A hand-book of classical geography, chronology, mythology, and antiquities
K* V Nf- • 9 ++# **\^.\ c«*..^t.% .4*.<&&\ ** .-" \ T .6*' 'V'**^* '% ^v\ fX • ? /^ '."SHE*" ^ "-.^li^; *Ho* r. # HAND-BOOK CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, CHRONOLOGY, MYTHOLOGY, AND ANTIQUITIES. PREPARED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, T. P. ALLEN and W. F. ALLEN. BOSTON: SWAN, BREWER, AND TILESTON 131 Washington Street. 1 8 G 1. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, by T. P. ALLEN AND W. F. ALLEN, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. V I £ s University Press, Cambridge : Stereotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co. PREFACE This work was undertaken in order to meet the want, which we had long felt, of a series of lessons in Ancient Geography, which should contain whatever was absolutely essential to the student, and no more. We have gradually enlarged our plan so as to comprise Chronology, Mythology, and Antiquities, always aiming to avoid the extremes of over-fulness and meagreness. Some portions, it will be seen at once, are designed only for reference. The geo- graphical lessons contain also brief historical sketches, suf- ficient, we believe, to show the connection of each state with Universal History. They may be used with any good set of maps ; — the references are to Long's, but there are a few names that will not be found in his Atlas. In preparing this, we have of course made constant use of Smith's series of Dictionaries, and the Oxford Chrono- logical Tables ; but in all cases of doubt we have had re- course to the best and latest authorities within our reach. Our chief authority in Geography has been Kiepert ; in Chronology, Grote and Mommsen ; in Literature, Bern- hardy ; in Mythology, Preller ; in Greek Antiquities, Grote and K. F. Hermann ; in Roman Antiquities, Becker, Mar- quardt, and Mommsen. We would also express our great indebtedness to Professor Goodwin of Harvard College, who has kindly looked over the proof-sheets, and made many valuable suggestions. ABBKEVIATIONS. M. Mountain. G. Gulf. ■ Str. Straits. K. King. d. died. R. River. Pr. Promontory. S. Sea. Cf. compare. m. married. L. Za/ce. Id. Island. C. Cape, b. 6om. da. daughter. *^* Modern geographical names are in italics, indicates a battle. The dagger (t) CONTENTS. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. PAGE I. Northern Coast of Africa 7 II. Egypt and ^Ethiopia 8 III. Arabia, Babylonia, Assyria, Armenia, etc. ... 8 IV. Media, Ariana, Scythia, etc 9 V. Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria 10 VI. -VIII Asia Minor 11 IX. Islands in the iEgean Sea 13 X. Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus 13 XI. -XIV. Greece 14 XV. Islands West of Greece 17 XVI. Sarmatia, Dacia, Illyrfcum, etc. . . . .. .18 XVII. Germany, Britain 18 XVIII. Gaul 19 XIX. Spain 20 XX. -XXIII. Italy 20 XXIV. Rome 23 The Roman Provinces arranged Chronologically . . . .24 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. I. Oriental Period . . .27 II. Grecian Period 30 III. Roman Period 34 IV. Roman Empire 38 Outlines of Ancient Chronology, by Centuries . . . . 42 vi CONTENTS. MYTHOLOGY. Grecian Mythology. 1. Theogony 45 I. Olympian Gods. 2. Zeus 45 3. Hera 46 4. Hephsestus 46 5. Athena, or Pallas 46 6. Apollo, or Phoebus. — Phaethon, Hyacinthus, Daphne . 46 7. Artemis. — Endymion. — Hecate 46 8. Ares 47 9. Aphrodite. — Adonis, Eros, Psyche 47 10. Hermes 47 11. Hestia 47 Lesser Deities of Heaven. 12. Iris, Hebe, Nike 47 13. The Hours, Astrsea 47 14. The Graces .' . . . 48 15. The Muses 48 16. Asclepios. — Hygiea, Ilithyia 48 17. The Fates, Nemesis 48 18. Mollis, Eos 48 19. Momus, Morpheus, Plutus, Hymen 48 II. Marine Gods. 20. Poseidon. — Amphitrite, Triton, Polyphemus . . .49 21. Proteus, Glaucus 49 22. Nereus, The Nereids 49 23. Ino (Leucothea). — Melicertes (Palsemon) ... 49 24. The Sirens. — Scylla and Charybdis . . . . .49 III. Clithonian Gods. 25. Cybele. — The Curetes and Corybantes . . . .50 26. Dionysus or Bacchus. — Ariadne, The Thiasos (Pan, Priapus, Satyrs, Sileni, Centaurs, Nymphs, etc.), Narcissus, Echo . 50 27. Demeter. — Proserpine, Triptolemus . . . . 51 28. The Cabiri 51 CONTENTS. vii IV. The Lower Regions. 29. Pluto 51 30. The Rivers of Hades. — Cerberus, Charon ... 51 31. The Judges of Hades. — Tantalus, Ixion, etc. . . .51 32. The Furies 52 V. Heroes and Demigods. 33. Prometheus, Epimetheus, Pandora 52 34. Deucalion, Pyrrha, Hellen 52 35. Orpheus, Eurydice .53 36. Argos. — Io, Danaus, Perseus 53 37. Heracles 53 Thebes. — Cadmus, Eurdpa, OEdipus, Antigone . . 54 Athens. — Cecrops, Philomela, Theseus . . . .55 Sparta. — The Dioscuri 55 Tantalus, Pelops, Atreus, Niobe 55 Marriage of Peleus and Thetis 56 Trojan War 56 JEneas, Ulysses, Agamemnon 57 Argonautic Expedition. — Jason, Medea . . . .58 The Amazons. — Hippolyte 58 Meleager . . .58 Bellerophon. — The Chimaera .59 Admetus. — Alcestis 59 The Lapithae 59 Amphion and Zethus. — Dirce 59 Atalanta 59 Daedalus 59 Marsyas 59 Roman Mythology. 55. Janus 60 56. Jupiter. — Spolia Oplma 60 Mars. — Bellona. — Ver Sacrum 60 Quirinus 60 Juno. — Luclna 60 Minerva 61 Diana 61 Neptune. — Consus 61 Vulcan or Mulciber 61 vm CONTENTS. 64. Liber Pater 61 65. Ceres 61 66. Mercury, Terminus 61 67. Venus 61 68. Vesta. — Vestal Virgins 61 69. The Penates, Genius 61 70. Saturn, Ops 62 71. Vejovis, Diespiter ......... 62 72. Mater Matuta, Bona Dea, Aurora 62 73. Apollo Soranus, Dius Fidius 62 74. Pales, Picus, Faunus, Silvanus, etc 62 75. Orcus, Dis Pater. — Manes, Lares, Lemures, Parcas . . 62 76. Dii Indigetes 63 77. Pavor and Pallor, Libertas, Fors Fortuna, etc. . . .63 78. Juno Sosplta 63 79. Apollo.  Pollux 63 83. Bacchus 64 84. Isis, Serapis, Mithras 64 Egyptian Mythology. 85. Ammon 65 86. Osiris. — Isis, Typhon, Apis 65 87. Horus, Harpocrates, Anubis ....*. 65 88. Phthah, Neith, Bubastis, Thoth, etc 65 ANTIQUITIES. Grecian Antiquities. I. Athens. 89. Early Institutions. — Tribes, Phratria?, Gentes . . .69 90. Institutions. — Trittycs and Naucraries .... 69 91. Reform of Solon. — Timocracy, Classes . . . .69 92. Reform of Clisthenes. — Ten Tribes, Demes ... 70 93. Metics, Slaves, etc. 70 94. Archons 70 CONTENTS. ix 95. Ephetse 71 96. Senate of Areopagus 71 97. Dicasteries. — Helioea 72 98. 99. Senate of Five Hundred. — Prytanes, Proedri . . 72 100. Assembly. — Ostracism 73 101. Nomothetae, Nomophylaces 74 102. Later Changes. — Four Hundred, Thirty .  — Syssitia 76 106. Kings 76 107. Ephors 76 108. Council 76 109. Assembly 77 110. Education 77 111. . . . III. Amphictyonic Council . . . .77 IV. Games and Festivals. National. 112. Olympic Games. — Pentathlon 78 113. Pythian Games 78 114. Nemean Games . . 