None
Indian Yellow or Purree consists of an organic compound of magnesia, and is obtained from the urine of the camel. Greens. Among the many pigments that owe their green colour essen- tially to copper, the following are important : — Bremen Green is copper hydroxide [Cu(H0)2], obtained in various hues by mixing with barium sulphate. Casselman's Green. — A basic compound formed by mixing together boihng solutions of copper sulphate and an alkahne acetate. This salt is, next to the arsenic compounds, the finest of all the colours obtained from copper. Mineral Green, or Scheele's Green, is copper arsenite (CuHAsOg). Schweinfurt Green or Emerald Green. — This is the most beautiful, but also most poisonous of all the copper pigments. It is really an aceto-arsenite of copper, and may be made by adding sodium acetate and arsenious acid to a solution of copper sulphate. It is a well-known fact that paperhangings containing this pigment, and pasted on damp walls, cause the inmates of the rooms to suffer from headaches, due probably to volatile arsenical compounds being formed. 556 Service Chemistry Verdigris is a subacetate of copper. As a water-colour it is very unstable. Chrome Green, Viridian Green, are usually chromium oxides (CrgOg), prepared by adding sodium hydroxide or carbonate to a solution of chromic chloride. Chrome greens, however, vary much in composition, in some cases consisting of the phosphate [CraCPOJ.J. They have good body, and do not affect other colours with which they may be mixed. Terre Vert, as indicated by its name, is found as a green earth, which is a very permanent green, consisting mainly of an oxide and silicate of iron. Other greens are compounded from yellows and blues ; if such mixtures {e.g. as Prussian blue mixed witli raw or burnt sienna or Vandyke brown) be exposed to light, the green colour gives place to brown, on account of the Prussian blue fading. If the faded colour be then kept for some time in the dark, the colour returns. BliUES. Ultramarine. — This is a double siUcate of alumina and soda, and contains sulphur in the form of sulphide, but no definite formula has been found for it. It occurs native as " lapis lazuli." The commercial product is obtained by heating together soda, clay, sulphur and charcoal in various proportions. It is first white, but quickly turns green (green ultramarine), and when this is heated with sulphur in presence of air it becomes blue without change of composition. Ultramarine is unacted on by alkalies, but is readily decomposed by acids with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen. Cobalt and Smalt Blues are exceedingly permanent under all ordinary conditions . They ari' prepared by dissolving cobaltous oxide in a fused acid silicate, which yields a glass of magnificent blue colour, which is ground to a fine powder. Cserulean Blue is a stannate of cobalt used for scene-painting. Prussian Blue is ferrocyanide of ii-on [Fe4(FeC6Ne)3] ; it is made by adding a ferric salt to potassium ferrocyanide, when Prussian blue is precipitated. It is readily destroyed by alka- lies. The pigment is soluble in oxalic acid and niolvbdic acid. Browns 557 Antwerp Blue is a compound of Prussian blue and alumina, but it lias been almost completely superseded Ijj- Bnmnwick blue, which is a mixture of Prussian blue and bartya. Indigo is the blue colouring matter obtained from several species of indigofera. The leaves are macerated in water, when they undergo oxidation, forming a yellow solution, which, on exposure to the air, deposits indigo in the form of a dark blue powder. The pigment is soluble in Nordhausen sulphuric acid, forming a deep blue solution. For dyeing purposes the cloth is dipped in a vat containing one part of indigo, two parts of ferrous sulphate, and three parts of slaked lime, to about 200 parts of water. On exposure to air the cloth becomes permanently blue by the deposition of insoluble blue indigo. Indigo has also been prepared synthetically. Browns. Raw and Burnt Umber consists of a native ore of iron, con- taining a little manganese. The pigments are permanent. Sepia is extracted from cuttlefish, and consists of carbonaceous matter and animal gelatine. Madder Brown is extracted from the madder root, and is very apt to fade, whilst Vandyke Brown and the Brown Ochres are oxides of iron, and are quite permanent. From a series of experiments made on the action of light on water colours, the following notes may be of interest.