None
Sama mepelonon irc. Barbour, type firure (mandible), .:.is1se« avs ass w nls wdled eiplorew lie ales autatbiwisiates winface wie dalneliiences 6 PPE ONAISLOGO ITICKE BAL DOLE, TYPO NOIR. «sis s:<.s52 «oe Simian prauatdey ela hinnd As <b ain ret retabootbeeeete ee iene tena neal ee ee ee men wAmebelodon fricki, referred inferior molar. After Barbour. «o/s 0 c' »ss <4 » be paises» » pavalelers pislzie wy slenclaed yia@is win ala letaraly 200: Amebelodon fricki Barbour, second type figure of mandible............+..sseseecsecsesssacceausseessaenssssssssne> 291. Amebelodon fricki, brush drawing of type mandibular tusks. After Barbour................06 0000000 eecceeececeeeeeees 292. Amebelodon fricki, conjectural restoration. After Barbour......... 5 o's, cap a9 elendsauk we ¥ PES Oe ire Laces eee ea. Amebelodon fricki, revised restoration of head. After Barbour .....,.. + «s+ «+s» dees cs vo sewwis ee oo uivivne bpieb ww pisle'e oes 204. Amebelodon sinclair: Barbour, type figure (mandibular tusk)............0.cccccseccceccecscsccvcecssavnvvvvtecsoees eemaenenacaon imarinative sketch. After Barbour; .<s.<assvs vss bisa bald 9 vis alee 02 viekivy chores DEE Deane eee 296. Torynobelodon loomisi Barbour, type figure (mandibular tusk)........... 0.00000 cece cece eee eee cc cseees scenes se 297. Torynobelodon loomisi, conjectural restoration of mandible. ‘After Barbour sss cs.2.+-s°s.k se soca, Sees oa ee eke eee ee 298. Torynobelodon loomisi, conjectural restoration in supposed marshy habitat. Afte ter Barbour <tavuishe hang Vas FRAG Oa ab 299. ‘Mastodon’ angustidens Cuvier, type. After one of the original casts in Mantell Collection, presented by the British Mu- Beum: to the American Museums : 30:3 sss eress vv: » «vin sis oi¢plelatomtdlongtale stalvisio aps! Derehk beens, eas eee 300. 14,000,000-year evolution of the Trilophodonts, from the Trilophodon cooperi of Baluchistan to the 7’. macrognathus Mio-Plio- mangapare OF Ohinil, Lig... .. ..<:5.s. state ews War enya uvets tasleus-avin astys ley 0s laue /ottdSU ele te PS vets ce teen at i ote le eds a a ete ee aan ot 301. Tetralophodon punjabiensis and T. campester. Restorations by Flinsch...............00000 00 e ec eens ec eee eee ee euees 302. Tetralophodonts of Eurasia and North America. Restorations by Flinsch...............0..00ceeeeee cee eeeeeeneeeees 303. Tetralophodon and Trilophodon, superior intermediate molars. After Falconer.................000000000ee cece eeeee 304. Tetralophodon, Choerolophodon, and Trilophodon, superior milk premolars of left maxilla.................. ..0.0202005. 305. Synconolophus dhokpathanensis Osborn, type cranium. After photograph..............0000 00000 c cece eee eee eee eeeeee 306. Tetralophodon punjabiensis, referred cranium. After photograph.................002ceeecceee cc eeecceeeeteeeceececs 307. Map showing geographic distribution of the types and referred specimens of the Tetralophodontin. .. ‘ 308. Anteroposterior evolution and hypsodonty of third superior and inferior molars in Tetralophodon, fron iene to pincer of BRIO ENG 2 vn! os ns ces fv 4A adm ehho alk mage wtw\sartisn nina) 5 bv bey ¥. Chapin Boda mo bm hp RRO LRT ye 2 ES Se 309. Tetralophodon (Lydekkeria) falconeri Lydekker, type figures (jaw and molar)... .......06060 600 e cee eee 310. Tetralophodon (Lydekkeria) (?) falconeri, referred molars. After Faleoner and Cautley................6.00000-0000000 Bit. st emalophodon (Lydekkeria) sinensis Koken, type figure (molar)... .0+ 63 ss s)< seu wie Ws slebslale f viele beisiaety eleles ails Bie Lvemalophodon longsrostris Kaup, type figure (mandible).......... 4.2... >.ss «ss ps .evs alsin nad eieleldi seis slaiahealals nie Re a 313. Tetralophodon longirostris. WKaup’s composition of referred skull and type jaws. After Owen, figured as ‘Mastodon’ Oy 0 a enn AMP r Se A WIS Sh es 314. Mastodon grandis Kaup and Scholl [= Tetralophodon longirostris|, type molar. ...... 0.0... 66 00 eee cece eee cence ee 315. Tetralophodon longirostris, referred palate and superior dentition. After Kaup.............. 00 cee cece e eens 316. Kaup’s type jaw of Tetralophodon longirostris compared with Phiomia, Serridentinus, and Trilophodon.................. 317. Tetralophodon grandincisivus Schlesinger, type figure (lower tusk)............00 000 e cece ence ee ee tent eee ee eee enenees 318. Tetralophodon grandincisivus Schlesinger, superior molar {paratype, Osborn]............. 6.006 cee eee eee eee eee 319. Tetralophodon longirostris, referred skull of young individual. After Schlesinger. ..............6 0. cece eee ee eee eee eee 320. Tetralophodon (Trilophodon?) grandincisivus, reconstruction of referred skull and jaws. After seidietin 1 i tensa Ree 321. Tetralophodon grandincisivus (?), referred superior and inferior grinders. After Schlesinger... eee 322. Tetralophodon punjabiensis Lydekker, one of the cotypes (Osborn’s lectotype). After Sader » sys natec Benya fat 323. Tetralophodon punjabiensis Lydekker, new lectotype figure by Osborn...............00 02 c cece eee cece eee eeeeeeeeees 324. Tetralophodon punjabiensis, referred cranium in Brown Collection.. P 325. Tetralophodon campester type and T. punjabiensis ref. (molars). Contrast md resemblances, 326. Tetralophodon bumiajuensis van der Maarel, type figures (cranium, jaw, and grinders) ............... 