78 115. Isthmian Games 79 Local. 116. Athenian Festivals 79 117. Other Parts of Greece 79 118 V. Colonies 80 VI. Military. 119. Athenian 81 120. Spartan 81 121. Macedonian Phalanx 81 Roman Antiquities. I. Divisions of the People. 122. Patricians, Plebeians, Quirites, Populus . . . .82 123. Patrician Tribes, Curia? 82 1* x CONTENTS. 124. Thirty-five Tribes 82 125. Reform of Servius Tullius. — Classes, Centuries . . 82 126. New Aristocracy, Equestrian Order 83 127. Gentes. — Names 83 128. Patron, Clients, Libertini, etc 83 129 II. Magistrates .... 84 1. Greater Magistrates. 130. Consuls. — Interrex, Proconsul, Lictors . . . .85 131. Praetors 85 132. Censors 85 133. Dictator. — Magister Equitum 86 2. Lesser Magistrates. 134. jEdiles 86 135. Quasstors 86 136. Tribunes of the People.  Senate 87 140. Comitia Curiata, Comitia Calata 88 141. Comitia Centuriata 88 142. Comitia Tributa 89 IV. Priesthoods. 1. The Great Colleges. 143. Pontifices 89 144. Epulones 89 145. Decemviri sacris faciundis 90 146. Augurs. — Haruspices 90 2. The Patrician Colleges. 147. Rex Sacrificulus .90 148. Elamens 90 149. Salii. — Ancilia 90 150. Fetiales. — Pater Patratus 91 CONTENTS. xi "V. Colonies, etc. 151. Soman Colonies 91 152. Latin Colonies 91 153. Municipia, Praefectura, etc 91 154. Provinces. — Senatorial and Imperial .... 91 VI. Military Affairs. 1. Before Marius. 155. The Legion. — Hastati, Principes, Triarii, Velites . . 92 156. Maniples, Centuries, Turmaa 92 157. Armor 93 2. Reform of Marius. 158. The Cohort 93 159. Praetorian Cohort 93 160. The Camp ...... ... 93 160£. Triumph, Ovation 9-1 VII. Law. 161. Civitas. — Caput 94 162. Provocatio, Appellatio 95 163. Laws of the Twelve Tables 95 164. Matrimonium — Confarreatio, Usus, Coemptio. — Manus 95 165. Patria Potestas 95 166. Mancipatio . 96 167. Nexum, Addictus, Mutuum 96 168. Agrarian Laws 96 169. Sumptuary Laws 97 170. Parricidium, Proclitio, Perduellio 97 171. Courts. — QuEestiones Perpetuas, Centumviri, etc. . . 97 172. Revenue. — Tributum 97 VIII. Festivals. 173. Ferias Stativas 98 174. Feriae Conceptlvee 99 MISCELLANEOUS. 175. 176. The Ship 100 177. The  103 182. The Plough 103 183-185. Dress 103 TABLES. 186, 187. Measures  192-194. Weights 107 195. Money 108 196, 197. Grecian Money 109 198-200. Roman Money . 109 201-204. Grecian Time Ill 205 - 209. Roman Time 112 210. Dies Fasti, Comitiales, etc 114 211. The Winds ... 115 212. Roman Praenomens 115 GENEALOGIES. 213. Family of Acrisius 116 214. Family of Tantalus 116 215. Family of JEacus 116 216. Family of Deucalion 117 217. Family of Dardanus 117 218. Kings of Persia 117 219. Alcnueonidae 118 220. Family of Miltiades 118 221. Spartan Kings 118 222. Families of Antigonus and Antiochus . . . . 119 223. The Maccabees and Herods 120 224. Families of L. iEmilius Paulus and Scipio . . . 121 225. TheMetelli 122 226. The Carbos 122 227. The Scaevolas 123 228. Family of Augustus 123 ANCIENT. GEOGRAPHY. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. I. Northern Coast of Africa. (Map 23.) Mauretania. Ruled by Bocchus in alliance with Rome, and afterwards by Juba II. Made into two Roman prov- inces, Tingitana, Morocco, and Caesariensis, Algiers, by Claudius. Conquered by the Vandals under Genseric, A. D. 429. — M. Atlas. — R. Multicha. — Fretum Ga- ditanum, Strait of Gibraltar. — Columns of Hercules. — Masssesylii. Nlimidia, part of Algiers. Famous for its cavalry. Under K. Masinissa, 2d cent. B. C, in close alliance with Rome. His grandson, Jugurtha, vanquished by Marius, B. C. 106. Made a Roman province by Caligu- la. — Cirta. — Massylii. Africa, Tunis. Originally subject to Carthage, a colony of Tyre. Made a Roman province by Scipio JEmilianus, B. C. 146. — Carthage. Utica. Zama.f Thapsus.f Regio Syrtica or Tripolitana, Tripoli. — Leptis Magna. — Greater and Lesser Syrtis. GsBtulia. Libya. Cyrfinaica, Barca. — A Greek colony, ruled for two cen- 8 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. turies by the dynasty of the Battiada?, then a republic (about B. C. 450). Afterwards a dependency of Egypt. United with Crete to form a Roman province. — Cyrene. II. Egypt. (Maps 25 and 3.) The narrow valley of the R. Nile, which at its mouth divides and forms the Delta. The monarchy was founded at a very remote era. Conquered by Cambyses of Persia, B. C. 525. After the death of Alexander, Egypt was ruled by the Greek dynasty of the Ptolemies. Made a Roman province by Augustus, B. C. 30. Upper, or Thebais, — Thebes, or Diospolis Magna. Syene. Abydus, or This. Berenice. — Id. Elephantine. Philae. Middle, or Ileptanomis. Memphis. Heracleopolis. Arsinoe or Crocodilopolis. Hermopolis. — L. Moeris. — Pyramids. Lower. — Alexandria. Naucratis. Sa'is. Pelusium.t Heliopolis. — Arabian G., Red Sea. Ethiopia, Nubia. Probably a colony of Egypt. — Meroe. III. (Maps 3 and 22.) Arabia. (Petrsea. Deserta. Felix.) Made a Roman province by Trajan. — Petra. — Persian G. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 9 Babylonia. Empire founded by Nabopolassar, B. C. 625 ; overthrown by Cyrus, B. C. 538. — Babylon. Seleucia. Cunaxa.t — R- Tigris. Euphrates. Assyria. Empire established in the 13th cent. B. C. ; overthrown by Cyaxares of Media, and Nabopolassar, B. C. 625. — Nineveh. ArDela. Gaugamela.f Mesopotamia. O s r h o e n e . — Edessa. Carrh^.f Armenia. Ruled by the native dynasty of the Arsacidse from the 2d cent. B. C. until A. D. 428. — Tigranocerta. M. Ar'arat. Taurus. — R. Araxes. — Sophene. Colchis. — M. Caucasus. R. Phasis. Iberia. Albania. R. Cyrus. IV. (Maps 22, 3, and 2.) Media. Revolted from Assyria, 7th cent. B. C. — M. Zagros. Orontes. — Caspian Sea. — Atropatene, Azer- bijan. — Susiana. Susa. — R. Choaspes. — Ecbatana. Persis. Revolted under Cyrus, and conquered Media (B. C. 559). — Persepolis. Pasargadse. Ariana, Afghanistan and Beloochistan. Parthia. The Empire of the Arsacidse, founded in the 3d cent. B. C. Overthrown by Artaxerxes, or Ardishir, who founded the new Persian monarchy of the Sassanidae, A. D. 226. — M. Paropamisus, Hindoo Koosli. Car mania. Gedrosia. Bactriana. Sogdiana. Margiana. Hyrcania. Scytllia, Independent Tartary. — M. Imaus, Beloortayh. — R. Oxus. Jaxartes. — Oxian Sea, S. of Aral. 10 ANCIENT GEOGKAPHY. India, — M. Emodi, Himalaya. — R. Indus. Hydaspes, Jeloom. Hyphasis, Sutledge. Ganges. (Maps 21 and 20.) Palestine. The kingdom of Solomon was divided, 10th cent. B. C, into those of Judah and Israel. The king- dom of Israel conquered by Assyria, B. C. 721 ; Judah by Babylon, B. C. 568. Afterwards subject to Syria ; conquered by Pompey, B. C. 63, and finally by Titus, A. D. 70. Galilee. — Nazareth. — L. Tiberias. Samaria. — Sychem. — R. Jordan. — M. Carmel. Judaea. — Jerusalem. Bethlehem. — L. Asphaltltes, Dead Sea. Peraaa. Phoenicia. Of early commercial importance. Dependent on Persia, afterwards subject to Syria. — Tyre. Sidon. Ptolemais, Acre. Syria. Conquered by Assyria. After Alexander, an independent Greek kingdom under the Seleucidas ; made a Roman province by Pompey, B. C. 64. — Antioch. Seleucia. Palmyra or Tadmor. Heliopolis, Baalbec. Da- mascus. Thapsacus. — R. Orontes. — M. Libanus. Anti- libanus. — C oe 1 e s y r i a . C o m m a g e n e . Made a Roman province by Vespasian. