None
„ rings, broken 99 99 Glands wear of 99 99 rACKS 163, 174, 194 ... ... 125 ... ... 1 oO ... ... lol 448, 553, 716 and drain arrangements, steam to to face 4M and drains, how worked ... 208 „ for cruising turbines ... 49 „ of rotor spmdles 362 „ oil to ... ... ... ... 216 „ (steam), description of 122-125, 172 ,, „ sealing 521 Going ahead ... ... ... ••• 188 ,, asiem ••• ».. •■• •*. 109 Governing gear, action of 535 Governor ... ... ... •.. 534 „ emergency 539 „ gear ... 557 „ „ valve chest and ... 536 „ ring, emergency 538 „ turbine 534 Governors for turbines ... 1 27, 180, 557 Groove cutting m rotors 72 Grooves for blade caulking ... 447 „ in rotor and casing ... 361 „ and serrations for blades 87 Grooving of casings 79 Guide brackets and lifting gear ... 112 „ columns of casing ... 114,117 „ and moving blades 384 H Head wind, or sea, effect of neac ... ... ••• •• „ available „ drop ... ... •• „ „ calculations ... 230 1 ... 394 ... 376 53 99 99 99 „ drops 34, 141 and pressure drops 35, 36 and velocity 387 „ external, of steam 9 „ internal, of steam 9 „ latent, of steam 9 „ losses, value of 393 „ total, of steam 9 „ units of entropy 329 „ ,, per pound coal 10 „ utilisation diagram of com- bined arrangement ... 275 Heating economy of feed water ... 641 „ up 185, 465 „ „ and changing speed, dummy clearance when 743 Height of blades, calculations for ... 25 99 s* theoretical 26 XXIV I ndex. )9 91 99 PAGES Height of impulse blading 408 Heights of blades for cruising tur- bines ... ... ... 46 „ of blades worked out 418, 419 High and low speed impulse turbine 714 Holes in stage wheels 716 Hollow cast wheel 71 Hopkinson-Thring type torsion meter 569 Horse-power and torque diagram ... 258 and velocity triangles 41-43 calculations ... 42, 43, 141 from heat drop ... 63 calculations from tor- sion meter 268 equivalent 52 „ of turbines ... 51-141 H.P. ahead impulse turbines, casing of to face 111 ,, 6-stage impulse turbme rotor iofacelVk „ 6-stage impulse turbme to/ace 701 „ and L.P. reaction turbines 359, 360 „ casing and connections ... 131 „ drain to L. P. turbines ... 211 y, nozzle plate 524 „ ,, of impulse turbine 720 „ reaction turbine 359 „ rotor drum 66 „ „ with spindles ... to /ace 116 ff turbine, arrangement of oiling system of 560 A| mm CciSlUg ... ... ... §0 ^ „ Westinghouse - Rateau type.... ... to face 5iS turbines 548 „ pressure drop in ... 37 ^ Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbme, end view of to face 657 ^ Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbine, general view to face 649 ,, Westinghouse- Rateau impulse turbme, longitudinal section 550 H.P. and L.P. astern turbines ... 50 „ turbines ... to face 9Q „ turbines of T.S.S. •*Tenyo Mam*' ... to face 121^ 99 99 99 n "Ibuku" (cruiser) 239 " Ibuki," trials of 492-494 Idle turbines, *'fan resistance*' of, 48, 327 Illustrating enclosed type, marine thrust bearing ... 582 PAGES Illustrating Michell marine thrust bearing 681 Importance of minimum tip clear- ance ... ... ... 65 Improvement in efficiency due to superheat (by entropy diagram) 708 „ of regular oil supply ... 184 Improvements in turbine construc- tion 269,270 Impulse and reaction stages, power developed in 695 blade angles 405 „ heights 408 blading 432,433 advantages of 382, 383 (Parsons) ... to face 400 velocity triangles 384, 385 guide blade positions ... 401 nozzle 408 nozzles, pressure and velo- city in 375, 376 „ principle of 373 and reaction combined ... 380 „ turbine ... 377 „ „ (Parsons) 400 stage blading . . . 432, 433 „ diaphragm packing 713 „ diaphragms 426 steam and blade velocities 382 turbine 505 astern nozzle plate of 721 Curtis marine type (cover removed) to face 726 high and low speeds 714 H.P. ahead and 6- stage ... to face 701 ^ „ losses ... 235, 441 ^ M L.P. nozzles of ... 721 P, ff of U.S.N, collier, " Jupiter," Curtis mannetype to facets ^ ^ principle of ... 506 ^ ^ rotor, H.P. ahead, 6-stage ... to face 714 ^ ^ stage wheel of to face 716 ,1 turbines, adoption of ... 711 ^ „ carbon glands of to face 718 ^ I for direct dnve and for geared down drive, com- parison of ... 693 „ „ H.P. nozzle plate of 720 Increase of entropy due to friction 390, 391 of pressure 516  PAI Increase of superheat ••• ... 517 „ of vacuum ... 518 n n and revolution 195 Indicator 603 Inside view of lower half casing iofetce 84 „ of thrust cover ... Ill Increasing dummy clearance ... 131 Indicated work 415 Indications on pressure gauges ... 170 Indicator for revolution speeds ... 180 '* Indomitable " blade height calcu- lations 59 n blade height ratio 58 „ consumption of ... 175 y, turbine arrangement 18-50 Induction motor, U.S.N, collier "Jupiter" tofacel^ ** Infiezible," turbine arrangement 18-50 Initial end of L.P. ahead impulse turbine to f<ue 717 „ pressures at " expansions " 139, 201, 202 „ velocity of steam calculations lor ... ... ... ... oti 3000 K.W. compound de Laval steam turbine at Gothenburg to face 788 Inlet and outlet opening of blades 24 Instructions for dummy adjustment 129 „ for working cruising drains 49 Intermediate stage, blade holders . . . 423 „ details 424 „ impulse wheel 422 Internal heat of steam 9 ^ Invincible," blade height ratio ... 