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COCO-i M (M (N) (N) SO SO 000 (N) CO (N) 606 (N) CO (N) 4(6) 6 (N) CO (N) 4(6) 6 (N)  «N <M 4 o | eN <N ia4 o 05 0 O O5 C5 O O C5 O5 o 4« 4< If. 05 05 O 0 C5 O5 o 4 4< o o to 05 00 4 o 4< o o, 05 00 4 o 4< o o, 00 05 i*j i, O r- C5 - : -. OO r- C5 000 o o o 000 O5 O l> o o o 0 O O 000 O5 l> CO 000 CO r-* rH 000 CO  o o 66 ' 66 S3 00 Tf CO CO M O O F- 6 6 CO CO -^ op CO O O CO CO CO \n co 066 CO COCO t-- 00 OO CO CO CO o 19 6 •* ob CO CO CO 00 0 0 6 t^- 4 CO CO ^ 1 <N O | CO CO ill i x "^ i 6 CJIW r c 666 CO «* T* 666 CO t^ 05 666 0 O l> 666 0 O (M 00 05 05 666 00 O5 O5 O5 <N C<l t— O5 O5 666 t> O5 O5 666 t> O5 O5 o oo oo 00 O5 O5 666 00 (M 00 C<l C5 05 05 666 05 C5 ~4 00 0 i— i r— i oo W CO 00 O <M 00 O 05 ^ ^ CO 1 2g, S2 l> 0 t~ t-H O CO <N  Thermal Treatment of Aluminium of Great Strength Presented to L'Academie des Sciences, by Henri Le Chatelier, Membre de V Institute, on Sept. 22nd, 1919 THE alloys investigated have the following mean composition: — Copper 3-5 to 4% Magnesium about 0.5% Manganese 0.5% Aluminium-hydrogen impurities by difference, and correspond with the type of light alloy of great strength known as "Duralumin." The object of this paper is to state the results of the investigation on the variation in the mechanical properties of the worked alloy with the temperature of anneal after cold work. and with the rate of cooling subsequent to this anneal. (a) Method of Heating. By immersion in oil or a salt bath (sodium nitrite, potassium nitrate), the alloy was heated to a series of temperatures, rising by fifty degrees from the normal temperature up to 500°. (b) Method of Cooling. Three rates of cooling were employed, namely: — Rate (i). Very slow cooling in bath (maximum fall in temperature, 100° per hour). Rate (ii). Cooling in air. Rate (iii). Cooling by immersion in water at 20°, i.e. quenching in water. During the first eight days after cooling, tests were carried out, and showed that the molecular state underwent no change in air during this period, when rate of cooling (i), as above defined, had been employed. On the other hand, the use of rates (ii) or (iii) involves, in the open air during these eight days, certain molecular transformations, which are more profound in the case of rate (iii) (quenching in water) than in that of rate (ii) (cooling in air). See "Comptes rendus hobdom Admiral des Seances de l'Académie de Sciences, Vol. CLXIX, No. 13, Sept. 29th, 1919 (mecaniques, physiques). These changes, inappreciable for annealing temperatures up to 300°, become more pronounced, for both rates of cooling, with rise of annealing temperature. After eight days, the mechanical properties remain approximately the same, although we cannot actually foresee the ultimate variations in the future. In every case, all the tests given below were carried out, whatever the temperature of annealing and rate of cooling, eight days after the completion of cooling. The experiments carried out show, for the three rates of cooling considered, two particularly interesting annealing temperatures, namely, 350° and 475°. Corresponding with each of these temperatures and for any of the three rates of cooling, there is a maximum Elongation and Shock Resistance ; but, for the anneal at 350°, there is a minimum of the other mechanical properties (Tensile Strength, Elastic Limit, and Hardness), whilst there is a maximum of these latter properties for the anneal at 475°. In the following table which summarises the results — Tensile Strength =the greatest stress reached during the test, expressed in kilograms per sq. mm. of initial sections, or in tons per sq. in. Elastic Limit = Apparent Elastic Limit. Elongation =% Elongation after rupture, using the formula of the type : — L2 =66-67 where L =gauge length. S S = initial section. Shock Resistance = Shock Resistance or " Resilience " — the num- ber of kilogram metres per sq. cm., neces- sary to cause the rupture by impact of a bar 10x10x53-3 mm. with a median