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 11 VI. Asia Minor I. (Map 20.) Mostly subject to Lydia, then to Persia, 6th cent. B. C; after the overthrow of the Persian empire, divided into numerous states. PontUS. A powerful kingdom. Mithridates VI. carried on war with Rome, B. C. 88-63, until subdued by Pom- pey. Partly united with the Roman province Bithynia ; the rest made a province, Pontus Polemoniacus, by Nero. — Zela.f — R. Thermodon. Halys. — Pontus Euxinus, Black Sea. Paplllagonia. Subject to Pontus. Bithynia. Ruled by native kings ; made a Roman prov- ince, B. C. 74. — Nicomedia. Nicaea, Nice. — R. San- garius. Thracian Bosporus, Strait of Constantinople. Galatia. Colonized by Gauls, about B. C. 200 ; made a Roman province by Augustus. Cappadocia. Ruled by kings generally in alliance with Rome ; made a Roman province, with Lycaonia, by Ti- berius.— Armenia Minor. Lycaonia. Iconium, Konieh. Lystra. — Isauria. VII. Asia Minor II. (Maps 20 and 19.) Cilicia. Infested by pirates ; made a Roman province by Pompey, B. C. 64. — Soli or Pompeiopolis. Tarsus. Issus.f — R. Cydnus. Pyramus. 12 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Cyprus. An island, subject to Egypt under the Ptole- mies ; made a Roman province by Augustus. — Paphos. — M. Olympus. Pamphylia. Made a Roman province, with Lycia, by Augustus. — R. Eurymedon.f P i s i d i a. Lycia. — M. Climax. — R. Xanthus. Caria. Belonged to Roman province of Asia. — R. Maeander. Lydia. A powerful kingdom, comprising most of Asia Minor ; conquered by Cyrus, B. C. 546. After Alex- ander, subject first to Syria, then to Pergamum. After- wards part of the Roman province of Asia. — Sardes. — M. Tmolus. — R. Cayster. Hermus. Pactolus. — Pr. Mycale.f Phrygia. — Ipsus.f VIII. Asia Minor III. (Map 19.) Mysia. Belonged to the kingdom of Pergamum, after- wards to Rome (province of Asia). — Ilium. — M. Ida. — R. Granicus.f Scamander. — Propontis, S. of Marmora. Hellespont, Dardanelles. JEge'an Sea, Archipelago. Pergamum. A kingdom founded by Eumenes in the 3d cent. B. C, closely allied with Rome, and embracing most of the western part of Asia Minor. Attalus III. bequeathed his dominions to Rome, B. C. 133, which were formed into the province of Asia, B. C. 129. Greek Colonies. Doris. — Halicarnassus. Cnidus-t — Ionia. — Magnesia on Moeander. Miletus. Ephesus. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 13 Smyrna. Phocaea. Magnesia near Sipylus.f — .ZEolis. — Adramy ttium. — On the Northern Coast. — Abydus. Lampsacus. Cyzicus. Calchedon. Heraclea. Sin ope. Cerasus. Trapezus, Trebizond. IX. Islands in the JEgean. (Map 19.) Thracian, Icarian, Myrtoan, Cretan, Carpathian S. Thasos. Samothrace. Imbros. Lemnos. Tenedos. Scyros. Belonging to JEolis. — Lesbos, Mytilene. Belonging to Ionia. — Chios. Samos. Lade.f Belonging to Doris. — Cos. Rhodes. Carpathus. Cyclades, — Delos, M. Cynthus. Andros. Paros. Naxos. Melos. Sporades, — Thera. Patmos. Crete. Famous for its archers. Made a Roman province with Cyrene, B. C. 67. — Cnossus. — M. Ida. Dicte. EllbOBa, Negropont. — Chalcis. Eretria. — Pr. Arte- misium.f — Euripus. -^gina. Salamis.f Cythera. X. (Maps 14 and 15.) Thrace, Rumilia. Made into a kingdom by Lysima- chus, after Alexander's death ; afterwards annexed to Macedonia. Made a Roman province by Claudius. — Ly- simachia. Abdera. Byzantium. Sestus. -3ilgospotami.t 14 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. — M. Haemus. Rhodope. — R. Hebrus. — Thracian Chersonesus. Macedonia. At the height of its power under Alexan- der, B. C. 330. Conquered (under K. Perseus) by L. JEmilius Paulus; — made a Roman province, B. C. 146. — Pella. Pydna.f Thessalonica, Salloniki. Olynthus. Amphipolis. Philippi.f — M. Athos. Olympus. Cam- bunii. Pindus. — R. Strymon. — Thermaic, Strymon'ic G. — Chalcidice. Paeonia. Pieria. Epil'US, Albania. Flourished under K. Pyrrhus, about B. C. 300. Made a part of the Roman province Achaia ; in 2d cent. A. D. became an independent province. — Ambracia. Dodona. — M. Ceraunii. — R. Acheron. Co- cytus. Arachthus. — Pr. Acroceraunium. — Chaonia. Molossia. Thesprotia. Athamania. Dolopia. XI. Greece I. Hellas. (Maps 15 and 16.) Made a Roman province, Achaia, B. C. 146, by L. Mummius. Thessaly. The tyrants of Pherae held great power early in the 4th cent. B. C. Made part of the Roman province of Macedonia. — Larissa. Pharsalus.f Cynoscephalre.f Demetrias. Pheraa. — M. Othrys. (Eta. Ossa. Pelion. — R. Peneus. Sperchius. — Pagassean, Malian, G. — ■ Vale of Tempe. — Magnesia. Perrhcebia. Acamania. — R. Achelous. — Pr. Actium.f ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 15 Jltolia. Of little political importance until the forma- tion of the iEtolian League, 3d cent. B. C. — Calydon. ■ — R. Evenus. — Pr. Antirrhium. Doris. Locris. Opuntii. Epicnemidii. Ozolse. — Nau- pactus. Thermopylse.f PhOCiS, — Delphi. M. Parnassus. Boeotia. A confederacy under the presidency of Thebes, whose power was at its height about B. C. 370. — Thebes. Orchomenus. Platasa-f Leuctra.f Coro- nea.f Chasronea.t Aulis. — M. Helicon. Cithaeron. — R. Cephissus. — L. Copais. XII. Greece II. Attica. (Maps 16 and 17.) The territory of Athens, which was the leading state of Greece, about B. C. 450. — Eleusis. Marathon.! Phyle. Piraeus. Munychia. Phalerum. Decelea. Brauron. — M. Parnes. Pentelicon or Brilessus. Hymettus. Lau- rium. iEgaleos. — R. Cephissus. Ilissus. — Pr. Sunium. — Saronic G. — Pedion. Paralia. Mesogsea. Diacria. Thriasian Plain. Athens. — Acropolis. (Propylcea. Parthenon. Erech- theum. Athena Promachos.) — Areopagus. (Mars Hill.) Pnyx. Museum. — Theatre of Dionysus. Agora. The- seum (Temple of Theseus). Olympieum (Temple of Jupiter Olympius). — Ceramicus. Academy. Lyceum. Stadium. M. Lycabettus. 