None
149 of hydrogen and oxygen (Cavendish), 114 of hydrogen and oxygen (Morley), 131, 132 SUBJECT INDEX 567 Apparatus for combustion of organic compounds, 391, 392, 395 of spirit of wine (Lavoisier), r47 for composition of nitric oxide (Gray), 207 of water (Dumas), 126 for decomposing water by iron (Lavoisier), 119 for density of oxygen (Morley), 129 for expansion of gases by heat (Gay-Lussac), 328, 329 for experiments on gases (Hales), 85 ; (Priestley), 85 for exploding hydrogen and oxygen (Cavendish), 115 ; (Monge), 120 for heating mercury in air (Lavoisier), 41 for measuring goodness of air (Priestley), 75 for preparing fluorine (Mois- san), 252 vitriolic acid air (Priestley), 165 for proving dissociation of sal- ammoniac, 521 for separating gas from muri- atic acid (Cavendish), 82 for sparking air over mercury (Cavendish), 189 for studying gases (Mayow), 33 for weighing gases (Caven- dish), 68 Aqua regia, 14 fortis, 14 Argon, 192 Arsenic, atomic weight of, 351, 355 Artiads. Atoms, 291 indestructible, 292 positions in space, 441 Aurum Fulminans, 58 Avogadro constant, 341 Avogadro's Hypothesis, 338 an approximation, 346 Azote, 1 86, 45 B Balanced actions, 124, 498, 503, 504, 508 in gases, 510 568 SUBJECT INDEX Balanced actions, influence of precipitation, 504 influence of vaporisation, 508 Barium, 281 sulphate, structure of, 418 Base, 17, 25 Bases, organic, 433 Benzamide, 400, 417 Benzene, formula for, 440 Benzoic acid, 13 formula of, 393 radical of, 399 structure of, 431 Benzoyl chloride, 400, 407, 417, 418 compounds, 400, 432 radical, 399, 400 Beryllium, atomic weight of, 474 Bicarbonates, analysed by Berg- man, 109 analysed by Cavendish, 109, 69 discovered by Black, 108 Black-lead (see Graphite), 101 Black oxide of manganese, 211 Bleaching, 228 -powder, 228 Blue vitriol, 17 Boiling-point of dry nitrogen peroxide, 530 of nitrous anhydride, 530 Borax, 288 Boric acid, 288 Boron, 288 Boyle's Law, 325 Bromine, 240 properties of, 241 Bronze, 7 Age, 7 Burning, air diminished by, 34 -glass (Lavoisier), 100, 34; (Mayow), 33; Priestley, 39 Butyric acid, 430 Calces, 26 metallic, reduced by charcoal, 95, 139 by hydrogen, 123 Calces, metallic, reduced by po- tassium, 277 Calcination, 26 of mercury, 40 of tin in sealed flasks, 35 Calcined tartar, 3 Calcium, 281 chloride, 282 fluoride, 283 hydroxide, 283 oxide, 283 sulphate, 21 Calc-spar, 105 Calomel, 225 Calomel, dissociation of, 380, 529 Calx of gold, 259 of zinc reduced by charcoal, 137 Caput mortuum, 60 Carbohydrates, 390 Carbon, 98 allotropy of, 101 atomic weight of, 350 compounds, isomerism of, 441 perchloride of, 407 quadrivalent, 437, 438 skeleton, 439 tetrahedral formula for, 441 Carbonated baryta reduced by charcoal by iron, 140 Carbonates, 103 isomorphism of, 369 reduction of, 140, 141 Carbonic acid, 103 anhydride, 103, 251 composition of, by volume, 143 by weight, 145 decomposed by sparking, 144 dissociation of, 516 reduced by charcoal, 142 Carbonic oxide, combustion of, by copper-oxide, 151 composition of, by weight, 151 by volume, 143 density of, 139 discovery of, 137 SUBJECT INDEX 569 Carbonic oxide from carbonic anhydride and charcoal, 142 from smithy scale, 138 from steam and charcoal, 142 preparation from oxalic acid, 151 prepared by reducing car- bonates, 140, 141 and oxygen do not explode when dry, 531 Carbonyl chloride, 440 Caustic potash isolated, 55 Chalk, 5, 48 action of acids on, 52 burning of, 49 , composition of, 378 dissolved by fixed air, 103 formula of, 379 not dissolved by liquid hydro- gen chloride, 533 Charcoal, absorption of gases by, 149 fixed air production from, 95 heated in dry oxygen, 531 