None
B Bailiff, 114, 174 Bakewell, 429 ■ Banking, 299; (Bank of England), 300, 322, 374 Barter, 43 Bordars, 72 Bounties on com, 433 Brickmaking, 316 Bright, John, on factory acts, 405 Bronze age, 8 Bye-industries, 325, 329 ; (loss of), 885 Cabot, 193, 218 Canada, 295 Canals, 355 Cape Colony, 462 Capitalists, rise of, 324 Capitalist manufacturers, 325, 326, 381 Cattle, ancient, 7 ; improvements in, 271 Cartwright, 344 Celts in England, 5, 8 ; (Pytheas on),, 11-14 Chancellor, Richard, 231 Changes in fifteenth century, 192 in sixteenth century, 220 Charters of towns, 91 Charter, the Great, 101 Chartists, 377 Children in factories, 388-402 Closes, 115 Clothiers, 147 Coal and coal mining, 310-312, 353, 423 Cobbett, 376 Cobden, 460 Cockayne's monopoly, 306 Coke of Holkham, 429 Colonies, 290, 293, 295 ; (policy to- wards), 364 ; (American), 366 ; (war with), 368 ; (trade with), 461 Columbus, 193, 218 Combination Acts, 416 Commendation, 53, 61 Commerce in sixteenth and following centuries, 284-304, and see Trade Common fields, 115, 273 Communal ownership, see Manor Communal land, 115 Communication, improvements in, 354 ; (recent), 458 Co-operative societies, 471 Copyholders, 38 Com laws, 432, 435 Cottars, 72 Cotton manufactures, 346 Counties, population and wealth of, 67-69 475 476 INDEX Crises, commercial, 464-468 Crompton, 343 Cromwell, Oliver, 286 Crusades, 100 Cultivation, methods of (Saxon), 40 Currency (under Henry VIII.), 206 ; (Elizabeth), 235; (WiUiam III.), 300 Customary tenants, 56 Customs tariff, 375 Cuxham Manor, 79 Dairy, 115 Danes, 43-45, 61 Darby, Abraham, 314 Darien scheme, 301 Debasement of currency, 206 Defoe on commercial men, 322 Dock strike, 471 Domesday Book, 65-85 Domestic system of industry, 336 Drainage of fens, 268 ; ' Drainage, agricultural, 436, 437 Drake, 231, 232 Drawbacks of mediaeval life, 177 Dudley and iron trade, 313 Dutch (in agriculture), 249 ; (in trade), 287 ; wars with, 287 Dunstan, St, 41 Dyeing, 131, 305 Early Britain, people of, 10 ; condi- tion of, 11 East India Co., 285, 293, 463 N>^ Economic factors in history, 473 Edward III. and manufactures, 127; and staple, 136 Edward VI., 209 ; his ministers, 209, 234 Elizabethan seamen, 221, 231 Elizabethan England, 234-263 ^Enclosures, 119, 213, 215 ; results of (sixteenth centurv), 216-218 ; (seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies), 274; (benefits of), 275 j (number of), 335 Enumerated articles, the, 366 Exports, early, 15, 32 ; (Norman period), 100 ; (sixteenth century), 240 ; (later), 297, 455, 457 F Factory Acts, 391-406 ; (summary of), 403 Factory, germs of, 146 , early, 347 ; increase of, 348 ; life in, 388 Factory system, results of, 381, 388 ; factory agitation, 391-405 Fairs, 42, 140 Famine, 151, 178 Farmers, see Agriculture Fens drained, 268 Feudal system, 60, 98 Fifteenth century changes, 193 Finances (Ed. VI.), 210, 219, 220 Firma unius noctis, 54 Firma burgi, 90, 188 Fitzherbert, 171 Flanders, trade with, 229 Flemish weavers, 105, 121, 127, 129, Flemish immigrants, 241 Foreign trade (Saxon), 43 ; mediaeval, 223-233 ; (sixteenth century), 240 ; (seventeenth century), 297 ; (later), 455, 457 Forests, 17, 313 France, 291, 293 Frauds, statute of, 277 Free and unfree, 