58 Iron oxide 185, 186 »» >» ... 239 ... 732 73, 75, 75 Japanese cruiser " Ibuki " ... Jaw bearing face plates Jonction wheel K Kinetic energy 10 „ ,, calculations 28, 29 „ „ developed in blades 28-32 Kennode type oil burner 833 "King Orry,'' turbines of 455 Lantern %\2Lnd for cruising turbines 48 intent Jbcat of steam 9 lohge area over blades, calcula- tions for ... •'• 53, 54 Leakage over blade tips and dryness factor 39,165 " Leak-off" of dunmiies 105 Leakage test for oil fuel 634 Lifting gear of *' Aquitania " ... 364 Liner, position of thrust block on ... 531 List of blading 212-214 Ljun^str6m turbine and its applica- tion to marine propulsion, (Miperon 656 Longitudinal section of 4-stage Curtis compound impulse turbine 509 Longitudinal section through H.P. Westinghouse-Rateau impulse turbine 560 Longitudinal section through West- inghouse-Rateau mixed pres- sure turbine 566 Loss by carry-over 387 Losses by b^mng friction 40 by dmnmy piston leakage... 40 by exhaust steam heat ... 40 by gland leakage 40 by steam friction 40 by steam leakage 40 in impulse turbmes 235 in turbines 441 of power 326 transmission 653 „ diagram of com- parative ... 654 Low and high speed turbines, com- parison of 711 „ pressure diaphragm 623 Lower half of high pressure split diaphragm 523 L.P. ahead and reverse turbine casing 76 „ „ and reverse turbines of "Mahroussa' to face 178, 180 ^ „ dummy 362,362 „ „ impulse turbine, initial end of ... to face 117 jy and H.P. astern turbines ... 50 „ and reverse rotor drums to face 72 „ astern turbine to face 717 „ casing and reverse casing ... 81 „ expansions and blade tip clearance to face \%^ „ impulse type turbine, Westing- house-Rateau 564 „ „ reaction turbines 359, 3G0 lower half casing and reverse casing to face Mi nozzles of impulse turbine ... 721 or exhaust turbines 563 reaction  T.S.S. "Tenyo Maru" ^o/ace 136 ^ turbine casing connections 128, 129 „ gland and drain con- nections 164 „ plan of lower half to face 130 „ „ and reverse turbine to face ^ „ turbines, pressure drop in ... 37 Lubrication ... 560, 732 bearings and 530 of turbines ... 134-137 systems, forced ... 738 "Lucania'' 225 '* Lusitania," calculations for areas between blades, etc. 59 „ calculations for blade rows 55-58 description of 163, 164 efficiency of turbines 324 extract from paper by Thomas Bell, Esq. 153 n table of consumption, etc ••• ••• ••• 155 M Macalpine floating frame reduction gear 586-588 Machine for gear teeth cutting ... 451 Machinery vibration 183 Main bearing (end view) 106 „ „ (lower haliF) 106 „ „ of turbine 716 „ „ (section) 105 „ bearings 105 „ „ wear-down of 165, 183, 187, .325 „ governor and oil pump, cross section through 558 „ shaft ..• ... ... ... 553 Manoeuvring 189 „ trials of " Ibuki " 492-494 „ valves 363, 363 »» „ "Tuscania** ... 481 Manufactureof rotor drums & wheels 65,66 " Manxman," turbine data for ... 169 Marine superheater, the Robinson 661 „ thrust bearing 582 » }> », illustrating enclosed type 582 „ turbo-electric drives ... 653 turbine practice, recent de- velopments in 691 type turbines, characteristics 693 Marking of gear teeth, emergency reference 736 Markings, emergency or sea repair 736 Marriot s law of expansion 7 "Marsala" turbines 441 Material for blading 82 »» » 9» " Mauretania," calculations for blade rows 55-58 „ description of 163, 164 Mean entropy 335 Measurement of shaft horse-power 593-607 Mechanical details in thrust bearings 578 Mercurial column vacuum gauge 366, 367 „ vacuum gauge 367 Method of inserting buckets in groove of wheel 529 of securing rotor blades ... 20 „ wheel spindle and drum 70 of shaft calibration to face 134 of shrinking on spindles to wheels 68 of shrinking on wheels to drums 69 Methods of thrust adjustment ... 109 „ of working oil fuel ... 632 Michell journal and thrust bearings, showing space gained by adopting toface^lSl ^ marine thrust bearing, illus- trating 581 patent thrust 577 single collar type thrust block ... ... ... Ooft thrust block... ...577, 579, 583 „ pad, flow of oil across face of ... XXVIl PAGBS Material calculaticms ... 409^13 „ control box openings of H.P. turbine, end view of to face 711 « „ valves 439 0 diaphragm glands 712 „ effect of reaction blading ... 399 n of De Laval turbine ... 13 ^ of drum stage 425 opening area 406 openings ... 381, 418, 428, 428 „ of Curtis turbine . . . 401 „ (drum stage) ... 431 openings (Parson's turbine) 377 plate, high pressure 524 H seatings ... 429,429 stage diaphragm ... to face 713 stays 438 „ taper of 400 Nozzles 524, 551 and blade areas 386 and steam velocity 373, 374 of Parson's turbine ... 378 „ proportions of 407 Number of blades in H.P. and L.P. turbines 27 n of blades per row 38 „ of ^ expansions " in cruising turbmes 46 n of expansions " in steam 140 •9 ..in turbines 43 » » Official trial of " Chester " Oil and coal compared and steam baffles „ and water service „ baffles « cooling tank fuel IS (section) » n » ft j% >i »i n *» » 9 If St n IS SI SJ >s Sf n » SI ss »s M » J» >J SS IS advantages of „ vessel • • . • . a black smoke burner colour of gases composition of control disadvantages of ... evaporation of oil ... firing point flashpoint Kermode t3rpe burner leakage test for methods of working settling tanks starting up ... temperature... 