None
Iddings on tillites of China, 272, 294, 295 India, compared with Arizona, 9, 10 comparison of climate with Arizona, 9 glacial deposits in, 271 Proterozoic glaciation in, 271 Indian Basin, 142 encampments, ancient, 72 Indians, ancient (see Hohokam), 48 methods of agriculture, 51 stage of culture in Yucatan, 176 of Yucatan, 179 ff. Indo-China, compared with Maya civilization, 223 Insects, effect upon tree growth, 134 great changes in, during Permic, 279 Jurassic, 281 Liassic, 281 Triassic, 280 Upper Carbonic, 278 Interglacial climates, conclusions on, 284, 285, 289 epochs, 256 warm climates: Permic, 268, 285 Pleistocene, 266, 285, Proterozoic, 270, 285 Intermediate gypsum, 41 f. International School of American Archeology and Ethnol- ogy, 97 Inundations in Mexico, (see Floods), 96 ff. of Mexico City, 208 f. Iron, absence of among Mayas,_ 187 importance of, in civilization, 184 tools, effect upon Indians, 51 Iron wood, 21 IiTigation, abortive attempts at, in Arizona, 58 ancient methods of, 81 in Santa Cruz Valley, 50 natural at RiUito, 54 possibility of at Magdalena Trinchera, 69 relation to terraces, 33 Iz<tmal, rainfall of, 178 ruins of, 229 Jarilla Moimtaina, ruins among, 72 Java, compared with Maya civilization, 223 Jaynes, ancient population of, 53 ruins at, 52 Jeffrey pme, curve of growth, 133 Jemez Mountains, 83 National Forest, 128 Plateau (see Pajarito Plateau). Johnson, W. D., cited, 23 Jones, W. H. S., cited, 220 Juivak, pottery at, 47 336 INDEX. Jungle compared with bush, 178 f. and forest, 179 ease of livelihood in, 222 in Guatemala, 212 relation to agriculture in Guatemala, 221 f. changes in climate, 190 distribution of population, 181 Jurassic: Ammonites, distribution in, 281 Climate of, 256, 281, 287 Climatic zones m, 281 Cool period in, 287 Faunas of, 281 Floras of, 281 Insects of, 281 Reefs in, 281 Kabah, ruins of, 183, 229 Kadapah system, 271 Kaibab Plateau, 16 Kamaa Creek, terraces of, 26 Kanab Canyon, 26 Karoo formation, 267 Karst, relation to vegetation, 179 of Yucatan, 176 Katmai, eruption of, 250, 251 Katun, in Maya chronology, 227 Kern Lakes, 157 f. Keweenawan formation, 271, 286 Kichankanab Lake, 185 Kin Ya'a ruins, 77 Kiva (see Religious structures). Klamath Mountains, 281 Knowlton, on Triassic floras, 280 Koppen, W., cited, 4, 237 Krakatoa, eruption of, 250, 251 Kullmer, C. J., cited, contribution by, 192, 193 S. Labna, ruins of, 183, 229 Lacustrine deposits of Mexico City, 97 f. plain of Mexico City, 97 £f. Lahontan, Lake, 37 Lake at Animas, 70 Lakes of Guatemala, 211 Mexico, 95 £f. Fluctuations of, compared with trees in California, 207 B. La Luz, fault at, 38 Land bridges, 288 climates of, 288 Lands, periodic flooding of, by oceans, 286 Lang Mountains, 70 Langhorn, Mr., 54, 55 Langley, cited, 4 Laplacian theory, 265 Laramide Revolution, 283 Laziness in Yucatan, 180 Lee, W. T., cited, 28 Leiden plate, 228 Lias, chmate of, 280, 281 coal of, 281 insects of, 281 volcanic activity in, 280 Liassic climate, 256 Life, great destruction of, 287 struggle of, under glacial climates, 266 Life thermometer, 287, 288 Lime habit, be^nning of, 276 Lipalian era, 275 Lockyer, W. J. S., cited, 118, 120 Longevity, correction for, 127 Lowe, cited, 91 Lower Huronian: Limestones of, 275 Tillites of, 272, 296 MacDougal, D. T., 2, 12, 21, 25, 61, 65 Magdalena River, terraces of, 26 trincberas of, 67 ff. Valley, 60 Terraces of, 29 Magnetic phenomena and solar changes, 237 variations, relation to cyclonic storms, 204 f. Mahogany in Guatemala, 216 Maisk nuns, 62 Malaria, effect on children, 181 in Guatemala, 216 ff., 217 ravages of, 220 f. Malarial feveia in forest vs. bush, 181 Man, effect upon ^owth of trees, 134 Mancos, cliff-dwellings at, 75 Mathematical relation of rainfall and growth, 113 ff. Mauritius changes of temperature at, 247 Maya civilization: Condition at Spanish conquest, 184 Compared with Assyria, 184 China, 184, 185 Egypt, 184 Contrasted with Asiatic civilization, 223 Origin of, 185 Maya chronicles, 226 chronology, 227 f. history and climatic changes, 225 sources of knowledge of, 226 f. Mayas: Ancient civilization of, 182 Character of, 179 L Compared with Greeks, 184 Contrast of civilization with that of Spaniards, 222 Effect of cool weather upon, 210 Handicaps of, 187 Hieroglyphics of, 185, 219, 226 Location of, 175 Mental attributes of ancient, 187 Ori^ality of, 182 ff. Racial features of, 219 Resemblances of modem and ancient, 183 Water supply of, 177 McAdie, M. G., cited, 159 Merida: Rainfall at, 178, 189 Wealth of, 182 Windmills at, 177 Yellow fever at, 181 Mesa Verde, 17 Mesas, ori^ of, 17 Mescalero Indiui agency, 45 Plateau, 37 Mesquite trees, 21 Age of, 73 Mestizos of Yucatan, 179 Mexico: As a test case, 95 ff. City, evidences of changes of climate, 95 founding of, 96 inundations of, 208 Climatic changes compared with Califomia, 207 ff. Dikes of, 207 ff. Effect of climatic changes on seasonal precipitation, 208 ff. Ruins of northern, 65 Meldrum, cited, 237 Meteorological explanation of climatic changes, 236 Migrations and changes of climate, 88 desiccation, 92 rainfall, 89 MiUer, H. E., cited, 142 Milo, rainfall of, 159 Mindeleff, cited, 44, 49, 56, 91 Miocene: Alpine mountains in, 284 Chmate of, 284 INDEX. 337 Miocene — continued Elevation of mountains in, 284 Flora of, 283 Himalayan Mountains in, 284 North and South America united in, 284 Mxotherm periods, 288 Mokelumne Hill, ramfall of, 159 Mogollon Escarpment, 15 Moisture, effect on diseases in tropics, 220 f. Moki Indians, relation to Hohokam, 48 Monsoon desert, 21 Monsoon vs._ cyclonic type of rainfall, 137 rains, effect on vegetation, 22 winds, effect on distribution of temperature, 248 Monsoons, compared with winds of United States, 9, Monterey, California, rainfall of, 159 Mexico, terraces near, 100 Montezuma, 96 Spring, 86 Month of beginning annual means of rainfall, 110 Monthly Weather Review, 95 distribution of rainfall in California, 159 ff. (See Seasonal distribution.) Morley, cited, 228 Morrison, cited, 91 formation, 282 Motagua River, terraces of, 212 f. MotuI, rainfall of, 178 Moulton, F. R., cited, 23 "Mountain culture" of Mexico, 98 Mountain-making : And cold climates, 286 volcanic activity, 286 In Cambric, 276, 287 Carbonic, 278 Devonic, 277 Ordovicic, 276, 287 Permio, 278 SUuric, 277, 287 Tertiary, 284 U^per Cretacic, 283, 288 Relation to glaciation, 258 ff. Mountains, effect on rainfall, 12 of Guatemala, structure of, 211 f. nature of, in Arizona, 17 