purification of, 149 purified by chlorine, 219 Charles's Law, 327 Chemical affinity, laws of, 501 change, conditions of, 528 change as reversed electrolysis, 534 combination, laws of, 296 compounds, 301 equations, 389 Chile saltpetre, 19 Chloral, 408 Chlorate of potash, 227 Chloric acid and chlorates, 228 Chlorides metallic, 225 Chlorine, 212 an element, 220 as an oxide, 213, 218, 222 atomic weight of, 349 discovery of, 211 displaces sulphur and oxygen, 226 dry, does not attack sodium or other metals, 533 Chlorine not an acid, 214 not decomposed by charcoal, 219, 221 plays the part of hydrogen, 410 properties of, 212 radical, 420 -water, decomposed by light, 213 Chlorosulphonic acid, 430 " Choke-damp," 64 Citric acid, 13 composition of, 391 formula of, 393 Classification of the elements (Davy), 450; (Dumas), 452; (Lavoisier), 449; (Mendeleeff), 457, 463; (Newlands), 455 metals and non-metals ; 451 periodic, 462 Clay, 288 Coal gas, 158 Colcothar, 13, 60 Combination, chemical, 301 Combining-power, 434, 435 volumes of hydrogen and nitrogen, 335 and oxygen, 115, 121, 127, 130. 407 SUBJECT INDEX 57i Cyanogen gas, 245 radical, 245, 399 Density of carbonic oxide, 139 of gases, 340, 345 of hydrogen, 129, 481 of nitrogen, nitric oxide, and oxygen, 337 of oxygen, 128 Dephlogisticated air, 40 marine acid (chlorine), 212 Diamond, 5 allotropy of, 101 combustion of, 99 Diatomic gases, 352 radicals, 433 Didymium, 303 Diminished nitrous air (nitrous oxide), 77 Dimorphism, 381 Dissociation, 514 of acetic acid, 523 of aluminium chloride, 361, 380 of ammonia, 517 of ammonium chloride, 521 of calomel, influence of moist- ure on, 529 of carbonic anhydride, 516 of dry nitrous anhydride, 530 of ferric chloride, 361, 380 of ferrous chloride, 361, 380 of hydriodic acid, 239 of nitrogen peroxide, 525 of sal-ammoniac, influence of moisture on, 528 of stannous chloride, 361, 380 of water, 515, 535 Dissolution, 301 Dualistic theory, 394 Dulong and Petit's Law of Atomic Heats, 362 Dutch Liquid, 155 Earths prepared from salts, 57 Ekaaluminium, 476 Ekaboron, 476 Ekamanganese, 478 Ekasilicon, 476 Elastic fluids, 71 Electric battery, 272, 273 in dissolution of metals, 534 current, 271 decomposes alkaline earths, 287 ammonia, 265 potash, 273 salts, 273 soda, 278 water, 272 Electro-chemical theory, 397 Electrolysis, chemical change as reversed, 534 Elements, 112 and compounds, 221 Boyle's views on, 448 classification of (Davy), 450; (Dumas), 452 ; (Lavoisier), 449 ; (Mendeleeff), 457, 465 ; (Newlands), 455 four, of Aristotle, 162, 448 molecular complexity of, 338, 352 weights of, 352 symbols for, 295, 296 Elixir of life, 2 Emerald, 6 Empirical formulae, 373 of salts, 374 Epsom salts, 59, 19 Equivalent of chlorine, 316 of potassium, 316 of silver, 316 Equivalents, 310, 311, 312, 313; 314, 315 and atomic weights, 314 determined by Stas, 315 of acids and bases, 311 relations between, 454 table of, 313 Ethane, 431 Ether, acetic, 402 analysis of, 387, 388 chlorination of, 410 hydrochloric, 402 preparation of, 387 572 SUBJECT INDEX Ether, structure of, 401 sulphuric, 402 vapour-density of, 401 Etherification, 423 Ethers, compound, 401 mixed, 424 Ethylamine, 422 Ethyl chloride, 402, 427, 432, 44° compounds, 403, 432 radical, 402 Ethylene, 155 chloride, 155 chlorination of, 407 preparation from alcohol, 387 Eudiometer, 75 Priestley's, 90 ; Volta's, 122, 123 Even series, 460 Expansion of gases by heat, 325, 327 F Fats, 6 Fermentation, vinous, 388 Ferric chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Ferrous chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Finery cinder, reduced by char- coal, 138 Fire-air, 