^ Paper painted with simple colours and mixtures was exposed to light under different conditions, with the following results. Mineral colours are far more stable than vegetable colours. The presence of moisture and oxygen is in most cases essential for a change to be effected, even in the vegetable colours. It may be said that every pigment is permanent when exposed to light " in vacuo." The effect of Ught on a mixture of colours which have no direct chemical action on one another, is that the unstable colour disappears, and leaves the stable colours unaltered appreciably. Experiments also show that the rays which produce by far • "Report of the Action of Light on Water Colours," by Russell and Abuey. 558 Service Chemistry the greatest change in a pigment are the blue and violet com- ponents of white hght, and that these for equal illumination predominate in light from the sky, whilst they are less in sunlight and in diffused cloud hght, and are present in comparatively small proportion in the artificial hght usually employed in hghting a room or gallery. Experiments have also shown that about a century of exposure would have to be given to water-colour drawings in galleries hghted as are those at South Kensington, before any very marked deterioration would be visible in them, if painted with any but the more fugitive colours ; and that when the illumination is of the same quality as that of gaslight, or of the electric glowlight, rendered normally incandescent, and of the same intensity as that employed in those galleries, an exposure to be reckoned by thousands of years would be necessary to produce the same results. Plate II. Fic. I. EuTKCTic Alloy, Bismuth-Tin, WITH EXCESS METAL. I'K;. 2. An TLMONY-TlN Al.LO^ \V1 1 H LKVblALb OF Sb-Sn. Plate III. 1' Il„ 1. II AKI) KOI.l-KII I'.KASS. Ku;. 2. Annealed Bras^.- I'OLYHKIlKAL STRUrxURE. Fig. 3. .\NNEALLiJ Brass- Fig. 4. MUNTZ MEIAL (annealed). ''I ATI. I\. '•"l'-- 1- I'KAKI ■ > «/* ^ ■ ■ - ""'-' '"""'-£;;,;;r""™ '-"■'",,„ Pi ATK y. t'lli. I. lllCII ( 'ARIION SrivKI CEMI'.X'I HE (NlCKIUJis) WITH I'KAKI.I I I:. I''ii;. 2. ArsiiCMiE (LiGiri) a.n] .Mar I E.NSITE (riAKK). Plate VI. I''l(;. I ( HlENCHIil) SlKIU. — Martknsitk. - ^' I'IG. 2. Sui.rni'K Seiikecai'e (in centre). •>';■, -i^' >S-j -**^ Fig. I. SuLPHUK print of rolled Si EEL Bar. Plate VII Fig. 2. Segregate in Steel. APPENDIX Drachms. 1= 16= 256= 7,168= 28,672= 1,792 573,440 = 30,840 16 448 WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES. AVOIEDUPOIS WEIGHT. o^- lbs- qrs. cwts. ton. 0-0625= 0-0039= 0-000139= 0-000035=0-00000174= 1 = 0-0625= 0-00223 = 0-000568=0-000028 = 1 = 0-0357 = 0-00893 =0000447 = 28 = 1 = 0-25 =0-0125 = 112 =40 = 1 =0-05 =2,240 =80 =20 French grammes. 1-771846 28-34954 453-59 12,700 50,802 = 1,016,048 Ins. 1= 12= 36= 72= 198= 7,920= feet. 0-083= 1 = 3 = 16i 660 LONG MEASURE. 63,360=5,280 yards. 0-02778= 0-333 = 1 = = 6i = 220 =1,760 fath. 0-0139= 0-1667= 0-5 = poles. furl. mile. French metres. 0-005 =0-000126=0-0000158= 0-0606=0-00151 =0-0001894= 0-182 =0-00454 =0-000568 = = 1 = 0-364 =0-0091 =0-001136 = = 2i =1 =0-025 =0-003125 = =110 = 40 =1 =0-125 = 201-16 =880 =320 =8 =1 =1,609-315 00254 0-3048 0-9144 1-8287 5-0291 MEASURE OP CAPACITY. Pints. galls. cubic ft. litres. 1 = 0-125 = 0-02 = 0-5676 8 = 1 = 0-1604 = 4-541 16 = 2 = 0-3208 = 9-082 64 = 8 = 1-283 = 36-32816 512 = 64 = 10-264 = 290-625 2,560 = 320 = 51-319 = 1,453-126 5,120 = 640 = 102-64 = 2,906-25 1 gallon = 277i cubic in. = 0-16 cubic ft. = 10 lbs. dist. water = 4-543458 litres. 1 cubic ft. X 6-2355 = gallons. 1 cubic metre = 35-317 cubic ft. 1 grain = 0-064799 gram. 1 lb. avoir. = 0-453593 kilogram. USEFUL DATA. 1 lb. avoir. = 16 oz. = 7,000 grains = 453-59 grammes = 1-21527 lb. troy. 1 lb. troy = 12 „ = 5,760 „ = 373-242 „ = 0-82285704 lb. avoir. 1 oz. avoir. = 437-5 grains = 28-35 grammes = 0-9114583 oz. troy. 1 cubic cent. = 0-061113 cubic in. = 0-282 fl. drms. = 0-00176 pint = 0-0352 fl. oz. 1 cubic ft. = 28315-3 c.c. = 6-2321 gallons = 28-3153 litres = 997-1364 fl. o z. 49-8568 pints 1 gallon = 0-16046 cubic feet = 277-274 cubic in. = 4-54346 litres. 