 47 Pressure-curve, ventricular, and the auricular systole, 422 and the valve-play, 422 ventricular, general characters of, 419 Pressure-points, cutaneous, 839 Pressure-sense, tympanic membrane as an organ of, 826 Propeptone, 230 Prostate, secretion of the, 885 Protagon, 1001 of nerve, 151 Proteid, composition of, 1016 digestion, products of, 1021 loss of, during starvation, 302 molecule, size of, 1021 oxidization of, power of tissue in, 286 putrefaction, products of, 1021 supply, value of meats as, 305 synthesis, experiments, 1021 Proteids, 214, 1016 absorption ‘of, intestinal and stomach, 252-254 action, of pepsin-hydrochloric acid on, 229 bacterial, upon the, products of, 249° of pepsin on, products of digestion in, 219 animal-food, digestibility of, 217 blood-, 346 of lymph, 363 chromo-, 1018 coagulated, 1018 combined, 1018 digestion of, 214, 1021 effect of, on ’ slycogen-formation i in the liver, "268 glyco-, 1019 1045 Proteids, importance of nutritive, to the body, 14, 285 luxus consumption of, 288 of milk, 201 of muscle, fractional heat-coagulation to de- termine the, 148, 149 nucleo-, 1019 of the blood-plasma, 349 —fibrinogen, 350 —paraglobulin, 350 —serum albumin, 349 phospho-glyco-, 1020 potential energy of, 303 production of fats by the, 290, 291 of glycogen from, 268 properties of, dependent upon the presence of inorganic salts, 294 putrefaction of, bacterial, 249 reaction of, general, 1016 remarks on the, general, 1021 vegetable, digestibility of, 217 Proteose defined, 230, n. Proteoses, 230, 1018 Protoplasm, animal, katabolism of, 20 synthetic properties of, 18 cell, continuity of, 84, 85 conductivity of, 35 contractility of, 32-35 defined, 17, 943 dying, chemical changes in, 930 irritability of, 35 irritating effect of irritants upon different forms of, 39 living and dead, differentiation, 18 death of, molecular change in, 23 divisions of, 17 instability of, 23, 24 specialization of function of, organized animals, 21, 22 muscle, 35, 40-42 necessity of proteids for the formation and preservation of, 214 nerve and muscle, resemblance of, 36, 37 plant, nutrition of, 215 primitive, immortality of, 930 properties of, fundamental, 21 structure of, molecular, 23,25 vegetable, synthetic properties of, 18 Proto-proteose, 230 Pseudo-mucoid, 1019 Ptyalin, 218, 222, 1008 action of, 222 conditions influencing the, 224 —conditions of the starch, 224 —effect of reaction, 224 —temperature, 224 of acids on, 224 specific, in saliva, 162 Puberty, 926 changes at, anatomical and physiological, 927 voice, 871, 872 period of, in the female and male, 927 Pulsation, cardiac. See Heart-beat. Rennin-zymogen, 234 Reproduction, 877-942 asexual, 878 by conjugation, 879 defined, 18, 20 desire and power of, periods in animals of the, — 898, 899 double function of, 28 organs of, female, 882, 887-901 male, 882-887 periods of, seasonal, 899 process of, 901-923 = sexual, 879 theories of, 880, 881 Resemblances, congenital, hereditary, 932 variations in, 938 Resonators, 829 Respiration, 503-574 appearance of the larynx in, 869 artificial, 553 laboratory method of, 553, 554, 561 average rate in man, 533 be centre of, expiratory, 565 inspiratory, 565 in the fetus, condition of, 572 location of the, 563 rhythmic activity of, 566 discharges from the, causation, 567 centres, 563-567 subsidiary, 565 ‘*Cheyne-Stokes,” 532 cutaneous, 530 quantity of COz exhaled, 530 influence of, internal or tissue-, 530 on heat-dissipation, 595 on heat-production, 590 movements of, 503-516 centre of the, location of, 563, 564 effects of the gaseous composition of the blood on the, 548 on blood-pressure, 555 on the circulation, 555 on the pulse, 555 frequency of, 533 increase