f. Nahua influence in Guatemala, 219 Naranjo, location of, 217 National Theater of Mexico, effect on surface, 96 Navajo Indians, 76 Agriculture of, 77 ff., 81 Nelson's Ranchj ruins at, 57 j Neumayr, on climatic zones in Jurassic, 281 Nevada, comparison with Arizona, 21 Newburg, cited, 91 Newcomb^ cited, 4, 241 New Mexico: Clhnate of, 9 ff. History of, in relation to rainfall, 137 Rainfall contrasted with Idaho, 136 f. Ruins in northwestern, 75 ff. southern, 70 ff. Scenery of, 15 ff. Nine Mile water-hole, 54 Ruins at, 52 Nolik, ruins, 62 North America, periodic floods in, 288 "Northers" in Yucatan, 177 Norway, Proterozoic glaciation in, 270, 271, 292, 293 Oceans: How cooled, 279, 288 Periodic spread of, toward equator, 289 Spread of, in middle Cretacic, 282 Temperature of, 288 23 Old Red Sandstone, 277 Supposed tillites in, 269 Olympia, Greece, 26 Oraibi, 75 Ordovicic: CUmate of, 276, 277, 287 Cool period in, 287 Life of, 276 Limestones in, 276 Mountain-making in, 276, 287 Reef corals in, 276 Organ Range, 38 Orientation of ruins, 59 Otero Basin, description of, 37 ruins of, 72 f. Soda lakes, description of, 39 fluctuations of, 37 Ouachita Mountains, 278 Pacific Forests of Guatemala, 216 Pajaritan Plateau, 17 Agriculture in, 83 Changes of climate according to Henderson and Rob- bins, 91 Description of, 83 Ruins of, 82 ff. Palenque, location of, 217 ruins, 186, 229 Paleometeorology, 255 Paleozoic, Alps in, 278, 287 glaciation, 256 ff. " Palestine and Its Transformation," 171 sand dunes compared with those of New Mexico, 41 Palo verde tree, 21 Age of, 34 Pantano Wash, terraces of, 25 Panteleon, ruins, 219 Papago Indians, 61 f., 65 At Buzani, 87 Traditions of, 67 Papaloapam River, terraces of, 100 Pel6, eruption of, 251 Penck, A., cited, 242 Pepper, cited, 82 Penodic flooding of lands by oceans, 286 Periodicity of glaciation, 286 Permian glaciation: Causes of, 257 Contrasted with Pleistocene, 234, 257 f. Permic: Climate of, 279 Floras of, 279 Glaciation, in, 267, 279, 284, 285, 286, 288 Great changes in insects of, 279 Growth rings in trees of, 279 Interglacial warm climates in, 268, 285 Moimtain-making in, 278 Persia, comparison with Arizona, 21, 32 Peten, forests of, ruins of, 216 ff. Peto, rainfall, 178 vegetation, 179 Phoenix, climate of, 9 Piedmont, deposits of, 17 as records of the past climate, 19 of Otero Basin, 38 gravels of Otero Basin, 38 Piedras Negras, ruins, 229 Pig ranches in southern New Mexico, 71 Pima Indians, relation to Hohokam, 48 Pine ridges, 216 yellow, curves of growth of, 128 ff. Pines, effect of desiccation on, 92 of Arizona, measurements of growth, 101 ff. (See also Yellow pine; Bull pine; Shortleaf pine.) Guatemala, 211 338 INDEX. Plains of Guatemala, 211, 222 Bubaerial deposition, 16 f. Flanetesimal theory, 265 Plateau of Guatemala, 218 Plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, 15 ff. Pleistocene: Glaciation in, 266, 284 contrasted with Permian, 234 Interglacial warm climates in, 266, 285 Pleions, 137, 244 ff. Pliocene, Africa an asylum in, 288 elevation of mountains in, 284 Pliotherm periods, 288 Pocy, cited, 237 "Point of the Tucson Mountains," 53, 55 ff. Polar regions, atmospheric pressure of, 206 Pompeckj, on Triassic ammonites, 280 Population: Ancient density of, 82 Density of, among Hohokam, 61 in Pajaritan Plateau, 84 ruins, 52 ff. Distribution in Guatemala, 211, 212 Former density of, in northwestern New Mexico, 77 ff. Populist party and rainfall, 89 Port Lobos, ancient graves, 65 Portersville, rainfall of, 157 f. Potomac formations, 282 Pottery: Abvmdance of, at Jaynes, 52 in Arizona ruins, 47 In Plain of Mexico City, 97 ff. terraces, 24 Kelation to terraces, 43 f. Two types in Pajaritan Plateau, 84 f. Potterjr, unusual type at Nelson's Ranch, 58 Precessional theory of glaciation, 234 Precipitation (see Raiiifall). Pre-Devonic, glacial deposits m Africa, 286, 287, 290, 291 Prescott, cited, 96, 97 Prescott, Ariz., tree measurements at, 112 ff. trees at, 105 f. Pretoria series, 271 Prices of wheat in England compared with sun-spots, 239 ff. Progreso, rainfall at, 177 vegetation at, 178 Proterozoic cycles of sedimentation in, 275 glaciation, 256 ff. Earliest in, 272, 285, 286, 295, 296 In Canada, 272, 273, 295, 296 China, 271, 272, 293, 294, 295 Norway, 270, 271, 292, 293 Latest in, 269, 270, 271, 285, 291, 292, 293 Undated, 271, 272, 286, 293, 294, 295 life of, 275 limestones of, 275 possible warmer interglacial climates in, 270, 285 Provo River, terraces of, 26 Pueblo Alto, ruins of, 80 Viejo, ruins of, 77 Bonita, double occupation of, 82 ruins of, 79 del Arroyo, 82 Indians, 75. (See Indians.) Prosperity at coming of Spaniards, 138 Rebellion of 1680 A.D., 86 Relation to ancient inhabitants, 85 changes of climate, 138 Pulsations of climate, 117 ff. "Pulse of Asia, The,'' 90, 156 Pyrenees Mountains, 284 PjTheliometer, measurements with, 251 Quich6, ruins, 218 Quijotoa Mouiitains, 62 Quirigua, location of, 217 ruins, 216, 229 terraces at, 213 Rainfall: Agreement with tree growth, 106 And tree growth, effect of seasonal distribution, 164 Amoimt required for agriculture in Arizona, 54 f. At Prescott, 108 Effect of season of, upon tree growth, 132 Compared with sun-spots, 119 f. Cyclonic vs. monsoon types, 137 Effect of excessive, upon tree growth, 167 on civilization, 219 upon density of population in tropics, 189 f. Estimation of, by the growth of trees, 101 ff. In England compared with California, 241 Sierras compared with Arizona, 157 Yucatan, 177 Local variations in northern Arizona, 102 "Made-up records," 159 Method of calculating aimual, 110 Monthly distribution in California, 159 ff. Of Arizona and New Mexico, 10, 11 California, 157 ff. past, numerical relation to present, 167 Opposed phases in Idaho and New Mexico, 136 f. Records in Arizona, 103 Relation to European emigration, 89 Populist party, 89 Seasonal distribution and thickness of tree rings, 111 ff Winter vs. sunomer, 11-13 Racial afiBnities of ancient Americans, 85 Rains (see Monsoon rains), Recknagel, N. B., cited, 128 f. Red color in sediments as evidence of climate, 273, 274 fir, curve of ^owth, 133 deposits, significance of, 256 sediments and arid climates, 286 geologic distribution of, 273 spruce, curve of grownth, 133 Redwood (see Sequoia). Reef corals, Cretacic, 282, 283 Devonic, 277 Reef limestones, 275, 276, 277, 280 Religious edifices, 58 Of Hohokam, 47, 53 Religious structures, 56, 59, 61, 68, 83 In Yucatan, 183, 186 Reservoirs at Gran