0.000020 eee eee eee 327. Map of central Java, showing type horizon of Tetralophodon bumiajuensis..... 0... 0.6 ccc ce eee teen eeees 328. Serridentinus and Tetralophodon grinding tooth opposition. .............000 00000 c cee eee ee eee eee cee ees fo, xtreme Pliocene evolution of T'etralophodon molars. isis. << sistew's wills ols pikes WSF HRI tll Wales UR eS Re 330. Tetralophodon campester Cope, type. Second figure, after Cope and Matthew. . nee 331. Tetralophodon campester Cope, type skull and jaws, compared with restored skull and je jaws sof Tr. longivealesn Kanwss s Seca 332. Tetralophodon elegans Hay, type figure (molar), also referred (?) Trilophodon molar from near Waco, Texas. After Hay... .. 333. Trilophodon (?Tetralophodon) brazosius Hay, type figure (part of right ramus of lower jaw). ..............-.-......000005 334. Tetralophodon fricki sp. nov., type palate and dentiton. After Frick (original drawings)...................000000eeeeee 335. Tetralophodon fricki and Platybelodon grangeri crania compared.................. cece cece ee ence eee eneetsesseces XXXiil PAGE 334 335 336 336 336 336 337 337 337 338 339 339 339 XXXIV OSBORN: THE PROBOSCIDEA FIGURE 336. 337. 338. 339. 339a. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 372a. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. Tetralophodon campester Cope, type palate.............. 00sec ence eect eee etree eee ene tent ne tenet n ees n ee eee Tetralophodon (Morrillia) barbouri Osborn, type superior molar........--..- +. +--+. eee eee eee eee Tetralophodon punjabiensis and 7’. longirostris, type molars compared.......... 1.60.60. e eects Tetralophodon precampester Osborn [= Tetralophodon (Morrillia) barbouri ref.], type superior molar.............-.-.-.+-+4+5 World migration of Tetralophodon. Restorations by, Flinsch: 9,-2.3... ee ete ee ees ce ele ee fe eee ele eee eee Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) .floridanus Leidy. Restoration by Flinsch Serridentinus productus Cope. Restoration by Flinsch Serridentinus serridens Cope, type figure (molar) Serridentunusyprognessis) OSMOLI it ye 11 OLE Tatstereretercteretctcietereneretere onereterer sven reee eeee teens eens ae eee ed eee eee tae ee Map showing geographic distribution of the types and referred specimens of the Serridentinz and Platybelodontine......... Proboscidean localities of the eastern coast  Pliomastodon, rhinoceroses, and camels. After IME KHIR O10) S) Senaatoce GO aree a due ac GebnI0 F600) cb nocd GBA uraDoDSSOU ME a oad bo ce Oho 70 0.Cod lIn0s ogo c00.00,0.0'6Si010 Contrast between hyperlongirostral species of Trilophodon and medilongirostral species of Serridentinus and Ocalientinus. IRGH IOAN lone) ONS Nee cossactooanc nim adc Odoo UomrgnA CONES QoG AGRGO OOOO OMG od SodoSD ab onOoOCoceDooRDEDOQOCC Serridentinus and Tetralophodon grinding teeth superposed..............-. 0200s cee eee cece ee ete e eens Contrast of adult superior and inferior molars in Tetralophodon, Morrillia, and Serridentinus Serridentinus, Ocalientinus, and Trilophodon inferior grinders. Comparative series........ 2.2.6.0... sec cee cece eee eee sau ridentinus suDlapirgiieds pellet, cotype mola) compared with Trilophodon angustidens referred. After Schlesinger Serena Pilani Suilesiagee CObyPelmio lar ye eae Rowenta eke Se sl Lo teae Sg, UREN opel Malet Met ed sb altel teas ete ra moyen cs tavarets Serridentinus mongoliensis Osborn, type figure (inferior dentition)................. 0.0. c cece ence ence eee eee eee nee enees Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) florescens Osborn, type figure (molar) Maprotebune Gurstableland wimmer) Mom polistene cn crterreyeertete tet ie teie rete on cis rete teed eke ated Rete cNe leet = =P =aeateene ee e ea Senmaentunus qoniensis Osborn) and (Granger; ity Pepe une emye ceva cle =) cfelsyeyas\-\. 1 staljete eteleielielel obchetete efvene cates Newey etal etal iatateleters Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Edentata of the Staked Plains of Texas andusanweednro Bedsrot Arizona (TM Ap) ease cistesiscloreverete teas euch eters ciel eve <itia evn ele ove: quatelatetafelvatisvelot ays tleNejoretyatey tats eons e erate IMiosPliocenewlertiariesto® Hloriday(map) = Atter SimnapSOMs-y peer cies seers scrote et etieiclel elev eteuste vote eevee otebettst si ielel sielnaetcitaeare Serridentinus progressus Osborn, type figure (left ramus of lower jaw).. fi Serridentinus progressus Osborn, new figure of type jaw, compared iti refered sieull aad ideeaned af S. ne nee diagrammatic figure of type inferior third molar of both species Serres (Oro Coie, inane eaiies (CK OIET DS ooo ca 500 Ao OUD B OOO EEEIEn Dae ho nD AO ObEO An cono ooGunmclsa ooo onc Senmdenunusiproavusi@©ope, newlimure of typeby Osbormtet-c scence. 26 oc le ee ce fans oe ieee sole 8 epee cseuieless atseieyaiys Serridentinus productus and ‘S. serridens, palatal view of cramia..............22 00.002 eee ee eee e etc e wesc ees neee SERIO CTIUMUSEPROCUCLUS HIN OGEel DyaBUNSCO Ns yecerse = sete two EE coo axes ©. (BING IIN ELIS TH Siro 09, aoc RENEE Eso IESE pene RORCH GN SI OVE OO Ch LOO Oe RS OP EAE OO GO Chen a nar OE Cea Cice Serridentinus productus, referred skull and jaws from Clarendon beds................0.0 60.00 cece tee teens Serridentinus productus, adult skull and restored skeleton in American Museum...............0200 0000 eee eee eee eens Trilophodon giganteus type and Serridentinus productus ref., restored skeletons in American Museum; also outline restora- TLOTIS OE ge HGLELOSC Lites eeepc eres etc vcrate toe, Sane viernes erent evarcin Ae Sram SRA ORI ces paeeetrecner ee ae cali ay cues Slcle CiaeePene ears Primitive Serridentines of Eurasia and North America. Restorations by Flinsch...................0..0. 