in depth of, in COs-dyspneea, 551 influence of rate and depth of the volume of gases expired on, 538 instrumental recording of, 531 nervous mechanism of, 563 of the new-born, 573 relative periods in, variations in the, 532 rhythm of, 531 periodical alterations in, 532, 533 sequence of, rhythmic, causation, 566 special, 561 —coughing, 562 —crying, 562 —gargling, 563 —hawking, 562 —hiccough, 563 —laughing, 562 —sneezing, 562 —snoring, 563 —sobbing, 562 —yawning, 562 object of, 517, 530 of various gases, effect of, 548 organs of, 503 rate of, 518 conditions affecting the, 533, 534 —age, 533 —atmospheric pressure, 534 —composition of inspired air, 534 —diurnal changes, 533 —emotions and will-power, 534 —posture, 533 —respiratory centres and nerves, 534 INDEX. Running, mechanism of, 861 SACCHAROSE, 1006 Saliva, action of ptyalin on the, 222 conditions influencing, 224 Saliva, amount of, secreted, 221 analysis of, 162, 221 appearance and specific gravity, 161 glands forming the, 159 origin of the, 220 physiological value of, 224 properties and composition of mixed, 221 reaction of, normal, 221, 224 salts of, inorganic, 221 specific gravity of, 161, 221 Salivary glands. See Glands. Salt, use of, by herbivora and carnivora, 295 Salt-solution, physiological, 362 Salts, biliary, 987 calcium, excretion of, by the body, 296 importance of, in food, 296 inorganic, nutr itive value of, 294 reactions of, 294 iron, importance of, to body-metabolism, 295 Saponification, 1000 Saprin, 986 Sarein, 995 Sarcolemma, 32, 103 Sarcoplasm, conductivity of, 82 Sarcosin, 982 Saturation of light, 779, 788 Schneiderian membrane, 849 Sebum, composition of, 198 Secretion, 152-211 biliary, activity of, formative, 186, 187 digestive function of, 265 normal mechanism of, 189 physiology of, 261 quantity of, 186, 187 variations in ejection from the liver, 186, 187 centre, salivary, 171 changes in the gastric glands during, 182 cutaneous, 197-204 digestive, exemption of tissues from, 237 double, of the liver, 184 effect of stimulation of secretory fibres on, 163, 164 from stimulation of secretory fibres, nature of, 163, 164 gastric, cause of, during normal digestion, 181 effect of chemical stimulus on the, 182 of various diets on, 181 influence of the central system on, 180 quantity of, variation in, 181, 182 rapidity of the, during digestion, 176, 177 gland, of organic material, conditions deter- mining, 164, 165 internal, of reproductive glands, 901 intestinal, action of, digestive, 246-248 color and reaction of, 247 composition of, 247 method of obtaining, 246 quantity of, 184, 246, 247 mammary, composition of, 201 conditions controlling the, 203 control of the, by the nervous system, 203 influence of artificial nerve-stimulation on, 204 normal, 204 of seminal vesicles, 885 of small intestine, 246 of the gastric juice, normal mechanism of, 181 of the gastric’ mucous membrane, acidity of, 226 digestive action of, 225 methods of obtaining, 225 properties and composition, 179, 226 of the liver, composition of, 185 of the sweat-glands, physiological value, 281 of the testis, 211 pancreatic, 206, 238 1048 Secretion, pancreatic, action of nerves on, 173 amylolytic, 243, 244 analysis of, 173, 239 characters of the, 238 ‘enzyme and zymogen of, 176 enzymes of, 173 normal mechanism of, 176 properties of, 238 putrefaction of, 239. Sensations, common, 843 cutaneous and muscular, 694, 834-846 of ssa age of surrounding objects, 826, 4 painful, localization of, 842 temperature, of the skin, 840-842 Sense of equilibrium, 846 of hearing, 807-833 INDEX. Sense of pain, 842 of posture, 843 of smell, 849 of taste, 851 of temperature, 840 of touch, 836-840 of vision, 696, 697, 