1 cubic in. = 16-386 c.c. = 0-577 fl. oz = 0-0164 litre = 0-02885 pint. ■ 1 litre = 0-035316 cubic ft. = 0-220096 gallon = 61-0270 cubic in. = 1-761 pint. Ifl.oz. =28-396 c.c. = 1-7329 cubic in. 1 pint = 567-919 c.c. = 0020057 cubic ft. = 34-659 cubic in. = 0-567920 litre. 1 gramme = 0-002204 lb. = 0-03527 oz. = 15-432348 grains. 1 cubic ft. air (at 0" 0. and 760 mm.) = 00807 lbs. 1 lb. air ( „ „ ) = 12-35 cubic ft. 560 Service Chemistry Table op the coerbsponding Heights of the Baeometer IN Millimeters and English Inches. MUli- English Milli- English Milli- English meters inches 28-347 1 meters inches meters inches 720 739 = 29-095 758 = 29-843 721 = 28-386 740 = 29-134 759 29-882 722 = 28-425 741 = 29-174 760 = 29-922 723 = 28-465 742 29-213 761 29-961 724 = 28-504 743 = 29-252 762 = 30-000 725 = 28-543 744 29-292 ' 763 = 30-039 726 = 28-583 745 = 29-331 764 = = 30-079 727 = 28-622 i 746 = 29-370 765 = = 30-118 728 = 28-662 747 = = 29-410 766 = = 30-158 729 = = 28-701 748 = 29-449 767 = 30-197 730 = = 28-740 749 29-488 768 = 30-236 731 = 28-780 750 = = 29-528 769 = 30-276 732 = = 28-819 751 29-567 770 = 30-315 733 = 28-858 752 = = 29-606 771 = 30-355 734 = 28-898 753 = = 29-645 772 = 30-394 735 = 28-937 754 29-685 773 = = 30-433 736 28-976 755 = 29-724 774 = 30-473 737 = = 29-016 756 29-764 775 = = 30-512 738 = 29-055 757 = = 29-803 Density op Sea Water on various Scales. Density or specific gravity 1-025 at 0°C. 1-05 1-09 1-2 = ^ salinometer = 10° densimeter. = i „ =20° = ^ „ =30° = 3^ „ =70° „ Appendix 561 Table fok Converting Degrees of the Centigrade Ther- mometer INTO Degretss of Pahrbnheit's Scale. Centigrade. JTahrenheit. Centigrade. Falirenlieit. Centigrade. I'alircnlieit. -90° -130" 40° 104 170 338° 85 121 45 113 170 347 80 112 50 122 180 350 75 103 55 131 185 365 70 94 60 140 190 374 65 85 65 149 195 383 60 76 70 158 200 392 55 67 75 167 205 401 50 58 80 176 210 410 45 49 85 185 215 419 40 40 90 194 220 428 35 31 95 203 225 437 30 22 100 212 230 446 25 13 105 221 235 455 20 -4 110 230 240 464 15 + & 115 239 245 473 10 14 120 248 250 482 -5 23 125 257 255 491 0 32 130 266 260 500 +5 41 135 275 265 509 10 50 140 284 270 518 15 59 145 293 275 527 20 68 150 302 280 536 25 77 155 311 285 545 30 86 160 330 290 554 35 95 165 329 295 563 To convert °F. to °C. To convert °C. to °F, (°F. - 32) X 5 _ op 9 ^• "C. X9 + 32 = °F. 2 0 TABLE OP ELEMENTS. EleiiientEj. Symbol. Atomic weight. Specific lieat. 0 = 16 Aluminiuin Al 27-1 0-219 Antimony Sb 120-2 0049 Argon .. A 39-88 — Aisenic As 74-96 0-083 Barium Ba 137-37 — Bismuth Bi 208-0 0-030 Boron .. B 11-0 0-254 Bromine Br 79-92 — Cadmium Cd 112-40 0-054 Caesium Cs 132-81 0-048 Calcium Ca 40-07 0-180 Carbon C 12-00 variable Cerium Ce 140-25 0-044 Chlorine CI 35-46 — Chromium Cr 52-0 0-104 Cobalt .. Co 58-97 0-103 Columbiima Cb 93-5 — Copper Cu 63-57 0-093 Dysprosium. Dy 162-5 — Erbiimi Er 167-7 — Europium Eu 152-0 — Fluorine F 19-0 — Gadolinium. Gd 157-3 — Gallium Ga 69-9 0-079 Germanium. Ge 72-5 0-074 Gluoinum Gl 9-1 — Gold .. Au 197-2 0-032 Helium He 3-99 — Holmium Ho 163-5 — Hydrogen H 1-008 — Indium In 114-8 — Iodine .. I 126-92 0-054 Iridium Ir 193-1 0-032 Iron Pe 55-84 0-112 Krypton Kr 82-92 — Lanthanum. La 139-0 0-045 Lead .. Pb 207-10 0031 Lithium Li 6-94 0-940 Lutecium Lu 174-0 — Magnesium Mg 24-32 0-245 Manganese Mn 54-93 0-122 Mercury .. Hg 200-6 0-033 Molybdenum. Mo 96-0 0-066 Neodymium. Nd 144-3 — Appendix 56S Elcuieuts. Symbol. Atomic weight. Specific heat. o = ie Neon .. Ko 20-2 Nickel .. Ni 58-68 0-109 Niton (radium emanation). Nt 222-4 — Nitrogen N U-01 — Osmium Os 190-9 0-031 Oxygen O 16-00 — Palladixmi Pd 106-7 0-069 l^hosphorus P 31-04 0-202 Platinima Pt 190-2 0-032 Potassium K 39-10 0-166 Praseodymium Pr 140-0 — Radium Ka 22()-4 — Rhodium Rh 102-9 0-008 Rubidiiun RIj 8.")-4o — Rutlienium Ru 101-7 0-061 Samarium Sa 150-4 — Scandium Sc 44-1 — Selenivun So 79-2 0-084 Silicon Si 28-3 0-165 SUver Ag 107-88 0-056 Sodium Na 23-00 0-293 Strontium Sr 87-63 — Sulphur S 3207 — Tantalum Ta 181-5 — Tellurium Te 127-5 0-048 Terbium Tb 159-2 — Thalliiun TI - 204-0 0-032 Thorium Th 232-4 0-027 Thulium Tm 168-5 — Tin Sn 119-0 0-052 Titanium Ti 48-1 0-112 Tungsten W 184-0 0-034 Uranium U 238-5 — Vanadium V 51-0 0-115 Xenon Xe 130-2 — ■ Ytterbium (Neoytterbium). 2 m a> b^ ,< S,5 o . - 3 , o 4j © r2 ^ .Th - 1-a a ■ s §.