44 " Fire-damp," 64 Fixed air, 50 a product of combustion, 94 an acid, 101 an oxide of carbon, 97 density of, 67 dissolves chalk and mag- nesia, 103 dissolves iron, 107 dissolves zinc, 103 from burning charcoal, 95 from combustion of dia- mond, 99 of graphite, 101 from mercuric oxide and charcoal, 97 from red-lead and charcoal, 96 Fixed air from reduction of calces, 95 in chalk, 50 in common air, 51, 94 in magnesia, 94 in mild alkalis, 53, 94 in sal-volatile, 56, 94 in water, 51, 94 not produced by combustion of hydrogen, 116 produced by breathing, 385 by burning charcoal, 386 by fermentation, 386 properties of, 94, 385, 386 quantity of, in various com- pounds, 69 reddens litmus, 102 solubility of, 70 Fixed proportions, 296 as a test of chemical com- bination, 300 Flame in vacuo, 30 Fluids, elastic, 71 Fluorine, 233 isolation of, 252 Fluor-spar, 233 crystals of, 234 Formic acid, 430 Formula of chalk, 379 of cinnamic acid, 373 of lead nitrate, 380 of lead oxide, sulphide and sulphate, 374 of potassium chlorate, 378 Formulae, empirical, 373 graphic, 439 molecular, 373 of salts, 374 of volatile compounds, 352 structural, 439 Fuller's earth, 5 Fulminating gold, 58, 260 composition of, 263 Galena, crystal of, 173 Gallic acid, formula of, 393 Gallium, 477 Garnets, isomorphism of, 370 SUBJECT INDEX 573 Gas pingue, 64 sylvestre, 64 Gases, balanced actions in, Boyle's Law, 325 Charles's Law, 327 collected over water, 65 density of, 340, 345 expansion by heat of, 325, 327 Hales' apparatus for experi- ments with, 84 kinetic theory of, 324 Mayow's apparatus for collect- ing, 33, 84 method of weighing, 68 Priestley's apparatus for work- ing with, 86 work on, 70 properties of, 320 specific heats of, 353 stored over mercury, 70 Gay-Lussac's Law of Volumes, 334 Generator for gases, 84 Germanium, 478 Glass, manufacture of, 6 Glauber's salt, 18 Gold, 7 fulminating, 58, 260 Graphic formulae, 439 Graphite, combustion of, 101 allotropy of. 101 Green vitriol, 9, 17 Gum, composition of, 390 formula of, 393 Gun-barrel, 88, 118 Gypsum, 16, 18, 19 II Halogens, 247 Haloid salts, 247 Hardness of water, 105 permanent, 107 temporary, 106 Heat capacity of gases, 353 Hepatic gas, 171 Hot-cold tube (Deville's), 516, 5i7 Hydracids, 247 Hydrides, 227 Hydriodic acid, 239 properties of, 240 Hydrocarbon, 155 Hydrochloric acid and chlorides, 218 displaced by oxalic acid, 509 Hydrocyanic acid and cyanides, 245 Hydrofluoric acid, 234, 235 Hydrogen, 117 and oxygen do not explode when dry, 531 as standard of atomic and molecular weights, 343 atomic weight of, 347 chloride, 218 composition by volume, 222 decomposed by sparking over mercury, 224 gas collected by, Priestley, 82 liquid, properties of, 533 properties of, 82 density of, 481, 129 radical, 420 removed without replacement, 407 theory of acids, Hydrol, 527 Hydro-salts, 264 Hypochlorous acid and hypo- chlorites, 228 Hypoiodous acid, 254 Ice, dense, 528 light, 528 -molecules, 527 Indestructibility of matter, 389 Indicators, 15 Indium, atomic weight of, 475 Inflammable air, 66 density of, 67 Inorganic chemistry, develop- ment of, 383 types, 422 lodic acid, 254 anhydride, 254 Iodide of nitrogen, 239 574 SUBJECT INDEX Iodides, metallic, 238 Iodine, 237 an element, 237 chloride, 238 discovery of, 235 oxide, 238 properties of, 236 Iron, 7 Age, 7 dissolved by fixed air, 107 gain in weight on burning, 28 pure, does not act on copper sulphate, 533 does not dissolve in acids, 533 does not rust, 533 smelting of, 7 water decomposed by, 118 Isomeric change, 399 Isomorphism, 368 complete and incomplete, 381 of alums, 370 of carbonates, 369 of garnets, 370 of