5.0 eee eee eee World migration and adaptive radiation of the Serridentine Mastodonts (map).................00 00 eee e eee eee eens Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) republicanus Osborn, type and paratype figures (mandibles) Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) republicanus Osborn, type, paratype, and referred dentition. After Osborn................... Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) bifoliatus Osborn, type molar and paratype jaw............ 000 cece ee te eee Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) floridanus Leidy, type and one of the metatype molars. After Leidy and Lueas............... 5 Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) floridanus Leidy, type and one of the metatype molars Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) floridanus Leidy, type and metatype molars................ 0. eee cee ee eee tee eens Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) floridanus Leidy, second type and metatype figures (molars) Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) floridanus leidii Frick, new figure of type molars............00. 00000 c cece eee eee eee eee Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) obliquidens Osborn, type, paratype, and referred molars................000 000 cece eee eee ae LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXV FIGURE PAGE 383. Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) obliquidens Osborn, type and paratype molars compared with referred molar of Mastodon ameri- ATLA sacar ara air wi vierofistal oat do. Buh ar ass cave "avtnn, oh aecMI tea geND| oho abate Ta Mite alarts |S TNg atel Re ee ne ete oral aaa a Re ee 421 384. Ocalientinus (Serridentinus) obliquidens, referred molar, from Tarboro, North Carolina. After i. PE ae rete ae 421 385. Serridentinus and Ocalientinus, comparison of inferior grinding teeth.. PORE i eye Seiten, SAL 386. Map showing exposures of the Clarendon horizon of the ‘Staked Plains’ of mewaas ibe Depa a ie ea ahaa 0216 bie teen ie 387. Serridentinus serridens Cope, referred young adult skull and jaws, Clarendon of ecann Pye a aioe fond ed a tat De Satine were 425 Ban mn eIEaentuis: sereaens Cope: type figure (molar) coach Oe. Relea I le eee ne eee 423 Baum Seucentnus serriaens: Copesnew type figures.inc.scecale sale as oafe aie avdls eis ae Shane AIO tet olin ee caer IE soe ot 423 Bola SeTAEeNmus serriaens, reterred dentition’ of young: adult... fn: J cigislw zoe w slag vale viele lel oe ere areee rd oes ais ois eetiehclere rete 424 391. Serridentinus anguirivalis Osborn, type figure (type and paratype molars and referred superior tusk fragments).......... 425 392. Sheep Creek to Snake Creek exposures, Sioux County, Nebraska...........0 00.0 cece cece cere seers ee eeeeeeeneeceecs 426 393. Sections through Sheep Creek and Snake Creek quarries, Sioux County, Nebraska... .............00 cece eee eee eee 426 394. Fauna (Mastodonts, Serridentines, and Rhynchorostrines), Snake Creek B horizon, western Nebraska.................. 428 Bop SEMOchiInus serridensicymarronie Cope, type Ligure (NOT) =... sa scsels oss oles Sie cls crataeio le clots eens eae ae eS 429 Buoresenmzaeninus orewsterensis Osborn, type figure (mOlar) ss .< <-./..0 </.2:s/ieorvein » aes oa s'e 0 se clu lore aye elelaleierars cretion eee 430 Baie serociodon(?) precursor Cope, type figure (molar): ve soci ses cen See ele ete lee ela lene late G Sieaeeeak Ee eee 431 Bose seruciodon(?) precursor Cope, new typeveure. <1; Lisi sv’ sis. sve vic ic-«- ablwakale els Blalavecicheleeie: Sat Cfow eles eubieas nv nies oe ele eee 431 399. Three teeth of Serbelodon(?) precursor, referred by Cope to Dibelodon tropicus.................+-- ere ee ee 431 Bue senrueniunus quatemalensis Osbornstype figure’ (molar) i2.. wsk.ccoestie « eictela: «elo ole ev ale aie eine biela rs bite Saeed 432 401. Serridentinus guatemalensis Osborn, after photograph of type molar.................0.ccc cece cence eee e eee e tee e eee eees 432 402. Ocalientinus ojocaliensis Frick, type and referred specimens. After Frick (original drawings)................-.....2.055 434 Brae eOcanentnus, progressive evolution of the pentalophid:.:...dscscces © siniel ciciets « o lulbe Vee leie tele fistels & citi ietee) ene aera ays 435 404. Ocalientinus ojocaliensis, referred third superior and inferior molars.................0 000s ee cece cece cece eect ee eeeeees 437 405. Ocalientinus ojocaliensis, referred skull and jaws first described by Frick as paratypes of Trilophodon pojoaquensis........... 438 406. Serbelodon and Trobelodon, blunt ‘shovel-tuskers.’ Restorations by Flinsch...............0000 00 eee eee eens 441 407. Adaptive radiation of three types of Serridentine crania, jaws, tusks, and grinding teeth.....................0.0000eeeeee. 