151, 152 ... 631 ... 715 ... 270 106,738 ... 135 ... 136 631-636 ... 631 ... 634 ... 634 ... 633 ... 634 ... 632 ... 634 ... 631 636 ... 634 ... 634 ... 633 ... 634 ... 632 ... 634 ... 634 ... 634 Oil fuel use of sand ... ventilation pipes water in oil ... white smoke ••• •.. s> ss n ss ss ss IS » ss ss Sf ss ss „ „ vapour in turbines ••. •.. pAcn 634 634 636 6.34 636 716 632 136 634 184 96 216 448 428 430 pump ... ... ••• service to bearings (shale) ... ... ... supply, importance of ... temperature of to glands ... ... ... ., Open and closed exhausts Openings of steam nozzles „ „ „ (astern) „ „ „ (drum stage) 430 Operation of turbine machinery 4G5-468 Original or factory markings ... 735 Overhaul of turbines 196 Overspeed safety device 557 Oxidation in turbines .•• 185, 186 Packing gland of Curtis turbine ••• 439 „ pieces .*• ... ... 41^ „ „ between blades ... 44 Paper by Thomas Bell^ Esq., on *' Lusitania " trials „ on turbine dimensions, by £. M. Speakman Parallel flow turbine „ path of impulse blading ... *' Paris " gear wheels and pinions... Parsons' blading 20-83 combined impulse and re- action turbme 400 combined turbine 444 exhaust turbine 372, to face Z70 H.P. ahead and astern gearing, sectional ar- rangement of ... to face 498 impulse blading ... to face 400 „ and reaction tur- bine ... 400, 447 turbine, description of ... 14-63 turbines and single reduc- tion gear wheels, plan of ... toJacelOX „ and view of, T.S.S. ** Northumberland " to face 736 T.S.S. "Aurania**... tofacelffy type impulse blading to face 400 vacuum augmenter ... 149 Passenger steamer, data for ... 215 „ of 483,484 „ steamer, turbine arrangement 17 Paths of steam flow 730 Patent thrust, Michell 577 152 19 14 400 461 ss ss n ss IS >s r% ss Sf ss ss ss XXVlll Index. »» »> PAGES " Perkins " and " Steirctt," data of 484, 486 „ (destroyers) 421-439 Pipe connections, principal... to face 120 Piston (balance) and equalising pipes ... ... ... 462,463 Pitch circle, blade length and mean diameter of 714 „ of blades ... ... ... 365 „ of propellers, how calculated 171 „ ratio of propellers 219 „ variation of propellers ... 220 Pitting of dummy rings 186 „ of dummies 186 Plan and double sectional elevation of Parsons' turbines, T.S.S. " City of Canton " ... to face 736 y, and end elevation ... ... 746 y, of double reduction gearing, T.S.S. "La Brea'* 725 „ of Parsons' turbines and single reduction gear wheels to face 701 Port propeller of '* Salem "... to face 252 turbines and gear wheels, "Tuscania" to face ^S^ Positions of guide blades 401 Potential energy 10 Power developed in each turbine ...61,62 „ in impulse and in reaction stages 695 distribution in turbines ... 260 losses ... ... ... •*. w^o lost by "windage'* 327 revolutions, and speed ... 230 » >» n }| „ speed, and consumption data 194 „ 11-stage Curtis H.P. com- pound impulse turbine ... 526 „ utilisation ... 326 Practical operation of turbine machinery 465-468 Practice, data from 739 Pressure and annulus area of dummies 65-90 and heat drop, etc, calcu- lations ... ... ... 53 and velocity curves (im- pulse) 397 and velocity curves (re- action) 389 and velocity, impulse blading 397 and velocity in impulse nozzles 375, 379 and velocity, reaction blading 398 compounding 37G data of combined turbines 445 drop  re- volutions 38 „ drop in H.P. and L.P. turbines 36, 37, 142 drop in stages ... 395,. 435 drop volume, table of steam 38 drops, diagram of, etc. to face 52 gauge indications 170 increase of. 516 on bearings 96 on propeller blades 222, 230, 231 „ stages 508 Pressures and temperatures ... 739 and velocities in com- bined turbines to face 448 and velocities in Curtis turbine 412 ^ and velocities, diagram of to face i^ ^ and velocities in turbine SlagCS ... ..a a.. 4X3S M from trials 193 in ahead nozzles 743 in Curtis turbine stages 410 in "expansions" (actual) 139, 201,208 in glands 163, 174, 194 in receivers .- 740 in stages of Curtis turbine 233 in turbine casings ... 741 in turbine expansions 469, 480,482 Principal improvements 700 Principle of Curtis turbine 245 „ of impulse 373 „ of turbine 12 Problems in turbine design 280-302 on areas between blades and blade heights 293-297 on blade velocities and number of rows 283, 284 on diameter of rotors ... 281 on heat drop calculations 287-292 on horse-power in blade rows 300, 301 on pressure drops 286, 287 on propeller calculations 285 on shaft horse-power 297-300 on steam and blade speeds 280 velocities and heat drops 281-283 on water condensed in turbines 302 solutions to above 302-323 Propeller and turbine efficiency compared  r> Propeller, damag^ed effect of slip 172 thrust 187 Propellers of ** Mahroussa " to face 220 Propeller thrust pressure diagram 224 „ vihration ... ... ... 187 Propdleis, alteration of 219 „ apparent slip of 220 n balance of 218 calculations for ... 225*227 cavitation of 221 cones for 219 dimensions of 227 efficiency of 220 pitch ratio of 219 „ variation of ... 