38, 73, 76 Free Trade, 456 Frobisher, 231 Fuggers, the, 210 Gang-labour in agriculture, 449 Geburs, 38 Geneat, 37 Gentry, country, 182 Gilds, 91 ; merchant, 93 ; craft, 94 ; functions of, 95 ; rural, 96 ; in cloth trade, 130 ; and towns, 189 ; lands, confiscation of, 207 ; revival of craft gilds, 246 Greshams, the, 229 Grossteste, 113 Halifax, 237 Hansa, the, 124, 227 Hargreaves, James, 343 Hawkins, 231 Henley, Walter de, 113 Henry VII., 193, 194, 196 INDEX 477 Henry VIII., expenses of, 199 ; popu- larity of, 201 ; and monasteries, 202 ; and coinage, 206 Huguenots, in England, 308 Husbandry (book), 113, and see Agriculture Huskisson, 456 Imports, 16, 32, 45, 101, 143, 224-227, 229, 297, 366, 455, 457 Income of different classes (eighteenth century), 334 Independence, American, 369 India, 285, 293 Industrial History, 3, 473 Industry, Celtic, 12-14 in Roman period, 31 Intercursus Magmis, 123 Inventors and inventions of eigh- teenth century, 343 Iron age, 9 Iron, 15 ; (iron trade), 313, 353 Isolation of villages, 41 Jack of Newbury, 147 Jews, 103 Labourers, statute of, 153, 165 Labourer, condition of (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries), 172-179 ; (Elizabethan period), 251 ; (eigh- teenth and early nineteenth cen- turies), 407, 421 ; (agricultural), 447 Land, sentiment about, 322 , kinds of in a village, 82 , labourers and the, 445 Landowners and the Plague, 156, 164 Landowners, services of, 427 Large and small holdings, 157 Lords of the manors, 70 Machinery and hand labour, 383-385 Manchester, 237 ; Manchester Mas- sacre, the, 377 Manor and manorial system, 47-61, 70, 78 ; decay of, 85, 211 Manorial courts, 55, 80 Manual industry, 316 Manufacturers, small, 326 Manufactures, 104, 121, 125; (for- eign), 126 ; (and politics), 132 ; (in Elizabethan period), 237; (later), 305, 309 ; (domestic system), 336 Manufacturing population, 327 Manures, 437 Markets, 42, 107, 138 ; (foreign), 469 Mark theory, the, 48 ; (criticism), 49 Marshes, 18 Mary, Queen, 234 Mayor, 188 Mercantile theory, the, 359-364 Mercantile system, the present, 469 Merchants and politics, 138 Merton, statute of, 214 Methuen treaty, 302 Middle Ages, close of, 180, 194 Migration of population from South to North, 350 Mining (early), 9 ; (Roman), 31 ; (mediaeval), 315 ; (later), 316 ; (eighteenth century), 352 Monasteries, dissolution of, 202-205 Monopolies (of towns), 239 ; (other), 242-246 ; (Cockayne's), 306 Municipal institutions, 189 N Navigation Acts, 287, 456 Neolithic age, 6 Nobles, 181 Norman period, summary of, 108 Norwich, 125, 129 Oastler, 393 Origin of the manor, 58 Over-production, 470 Papal exactions, 123 Paris, Treaty of, 293 Pauperism, 195, 205, 219, 260, 410, 422 Peel, Robert, 459 Physical features of early Britain, 17 Pilgrimage of Grace, 203 Plague, the Great, 151-160 Plagues, 178 Piers the Plowman, 162 Pigs, 39, 116 Piracy, 145 478 INDEX Pole, Wm. de la, 137 ^^^Politics and industry, 321, 358, 376, y 418 Poor Laws, 205, 260, 411, 412 Population (in Domesday), 66, 106, 112 ; (Elizabethan), 263 ; eigh- teenth century), 332, 349-352; (decline of rural), 445, 446 Ports, 89, 107, 144 Pottery trade, 314, 338 Poultry, 116 Prehistoric influences, 4 Productivity of soil, 272 