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111, 114 Ludeking, 277, 279 Ludwig, 96 Mackay, 184 Madaen, 286 Mahin, 220 Marsden, 302 Marsh, 9 Maxwell, 246 Mclntosh, 208 McMaster, 216, 328 Mendeleeff, 44-48, 72, 348, 349 Michaelis, 272 Mohler, 120 Morgan, 348 Morse, 58-60, 62-64, 66, 97 Morveau, 22 Moser, 95 Mouton, 247, 255 Murray, 214 Muthmann, 230 Myrick, 66 NSgeli, 284 Neisser, 271 Nernst, 161-163, 191, 197-199, 209, 348, 352 Newton, 20 Noyes, A. A., 154, 155, 181, 348 Offer, 134 Ohm, 93 Onnes, 175 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 105, 129, 130, 145-150, 159, 161-163, 175, 178- 180, 186, 187, 201, 315, 317, 352 Ostwald, Wolfgang, 233, 280 Ota, 306 Paal, 289 Palmaer, 198 Pappada, 239 Paracelsus, 5 Pauchon, 104 Pauli, 259, 284 Paulus, 344, 347 Pearce, 130, 315, 322, 324 Perrin, 243-246, 254, 257 Pfeffer, 50-55, 58, 71-74, 77, 97, 238 Pfund, 297 Pickering, 348 Pictet, 3 Picton, 239, 255, 260-262, 282 Pincussohn, 272 Proust, 24 Putnam, 208, 224 Quinke, 254, 257 Ramsay, 119, 120, 211, 212, 214, 243 Raoult, 43, 44, 49, 81, 106-111, 122- 127, 132, 133, 238, 240, 281, 311 Rayleigh, 111 Raymond, 163, 294 Reid, 356 Reinders, 285 Reinke, 278, 279 Reuss, 254 Richartz, 9 Riesenfeld, 348 Roberts- Austin, 302 Robinson, 194 Rodewald, 238, 279 Rose, 13, 14 Rosenstiehl, 72 Rouiller, 216 Rowland, 120 Rudolphi, 180 Sabanejew, 281 Sachkanov, 177 St. v. Gorski, 204 St. v. Laszczynski, 204 Schlamp, 203 Schmidt, 221, 222, 293 Selmi, 226 Shaeffer, 316, 344, 347 Shields, 211, 212, 214 Siedentopf , 247-250 Smith, 316 Smits, 290 Smoluchowski, 243 Sorensen, 153 Soret, 75, 76, 96, 97 374 AUTHOR INDEX Spring, 300, 301 Springer, 316 Stas, 10, 11 Steele, 348 Stern, 290 Stieglitz, 150, 151 Stokes, 245-247 Strong, 335, 338, 340, 341, 346, 347 Svedberg, 237, 242, 243 Tarnmann, 104 Thales, 4 Thomsen, 41-43, 48, 72 Thomson, 25, 26, 28, 121, 148, 206, 209 Traube, 50 Tyndall, 247 Uhler, 330-332, 346 Valentine, 4 Valson, 36, 38, 39, 44, 49, 81 Van Bemmelen, 276, 298 Van der Waals, 89, 353 Van Helmont, 4, 5 Van't Hoff, 31, 48, 63, 72-74, 76-80, 82, 84, 86, 89, 118, 128, 129, 132, 135, 181, 196, 197, 298-304 Vaubel, 298 Veazey, 217, 222, 224, 225 Violle, 302 Vollmer, 203 Volta, 27, 196 Von Berneck, 284, 285 Von Meyer, 373 Von Schroder, 277, 278 Von Weimarn, 283 Waage, 35, 36, 48, 72, 135 Walden, 205, 206 Walker, 105 Wallerius, 22 Wanklyn, 8 Washburn, 348 Wenzel, 280 Werner, 204 West, 316 Whitney, 258, 259, 261 Wiedemann, 254, 279 Wiener, 242 Wiesel, 209 Wight, 316 Wightman, 209, 316 Williamson, 31-33, 48, 81 Winston, 316 Witt, 292 Wladimiroff, 70 Wohler, 93 Wroblewski, 3 Wullner, 95, 104 Zanniovich-Tessarin, 205 Zelinsky, 203, 213 Zsigmondy, 236, 247, 248, 250-252, 273 SUBJECT INDEX ABNORMAL electrolytes, 206 Absorption of light by solutions, 330 — spectra of solutions, effect of dehydrating agents on, 332 effect of solvent, 332, 334 of neodymium salts, 333, 338 of uranium salts, 335 relative transparency to sol- vent, 342 solvent bands, 332, 335, 339 use of radiomicrometer, 342 Acetone, conductivities in mixtures containing, 215, 224 Acid, definition of, 136 Acids, dissociation of, 183 Active and inactive molecules, 83 Activity coefficients (Arrhenius), 83 Adsorption, application to high vacua, 297 — effect of solvent on, 295 temperature on, 296 — history of, 294 — in soils, 288 — theories of, 297 — theory of colloids, 282 Aggregation, states of, 2 Alcohol, conductivities in mixtures containing, 213, 215, 221 "Alkahest," 5 Ammonia, dissociating power of liquid, 207 Amphoteric compounds, and biology, 152 dissociation of, 151 Amplitude of Brownian movement, 242 Analogy between solutions and gases, 30, 42, 72 Antitoxins and toxins, 286 Association, and dissociating power of liquids, 211 Association, effect of temperature on, 212 — factors of liquids, 212 Atomic volume, and viscosity, 218 — mass from Brownian movement, 246 BASE, definition of, 137 Bases, dissociation of, 183 Berthollet's chemical theory