220 pressure on blades 222, 290, 231 Propdling machinery 748 Proportions of nozzles 407 Propulsive efficiency and power curves 327 '* efficiency " explained 325 „ of" Salem ** 242 Pump (circulating centrifugal) to face 612 If Ol 1 ... •«• ... a.. Ovifi Pumps 177-179 circulating 179 iCCQ ••* ••• ••• ••• IfH various 179 m M n n n 99 J* Q ^Qneen Alexandra" .». R Racing and gear wheels ••« Radial fin dummies „ fins of astern dummy Ramsbottom rings for glands Rankxne cycle 26 460 104 104 125 348 Ratean impulse type, British Westinghouse 644 0 turbine 25 Ratio of blade height to blade diameter 25 „ of blade to steam speed 23, 45, 46, 140, 141 „ of steam volumes 140 Reaction and impulse combined ... blading velocity triangles 397 d^^ee of ... ... ... 374 steam and blade velocities 383 turbines, data of ... 359, 360 Reading by micrometer gauge ... 218 Readings of dummy clearance 198, 199, 215, 325 w » PAGEK Readings of ** finger-plate " ... 187 Reasons for blade height increase 401 Receivers, pressures in 740 Recent improvements in turbine consUuction ... 268-270 „ developments in marine turbine practice 691 Reciprocating engines and turbines combined ... 271 -279 „ and turbine engines compared ... 249, 250 9 engine, unsuitability of for low pressures 640 ^ engines and turbines combined, benefits of ... ... 272 ^ engines and turbines combined, data for 273-278 I, engines and turbines compared ... 176  dummy clearance ... 131 Reduction gear, Macalpine floating frame ... 585,686 „ „ wheel, construction of Alquist flexible 685 Regulation of speed ... 189,440 " Reina Victoria Eugenia," turbines of 370-372 Relative steam velocities 30 Remarks on blade row numbers ... 191 Removable thrust rings 51 Report of turbine overhaul 196 „ on working of drains and glands 488 Resistance, augmentation of ... 326 of blades, losses by ... 327 of hull 325 of idle turbines... 48,327 Resultant eflect of steam speed and blade speed 386 Results of speed trials 193, 198, 201 Reverse turbines 50 • • VciXVCS^ ■•• ••• ••• X mi i Reversing 181-188 Revolutions 180 and knots curve of '* Salem" 251 and rotor diameter ... 26 and vacuum 195 blade rows, and pres- sure drops ... .•• 38 power, and speed ••• 2.30 Rings, dummy ••• ^20 Rotary feed pump. Weir's ... ••• 319 >» » >l >» Rotation, direction of 739 „ speed of 228 Rotor and dummy diameters com- pared 51-60 „ diameter and revolutions ... S6 „ drum, corrosion of 184 u how bedded down 1L2 „ of 11-stagc Curtis H.P. com- pound impulse turbine ... 526 „ of Curtis turbine ... to face 2A^ „ partly bladed lo/acei^ „ spindle glands ... 362,362 Rotors, balancing of 97 „ building of 70 „ construction of ... 65-76 „ drums, boring out of ... 66 „ „ manufacture of ... 66 „ elements of 6ft „ grooves, tumingf of... ... „ „ dry, properties of Saturation curve (entropy) „ lines of entropy Scale box with lamp for torsion meter „ of entropy Sdimidt marine type superheater... ^ superheater valve chest ... Scouts, curve of "nautical miles pet ton" „ " Marsala" and "Nino ''Screwing-up"bolt „ „ for rotor ;s of noule plates I through steam chest for I through steam cbest for lergcncy governor lal views of gear wheel, pin- is, and gear case at blading block for blading system of blading 72,73 85,86, 90,91 "Semi-win^" blades ... Serrations m grooves Set-square for casing blading „ for rotor blading Set-squares for blading 86 Setting up and adjusting torsion meter 674 Settling tanks in oil fuel 635 Shaft 524 „ horse-power 51 „ „ how measured 593-607 „ main 563 Sh'kfts, how calibrated '.". 133, 267 Shale oil 634 Shock absorption 732 „ and fnction of blades ... 399 Shrinking on of wheels ... ...66-68 Side clearance of blades 365 " Sliding coupling," cruising turbines 47 Sliding couplings io face Vi SlipofpropcUcr 172 Small turbines 567 Smoke, black 635 while 635 Soldering of blades 86 Solutions to "problems" ... 302-323 Spcakman, E. M., paper by ... 19 Speed, best bucket 506 „ indicator 180 „ power and consumption data 194 „ „ curve, " Lusitania" ... 163 „ reduced data for 197, 201 216 „ regulation 189,440 „ revolutions and sp«ed ... 230 „ „ horse-power, and consumption ... 741 „ of rotation 228 „ ofsteamandblades,examplesof 23 Speeds 73B „ consumption at low and high 741 Spherical-seated bearing 632 Stage diagram of Curtis turbine ... 216 „ impulse wheel 422 „ pressures m Curtis turbine 233, 410 „ wheel of impulse turbine /e>/a£« 716 „ wheels, holes in 716 St^es, velocity 507 „ pressure 608 Standard ships, American 729 „ turbine arrangement ... 17 Standardisation curve of " Salem" to face 254 Starboard ahead turbine blades ... 361 „ astern turbine blades to face 361 Starling and reverse valves ... 127 Static balance of H.P. rotors 97, 99 „  acceleration 31 „ action of, in blades ... ... 14 „ actual volume in turbines 40, 41 n adiabatic expansion of ••• 7 jt available energy in ... ••• - 641 9 baffle descriptions 427 jj serrations ••• ••• 427 baffles, oil and 715 cnest ■■• .•• ... ... oud y, for large turbines to face 555 „ view of mixed pressure ioface^l^ M condensation of 11 0 condition, correction factors for 21 » connections 49, 120-122 « consumption of "Lusitania" turbines 165 ri consumption, theory and practice 40 „ dryness fraction 9 „ expansion of 11,539 „ expansions, number of ... 140 „ external heat of 9 „ flow in Parson's turbine blades, diagram of ... 