744-806 Sense-organs. See End-organs or End-bulbs. functional independence of, 845 Senses, special, 744-854 Sensibility, cutaneous, 674 Serum. See Blood-serum. = muscle, 148-150 Serum-albumin, 349, 350 Sex, characters of, primary and secondary, 881 determination of, Hofacker-Sadler law, 922 influence of, on heat-dissipation, 592 of the embryo, determination of, 821-923 origin of, 880 ‘| Sexes, body-growth in both, relative rapidity of, 926 stature and weight of both, after birth, 925 Sight. See Vision. Silica, 963 Silicon, 962 dioxide, 963 ‘*Sinuses” of Valsalva, 403 Skatol, 260, 280, 1013 “Skiascopy,” 765 Skin, cold and warm points of, 841 - excretions of the, 281, 282 functions of the, 281 greasing the, effect of, 593 nerve-fibres in the, 281, 835 pressure-points of the, 839 pressure-sensibility of the, discriminating differences of, tests, 836, 837 respiration of. See Respiration. secretions of, 197-204 sensations of the, classification of, 834 sense-perception of the, differences in, 841 sensitiveness of the, to temperature, 840 “tactile areas” of the, 838, 839 temperature of the, of various points of the body, 576 temperature-sense of, 840 touch-sensation of the, 836 Skin-tenderness, topographical association of, with visceral diseases, Sleep, 739-742 body-metabolism during, 300 body-temperature during, 578 cause of, 740 conditions favoring, 739, '740 loss of, 742 Smegma preeputii, 198 Smell, sense of, 696, 849-851 Sneezing, 562 Snoring, 563 Sobbing, 562 Sodium, 965-967 carbonates, 966 chloride, 965 phosphates, 966 sulphate, 966 Sodium-ammonium phosphate, 967 , Solutions, carbon-monoxide hemoglobin, prepa- ration of, 342 maintaining the heart-beat, 477-481 oxyhzmoglobin, conversion of, into hemo- globin solutions, 341 “ Somacules,” 25 Sound, relation between physical and physi- ological, 825-834. See Tone. : Sound-perception, functions of different parts of the ear to, relative, 832 judgment of direction and distance by, 833 : INDEX. ~ 1049 Sound-sensation, vibration-rate necessary to pro- | duce, 826 Sound-waves, production of, 825 Sounds, audible, limits of, 826 heart-, 410 practical application of observation of, 416 musical, analysis of, 829 respiratory, 517 Space-perception, illusions of, 796-799 Specific heat of the body, 948 Species, effect of, on respiratory quotient, 545 influence of, on heat-dissipation, 592 on heat-production, 590 on the respiratory rate, 533 on the volume of gases respired, 537 Spectroscope, the, 338, 339 Spectrum, absorption of bile, 262 of blood, 338 of carbon-monoxide hemoglobin, 342 of hematin, 342 of methemoglobin, 342 of oxyhemoglobin, 339, 340 of reduced hemoglobin, 340, 341 colors, number of, 778 defined, 338 intensity of the, distribution of the, 786 Speech, 861-877 impairment of, cause of, 698 Speech and hearing centres, relations of, 871 *Speech-centre,”’ Broca’s, 698 Spermatocyte, 884 Spermatozoa, the, 882 action of the, in entering the ovum, 904 contractility of, 35 discovery of, 882, 936 duration of life of the, 903, 904 locomotion of the, 883, 903 maturation of, 884 passage of the, time required in, 903 presence of, in the testes of the aged, 885 production of, average, 883 structure of human, 882, 883 Spermatozoon and ovum, place of union, 903 Spermine, 211, 884 Sphincter ani pylorici, 315 of the cardiac orifice, 312 pyloric, 315, 319 urethra, 328 vesicee internus, 328 Sphincters, rectal, function of, 324 “Sphygmogram,” the, 434-436 Sphygmograph, the, 434 Sphygmomanometer, the, 433 Spinal cord, nerve-fibres in the, ending of, 85 reactions of portions of the, 704 weight of the, 723 and of the brain, 715-724 Spirometer, the, 535 Spleen, composition of, chemical, 273 extirpation