manganates, chromates, selenates and sulphates, 371 of perchlorates and perman- ganates, 371 of phosphates and arsenates, 368 of spinels, 382 perfect and imperfect, 382 Isomorphous mixtures, 370 K Kinetic Theory of Gases, 324 Kopp's Law of Molecular Heats, 367 Lactic acid, 13 Laughing gas, 77 Law of fixed proportions, 296, 297 accuracy of, 301 of isomorphism, 369 applications of, 371 exceptions to, 372 Law of multiple proportions, 303 accuracy of, 308 of octaves, 456 of periodicity, 458 of reciprocal proportions, 309 accuracy of, 316 of volumes, 334 an approximation, 334 rejected by Dalton, 335 Laws of chemical combination, 296 Lead, 8 atomic weight of, 303 calcined, 27 in air over water or mer- cury, 34 nitrate, composition of, 379 formula of, 380 sulphate, composition of, 314, 374. 375. Nordhausen oil of vitriol, 13 Nuclei, derived, 416 fundamental, 416 O Octaves, Newlands's, 456 Odd series, 460 Oils, 6 composition of, 391 of bitter almonds, 399 of vitriol, 9, 13 contains sulphur, 163 displaced by nitric acid, 498 sulphur in, 14 Olefiant gas, 155 composition of, 155 decomposed by sparking, 156 discovery of, 154 preparation from alcohol, 387 Ordinals, 493 SUBJECT INDEX 577 Organic analyses, alcohol and ether, 388 of Berzelius, 392, Liebig, 395 ; Gay-Lussac 390 bodies containing metals, 435 chemistry, rise and develop- ment of, 384 compounds, carbon and hy- drogen in, 385 formulae of, 391 Organo-metallic compounds, 435 Orthrin, 401 Oxalic acid, 13 composition of, 391 displaces hydrochloric acid, 509 formula of, 393 Oxidation, 124 Oxide of iodine, 238 Oxides, 43 of nitrogen, composition of, 204 reduced by potassium, 277 Oxyacids, 247 Oxygen, 42 as standard of molecular and atomic weights, atomic weight of, 348 density of, 128 discovery of, 38, 43 displaced by chlorine, 226 from nitre, 44 from nitric acid, 44 from red lead, 39 from red oxide of mercury, 39, 44 Oxymuriatic acid (chlorine), 215 Oxy-salts, 264 Palladium tube, 130 Pearl-ashes, 3, 68 Pearls, 6 Periodic acid, 254 Periodic classification, 462 Law, 459 Periodicity, 457, 458 of atomic heats, 471 HIST. CHEM. Periodicity of atomic volumes, 469 of valency, 468 Peroxide of manganese, 211 of potassium, 283 of sodium, 283 Peroxides, 211 Perissads, 442 Philosopher's stone, 2 Phlogisticated acid of nitre, 198 ; air, 31 Phlogiston, 31 Phosphates and arsenates, iso- morphism of, 368 Phosphonium iodide, structure of, 433 salts, vapour-densities of, 519 Phosphoric acid, and phosphates, 179 displaces sulphuric acid, 509 Phosphoretted hydrogen, 180 from phosphorous acid, 181 not an acid, 181 Phosphoric anhydride, 179 Phosphorous acid and phos- phites, 1 80 Phosphorus, atomic weight of, 35i burning of, 178 distilled in dry oxygen, 531 preparation of, 177 properties of, 178 smouldering of, 179 supposed to contain hydrogen, 265 pentachloride a molecular compound, 442 dissociation of, 523 vapour- density of, 523 Picramyl radical, 409 Plaster of Paris, 16 Plumbago (see Graphite), 101 Polyatomic radicals, 433 Polymerisation, 351 Polymorphism, 372 Polysulphides, 177 Potash, 3 action of heat on, 55 as an element, 257 caustic, isolated, 55 P P 578 SUBJECT INDEX Potash decomposed by electric current, 273 by iron, 275 Potassium, 275 amalgam, 276 chlorate, 227 composition of, 315, 377 formula of, 378 chloride, 276 decomposes water, 277 ethoxide, 423 hydroxide, 284 iodate, 254 iodide, 239 oxidation of, 275 properties of, 2.75 Prehistoric Period, I Principles, three alchemistic, 162, 448 Producer gas, 142 Prom, 400 Propionic acid, 430 Protyl, 482 Prout's hypothesis, 480 and the law of probabilities, 485 tested, 483, 484 Prussian blue, 242 Prussiates, 243 Prussic acid, 242 anhydrous, 24 composition of, 243 structure of, 440 Pyrites, 8 composition of, 174 contains sulphur, 163 crystals of, 9 oxidation of, 174 sulphur in, 14 vitriolisation of, 174 Pyrolusite, 210 Quadrivalency of carbon, 437, 438 Quartz, 288 crystals of, 6 Quicklime. 