Quivira, 86 Indian, 62 RetaJhuleu, 218 Rhone Glacier, effect of 11-year cycle on, 242 Rich, J. L., cited, 26 Rillito, deposition at, 34 ruins, 52 terraces of^ 25 Rincon Valley, ruins in, 60 Rings of tree growth, 101 Conditions favoring, 102 f. Cross-identification of, 105 f. Difficulties of measurement, 143 Doubled, 110 ff. Doubling of, 105 Dropping of, 143 Method of dating, 105 Nature of, 103 Thickness according to the points of compass, 104 Time of formation, 110 Yearly identification of, 107 f. Rio Grande, terraces of, 26 Riordan, T. A., 103 Rivers, variable loads of, 32 Robbins, W. W., cited, 90 Rocky Mountains, 284 INDEX. 339 Rocky Mountains, volcanoes in, in Eocene, 283 Roemer, on Lower Cretacic climate, 282 Rogers, T., cited, 239 On glacial deposits of Africa, 290 Rogers and Schwarz, on glacial deposits of Africa, 291 Romero, cited, 96 Rooms, size of, at Gran Quivira, 86 in ruins, 77, 83 Ross, R., cited, 181, 220 Roxbury, formation, 267 Ruins, abandonment of, 82 abundance of, in Arizona, New Mexico, etc., 47 age of, 73 factors determining location, 80 in Guatemala HigMands, 218 northwestern New Mexico, 75 ff. location of, in respect to agricultural lands, 48 nature of, in Arizona, 47 ff. near Mexico City, 97 ff. of southern Arizona, 47 ff. the Mayas, 175 Yucatan, 183 ff. orientation of, 59 relation to terraces, 44 Ruelas. S, 64 Russell, F., cited, 37, 48, 50, 51, 69 Sabino Canyon, ruins at, 52 Sacaton grass, 72 Sage brush, 21 San Andreaa Mountains, 38 San Diego rainfall compared with sun-spots, 120 San Francisco, California, rainfall of, 169 Compared with sun-spots, 119 f. San Francisco, Sonora, ruins of, 66 Sand dunes at Disemboque, 66 relation to agriculture in dry regions, 81 Mountains, 102 Sanger, rainfall of, 158 San Juan Teotihuacan culture, 97 fl. San Miguel Amantula, excavations at, 97 San Pedro Valley, terraces of, 26 San Xavier Indian Reservation, erosion at, 33 ruins at, 61 Santa Barbara, rainfaU of, 169 Catalina Mountains, 17 Rainfall of, 12 Terraces of, 25, 29 Cruz Mountains, 284 Reservoir Company, 68 River, length of, 60 terraces of, 31 recent terraces of, 33 station, 68 Valley, drainage of, 54 former density of population, 50 ff. present population of, 60 terraces of, 24, 29 Lucia, 218 Rita Mountains, dry farming among, 60 terraces of, 25 Toma River, terraces of, 213 Satan's Canyon, 76 f. Savannas, cause of, 216 Sawtooth Mountains, 18, 58 Sayal, ruins, 229 School of American Archeplogy, 44, 83 Scotland, Proterozoic glaciation in, 272 Schuchert, Chas., cited, 5, 251, 255 ff. Contribution by, 265 ff. Sea shells among ruins, 67 Seasonal distribution of rainfall, effect on tree growth, 164 Sediments, climatic evidence of, 273 Seibal, location of, 217 ruins of, 229 Seler, cited, 227 Sequoia sempermrens: Curve of growth, 133 Formula of relation of growth to rainfall, 166 Habitat of, 141 Sequoia washingloniana, 141 ff., 142 f. Age of measured trees, 146 Corrective factors, 144 ff. Curve of growth, 133 Curves of annual growth compared with rainfall, 161 ff. Dimensions vs. appearance of, 142 Distribution of, 132 Young trees, 153 Double rings in, 146 Durability of wood of, 143 Dying out of species, 153 Habitat of, 141 Habits of growth, 151 Importance of curve of growth, 