441 408. Serbelodon barbourensis and Trobelodon taoensis, genotype and referred specimens..............00 00 cee eee eee ee eee eee ees 442 Bao a servelodon.and .Platybelodon, shovel-tusks compared: «ir. «.s. 6 2 aise-sele has kok. facie wos otal elaiel lee aos tea else oe eve ee 445 410. Serbelodon, Platybelodon, Torynobelodon, and Amebelodon tusks superposed. .. 2 MeRie na Mths aes 411. Trobelodon tacensis Frick, type figure (cranium, mandible, molars), also reine cranium. wiAlPbee Frick i(acvad desedaatal 446 Bue jeriaentinus barstonis Frick, type figure (premolars)..../655\0 ce 5 Sasha w oaielele © = otee tele Geena Rie en ae ae Sate eee 447 413. India, proboscidean life zones and geologic horizons, Pilgrim (1910-1927), Pilgrim-Osborn (1927-1932), Osborn-Colbert ((3 5) eee eee es Pr ren Se ERE ri rah G Paes Gee nC oe ae ioe 448 414. Proboscidean life zones (Osborn, 1935) within the geologic horizons of India (Pilgrim, 1905-1932) ........................ 449 415. Molar evolution of the Serridentine in India, compared with Synconolophus and Tetralophodon molars................... 400 AIG: Serridentinus brownt Osborn, type mandible, maxilla, and tusk... ¢... 0.2.2 s/us10. sew ee nies Ge bie sielalpls i ioteets aieetatsraretsts 453 aie “Tritophkodon hasnotensis sp. NOV:, type Molar. |). cca sic sise0s es oa! oi bbisPar etal aly ohe wilets Sie ev aMRaermEn le Pe alana a ee TNE PGI Soot ctaeg ta eee ener 454 418. Serridentinus browni and S. metachinjiensis type molars compared.............0. cece c cence ce cette eee e teens eeeeseee 454 BaO)s —Sermadentinus chinjiensis Osborn, ‘type MOlar, Po.%ic is 0%0:s es sess wie <ierarn\ahealuly ce peuatelete ePabata etand Pe ar Roiaie open elle Nines ee ae 456 e20: Serridentinus prochinjiensis Osborn, type molars 2. iissc.i./c ee aia'e Seid sus oce alesa le et alah aPela PIS ose) ole ke sia eet ds oie ay eave 456 Aon ~Serndentinusiannectens: Matsumoto, type figure (molars) :..;.\:.sc% <!em © cam eittmebls cheese lac any seis wheter eee 458 gee. Serridentinus lydekkert Schlosser, type figure (molar)..:.....). 22.0. «2s cep es elels eleldele ce wale oie nic nia aklee le ieee eee eee 458 423. Amebelodont shovel-tuskers and Platybelodont flat-tuskers of Mongolia, North Caucasus, Nebraska, and Colorado. Res- torations by Flinsch... 25...) cac bic Pe eS PLT Se ee Re 460 424. American (Andrews, 1922-1929) and Russian (Khomenko, 1912, Borissiak, 1929) explorations in eastern and western Asia (C0512) 0) ee OG ee on ene eins ONRr neh ACRES SrtA tee Oe inter ae Bid UP yt cnt oS 461 425. Platybelodon danovi Borissiak, type figure (cranium, mandible, and molar)... ..fiinegee Aoapaice seine, 2a; Seaeteeenee enere 461 eG, 2.F laity belodon danovt Borissiak, type mandibles. ishn@ csi Sass PS oes SO eee ee meee lg, Sea nlc tach e-aie are event fetene teres 462 Ai.« Pladybelodon:danovt Borissiak, ‘type third inferior molar, .:.....5.ffam 22 se leteactneds soe tos eo us cde Gee eee eee de eee deoiaiate ete 462 428. Platybelodon, four restorations of head, mouth-parts, ete. After Borissiak............0.00. 000. c ee cee cee eee eee eee 463 429. Platybelodon grangeri Osborn, type mandible. After Osborn and Granger...............02.cceeee ccc eeee eee eeeneeees 464 430. Dentinal rod-cones of Platybelodon and hollow incisors of Phiomia. After Osborn. ..... 2.0.2... 0.0.0 465 Soe sections/of incisors of. Platybelodon and ‘Phromsiasic: 52 ese. a eel ches Slee Sree tS So nero 2) oie ic= nae Se eee 465 432. Map of region around Iren Dabasu, Inner Mongolia, showing Tung Gur tableland...............0.0.000 0.2 e eee eee eee 466 433. Deciduous succession in Platybelodon, as displayed in mandible and dentition of Platybelodon grangeri ref. After Osborn.... 466 434. Platybelodon grangert ref., superior dentition. After Osborn........... ... ccc cece cee cece cee n ec eccnccnteeectecscccee 467 OSBORN: THE PROBOSCIDEA XXXV1 FIGURE PAGE 435. Platybelodon grangeri ref., juvenile fragmentary cranium and nearly complete mandible. After Osborn............. ee 46% 436. Platybelodon grangeri, referred cranium and jaws (female), also male superior tusk. After Osborn............ ote yee 467 437. Platybelodon grangeri, referred adult  mandible, showing inferior aspect of lower incisors, placed beside coal shovel 468 439. Platybelodon grangeri, referred third superior grinder.........-...0-. 650 c cee ee eee ete teen eens 470 440. Torynobelodon barnumbrowni Barbour, type figure (mandible).........-..-.0:6. 060s cece eect eee eee ete eee eee eee es 470 441. Platybelodon grangeri, referred second and third inferior grinders... ... 2.0... 0-00-00 eee eee eee ee eee es 471 442. Torynobelodon barnumbrowni Barbour, type inferior molars. After peneil sketichibys Bar bouter rej cect ieee tte eteaterri nn mera pL 443. Torynobelodon barnumbrowni Barbour, type figure (mandible).......-.. 2.2.0.2 eee eee eee teen ees 471 444. Platybelodon grangeri, referred mandible....... eee cts oa en an 288 eA ics Sd rt re eee coer 472 445. Torynobelodon barnumbrowni Barbour, type mandible............. 6.0.55 e eee eee eet ee 472 446. Serridentinus  female. Restoration by Flinsch............ 2... 5000s eee eee eet eee eee es 474 448. Falconer’s genotype cast of Rhynchotherium [tlascalx| and Osborn’s type of R. browni sp. nov., both from Mexico (mandi- [S1US) Vit ee ee G8 Se erate Sei nr ee Pein eee a3 Oo cried an cee aaiona cits. oO OOD Oona to 012. Gocco." 474 449. Rhynchotherium brevidens Cope,  After Osborn............... 