of, result of, 272 functions of the, 272, 273 movements of the, 272 nerves of the, vaso-motor, 499 theory of reproduction of blood-corpuscles, 343 “Staircase contractions,” 72, 110 Standing, muscular action in, 846, 859 Stapedius (muscle), 814 Stapes, the, 810, 812 Starch, 1007 action of amylolopsin on, 243, 244 animal, 1008 conversion of, 223, 224, 257 digestion of, intestinal, 247 Starvation, effect of, on body-metabolism, 301 on the nervous system, 737 Stature, decrease of, in old age, 929 Stature and weight of both sexes at birth, 925 Steapsin, 244 action of, influence of temperature on, 245 reaction of, 244 value rer digestion and absorption of fats, Stenson’s duct, 158 Stereoscope, the, 801 Sternum, respiratory movements of, 509 Stimulants, action of, upon the pancreatic secre- tion, 177 as articles of diet, 297 Stimulation, electrical, of the cut vagus, results of, 568, 569 muscle, effect of artificial, compared with normal, 126 nerve, relation of the composition of the secre- tion to the strength of, 164 of secretory nerve-fibres, effect of, 163, 164 retinal, 788, 791 vagus, effect of, on the heart, 453-457 Stimuli, number of, necessary to elicit a response in a nerve-cell, 625 rapidly-repeated, effect of, on muscle and nerve, 72, 73 reaction to. Stokes’ reagent, 341, n. Stomach, absorption in, 252, 253 bacteria of the, 248 coats of the, 315 contents, ejection of the, 318, 319, 325, 326 digestion in the, peptic, 228-232 functions of the, 237 glands of the, secretory, 178-182 movements of the, 315, 316 muscles of the, 315, 319 not essential in digestion, 237 physiology of the, 237 secretions of, acidity of, 226-228 self-digestion of, exemption from, 236 Strie gravidarum, 915 Stromuhr, the, 391 Strontium, 970 Strychnin, influence of, on the diffusibility of nerve impulse, 652 Succus entericus, 184, 286 Suffocation. See Asphyzia. Temperature of expired air, 518 Temperature-sense of the skin, 674, 840-842 Tension, muscular, effect on the extent and course of contraction of, 108 Tessla, experiment of, on the effect of vapid alternations of electric currents, 58 Testes, embryonic, strueture of, 885 Testicular extracts, effect of injections of, on the neuro-muscular system, 901 Testis, the, 885, 886 internal secretion of, 211 Tetanus, 65, 73 > closing, Wundt’s, 52, 68, 123 complete, conditions ‘ necessary to effect, 122 continuous, causation, 123 duration of contracture of, 122 effect of double excitation on, 118-120 of frequent excitations to produce, 114, 116 effect of gradually increasing the rate of ex- citation, 121 effect of rapid excitations to produce, 117, 118, 122 ) explanation of the great height of contrac- tions in, 118-120 ‘height and strength due to intensity of stimu- lus, 123 incomplete, effect of frequent stimuli to pro- duce, 115 and contracture, development of, by indi- rect stimulation, 117 intensity of, relative, and single contractions, 122 method of exciting, by breaking induetion- shocks, 121 number of excitations required to produce, 121 opening, Ritter’s, 52, 68, 123 production of, factors in the, 121 secondary, 140 summary of the effects of rapid excitation, 121 “Tetanus muscles,’’ 122 Tetramethylene-diamine, 986. Thein, 996 Theobromin, 996 : Theophyllin, 996 Thermo-accelerator centres, 599-601 Thermogenesis, 597 Thermolysis, 597, 601 Thermopile, the, 133 Thermopolypnea, 550 Thermotaxis, 597, 602-604 Thiocyanide, potassium, 986 Thirst, sense of, 845 “Thiry-Vella fistula,” 246, 321 Thorax, 505 inspiratory changes in form of the, 506 muscles of the, 512 Thrombin, 218, 355 Thrombosin, 356 Thrombus (blood), 358 Thyreo-antitoxin, 210 Thyroid extracts, therapeutic value of, 208, 209;. 