141 ff. Interpretation of curve of growth, 157 Number of measurements, 143 f. Rate pf growth in old age, 151 Relation of growth to season of precipitation, 151 Save series, 270 Shading, enect upon tree growth, 134 f. Shakayuma (see Charco del Yuma), 64 ff. Sharks, distribution of, in Paleozoic, 277, 278 Shell heaps at Disemboque, 67 Shift of the storm track, 193 Shifting of cUmatic zones, 174 Shortleaf pine, corrective factors of, 132 curve of growth, 133 Shreve, F., cited, 73 Sierra Blanco Mountains, 37 Nevada uplift, 281 rainfall of, 157 f. Sierrita Mountains, 17 Siluric: Aridity in, 277 Climate, 258, 276, 277, 286 Life of, 276 Mountain-making in, 277, 287 Reef corals in, 276 Volcanoes in, 287 Sisal (see Henequen), 182 Smith, on Triassic climate, 280 Smith's Lake, 76 Snow-fall, effect upon tree growth, 132 in polar regions, Hobbs's theory of, 206 Soil, poverty of, in tropical forests, 222 relation of depth to climate, 18 Solar and terrestrial temperature, 241 ff. constant, 246 heat, inequality of distribution to earth, 249 hypothesis of climatic change, 233 summary, 261 objections to, 241 ff. radiation, effect of volcanoes on, 260 ff. measured variations of, 236 variability of, 274, 275, 289 Sonora, climate of, 9 ff. ruins of, 66 ff. terraces in, 100 Spaniards, as immigrants in Mexico, 180 contrast of civilization with that of Mayas, 222 effect of intermixture with Indians, 180_ rainfall on occupation of America; 138 in Yucatan, 180 Spanish Mission, Buzani, 65, 86 at Gran Quivira, 85 Sparagmite formation, 270 Spinden, H. J., cited, 215, 227 Spring droughts, effect upon size of rains in Arizona, 111 Springs, ancient, 72, 80, 91 Spruce, curve of ^owth, 133 Stages of culture in New Mexico, 76 ff., 82 ff., 84 340 INDEX. Staked Plains, 15 Stem analyses, 123 ff. Stockton, rainfall of, 158 Storm frequency, center of, 193 f. track, location of mean, 201 shift of, 193 tracks during glacial period, 206 f. Storms, cyclonic, relation to growth of sequoias, 171 monthly distribution of, 194 ff. relation to sun-spots, 237 f. tracks of, 191 f. (See Cyclonic storms). Strahan, on Proterozoic glaciation in Norway, 292, 293 Strands at Animas, 70 Disemboque, 66 of Otero Lake, 39 ff. Stump analyses, 123 ff. Sugar pine, curve of growth, 133 Sun (see Solar radiation: Solar theory: Sun spots, etc.), 236 Sunlight, effect upon tree growth, 134 f. Sun-spot cycle and climate, 119 f. relation to climate, 4, 237 Sun-spots, and terrestrial temperature, 251 ff. compared with rainfall, 119 f. temperature, 120 wheat prices in England, 239 f. relation to cyclones, 237 f. storms, 237 f. temperatures, 237 tree growth, 238, 250 Swinton, A. H., 239 Sykes, G., 62 Syria, comparison with Arizona, 21 Tabasco, ruins in, 217 Table Mountain series, 269, 277, 286, 287, 290, 291 Talchir formation, 267 Tananarive, Madagascar, changes of temperature at, 247 Tanke Verde, ruins at, 52 Tasmania, tillites of, 268, 276 Tecax, rainfall, 178 vegetation, 179 Tectonic theory of terraces, 28 ff. Temperature: Annual march of mean in world, 253 In California compared with sun-spots, 120 Effect of solar on terrestrial, 241 ff. volcanoes on, 250 ff. Fluctuation of, during glacial periods, 285 Of San Diego compared with sun-spots, 120 Reduction