-= S -•^ c S S o e H 08 Appendix 567 i> 1 MM 1 1 CO -■ CO 0 1 1 1 •■= 1 1 1 (M ^ CO 1 1 1 CI 10 -< (N Tt* ,, CO l^ CO CO 1^ 1' l^ t- ir^ l-^ vy r/1 i-^ 1^ 0^00 -H 10 iO , ^ — < , <-i <-> 0 »c 0 r-t  10 0 600 0 66 ' 0 0 0 000 0 0 CO 10 t^ <N CO l^ IN ^ CO •^ f- 1 0 OS -^ -* •—I t- 00 1-4 OS CO 00 0 0 F-l 00 00 CO 0 CO X 1 iM CO X (N CO 0 10 10 :£) t^ i> 10 -H rt 0 0 rt 1— 1 00 1 ^ 0 1—1 0 OS OS CS 0 OS 10 10 iC I- f 0 -t IM (N 00 t- 00 00 0 ■* 05<M X t^ IN CO t^ f-l 0 10 «— ( 10 (M -^^ CO :0 0 0 0 00 05(N IN 0 W 10 Ml 0 CO 10 10 CD 0 !>. a « 10 a s •3 • CO 5? <?" . c- . . . 0 c^ a 50%,Eng 50% German Italian 0 _ , S5 0 „ eo_r • • .... 1 1 >iCO 3 10 S 5 0 0 s 0 2 Rifleite, EngUsh Shot gun rifleite Kynoch's smokeless trocellulose with nitrog] ^•a £ g aj. 6 /nitroglycerin, " \insol. nitrocell >> 99 s» >> )» J» U as ^ ^ ^ ^•a S 0 -*J CD 1 a 11 a^s q" " " " xperimental — Nitroglycerin, 20% Insol. nitrocell., 80% Nitroglycerin, 20% Sol. nitrocell., 80% g ^21 0 W 568 Service Chemistry Table of the Tension of Aqueous Vapoub expressed in Inches of Mbrouey, at 32° F., fob each degree P., BETWEEN 0° AND 100°. Temp. Inches of Temp. Inches of j Temp. Inches of Temp. Inches of °r. Mercury. °F. Mercury.. o-g Mercury. °V. Mercury. 0 0-0439 26 0-1395 51 0-3742 76 0-8964 1 0-0459 27 0-1457 52 0-3882 11 0-9266 2 0-0481 28 0-1522 53 0-4026 78 0-9577 3 0-0503 29 0-1589 54 0-4175 79 0-9898 4 0-0526 30 0-1660 55 0-4329 80 1-0227 5 00551 31 0-1733 56 0-4488 81 1-0566 6 0-0576 32 0-1810 57 0-4653 82 1-0915 7 0-0603 33 0-1883 58 0-4822 83 1-1274 8 0-0630 34 0-1959 59 0-4997 84 1-1643 9 0-0659 35 0-2038 60 0-5178 85 1-2023 10 0-0689 36 0-2119 61 0-6364 86 1-2413 11 0-0721 37 0-2204 62 0-5556 87 1-2815 J2 00753 38 0-2291 63 0-5755 88 1-3228 13 0-0788 39 0-2381 64 0-5959 89 1-3652 14 0-0823 40 0-2475 65 0-6170 90 1-4088 15 0-0861 41 0-2571 66 0-6388 91 1-4537 16 0-0899 42 0-2672 67 0-6612 92 1-4998 17 0-0940 43 0-2775 68 0-6843 93 1-5471 18 0-0982 44 0-2882 69 0-7081 94 1-5958 19 0-1027 45 0-2993 70 0-7327 95 1-6457 20 0-1073 46 0-3108 71 0-7580 96 1-6971 21 0-1121 47 0-3226 72 0-7841 97 1-7498 22 0-1171 48 0-3349 73 0-8109 98 1-8039 23 0-1223 49 0-3476 74 0-8386 99 1-8595 24 0-1278 50 0-3607 75 0-8671 100 1-9170 2r, (11335 j 1 Boiling Point and Latent Heat of Water under varying Pressures. Pressure. Boiling Point. Latent Heat. 1 atmo.sphere 2 3 !', 4 5 6 212° Fahr. 249° „ 273° „ 291° „ 306° „ 319° „ 966 thermal units. 940 923 910 900 891 INDEX Abel heat test, 291 Abel process — ^gun-cotton, 257 Acetone, 280 Acetylene, U3, 479 Acetylene series, 137 Acid-forming oxides, 68 Acid salts, 70 Acids, 68 Action of light on colours, 557 Aerated waters, 161 Aich's metal, 511 Air, analysis of, 222 ; composition of, 221 ; impurities in, 226 ; minor con- stituents of, 224 ; weight of, 219 Air-coke gas, 198 Air-injection of oil fuel, 187 Alabaster, 478 Alcohol as fuel, 192 Allcahne earths, 474 Allotropic modifications, 64 Alloys, 489 Alloy steels, 417 Aluminium, 453 ; brass, 512 ; bronze, 515 ; compounds, 455 ; in iron, 417 ; metallurgy, 453 ; properties, 454 Alums, 455 Amalgams, 450 American smokeless powder, 298 Amide powder, 276 Ammonia gas, 205 ; fixed, 149 ; free, 149 ; in air, 224 ; soda process, 485 Ammoniaoal gas liquor, 148 Ammonium amalgam, 208 ; compounds, 487 ; nitrate powders, 276 ; sulphate, 207 Amorphous phosphorus, 361 ; sulphur, 321 Analysis, 7 Anhydrides, 68 Anhydrite, 128, 477 Aniline, 148 Annealing of steel, 423 Anode, 55 Anthracite, 178 Anti-fouling compositions, 542 Anti-friction metals, 499, 518 Anti-incrustators, 132 Antimony, 470 Antwerp blue, 557 Argon, 223 Armour plate, 425 Aromatic series, 144 Arsenic, 368 Arseniuretted hydrogen, 369 Arterial blood, 81 Asbestos, 474 .Asphalt protectives, 535 Atmosphere, 219 Atmospheric nitrogen, 217 Atomicity, 29 Atomic theory, 15 ; volume, 75 ; weight, 22 Atoms, 16 Austenite, 501 Aureohn yellow, 554 Avogadro's law, 18 Ballistitb, 287 Ballooning, 42 BariUa, 484 Barium, 479 Barometer, 220 Baryta water, 479 Baryta, white, 551 ; yellow, 554 Basic oxides, 09 ; salts, 71 Bathstone, 350 Battery cells, 40 Bauxite, 454 Baysalt, 482 Bearing alloys, 499, 518 Beehive coke oven, 181 Belgian smokeless powder, 298 Bell metal, 512 Bengal lights, 475 Benzene, 143 ; as fuel, 192 ; series, 137 Bessemer process, acid, 402 ; basic, 405 for copper, 433 Bichromate cell, 53 Bichromates, 470 Binary alloys, 493 