None
CALCAIRE DE LA BEAUCE Calcaire de la Beauce, age of the, 195 grossier, fossils of the, 233 Calcareous rocks described, 12 nodules in Lias, 39 Calca?Hna ra?Hspina, Eocene, 233 Calceola sandalina, Devonian, 415 Calceola schiefer of Germany, 415 Calcite, 566 Calcium compounds, 566. Caledonian gneiss, 454 California, auriferous gravel of, 179, 554 Pliocene of, 179 Calymene Blumenbachii, Silurian, 429 Cambrian group, classification of the, 447 Upper, 447 Lower, 450 of Scotland, 453 of Sweden and Norway, 455 strata of Bohemia, 454 metamorphic rocks, 541 of North America, 541 Pre-, rocks, 457 volcanic rocks, 499 Cambridge greensand, 260 Campophyllum flexuosum, 392 Canada, Cambrian of, 541 Devonian of, 417 Devonian, insects of, 419 Huronian of, 458 Laurentian of, 458 metamorphic rocks of, 541 Trap rocks of, 499 Canadian drift, 153 Canary, Grand, shelly tuffs of, 487 Islands, laterite of, 575 Cahon, 74 Cantal, Oligocene of the, 198 Cape Breton, rainprints in coal-measures of, 389 ■ of Good Hope, granite veins at, 504 Wrath, granite veins in gneiss at, 504 Caradoc and Bala beds, 434 Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, 13 Carboniferous group, subdivisions of, 353 Crustacea, 398 echinodermata, 394 fish, 398 flora, 365 limestone, thickness of, 355 marine fauna of the, 391 moUusca, 395 Period, trap rocks of, 498 plutonic rocks, 511 amphibia, 383 insects, 382 strata, folding and denudation of, 390 corals, 392 Carchai-odonangustidens, Bracklesham, 221 Cardiganshire, section of slaty cleavage in, 531 Gardiocarpon Ottonis, Permian, 351 Lindleyi, 375 Cardita ( Venericardia) planicosta, 219 sulcata, Barton, 218 Cardium dissimile, Portland stone, 294 rhceticum, Rhaetic beds, 326 striatulum, Kimmeridge clay, 295 Carpathians, nummulitic limestone of, 237 Carpenter, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 248 CHLORITE Carpenter, Dr., on Eozoon Canadense, 460 Carrara, marble of, 528, 540 Carruthers, Mr., on Eocene fruit, 227 on Gardiocarpon, 375 on cycads of the Purbeck, 291 on leaves of calamite, 370 on spores in coal, 378 on spores of carboniferous Lycopo- diaceae, 367 on structure of sigillaria, 371 on trees in volcanic ash, 497 Cassian, St., Triassic strata of, 337 Cassiterite, 565 Casts, 37 Catania, laterite formed in, 575 Tertiary beds in, 170 Catillus Lamarciii, White Chalk, 254 Cat's-eye, 560 Cauloptej'is primceva. 605 CHLORITE Chlorite schist, 627, 563 Cliloritic Series, or Upper Greensand, 260 Christiania, granite altering strata in, 521 granite veins in Silurian strata of, 511 quartz vein in gneiss at, 506 Chronological groups of formations, 101 Chronology, test of, in rocks, 91, 98 Cinnamomum polymorphum, Miocene, 186 Rossmassleri, Oligocene, 206; Claiborne beds. Eocene fossils of, 238 Classification of Cretaceous formation?, 243 of Tertiary formations, 107, 113 of rocks, 3 value of shells in, 1 18 Clausilia bidens. Loess, 32 Clay defined, 11 Fire, 112 ironstone defined, 380 plastic, 229 slate, 527 laminations of, 535 Weald, 275 Claystone, 529 Cleavage explained, 529 crystalline theory of, 530 mechanical theory of, 531 slaty, 530 sections of, 530, 531 Cleidotheca operxiUatn, 448 Climate of the crags, 66 of the coal, 376 of the Eocene in Arctic regions, 224 of the Pleistocene period, 130 Clinkstone, 570 Clinometer, 56 Clinton group, fossils of the, 445 Cluses, causes of, 57 Clyde, buried canoes in estuary of, 116 Clymenia linearis, Devonian, 412 Clymenien-Kalk of Germany, 415 Coal, conversion into anthracite of, 522 a land and swamp formation, 359 conversion of lignite into, 522 erect trees in, 362 flora of the, 365 period, climate of the, 376 period, corals of the, 392 sti-ucture of the, 377 vegetation of the, 365 air-breathers in the, 385 ■ amphibians of the, 383 field, 341, 358 measures of Nova Scotia, 362 measures, 353-358 rainprints in, 389 spores and sporangia of, 871 Coalbrook Dale, coal-plants of, 368 faults in, 64 Coccoliths, 248 Coccospheres, 248 Cochliodus contortus, 399 Cockfield Fell rocks, altered by dikes, 469 CoelacarUhus granulatus, Permian, 349 Coleoptera of CEningen beds, 191 Collyrites ringem, Inf. Oolite, 309 Collyweston sands, 308 Columnar structure of igneous, 41 ; and of volcanic rocks, 470 CRETACEOUS Columnar basalt in the Vicentin, 471 Compswjnathus, in Stonesfield slate, 297 Concretionary structure, 38 Cone of Tartaret, 479 of Come, 480 Cones and craters described, 463 Conformable stratification, 68, 108 Conglomerate, or pudding-stone, 11, 38 Dolomitic, of Bristol, 331 Coniferae of the coal-measures, 365 Connecticut Valley, New Bed Sandstone of, 340 Conocoryphe striata, 455 Consolidation of strata, 36, 37 Contemporaneous strata, 97 Continental elevations and subsidence, 48 ice of Greenland, 141 Continents and oceans, permanence of, 89 Contorted strata, in drift, 146, 150 Contractions, 5 Conularia oi-ruUa^ Devonian, 414 C'onulus priscus. CRETACEOUS Cretaceous subdivisions, table of, 243 Crinoidea, 301, 302, 316, 394 Croatia, Oligoceue beds of, 214 Crocodilia, 227, 241, 260, 290, 321, 329 Croll, Mr., on amount of subaerial denuda- tion, 86 Cromer forest-bed, 157 formations succeeding the, 157 Crop-out, term explained, 67 Crossopfen/gidoe, or fringe-finned fish, 405 Crust of tiie earth defined, 2 Crustacea. Carboniferous, 398 Old Red Sandstone, 408 Silurian, 430 Cryptodon angulatum, London clay, 229 Crystalline Limestone, 528 rocks defined, 8, 567 schists, foliation, 535 theory of cleavage, 530 Cuisse-Lamotte, Lits coquilliers, 288 Cumberland, Upper Permian of, 345 Curved strata, 50-55 Cutch, salt-laj-ers in the Runn of, 335 Cuvier, M., on the Tertiary series, 111 Cyathea glauca, 366 Cyathocrinus cai'yocrinoides, 394 planus, 394 Cyathophyllum flexuosum, 392 Cycads, age of, 292 Cycas circinalis, 292 Cyclas (Sphce^rium) comeus, 29 Cyclopean Isles, tufE and clay in, 480 ■ contorted strata in, 482 Cycloptei'is Hibernica, Old Red, 410 Cyclostoma eJegans, Loess, 32 Cylindfites acutiis, G-reat Oolite, 304 Cypress swamps of the Mississippi, 381 Cyprides, in the Weald Clav, 276 from Purbecks, 285, 286, 290 Cypi'idina sen^atostriata, 412 Cyprina Monnsii, Thanet Sands, 231 Cypris in freshwater deposits, 33 gibbosa, C. tuberculata, C. leguminella, 285 xfriato-punctata, C. fasciculaia, C. granulata, 286 Purbeckeiuis, Cypris punctata, 290 spinigera, Weald clay, 276 Cyrena (Co7-bicella) Jiuminalis, 29 fluminalis in the Thames gravels, 130 cuneiformis, Woolwich clays, 230 semistriata, Hempstead beds, 209 marl, 207 CyHoceras pi'oecox, 448 Cytherea inc?