None
Determination of Pentosans by Means of Phloroglucol. — Three grm. of the material are brought into a ten-ounce flask, together with 100 c.c. of 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1'06) and several pieces of recently heated pumice stone. The flask, placed upon, wire gauze, is connected with a Liebig condenser, an.d heat applied, rather gently at first, using a gauze top to distribute the flame, and so regulated as to distill over 30 c.c. in about ten minutes. The 30 c.c. driven over are replaced by a like quantity of the dilute acid by means of a sepa- ratory funnel, and the process continued as long as the distillate gives a pro- nounced reaction with aniline acetate on filter paper. To the completed distillate is gradually added a quantity of phloroglucol dissolved in 12 per cent, hydro- chloric acid, and the resulting mixture thoroughly stirred. The amount of phloroglucol used should be about double that of the furfural expected. The solution first turns yellow, then green ; and very soon an amorphous greenish precipitate appears, which grows rapidly darker, till it finally becomes almost black. The solution is made up to 500 c.c. with 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid, and allowed to stand over night. In case there^is very little furfural in the sub- stance tested, and the resulting distillate consequently small, it is best to add sufficient 12 per cent, hydrochloric acid to the distillate before adding the phloroglucol solution, so that, upon the addition of the latter solution, the resulting mixture will contain approximately 500 c.c. The amorphous black precipitate is filtered into a tared Gooch crucible through asbestos felt, washed with 100 c.c. of water, dried to constant weight by heating from three to four hours at 100°, cooled and weighed, the increase in ADDENDA. 547 weight being reckoned as phloroglucid. To calculate the .furfural from the phloroglucid, use the following table : — Weight of phloroglucid : '20 grm. •22 •24 •26 •28 •30 ••32 •34 •36 •38 •40 •45 •50+ •820 1 •839 •856 •871 •884 •895 •904 •911 •916 •919 •920 1-927 1-930 = furfural. INDEX. ABSINTHE, 161 Absinthin, 134 Absorption spectra, 33 Acarus of sugar, 308 Acetal, 159, 225 Acetaldehyde, 222 Acetate of aluminium, 481 ammonium, 476 amyl, 210 calcium, 476 commercial, 477 copper, 484 ethyl, 215 iron, 481, 482 tincture of, 483 magnesium, 481 methyl, 215 lead, 483 lime, 476 basic, solution of, 484 potassium, 476 sodium, 476 Acetates, detection of, 459 determination of, 460 metallic, 475 reactions of, 456 Acetic acid,. 457 commercial, 463 density of, 458 detection of, 459 determination of, 460 fusing point of, 457 furfural in, 462 - glacial, 457, 458, 464 homologues of, 485 Acetic aldehyde, 222 Acetic ether, 186 Acetone, 75 Acetylene, use of, 38 Achrodextrin, 420 Acids, vegetable, 454 fatty, 485 Aconitates, reactions of, 530 Aconitic acid, 530 Acrolein, 218 Acrylic acid, 495 Albuminoids of cereals, 435 Alcohol, 69 absolute, 85 allyl, 78 amyl, 165 calculations, 87 commercial, 88 definition of, 69 density of, 84 density of diluted, 93 detection of, 90 fusel oil in, 154 methyl compounds in, 79 determination of, 92 by color test, 101 by density, 93 by oxidation, 102 in tinctures, 162 ethyl, 84 methyl, 69 