notch 2 mm. broad, 2 mm. deep, and with the bottom rounded off to 1 mm. radius. Temp, of A nneal (degrees C.) Bate of Cooling Tensile Strength Kg tons mm* In* Elastic Limit Kg tons mm2 in* Elonga- tion % Shock Resistance Kg.m cm* (i) 20 12-7 6 3-81 20 6 350° (ii) 20 127 7 4-44 20 4-5 (hi) 20 12-7 9 5-71 15 3 (i) 28 17-78 12 7-62 16 4 475° (ii) 32 21-32 18 11-42 18 4 (iii) 40 25-4 20 12-7 20 4 176 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS Two treatments stand out, namely : — (1) That giving the metal a maximum ductility, or a softening treatment, consisting in annealing at 350°, followed by cooling, rate (i) (100° per hour). (2) That giving the metal maximum tensile properties, or the final treatment, consisting in annealing at 475°, followed by cooling, rate (iii) (quenching in water). Double Quenching from 475°. Double quenching from 475°, carried out each time under the conditions previously defined, gives duralumin the following properties: — Tensile Strength = 40 kg. per sq. mm. (25-4 tons per sq. in.) Elastic Limit = 23 kg. per sq. mm. (14-6 tons per sq. in.) Elastic Limit = 22 Shock Resistance = 5 kg. m. per sq. cm. This constitutes the optimum final heat treatment. The industrial practice of a softening anneal (annealing at 350°, followed by cooling rate (i) (100° per hour), which has just been investigated as described in this paper, shows that this intermediate treatment is of real use for drawing and pressing, ensuring, at the same time, minimum waste, maximum output, and maximum life of tools. We give a set of curves of the mechanical properties Corresponding with different anneals, followed by cooling, rate (iii) quenching in water, which show the maxima and minima for this particular heat treatment. See Fig. 53, page 101. INDEX NAME INDEX Anderson, 51-55, 56, 57 Archbutt, 56 Archbutt, Rosenhain and, 82 Arnon, 117 Bauer, Heyn and, 58 Bayer, 4 Bayliss, and Clark, 84 Bernard, and Guillet, 84 Breguet, 106 Breuil, 117, 143 Brislee, 57 Campbell, and Mathews, 68, 117 Carpenter, and Edwards, 68, 117 Carpenter, and Taverner, 51 Le Chatelier, 68, 117 Chevenard, 96, 121 Clark, Bayliss and, 84 Cowles-Kayser, 4 Curry, 68, 117 Ditte, 58 Drouilly, 8 Ducru, 59, 60 Durville, 119 Edwards, Carpenter and, 68, 117 Escard, 82, 85 Flusin, 6 Guillet, 8, 9, 117 Guillet, and Bernard, 84 Gwyer, 56, 68, 117 Hall, 6 Heroult, 7 Heyn, and Bauer, 58 Kayser, Cowles-, 4 Lodin, 7 Matthews, Campbell and, 68, 117 Moldentrauer, 4 Pecheux, 118 Portevin, 117, 143 Pryn, 5 Robin, 142 Rosenhain, 117 Rosenhain, and Archbutt, 82 St. Claire Deville, 4, 117 Taverner, Carpenter and, 51 SUBJECT INDEX Abrasion, resistance of cupro-alu- minium to, 118 Aeronautical specifications, French, 151 Ageing, effect of, on quenched dur- alumin, 98, 104, 174 Alloys — aluminium-copper — containing 4% Cu, 76 containing 8% Cu, 76 containing 12% Cu, 78 aluminium-copper-tin-nickel, 81 aluminium-copper-zinc, 80 aluminium -magnesium, 85 aluminium-tin, 85 aluminium -zinc, 82, 84 casting, 71 blowholes in, 72 density of, 71 extrusion of, 84 Alloys : casting — hardness of, at high tempera- tures, 73 lightness of, 71 mechanical properties of (hard- ness, shock, and tensile), 76— 85 micrography of, 86 porosity of, 72 specific heat of, 74 thermal conductivity of, 74 classification of, xi, 67 copper as constituent of, 67 copper-aluminium,equilibrium dia- gram of, 68 copper-aluminium. See " Cupro- aluminium " elektron, 85 light — for casting purposes, 71 178 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS Alloys : light — of great strength. See "Dur-alumin" magnalium, 85 magnesium-aluminium, 85 soldering, 63 zinc-aluminium, 84 Alumina — electrolysis of, 4 estimation of, in aluminium, 149 importance of, as impurity, 17, 63 melting point of mixtures of cryolite and, 5 production of — from bauxite, 3 from clay, 4 works producing, 13 Aluminium — analysis of, 16, 147 annealing of, 30, 160, 169 annealed — Anderson's work on, 51, 54 cupping properties of, 44, 52 discussion on, 49 hardness of, 39, 51 shock