-assata, 196 DADOXYLOX, fragment of coniferous wood, 574 Dakota group, 267 Danien, Cretaceous series, 243, 246 Danish kitchen-middens, 116 Dapedius monilifer, Lias, 318 Dartmoor, nost-carboniferous granite of, 541 Hill, lignites and clays of, 222 Darwin, Mr., on foliation and lamination, 535 on mammalia of Sout America, 129 on marine saurian, DICERAS Darwin, Mr., on rise of part of South America, 48 on sinking of coral reefs, 48 on relationship of extinct to living types, 129 Dasywus, of Australia, 128 Daubree, M., on alkaline waters of Plom- biferes, 516 Dawkins, Mr. Boyd, on Triassic mammif er, 327 Dawson, Dr., on Devonian flora and in- sects, 418 on coal -plants, 363 on Eozoon Canadense, 460 on Nova Scotia coal measures, 363 on Pupa vetusta, 388 on rain-prints in coal, 389 on sporangia in coal, 378 on structure of sigillaria, 371 on structure of calamite, 369 reptiles and shells in Nova Scotia coal, 385 Deep sea deposits 35 De la Beche, Sir H., on granite of Dart- moor, 521 on mineral veins, 549 on Redruth copper mine, 548 on trap rocks of New Red, 495 on saurians of the Lias, 322 on Welsh coal measures, 359 Delesse, on action of water in metamor- phism, 517 on globular basalt, 472 Deltas, strata accumulated in, 4, 77 Dendrerpeton in coal, 387 Denmark, three ages of stone in, 117 Faxoe, chalk of, 246 Denudation defined, 70 subaerial, 71 littoral, 79 marine, 79 submarine, 80 average annual amount of subaerial, 86 of carboniferous strata, 390 counteracting upheaval, 81 of surface by rivers, 74 Deposition, rate of, shown by fossils, 15 Derbyshire, veins in Mountain Limestone of, 546 Derivative shells of the Crag, 168 Deshayes, M., on tertiaries, 113 Desnoyers, M., on tertiaries. 111 Devonian Period, Upper, 412 ; Middle, 413 Lower, 416 fossils of the Eifel, 415 of Russia, 416 of United States and Canada, insects of Canada, 419 strata, classification of, 400 Diabase, 529, 572 Diagonal or cross stratification, Diagram of intrusive igneous rock, of inversion, 62 of faults, 63, 64, 65, 67 Diallage, 558, 560 Diastopora diluviana, Bath Oolite, 303 DiatomacesB, figures of, 248 forming tripoli, 27 Diceras Lonsdalii, Neoo INDEX. 607 DIDELPHYS Uidilphys, 129, 305 Didymograptus getninus, 441 Murchisonii, 438 Diestien, 168 Dike cutting though shale, Aiiglesea, 467 cutting through chalk, Antrim, 467 ir, Madeira and Arran, 465 Dikelocephalus Minnesotejisis, 456 Dikes defined, 6 in Palagonia, ground plan of, 482 volcanic or trap, 465 Diluvium, origin of term, 136 Dimetiau series, 458 Dimyary mollusca, term explained, 30 Dinornis of New Zealand, 129 Dinosauria, 295, 321, 331, 341 I)li,o!h('num gigaiUeum, 180 Dlorite, 571 porphyrite, 571 Dip and strike, terms explained, 55 Uiplograpt us folium, Llandeilo Flags, 438 p?'istis, Llandeilo beds, 438 Dirt-bed of the Purbeck, 290 Disco Island flora, 224 Dixmerie, 173 Dogger-bank described, 81 or Brown Jura, 311 Dolerite, 573 Dolgelly, Tremadoc beds of, 447 Dolomite defined, 13, 566 Dolomitic conglomerate of Bristol, 331 limestone, Permian, 345 Domite, 570 Downs, escarpments of North and South, 76 Dowuton Sandstone, 422 Drift of Ireland, 149 of E. of England, 148 of Norfolk cliffs, 150 of North America, 153 of Scandinavia, 153 of Scotland, 143 of Bridlington, 152 carried by icebergs, 142 shells in Canada, 154 contorted strata in, 146 marine shells in Scotch, 145 of Macclesfield, 149 of Moel Tryfaen, 148, 149 succession in England, Wales, and Scotland, 152 Dfomatheriutn, Trias, 341 Dryopithecus found in St, Gaudens, 182 Dudley limestone, 427 Duncan, Dr. on Brockenhurst corals, 313 on Neozoic corals passing down to Devonian, 393 Dundry Hill, near Bristol, section of, 99 Dura Den, yellow sandstone of, 401 Durdham Down, Triassic saurians of, 331 Dust, 6 EARTH'S crust defined, 2 changes of level in the, 125 pillars, 82 Earthquake in New Zealand, 64 Echinodermata, Carboniferous, 394 Echinoderms of Suffolk Crag, 166 EchinosphcerUes balticus, 437 Egeln series, 202 Egerton, Sir P., on fish of Headon series. 212 on fish of the Permian, 348 Ehreuberg, Prof., on infusoria, 27 Eifel limestone, 415 Lake-craters of, 485 Miocene volcanic rocks of, 489 Pliocene volcanoes of the, 484 trass of the, 486 Elephas antiquus, molar of, 132 meridionalis, molar of, 132 py-imigenius, molar of, 132 Elie. Scotch drift of, 145 Elvans, term explained, 51 1 of Ireland and Cornwall, 553 Elytron qf Buprtstis'i Stonesfleld, 305 Emai-ginula clathrata, 304 Enctinites of Bradford, 302 En-cinnm lilii/ormis, Muschelkalk, 339 England and Wales, glaciation of, 148 Enstatite, 561 Eocene areas of Europe, map of, 215 foraminifera, 233 formations of France, 218, 232, 236 of England, 217 period, volcanic rocks of, 491 Plutonic rocks of the, 608 subdivisions, 217, 236 term defined, 113 of the United States, 238, 240, 241 West Indies, 241 Eozoon Canadense, oldest known fossil, 460 Epidote, 564 Eppelsheim, pliocene of, 175 Equisetaceoe of the Coal, 369 Equisetum arenaceum, 336 Equus caballus, tooth of, 133 Erratics, Alpine, 140 Erratic blocks, nature of, 126 of Greenland, 141 near Chichester, 152 in the Red Crag, 166 Errol, Scotch drift of, 145 Escarpments explained, 76 Eschara disticha, White Chalk, 255 Escharina oceani, White Chalk, 266 Esino, Triassic fauna of, 338 Estheria minuta, Trias, 228 ovata, Richmond, Virginia, 342 Etheridge, Mr., on Devonian series in Devon, 411 on Devonian fauna, 413 Etna, built up since Newer Pliocene, 169 shells of, 169 Eunomia radiata, Bath Oolite, 329 Eunotia bident, Atlantic mud, 248 Euomphalus pentangtdatiu, 396 Eurite, 669 Eurcv e.eocene of 215 Exogyra viigula, Kinmieridge Clay, 295 Extraxrinus {PentacHnus) Briareus, Lias, 317 FALCONEB, Dr., on Microlestes, 388 on Purbeck mammalia, S88 