of, 287 In Glacial period, 242 Relation to sun-spots, 237 Temples (see Rehgious structures). "Tepetate," 98, 100 Terenate, trinchera of, 70 For agriculture, 68 ff. Terraces, 19 f. Artificial, for agriculture, 60 Climatic hypothesis of, 23 ff., 31 Correlation of, 35 For agriculture, 68 ff. In Guatemala, 212 ff. Mexico, 99 ff. Numbers of, 35 Of rock vs. gravel, 29 Tesuque, 44 Tulerosa Valley, 45 f. Verde River, 44 _ Processes of formation, 28 ff. Relation to glacial periods, 35 f. local topography, 30 man, 43 ff. Structure of, 27 Wide distribution of, 26 f., 34 Tertiary, mountain-making in, 284 Tesuque, N. Mex.: Ruins and terraces, 44 Type of pottery, 44 Tethys, 283, 287, 288 Tewa Indians, 44 Abandonment of Jemez Plateau, 91 Tezcuco Lake, evidences of change of climate, 95 ff. Thompson, E. H., cited, 183, 210 Thoreau, 76 Thunder showers in Arizona, 11 Tikal, location of, 217 ruins of, 186, 229 Tillites, 267 Of China, 269, 271, 272, 285, 294, 295 TiUs, 265, 267 Tilting of earth's crust: Effect on terraces, 28 f. In Mexico, 99 "Times," El Paso, 138 Tolman, C. F., cited, 24 Toltec Station, 58 Topographic changes, effect of, on climate, 289 Topography in relation to climate, 15 ff. Torquemada, cited, 96, 97, 208 Torridonian formation, 272, 285 Tortohta Mountains, 17, 54 Trade winds, effect upon malaria, 216 Traditions of migration, 92 Transcaspia, sand dunes compared with those of New Mexico, 41 Tree growth: Accuracy of a few trees as measures of rainfall, 116 individual tree records, 163 Agreement with rainfall, 116 And climate, limitations in use of method in climate, 152 Corrected factor for longevity, 127 Correction for age, 117 change in number of trees, 127 f. Corrective factor for age, 124 ff. Curves for trees in United States, 133 Degree of accuracy in measuring climate, 109 Effect of accidents upon, 124 seasonal distribution, 164 500-year curve of, 115 Formula for reduction to rainfall, 163 In Guatemala, 211 Interpretation of curves of, 140 Mathematical relation to rainfall, 113 ff. Methods of measuring, 103 f., 123, 142 f. Numerical relation to rainfall, 167 Reasons for assigning variations to climatic causes, 135 f. Relation to accidents,^ 132 conservation factor, 165 ff. season of precipitation, 151 sun-spots, 238, 250 volcanoes, 252 Trees : Age of oldest species, 139 Annual growth of, at Prescott, Ariz., 107, 108 As a means of chronology, 34 measurers of chronology, 73 Causes of variations in rate of growth, 123 f. Rate of growth of long-lived vs. short-lived, 126 Triassic : Climate of, 280 Cool period in, 287 Coral reefs in, 280 Critical for ammonites, 280 Faunas of, 280 Floras of, 280 Insects of, 280 Trincheras of Magdalena, 67 ff. Tuberculosis compared with malaria, 220 INDEX. 341 Tucson, climate of, 9, 10 floods at, 33 Mountains, 18, 34, 54 region, terraces of, 24 rums at, 51 terraces at 33 ff. Tulare River, 142 Sequoias at, 144 Tularosa gypsum, 42 terraces of, 26 Valley, relation of terraces to man, 44 f. Tulip poplar, conditions favorable to growth, 132 corrective factor of, 132 curve of growth, 133 Tultitlan, inundation of, 97 "Tun" in Maya chronology, 227 Tunnel, for drainage of Mexican Lakes, 97, 209 Tuxtla statuette, 228 Tyuyoni, ruins, 88 United Fruit Co., 216 