production of, 107 proportion of, in wine, 112 Alcoholic fermentation, 107 liquors, 107 Alcohols, 69 acid derivatives of, 454 hexatomic, 243 in fusel oil, 168 primary, secondary, &c., 168 Aldehyde, 222 acetic, 222 acrylic, 218 formic, 218 resin, 216 trichlor-, 225 valeric, 212 Aldehydes, 216 general reactions, 216 Ale, 127 Alenrometer, 443 Algin, 423 Allyl alcohol, 78 Allylene dichloride, 231 Alum, in bread, 449 in flour, 447 Alumina cream, 257 Amidoglutaric acid, 314 Amidulin, 404 549 550 INDEX. Amyl acetate, 210 alcohol, 165 hydrate, 165 nitrate, 214 nitrite, 211 commercial, 212 Amylsulphuric acid, 166 Amylan, 387 Amyl alcohol, 165 deleterious effects of, 153 detection of, 166 in spirits, 169 determination of, 166, 170 separation of, 167 Amyl in, 387 Amylocellulose, 405 Amyloid, 390 Analysis, definition of, 17 elementary or ultimate, 41 Arabic acid, 424 gum-, 424 Arabin, 422 properties of, 425 Arabinose, 247 Arabinosic acids, 425 Argol, 519 Arrack, 140 Arrowroot, 411 Arsenic in organic bodies, 53 Artificial fruit essences, 214 Assay, definition of, 17 Ash, determination of, 64 of cereals, 446 Asparagine, 313, 448 Aspartic acid, 313 Attenuation, 136 BALLING'S hydrometer, 269 Barley, composition of, 434 sugar, 295 Bassorin, 423, 428 Bastose, 397 Bates' saccharometer, 269, 329 Baume's hydrometer, 23 Beck's hydrometer, 25 Beer, 127 bitter substances in, 133, 545 composition of, 127, 129 definition of, 127 extract in, 127 glycerin in, 109 picric acid in, 135 preservatives in, 132 Beer-wort, original gravity of, 135 — - maltose and dextrin in, 330 solids in, 329 specific gravity of, 328 strength of standard, 328 Beet products, valuation of, 317 Beet-root, composition of, 316 juice, 316 molasses, 313 sugar, 301 Bergamot-juice, 536 Bi-rotation of sugars, 264 Black liquor, 481 Boiling point, 29 Brandy, 141 Bread, 447 Brewing sugar, 375 British gum, 421 Brix hydrometer, 269 Bromethane, 210 Bromide of ethyl, 210 Bromine in organic bodies, 53 Bromoform, 241 Butyl alcohol, 168 chloral, 231 Butyrate of cajeium, 496 copper, 496 ethyl, 515 Butyric acid, 495 determination of, in wine, 491 Butyric chloral, 231 hydrate, 231 CALCIUM acetate, 476 Camphor, compound tincture of, 163 spirit of, 163 Candy, 311 Cane products, valuation of, 317 Cane-sugar, 248, 294 adulterations of, 307 ash of, 302 assay of commercial, 801, 306 composition of commercial, 301 detection of, 298 determination of, 255 in milk, 342 fermentation of, 108, 274 inversion of, 263 manufacture of, 300 optical determination of, 255 specific rotation of, 250 Camose, 294 ^. Capric acid, 488 C_ W Caproic acid, 488, Caprylic acid, 488 Caramel, 296 in spirits, 145 Carbinol, 69 Carbohydrates, 386 density of solutions, 265 Carbon, determination of, in organic bodies, 43 tetrachloride, 240 INDEX. Carbon trichloride, 209 Carragheenin, 423 Cartier's hydrometer, 25 Celluloid, 401 Cellulose, 387, 388 determination of, 391 nitro-, 399 varieties of, 389 Cerasin, 423 Cerealin, 445 Cereals, albuminoids of, 435 composition of, 434 mineral constituents of, 446 Chloraoetic acid, 459 Chloral, 225 alcoholate, 227 butyric or butyl, 231 detection and estimation of, 229 hydrate, 227 — assay of, 229 tests for purity of, 228 meta-, 226 — — preparation of, 225 Chlorethane,-209, 210 Chlorethylene, 209 