Faluns of Loire, recent shells in, 181 age of. 181 of Touraine, 179 608 INDEX. FASCICULAKIA Fascicularia auraniium, Coralline crag, 164 Faults in coal-measures of Coalbrook-Dale, 64 in mineral veins, 545 described, 62-68 often the result of repeated move- ments, 66 Fauna of the crag, its relation to that of our present seas, 167 of the Paris basin, 195 of the Permian, 347 — marine of Coal period, 391 Favosites ceiTicomis, Devonian, 418 ' Gothlandica, Silurian, 428 Paxoe, Chalk of, 246 Felis tigi-is, tooth of, 134 Felsite and Felstone, 569 Felspar, group of, 458, 561 Felspathic rocks, 368 Fenestella retiformis, Permian, 346 Ferns of the Coal, 365 Fife, Burnt Island of, 454 trap dike in, 495 Fish, fossil of the Carboniferous, 398 Eocene of Monte Bolca, 491 oMest known fossil, 427 of the Upper Ludlow, 423 of the Old Red Sandstone, 401 of the Permian marl slate, 348 of the Lias, 316 tails, 348 Fisherton, Greenland lemming in drift of, 130 ! Fissures, 40 filled with metallic matter, 544 Flemingites gracilis of Coal, 378 Flint tools figured, 122, 123 Flints in the Chalk, 249 Flisk dike of Fife, 496 Flora of the Carboniferous, 365 Devonian, 410, 417 Oligocene of Switzerland, 203 Eocene and Miocene of the Arctic Regions, 224 Older Pliocene of Italy, 172 of the Permian, 352 of the Upper Cretaceous, 262 of Vienna Basin, 176 Eocene of Devonshire, 222 of the Wealden, 281 Stonesfield slate, 307 Flower, Prof., on Halitherium, 159 Fluorspar, 566 Fluviatile beds underlying deep-sea strata, 229 Fluvio-Marine or Norwich crag, 159 of Oligocene, 208 Flysch of the Alps, 237 Folding of strata by lateral movements, 52 and denudation of Nova Scotia Car- boniferous rocks, 390 Folds of parallel strata, arrangement and direction of, 61 Foliation of crystalline rocks, 535 Folkestone and Hythe beds, 269 Footprints of reptiles in coal-measures, 2G9 fossil, in New Red, 332 in Paris gypsum, 198 Foraminifera, Eocene, 233 forming chalk, 248 FULLEB S EARTH Foraminifera of Mountain Limestone, 399 of the chalk, 248 Forbes', Mr. David, Table of Minerals, 558 Prof. 609 FUNDAMENTAL Fuiiilamental pmeiss, 460 Fundy, Bay of, fossil trees exposed in cliflfs at, 390 Fu.nlina cyliudncn, 399 /'V/J.U.J contrarius (Trophon antiquum), 162 quadricostatus, Maryland, 177 TrABBRO, 529, 573 (/nillonella fer'ruffiiiea and G. disfam, 27 (riilapagos Islands, living marine saurian in, 321 Galeocerdo latideiu, Bracklesham, 221 Galerites albogalenis. White Chalk, 253 Gannister, 12, 361 Ganoids, the type of Old Red Sandstone fish, 401 of the Wealden, 278 of the Trias, 342 Gaps in the sequence of fossil remains, 109 Gardner, J. S., on Eocene Flora, 222 Garnet, 563 Gastaldi on Oligocene, 206 Ga^tor-nis Parisiensis in Plastic clay, 260 Gaudin on Oligocene of Switzerland, 203 on Pliocene flora of Italy, 172 on Proteacete in Eocene, 222 Gaudry, M., on Miocene vertebrata of Vaucluse, 182 Pikermi, 175 Gault, thickness and fossils of, 261 Geikle, Prof. A., on Ayrshire Permian trap rocks, 495 on subaerial denudation, 86 on metamorphic rocks, 523 Geinitz, M., on Permian flora, 351 Gemunder Maar, volcanic rocks of, 485 Geographical relationship of animals, 129 Geology defined, 1 Germany, Oligocene of, 207 Triassic fauna of, 335 Permian rocks of, 350 Loess of, 125 Oervillia anceps, Neocomian, 270 socialis, Muschelkalk, 338 Giant's Causeway basalt, 7 laterite of the, 575 Gibbon of Gers and Eppelsheim, 195 Girvau group, 443 Glacial drift, distribution and nature of, 135 formations of Pleistocene age, 135 drift of Ireland, 149 erosion of lake-basins, 155 submergence, 148 epoch, changes of level in the, 140 second, 131 Glaciation of Russia and Scandinavia, 140, 152 of Scotland, 143 of Wales and England, 148 of North America, 153 Glaciers, transporting and abrading power of, 138 Alpine, 140 Glasgow, buried canoes near, 116 Glauconie grossi^re, 233 Glauoonite, 565 Glen Tilt, junction of granite and schist at, 503 OYROLEPI8 Globiform pitchstone, 473 Globigeriiui bulloides, 248 Globigerina ooze, 35 Globular structure of volcanic rock» 470 Gluptodon, 129 Glyptostrobus Europceus, (Eningen, 196 Gneiss, granite veins traversing, 504, 512 defined and figured, 525 Hebridean, 454 Gold mines of Australia and Chili, 555 veins of Russia, 554 of California, of age of alluvium, 179. 554 origin of, 555 GoniatUes crenisi/ia, 397 Lixteii, Coal measures, 333 Goniopholis, 295 GoniosaufUi, 244 Gbppert, on petrifaction, 44 Gorgonia inftaidibuli/onnU, Permian, 343 Graham's Island, 82 Grampians, Old Red conglomerates of, 50 trap rocks of the, 498 Grand Canary, Miocene, shelly tuffs of , 487 denudation in the, 488 Granite, 501, 528, 567-569 how far connected with volcanic rocks, 501 metamorphosing fossiiiferous strata, 520 porphjTitic, 568 veins, 503, 512 Granitite, 568 Granitoid-gneiss, 526 Granulite, 568 Graphite, 566 Graptolites of Arenig, 440 of Bala beds, 437 of Llandeilo, 438 GraptolUhus priodoii, Silurian, 481 Gravels, 120 Great (or Bath) Oolite, 301 Greece, 175 Greenland, continental ice of, 141 — — gradual sinking of, 48, 142 Green River group, 240 Greensand, Upper, or Chloritic series, 260 Greenstone, 571 Greissen, 528 Gr6s bigarr6, 335 Gr^s de Beaucliamp, Paris basin, 232 Gres de Fontainebleau, age of the, 196 Grey sandstone of Upper Ludlow, 42 1 Greywacke, 11 Gristhorpe, Ooitic ferns of, 309 Grit defined, 12 Gr-yllaci-is lithanthraca^ Coal, 383 Gryphite Limestone, 314 Gryphoea coated with serpulce, 23 columba, Chloritic Sand, 260 convexa, Chalk, 278 incurva (G. arcutUa), 30, 313 virgula, Kimmeridge clay, 295 Gulf Stream, probable abrading power of. 81 Gypsum, 566 and gypseous marl defined, 14 of Trias, 333 Gyrogonites of the Wealden, 281 Oyrolepis tenuittriatus, Rhuitic bcdj, Z:l BB 610 INDEX. HADE HADE of fault, 63 Haime, Mr., on palaeozoic corals, 436 JInkea silicina and Hakea saligna, ffinin- gen, 189 Halitherium in coprolite bed, 163 Hlilleflinta, 528, 569 Hall, Sir James, on curved strata, 52 Hallstadt and St. Cassian beds, 337 Hulysites caf€nHla?'is, Silurian, 428 JJamites spiniger, Gault, 261 Harlech grits, 451 Harmatome, 564 Harpaetor maculipes, CEningen, 191 Hartz