f. Upper Carbonic: Coal-making in, 286 Mountain-making in, 278 Upper Cretacic, coal-making in, 286 United States Forest Service, 3 Urals, rise of, 278, 287 Utah, comparison with Arizona, 21 Uxmal, ruins of, 229 Valladolid, rainfall of, 178 Variations in rate of tree growth, 123 ff. Vegetation, causes of variation in rate of growth, 157 in relation to old Otero Lake strands, 39 f. Yucatan, 178 f. of Guatemala, relation to climatic changes, 212 monsoon desert, 21 f. mountains of Arizona, 18 Rio Grande Valley, 83 rapidity of growth in Tropics, 181 relation to terraces, 31 ff. Velasco, Luis de, 97 Verde River, terraces and ancient irrigation, 44 VaUey, 102 Volcanic activity, relation to geological climate, 261 dust in atmosphere, effect on temperature, 250 ff as climatic factor, 274, 286, 287 phenomena in Guatemala, 211-212 Volcanism, and critical periods^ 287 mountain-makmg, 286 Devonic, 287 Eocene, 283, 287 Liassic, 280 Siluric, 287 Volcanoes, effect on climate, 250 ff. relation to lakes in Guatemala, 211 Wakefield, W. J., 57 Walls for defense, at Charco Yuma (see also Forts), 56 Ward, L. F., cited, 91 Ward Line of steamers, 176 Warping of earth's crust in relation to terraces, 28 ff. Wars, relation to changes of climate, 88 Water Canyon, 72 Water for drinking (see Drinking water). Water-supply (see Drinking water; Agriculture; Floods; Drought), of Yucatan, 184 Wealden formation, 282 Weapons of Hohokam, 68 "Weather cycles in the growth of big trees,' 101 Weatherell, Mrs., cited, 81 Wells, depth of, at Nelson's Ranch, 57 effect upon Indians, 51 in Yucatan, 177, 184 Wheat prices in England compared with Sun-spots, 239 f. Whipple Barracks, Ariz., 103 White fir, habitat of , 141 oaks, conditions favorable to growth, 134 corrective factors of, 132 curve of growth, 133 distribution of, 134 sands of Otero Basin, 40 ff. Wild animals, relation to Hohokam, 79 Willis, B., cited, 23 Willis and Blackwelder, on tillites of China 269, 271, 272, 293, 294 Windmills in Yucatan, 177 Winds, effect on civilization, 219 Wolf, cited, 238 _ Women, occupations among Hohokam, 69 Wood, use of among Hohokam, 77 with rings, Upper Cretacic, 282 Wright, J. B., cited, 58 Xochimilco Lake, 95 Yaxchilan ruins, 229 Yellow fever, 220 Yellow pine, 101 ff. (See Pines.) Corrective factors of, 129 ff. Curve of growth, 133 In New Mexico, 128 Of New Mexico, distribution of, 128, 134 Opposed phases of growth in Idaho and New Mexico, 136 Yellowstone River, terraces of, 26 Yucatan: Causes of present depopulation, 189 f. Changes of climate in, 189 ff. Civilization of, 182 ff. Climate of, 177 f. Coasts of, 176 Distribution of population in, 180 Drainage of, 177 Effect of climatic changes upon seasonal precipitation, 206 ff. cool weather in, 210 Former storminess of, 206 Inhabitants of, 179 ff. Isolation of, 176 Peninsula of, 175 ff. Present civilization of, 182 vs. past population, 183 Ramfall of, 177 Relation of precipitation to "northers," 206 Topography of, 176 f. Water-supply of, 177, 184 Vegetation of, 178 f. Yuma, climate of, 9, 10 rainfall, 21 Zacapa, terraces at, 213 vegetation of, 217 Zapote tree, use for beams, 183 gum, 186 Zon, R., cited, 132 Zuni Indians, 75 Relation to Hohokam, 48 Mountains, 76 National Forest, 128. 