202: eee cee eee eee ete eee ee eee eee eens 476 451. Map showing geographic distribution of type and referred specimens of the Rhynchorostrine.......... Mrs occa stl! 452. Rhynchotherium browni sp. nov., type mandible and dentition (formerly Osborn’s neotype of R. iWascaley, : RUN eel 453. Type jaws of the iy ae honaahnices comparediwithimlophodoniamoinerzovdess\.na1t hel ee eae eee 484 454. Rhynchotherium molars from Contra Costa County, California, and Tambla, Honduras..............-.-..-++++0-05005- 484 455. Rhynchotherium spenceri  600-060 eee tne eee ee ee eee een ees 486 457. Rhynchotherium brevidens Cope, new type figure..............6. 600 e eee een eee eee een e eee tees 486 458. Rhynchotherium brevidens, referred molar from state of Washington... ... 6... 26.666 e eee eee eee eee eens 486 459. Rhynchotherium shepardi Leidy, right and left superior type tusks reconstructed. .........6. 0.6600 e eee eee eee eee 487 460. Rhynchotherium shepardi Leidy, original type figure (tusk fragment)......... 65.6606 e cee eee eee eee eee 487 461. Rhynchotherium rectidens Osborn, type right and left upper tusks................-0 6060 e eect e eee ee ees 488 462. Rhynchotherium [Blickotherium] euhypodon Cope, new type figure. ... 2... 6.6 ee eee eee 490 463. Rhynchotherium [Blickotherium] euhypodon Cope, type figure (mandible)... 22... 6... eee eee eee es 491 464. Rhynchotherium [Blickotherium] euhypodon Cope, type figure (palate with superior molars and incisors)................. 491 465. Rhynchotherium anguirivale Osborn, type figure (molar).........--. 0.00 e eee ee ee eee teen eet eee 492 466. Rhynchotherium anguirivale, type and referred grinding teeth.........-...... 660s eee ce ee ee ee eee eee 492 467. Rhynchotherium browni sp. nov., type jaw and dentition................ 666s eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 494 468. Rhynchotherium falconeri Open type jaw and dentition... ad savansen R405 469. Rhynchotherium molar from Oak Springs, Contra Costa C aii @ “asa pefeme = ie sie to! Mistatond heer urus. .. 495 470. Rhynchotherium shepardi edense Frick, type figures (portion of skull, posterior maxillaries, and grinding teeth)............ 497 471. Cordillerion edensis Osborn, type figure (premaxilla and tusks). After Frick.................. 0222222 e eee eee eee eee 497 472. Map showing position of San Timoteo and Eden deposits in relation to other Pliocene fossil mammal horizons. After Frick 498 473. Rhynchotherium shepardi edense, referred superior and inferior grinders. .......- 222-60. c ee eee eet eee eee eee 499 474. Rhynchotherium shepardi edense, referred immature jaw and maxilla, formerly type of R. paredensis Osborn................ 500 475. Rhynchothervum francisi Hay, type figure (molar).............. 0.20. BRO CLATeNOniiLe miarensis AMmerhino,, type figure: (TUSK) is etice rates decrees «lech indsbataTevelaie/ Sinker eeatets euetae lake als lehelsialemtisliersit = Siete ial AO ECT er Onna rectus Amenhino; type figure (tusk) ics .csds sce % are cele ve. ow otis a anate vielerele Palate Re marae tedden form nro tele a Mt stalaioot ie ys a Bolen VOlomastoaon.argenunus Amerhino; type firure’ (GuUskk) iss cctia crn sic. 0 «1 sivis latetetel cudiatataltatin ed viele ie sole bo ieictar elev Gein ee l= BoD me CuMnerOnius superous Amechino, type figure (tusk)! oc azencvacrayeraterelele a:2 de Si--epapht tate oteyeNrdees aleve eet otevelen Wiens Wineieva lay 493. Ameghino’s scheme of the phyletic relations of species of South American proboscideans.........-.-.. 66.00 0ee eee eee eee 494. Tetrabelodon |Trilophodon| angustidens and Dibelodon (Cordillerion| andium, erania. After Lull.....................2--. 495. Midcranial sections of ‘M.’ andium, ‘M.’ humboldtii, and E. indicus. After Boule..................00eseeeeeeec estes 496. Cordillerion andium, single crests and trefoils and enamel foldings of molars. After Boule..................+....-.0005 Oem GC uperonius Numovoliii, cranium in Paris Museum, After Boulos csccee. ssccmnei eso aesis wee arises isle talate ins ee le 498. Restorations of Notorostrines and Humboldtines,  etnias oivd ol atoltcels cleat th oie OREO RESE ele uO mC onarlertonecaensis: Brick: «Restoration: by.-Wlinsebs 2 ces io ollie) stacererayat si clovaiaiain sy) ol teres vais talacala mes a anal ees eee ee 501. Map showing paleogeographic range of Proboscidea in western United States, Central and South America................. 502. Cordillerion andium in comparison with Cuvieronius superbus. Restoration by Flinsch................00 600 c cece eee 503. Cordillerion andium, the Andean mastodont of the Cordilleras. Restoration by Flinsch...................00 0000 eee eee Mie aC ordinenton ang Oumeronwusigrinding teeth. After Gervais: . cies ¢ «lacs osiiwirse eve cielo ls <televesole\ siatetstal ste) =tets[ott ts). leis staal fetvinate ye nm eCoratuenzon andvum, referred: cranium, iafter: BUrMeISbeDs sss siels stsialelev ive dix oe Sake «ie. s Blatssellyel alee sles sis toes eles Wala neyaeiee 506. Cordillerion andium, referred cranium in Field Museum of Natural History. After pen sketch by Knight................ 507. Cordillerion andium, Cuvieronius humboldtii, and Ewbelodon morrilli crania............6000 eect eee eens 508. Mastodonte des Cordiliéres (Cordillerion andium), Cuvier’s original type figure.... 