mountains, mineral veins of, 546 Bunter Sandstein of, 340 Hastings Sands, subdivisions of the, 276 Headon series, fossils of the, 211 Heat, powerful in consolidating rocks, 41 rocks upraised and folded by, 54 internal, 64 Hebridean gneiss, 454 Hebrides, dikes in the, 491 volcanic rocks of the, 454 Heer, Professor, on age of Madeira leaf- bed, 483 on Arctic flora, 224 on Bear Island flora, 410 on Bovey Tracey Eocene flora, 222 on fossil plants of Switzerland, 203 on Eocene plants of Mull, 222 on Superga fossil plants, 206 Heliolites porosa, Devonian, 413 Jleliophyllum Halli, 413 Helix hispida (pleheia), 125 labyrinthica, Headon, 212 occlma, Bembridge, 210 Turonensis, faluns, 32 Hematite, 565 Jlemicidaris Purh^'ckeTisis, Purbeck, 285 HemitelUes Broicnii, Inf. Oolite, 308 Hempstead beds, subdivisions of the, 208 Hertfordshire pudding-stone, 38 Heterocercal tail of fish, 348 Hicks, Dr., on fossils of Arenig beds, 447 on Arvonian, 457 on Dimetian, 458 on Pebidian, 457 on Menevian beds, 450 on Tremadoc beds, 447 Highland metamorphic rocks, 460 Hils conglomerate, 279 Himalaya, shells at 18,000 feet, 5 Pliocene of, 209 Hindostan, Trap of, 494 Hippopodium pondcrosum. Lias, 314 Hippopotamus, tooth of, 133 in Thames gravels 130 Hippurite Limestone, 264 Hippurites organisans. Chalk, 265 Jlistioderma hibeftiica, 451 Holderness, 148 HoloptycMus nobilissimiis, scale of, and re- storation of flsh, 402 Homalonotus delphinocephaliis, 430 atmatus, Devonian, 416 Homocercal tail of fish, 348 Hooghly River, analysis of water, 45 Horizontal ity of strata, 16 Horizontal strata, upheaval of, 47 Hornblende, 658, 560 INVEESION Hornblende-Andesites, 572 porphyrite, 572 schist, 527 Humboldt, on mean height of American continent, 87 Humphreys and Abbot on Mi5sissii)pi de- nudation, 86 Huronian series, thickness of the, 458 Hysena den of Kirkdale cave, 128 Hycena speloea, tooth of, 134 Hycenodon, 201 Hyalite, 559 Hyhodus plicatilis, Rhsetic beds, 327 reticulaim. fill IRELAND Iro'ancl, glacial drift of, 149 volcanic rocks of, 491 Iron, magnetic, 565 ores, 565 pyrites, 565 weapons of Swiss lakc-dwelHiig-;, 117 Inastrcm ohlonga, Portlan<l Sand, 294 Isle of Cyclops, view of, 481 Wight beds, 208 Eocen* beds, 218 Mull, Eocene leaf-bed of, 223 volcanic rocks, 492 Italy, Miocene, 193 Older Pliocene, 171 Oligocene, 206 Newer Pliocene, 171 Eocene volcanic rocks of, 4'91 JEFFREYS, Dr. J. Gwyn, -on Moel Try- faon, 148 Joggins. See South Joggins Joints, 40 Jones, Prof. Rupert, oa Eozoon Canadense, 459 Judd, Prof., on volcanic rocks of the Hebrides, 492 on Tertiary plutonic rocks, 508 Jura, erratic blocks on tlie, 140 structure of the, 57 Jurassic rocks, 28S group, 282 KAMES, 144 Kansas, Cretaceous birds of, 267 Kaolin, composition of, 13, 564 Kasegrotte, Bertrich-Baden, Basaltic pil- lars of, 472 Kelloway Rock, 301 consolidation of, 37 Kessingland, 157 Keuper of Germany, 336 of Upper Trias of England, 328 Kilmaurs, 144 Kimmeridge clay, 295 Kinderscout grit, 255 Kirkdale cave, hyaena's den of, 128 Kitchen-middens of Denmark, 116 Klein-Spauwen beds, 202 Koninchia Leonhardi, Hallstadt, 338 Kossen beds, 326 Kunker, 45 Kupf er-schiefer of Germany, 350 LABRADOR series, 459 Labradorite, 358, 562 LahynrUhodonJaegein, tooth of, 330 Labyrinthodouts of coal, 338 Lake-craters of the Eifel, 485 dwellings in Switzerland, 117 Lakes, deposits in, 3, 36 fauna of, 156 origin of, 156 Lamarck on bivalve mollusca, 30 Liimination of clay slate, 597 Lnmna elegans, Bracklesham, 221 Land, balance of dry, how preaervetl, LIMET80NB Land has been raised, not the sea lowortd, 46 mean height of, above the sea, 87 rise of, in Sweden, 48 rise and fall of, affecting denudation, 88 I^andenian of Belgium, 265 Landes, 173 LitopUbecus, W4 Laramie group, 2«7 , , Lmtrorm ttii-inca, Monod, 205 Lateral oompression causing curved strata, 52 moraines, 138 Laterite, 14, 575 Laurentian gneiss of Scotland, 460 Group, Upper and Lower, of X/>rth America, 458 m€tamorphic rocks, 541 volcanic rocks, 499 Lava, 573 currents of Auvergne, 464 of La Coupe d'Ayzac, 471 Lead, ores of, 565 • veins, age of, 547 Leaf -bed of Madeira, 482 Isle of Mull, Eocene, 223 LedUi DesJuiyesiana (JVucula DeshaycsianaX, 202 lanceolate (L. ohlonga), Scotch <lrift, 145 trimcata, Sootch drift, 145, 146 Lemurines, 198, 240 Leperditia inJUttti., Coal-measures, 382 Lepidodendron Gi-iffithsii, 410 corrtLgatum, Carboniferous, 390 Stei-nbergii, Coal-measures, 367 Lepidolite, 558, 563 Lepidomeiane, 563 Lepidoitrohus omatut, Coal, 368 Lepidotus gigas. Lias, 317 Mantelii, Weal den, 227 Leptaem. LIMESTONE Limestone, caverns in, 37 of chemical and organic origin, 12, 13 Hippurite, 264 Magnesian, 13, 346 metamorphic or crystalline, •')28 Mountain, and its fossils, 391 siliceous, 13 Limncea caudata, 212 /usifonnis, 210 — — longiscatu, 30 Limonite, 5€5 Lingula Civdiieri, Permian, 347 Dumortiein, Crag, 165 Lewisii, Ludlow, 425 Lingula flags, fossils of the, 448 Lingulella Davisii, Cambrian, 449 Liquidambar europoeum, 174 Lithostrotion basaltiforme, Carboniferous, 393 Littoral denudation defined, 81 Lituites giganteus, Ludlow, 427 Llanberis slates, 451 Llandeilo Flags, fossils of the, 433 formation, 438 Llandovery Group, 431 Loam defined, 14 Loess or fluviatile loam described, 124 fossil shells of the, 125 Logan, Sir W., on Eozoon Canadense, 460 London clay, 226 Longevity, relative, of mammalia and tes- tacea, 131 Longmynd Group, 451 Lonsdaleia floi'ifoi'mis. Carboniferous, 393 Lucina serrata, Bracklesham, 221 Ludlow formation, 422 bone-bed of tlie Upper. 423 Luhvorth Cove, dirt-bed of, 292 Lycopodiaceoe of Coal, 367 Lycopodiumdemum, living species, 303 Lydian stone, 11 Lym-fiord, mingled freshwater and marine strata of, 35 Linton Group of Devon, 412 MACCLESFIELD, marine shells at, 1,200 feet, 149 MacCuUoch, Dr., on consolidation of Skye sandstone, 33 Macrauchenia. 