Chloride of carbon, 209, 240 ethyl, 199, 203 ethylene, 209 ethyl idene, 209 methenyl, 232 methyl, 182, 184 methylene, 240 Chlorine in organic bodies, 53 Chlormethane, 182, 240 Chloroform, 232 commercial, 234 - detection and estimation of, 233 methylated, 235 spirit of, 239 Cider, 125 Citrate of barium, 530, 532 bismuth, 543 calcium, 541 iron, 543 lithium, 541 magnesium, 542 Citrates, properties of, 540 reactions of, 456, 540 Citric acid, 529 commercial, 533 determination of, 531, 532, 538 liquors, assay of, 535 Clean spirit, 147 Clerget's sugar method, 260 Cocculus indicus, 135 Cognac, 149 Collodion, 400 Compound ethers, 181 analysis of, 183 Compound ethers, formation of, 181 in wine, 120 physical properties of, 182 Confectionery, sugar-, 311 Copper, in food, 67 Cordials, 160 Cork, composition of, 394, 396 Corn-cockle, in flour, 454 Cotton fibre, recognition of, 397 Cream of tartar, 524 Croton chloral, 231 Crotonic acid, 231 Crystalline form, 19 Cutose, 394 DAMBOSB, 246 Densities, determination of, 20 of sugar solutions, 266, 268 Dephlegmators, 32 Dextran, 423 Dextrin, 387, 419 commercial, 421 in beer, 131 rotatory power of, 420 syrup, 348 Dextro- glucose, 246 Dextrose, 246, 351 estimation, 246, 346, 375 specific rotatory power of, 353 Diabetic urine, examination of, 344 Diastase, preparation of, 415 Diastasic power of malt, 333, 335 Dichlorethane, 209 Dimethyl-acetal, 75, 225 Dispersion, 33 Distillation, 29 fractional, 30 Draff, in malt, 327 Dulcite, 245 Dutch liquid, 209, 235 EBULLIOSCOPE, 105 Edestin, 436 Elementary analysis, 41 Erythro-dextrin, 414 -mannite, 245 Essences, artificial fruit, 182, 214 Esters, 181 Ether, 176 acetic, 186 assay of, 178 Chlorinated, 226 chloro-carbonic, 234 commercial, 177 methylated, 181 methylic, 181 nitrous, 192 552 INDEX- Ether, nitrous, spirit of, 181 production of, 176 Ethers, compound, 181 Ethyl acetate, 186 alcohol, 84 bromide, 210 butyrate, 182 chloride, 199, 208 chlorinated, 209 disulphocarbonates, 190 ether, 176 iodide, 182 nitrate, 182 nitrite, 191 determination of, 197 oxalate, 86 oxide, 176 — — pelargonate, 182 sulphates, 189 sulphuric acid, 190 Ethylates, 86 Ethylene chloride, 209 dichloride, 209 Ethylidene chloride, 209 Eucalyn or eucalyptose, 247 Eucalypton, 249 Examination, preliminary, 19 Extract, estimation of, in beer, 127 in wine, 113 of malt, 332 1 diastatic power of, 333 FATS, constitution of, 183 Fatty acids, 485 Fehling's solution, 281 action on different sugars, 283 behavior with organic bodies, 529 influence OIL reducing power of, 287 mode of employing, 281, 283, 529 preparation of, 281 titration of glucose by, 282 Feints, 147 Fermentation, acetic, 109 alcoholic, 107, 274 lactoas, 107, 276 of sugar, 107, 274 Fermentative power of malt, 333 Fibres, vegetable, recognition of, 397 Fibrin, vegetable, 436 Finish, methylated, 79 Fixed oils, constitution of, 183 Flax fibre, 398 Flour, adulterations of, 447 alum in, 451 ash of, 446 gluten in, 436 Fluorescence, 33 Foreshote, 147 Formates, reactions of, 456, 493 Formic acid, 493 aldehyde, 218 Formulae, empirical, 42 Fruit essences, artificial, 182, 214 Fumade acid, 510 Fungin, 389 Furfural, 159, 546 in acetic acid, 462, 464 Fusel oil, 150, 167 assay of, 154 constituents of, 150 detection of, in spirits, 154, 170 determination of, in spirits, 154, 171 GALACTAN, 546 Galactose, 247, 357 Gallic acid, reactions of, 456 Gallisin, 115, 360, 544 Gallotanic acid, reactions of. 553 HEMP fibre, recognition of, 398 Hesperidin sugar, 245 Hollands, 141 Homologues of acetic acid,. 