16 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. XIII. Greece III. Isthmus and Peloponnesus. (Map 18.) Megai'is. — Megara. Nisaea. — M. Geranea. Corillthia. — Corinth. — Acrocorintlius. Sicyonia. — Sicyon. Phliasia. — Phlius. Al'golis. Consisting of cities over which Argos had a nominal supremacy. — Argos. Mycenae. Tiryns. Ne- mea. Epidaurus. Troezen. — R. Inachus. — Id. Calauria. — Pr. Scyllaeum. — Argolic G. Acliaia. Of little political importance until the formation of the Achaean League, comprising all the Peloponne- sus except Elis, 3d cent. B. C. — iEgium. Patrae. — Pr. Rhium. — Corinthian G. Elis. Important from its presidency over the Olympic Games. Generally allied with Sparta ; afterwards belonged to the iEtolian League. — Elis. Pisa. Olympia. Pylos. — R. Peneus. — Triphylia. XIV. Greece IV. Peloponnesus. Arcadia. Disunited states, without a head until the building of Megalopolis by Epaminondas, about B. C. 370. — Mantinea.t Tegea. Orchomenos. Megalopolis. Phi- galia. — M. Erymanthus. Cyllene. Lycaeus. Maenalus. — R. Alpheus. — L. Stymphalis. Messeilia. Conquered by Sparta, 8th cent. B. C. ; restored ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 17 to independence by Epaminondas. — Messene. Pylos. Ithome. Stenyclarus. — R. Pamisus. — Pr. Acritas, C. Gallo. — Id. Sphacteria.f — Messenian G. Lacoilia. The territory of the kingdom of Sparta, which had the hegem'ony about B. C. 400. Ruled by the tyrant Nabis, about B. C. 200 ; afterwards joined the Achaean League. — Sparta. Amyclce. Sellasia.f — M. Taygetus. Parnon. — R. Eurotas. — Pr. Malea, C. St. Angelo. Tae- narum, C. Matapan. — Laconic G. XV. Islands West of Greece. (Maps 15, 12, 9, and 4.) In the Ionian Sea. — Zacynthos, Zante. Cephallenia. Ithaca. Leucas, Santa Maura. Corcyra, Corfu. — Stro- phades Ids. Sicily. Colonized by the Greeks, and long contended for between Syracuse and Carthage. Made the first Roman province after the first Punic "War, B. C. 241. — Syracuse-! Messana. Himera.f Agrigentum. Panormus. Selinus. — M. iEtna. Eryx. — Pr. Pelorum. Pachynum. Lilyba3um. Sardinia. — Made a Roman province, together with Cor- sica, B. C. 238. Corsica. Ilva, Elba. Melita, Malta. Liparian Ids. .iEgates Ids.f Pityusas Ids. Baleares Ids. — Famous for slingers. Conquered by Rome, B. C. 123. 18 ANCIENT GEOGEAPHY. XVI. (Maps 2, 3, 14, and 25.) Sai'lliatia, Russia, fyc. — R. Tanais, Don. Rha, Volga. Bo- rysthenes, Dnieper. — Palus Moeotis, Sea of Azof. — Tau- ric Chersonesus, Crimea. — Cimmerian Bosporus, Sir. of JEnikdle. Kingdom of Bosporus. — A Greek kingdom winch flourished several centuries ; the chief granary of Greece. — Panticapasum. Dacia, WallacMa. Made a Roman province by Trajan. — R. Tibiscus, Theiss. Tyras, Dniester. Danubius or Ister. MffiSia, Bulgaria. Paillionia, part of Hungary, Sclavonia, &c. — Vindobo- na, Vienna. — R. Dravus. Savus. Noricum, Austria, Styria, Carinthia, &c. — Noric Alps. RlltEtia, Tyrol. — Rhaetian Alps. — L. Yenetus, or Bri- gantlnus, Constance. — Vindelicia, Bavaria. Augusta Vindelicorum, Augsburg. *#* The last four were made Roman provinces by Augustus. Illyricum. A chief seat of pirates. Made a Roman province, 2d cent. B. C. — Scodra. Epidamnus or Dyr- rhachium. — Liburnia. Dalmatia. — Mare Adriaticum or Superum. XVII. (Maps 25 and 5.) Gcrmailia. Inhabited by wild and independent tribes, whom the Romans never wholly subdued. Two prov- ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 19 inces, Upper and Lower, erected on the Rhine by Augustus. — Hercynian M. — R. Vistula. Viadus, Oder. Albis, Elbe. Rhenus, Rhine. — Saltus Teutoburgensis.f — Cimbric Chersonesus, Jutland. — In g a3.v ones. Istaevo- nes. Hermiones. — Boii. Suevi. Cherusci. Britannia or Britain. First invaded by Julius Cassar, B. C. 55 ; conquered .by Agricola, A. D. 84 ; abandoned by the Romans, A. D. 410. — Londinium. Yerulamium, St. Albans. Eboracum, York. — R. Tamesis, TJiames. Sa- brina, Severn. Abus, Humber. — Pr. Cantium, N. Fore- land. — Walls of Hadrian and Severus. — Id. Orcades, Orkney. Mona, Man. Mona, Anglesea. Hibernia, Ire- land. — Fretum Gallicum, Str. of Dover. — Oceanus Ger- manicus. — Trinob antes, Essex. Brigantes, York. Iceni, Norfolk and Suffolk. Silures, S. Wales. XVIII. Gallia or Gaul. (Map 6.) The southern part was made a Roman province, Nar- bonensis, 2d cent. B. C. ; the rest was divided by Au- gustus, after the conquest by Cresar, into three provinces, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, Belgica. Lugdunum, Lyons. Massilia, Marseilles. Narbo, Nar- bonne. Aquse Sexti£e,f Aix. Tolosa, Toulouse. Lutetia, Paris. Colonia Agripplna, Cologne. Nemausus, Nismes. M. Jura. Vosegus, Vosges. Cebenna, Cevennes. R. Mosella, Moselle. Mosa, Meuse. Scaldis, Scheldt. Sequana, Seine. Matrona, Marne. Liger, Loire. Ga- rumna, Garonne. Rhodanus, Rhone. Arar, Saone. 20 ANCIENT GEOGEAPHY. L. Lemanus, Geneva. Armonca, Brittany and Normandy. — Allobroges, Viennois. Arverni, Auvergne. iEdui, Burgundy. Helvetii, Switzerland. Sequani, Franche Comte. Be mi, Champagne. Nervii, Flanders. XIX. Hispania. (Map 7.) Conquered by the Romans from the Carthaginians, and made into two provinces, Citerior or Tarraconensis, and Ulterior or Baetica, B. C. 205. Lusitania, Portugal, made a province by Augustus. Tarraco, Tarragona. Saguntum. Carthago Nova, Car- tagena. Numantia. Gades, Cadiz. Munda.f Corduba, Cordova. M. Pyrena^i. R. Iberus, Ebro. Durius, Douro. Tagus. Anas, Gua- diana. Baetis, Guadalquivir. Cantabri. Celtiberi. Ilergetes. Turdetani. Oceanus Cantabricus, B. of Biscay. Mare Atlanticum. Mare Internum, Mediterranean S. XX. Italy I. (Map 8.) Liglirift. — Graian Alps. — Sinus Ligusticus, G. of Genoa. — Alpes Maritime made a Roman province by Au- gustus, Alpes Cottice by Nero, Alpes Pennine later. Gallia Cisalpina, Lombardy, Emilia, fyc. Made into a ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 21 Roman province [ace. to Momrasen] by Sulla. Mediola- num, Milan. Placentia, Piacenza. Brixia, Brescia. Cre- mona. Mantua. Mutina, Modena. Bononia, Bologna. Ravenna. Vercellae.f (Campi Raudii.) — Lepontine Alps. — R. Padus, Po. Ticinus,t Ticino. Trebia.t Athesis, Ad'ige. Rubicon. — L. Verbanus, Maggiore. Larius, Como. Benacus, Garda. — Lingones. Ceno- mani. Insiibres. Boii. Sen ones. — Via ^Emilia. Venetla. — Verona. Patavium, Padua. Adria. Aqui- leia. — Carnic, Julian Alps. — Tergestmus Sinus, G. of Trieste. — I s t r i a. XXI. Italy II. (Maps 8 and 9.) Etl'liria, Tuscany, <fyc. A confederacy of twelve aristo- cratic cities ; at the height of its power about B. C. 500. Afterwards subdued by Rome. — Pisa?. Fa3suke,f Fiesole. Florentia, Florence. Arretium, Arezzo. Cortona. Perusia, Perugia. Clusium, Chiusi. Falerii, Civita Castel- lana. Veii. Tarquinii. Agylla or Casre. — M. Apenninus. Soracte. — R. Arnus. Tiber. — L. Trasimenus-t Vulsi- niensis. — Via Flaminia. Cassia. Aurelia. Umbria. — Ariminum, Rimini. Sentinum.f Spoletium, Spoleto. — R. Metaurus.f Nar. Picenum. — Ancona. Hadria. Sabinum. The tribes contended with Rome in the So- cial War, B. C. 90. — Reate. Amiternum. Cures. Fidena3. Corfinium or Italia. Alba Fucensis. — M. Lucretilis. Sacer. — R. Allia.f — L. Fucinus. — Marsi. Pceligni. Vestini. Marrucini. 