49 R. Radicals, compound, 245 conjugated, 430 derived, 416 diatomic, 433 fundamental, 416 monatomic, 433 polyatomic, 433 Radio-active elements, 466 Radio-elements, 466 Rare-earth elements, 465, 492 Rathbone Place water, 103 Receiver for gases, 84, 88 Reciprocal proportions, 309 in acids and bases, 310 Red calx of mercury, 39 lead, 8 precipitate, 60, 44 Reduction, 124 Residues, 417 Resin, composition of, 391 Reversible actions, 499, 5OI> I24 Rock-crystal, 6 Rouge, 13 Sal-ammoniac, 5 composition of, 264 crystal of, 4 dissociation of, 521 dry, properties of, 529, 533 influence of moisture on the dissociation of, 528 prepared from acid air and alkaline air, 83 volatile spirit of, 57 " Sal mirabile," 18 Sal sylvii, 20 Sal-volatile, 56 prepared from alkaline air and fixed air, 84 Salt, 3 Boyle's definition of, 3 common, 3 Epsom, 59 Glauber's, 18 sedative, 288 spirit of, 14 SUBJECT INDEX 579 Saltpetre, 5, 8, 19 crystal of, 4 Salts as binary compounds of two radicals, 270 crystallisation of mixed, 505, 5ii decomposed by electric cur- rent, 273 formulae of, 374 insoluble, 1 7 insoluble, action of acids on, 507 neutral, 25 nomenclature of, 16 preparation of, 16 structure of, 394 Sand, 288 Scandium, 477 Sceptical chemist, 448 Sedative salt, 288 Selenite, 16, 18, 19 Semi- water gas, 143 Short periods, 459 Silica, 288 Silicon, 288 Silver, 7 chlorate and chloride, com- position of, 317 chloride, composition of, 354 iodate and iodide, composition of> 317 Slaked lime, 49 composition of 283 Smithy scale, reduced by char- coal, 138 Soda, 3 decomposed by electric cur- rent, 278 Sodium-amalgam, 279 chloride, 286 decomposes water, 279 hydroxide, 284 properties of, 278 sulphate, 21 Solid solutions, 370 Solutions, solid, 370 Specific heats, 364 at high temperatures, 366 at low temperatures, 365, 366,472 Specific heats of metals, 363 of solid elements, 365 Spectra, 475 high-frequency, of the ele- ments, 487, 488, 489 Spirit of hartshorn, 57 of salt, 14 of wood, 403 Spiritus nitro-^neus, 32 Spring of the air, 320 Stalactites, 105, 106 Stalagmites, 105 Stannous chloride, dissociation of, 361, 380 Starch, composition of, 390 formula of, 393 Steam-molecules, 527 Strontium, 281 Structural formulae, 439 Structure of alcoholand ether, 401 of benzene, 440 of organic compounds, 398 of salts, 394 Substitution, 406 -value, 433 Succinic acid, formula of, 393 Sugar, 6 composition of, 390 formula of, 393 of lead, 20 Sulphate of copper, 18 of iron, 18 of lime, 19 of magnesia, 19 of potash, 1 8 of soda, 18 Sulphates, 17 decomposition of, by heat, 169 Sulphides, burning of, 173 conversion to sulphates, 174 metallic, 172 Sulpho-salts, 248 Sulphovinic acid, 402 Sulphur, association and disso- ciation of, 351, 524 atomic weight of, 350 combustion of, 163 crystals of, 163 displaced by chlorine, 226 dissociation of, 524 58o SUBJECT INDEX Sulphur dissolved by alkalis, 171 distilled in dry oxygen, 531 from pyrites, 162 in oil of vitriol, 163 liver of, 170 milk of, 171 native, 162 polymerisation of, 351 supposed to contain hydro- gen, 265 Sulphurets, 172 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 171 an acid, 175 composition of, 171 decomposed by sparking, 172 Sulphuric acid, action on alcohol, 154 and sulphates, 163 composition of, 168, 169, 375. LOAN DEPT. STAV; o u) LD rt! THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY. 