22.0.6... eee eee eee SOME OTAteonmanavum, referred jaw; after D?Orbignys i ha. 3 okenaiais sles «ole bboas~ viel telalede «hove :>,eisTaisl id= elara ete ioe ei eimai 510. Notiomastodon argentinus Ameghino, type figure (tusk), first described as ‘Mastodon’ argentinus..........0000 00 eevee cee 511. Cordillerion(?) bolivianus, referred molar [genotype of Teleobunomastodon Revilliod].. .... 2.0.6.6... eee eee Pio sOorasulerton bolinanus, referred mandible. After: Pompeck]:<....<seseece v cl 2% 0+ 2lely oie sain iam 2 vim see alesis) dela lelate eee eet 513. Cordillerion tropicus Cope, type figure (right ramus of jaw). After von Meyer’s ‘Mastodon hwmboldti’ ref.................. pia, ‘Cordillerion oligobunis Cope, type figure-(mandible).. After Villada.... 2.02.2. sic cc ce 2 oes cesses wieiein ve ows oisinle ate sig gale 515. Cordillerion oligobunis antiquissimus Freudenberg, type figure (molar). After original photograph........................ 516. Cordillerion(?) oligobunis felicis Freudenberg, type figure (superior molar)............... 002000 e cee eee eee cette eens 517. Cordillerion(?) oligobunis felicis, referred inferior molar, after photograph...............06 0: ce eee c erence eee eee eneee 518. Cordillerion(?) oligobunis intermedius Freudenberg, type figure (molar), after photograph............................000. 519. Cordillerion oligobunis progressus Freudenberg, type figure (molar), after photograph................6. 0.000 cess eee eeee 620. Cordillerion gratum Hay, type figure (maxilla, second and third molars).........-.-.-020.++e-+eeees ee ons se reen se sseuee 521. Map showing position of San Timoteo and Eden deposits in relation to other Pliocene fossil mammal horizons. APH er Id sha. ace cee bs ooo o's 0:ce Sunt ld ata bbls ayeepereare ral alain a A is hb Uosleah evga) a leLel le ger a eM U RSE IR iP gn 522. Cordillerion edensis Osborn, type figure (premaxille and tusks). After Frick...............2..00sescscseececcsereccees 523. Cordillerion edensis type rostrum and superior tusks compared with those of C. andium. After Osborn................... Bei. Cordillercon.orarius Hay; type figure (molars) st. «is sisei:sss,cieie.s: seis bio! esore inn oetaea le alevelel wile) Aietetol staaveleletete te fe gelet= etelet fates arate naps (Cordillerion defloccatus Hay, type figure s(mandible),.:. «so... 6.0: .1aje.. isis svehelersctal biele oleie eystopnveletetolainiets arate che relates etal eee 526. Cordillerion bensonensis Gidley, type figure (fragmentary cranium). ...... 06.6. .626s. cece ce eee ee epee ees vere wees sewers 527. Localities of mastodont discoveries in Ecuador, Canyon of Chalang, near Punin, Province of Chimborazo................. 528. Cordillerion andium, referred cranium from Tarija, in Field Museum of Natural History.....................00000005. 529. Mastodonte des Cordiliéres (‘Mastodon’ andium), Cuvier’s original type figure... é J. ccyenereed 530. Cuvieronius postremus Spillmann (‘Mastodon of Alangasi’), type cranium, pies resuebeh sae 13) cies ee 531. Cuvieronius grinding teeth and tusks, type and referred. After Caretite............... 0.0. c cece eee e eee eee e eee eeee 532. Cordillerion and Cuvieronius crania and jaws. After Nordenskiéld and Carette, also Osborn original.................... beei \Cuveronzus postremus Spillmann, skeletons. «2... civ. « avleil rs 3 «ete dooisssiaiesew wo myphe serie) em selbtesielele = oisiphe ual ots tal hale oo nes. Cuvieronsus ayore, referred first: left: superior /Da0larsa:s < as 1< 5-6 Js. sts/ais) =fatelolas'levotalale ds sistelate stars falols tele manele inls/alselctsteberatene eas 535. Cuvieronius ayore, referred third right inferior molar, also mandible, Frick Collection...................22000 eee eee eee 536. Cuvieronius postremus, supposed flint spear holes in occiput. After Spillmann...................6 005. c cece eee es 537. Mastodonte humboldien (‘ Mastodon’ [Cuvieronius] humboldtii), Cuvier’s original type figure................00...0 00 eee uee 588. Mastodon [Cuvieronius] humboldtii, Osborn’s paratype, after Cuvier............. 0... cece c eee e eect eee e eee eeeeeeenes 539. Cuvieronius humboldtii, referred third superior molar. After Lydekker.................. 0. cece cece eee erent eee eeeeees 540. Cuvieronius and Cordillerion, third right superior molars. After Gervais............. 00. cece eee cece eee cece ees 541. Cuvieronius superbus, mandible referred by Burmeister to Mastodon humboldtit................. ooh, 3 aR ee 578 578 XXXVill OSBORN: THE PROBOSCIDEA FIGURE PAGE 542. Cuvieronius bonaerensis (superbus) Moreno, typecranium. After Cabrera................. 00. - eee eee cee eee teens 579 Ass Cumeronvus) platensis, Amerhino, type figures (GUSK))io. eit ee eer ieee maitre erent ae cto ete eee 579 FAAS. Oumeronuis supenbus Ameghino; type: figure’ (tusk:)).jo. acy. rite a aletrusne eieeneteie rs enebere tte teste een chet rtf ya) etc le ete tate Sweet 580 GM, (Cl ARI OHMS Adena NLP AYo NADER (QHVISN)o oo go acngauimaduccmocuaosnconecmorecHvapappanondaanncdsbiosanaamoe 580 BAG, Cuvieronius rectus, primitive referred molar. After Ameghino............-..