22 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. XXII. Italy III. (Maps 9 and 11.) Latilim, A confederacy of thirty towns, with Alba Longa at the head. Rome supplanted Alba Longa, and obtained the mastery over Latium, 4th cent. B. C. — Rome. Ostia. Laurentum. Ardea. Antium. Anxur or Tarra- cina. Corioli. Alba Longa. Gabii. Lanuvium. Aricia. Tusculum, Frascdti. Prosneste, Palestrina. Tibur, Twoli. Formiae, Mola di Gdeta. Anagnia. Fregellce. — M. Albanus. — R. Liris, Gariglidno. Anio. Trerus. — L. Albanus. Regillus.f — Pr. Circeium. — Mulvian Bridget — Via Appia. Latina. Valeria. — iEqui. Volsci. Hernici. Samnium. Waged war with Rome for more than fifty years in the 4th and 3d centuries B. C. — Bovianum. Beneventum.f — M. Taburnus. — R. Tifernus.-. — Caudine Porks.f — Frentani. Pentri. Hirplni. Apulia. Mostly pasture lands. — Cannae. f Brundusium. Luceria. Canusium. — M. Garganus. — R. Aufidus. — Pr. Japygium. — Daunia. Calabria. XXIII. Italy IV. (Map 9.) Campania, — Capua. Cumne. Baia3. Puteoli, Pozzuoli. Neapolis or Parthenope. Herculaneum. Pompeii. Nola. Teanum. — M. Massicus. Tifata. Gaurus.f Vesuvius. — R. Vulturnus. — L. Avernus. Lucrinus. — Pr. Misenum. — Ager Falernus. — Mare Tyiwhenum or Inferum. — Id. iEnaria or Pithecusa, Ischia. Caprece, Capri. ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 23 Lucailia. Colonized by Sabines. — Potentia. — Sinus Ta- rentimis. Bruttiuni. A mixed people, made up of Lucanians, QEno- trians, and revolted slaves. — Pr. Lacinium. Leucopetra. Zephyrium. Magna Grsecia. (Greek Colonies.) — Tarentum. Me- tapontum. Heraclea. Sybaris. Thurii. Croton. Locri Epizephyrii. Rhegium, Reggio. Paestum. Velia or Elea. XXIV. Rome. (Map 10.) Seven Hills. — Palatums. Capitolinus. Quirinalis. Vimi- nalis. Esquiljnus. Caslius. Aventlnus. — M. Janiculum. Foi'lim — Romanum. Boarium. Trajani. Cil'CUS — Maximus. Flaminius. Baths — of Titus, Caracalla, Diocletian. Temple — of Jupiter Capitolinus. Jupiter Stator. Sat- urn. Peace. Concord. Vesta. Castor and Pollux. Venus and Rome. — Pantheon. Arcll — of Drusus, Titus, Septimius Severus, Constantino. Column — of Trajan, M. Aurelius. Porta — Capena. Collin a. f Carmentalis. Campus Martius. Ager Vaticanus. Prata Quinctia. Suburra. Velia. Arx. Tarpeian Rock. Agger. Tiber Island. Via Sacra. Clivus Capitolinus. Vicus Tuscus. Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre. Mausoleum of Hadrian, Castle St. Angelo. Theatre of Marcellus. Subli- cian Bridge. Claudian Aqueduct. Curia. Comitium. Ta- bularium. Mamertine Prison. Basilica of Constantine. THE ROMAN PROVINCES ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY. *^* The Senatorial Provinces are distinguished by the asterisk the rest are Imperial. (§ 154.) (Map 4.) TO THE EEIGN OF Augustus. B.C. B. C. 241. Sicilia.* 30. ^Egyptus. 238. Sardinia. 29. Moesia. 205. Hispania Citerior. 27. Aquitania. 205. " Ulterior.* 27. Lugdunensis. 167. Illyricum (Dalmatia). 27. Belgica. 146. Macedonia.* 27? Lusitania. 146. Achaia.* 27? Germania Superior. 146. Africa.* 27' Germania Inferior. 129. Asia* 27. Cyprus.* 120. Gallia Narbonensis.* 25. Galatia. 82? Gallia Cisalplna (until 43). 25. PamphyliaetLycia (A.D.43). 74. Bithynia.* 15. Rhaetia. 74. Cyrene et Creta (67).* 15. Noricum. 64. Cilicia. 14. Alpes Maritimse. 64. Syria. A D. 8. Pannonia. After Augustus. A. D. A.D. 17. Cappadocia. 63, Pontus Polemoniaeus. 39. Numidia. 73. Commagene. 42. Mauretania Tingitiina. —. Epirus (by Trajan). 42. Mauretania Cassariensis. 105. Arabia. 43. Britannia. 106. Dacia. 46. Thracia. —. Alpes Pennlnse (before Au- — • Alpes Cottiae (by Nero). relian). Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria were made provinces by Trajan, but immediately given up. ANCIENT CIIEONOLOGY. In these tables, those nations which successively held the chief place in the world's history are taken in turn as representatives each of its period, the dates of primary importance being indicated by full-faced type, and the contemporary events of other countries by italics. In this way synchronism is preserved, without the confusion of parallel columns, and, above all, prominence is given to what properly belongs to Universal History, and to the course of empire. There are in strictness three such periods, — Oriental, Grecian, and Roman, — but for convenience' sake the Roman Empire is consid- ered as a fourth. Grote has been the authority in Grecian dates, Mommsen in Roman, Bunsen in Egyptian ; in other cases we have followed the best authorities within our reach. The dagger. ( f ) indicates a battle. On the opposite pages are placed the names of Avriters, artists, &c, as nearly as possible opposite the period at which they flour- ished. The letter L. signifies Latin writers ; Ch., Christian fathers. I. ORIENTAL PERIOD, Extending to about B. C. 500, and comprising in succession the Egyptian, Assyrian, Ninevite, Babylonian, and Per- sian Empires. In this period the Greek states were wholly dis- united politically, Sparta being the most powerful. The Roman monarchy falls entirely within this period. EGYPTIAN EMPIRE. B.C. 3619. Mencs, the first king. Fourth Dynasty in Memphis. (Pyramids.) Twelfth Dynasty in Diospolis, or Thebes. (Lake Maris.) Hycsos or Shepherd Kings. [Chaldsean Empire in Babylon.] 1625. Eighteenth Dynasty in Thebes. — 1540. Thothmes III. 1409. Nineteenth Dynasty. Rameses II. (Sesostris). Height of Egyptian power. 1314. Exodus of the Israelites under Moses. (K. Menephthah.) 1273. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. [Kingdoms of Jerusalem, Tyre, and Damascus.] 1184. Troy taken by the Greeks, after a siege of ten years. 1 104. Return of the Heraclldce. — Doric Kingdoms in the Peloponnesus. 985. Revolt of the Ten Tribes. — Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. 817. Legislation of Lycurgus in Sparta. David, the Hebrew psalmist, lived in the 11th cent.; Homer is sometimes placed as early, by Grote as late as 850; Hesiod lived not far from 800 ; also the prophet Joel. 28 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 776. First Olympiad. Commencement of Greek Chronology. 753. Assumed date of the building of Rome. Roman Chronology. 747. Era of Nabonassar. — Assyrian Empire of Nineveh. 743. First Messenian War; — conquest of Messenia by Sparta. 721. Samaria taken by the Assyrians. (K. Sargon.) 664. Twenty-sixth Egyptian Dynasty., founded by Psammetichus. 648. Second Messenian War. (Aristomehes.) [Kingdoms of Media and Lydia.] 625. Nineveh destroyed by Medes and Babylonians. " EMPIRE OF BABYLON.1 624. Legislation of Draco in Athens. 594. Legislation of Solon in Athens. Timocracy established (§ 91). 586. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, K. of Babylon. 560. Tyranny of Pisistratus in Athens. 559, PERSIAN EMPIRE. 546. Conquest of Lydia (K. Croesus) by Cyrus, K. of Persia. 538. Babylon taken by Cyrus. 536. Return of the Jews from captivity [70 }rears] in Babylon. 525. Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. Pelusium.f 510. The Pisistratidos expelled from Athens. Democracy estab- lished by Clisthenes (§92). 509. Expulsion of the Tarquins by Brutus. Roman Republic. LITERATURE AND ART. 29 The Israelite prophets, Amos and Hosea. The Hebrew prophets, Isaiah and Micak. The Iambic poets : Archilochus of Paros, and Simonides of Amor- gos. — The Elegiac poets : Calllnus of Ephesus, and Tyrtaeus (2d Messenian War). — Terpander of Lesbos, inventor of the seven-stringed lyre. — Alcman of Sardes, c h o r i c poet. The Hebrew prophets, Nahum and Zephaniah. Epimenldes, the Cretan philosopher. Avion of Lesbos, inventor of the Dithyramb. — Lyric poets: Alcaeus and Sappho of Lesbos, and Stesichdrus of Him era. — Mimnermus of Colophon. — jEsop the fabulist. The Hebrew prophets, Habaklcuk, Jeremiah, Obadiah, and Ezekiel. Poets : Anacreon of Teos, Theognis of Megara, Hipponax of Ephesus. 535. First representation of Tragedy by Thespis. Greek Philosophy. Anaximander of Miletus, of the Ionic School. Xenophanes of Colophon, founder of the Eleatic School. Pythagoras of Samos, founder of the Pythagorean School. THE SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE. About B. C. 600. — Solon of Athens, Thales of Miletus (founder of the Ionic School of philosophy), Pittdcus of Mytilene, Bias of Priene, Cleobulus of Lindus, Myson of Chenre, and Chilon of Spar- ta. — Some lists contained Periander of Corinth instead of Myson. 30 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. II. GRE CIAN PERIOD. From about B. C. 500 to 300; the Hegem'ony or leadership successively held by Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Macedo- nia. During this period the Persian empire continued in the East, constantly waning in power until overthrown by Alexander. Eoman history is divided into two lesser periods : — 1. The struggles between the Patricians and Plebeians, terminated by the Licinian Laws. 2. The conquest of Italy, completed in the battle of Sentinum. 502. Ionic Revolt from Persia. Suppressed at Id. Lade,t 496. 498. L. Regilhtsj Independence of the Roman Republic established. 494. First Secession of the Plebs to the Sacred Mount. 490. Invasion of Greece by Darius. Marathon.f (Miltiades.) , 480. Invasion by Xerxes. Thermopylae.! — Artemisium.t " Salamis'.t Naval victory of Themistocles. " Himera.t Carthaginians defeated by Gelon. 479. Plataea.f (Aristldes and Fausanias.) — Mycalet (same day). Career of Themistocles (d. about 449). 476. Confederacy of Delos. — Athenian hegemony. 467. Revolt of Naxos from Athens. 466. R. Eurymedon.t Defeat of the Persians by Cimon. 464. Revolt of the Messenians from Sparta : subdued, 455. Wars of Rome with the JEquians and Volscians. Athenian Empire. 451. Legislation of the Decemvirs in Rome. 446. Coronea.t The Athenians defeated by the Boeotians. Age of Pericles (d. 429). 431. Peloponnesian War, between Athens and Sparta, — ends 404. 425. Id. Sphacteria.t Victory of the Athenians under Cleon. LITERATURE AND ART. 31 HeracUtus of Ephesus the " Weeping Philosopher." Simonides of Ceos, Lyric Poet. 556 - 469. Aeschylus, Tragic Poet, 525-456. [First Victory, 484.] Pindar, the greatest of lyric poets, d. 442. Anaxagoras of Clazomense, founder of the Attic School of Philoso- phy- Sophocles, Tragic Poet, 495-406. [Victory over iEschylus, 468.] Euripides, last of the three great Tragic Poets, 480-406. Empedocles of Agrigentum, statesman and philosopher. Herodotus of Halicarnassus, " Father of History," d. 484. Polygnotus of Thasos, painter. Phidias, the greatest of sculptors. Ictinus, architect of the Parthenon [finished 438]. Sculptors : Pohjcletus, founder of the Argive School, and Myron. 32 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 421. Fifty years' truce agreed upon — broken, 415. 415. Disastrous Athenian expedition to Syracuse.! (Nicias.) Career of Alcibiades. 406. Dionysius the Elder, Tyrant at Syracuse. 4:05. Aegospotami.j (Lysander.) — Spartan hegemony. 403. Athenian independence re-established by Thrasybulus. 401. Expedition [Anabasis] of Cyrus the Younger. — Cunaxa.f 396. Veii taken by Camillus, after a siege of ten years. 394. Cnidus.f Naval power of Sparta destroyed by Conon. " Coronea.f The Boeotians defeated by Agesilaus, K. of Sparta 390. R. Allia.-\ Capture of Rome by the Gauls. 387. Peace of Antalcidas between Greece and Persia. 371. Leuctra.f Spartan power broken. — Theban hegemony. Career of Epaminondas. 367. Licinian laws in Rome. Equality of the orders. 364. Pelopidas of Thebes slain in battle with Alexander of Pherse. 362. Mantinea.f Death of Epaminondas. 355. Phocian or Sacred War, until 346. Career of Demosthenes (d. 322). 348. Olynthus taken by Philip of Macedon. 344. Timoleon becomes master of Syracuse, d. 336. First Samnite War. — 343. Mt. Gaurusj — Latin War. 338. Chaeroneaf (Philip). — Macedonian hegemony. 334. Expedition of Alexander. — E. Granlcus.i 333. Issus.f — 332. Capture of Tyre. 331. Gaugamela (Arbela).f Overthrow of the Persian Empire. MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. 323. Death of Alexander : dismemberment of the Empire. Second Samnite War. — 321. Caudine Forksj 301. Ipsus.t Overthrow of the Asiatic kingdom of Antigonus. [Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt.] Third Samnite War. 295. Sentlnum.-\ 290. Peace. [Kise of the Achaean and iEtolian Leagues.] LITERATURE AND ART. 33 Apollodorus of Athens, founder of a school of painting. Thucydides, the greatest of ancient historians, b. 471. Zeuxis and Parrhasius, painters. Socrates, the philosopher ; condemned to death 399, set 70. Aristophanes, the comic poet ; about 444 - 380. Lysias, the Athenian orator, 458-378. Democrttus of Abdcra, the "Laughing Philosopher," 460-357.. Plato, founder of the Academic School of Philosophy, \. 430. 0 « Hippocrates, founder of the science of medicine, d. 357. Ardislhenes, founder of the Cynic School of Philosophy. Later Attic school of sculpture : Scopas and Praxiteles. Xenophon the historian, d. 359. Isocrates, founder of a school of oratory, 436 - 338. Aristotle, founder of the Peripatetic School of Philosophy, 384 - 322. Orations of Demosthenes (b. 385): — 351, 1st Philippic. 349, Olyn- thiacs. 346, On the Peace. 343, 2d Philippic. 341, 3d Philippic. Apelles of Cos, the painter. Lysippus of Sicyon, sculptor of the school of Polyclctus. Diogenes, the Cynic Philosopher, d. 323. JEschtnes, the orator, 389-314. Menander, the most distinguished poet of the New Comedy, 6. 