901 glands, influence on growth-changes of the body of, 737 secretions of the, internal, 207-210 ; Thyroidalbumin, 210 : Thyroidectomy, results following, 208 Thyroids, 207, 208 function of the, 208, 209 Thyro-iodin, 209, 953 “Tidal air” (respiration), 534 Tissue differentiation, 22, 23 Tissue-proteid, 285 Tissue-respiration, 530 Tissues, absorption-capacities of, for O, 530 death of the, 929 effect of depriving, of blood, 73 _—— EY sh. ee INDEX. Tissues, embryonic, growth of, 924 glycogen in the, value of, 270 influence of activity of, on body-temperature, 578 muscle. See Muscle. nerve-, specific gravity of, 732 temperature of different, variations in, 577 _ thermogenic, 597 Tissues and the blood, interchange of O and CO2 between the, 527 and fluids of the body, importance of the in- organic salts to the, 294 and organs, effect of starvation upon, 301 Tone, musical, differential, 831 fundamental, 815, 827 sensation of, production of, 825 “Tone” of muscle-tissue, 309 ‘Tones, musical, 832 combinational, 831, 832 complex, 827 composite, analysis of, by the ear, 828 . ‘concordant and discordant, 831 factors determining, 831 production of beats in, 830 Tongue, nerves of the, sensory, 852 papille of the, 851, 852 sensitivéness of, to stimuli, 854 . taste-perception by the, points of, 854 ““Tonographs,”’ 419 Touch, illusions of, 840 pressure sensibility to, 836, 837 sense of, 836-840 Touch-corpuscles, 836. -Touch-sensation and stimulus, relations of, 836 importance of the nerve end-organ in, 839 localization of, 838, 839 Tracts, pyramidal, size of, 695 Transfusion, blood, danger attending, 362 ‘Transmission, hereditary, 22, 28, 931-942 Traube-Hering waves, 492 Tremors, muscle, 124 Trichlormethane, 977 Trimethylamine, 985 Trioses, 1001 Trypsin, 231, 239-241 extracts, methods of preparing, 240 Trypsinogen, 176, 240 Tryptophan, 1015 Tubules, uriniferous, histology of, 189, 190 Tympanic membrane, 809 as an organ of pressure-sense, 826 function of, 815 perforation or extirpation of, effect of, 815 vibrations of, 815, 820 Tympanum, the, 808 Tyrosin, 242, 1011 Units, calorimetric, 584 Urates, deposition of, in the kidneys, by ligation of ureters, 192 Urea, 274, 991 biuret reaction of, 992 combustion-equivalent of, 303 derivation of, 205, 206, 274-276 elimination from urine of, 192 in sweat, 275 process and rate of, 195 formation of, in the liver, 271, 272, 275 in milk, 202, 275 in sweat, 199, 281 in the body, 992 in the urine, 274 preparation and properties, 991, 992 quantity of, eliminated, 274 Ureter, muscle-tissue of the, contraction-wave of, 309 Ureters, movements of, 327 1051 Urethra, the, 886 Urination. See Micturition. Urine, accumulation of, in the bladder, 328 amount secreted, 191, 274 color of the, 191, 273 constituents of, 191, 274-280 —conjugated sulphates, 279 —creatinin, 278 —hippuric acid, 279 —urea, 274 —uric acid, 277 —water and salts, 280 —xanthin bodies, 277 creatinin in, 278, 279 elimination of urea and related bodies of, 192 fermentation of the, ammoniacal, 956 hippuric acid of, 279 injecting the, into the bladder, mechanism of, 327 lactates in human, presence of, 278 phosphatic coating of, as a sign of pregnancy, 968 reaction of, 273, 274, 280 salts of, inorganic, 280 secretion of, 191-193 specific gravity of, 191, 273 sulphur in, form eliminated, 279 urea in the, 274 uric acid in, 272, 273, 277, 278 Urobilin, 1015 Uterus, the, 895 changes in the, during menstruation, 896, 897 in early gestation, 909, 910 entrance of spermatozoa into, mode of, 903 VAGINA, the, 900 Vagus, the, 463 stimulation of the, results of, 568 Valve, auriculo-ventricular, 400 Valve-play, cardiac, method of recording, 423- 425 Valves, heart-, mechanism of, 400-404 