485 physical properties of, 485 Honey, 379 examination of commercial, 381 Hop resin, 133 substitutes, 545 Hydrocellulose, 389 Hydrochloric ether, 208 Hydrogen, determination of, inorganic bodies, 43 Hydrometers, graduation of, 23 Hydrostatic balance, 22 IMMISCIBLE solvents, 57 Inorganic matters, 64 Inosite, 247 Inosol, 247 Inulin, 387 Inversion of sugar, 263, 544 Invertase, 108, 300 Invert sugar, 356, 545 Iodine in organic bodies, 53 lodoform, 241 Iron liquor, 481 Iso-butyl alcohol, 168 Iso-butyric acid, 491, 496 Iso-dulcite, 245 Iso-maltose, 373 Iso-valeric acid, 496, 497 Itaconic acid, 530 JUICES, bergamot, lemon, and lime, 536 cane and beet, 315 Jute fibre, composition of, 396 recognition of, 398 KlRSCHWASSER, 141 Kjeldahl method, 45 -Gunning method, 49 Knapp's solution, 286 LACTIC acid, see Vol. IV fermentation, 107, 276 Lactose, 248, 336 Lead in food, 67 Leucosin, 436 Levo-glucose, 246 Levulan, 423 Levuliu, 387 Levulose, 246, 354 Lees, 147, 519 Lemon juice, 535 adulterated, 540 composition of, 535 Lichenin, 387 Lignin, 393 Lignose, 393 Lime juice, 535 Linen, recognition of, 397 Liqueurs, 160 Low wine, 147 Lupulin, 134 MALATE of ammonium, 510 barium, 510 calcium, 510 lead, 510 Malates, reactions of, 456, 510 Maleic acid, 510 Malic acid, 509 in wine, 511 Malt, 322 density of solutions, 266, 325 examination of, 324 extract, 332 liquors, 127 sugar, 248 worts, 136, 328 Malton, 319 Maltose, 247, 319 Mannite, 245, 380 Mannitol, 245 Mannitose, 247 Maraschino, 161 Marc, 141 Meconates, reactions of, 456 Melitose, 249 Melizitose, 249 Melting point, 27 Mercuric nitrate solution, 339 salts, action on sugars, 286 Metals in organic bodies, 53 detection of, 67 Metacellulose, 389 Metacetonic acid, 494 Metachloral, 226 Metaldehyde, 225 Metarabin, 423 Methaldehyde, 218 Methyl acetate, 74, 182 alcohol, 69 carbinol, 84 chloride, 182 chloroform, 210 compounds, detection of, 79 ether, 181 iodide, 182 oxalate, 70 salicylate, 182 554 INDEX. Methylated chloroform, 235 ether, 181 finish, 79 spirit, 78 of nitre, 207 Methylene dichloride, 240 Methylic alcohol, 69 density of, 71 detection of, 79 determination of, 73 preparation of pure, 70 Milk-sugar, 248 detection of, 338 determination of, 338 Mohr's balance, 22 Molasses, 312 Mucedin, 437 Mucic acid, 270, 422 Mucilages, 423 Mucoid sugar, 246 Mucous fermentation, 109 Must, constituents of, 110 Mycose, 249 NEUTRAL alcoholic derivatives, 176 Nitrate of amyl, 212, 214 cellulose, 401 ethyl, 182 sucrose, 297 Nitric acid, action of, on sugars, 270 Nitrite of amyl, 182, 211 ethyl, 182, 191 spirit of, 181 Nitrocellulose, 400 Nitrogen bodies, 44 Nitropentane, 213 Nitrosucrose, 297 Nitrous ether, 192 determination of, 197 spirit of, 192 assay of, 197 Normal solutions, 63 Noyeau, 161, 162 OAT-MEAL, examination of, 412 OEnanthylic acid, 486, 488 Oils, constitution of fixed, 183 Opium in tinctures, 164 Optical properties of organic bodies, 33 rotation, 34 of sugars, 250 saccharim e try, 255 Optically active bodies, 38 Orange juice, 537 Original gravity of