129 Macrolemur, 198 Madeira, beds of laterite in, 575 dike in valley in. 465 Pliocene leaf-bed and shells in lavas of, 483 Miocene volcanic rocks of, 483 wind removing scoria; in, 72 Maestricht beds and their fossils, 243 plants, 245 Magas pumila. White Chalk, 253 Magnesian Limestone, 13, 345 concretions in, 39 fossils, 346 Magnetic iron ore, 565 Malm, or White Jura, 311 Malvern Hills, 427, 458 Mammalia, extinct, coeval with man, 121 fossil, of Epplesheim, 175 of Middle Purbeck, 287 MESOPITHECUS Mammalia, fossil, in the Crag, 163 of N. America. 178, 193, 194 of Pikermi, 175 of Vienna basin. 175 fossils of Auvergne, 174 of Montpellier, 174 low grade of, in early strata, 374 of Auvergne, 198. 201 of Siwalik Bills. 176 of St. Prest, 173 of the Stonesfield slate, 304 of the Trias, 327 ■ pre-glacial, 158 teeth of Postpliocene, 132 and testacea, comparative longevity of, 131 Mammoth, rude carving of, in Perigoril cave, 119 in Scotch till, 144 See Elephas piimigeniu^ Man, antiquity of, 130 Mannheim, Oligocene of, 207 Mantell, Dr., on Wealden fossils, 274 Mantellia nidifojinis, Purbeck, 292 Map of chalk formation in France, 264 of Eocene tertiary basins, 216 of Hallstadt and St. 96,97 volcanic island formed in the, 82 Megalodon cucullatus, Devonian, 414 MegalonyXy 129 Megatherium, 129 Melania inquinata {CerithUini melunoUh's), 230 tun-itissima, Bembridge, 209 Melanopsis buccinoidea, 31 Melaphyre, 572 Mendips, 76 Menevian beds and their fossils, 450 Mergel-schiefer of Germany, 382 Mesopitlncus, 175 INDEX. 613 JIESOZOIC Mcsozoic, term explained, 93 and Caiuozoic periods, gap between the, 241 and Palaeozoic rocks, limits of the, 343 Metalliferous veins, origin of, 544 Metals, relative age of different, 552 Metamorphic limestone, 528 strata, origin of, 612 theory, objections to, considered, 587 rocks defined, 8, 513, 528 ages of, 537 order of succession of, 542 Metamorpliism, 9, 516 Mctamorpliosis of trilobites, 455 Meudon, Conglomerate of, 234 Gastornis Pai-isiemis of, 234 Pisolitic limestone of, 245 Mica Group, 558, 563 schist or micaceous schist, 527 ilicaceous sandstone, origin of, 11 Micraster cor-iinguinum, 253 with sei'pula attached, 24 Microcline, 562 Microconchus carhonaHus, Coal-measures, 382 Microlestes antiquum, Upper Trias, 327 Midford sands, 308 Milford, inverted strata, 62 Millstone-grit, 352 Milne-Edwards, Prof., on corals, 392 Mineral composition of strata, 10 a test of age of strata, 94 character of hypogene rocks, 542 veins, different kinds of, 543 formed in fissures, 544 successive formation of, 547 swelling and contraction of, 549 chemical deposits in, 551 Mineralisation of organic remains, 42 Miuette, 570 Minudie, anticlinal axis of coal-measures at, 390 Miocene, term defined, 179 of Mayence, 193 West Indies, 194 of United States, 193 volcanic rocks, 487 of Prance, 179, 181 of Italy, 193 of India, 194 of Oiningen, 182 of Switzer;and, 191 of Vienna Basin, 192 :Mississippi, sediment of, used as a test of denudation by rivers, 81 valley, deposition and denudation in the, 81 Mitchell, Sir T., on Wellington caves, 138 Mitt-a scabia, Barton clay, 218 Mobile, Alabama, Cyrena found at, 252 Modiola acuminata, Permian, 346 Moel Tryfaen, shells found at, 148 Mo'.asse, Lower, of Switzerland, 203 Middle, or Marine, of Switzerlanfl, 191 Upper Freshwater, of Switzerland, 184 Mollusca. See Shells and Fossils longevity of species of, 131 value of, in classification, 112 of the Carboniferous, 395 NORITES Monocotyledon in Coal-measures, 376 Monod, flora of the Lower Moiasse at, 203 Monomyary mollusca, term explained, 30 Mons, unconformable strata near, 68 Mont Dore, Auvergne, extinct volconoc* of, 490 Monte Bolca, Calvo, cross stratification, 20 Montmartre, gypseous series of, 196 Moutpellier mammals, 174 Monts D6me, extinct volcanoes, 464 Moraines, 137 Morea, Cretaceous volcanic rocks o^ 494 inland sea-cliffs of the, 82 MoMimui-us Campen, Chalk, 244 Mottram drift, 149 Mountain limestone, 355 Mudstone of Upper Ludlow, 424 Mull, Isle of, leaf-bed, 223 Murchisonia gracilis, 425 Murex vaginatus, 169 Muschelkalk, fossils of tlie, 338 Muscovite, or common Mica, 558, 563 Musk-ox, fossil, 130 Myliohates Edwardsi, Bracklesham, 220 Mylodon, 129 Mytilus septifei', Permian, 346 NARBUDDA, 176 Nalica clausa, Scotch drift, 145 lielicoides, Chill esford beds, 151 Nautilus ce7itralis, London clay, 228 Danictis, Faxoe chalk, 245 plicatus, Hythe beds, 269 ttuncatus. Lias, 315 ziczac {Atuna ziczac), 228 Neocomian, Upper, 269 Middle, 272 Lower, 273 Neolithic era, 117 Neozoic type of corals, 393 Nepheline, 558, 562 Basalt, 673 Neptune's Cups of Sumatra, 251 Neiincea Goodhallii Coral Rag, 298 Nerinaean limestone, 299 NtHta coTwidea (N. fkhmidelliana\ 234 costulata. Great Oolite, 304 granulosa, 31 Neiitina concaca, Headon, 212 globulus, 31 Neve, 138 Newcastle, coal-field, faults in, 66 Newer Pliocene, 167 mammals, 158 Newfoundland bank described, 82 New Red Sandstone, 325 trappean rocks of the, 495 Newton on animals of pre-glacial, 158 New Zealand, changes of level in, 64 river deposits, 165 Nice, section of slanting beds near, 20 Nile, stratified nui<l of the, 4 Nipadites ellipHcu*, Sheppey, 228 Nodules in strata, how formed, 39 Noeggerathia cuneifoUa, Permian, 351 Nomenclature of strata, 110 Norfolk cliffs, drift of, 160 Norian series, 469 Norites, 573 614 INDEX, NORTH Korth Wales, erratics, 148 Norway, Cambrian of, 455 foliation of crystalline schists in, 5E5 granite reins in gneiss of, 512 granite, altering fossiliferous strata in, 520 Norwich or PluTio-marine crag, 159 Nova Scotia coal-measures, S61 coal, reptiles and shells in, 385 folding and denudation of beds in, 390 Nucula Cobboldice, Crag, 160 Deshayesiana, 202 NummulUes laevigata, Bracklesham, 219 Puschiy Pyrenees, 2S7 vaHolana, Bracklesham, 218 Nummulitic formations, 114, 235 OBOLUS Apollinis in Russian gi-it, 444 Oceanic areas, permanence of, 9S Ocdlar-ia radiata in Chalk, 252 (Euingen, Upper Miocene beds of, 184 insects of, 191 flora, 204 Ogygia Buchii, 439 Older Pliocene, 160 Oldhamia radiata, 0. antiqna, 452 Ohlliaven beds, 229 Old Red Sandstone, Upper, 401 Middle, with fish, 401 Lower, 403 classification of, 400 continental origin of, 400 dike cutting through, 497 ti'up of the, 497 Olenm micr-ivus, 449 Oligocene, term for Lower Miocene. 