resistance of, 41 structure of, 57 tensile properties of, 29, 34 atomic weight of, 15 casting of, 8 coefficient of expansion of, 62 cold working of, 20 c old -worked — Anderson's work on, 51 corrosion of, 58 cupping properties of, 41 discussion on, 48 hardness of, 36-38 shock resistance of, 38 structure of, 57 tensile properties of, 20 carbonic acid, commercial, impurities in, 16 companies producing, 12 conductivity of, 15 corrosion of, 58 cost price of, 7 cupping tests — on annealed, 44, 52 on cold-worked, 41 density of, 15 dust, 8 effect of atmospheric agencies on, 58 Erichsen tests on, 52 estimation of, 147, 148 extraction of, 4 extraction of, 8 fluoride, 6 foil, 8 grading of, 16 Aluminium — hardness — of annealed, 39, 51 of cold-worked, 36-38 impact tests on. See "Shock Resistance of " impurities in commercial, 16 mechanical properties of. See "Hardness," "Shock Resist- ance," "Cupping Properties," " Tensile Properties" melting point of, 15 micrography of, 56 nitride, production of, 4 output of, 6, 12 oxidation of, during manufacture, 5 physical properties of, 15 polishing of, 56 rolling of, 7 shock resistance — of annealed, 41 of cold-worked, 38 soldering of, 52 specifications for, 151 specific heat of, 15 specific resistance of, 15 sulphate, 4 tensile properties — of annealed, 29, 34 of cold-worked, 20 test pieces — dimensions of, 19 standard, 152 thermal conductivity of, 15 welding of, 63 works producing, situation of, 12 world's production of, 12 Aluminium bronze, 67. See individual alloys under "Alloys" aluminum alloys, light, for. See "Alloys," 71 cupro-aluminium — difficulties in casting, 119 micrography of, 145 suitability for, 119 effect of tin on, 85 requisite properties of alloys for, 71 test pieces, methods of preparing, 75 Chalais Meudon Laboratory, 20, 41 Chromic acid, use of, in micrography, 56 Coke, petroleum, 16 Cold work — aluminum sheet — effect on corrosion of, 58 effect on cupping properties of, 41 effect on hardness of, 36-38 effect on tensile properties of, 38 effect on tensile properties of, 20 general discussion on, 48 Anderson's work on, 51 definition of — Anderson's, 51 author's, 20 ruralumin, effect on mechanical properties of, 89 method of obtaining specified degree of, 20 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 20, 38 Constituents, micrographic — in aluminium-copper alloys, 70, 86 in cupro- Ahuninium, 69, 142 martensitic in cupro-aluminium, 143 Cooling — hardening after, 87 rates of, standard, 92, 174 duralumin, effect on properties of, 92, 111, 174 quenching, (rate iii), 97, 174 Copper — as constituent of alloys, 67, 68 aluminium - copper alloys. See "Alloys" copper-aluminium alloys. With annealing temperature, 139 Mechanical properties of forged, with quenching temperature, 140 Mechanical properties of forged, with reannealing temperature, 141 Micrography of, 145 optimum method of working, 141 uses of, 119 Dendritic structure of cast aluminum, 57 Dendritic structure of constituent in cupro-aluminium, Type I, 143 Density — of alloys for casting, 71 of aluminium-copper alloy — containing 4% Cu, 76 containing 12% Cu, 76 containing 12% Cu, 78 of aluminium-copper-zinc alloy, 80 of cryolite-alumina bath for electrolysis, 6 Density — of cupro-aluminium, 118 Type I, 121 Type II, 132 Type II, 137 of magnesium-aluminium alloys, 85 of molten aluminium, 6 Dilatometer, 96, 121, 132, 137 Drawing, requirements of sheet for, 52 Drifting Test tests, specifications for, 154 Duralumin — Aging after quenching, 98, 104, 174 Analysis of, 87, 174 Critical points of, 96 Dimensions of test pieces of, 89 cupping tests, after thermal treatment, 114 hardness tests, at high temperatures, 116 maxima and minima in tensile properties of, 94, 176 mechanical properties of — after annealing, worked alloy, 89 after quenching, worked alloy, 98, 174 after quenching, wrought alloy, 102 after quenching, 113, 176 after quenching, cast alloy, 102 after double quenching, 113, 176 after reannealing, quenched alloy, 110 effect of rate of cooling, after reannealing, 111 methods of annealing of, 89, 91, 174 paper by Lt.