16 „ flow, paths of 730 „ flow through blades 16 „ ,, „ turbines ... 18 „ friction losses 40 gland connections 172 „ pressures ... 174, 194 glands ... 123,124 438 description of 122-125 of cruising turbines ... 49 99 »» „ in blades, action of ... 383, 385 „ increase of velocity in turbines 37,38 n initial velocity, calculations lor .a. ... ... ... Oo „ internal heat of 9 n isothermal expansion of ... 7 „ latent heat of 9 n nozzle openings 428 n pressure and velocity curves of 5-stage Curtis high pres- sure compound impulse turbine ... ... ... 511 n pressure, correction curve for 516 n pressures and volumes in ** expansions " 139 » pressures and volumes, table of ... ... ... 38, 139 B properties of 3-7 *, provision for increased velo- city of ... ... •.. 513 «i saturated 2, 708 If sealing glands 521 » « « of Curtis turbine 522 PAGI Steam speed and blade speed com- bined ... ... ... 386 strainer 133, 133 superheated 2, 709 advantages of 2 »» „ thrust on blades 187 „ to glands and drain arrange- ments to face 488 „ total head of 9 „ velocity and blade angles ... 392 y, „ effect of ... ... 33 „ „ through nozzles 373, 374 „ velocities, absolute and relative 30 „ volume, increase of 18 „ volumes, ratio of 140 ,, VVCi ... ..« ••• M M work done by adiabatic ex- pansion of 34,35 "Steaming" test of casings ... ... ••• ... 65 356, 357 ... 400 XXXll Index. 99 9t 9t PAGBS Teeth-cutting machine 451 „ gear, marking of 735 Temperature, etc., curves of 11-stage Curtis impulse tur- bine 512 of oil ... ••• ... 96 „ fuel 632 Temperatures, pressures, and ... 739 Tensile strength at high tempera- tures, curves showing reduction OI ... ... ... ... •*. v9 1 Test for oil fuel leakage 634 gauge for blading 72 „ for grooves 70 Theoretical blade heights ... .;. 26 Thermal unit .. 2 Thrust bearing, marine 582 „ bearings, mechanical details ' in ... ... ... ... 578 „ block 107-110,440,529,562,561, to face 108 Michell 577, 579, 582 „ single collar type ... 584 „ position of, on liner ... 531 „ wear of 181 collars and counter gear ... 73 cover, plan of 108 of propeller 187 rings, removable type ... 51 steam on blades 187 Tip clearance, cold and hot 159, 161 diagram ... ... 21 for leakage area ... 54 measured when cold 166-169, 197 Tipping of blades 89 Tools for blading 84, 85 "Topaze" 175 Torpedo craft ... ... ... 17 Tor<]ue ... ... ... ••• 1 Torsion meter ... 594,597,602,603 „ Bevis-Gibson type 255-261 calibration of the Hopkinson-Thring 572 „ Denny-Johnson type 262-268 ^ Hopkinson-Thring type 569 ^ indicator 594 ^ scale box with lamp for 57l „ setting up and ad- justing 573 meters, Denny-Edgecombe type 593-607 Trailing shaft ... 51 Transmission, diagram showing ... 602 „ losses  ... of " Lusitania ** of "Salem" ... PAGCS  and horse- power 41-43 Trigonometrical ratios, etc. ... 789 Tunjine advantages over recipro- cating engines 261 and propeller efficiencies combined. 228, 229 arrangement, battleships and cruisers 17, to face 48 arrangement, " Ciudad de Buenos Aires ".. to face 452 arrangement (Curtis type) 234 arrangement, large pas- senger steamers ... 17 arrangement of " Lusi- tania" 18 arrangement, " Lusitania" and " Mauretania " ... 192 arrangement, Scout "Chester" 143 arrangement, standard ... 17 arrangements ... 16, 17 of " Britannic " ... to face Zn British Westinghouse low pressure 503 (Brown-Curtis) blade heights 402 Brown- Boveri 501 casings, construction of ...75-82 „ pressures in ... 737 „ testing of ... 77 clearance 440 combined impulse and re- action ... 400 condenser 79 connections 130 Curtis ... ... ... 506 arrangement of moving and sta- tionary elements in a 507 blading of ... 248 bucket wheels and diaphragms of 5- stage H.P. com- pound impulse 525 ^ compound impulse bucket wheels and diaphragms 527 n combined impulse, bucket wheels and  Tar\Mnc, Brown-Curtis, high pressure combined impulse, longitudinal sec- tion of 11 stage 520 , „ lower half of casing ofll-stage ... 521 , „ oil circulating and cooling system of 533 „ principle of opera- tion • 245 9 rotor of 11 -stage H.P. compound impulse 526 „ type, description of 231-241 data 359-361 „ for channel steamer 200 „ for ** Manxman " ... l$9 for yacht 203 of " Tuscania " 480, 481 De Laval type 12 „ „ nozzle ... 13 design, paper on ... ... 19 „ modifications in... 691 „ problems in 203, 280 dimensions 175 drain connections ... 119 drains 440 „ and glands, work- ing of 488 drive and turbo-electric drive 692 efficiency 40, 209, 415 „ what dependent on 467 expansion pressures 469-480 gains due to high pressure, etc., Curtis 515 gauge readings 190 geared-down 449 governor 534 governors ... PAGES Turbines, L. P. or exhaust 563 „ steam 539 (" Lusitania "), efficiency of 324 „ steam con- sumption of 155 „ mixed pressure 565 „ of "Cairnross" 459 „ of^KingOrry" 465 „ of " Marsala " and " N ino Bixio" 441 of R.M.S. " Viper " to face 182 „ of " Salem,'' construction of 246 „ of torpedo boats 457 „ of "Transylvania" to face ^^ of^Tuscania" ... to face ^^ „ of ** Vespasian " 454 „ oil in ... ... ... 716 „ power developed in ...61, 62 „ pressure, drop in... 36,37 „ relation of fixed and mov- ing buckets in Curtis 514 reverse, description of ... 