113, 195 fauna, 197 of Belgium, 201 of England, 207 of Prance, 195 of Grermany, 207 of Italy, 206 of the Limagne, 20O of Switzerland, 203 volcanic rocks, 489 Oligoclase, 499, 558, 562 Oliva Dufresnii, Antwerp crag, 201 flammulata, 168 Olivine, 501, 558, 561 Omphyma tuiMnahim, Silurian, 423 Onchiis tenuistriatus, Silurian, 423 Oolite defined, 12 classification and physical geograpiiv of the, 282 Great or Bath, 298 Upper, 284 Middle, 298 Lower, 300 Inferior, fossils of the, 308 plutonic rocks of the, 610 Yorkshire, 308 and Chalk, Palaeontological brealc between, 310 and Lias, origin of the, 324 volcanic rocks of, 495 Oolitic strata, palaeontological relations of, 310 Ooze, 35 PAMPAS Opal, 559 Ophiodei-ma tenuihmnchiata. G15 PARADOXIDES Parndo.ndf's Dohemicus, 455 DavidiSy Lower Cambrian, 450 Paramoudru iu Chalk, 251 Paris basin, tertiaries of the, 233 gypsum, fossil footprints in, 197 Parka decipiens, 'Old lied,' 408 ParkfteUl Colliery, trees of, 361 Patella rugosa, Great Oolite, 304 Peat and shell mounds of Denmark, 116 Pebidian series, 457 J'l'coplens elHpfica, Coal, 365 J'<x(en fieavei-i, White Chalk, 254 cinctus, Neocomian, 273 Ulandicus, Scotch drift, 145 jacohaius, in Tertiary of Sicily, 170 quadricostutm, 243 (juinquecostalus, 261 Valoniensu, Rhastic beds, 326 Pegmatite, 568 Penarth beds, 326 Peniacfinm Briareus, Lias, 313 Pentumetiis Knighfii, Aymestry, 424 ohlongus and P. liralu, 432, 433 Pentamerus limestone, New York, 444 Pentremites ellipticus, 395 Perched blocks, 139 Peridote, 561 Perigord cave, carving of mammoth in, 119 Perlite, 571 Permian, amphibia of, 352 reptiles of, 349 origin of name, 344 volcanic rocks of, 495 Fish, 347 Flora, 351 of Germany, 350 strata, thickness of, in North of Eng- land, 345 Upper and Middle, 345 Lower, 349 Peinia Mulleti, Neocomian, 271 Persistence of areas, 89 Petrifaction, process of, 44 Petrophiloides Rkhai-dsoni, Sheppey, 227 Phacops caudaius, Silurian, 429 latiftwis, Devonian, 412 Pha'icolotheiium Buckiandi, 307 Phimamlla Heddingtcmeiisis, and cast, 42 Phillips, Mr. J. Arthur, on mineral veins, 544, 556 Phillipsite, 564 Phlebopteiis contigua, Inf. Oo'.ite, 308 Phlogopite, 558 Pholadomya cuneata, Thanet Sands, 231 J'holadomya Jidicula, Inf. Oolite, 3^9 Phonolite, 570 I'hoi-us extenms, London clay, 228 Phosphate nodules, 162, 164 Phragmocet-as veitti-icosum, Silurian, 426 Physa Bristarii, Middle Purbeck, 286 columnaris, 31 hvpno?'vm, 30 Physical break, 70, 100 Pierre a Bot, huge erratic, 140 Pikermi, Pliocene fossils of, 175 Pile dwellings of Switzerland, 117 Pilton, group of, Devon, 411 Pinite group, 564 Itimularia in Atlantic mud, 243 POLYPTERUS Pintu sylrestris in peat, 116 Pisolitic Limestone, 12 of France, 245 Pitchstone, 569 Placodus gigas, Muschelkalk, 339 Plagiaulax Becklesii, jaw and molar of, 313 Plagiostoma giganlea, Lliis, 313 Pljinerkalk of Germany. 252 Planes of stratification defined. POLYZOA Polyzoa. See Bryozoa PoTiza Islands, globiform pitchstone of, 473 Porcellanite, 528 Porites pyriformU, Devonian, 413 Porphyritic granite, 568 Porphyry, 567 orthoclase-, 570 Portland, Cycads in dirt-bed of, 291 section of, 291 oolite and sand, 293 ' Portlcmd screw,' a cast of a sheH, 293 Post-Pliocene Period. See Pleistocene Post-Tertiary volcanic rocks, 478 Potamides cinctus, 31 Pothodtes Grantonii, Coal-measure-, 375 Potsdam Sandstone, 454 Potstones in the Chalk, 250 Pozzolana, 39 Pre-Cambrian rocks, 457 Pre-glacial, &c., 157, 158 Pressure solidifying rocks, 40 Prestwich, Prof., on River gravels, 121 on Amiens flint implements, 121 on Macclesfield drift -shells, 149 on thickness of Coralline crag, 163 Primary, term defined, 192 ' Primordial zone ' of Bohemia, 454 Productus hoTi-idm, Permian, 347 semireticulatm (antiquafus), 395 Propylite, 572 Protogine, 569 Provinces of animals and plants, 96 Psammodus poTosus, 398 PseudocT-inUes hifaciatus, Silurian, 429 Psilophyton princeps, Devonian, 418 Ptei'a.^pis in Lower Ludlow shale, 423 P!erichthys, Old Eed Sandstone, 405 Pterodactyl of Kentish Chalk, 257 Pterodactylus cntssirosfris, Solenhofen, 296 Pterygotus anglicus, 407 Pfychodm decurrevs, White Chalk, 257 Pumice, 571, 574 Punfield Beds, brackish and marine, 279 IMpa muscorum, 125 ■" — tTiden,% Loess, 32 vetusta, coal, .388 Purbeck beds, Upper, iliddle, and Lower, 284, 285, 290 fossil mammalia of the Middle, 287 insects, 293 marble, 285 subdivisions of the, 283 Purity of Coal, cause of, 380 Purpura tetragona. Red Crag, 101 Purpuraidm nodulata, Great Oolite, 304 Puy de Come, cone and lava-current of, 480 de Dome, Oligocene, 200 de Tartaret, lava-current and cone of, 479 Pygopterus m^ndibu!ar-i.i, Permian, 349 Pyramids built of nummulitic limestone, 237 Pyrenees, curved strata in, 60, 62 lamination of clay-slate in, 536 nummulitic formation of, 235 Pyroxene, 560 jrroup of minerals, 658 Pyrula reticulata, Crag, 165 ROCK QUADRUPEDS, extinct in Palgeo'ithi gravels, 121 Quadrumana of Pliocene, 174 of Brazil, 129 Quader-sandstein, cretaceous age of the, 252 Quaquaversal dip, 58 Quarry-water in stone, 39 Quartz, 558, 559 Diorite, 571 porphvry, 569 Ehyolite, 569 specific gravity of, 558 Trachyte, 569 vein, Christiania, 506 Quartzite or Quartz rock, 528 RADABOJ Oligocene, brown coal of, 214 liadiolifes folia ceus. 133 tichorhinux, molar of, 133 Rh'jnchonella naricula, Lurllow. 424 octoplicnta. White Chalk, 253 spinosa. Inf. Oolite, 309 Wilsoni, Aymestry, 425 Richmond, Virginia, Triassic coal-field <>! 341 Rimula clathrafa, Great Oolite, 304 Rink, Mr., on Greenland land-ice, 141 Ripido'.ite, 558 Ripple-marked sandstone, how formed, 'll Rise and fall of land, 46 Risxoa Chasfelli, Hempstead beds, 208 Rivers, denuding powers of, 74 Roches moutonn6es described, 139 Rock, term defined, 2 INDEX. 