worts, 135 Oxalate of antimony, 526 calcium, 506 Oxalates, properties of, 502 reactions of, 456, 502 Oxalic acid, 500 commercial, 505 determination of, 503 reactions of, 456, 502 toxicological examination for, Oxycellulose, 390 Oxygen, determination of, 54 PARACELLULOSE, 389 Paraldehyde, 224 Pararabin, 423 Parchment paper, 390 Paregoric elixir, 163 Pavy's solution, 285 Pectates, 395 Pectin, 423 Pectinose, 247 Pectose, 350 Pelargonates, 182, 488, 489 Pentoic acid, 496 Pentyl acetate, 210 alcohol, 165 Perry, 125 Persitol, 245 Phaseomannite, 247 Phenylhydrazine test, 349 Phosphorus in organic bodies, 53 Physics, 140 Picrotoxin, detection of, in beer, 135 Pinite, 245 Pith, composition of, 395 Plants, proximate analysis of, 429 Poisonous metals, examination for, 66 Polarimeters, construction of, 34 employment of, 255 Polarisation, circular, 34 of sugars, 250 Potato-spirit, 165, 167 Potatoes, assay of, for starch, 418 Porter, 128, 130 Pot ale, 147 Pot-still whisky, 147 Preliminary examination, 19 Proof spirit, 87 Propionic acid, 486, 494 determination of, in wine, 491 Propyl alcohol, 151 Proximate analysis of plants, 429 of woody tissues, 395 Pyrocatechol, 482 Pyrogallic acid, reactions of, 456 Pyrogallol, 456 Pyroligneous acid, 462 Pyrolignite of iron, 481 lead, 483 INDEX. 555 Pyrolignite of lime, 477 Pyroxylin, 400 QUASSIA, detection of, in beer, 133 Quercitol, 245 RACEMIC acid, 513 Raffinose, 245 Reactions of vegetable acids, 456 Rectified spirit, 87, 140 Red liquor, 482 Reducing action of sugars, 279 — on Fehling's solution, 280 Refraction, 33 double, 34 Rhiuanthrine, 454 Robur. 161 Rochelle salt, 525 Rotary power of sugars, 250 Rotatory power of organic bodies, 34 Rum, 142 bay, 143 essence of, 182 SACCHARIC acid, 270 Saccharimetry, optical, 255 Saccharin, 278 Saccharine solutions, density of, 266, 268 Saccharinic acid, 278 Saccharoids, 245 Saccharometers, 269 Saccharoses, 248, 294 Saccharum, 358 Sachsse's mercurial solution, 286 Salicylateof methyl, 182 Salicylic acid in beer, 132. in wine, 118 Saponification, 183 Schnapps, 141 Schweitzer's reagent, 388 Scyllite, 247 Seidlitz powders, 525 IS Sinodor, 481 Sizal, 398 Solidifying points of organic bodies, 27 Solvents, action of, 54 immiscible, 57 Sorbin, 247 Sorbinose, 247 Sorbite, 245 Soxhlet's tube, 55 solution, 288 Specific gravity, 20 bottle, 21 of saccharine solutions, 266 Specific rotatory power, 38 of sugars, 250 tables of, 254, 353 of cane sugar, 254 of dextrose, 254 — of maltose, 254 Spectra, absorption, 33 Spectroscope, 33 Spirit indication, 136 of camphor, 164 of nitrous ether, 192 analysis of, 197 of wine, 84 methylated, 78 proof, 87 Spirits, 140 examination of, 143 flavoring substances in, 146, Sprengel's tube, 22 Standard solutions, 63 Squibb's acetone process, 76 hydrometer, 21 specific gravity bottle, 21 Starch, 403 commercial, 403 corpuscles, structure of, 405 detection of, in coffee, 413 determination of, 414 in potatoes, 418 isomers of, 387 microscopic characters of, 408 reaction of, with iodine, 413 soluble, 404 sugar, 351, 358 detection of, in cane sugar, 309 in honey, 381 subliming point, 28 Succinates, reactions of, 456, 507 Succinic acid, 506 — commercial, 508 determination of, 117, 508 formation of, 109 reactions of, 456, 507 Succinic anhydride, 507 