50 „ H.P. and L.P., arrangement of 50 reversing of 181 running and upkeep of ... 270 „ section through steam chest 556 small 567 spindle glands 362 steam chest for large to face 555 „ connections ... 120 steaming of 115 wear of ... ... ••• 181 work done in L.P. by vacuum difference ... 36 „ working of 188 Turbo-electric drive to face 121 (•• ... ... ' *•«/ and turbine drive 692 „ drives, marine ... 653 Turbo-generator, back pressure ... 504 Turbo-generators 499 „ types of ... ... 500 „ prmcipal differ- ences between marine turbines and 499 ••Tuscania,** Anchor Line T.S.S. to face 696 •* Twister," for blading 84 u Uniflux condenser. Weir's 609 Unit of heat... ... ••• ••• 2 United States destroyers, "Perkins" and^'Sterrett" ... 421-439 Upkeep of turbines... 270 n n » n PACES » »» » Upper half casing, external view tofaee 76 internal view >i >i to face 76 U.S. cruiser scout, " Salem " to face 250 U.S.N. collier "Jupiter" Utilisation of power... 727 326 Vacuum >» n n »» » • •• ... ... t ^^k augmenter ... 149, 179, 179 breaker 739 correction curve for ... 518 effect on revolutions ... 195 gauge (mercurial type) 366, 367 „ checking the ... 734 H.P. turbines 173 importance of 172 increase of 518 in idle turbines 172 in turbines 173 L.P. turbines 173 „ work done by difference 198, 199 Value of heat losses 393 Valve chest and governor gear ... 536 „ „ controlling gear and ... 5.35 Valves ^control) 439 „ (manoeuvring) 363 Vapour (white) in oil fuel 536 Variation in blade sections ... 712 Various pumps 179 Velocity, acceleration of steam ... 31 of blades, calculations ...32,33 calculations 28 change in ... ... ... 388 compounding 376 diagram 29 /^/j^tf 414, 416 for Curtis turbine 236, 236 diagrams 29, 388, 389, 387, 389 and heat drop 387 and pressure curves (im- pulse) 397 and. pressure curves (re- action) 398 of steam ... ... ... 33 and blade angles 392 increase in turbines 37,38 provision for de- creased ... 513 „ „ through nozzles 373, 374 „ or Curtis wheel 701 „ stages 507 „ triangle for H.P. turbine 42 y, „ for L.P. turbine... 43 „ triangles 385, 397 n n »» » >» »» 11 1) 11 i> 11 11 11 n 11 Index. XXXV PACKS n n n Velocity tnangles and horse-power 41-43 of impulse blad- ing 38i 384, 385 of reaction blading 397 Velodties, dis^ram of ... ^o /ace 41^ ,, and pressures in com- bined turbines to face 448 „ and pressure in Curtis turbine 412 „ of steam, absolute and relative 30 ''Welox'' 224 Ventilation pipes in oil fuel ... 635 *' Vespasian " gear wheels ... to face 454 „ running data of ... 455 „ turbines of 454 Vibration due to propellers ... 187 „ of machinery 183 View of mixed pressure steam chest to face 585 „ of rotor lifted clear of casing 114 „ of turbine — upper half turbine casing being lowered into position on to bottom half 717 „ of Westingbouse-Rateau mixed pressure turbine ... to face ^1 **Viper,* data for 183,224 Volume (constant) lines 351 ,, and dryness of steam (entropy) 347 ratio of 140 of steam (actual) in turbines 40,41 Vc^nmes and pressure of steam table 38 of steam in *^ expansions " 139 M n w w "Wake speed" 326 Water and oil service 270 „ charts, condensation 754, 755 *« condensed in turbines, cal- culations for ... 60, 61, 141 „ in oil fuel 636 ,y testing of casings 77 Wear-down gauge for testitag ... 211 AVear of bearings ... 183, 187, 325 „ of dummy rings 184 ^ of gland rings 181 n of main hearings 165 „ of thrust block 181 n of turbines 131 Wdr contact type feed heater ... 626 » direct contact feed heater 624-626 », "duaP' air pump ... 609-612 s) doal type air pump ... 611,612 « duplex feed pump 616-521,613-617 :. evaporator ... 523-526,622,623 ji rotary feed pump 620 9' •1 Weir surfoce type feed heater 524, 624 „ *' Uniilux'' condenser ... 609 Westinghouse blading ... to face 553 Westinghouse- Leblan c d ry air pump 590 „ „ rotary air pump... 589 Westinghouse- Rateau back pressure turbine to face 567 y^ ., L.P. impulse type turbine 564 mixed pressure turbine, longi- tudinal sec- tion through 566 mixed pressure turbine, view of... to face Wl type H. P. tur- bine to face 548 Wheel 74 and drum 72 (gear) teeth ... 449 method of inserting buckets in groove of 529 with curved arms 67 „ straight arms 67 >i » 11 w »» Wheels » 9> ft ... ... Descriptions, Illustrations, and Sketches referring to latest Turbine Practice (pages 759 to 788). Plain figures refer to text Black figures refer to illustrations. PAGES »••• Bearings Blade wheels Blading ... Brown - Curtis impulse turbine machinery of S.S. "Merida" to face Condenser Construction ... „ reliability and robust Cost, small maintenance Couplings Cylinders Data from practice ... 