617 i ROCKS Rocks, altered by volcanic dikes, 467 Aerial or ^olian, 5 altered by subterranean gases, 516 analysis of minerals in, 558 ancient, brought to the surface, 84 aqueous or stratified, 3, 10 arenaceous, 11 argillaceous, 11 basins, 156 calcareous, 12 ■ classes of, 13 five classes of, 9, 91 fossil iferous, 10 glacial scorings on, 136 great thickness of palaeozoic, 85, 89 metamorphic, age of, 637 defined, 8 Plutonic, age of, 507 defined, 7 solidification of, 40 underlying, not always the oldest, 94 volcanic, age of, 474 defined, 6 Rock-salt of Trias, origin of, 333 Rocky Mountains, Eocene of, 240 Miocene of, 193 Rostellai-in {Hippocrenes) ampla, London clay, 228 Rothliegendes of Germany, 350 Rndistes of the Chalk, 255, 266 Runn of Cutch, salt of, 335 RnpeMan beds of Dumont, 201 Rupelmonde, Oligocene of, 202-207 Russia, Devonian of, 416 glaciation of, 153 • gold in, 554 Pemii'in rocks of, 344 Silurian strata of, 443 Rutile, 565 SAARBRUCK, Amphibia in coal-field of, 383 Sahal major, Oligocene, 204 Sables de Bracheux, 234 Moynes, Paris basin, 232 St. Abb's Head, curved strata of, 52 unconformable stratification at, 68 St. Acheul, flint tool of, figured, 122 St. Andrews, carboniferous trap rocks of, 496 St. Bee's Head, Permian of, 345 St. Cassian, fossil mollusca of, 337 and Hallstadt beds, 337 St. Davids, Arvonian of, 457 Cambrian of, 447 Dimetian of, 458 Menevian beds of, 450 Pebidian of, 457 St. Helen series, Oligocene, 211 St. Jean de Luz, curved strata of, 60 St. Petersburg, Silurian rocks of, 443 St. Peter's Mount, Maestricht beds of, 244 St. Prest, "French Pliocene, 173 Salisbury, flint implement found at, 130 Salt, rock, origin of, 338 San Caterina, undulating gypseous marls of, 61 Sandberger, Dr. F., on Mayence basin, 207 Sandstone, New Red, 325 SECTION Sandstone, Old Red, 401 slab of ripple-marked, 21 with cracks, 278 with footprints, 332 Sanidine, 562 trachyte, 670 Sansan, Miocene vertebrata of, 182 Sao hirsuta, 455 Saurians of the Lias, 319 sudden destruction of, 327 SauHchthys apicalis, Rhsetic beds. 327 Saxicava rugosa, Scotch drift, 145 Saxony, Cheirotheiium footprints in, 332 Permian rocks of, 350 Scandinavia, glaciation of, 153 Scaphiten cequalis, Chloritic marl, £59 Schist, term defined, 7 argillaceous, 527 hornblende, 527 mica, 527 Schizodus Schlofheimi, Permian, 346 truncatm, Permian, 346 Schorl, 564 rock, 528 Scoliostoma, St. SECTION Section of superimposed groups at Dundry Hill, 99 of unconformable junction of rocks, 68 of unconformable strata near Mons, 69 Sections illustrating faults, 63-67 Sedgwick, Prof., on classilication of Silu- rian, Cambrian, and Arenig, 421, 440 on concretionary structure, 39 Selsea Bill, erratics at, 152 Semnopithecus, fossil, 174 Senonien of French cretaceous series, 242, 262 Septarien-Thon, 207 Hequoia Langsdorfi, 156 ^Seraphim' head of Pterygotvs ancflicus, 4:07 Serapis, raised beaches of, 116 Serpentine, 529, 563 Ser-puloe attached to Gniphvaa, 24 to Apocnnus, 303 Shale defined, 11 Shell-mounds of Denmark, 116 Shells, Arctic, in Scotch drift, 145 marine, found at great heights above the sea, 5 value of Fossil, in classification, 112 Sheppey, fauna and flora of, 226 — Eocene fish of, 229 Slierringham, erratic block at, 151 Sicily, great height of marine strata in, 47, 168 newer Pliocene strata of, 169 subterranean igneous action in, 571 undulating gypseous marls of, 61 Sigillaria in Coal-measures, 359 Sigillana laevigata, Coal-measures, 370 Silica, 559 Silicates, sub-, 564 hydrous, 564 Siliceous rocks, 1 1 limestone defined, 13 Silurian, Crustacea of, 430 derivation of the name, 420 granite of Norway, 512 of Europe, 443 rocks, classification of, 420 strata of the continent of Europe, 443 strata of United States, 444 volcanic rocks, 498 Siphonotreta unguiculata, Obolus grits, 444 Siwalik Hills, fauna of, 176 freshwater deposits of, 176 Slaty cleavage, 530 Slicken-slides, in opposite walls of veins, 546 term defined, 62 Smildx sagitti/era, CEningen, 189 Snowdon, volcanic tuffs of, 499 glaciers, 148 Soissonnais sands, 234 Solenastroea cellulosa, Brockenhurst. 213 * Solenhofen stone, fossils in the, 29t) Solent, Weald clay i;nder the, 274 Solfatara, decomposition of rocks in the, 516 Somme, flint tools of the valley, U\> Somnia, cone and dikes of, 479 STRATA Sopwith, Mr. T., models of outcrop of strata, 58 Sorby, Mr., on action of water in meta- morphism, 517 on mechanical theory of cleavage, 533 on ripple-marks in mica-schist, 536 South Joggins, section of cliffs at, 362 Spain, Neocomian beds of, 280 Spatangus with spines, 24 Speeton clay, 272 Species common to different localities. 97 similarity of conditions causing re- appearance of, 227 Sphcei exochus mirus, Silurian, 429 SphoeHum {Cyclas) cornem, 29 Sphcerulites a garicifo7-mis, White Chalk, 265 Sphene, 564 Sphenophyllum erosum. 619 STRATA Strata, how oscillated, 89 how to distinguish marine and fresh- water, 28-35 iu version and reveryal, 61 of organic origin, 27 origin of inetamorphic, 512 outcrop of, 57 overlapping, 69 parallel folds of, .61 rate of deposition, 23 repeated by being doubled back, 61 sedimentary, 3 slow growth of, attested bv fossils, 23 table of, 101 tests of age of, 93-98 thinning out of, 17 uncoivformability of, 68. 99 vast thicknesses of, not forming high mountains, 85 Stratification, diagonal or cross, 17, 20 different forms described, li-2l joints and cleavage, section. 531 Striae, production of, 136, 139, 141 StHciiandivia liiata, 433 h-^is, 433 Strike, term explained, 57 at nn(}ocephahis Burtim, 448 at rophomena depresna, Wen'oek. 429 giandis, 434 Structure of coal, 377 Subaerial denudation, 71 average annual amount of, 86 Subapennine beds, proportion of recent species in, 113 strata, older Pliocene, 171 Submarine denudation, 81 Submergence, 140 Subsidence of land must preponderate over upheaval, 88 producing curved strata, 54 deep and thick strata, 83 Subsiiicates, 564 Succes-sion of glacial phenomena, 147 Succitiea mnphibid, 30 elongata, 125 Suffolk, ci-ag of, 160 Superga, 206 Superposition of deposits, a test of age, 93 Sweden, s!ow rise of land iu, 43 Switzerland, lake dwellings of, 117 Lower Molasse of, 303 Syenite, composition of, 570 Synclinal and anticlinal curves, 59 TA.BLE of Botanical Nomenclature, 173 of Cretaceous formations, 243 of Devonian series in Devon, 411 of divisions of Hastings Sami, 277 of English and Fx'ench Eocene strata, 236 ■ of Neocomian strata, 243 of Oolitic strata, 281 of Carboniferous strata, 354 : of Silurian strata of United States, 444 of Silurian rocks, 422 of Triassic strata, 335 of Cambrian strata, 447 A Permian of North of Eug'.and, 345 TITANIUM Table of Welsh coal-measures, 354 of volcanic minerals, 658 general, of fo.ssiliferous strata, 101 Table mountain, granite veins in clay- slate of, 504 horizontal elevated strata of, 47 Tachylite, 573 Tails of homocercal and lieterocercal fi-h, 348 Talc, 558, 563 schist, 527 Tcnxxnnon shales, 431 Tai-taret cone, and lava of, 479 Tealby series. Middle Xeo(!oniian,272 Teeth of extinct mammalia, 331 TelHua balthica ( T. solidula ), 150 calca?