--5.25:02 +50 esse ess setae e eee seen: 581 547. Cuvieronius chilensis Philippi and Cordillerion bolivianus Philippi, type figures (mandibles), in comparison with Cordillerion CCT ee ee aE PEO Pa BO: uc nbs 9.0) fy, AP PCC es GWU. G cin hci dO RATA Hd ow Si lon pay cya ceo che. < 582 548. Cuvieronius ayore Spiller UMA geruleah hee, (CHPMIDHAN)) Evie OW OAT ON, oo oooapauhosdopenenanamsncnsaddancaucagdcge oc 583 5AQ) (Cumeronis ayore) and Cordillerconandium,) cramiallySCtlOMs =) is eile = ete oe eee eevee aie ees 583 550. Cuvieronius postremus Spillmann, type raanciiles Afterjphotograpphitrs, 2.2% S205 Ae. Salo Sk MISS ete ernie roe eo eee 584 551. Cuneronius postremus Spillmann, type cranium. After photograph. .................... 0.222 eee ee eee eect eee 585 BEOwOumenonvus) postremus, reterred, molars: Atitersphotopraplin yyy sels otters siete oye) sp eeteeet enero tvnete tenceett rater ete onete tetera 585 553. Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon, parallelisms and divergences in inferior molars and mandibles........................ 586 554. Cuvieronius platensis, referred second and third inferior molars.. .......... fh Se a a ne 555. Cordillerion andium and Notiomastodon argentinus, second cervical ventabras Geese Utter Gabreras ee. Ae ee 587 556. Cuvieronius superbus referred, tip of tusk artificially carved to convert it into a utensil. After Castellanos............... 589 557. Notiomastodon ornatus Cabrera, type and referred tusks, type jaw, also type tusk of NV. argentinus. After Cabrera....... 591 558. Cuvieronius platensis Ameghino and C. rectus Ameghino, type and referred superior tusks. After Cabrera................. 592 559. Cuvieronius humboldtii Cuvier, paratype third inferior molar, after Cuvier, and C. platensis, referred third superior molar, EET Trey Ck 01110) 12): ae a ee a att re re or on 85.0 0 Ost, dinio crt.cht.e.o.c,c 592 560. Cuvieronius platensis, referred third superior and inferior molars. After Cabrera................... 000 e cece eee eee eee 594 561. Cuvieronius superbus, referred third superior and inferior molars. After Cabrera...............002202 2 cece eects eee eens 594 562. Cuvieronius bonaerensis Moreno, type cranium (ef. C. swperbus Ameghino), after Cabrera, also crania and mandibles referred bya CalbreraitonStegomastodons | —Cruscenontis|\iphateresissrrarrstcraye)-yeretie aerators 2 < -¥ar-tcbel tells orcas tenia <P aan eevee erent ee 596 563. Cuvieronius superbus type tusk and mandible; also tusks, cranium, and mandible referred by Cabrera to Stegomastodon (@coslisinenbusybyaOsborn: (imjpart) sol = platensismmmrey srr rete reire oicia yen yar= aia rere etre rer tee Fence ee 597 564. Skeletal remains of Cuvieronius platensis ref. and of C. bonaerensis (superbus) Moreno, type. After Cabrera................ 598 565. Cuvieronius superbus, referred skeletal parts. After Cabrera........:20.000. 0200 0eecece ces e serene se sess seer eee OOo 566) Cumeronius superbus and C.platensis. Restorations’ by Elinsch..-..- 22.2... 02. c0ce ees ee ee oe ace re ale alele elelael 599 567. Eubelodon morrilli Barbour, type skull and jaws (after reconstruction) also referred vertebral series. After Barbour...... 600 568. Devil’s Gulch section, Brown County, Nebraska, where types of Trilophodon willistoni and Eubelodon morrilli were found.. 601 569. Hubelodon morrilli Barbour, type jaws and palate before reconstruction. After photograph...................2....005 603 570. Hubelodon morrilli Barbour, type jaw. After sketch by Barbour:.........0......00000 cece ce sce e cee cece erences eneeen 603 571. Eubelodon morrilli Barbour, crown pattern of third superior and inferior type molars. After pencil sketch by Osborn..... 603 572. Eubelodon morrilli, type pelvis, also referred limb skeleton. After photographs.................. 0.0 eee cece eee 604 573. Eubelodon morrilli skeleton as mounted in the Nebraska State Museum, 1931. Background by Elizabeth Dolan.......... 605 574. Eubelodon morrilli, referred cranium and superior dentition, found by Frick expedition. After Frick (original drawings).... 606 575. Hubelodon morn, type and referred molars and referred tusk... ..........0.00 cee desc weer ets ese e eect eesee reeves ae 607 576. Hubelodon morrilli and Cuvieronius bonaerensis (superbus) crania and jaws compared.............-..2..0 eee eee eee e eee 608 577. Eubelodon morrilli, the Humboldtine mastodont of western Nebraska. Restoration by Flinsch........................... 610 578. Humboldtine: Proversion of inferior ridge-crests in Stegomastodon...........6 000s cece eet ee eee eens 612 boi Humboldtiinse:) broversionvof inferior ridte-crests im! Crienonvuss. oo oc cee nk ec omens ee ote eee fe elated eislslslc sielelere 612 580. Humboldtine: Retroversion and centroversion of superior ridge-crests in Cuvieronius and Stegomastodon...........++-+++ 613 581. Brevirostrine: Proversion of ridge-crests in Anancus and Synconolophus.......... 0060 eee ete eee eee 613 581a. Notiomastodon ornatus, type first and second inferior molars. New figure................ 00000 e eee ee cee eee teens 614 582. Anancus arvernensis, the straight-tusked mastodont of Auvergne, southern France, and of northern Italy. Restoration by AULA Cy ere tere brtoiettc oes ce nas Sees Senha wats a a ct Bke Syn caveat eS aa. e oud. ctrasnd tied CROPS UB ASUS Geewadascd eh erehe Me Soec ome aaeuete fetes 616 583. Synconolophus dhokpathanensis, Middle Pliocene mastodont of Dhok Pathan, northern India. Restoration by Flinsch... .. 616 584. Anancus arvernensis, mounted skeleton in Turin Museum. After Sismonda............ 2.0.00. 