of solu- tion, 23 Berzelius' electrochemical theory, 27 Boiling-point apparatus, (Jones), 116 — method (Beckmann), 115 electrolytic dissociation by, 118 molecular weights by, 117 Brownian movement, 241 amplitude of vibrations in, 242 and kinetic theory, 246 and precipitation of colloids, 262 and ultramicroscopy, 251 and viscosity of media (Sved- berg), 242 mass of atom from, 246 Perrin's work on, 243 theories of, 243 velocity of particles in, 242 CAPILLARY moduli, law of (Valson), 36 Carbon dioxide, geological action of, 13 Catalysts, action of "poisons" on, 285 Cataphoresis, 254 Cells, primary, 196 Chemical action, gravitational theory of (Newton), 20 Chemical equilibrium, importance of recognized (Williamson), 31 376 SUBJECT INDEX Chemical inactivity in absence of water, 6 of hydrochloric acid and carbonates, 8 of acids on litmus, 9 of hydrochloric acid and ammonia, 9 of sulphuric acid and sodium, 11 Colloidal particles, size of and ultra- microscope, 250 Colloidal preparations, chemical methods, 234 electrical methods, 234, 236, 284 hydrolysis methods, 234 reduction methods, 235 Colloidal solutions, as catalysts, 285 fundamental properties of, 237 of metals, 231, 236, 284 precipitation of, 260 action of electrolytes, 261, 264 and valency of precipitating ion, 265, 268 microscopic phenomena, 262 preparation of, 234 Colloids, adsorption theory of, 282 — and agriculture, 288 — and mineralogy, 289 — and pharmacology, 287 — early history of, 226 — electrical properties in nonaque- ous solutions, 257 — Graham's work on, 227 — industrial applications of, 289 — mutual precipitation of, 271 — relation to physiological chem- istry, 284 — suspension theory of, 282 — theory of precipitation of, 263, 283 Color in solution, cause of, 145 and electron theory, 147 and theory of electrolytic dissociation, 146 Conductivities, in acetone mixtures, 215 — in alcohol mixtures, 213 Conductivities, in glycerol, 221 — in mixed solvents, 213 Conductivity, electrical, at high temperatures, 181 theory of, 171 method, Kohlrausch, 40, 172 of solutions, law of, 177 — of suspensions, 258 — water, 174 Cryohydrates, 133 DECOMPOSITION values of electro- lytes, 167 Dialysis, 231 — Graham's method, 228 Dielectric constants, determination of (Drude), 210 effect of on dissociating power of liquids, 209 of liquids, 211 Diffusion, 90 — and osmotic pressure, 96 — effect of mass on, 95 — generalization of Fick, 93 — Graham's work on, 91, 227 — in solids, 301 — of sols, 240 — temperature coefficients of, 96 Dilution law, Ostwald, 179 Rudolphi, 180 Dissociating power, and association, 211 and dielectric constants, 209 of liquid ammonia, 207 of liquids, relative, 203 Walden's work on, 205 Dissociation, electrolytic, and dilu- tion, 179 by boiling-point method, 118 comparison of freezing-point and conductivity measurements of, 315 by freezing-point method, 129 in acetone, 204 in alcohols, 203, 209 in ether, 204 in formamide, 208, 224 in formic acid, 205 SUBJECT INDEX 377 Dissociation, electrolytic, in hydro- cyanic acid, 206 in hydrogen dioxide, 207 in inorganic liquids, 205 in nonaqueous solvents, 219 in pyradine, 204 in ternary mixtures, 220 in water, 183 of acids, 183 of bases, 183 of complexes, 184 of salts, 184 theory of, 82 — hydrolytic, 153 Dyeing, 291 — and adsorption, 293 — and chemical action, 292 — and solid solutions, 293 Dynamics, chemical, importance rec- ognized, 143 ELECTRICAL charge and precipita- tion of colloids, 271 — dispersion, 236 — properties of sols, 252 Electrochemical theory of Berzelius, 27 Electroendosmose of sols, 253 — effect of electrolytes on, 254 Electrolysis and conductance, 161 — primary of water, 170 — theories of, 27, 33, 164, 166 — theory of and decomposition val- ues, 167 Electrolytes, abnormal, 206 — action of on colloids, 261 — decomposition values of, 167 — osmotic pressure of, 64 Electrolytic dissociation, by boiling- point method, 118 by conductivity method, 178 by freezing-point method, 