-ea (T. pr-o.iima), 116 greenlandica, 154 ohliquu. Crag, 160 Temnechiniis excavatug, 165 Tentaculites armnlatui, Silurian, 433 Te7-eMlum fudfoiTtw, Barton, 218 sopita. Barton, 218 Terebrutiila affinus, A^•me8trv, 426 MpHcata, White *Chalk.'254 cai-nea. White Chalk, 244 digona, Bradford Clav, 3u4 JimbHa, Inf. Oolite, 309 hastatn. Tertiary formations, classification of, 107- 113 Plutonic rocks, 508 strata, subdivisions of, 114 terms defined, 92 volcanic rocks, 480 Testacea. See Shells Tests of the age of strata, 93 of volcanic rocks, 473 of plutonic rock, 507 Thallogens, 287 Thamnastrcea, Coral Rag, 298 Thauet Sands, 231 Theca operculata, Tremadoc beds, 448 Thecidia papillata, 245 TttecodoiUosauius, 331 Thecodus panideiu, Lud'ow, 423 Thecosmilia annulat-is. Coral Rag, 293 Three Rock Mountaiix, Ireland, drift of, 149 'Throw' of fault, 65 'Thrust ' in Coal-mines, 55 Thiilacothenum Frevastii, Stonesfield, 3*J6 Tide, 81 Tilgate Forest, fossil Iguanodon in, 274 Tilestones of the Upper Ludlow, 424 Till described, 136, 145 mammoth in Scotch, 144 of North America, 153 Tin, ore of, 566 Titaniferous iron ore, 565 Titanite, 564 Titanium, ores of, 565 620 INDEX. TITHONIAN Tithonian of the Continent, 281 Tonal ite, 571 Tongrian beds, 201 Torbay, Devonian rocks of, 446 Torell, Dr., on ice-action in Greenland, 142 on shells of Scotch drift, 146 Torridon Sandstone, 454 Touraine, faluns of, 171 Tourmaline, 564 Toxodon, 129 Trachyte, 570 Trap dike intersecting strata, 467 dikes, 465 intrusion of, between strata, 475 rocks, ages of, 473 tuff described, 574 Trass of Lower Eifel, 485 Travertin, how deposited, 36 Tree ferns, living, 366 Trees erect in coa'. Nova Scotia, 363 Tremadoc slates and their fossils, 447 Tremolite, 558 Trias, beds of passage between "Lias and, 325 Alpine, 325 of England, 325 of Germany, 335 of India, 343 Saurians of the, 329 of the United States, 340 Triassic mammifer, 327 Tridymite, 558, 559, 570 Trigonelliteslatus, Kimmeridge clay, 295 Trigonia caudata, Neocomian, 270 ' ffibbosa, Portland stone, 294 Trigonocar'pum omtum, and T. olivceforme, Coal, 374 Trigonotreta undulatn, Permian, 347 Trilobites of Bala and Caradoc beds, 435 b'ind, 437 metamorphosis of, 436 Tiiloculina inflatn, Eocene, 233 Trimmer, Mr., on shells of Moel Trvfacn, 148 Tiinucleus concentncus, T. Caractaci, 436 Triomjx, carapace of, Bembridge, 209 Triple group or Trias, 335 Tripoli composed of Diatomaceas. 27 Trochocevas giganteus, Ludlow, 427 Trophon antiquum (Fuxus confrarius), 162 clafhra/um, Scotch drift, 145 Tuff defined, 6 shelly, of the Grand Canary, 574 trappean, of Llandeilo rocks, 499 Tupaia, Tana, recent, 305 Turner, Dr., on chemical decomposition, 45 Turonian, 243 Turtilites coatatxis, Chalk, 259 Turntella multisulcata, Bracklesham, 221 Tuscany, mineral springs of, 606 Type, persistence of, 129 Typhis pungens. Barton clay, 218 UNCITES, Grvphns, Devonian, 414 TTneonformability of strata, 68. 108 UnguHte, or Obolns grit of Ru«sia, 443 Unio Wtofalis, 29, 130 VOLCANIC TJnisilicatos, 561 United States, Cambrian of the, 456 cretaceous rocks of, 266 Devonian of, 417 Eocene strata in the, 238 Miocene of, 193 Pliocene of, 176 Silurian strata of, 444 Trias of the, 340 volcanic rocks of the, 486 Upheaval of land, 46 power of denudation to counteract, 80 Upper Greensand, or Chloritic series, 260 Upsala, erratics on modem marine drift near, 153 Uralite, 558 Ural mountains, auriferous alluvium of, 554 Ujsus spekeus, tooth of, 134 VAL D'AEXO, Pliocene of, 171, 172 Valleys, origin of, 77 gravels of, 120, 121 Valmta piscinalis, 30 Vanessa Pluto, Oligocene, 214 Vegetation. See Plants Vegetation of the Coal Period, 365 Veins. opposing powers, 83 mineral composition of, 567 Miocene, 487 mountains, structure and origii; 'f, 462 New Red, Permian and Carbonifeiii . ■, 495 Oligocene. 489 of Grand Canary, 487 Old Red Sandstone, 497 phenomena, age of, 473 Pliocene, 480 Post-Tertiary, 478 rel.ation to upheaval, 59 rocks defined, 6 rocks of Auvergne, 463 INDEX. 621 VOLCANIC Yo'canic Silurian, Cambrian, and Laurcn- tian, 498. 499 tests of age of, 473-478 Vo'canoes, extinct, 6, 4G3 Voltzw hetorophylla, Bunter. 338 Volufa ambigua. Barton clay, 218 athleta'. Barton, 218 Jnnoiiid, living. 166 Lambe?ti, coralline ami red crag, 162 nodosa, London clay, 228 Selseiensis, Bracklesham, 221 WACKE described, 574 Wadhurst clay, 277 Walchia pinifonnis, Permian. 351 Wales and England, glaoiatiou of, 148 slaty cleavage in. 590 South, coal of, 359 Wallich, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 248 Walton crag, 161 ' Water, (lenuding power of running. 75 action of, in metamorDliism, 584 Water-stones of Cheshire, 333 Waves, 80 Weald clay and its fossils, 275 section of, 274 Wea'den area, thickness of the, 280 formation, 274 flora, 281 Weathering. 72 Weinheim, Oligocene of, 207 Weuer Lake, Silurian deposits of, 47 Wenlock formation, fossils of the, 427 zuniCH West Indies, Eocene of, 241 Wexford, drift of, 149 Whitaker, Mr., on subaerial origin of e*. carjnnents, 76 White chalk. 247 Wind, deaudhig action of tlie, 75 Wood drilled bv mollusca, 26 fossil, 43 Wood, Mr. Searles, on Forest Bed, 158 on the Cmg, 67, 68 Woodbridge, London clay at, 164 Woolhope beds, 430 Woolwich and Reading series, 229 XIP/WDOiV gf-acile, Paris basin, 197 XyloUm Sigfillurke, Nova Scotia coal, 3S7 YOREDALE beds, 355 Yorkshire, Oolite of, 308 glacial drift of, 148 ZECHSTEIN of Germany, 350 Zeolites, 474, 5G4 Zeuglodon cetoides, Eocene, United States. 239 ZoaiUhai'ia rugosa and Z. uporosu, 392 Zonites priscus. 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