semilunar, mechanism of, 402-404 “ Valvule conniventes,’’ 254 Vas deferens, the, 886 Vaseline, 975 Vaso-constrictor centre, bulbar, 489-492 Vaso-motor centre, bulbar, 489 centres, relation of cerebrum to, 490-493 cerebral, 495 spinal, 490 reflexes, 492 spinal, discovery of, 490 Vein, wounded, entrance of air into a, danger of, 389 Veins, blood-flow in, subsidiary forces assisting the, 387 blood-pressure in, causation, 386 blood-speed in the, 393 coronary, closure of the, results of, 476 great, changes in the, in the open chest, 407 contraction of the, rhythmic, 407 valves of the. See Valves. Ventilation, principles of, 547 Ventricle, changes in the, from vagus excita- tion, 453 —force of the contraction, 453 ‘—periodicity of contraction, 453 —the diastolic pressure, 454 —the output and input, 454 —the ventricular tonus, 454 —the volume of blood, 454 closure of the, two periods of complete, 425 the auricle a mechanism for the quick-charg- ing of, 428 Ventricles, changes in size of, during the heart- beat, 404, 405 1052 Ventricles, beating, changes in size and form of, in the open chest, 405 of position in the open chest, 406 contracting, force of, 398, 399 of Morgagni, 863 pressure within the, 416-418 negative, 425 suction within the, 387, 426. See also Heart. Ventricular bands of larynx, 862, 863 cycle, periods of the, 425 relations in time of the, 413 Vernix caseosa, 198 Vestibule, auditory, 816 Vertebrates, comparative physiology of the cen- tral system in, 703-705 Viscera, abdominal, cardiac effect of stimulating the, 467 muscular contraction of the, 310 Villi, chorionic, 912 intestinal, 254, 258 Vision, binocular and monocular, compared, 801 defective, 697, 759, 760, 763 physiology of, '744 caution in the study of, 806 points of, corresponding, 803 pseudoscopic, 802 sense of, 696, 697, 744-806 stereoscopic, 801-803 “Vital force” of life, 25, 26 Vocal cords, false and true, 862, 863 in voice-production, 870-877 structure of, 863, 864 Vocal organs, muscles of, reaction and contrac- tion of, 107 Voice, the, 870-877 —changing the pitch, 872 —speech, 874 —vocal machinery, 870 —vowel and consonantal sounds, 874-877 —whispering, 875 changes in the, at puberty, 871, 872, 927 characters of the: —loudness, 870 —pitch, 870 —quality, 870 effect of castration on the, 871, 872 pitch of the, 872 range of the, 872, 873 registers of the, 872-874 INDEX. Voice, speaking and singing, distinguished, 874 Voice and speech, 861-877 - Voice-production, 861, 870 Voices, classification of, 873 Voltaic pile, invention of, 43 Vomiting, nervous mechanism of, 325, 326 paren location of a, 326. Von Frey’s experiment of artificially preserving the irritability of nee,’ 74 Vorticella, 34, 35 ; Vowel sounds, difference in quality of, 829 mechanism of production of, 874-876 Vowels, phonation of, 874-876 Vulva, the, and its parts, 900 WALKING, mechanism of, 860, 861 Water, 947 is i of, effect of continued, on the - distilled, preparation of, 947 drinking-, 948 elimination from the body of, channels of, 3 29 3 in the brain, percentage of, 716 Water and salts, absorption of, 258 from the stomach, 253 intestinal, 254, 259 in secretions, theories of the formation of, ? necessity of, to the body, 214 of food-stuffs, 213, 214 of urine, 193, 280 value of, nutritive, 293, 294 Waves, sound-, production of, 825 Wharton’s duct, 158 Whispering, 876 Whistling register, 873 Womb, the, 895 Ca Women, a period in, of reproductive power, 7 XANTHIN, 277, 278, 996 dimethyl, 996 monomethyl, 996 trimethyl, 996 ZYMOGEN, 176 cell-granules, 169, 183 Saunders’ “ American Year-Book of Medicine and Surgery ” (see last page of Catalogue). 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