Sucrates, 297 Sucro-dextrose, 246 Sucro-lev.ulose, 246 Sucrose, 248, 294 Sugar, adulterations of, 307 beet, 304 brewing, 375 cane, 248, 294 commercial, 300 crystallisablfe in raw, 306 fermentation of, 274 grape, 246 inversion of, 271 invert, 356 556 INDEX. Sugar malt, 248, 319 maple, 301 milk, 336 «• mucoid, 246 palm, 300 purity, co-efficient of, 318 solutions, clarification of, 256 density of, 266, 268 sorghum, 301 Sugar-acarus, 308 Sugar-beet, composition, 316 Sugar-cane, composition, 315 Sugar-confectionery, 311 Sugars, 243 action of acids on, 270 alkalies on, 277 as reducing agents, 279 assay of commercial, 306, 317 bi-rotation of, 264 classification of, 243 density of solutions of, 266, 268 inversion of, 263 isolation of, 263 non-fermentable, 245 reaction with Fehling's solution, 280 — r- recognition of various, 291 relations of, to polarised light, 250 specific rotation of, 250 table of, 254 Sulphates in wine, 119 Sulphites, 119 Sulphovinic acid, 190 Sulphur in organic bodies, 53 Sulphuric acid, action on sugars, 270 Sweet spirit of nitre, 164 Synanthrose, 249 TABARIE'S method, 103 Tartar, 519 assay of, 520 cream of, 526 emetic, 526 Tartaline, 520 Tartaric acid, 512 commercial,. 516 determination of, 514 in citric acid, 534 in wine, 117 liquors, assay of, 516 reactions of, 514 varieties of, 513 Tartrate of ammonium, 527 antimony, 526 calcium, 527 copper, 528 potassium, 524, 525 and antimony, 526 Tartrate, potassium, and hydrogen, 524 and iron, 526 and sodium, 525 Tartrates, 523 reactions of, 456, 523 Tea spirit, 161 Tetrachloride of carbon, 240 Tinctures, 162 deposits from, 164 Tragacanth gum, 428 Tragacanthin, 423/428 Transition tint, 35 Treacle, 312 Trehalose, 249 Trichloracetic acid, 230 Trichloraldehyde, 225 Trinitrocellulose, 401 Twaddeli's hydrometer, 23 ULMIC acid, 393 Ultimate analysis, 41 Urine, sugar in diabetic, 344 VALEEAL, or valeraldehyde, 218 Valerates, 497 Valerianic acid, 497 Valeric acid, 496 commercial, 498 reactions of, 497 Vanillin in molasses, 314 Vapor densities, 261 Vaseulose, 393 Vegetable acids, reactions of, 456 fibres, recognition of, 397 mucilages, 423 Verdigris, 484 Vinasse, 314 Vinegar, 465 acetic acid in, 466 aromatic, 472 ash of, 471 cider, 467, 471 eels, 475 factitious, 468 flies inr 475 glucose, 468 malt, 467 mineral acids in, 472 perry, 467 proof, 466 sugar, 468 sulphuric acid in, 473 tartaric acid in, 475 wine, 467 wood, 472 Vinous fermentation, 110 Viscose, 423 INDEX. 557 WESTPHAL balance, 23 Whisky, 143 fusel oil in, 147 Wiley's extractor, 55 ebullioscope, 105 Wine, 110 alcohol in, 112 analysis of, 113 antimonial, 526 artificial, 125 coloring matters in, 120 composition of, 112 ethers in, 85 extract in, 114 gallisin in, 115 glycerin in, 114 malic acid in, 118 organic acids in, 118 plastering of, 118 propionic acid in, 491 salicylic acid in, 118 spirit of, 84 succinic acid in, 118, 508 sugar in, 114, 123 tannin in, 116 Wine, tartaric acid in, 116 valeric acid in, 491 volatile acidg in, 116, 490 Wood gum, 423 naphtha, 72 spirit, 72 assay of, 73 Woody tissues, analysis of, 395 composition of, 393 Wort, original gravity of, 135 strength of standard, 328 XANTHATES, 190 Xanthic acid, 191 X-ray, application of, 34 YEAST, action of, 149, 274 ZEIN, 440 Zinc in food, 67 Zymom, 437. 