Progress, 149 Prices of provisions (mediaeval), 175 Protection in agriculture, 434, 435 Pytheas, 11-14 Q * Quia Emptores ' Statute, 158 Railways, 458 Raleigh, 231 Reform, parliamentary, 379 Regulation of prices, 139 Rent (in kind), 75 ; rise of, 213 ; (in seventeenth century), 267 ; later, 279 ; (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), 428 Revolt, the Peasants', 161-172 Revolution, the Industrial (eighteenth century), 323, 341 ; (and French), 342, 371, 379 ; (political results of industrial), 378, 418; (in agricul- ture), 430 Richard II., 166, 170 Roads and Rivers, 16 Roads, Roman, 22 , mediaeval, 354 (eighteenth century), 355 Romans in Britain, 21-31 Roses, Wars of the, 132, 195 S Sadler, M. T., 397 Salt, 42 Saxon period, 34, 46 Scotland, Union with, 302 Seebohm, F., referred to, 51 Services of tenants, 74 Settlement, Law of, 415, 416 Shaftesbury, Lord, 399, 403 Sheep, 117 Sheep farming, 118, 185, 216, 248 Silures, 6 Six Acts, the, 377 Sixteenth Century, summary of, 220 Slave trade, 45 Slaves, 72 Social comforts, 250 Sokemen, 75 Somerset the Protector, 209 South Sea Bubble, 303 Spain, wars with, 285, 289, 291 Speculation, 303 Spinning, 6, 14, 425 Speenhamland "Act," 409 Staple, the, 135, 136, 137 Steamboats, 458 Stock and land lease, 114, 186 Stock, 116 Stone age, 6 Stourbridge fair, 143 Supremacy of England, recent, 4 Survival of ancient population, 35 Taxation, 99 ; (on wool), 123 ; (in the Continental War), 373 Telegraphs, 458 Ten hours' day, agitation for, 397, 404 Tenants, classes of, 112 Thegen, 37 Tories, 321 ; (and factory acts), 405 Towns (Roman), 23 ; (Saxon), 42 ; (Domesday), 69 ; later, 86-97 ; origin of, 86 ; privileges of, 89 ; town life (mediaeval), 90, 134 ; decay of, 145 ; constitution of, 187 ; decay of, 190 ; new, 191 Townshend, Lord, 429 Trade, Free, 456 Tiade, early, 15 ; in Roman times, 31 ; foreign (Norman), 100 ; foreign (fourteenth to sixteenth century), 224 ; (sixteenth century), 240 ; (seventeenth century), 297 ; (in 1820), 455 ; (recent), 455, 467, 461 ; (depression in), 467 Trades Unions, 419, 449, 471 Union of Scotland and England, 302 Unions, Trades, see Trades Unions INDEX 479 Venetian fleet, 225 Verulamium, 33 Village life in eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, 328-331 Village, Saxon, 37 ; (in Norman period), 80 Village communities, 57 Villages, industrial, 146 Villeins, 72, 77, 150, 159 ; (revolt of), 168, 171 Vinogradoflf, referred to, 52 Wage-earning class. 111, 150 Wages, (mediaeval), 173, 175 ; (six- teenth century), 253 ; (assess- ment of), 253 ; (in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries), 281 ; (in nineteenth century), 424 ; (agri- cultural), 447 ; (recent), 470 War, the Continental, 370, 372 ; cost of, 373, 424 Wars of nineteenth century, 463 Watt, James, 845 Wealth, distribution of (counties), 67, 107 Wealth and wars of England, 356 Weaving, 6, 14; (Flemish), 105; (sixteenth century), 238 ; (inven- tions in), 344 Wedgewood, 315 Whigs and Tories, 321 Wiklif, 163 William III., 289 Willoughby, 231 Winchester fair, 142 Wool and politics, 121 Wool, 113, 120 (and ch. Oct 14 Z7 1933 NOV A*^ r>««T tCPi ''M .dVUU' > 14Apr'59GM APR 1 3 1959 P 2 2 1974 1 9 w^« 26' LD 21-50in-S,-3: YC 389S. 