772, 774, Diaphragms ••• Dimensions, overall, and weight ... Double reduction geared turbines to face „ „ gearmg ... ... Economy in steam consumption ... Examples of large power turbines employed in land practice British-Westinghouse-Rateau im- pulse type turbo-generator H.P. and L.P. reaction turbines (Parson's) 3000 K.W. compound de Laval steam turbine at Gothenburg Flexible expansion coupling, the ** Robertson- Fairfield" patent 786, tofcu:e Geared turbines of H. M.S. " Furious" to face Gearing, double reduction „ notes on VJf EcLll vl 9 ••• ••■ •■■ ••• Governor, overspeed safety Impulse turbine machinery of S.S. " Merida," Brown-Curtis to face Land practice, examples of large power turbines employed in ... British-Westinghouse-Rateau im- pulse type turbo-generator H.P. and L.P. reaction turbines (Parson's) 3000 K.W. compound de Laval steam turbine at Gothenburg L.P. ahead and astern turbines to face Lubrication ... „ forced, pressures and temperatures Lubricating system Main shafts ... ... ... ... Manipulation 767 765 766 786 769 763 761 763 768 764 777 766 763 786 768 762 790 786 772 768 781 766 767 786 790 762 768 776 786 766 762 PACES I to face to face Michell oil film thrust block Notes on gearing Nozzles „ shape of Oil flow test cocks Overhaul Overspeed safety governor Pinions, stresses on „ number of teeth in „ pressure on teeth of Pressure of thrust „ on teeth of pinions Practice, data from Reliabilty and robust construction Relief valves " Robertson-Fairfield " patent flex- ible expansion coupling Sliding feet, turbine S.S. "Assiout" and "Amarna"— Westinghouse- Rateau marine type impulse turbines — L.P. ahead and astern turbines to face L.P. ahead and astern turbines, with condenser to face Plan of engine-room ... „ Results of condenser tests „ Guaranteed conditions and results to face End elevation of engine-room Double reduction gearing General view of turbines Steam consumption, economy in „* pressures Stresses on pinions Teeth, number of, in pinion „ pressure on Thrust block ,, „ Michell oil film Turbine efficiency, notes on „ sliding feet Valves, relief Velocity wheel of turbine, work done m ... Weight and overall dimensions Westinghouse- Rateau impulse type marine turbines Westinghouse- Rateau marine type impulse turbines to face 762, Westinghouse- Rateau marine double reduction geared turbines to face Work done in velocity wheel of 786 781 764 783 778 762 767 782 783 782 774 782 772 761 767 786 780 n to face turbine ... 762 764 766 766 766 768 771 776 762 776 782 783 781 768 786 783 780 767 785 7C3 761 764 76e 78^ XXXVl THE MARINE STEAM TURBINE SECTION I. DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Before commencing to describe the chief features of the Parsons turbine, it is perhaps necessary to explain clearly the meaning of certain definitions which are closely connected wiA the theory and practice of this type as with all other types of steam engine. Foot'Pound« — A foot-pound is the work done in raising a weight of one pound up through a distance of one foot. Torque — Torque is the turning movement to which a shaft is subjected when a force is exerted to rotate the shaft against a resist- ance such as that of the screw propeller in water. In ordinary engines the turning effort or torque is applied by means of the crank, and in turbines by the direct energy of the steam acting on the periphery of the blade circle of the rotor. By arranging the rotor diameter so that the peripheral velocity of the blades is equal to about half that of the steam« the maximum amount of work in foot-pounds may be extracted from each pound of steam passing through the turbine casing. Heat — Heat is merely a form of energy, and as such exists in two states — (i) in that of Potential or stored-up energy, and (2) in that of Kinetic or active energy. When the molecules of a body or A 2 The Marine Steam Turbine. gas are set in rapid motion or vibration, heat is developed and work done. Consequently in the case of a steam engine, either of the reciprocating type or turbine type, the energy which produces rota- tion of the shaft is obtained by means of the transformation or heat energy into mechanical work. British Thermal Unit (BTh.U.). — This is taken as being equal to 778 foot-pounds of work or energy, and signifies that one heat unit, when transformed into mechanical energy, gives out 778 foot- pounds of work. Saturated Steam. — Steam taken direct from the boilers is known as " saturated steam," as the density, or weight of water per cubic foot, is constant for any given pressure, as also is the temperature and volume. The steam supplied to all marine engines (without superheaters) is therefore of this quality, and calculations as to expansion, work done, and fall of pressure, are usually made on this assumption. The steam supplied to the H.P. turbine of a turbine engine is therefore saturated steam. Sometimes the term I'dry saturated steam " is used to distinguish this quality of steam from wet steam, or steam containing water from priming. " Wet " Steam. — If water is carried off with the steam due to priming taking place in the boilers, the steam contains more water per cubic foot than is natural to the " saturation " pressure, volume, and temperature, and it is then known as " wet steam," or " wet saturated steam." Superheated Steam. — If saturated steam from the boilers is passed through the tubes of a superheater, the water contained in the steam is evaporated out of it, with the following results : — 1. Rise of temperature. 