Birkeland nitrogen process, 218 Biscuit ware, 353 Bismuth, 472 Bismuth-tin alloy, 495 Bittern, 482 Bituminous coal, 178 Black ash, 483 Black jack, 446 570 Index Black pigments, 551 Blast furnace, 383 ; charge, 386 ; gas, 200, 386; oil, 190; mulions in, 387 Blasting explosives, 303 ; gelatine, 280, 311 ; powder, 306 Bleaching by chlorine, 335 ; by sulphur, 325 Bleaching powder, 339 Blending gunpowder, 245 BHster copper, 432 ; steel, 399 Blood, arterial, 80 ; venous, 80 Blow-holes in castings, 392 Blue pigments, 556 Blue vitriol, 438 B. N. powder, 298 Bobbinite, 306 Bohemian glass, 351 Boiler corrosion, 524 ; incrustation, 123 ; incrustation, analysis of, 127 ; incrus- tation, chalk in, 125 ; gypsum in, 126 ; incrustation, magnesia in, 128 ; scale, 129; scale, prevention of, 131; scale, waste due to, 131 Boiling point, 103 Bomb calorimeter, 171 Bone black, 135 Boron, 358 Bottle glass, 351 Boul^nge chronograph, 246 B. 0. V. acid, 330 Boyle's law, 19 Brass, 508 Bremen green, 555 Bricks, 364 British Thermal Unit, 167 Erin's oxygen process, 62 Bromides, 343 Bromine, 342 Bronze, 512 Browning gun barrels, 472 Brown coal, 178 ; ochres, 557 Brown pigments, 557 Brunswick blue, 557 Building materials, 354 BuUets, 441 Bunker explosions, 139 Bunsen cell, 53 ; flame, 153 Burners for oil fuel, 184 Bumettising fluid, 449 Burnt steel, 424 ; umber, 557 Butter of antimony, 471 Cadmium, 449 ; yellow, 450, 554 Cserulean green, 556 Calamine, 446 Calcium, 476 ; carbide, 478 ; compounds, 476 ; hypochlorite, 340 ; phosphide, 365 Caliche, 344 Calomel, 451 Calorie, 167 Calorific values, alcohol, 193 ; blast furnace gas, 200 ; calculation of, 167 ; charcoal, 177 ; coal gas, 194 ; coke, 181; coke oven gas, 195; fuel fpils, 189 ; mixed fuel gases, 200 ; jieat, 178 ; jjroduccr gas, 198 ; water gas, 197 ; wodd, 176 Calorimeters, 170 ; Lewis Thompson, 173; Mahler, 171 ; Parr, 174 Carbides, 182, 478 ; in steel, 399, 504 Carbon, 135 ; in iron, 415 ; in steel, 504 Carbonates, 160 Carbon dioxide, 157 ; in air, 225 ; in water, 160 ; liquid, 162 ; solid, 162 Carbonic acid, 159 Carbonite, 311 Carbon monoxide, 163 Carmine, 554 Carnallite, 342 Case hardening, 401 Casselman's green, 555 Cast iron, 391 ; as an alloy, 500 Causes of chemical action, 4 ; smoke in explosives, 275 Caustic soda, 483 Cellulose, 166, 256 Cement, 356 ; copper, 435 ; protectives, 537 Cementation process, 398 Cementite, 399, 504 Chalk, 477 Chamber acid, 327 ; crystals, 329 Charcoal, absorption by, 136 ; burning, 84, 176 ; calorifio value, 177 ; spon- taneous ignition, 83 Charles' law, 19 Chemical change, 1 Chemical compounds, 7 Chili saltpetre, 216 Chilled eastings, 390 Chinese white, 449, 551 Chloride of hme, 339 Chlorides, 338 Chlorine, 333 Chlorine monoxide, 339 Chlorophyll. 166, 226 Choke damp, 140 Chrome, green, 556 ; red, 553 ; yellow, 554 Chrome steel, 420 Chromic acid, 470 Chromite, 469 Chromium, 469 Chronograph, 246 Cinnabar, 450 Circulation of blood, 80 ; water, 106 Clark's process, 113 Classification of elements, 74 Clay, 352 Clouds, formation of, 107 Coal, anthracite, 178 ; absorptive powers, 88 ; bituminous, 178 ; brasses, 85 ; brown, 178 ; dust explosions, 304 Index 571 Ooal gas, 1 14; as fuel, 194; composition, 14!t; iniriliciition, 145; ignition pciint, >Sli ; Silkstonc, 180 ; spontaneous igni- tion, 85; AViillscnd, 180 Culwlt, Hi7 ; glance, 1(17 ('ocoa piiM'ck'i', 'I'M (Joko oven, 180 ; oven gus, 105 ; re- covery plant, 180 Cold shortness in iron, 416 Collodion cotton, 256 Colloids, 350 Colour, 548 ; action of light on, 557 Combustion, definition of, 78 ; heat of, 35, 68 ; rate of, 78 ; reciprocal, 77 ; slow, 80 ; spontaneous, 78 ; theory of, 77 Compounds, 4 Conductivity of metals, 375 Conservation of energy, 4 ; matter, 2 Constant proportion, law of, 14 Constitutional formulae, 33 Converter, Bessemer, 402 ; Tropenas, 405 Cooling curves for alloys, 491 Copper, 430 ; alloys, 499, 508 ; besse- merising, 433 ; cement, 435 ; electro- lysis, 436 ; impurities in, 435 ; metallurgy, 431 ; properties, 436 ; pyrites, 430 ; salts, 437 ; sheathing, 540 Cordite, 282 ; dough, 289 ; manufacture, 288 ; Mark I., 281 ; M. D., 284 ; paste, 289 ; products of explosion, 287 ; smoke, 290 ; tubular, 290 Corrosion of copper sheathing, 527 ; of iron and steel, 523 ; of plates, 526 ; in boilers, 524 Corrosive sublimate, 451 Crackers, 318 Cream of tartar, 471 Cresylite, 302 Crimson lake, 554 Critical point of gases, 1 1 Crucible steel, 400 ( irusher gauge, 245 Cryolite, 453 Cryophorus, 106 Crypton, 223 Crystalline structure of metals, 378 Crystalloids, 350 Gullet, 351 Cupellation, 459 Dalton's atomic theory, 15 Daniell cell, 48 Deacon's process, 334 Debus' researches on powder, 249 Decomposition of salts, 71 Delta metal, 511 Denatured alcohol, 193 Dendritic crystals, 378 Desiccation, 331 Desilvcrising lead, 459 Detonation, 205 ; theories of, 207 Detonators, 318 Devitrification of glass, 352 Dialysis, 350 DicKrl engine, 111.'