342. 330. Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown. Euclid, the mathematician, d. 283. Theophrastus, pupil of Aristotle, 374-287. Schools of Philo sophy. Pyrrho, founder of the Sceptic School, d. 288. Zeno, founder of the Stoic School, d. 263. Epicurus, founder of the Epicurean School, d. 270. Arcesildus, founder of the Middle Academy. 34 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. III. ROMAN PERIOD. From about B. C. 300 to the Christian Era : divided into the pe- riods of Foreign Wars and Civil Dissensions. In the East the Diadochi, or Successors of Alexander, and the Par- thian Empire. In Greece an attempt at confederation, in the ^Etolian and Achaean leagues, then conquest by Rome. PERIOD OF FOREIGN WARS. Invasion of Italy by Pyrrhus ; 275, defeated at Beneventum.f 264. First Punic War — For the possession of Sicily. 260. Naval victory of Duilius, near Messana. 255. Defeat and captivity of Regulus. 241. Id. ^Egates.t Victory of Catulus. — Peace made. [Parthian Empire and Kingdom of Pergamum.] 222. Sellasia.i Supremacy of the Achozan League in the Peloponnesus. 219. Siege of Saguntum, by Hannibal. — Second Funic War. 218. Victories of Hannibal at R. Ticinusf and R. Trebia.f 217. L. Trasimenus.f — 216. Cannae.f 212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Death of Archimedes. 207. R. Metaurusf Defeat of Hasdrubal by Livius and Nero. 202. Zama.f Defeat of Hannibal by Scipio Afrieanus. Peace. 197. Cynoscephalse.t Defeat of Philip of Macedon by Flamininns. 190. Magnesia.! Defeat of Antiochus of Syria by Scipio Asiaticus. 183. Death of Scipio African us, Hannibal, and Philopcemen. 168. Pydnat Defeat of Perseus of Mace'don by L. iEmilius Pau- lus. End of Third Macedonian War. 149. Revolt of Viriathns in Spain. 146. Corinth taken by Mummius, Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus. LITERATURE AND ART. 35 Alexandrian School of Literature, under the patronage of Ptolemy Philadelphia. Aristarckus of Samos, astronomer. Lycophron, grammarian and poet, famed for obscurity. Theocritus of Syracuse, and Bion of Smyrna, pastoral poets. Manetho, the Egyptian historian. Callimachus, the greatest of the Alexandrian poets, d. abt. 240. 240. First play exhibited at -Rome by Livius Andronlcus. L. Archimedes of Syracuse, mechanical philosopher, 287-212. Eratosthenes, the first mathematical geographer, 276 -abt. 196. Moschus of Syracuse, pastoral poet. Cn. Ncevius, the earliest native Roman poet. L. Aristarchus of Alexandria, critic and grammarian. Plautus, the earliest Roman comedian, d. 184. L. Ennius, epic and tragic poet, a Greek by birth, 239 -abt. 167. L. Q. Fabius Pictor, the earliest Roman historian, wrote in Greek. Apollonius Rhodius, Alexandrian poet, b. abt. 235. M. Porcius Cato Major, the Censor ; historian, abt. 234-149. L. Cameades, founder of the New Academy, abt. 213 - 129. Pacuvhis and Attius, tragedians. Terence, the Roman comedian, b. at Carthage, 195. L. Hipparchus of Alexandria, the greatest of ancient astronomers. Polybius, the Greek historian of Rome, abt. 204- 122. 36 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. PERIOD OF CIVIL DISSENSIONS. 133. Legislation of Ti. Gracchus. — Numantia taken by Scipio. 132. Servile insurrection in Sicily (headed by Eunus) suppressed. 121. Legislation and death of C. Gracchus. Aristocratic reaction. 106. War with Jugurtha finished by Marius. 102. Aqua? Sextiae.f Teutones defeated by Marius. 101. Campi Raudii.f Cimbri defeated by Marius. 100. End of second servile war in Sicily. (Athenion.) 90. Social or Marsic War. Ended, 88. 88. Civil War between Marius and Sulla. " War against Mithridates in Asia (Sulla) : ended, 63. 87. Victory of Marius and Cinna. — Massacre of the party of Sulla. ■ 82. Colline Gate.f — Dictatorship and legislation of Sulla. 78. Death of Sulla. — Civil War between Cattilus and Lepidus. " Sertorius continues the war in Spain : murdered, 72. 73. Insurrection of Spartacus ; suppressed, 71, by Crassus. " Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic War successfully. 67. Pompey subdues the pirates, and takes command against Mith- ridates. — 63. Death of Mithridates. 63. Cicero consul. — Conspiracy of Catiline. 60. First Triumvirate, of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 58. Caesar takes command in Gaul ; completes its conquest, 51. 53. Carrhas.f Crassus defeated and killed by the Parthians. 49. Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. 48. Pharsalus.t Pompey defeated, and afterwards murdered. 47. Zela.f Defeat of Pharnaces. " Veni, vidi, vici." 46. Thapsus.f Defeat of Pompey's party. Cato the Younger kills himself at Utica. 45. Munda.t The sons of Pompey defeated by Ccesar. 44. Assassination of Caesar, by Brutus and Cassius. 43. Second Triumvirate, of Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus. 42. Philippi.f Brutus and Cassius defeated by the Triumvirs. 31. Actium.f Antony defeated by Octavianus. LITERATURE AND ART. 37 Lucilius, founder of Roman satire, d. 103. L. L. Crassus, b. 140 : M. Antonius, b. 143, distinguished orators. L, 81. Earliest extant Oration of Cicero, Pro Quinctio. Q. Hortensius, orator, rival of Cicero, b. 114. L. M. Tullius Cicero, 106 - 43. L. 70. Orations of Cicero, In Verrem ; 66, Pro Lege Manilla, and Pro Clu- entio, T. Lucretius Cams, philosophical poet, 95 - abt. 52. L. Q. Roscius, the great comic actor, d. 62. L. 63. Orations, De Lege Agraria, In Catilinam, Pro Murena, &c. L. M. Terentius Varro, writer on Agriculture and Antiquities, 116-28. L. Catullus, lyric poet, 6. 87. L. 52. Oration of Cicero, Pro Milone. L. C. Sallustius Crispus, the historian, 86 - 34. L. C. Julius Csesar, historian and orator, 100-44. L. Orations of Cicero : 47, Pro Marcello ; 46, Pro Ligario ; 45, Pro Deio- tdro. 44. First two Philippics of Cicero against Mark Antony. 43. Twelve Philippics of Cicero against Antony. Verrius Flaccus, antiquarian. — Trogus Pompeius, historian. 38 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. IV. ROMAN EMPIRE. From near the Christian era, lasting about 500 years. In the East the Parthian empire, until overthrown by the new Persian empire. B.C. 30. Octavianus Augustus. First Roman Emperor — Second Caesar. 12. Death of Agrippa, chief minister of Augustus. 9. Saltus Teutoburgensis.f Varus defeated by Arminius. a.d.14. Tiberius. — 19. Death of Germanicus in Syria. 31. Execution of Sejanus, the Emperor's favorite. 37. Caligula. 41. Claudius. — 50. Invasion of Britain (Caractiicus). 54. Nero. — Last Emperor of the Claudian House. 61. Insurrection in Britain (Boadicea). 64. Fire in Rome. Persecution of the Christians. 