129 early conceptions of (Grott- huss), 25 methods of measuring, 83 theory of, 82, 87, 351 Electrostenolysis, 258 Emulsions, 233 Emulsions, electrical properties of, 259 — precipitation of, 273 Emulsoids, 233 — osmotic pressure of, 238 — precipitation of, 270, 273 Enzymes, 285 Ether formation, theory of (William- son), 31 FARADAY'S laws, 156 Ferments, organic and inorganic, 284 — catalytic action of, 285 Formamide, dissociation in, 208, 224 Formic acid, dissociation in, 205 Freezing-point investigations, 122, 130 — lowering, abnormal, 306 and water of crystallization, 308 bearing on hydration, 309 by sols, 239 in solid solutions, 304 Raoult's law of, 43, 126 — method (Beckmann), 127 molecular weights by 128 Fusible metals, 304 GASES, analogy between solutions and, 30, 42, 72 — liquefaction of, 3 Gelatine, 270 Gelation, 234, 270 Gels, 232, 274 — honeycomb structure of, 276 — imbibition by, 277 — less elastic, 276 — more elastic, 277 — physical properties of, 275 — solventation of, 276 Glycerol, conductivities in, 221 — viscosities in, 222 Gold number, 273 HEAT of neutralization, 139 Hydrates, composition of, 310 — early views on, 41 — of sulphuric acid, 45, 47, 349 — theories of, 44, 307, 348 378 SUBJECT INDEX Hydration, and atomic volume, 322 — and ionic velocity, 193, 324 — and osmotic pressure, 62 — and temperature coefficients of conductivity, 316 — of gels, 276 — relative of anion and cation, 324 Hydrolysis, 153 Hydrolytic dissociation, 153 effect of temperature on, 153 Hydrosols and hydrogels, 232 IMBIBITION, 277 — calorimetry of, 279 — effect of solutions on, 280 — pressure from, 278 — rate of by gels, 278 — volume changes in, 277 Indicators, ionization constants of, 151 — Ostwald theory of, 149 — Stieglitz's work on, 150 Ionic theory, 87 Ions, 83 — absolute velocity of, 194 — apparatus for measuring velocity of, 188 — effect of concentration and tem- perature on velocity of, 190 — hydration of and atomic volume, 322 — modes of formation, 186 — relative velocities of, 188, 192 — velocity of and hydration, 193, 324 Ionization constants, 84 — of indicators, 151 Isohydric solutions, 185 Isosmotic solutions, 69 Isotonic coefficients (De Vries), 69 KINETIC theory, and Brownian move- ment, 246 Kohlrausch conductivity method, 172 — law, 40, 177 LAVOISIER'S conceptions of solution, 22 Liquefaction of gases, 3 Liquids, association factors of, 212 — dielectric constants of, 211 — relative dissociating power of, 203 — solvent power of, 202 — Walden's work on dissociating power of, 205 Lyophile — lyophobe sols, 234 MASS-action, law of (Guldberg and Waage), 14, 36 Mercury, molecular weights of metals in, 119 Metals, colloidal solutions of, 231, 236, 284 — molecular weights hi mercury, 119 — solution tension of, 197, 200 Migration velocities of ions, 40, 177, 188, 192, 195 Mixed solvents, conductivities in, 213 Moduli of coersion (Farve and Val- son), 38 Molecular weights, by boiling-point method, 117 by freezing-point method, 128 of metals in mercury, 119 Mordaunts, 292 NEGATIVE sols, 255 precipitation of, 266 — viscosity coefficients, 218, 223 Neutralization, 137 — heat of, 139 Nomenclature of colloidal chemistry, 231, 233 — of ultramicroscopy, 249 Nonaqueous solvents, dissociation in, 202, 204, 219 OSMOTIC pressure, and diffusion, 96 and Boyle's law, 73 and Gay Lussac's law, 74 application of gas laws to, 72 cell for high (Frazer), 66 durability of cells, 66 in solid solutions, 300 measurements of Pfeffer, 50 membranes by electrical endos- mose (Morse), 58 SUBJECT INDEX 379 Osmotic pressure, Morse's method of measuring, 59 of cane sugar, 60 of concentrated solutions, (Berkley and Hart), 55 of electrolytes, 64 of emulsoids and suspensoids, 238, 239 of glucose, 63 relation to gas pressure, 60, 77 relative, 67, 70 rdle in different sciences, 99 Traube's method of measuring, 50 Ostwald dilution law, 179 — theory of indicators, 149 POISONS, catalytic, 285 Positive sols, 255 precipitation of, 265 