! Diffusion of gases, 41 Dimorphous bodies, 321 Dinitro-ccUulosc, 250, 281 Dolomite, 356 Dowson gas, 200 Dragon's blood, 554 Driers, 553 Ductility of metals, 374 Dutch metal, 509 Dynamite, 309 Eakthenwabe, 354 Eau de JaveUe, 341 E. C. powder, 278 Ecrasite, 302 Edison storage cell, 54 Efflorescence, 100, 484 Ekenberg's peat process, 177 Elasticity, 373 Electric steel refining, 410 ; condue- divity, metals, 375 Electro-chemical series, 59 Electrolysis, 55 Electrolytic refinement of copper, 436 Electroplating, 460 Elements, 4 ; distribution of, 6 Emerald green, 555 Empirical formulae, 32 Endothermic reactions, 34 Epsom salts, 476 Equations, 31 Equivalents, 27 Erosion in guns, 283 Etching on glass, 340 Ethylene, 142 ; series, 137 Eudiometer, 94 Eutectic alloy, 494 Eutectoid of steel, 504 Evaporative value of fuels, 189 E. X. E. prism powder, 239 Exfoliation, 541 Exothermic reactions, 34 Explosion, 230 ; with methane, 139 Explosives, 231; classification of, 233; table of, 566 Felspab, 352 Ferric oxide, 428 Ferrite, 504 Ferro-manganese, 404 Ferrous oxide, 428 Filite, 281 Filters, 120 Filtration of water, 118 Firedamp, 140 Firing fuses, 318 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, 217 Fixed ammonia, 149 372 Index Flame, 151 ; biinscn, 153 ; luminoua, 152 ; oxidising, 154 ; reducing, 154 Flash point of oils, 183 FHnt, 349 Flow of metals, 376 Flowers of sulphur, 321 Fluorine, 345 Fluor spar, 346 Fluxes, 371 Formation of alloys, 491 Formulae, 29 ; constitutional, 33 ; em- pirical, 32 ; graphic, 33 ; molecular, 32 Fouling of ships, 539 Fraunhofer Mnes, 486 Free ammonia, 149 Freezing point of alloys, 492 French smokeless powder, 298 Friction tubes, 342 Fuel, gaseous, 194 ; liquid, 181 ; solid, 166 Fulminates, 316 Fuses, 318 Fusible alloys, 518 Fusibility of metals, 370 Galena, 439 Galvanic batteries, 46 Galvanised iron, 448 Gamboge, 555 Gangue, 371 Ganister, 402 Gan's amide powder, 276 Gas, coal, 144 ; coke, 180 ; coke oven, 195 ; Dowson, 200 ; engines, 201 ; engines, marine, 202 ; liquor, 148 ; mixed fuel, 197 ; Mond, 200 ; pro- ducer, 198 ; Siemens, 199 ; suction, 201 ; tar, 146 ; water, 195 Gaseous molecules, nature of, 18 ; volumes, law of, 16 Gases, influence of temperature, 109 ; pressure, 19 ; liquefaction of, 10 Gasogenes, 162 Gay Lussac tower, 327 Gelatine dynamite, 312 Gelignite, 312 German smokeless powder, 298 Glass, 350 Glass etching, 346 Glaze for pottery, 352 Glazing gunpowder, 244 Glycerin, 270 Glover's tower, 328 Gold, metallurgy, 456 ; properties, 458 Granite, 355 Graphic f ormuls, 33 Graphite, 178 Grain powder, 235 ; tin, 445 Grease paints, anti-fouHng, 547 Green charge for powder, 242 Green vitriol, 428 Green pigments, 555 Grough saltpetre, 216 Grove cell, 51 Grey iron, 390 Gun-cotton, 252 ; detonation, 265 ; manufacture, 257 ; nitrogen in, 257 ; pressure, 269 ; products of combus- tion, 268 ; properties, 265 ; stability, 262 ; testing, 262 ; wet, 266 Gun forgings, 425 Gunpowder, 233 ; heat of combustion, 250 ; manufacture, 242 ; products of combustion, 248 Gypsum, 478 HEMATITE, 380 Hail, 107 Halogens, 333 Hammer slag, 396 Hardening of steel, 422 Hardness of water, 112 Harveyising steel, 425 Hay, spontaneous combustion of, 92 Heat; of combustion, 35, 168; of com- bustion of gunpowder, 230 ; con- ductivity of metals, 375 ; decomposi- tion by, 34 ; of reaction, 34 ; latent, 101 ; specific, 101 ; test, Abel, 291 ; test, silvered vessel, 294 ; treatment of steel, 422 ; value of fuel oils, 189 Heavy oU engines, 193 Helium, 223 HeUhoffite, 305 Holden injector, 184 Holmes' lights, 365 Honeycombing of castings, 411 Horn silver, 458 Hot blast, 384 Hydraulic main, 144 ; mortar, 356 Hydrobromic acid, 343 Hydrocarbons, 137 Hydrochloric acid, 336 Hydrofluoric acid, 346 