68. Galba. — 69. Otho. — Vitellius. 69. Vespasian. — Flavian House, of three Emperors. 70. Jerusalem taken by Titus, after siege of five months. 78. Agricola takes the command in Britain. .Recalled, 85. 79. Titus. — Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 81. Domitian. — Last of the Twelve Cassars. 96. Nerva. — First of the Five Good Emperors. 98. Trajan. — The Roman Empire at its height. 106. Dacia made a Roman province. 117. Hadrian. — A patron of the arts. 138. Antoninus Pius. 161. Marcus Aurelius, the Philosopher. 180. Commodus. — The Empire ruled by the Praetorian Guard. 193. Pertinax. — Didius Julianus. " Septimius Severus. — House of the Severi. LITERATURE AND ART. 39 Augustan or Golden Age of Roman Literature. — C. Cilnius Maecenas, (/. 8., eet. abt. 60. Latin Poets— Epic, Virgil, 70 - 1 9. — Lyric and Satiric, Horace, 65-8. — Elegiac, Tibullus, b. abt. 54; Propcrtius, b. abt. 57. — Ovid, 43 - A. D. 18. — Historians — Livy, 59 - A. D. 17.— Cornelius Nepos. Greek Historians — Dionysius Halicarnassensis ; d. abt. B. C. 7 : Diodorus Siculus. — Strabo, geographer. Philo the Jew, the Alexandrian Platonist. Celsus, medical writer. L. — Valerius Maxlmus and Velleius Paterculus, historians. L. Columella, on Agriculture. L. — Vitruvius, on Architecture. L. Lucan, epic poet, author of Pharsalia, 39 - 65. L. Seneca, moral philosopher and tragedian, d. 65. L. Persius, the satirist, 34 - 62. L. — Phaedrus, the fabulist (uncertain). L. Silius Italicus, epic poet, author of Punica, 25-100. L. Q. Curtius, life of Alexander, time unknown. L. Pliny the Elder, naturalist, 23 - 79. L. Epic Poets— Valerius Flaccus, d. 88. — Statius, abt. 61 - 96. L. Flavius Josephus, the Jewish historian. 37 -abt. 100. Quintilian, the rhetorician, abt. 40-118. — Frontlnus, d abt. 106. L. Juvenal the satirist. L. — Martial the epigrammatist, 43 -abt. 104. L. Ignatius, of Antioch, martyred abt. 107. Ch. Tacitus, the historian. L. — Pliny the Younger, b. abt. 61. L. Plutarch and Suetonius (L.), biographers. — Pausanias, the traveller. — Ptolemy, the geographer. — Lucian, the Satirist. — Fronto, ora- tor. L. Justin Martyr. Ch. — Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. Ch. Appuleius, author of " The Golden Ass."— Gaius, jurist. L. Irenmus, Bishop of Lyons. Ch. — Marcion, a heretic. Ch. Galen, medical writer, d. about 200. L. — Athenazus. 40 ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 211. Caracalla. — 218. Elagabalus. 222. Alexander Severus, murdered by MaximInus. 226. Parthian Empire overtltrown. New Persian Empire of the Sas- sanXdm. Invasions of the Empire by Goths, Franks, &c. 260. The Emperor Valerian made prisoner by Sapor of Persia. The Thirty Ty rants — rebels in various parts of the Empire. 273. Palmyra (Q. Zenobia) taken by Aurelian. 284. Diocletian. — 303. Tenth Persecution of the Christians. 306. Constantine. 312. Mulvian Bridge t Authority of Constantine established. Christianity made the State Religion. 325. First General Council of the Church at Nicaea (Nice). 330. Constantinople made the capital of the Empire. 361. Julian the Apostate. 379. Theodosius the Great. 395. Division of the Empire : the East under Arcadius ; the West under Honorius. 410. Rome sacked by Al'aric the Visigoth. " Britain abandoned by the Romans. 415. Visigothic Kingdom in Spain founded by Ataulphus. 429. Vandal Kingdom of Gen'seric in North Africa. 449. Britain conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. 451. "Battle of the Peoples." — Defeat of Attila the Hun by Theod'oric the Visigoth, and Aetius. 476. Roman Empire overthrown by Odoacer. 481. Clovis, founder of the French monarchy, d. 511. 493. Theod'oric the Great, founder of the Empire of the Ostro- goths, d. 526. LITERATURE AND ART. 41 Clement of Alexandria, abt. 193 - 21 7. Ch. Tertullian of Carthage, d. 220. L. Ch, Cassias Dio, the historian. Origen of Alexandria, 185-253. Ch. — Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, d. 258. L. Ch. Longinus, " On the Sublime," d. 273. Plotinus, the mystic philosopher. — Porphyry, his disciple, an opponent of Christianity. Arnobius and Lactantius. L. Ch. Eusebius, Bishop of Cajsarea, d. about 340. Ch. Arius of Alexandria, a heretic, d. 336. Ch. Athanasius, Archbishop of Alexandria, d. 373. Ch. Amnrianus Marcelllnus, a Greek historian, d. about 390. L. Basil, Bishop of Csesarea, renowned for eloquence, 329 - 379. Ch. Gregory Nazianzen, Patriarch of Constantinople, 329 - 390. Ch. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, 340-397. L. Ch. Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, 347-407. Ch. Claudian, the last Roman poet. L. Jerome (Hieronymus), b. at Stridon 331, d. 420. L. Ch. Pelagius, a heretic. L. Ch. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 354-330. L. Ch. Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandria, d. 444. Ch. Boetius, Eoman philosopher, about 470 - 524. L. OUTLINES OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY BY CENTURIES. Cent. B. C. 6th. Persian Empire. — Tyranny of Pisistratus. — Roman Monarchy. Solon. Cyrus. Pythaguras. Grecian Period. 5th. Persian Invasion. — Athenian Hegemony. — Peloponnesian War- — Roman Republic. — Struggles of Patricians and Plebeians. Themistocles. -ZEschylus. Pericles. Phidias. Socrates. 4th. Spartan and Theban Hegemonies. — Macedonian Empire. Samnite Wars. — Roman Conquest of Italy. Plato. Epaminondas. Demosthenes. Aristotle. Alexander. Camillus. Appius Claudius Ccecus. Roman Period. 3d. Invasion of Pyrrhus. — Eirst and Second Punic "Wars. — The successors of Alexander. — JEtolian and Acha?an Leagues. Dentatus. Hannibal. Scipio Africanus. Archimedes. 2d. Conquest of Greece, &c. — Decay of the Republic. Philopcemen. Cato the Censor. The Gracchi. Marius. 1st. Civil Wars. — Overthrow of the Republic. Sulla. Cicero. Pompey. Caesar. Virgil. Augustus. Roman Empire. A. D. 1st. The Claudian and Flavian Houses. (The Twelve Caesars.) 2d. The Empire at its height — The Antonines. — Military despot- ism. 3d. A succession of worthless Emperors until Diocletian. 4th. A strong empire established by Constantine. — Christianity the state religion. — Division of the Empire. 5th. Invasions of the barbarians. — The Western Empire broken up. Alaric. Genseric. Attila. Odoacer. Theodoric. MYTHOLOGY. GRECIAN MYTHOLOGY, 1. The children of Uranus, Heaven, and Gaia, Earth, were the twelve Titans, among them Oceanus, Hy- perion, Iapetus, Cronos, Rhea, Themis, and Mne- mosyne'; also the three Cyclops, and the three Hun- dred-handed, 'EKaroyxcipes, of whom Briareus was the most noted. Uranus was dethroned by CrOHOS, who married Rhea (§ 25), and was father of Zeus (§ 2), Hera (§ 3), Poseidon (§ 20), Hades (§ 29), and Hestia (§ 11). 