-Col. Grard on, 174 practical treatment of, 113 quenching — attainment of equilibrium after, 98, 102 specifications for, 153 Elastic limit, determination of, 151. See "Tensile Properties" Electric furnaces — description of, 4 regulation of, 4 tapping of, 5 Electrodes — composition of, 16 usage of, 6 Elektron, 85 Elongation, determination of, 151. See "Tensile Properties " Equilibrium — attainment of, by duralumin after quenching, 108 diagram of copper-aluminium sys- tem, 68 Erichsen apparatus, 52 Erichsen tests on aluminium (Ander- son), 52 Etching of aluminium, 56 Etching of cupro-aluminium, 142 Eutectic — a +7, of copper-aluminium alloys, 69, 142, 143 i7+CuA!2, 70, 86 appearance of, (0+7), 143 solution *' M," 144 Expansion, coefficient of, of alu- minium, 62 Extrusion of aluminium, 8 Extrusionof zinc -aluminium alloys, 84 Fluor-spar, 4 Flux for soldering, 63 Forged alloys — properties of forged aluminium - copper alloy (4% Cu), 76 structure of forged cupro-alumin- ium, Type I, 143 suitability of cupro-aluminium for forging, 119 Furnaces, electric, 4, 5 Furnaces for remelting aluminium, 7 Gauge length, standard, 152 Grading of aluminium, 17 Grain size — gross, apparent, in cupro-alu- minium, 143 in aluminium sheet, 52 Hardening of alloys due to mag- nesium, 87 Hardness — Brinell — of aluminium, thick sheet, an- nealed, 38 of aluminium, thick sheet, cold worked, 36 of aluminium -copper alloy, con- taining 4% Cu, at high tem- peratures, 76 of aluminium -copper alloy, con- taining 8% Cu, at high temperatures, 78 of aluminium -copper alloy, con- taining 12% Cu, at high temperatures, 78 of aluminium-copper-tin-nickel alloy, at high temperatures, 82 * 182 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS Hardness : Brinell — of aluruinium-copper-zinc alloy, at high temperatures, 80 of aluminium-zinc alloys, at high temperatures, 84 of casting alloys, at high tem- peratures, 73 of cupro-aluminium, Type I, at high temperatures, 130 of cupro-aluminium, Type II, at high temperatures, 137 of cupro-aluminium, Type III, at high temperatures, 141 of duralumin, at high tempera- tures, 116 of duralumin, after quenching, 102, 104 scleroscope — of aluminium, thin sheet, an- nealed, 38 of aluminium, thin sheet, an- nealed (Anderson), 53 of aluminium, thin sheet, cold worked, 38 as a measure of complete anneal (Anderson), 51 Heat treatment. See "Thermal Treatment " Hydrofluoric acid — use as etching reagent, 57 Impact tests. vii), 175. See also "Shock Resistance " Robin's reagent, 142 Rolling of aluminium, 7 Scleroscope. See " Hardness " Sections, production of, 8 Sections, specifications for, 153 Sheet — rolling of aluminium, 7, 8 specifications for, 151 Shock resistance — definition of, vii, 175 determination of, 38 of aluminium, annealed, 41 of aluminium, cold worked, 38 of casting alloys — 4% Cu, 76 8% Cu, 78 12% Cu, 78 Al-Cu-Sn-Ni, 81 Al-Cu-Zn, 80 of cupro-aluminium — Type I, cast, annealed, 122 Type I, cast, quenched, 124 Type I, forged, annealed, 123 Type I, forged, quenched, 125 Type I, forged, reannealed, 127 Type II, forged, annealed, 132 Type II, forged, quenched, 133 Type II, forged, reannealed, 134 Type III, forged, annealed, 139 Type III, forged, quenched, 140 Type III, forged, reannealed, 141 of duralumin — cold worked, 89 double quenched, 113 quenched, 98, 104 reannealed, 111 Silica in bauxite, 3 Silicon — estimation of, in aluminium, 147, 149 as impurity in aluminium, 16, 62 Slabs, dimensions of, 7 Soda, use as etching reagent, 56 Sodium nitrite, 30, 89, 92 Soldering — alloys for use in soldering alu- minium, 63 of aluminium, 62 Specific heat — of aluminium, 15 of casting alloys, 74 Specific resistance — of aluminium, 15 of cupro-aluminium, 118 Specifications, French aeronautical, for aluminium and alloys of great strength, 151 Stamping, suitability of cupro-alu- minium for, 151 Strip, aluminium, specifications for, 151 Structure. 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