Hydrofluosihcic acid, 357 Hydrogen, preparation, 37 ; by elec- trolysis, 59 ; chemical behaviour, 44 ; diffusion, 41 ; for balloons, 42 Hydrogen dioxide, 109 ; phosphide, 364 ; sulphate, 326 ; sulphide, 322 Hydroxides, 69 Iceland spar, 477 Igniting point of coal, 86 Impurities in air, 226 ; water, 112 Incandescent mantles, 154 Incrustations, boiler, 123 Indian red, 552 ; yellow, 555 Indigo, 557 Invar, 419 Iodides, 344 Iodine, 343 lonisation, 55 Index 573 louH, 50 Iron, 380 ; carbonyl, 164 ; cast, 391 ; compounds, 427 ; corrosion of, 523 ; ores, 380 ; oxides, 427 ; pig iron, 389 ; production in blast furnace, 381 j rust, 520 ; wrought, 394 Isomerism, 33 Ivory black, 551 ICainit, 481 Kaolin, 353 Kathode, 56 Keeping qualities of powders, 285 Kelp, 343 Kermode's oil-fuel injector, 186 Kieselguhr, 309 Kinetic theory, 21 King's yellow, 555 Korting's oil-fuel injector, 185 Krypton, 223 Lakes, 554 Lampblack, 552 Latent heat of steam, 103 ; water, 101 Laughing gas, 209 Law of constant proportion, 14 ; diffusion, 41 ; gaseous volumes, 16 ; multiple proportion, 14 Lead, 439 ; alloys, 495, 517 ; compounds, 442 ; desUverising, 459 ; metallurgy, 439 ; properties, 441 Leblanc soda process, 483 LSclanche cell, 49 Lemon chrome, 554 Light, action of, on colours, 557 ; standard of, 156 Lignite, 178 Lime, 476 Limestone, 356 Lime water, 477 Linde's oxygen process, 63 Liquefaction of gases, 10 Liquid fuel, 181 ; advantages of, 182 ; combustion of, 184; flash point of, 183 ; for engines, 191 Litharge, 442 Lithofracteur, 311 Lodestone, 428 Lowe water-gas generator, 198 Luminosity of flame, 152 Lunar caustic, 461 Lyddite. 301 Maddeb brown, 557 ; lake, 554 Machine brasses, 516 MagnaUum, 474 Magnesia alba, 475 Magnesium, 474 Magnetite, 428 Magnet steel, 421 Mahler calorimeter, 171 Malachite, 430 Malleability, 374 Malleable cast iron, 393 Manganese, 468 ; bronze, 514 ; com- pounds, 468 ; steel, 418 Marble, 356 Marine gas engines, 202 Mark I. cordite, 281 Marsh gaa, 138 ; explosions, 139 Marsh's test for arsenic, 369 Martensite, 505 Massicot, 442 Matches, 362 Matter, states of, 8 Maidmum density of ^^ atcr, 102 M. D. oordite, 284 Meal powder, 234 Mechanical mixtures, 0 MeUnite, 301 Melting points of metals, 376 Menotti-Daniell cell, 49 Merchant bar iron, 396 Mercury, 450 ; compounds, 450 ; ful- minate, 316 Metal, deiinition of, 70 Metallurgical coke, 180 Metallurgy, 371 Metals, 370 Methane, 138 Methylated spirit, 193 Microscope in metallurgy, 377 Milk of Ume, 113 Mill cake (gunpowder), 243 Mineral black, 552 ; green, 555 ; oil, 181 ; waters, 115 Minerals, 371 Minium, 442 Mirrors, 450 Molecular formulae, 32 ; weight, 22 Molecules, 18 Mond gas, 200 Mortar, 356 Mosaic gold, 44(> Multiple proportion, law of, 14 Muntz metal, 511 Muriatic acid, 337 Naphthalene, 148 Naphthencs, 182 Natural gas, 181 Neon, 223 Nessler's solution, 452 Neutral oxides, 70 ; salts, 70 Nickel, 466 ; carbonyl, 164, 466 ; metal- lurgy, 466 ; properties, 467 ; steel, 418 Nickehne, 466 Nitrating acids, 257 Nitration of cotton, 258 ; orgaiuo com- pounds, 254 Nitric acid, 212 ; derivative^, -54 Nitrides, 205 Nitro-benzene, 148, 255 574 Index Nitro-celliUosi;, 254 ; powders, 299 Nilrogen, 204 ; dioxide, 210 ; monoxide, 209 ; oxidoa of, 208 ; pentoxidc, 212 ; tetroxide, 211 ; trioxide, 210 JMitro-glycerin, 255, 269 ; manufacture, 270 ; products of combustion, 273 ; properties, 272 Nitro substitution compounds, 254 Nobel's blasting oil, 304 Nomenclature, 73 Nordhauseu acid, 326 OCHEES, 555 Oil fuel, 181 ; of vitriol, 326 ; paints as protectives, 534 OUy waste, ignition of, 90 Olefiant gas, 142 defines, 142 Open hearth process, acid, 407 ; basic, 400 Ores, 371 Origin of petroleum, 182 Orpiment, 368, 555 Ostatki, 190 Oven coko, 180 Oxides, acid-forming, 68 ; basic, 69 ; neutral, 70 Oxonite, 305 Oxygen, 59 ; by Brin's process, 02 ; by electrolysis, 59 ; by Linde's process, 63 ; detection of, 64 ; liquid, 63 ; pre- paration, 61 ; properties, 63 Ozone, 64 ; composition, 67 ; detection of, 65 ; occurrence, 66 ; properties, 65 Papin's digester, 104 I'arafiSn hydrocarbons, 137 Parke's desUverising process, 460 Parting of metals, 457 Pasteur-Chamberland filter, 120 Pattinson'a desUverising process, 460 Pearlite, 504 Pearl white, 473 Peat, 177 Pebble powder, 237, 244 Percussion caps, 317 Periodic law, 75 Permanent hardness of water, 