2. Increase of volume if pressure is kept constant ; or, 3. Increase of pressure if volume is kept constant The chief advantage of superheated steam lies in the fact that cylinder condensation is practically eliminated, as the steam does not then readily condense when exposed to cooled surfaces : leakage is also reduced. Another point of importance is that the specific heat of this steam being only .48 (some authorities give .5), one BT.U. of heat supplied to the steam has tlie effect of raising its temperature fully two degrees, as I -^ .48 = 2.08. The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam Of/rofn 0.5 lb, to 260 lbs. Absolute Pressure per Square Inch, I Aacoiute I Pmstire per | Temperatures, .^uare Inch., Total Heat of I il>. of Steam from Water sup- plied at 32' F. U^ t>cg. Kahr. 8a. 2 102. J 126.3 134.6 141.6 '47-7 '57-9 162.3 166.4 170.2 173-^ 176.9 180.0 182.9 185-7 188-3 1 90. 8 193-3 195-^ ,97.8 20O' ^ 2Q2.0 2O4-O 205-9 207-8 2 09- 6 2 I2-0 2 I 3-' 216.3 ai9-6 22^-4- 225-3 228-0 :2 30.6 ^3^3-^ ^35-5 237-^ :240- I Unit^ 05-5 16.7 19.9 22-5 24.6 26.4 28.1 29.6 32.1 33 3 34-3 35-3 36.3 37.2 38.0 38.8 39.5 403 41.0 41.7 42.4 430 43-6 44.2 44.8 45-3 46.1 46.4 47-4 48.3 49.2 50.1 51-7 52.5 53-2 53-9 54.6 55.3 Total Latent Heat of Steam. Units. 1058.4 1042.9 >o33-2 1025.8 1019.9 1015.0 1010.6 1006.8 1003.4 1000.3 997-4 994-7 992.3 990.0 987.8 985.7 983.8 981.9 980.1 978.4 976.7 975-2 973-6 972.2 970.8 969.4 968.1 966.8 965.2 964.3 962.1 959-8 957-7 955-7 953-8 95^-9 950.2 948.5 946.9 945-3 943-7 Density or Weight of 1 Cubic Fixn of Steam. hh .001376 .003027 .004433 .005811 .007169 .008511 .009839 .Oil 16 .01246 .01370 .01505 .01634 .01762 .01889 .02016 .02142 .02268 -02394 .02547 .02642 .02767 .02890 .03026 •03137 .03260 •03382 •03504 .03627 .03797 .03870 .04112 •04253 •04594 .04834 .05074 ■O53II •05549 .05786 .06023 .06159 .06495 Voluifte of I II Steam. Cubic Feel 726.60^ 330.36c 225.58c 172.08c 139.48^ I I 7.50c 101.63a 89.63: 80 231 72.991 66.42J *6l.201 56.761 52.93^ 49.6IC 46.686 44.09; 41-77/ 39.261 37^84! 36.145 34.59s 33.045 31.875 30.67^ 2957.^ 28.53^ 27.572 26.36c 25^842 24.32c 23-513 21.76^ 20.687 19.71C 18.828 18.022 17.282 16.601 15-977 15.401 The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam — • continued 1 Absolute Pressure per Square Inch. Temperatures. • Total Heat of z lb. of Steam from Water sup- plied at 32* Fahr. Total Latent Heat of Steam. Density or Weight of I Cubic Foot of Steam. Volume of z lb. of Steam.. Lbs. Deg. Fahr. Units. Units. Lbs. Cubic Feet. 27 244.4 II55.8 942.2 .06728 14.863 28 246.4 II56.4 940.8 05971 14.345 29 248.4 II57.I 939-4 07196 13.896 30 250.4 II57.8 937-9 07430 13-459 3« 252.2 1 158.4 936.7 07663 13.050 3* 254.1 1 1 58.9 935-3 07894 12.666 33 255-9 1 159.5 934.0 08128 12.300 34 257.6 1 160.0 932.8 08358 11.964 35 2593 1160.5 931.6 08590 11.640 36 260.9 1161,0 930-5 08821 1 1.337 37 262.6 I161.5 929.3 09050 11.050 38 264.2 I162.O 928.2 09282 10.773' 39 265.8 I162.5 927.1 09510 10.515 40 267.3 1 162.9 926.0 09740 10.267 41 268.7 1 163.4 924-9 .09946 10.054 42 270.2 I163.8 923.9 .1030 9.806 43 271.6 I164.2 922.9 .1042 9.592 44 273.0 1 1 64.6 921.9 .1065 9.386 45 274.4 I165.I 920.9 .1088 9.191 46 275.8 II65.5 919.9 .1111 9.003 47 277.1 1165.9 919.0 •1134 8.821 48 278.4 I 166.3 9 1 8. 1 .1156 8.650 49 279-7 I 166.7 917.2 .1179 8.482 50 281.0 I167.I 916.3 .1202 8.322 SI 282.3 I167.5 915-4 .1224 8.170 5» 283-5 1167.9 914.5 .1247 8.021 53 284.7 I168.3 913.6 .1269 7.880 54 285.9 1 168.6 912.8 .1292 7.741 55 287.1 1169.0 912.0 .1314 7.610 56 288.2 1169.3 911. 2 •1337 7.482 57 289.3 1 169.7 910.4 •1357 7.370 58 290.4 I 170.0 909.6 .1382 7.238 59 291.6 1170.4 908.8 .1404 7.123 60 292.7- 1170.7 908.0 .1426 7.01 1 61 293.8 1171. 1 907.2 .1449 6.902 62 294.8 II71.4 906.4 .1471 6.798 63 295.9 1171.7 905.6 •M93 6.696 64 296.9 1 172.0 904.9 .1516 6.596 65 298.0 II72.3 904.2 •1538 6.502 66 299.0 II72.6 903.5 .1560 6.410 67 300.0 1172.9 902.^1 .1583 6.318 68 3009 II73.2 902.1 .1604 6.233 69 301.9 "73-5 901.4 .1627 6.147 The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam — continued. \ \ Ab«o*aCe ,' Pre^Mxre per I Xemperato 1 Square Indk.? Tocal Heat of X lb. of Stcasi fipoot Water sap- fi^icd at 33' Pabr. Tocal Latent Heat of Stnun. Density of Weight of I Cubic Foot oJ Steam. L Volume o^ i lb. of Steam. 900.8 1650 900.3 .1671 899.6 .1693 898.9 1716 898.2 .1738 8975 .1760 896.8 .1782 896.1 .1803 8955 .1826 894.9 .1848 3943 .1870 893-7 .1892 893.1 .1912 892.5 .1936 892.0 1957 891.4 .1980 890.8 2001 890.2 .2023 889.6 .2046 889.0 .2067 888.5 .2088 887.9 .2111 887.3 2133 886.8 2i,S4 886.3 2176 885.8 2198 885.2 2220 884.6 2241 884. 1 2263 883.6 2286 883.1 .2307 882.6 .2329 882.1 2350 881.6 2372 881. 1 2393 880.7 2415 880.2 ■2437 879.7 .2458 879.2 .2480 878.7 , .2502 Cubic Feet. 6.059 5984 5:905 5.829 5764 5.683 5.610 5-544 5-476 5-4" 5-348 5.286 5230 5-'67 5.109 5-052 4-996 4.942 4.889 4.837 4.790 4-737 4.688 4.642 4-595 4-549 4.505 4.462 4.419 4-375 4.335 4.305 4.256 4.216 4.178 4.140 4.104 4.068 4033 3.998 The Marine Steam Turbine. Properties of Saturated Steam — continued. , Total Heat of Absolute Pressure per Square Inch. t Temperatures. I lb. of Steam from Water sup- plied at 33' Fabr. Total Latent ^J^'') Heat of Steam. <*''*' ty or Weight ^ubic Foot of Steam. Volume of 1 lb. of Steam. Lbs. Deg. Fahr. Units. Units. Lbs. Cubic Feet. 