Precipitation of colloids, and Brown- ian movement, 262 protective effect, 273 valency rule, 268 Primary cells, 196 Nernst's work on 198 Protective effect and colloidal pre- cipitation, 269, 273 Purple of Cassius, 236 RADIOMICBOMETEK, 342 Raoult's laws, 111, 127 Resonance, 145, 330 SALTS, dissociation of, 184 — thermoneutrality of, 142 Selective absorption of light by solutions, 330 Semicolloids, 289 Semipermeable membranes (Morse), 58 preparation of (Traube), 50 Silver, colloidal, (Lea), 230 — ion and theory of hydration, 326 Soaps, 290 Size of colloidal particles and ultra- microscopy, 250 Solation, 234 Solids, diffusion in, 302 — osmotic pressure in mixtures of, 301 — vapor-tension, lowering of, 303 Solid solutions, kinds of, 299 Sols, boiling-point, freezing-point, and vapor pressure of, 239 — diffusion of, 240 — electrical properties, 252 — mutual precipitation, 271 — precipitation of, 260 Solution, Lavoisier's conception of, 22 — law of electrical conductivity of, 177 — modern definition of, 2, 6 — r61e of in different sciences, 12-16 — theories of, chemical, Klaproth, 23 — Berthollet, 23 Kopp, 35 Thomson, 25 mechanical, Lavoisier, 23 Fourcroy, 23 17th and 18th century, Newton, 20 Boerhaave, 21 Wallerius, 22 Solutions, and gases, 30, 42, 72, 78 — as compounds (Kopp), 35 — fundamental properties, 132 — isohydric, 185 — law of electrical conductivity of, 177 Solution-tension of metals, 197 proof of, 198 values for, 199 Solvate theory, and chemistry in general, 355 relation to theory of electro- lytic dissociation, 357 Solvation, and selective absorption of light, 331 — in nonaqueous solutions, 329 — in the alcohols, 327 — summary of evidence for, 345 Solvent bands, 332, 335, 337, 341 Solvents, nonaqueous, dissociation in, 202, 219 Soret, principle of, 75, 96 380 SUBJECT INDEX Surface tension, 263, 285, 297 Suspensions, 233 — action of electrolytes on, 261, 269 — conductivity of, 258 Suspension theory of colloids, 282 Suspensoids, 233 — osmotic pressure of, 239 — precipitation of, 260 TANNING, 291 Temperature coefficients of con- ductivity, and relative hydrating power, 321 of strongly hydrated salts, 319 of weakly hydrated salts, 318 — effect of on adsorption, 296 on association, 212 Ternary mixtures, dissociation in, 220 Theory of electrolytic dissociation, 82, 87, 351 Thermochemical investigations, Ber- thollet, 40 Thomson, 42 Thermoneutrality of salts, 142 Toxins and antitoxins, 286 Transmission of light, relative by sol- vent and solution, 345 Tyndall effect, 247 UltfBAMICKOSCOPE, 247 — applications of, 249 Ultramicroscopy, nomenclature of, 249 Universal solvent, 5 VACUA, high by adsorption, 297 Valence, nature of chemical, 158 Vapor pressure lowering, in solid solutions, 303 Vapor-tension, early work on, 103- 105 effect of concentration on, 107 solute, 109 solvent, 110 temperature, 108 lowering of by sols, 239 measurements, Walker, 105 Frazer-Lovelace method, 111 of nonaqueous solutions, 106 Raoult's work on, 106 Velocity of ions, 188 — absolute, 194 — apparatus for measuring, (Jones), 189 — effect of concentration and tem- perature on, 190 — relative, 188, 192 and atomic volume, 193 Velocity of particles in cataphoresis, 255 Viscosity, 217 — and Brownian movement, 242 — negative coefficients of, 218, 223 — of glycerol solutions, 222 — of rubidium and caesium salts, 223 — relation to atomic volume, 218 WATER, as the original element, 4 — chemical and physical properties of, 17 — chemical inactivity, in absence of, 7 — dissociation of solutions in, 183 — importance of in chemical reac- tions, 138 — of crystallization, and hydration, 308 and temperature, 314 — purification of for conductivity, 174 — theory of primary electrolysis of, 170 THE LITERATURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES On our shelves is the most complete stock of tech- nical, industrial, engineering and scientific books in the United States. 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