113 Permitted explosives, 307 Petrol, 191 Petroleum, 182 ; ether, 191 Pewter, 517 Phenol, 299 Phlogistic theory, 77 Phosphine, 364 Phosphonium iodide, 366 Phosphoric acids, 366 Phosphorus, 359 ; chlorides, 367 ; in iron, 416 ; pentoxide, 366 ; red, 361 ; tri- oxide, 366 Phosphuretted hydirogen, 364 Phossy jaw, 364 Photography, 462 Physical change, 1 Picric acid, 299; powders, 301 Pig iron, 387 Pigments, 548 Piping in ingots, 400, 412 Pitch as a protective, 535 Pitting in boilers, 524 ; condenser tubes, 529 Plaster of Paris, 478 Plastic bronzes, 516 ; sulphur, 321 Plate glass, 351 Platinum, 464 ; black, 464 Point of ignition, 81 Polarisation in cells, 48 Porcelain, 353 Porter-Clark process, 119 Portland cement, 357 ; stone, 356 Potash, 481 Potassium, 480 ; chlorate, 341 ; nitrate for powders, 216, 239 ; salts, 481 Potential energy of explosives, 284 Pottery, 352 Press cake, 243 Pressure injection of oil, 185 Prism powders, 238, 244 Producer gas, 198 Proofing powder, 245 Protection of iron, 529 ; by cement coatings, 537 ; by galvanising, 530 ; by metallic coatings, 529 ; by oil paints, 534 ; by tinning, 532 ; by varnishes, 535 Prussian blue, 536 Puddled steel, 398 Puddling of iron, 394 Purification of water, 121 Purple of Cassius, 458 Pyrites, 85 Pyrocollodion, 285 Pyrolusite, 49 Pyrophorus, 79 QtTENOHiNG of steel, 424 Quick lime, 476 Raok-a-book, 305 Radicles, 30 Rain, 107 Raw umber, 557 Realgar, 368 Reaumur's porcelain, 352 Recalescence of steel, 502 Reciprocal combustion, 77 Red lead, 442, 552 ; ochre, 552 ; phos- phorus, 361 Red pigments, 554 Red shortness in iron, 417 Refrigerating machines, 12 Reinsch's test for arsenic, 369 Residuum from crude oils, 190 Respiration, 80 Retort carbon, 146 Index 575 KhamlauiU-, 310 River water, 115 Roasting ores, 372 Roburite, 307 Rock crystal, 349 Roll sulphur, 320 Rouge, 428 Rushdcn-Eeles oil burner, 185 Russian smokeless powder, 2'J8 fcJAi'ETY explosives, 312; lamiJs, 140; matches, 363 Sal ammoniac, 487 Salt, common, 482 Salt cake, 484 ; glazing, 354 Suits, acid, 70 ; basic, 71 ; normal, 7U Saltpetre, 210, 23'J Sandstone, 355 Saturated compounds, 137 S. B. C. prism powder, 239 Scale in boilers, 129 Scheele's green, 555 Sohultze powder, 278 Sohweinfurt green, 555 Sea water, 116 Secondary cells, 53 Segregation in steel, 412 Self -hardening steels, 421 Sepia, 557 Settling tanks for oil, 188 Shale oil, 190 Shear steel, 399 Sheet glass, 351 Sherardising, 531 Shot metal, 517 Sienna, 555 Silent matches, 362 Saica, 349 Silicic acid, 350 Silicon, 348 ; bronze, 515 ; hydride, 349 ; in iron, 417 ; in steel, 420 ; tetra- fluoride, 357 SUkstone coal, 180 Silver, 458 ; compounds, 460 ; fulminate, 318 ; glance, 458 ; metallurgy, 459 ; spitting of, 460 Silver sand, 349 Silvered vessel test for cordite, 294 Slags, 371 Slaked lime, 477 Slip bands in metals, 379 Slow combustion, 80 Smalt, 467 Smalt blue, 556 Smelting, 372 Smoke from cordite, 290 ; ejrplosives, 275 Smokeless powders, 275 ; foreign, 298 Soap, action on skin, 113 Soapstone, 474 Soda ash, 485 Sodium, 482 ; compounds, 482 Softening of water, 113 Solders, 517 Solution, 99 Solvay's soda pruccbt,, 485 Specific gravity of metals, 374 Specific heat, 101 Spectrum analysis, 485 Speculum metal, 516 Speiss cobalt, 467 Spelter, 448 Spheroidal state of water, 104 Spiegeleisen, 404 Spirits of salts, 337 Spongy platinum, 464 Spontaneous ignition, 82 ; of charcoal, 83 ; coal, 85 ; hay, 92 ; oily waslt-, 90 Sprengel explosives, 304 Spring water, 112 Stabilising action of vaseline, 297 Stability tests for cordite, 263 ; of gun- cotton, 262 Stafiordshire ware, 354 Standards of light, 156 States of matter, 8 Steam, latent heat of, 103 ; injection of oil, 184 Steel, 397 ; alloy steels, 417 ; as an alloy, 500 ; Bessemer process, 402 ; defects in finished, 411 ; manufacture, 397 ; Open Hearth process, 407 ; pro- perties, 415 ; refining by electricity, 411; segregation in, 412; sulphur prints, 413 Sterro metal, 511 Stibnite, 470 Stockholm tar, 177 Stoneware, 354 Storage cells, 53 Strain in metals, 373 Stress of metals, 373 Structure of metals, 376 Suction gas, 201 Sulphonating process for picric acid, 300 Sulphur, 319; dioxide, 324 ; flowers of, 320 ; for powders, 241 ; in iron, 417 ; modifications, 320 ; prints, 413 ; roU, 320 ; trioxide, 325 Sulphuretted hydrogen, 322 Sulphuric acid, 326; B. 0. 