0c cece eee eee eee ee 618 585. Anancus arvernensis, mounted skeleton in Bologna Museum. After photographic reproduction of figure in Capellini’s 16(0) aXoys7:4 0) (C0) 1 UO 10). Beri Miran ein Pera teteiseetcNts nc -0.clct 4 Solo. ck Sa a Ek a ee Re Pec ah oe ec Rome Geet Ohad co 619 ps0, William Smiths) Whithneham Tooth’) |[=Anancusfalconern@sboml:ae.- 2 a. seen e cere ieee oe aerosol) el eearabsiet iets 620 587. Anancus falconeri Osborn, fluted deciduous superior premolar from Norwich Crag. After Lydekker..................-.... 620 588. Primitive Anancus molars of Europe and of India. After Schlesinger.......... BE a ra ree aon occ obgi eir4! 589. Anancus perimensis from Perim Island, India, referred second and third ‘ateriGr caches aihtae Falconer and Cautley...... 621 590. 592. Proversion of inferior ridge-crests in right third inferior molar of Anancus arvernensis brevirostris. .. 2... 0. oo ee ee 593. Strong proversion of ridge-crests in type third right inferior molar of Synconolophus corrugatus...........00.000-02202 0 594. Synconolophus dhokpathanensis, restoration of head by Flinsch (right) drawn directly from type cranium and tusks (left). 595. Anancus arvernensis and Synconolophus dhokpathanensis, restorations by Flinsch.................. 0000 eee rere eee eee 596. Anancus arvernensis Croizet and Jobert, cotype figures (mandible, deciduous molars)............6.. 0000 c eee eee eee eee ee 597. Anancus arvernensis brevirostris, two cotype inferior molars. After Gervais...............02ce eee cece een cee ee tone ne 598. Anancus falconeri Osborn, type figure (molar), also referred molar of same species. After Faleoner...............+.-+-. 599. Anancus falconert Osborn, type figure (third inferior molar). After Faleoner..............0...00 200 cece eee ee eee eens 600. Anancus arvernensis(?), referred mandible, after Sismonda, described by him as ‘ Mastodon’ angustidens.........-.....+++++ 601. Anancus arvernensis, referred grinding teeth, from Hungary. After Schlesinger............... 0000000 c eee eee eee eee 602. Anancus arvernensis, referred right inferior molar, from Hungary. After Schlesinger....................0 2.002205 seeeee Bias Anancus intermedius Hichwald, paratype jaw. After Michwald...<../0) ci... <1 0025 © 0% 21 © ee wines ole olele siesta iatele siniels ate 604. Anancus arvernensis progressor Khomenko, type figure (mandible, molars) ...............00 0. cee ce teen eee 605. Anancus perimensis, paratype and referred skulls, after Falconer and Cautley...............0..0 000 c eee eee eee cee eee 606. Anancus perimensis, type and referred specimens from Perim Island. After Faleoner and Cautley.............-.....--- 607. Map showing distribution of Anancus in India: Perim Island, the Punjab, and sub-Himalayan Siwalike.j:7 2.4.08 hceee 608. Map of Middle and Upper Siwaliks of the Salt Range of the Punjab, India.. 609. Anancus properimensis sp. nov. and A. perimensis ref., showing evolution of left third ene sales fee dbaonisan of REDOOMERL Of SECIMENTAULONL. ..5aid 0 ciccre e creteicne Sys os ahd welt al Aisa hs, cuntele isle lene Slr ot ose, ove PONDS P nS a ety Fopmibee ete eke = Seana tere 610. Anancus perimensis, referred symphysis. After Lydekker: 547914 0-o eek tm eae ee Eee Se ene eee 611. Anancus perimensis, referred first superior molar. After Falconer............. 0.0.0 20sec cece eee eee eee eee eens 612. Anancus perimensis, paratype skull. After Falconer and Cautley.................. cece cece sees ce erence tees neceeeeee EI SAyicle NrOPErIMENsis SP. NOV., tVPe MOlAT.. f-....0.0.c00.00 oo deda nahin ddees Weve vey e> Re bere ee oe raee Eee 614. Pentalophodon falconeri sp. nov., type cranium with superior grinding teeth. After Falconer and Cautley. Third left superior molars new. diagrammatic A ULC 36s sie ecrsoreica ensayo, a0, <Stayss » Lares fever Srones SiS ebve aay TmIe) alehe EST Soh ele he dev eRe eat eee ae ete Ree ee 615. Pentalophodon sivalensis Cautley, type and referred, also Osborn’s ideotype. Synconodont or compacted and proverted in- PEELOP TIOLATS!. « sle.cisce oct c cccals oc evsvnels cists wie erace ep a one ere ehareva ea gibrarenere Soc Oe chen mceveraiee arate Mea espe cietstenete tee fee) settee ese iinemerenaopnodon svalensis Cautley, type figure: (Molar), tis./. <tsc-e n> vie sts elele ale ols/atelova iol lebaloisley sine re ttete nia ale teleost 617. Anancus perimensis, referred third left superior molar compared with corresponding molar of A. falconeri. After Falconer Piva CH CMT LO Wis ga; atc g'e’inip ayaiace tas cies’ Shoynin obo Bnepebeuece uy Cue wr stews’ e! «cgQIS calscl punve ote: e gche, auetenascerel ee ate eet dette et eee eae 618. Pentalophodon sivalensis, Osborn’s ideotype molar. After Faleoner and Cautley.................. 0000 eee eee teens 619. Pentalophodon falconeri, referred cranium in profile. After Gaudry.............. 02.2 cee cee eee eee tee eee eee ete neeee 620. Pentalophodon sivalensis or P. falconeri, referred molar. After Lydekker.................000 ce cee cee cee eet ence eee aees 621. Triple phyla of the Eurasiatic Brevirostrines. Restorations by Flinsch................ 2. eee e eee cece cece tee eeeee 622. Synconolophus, comparison of type and referred specimens (Synconolophus hasnoti, S. corrugatus, types, and S. dhok- pathanensis ref.).... ww mus) al chi 9 Shan Salven ergs so ewe aba wipe bog BWR Saha ras SREREN PaNON ee NSU OR tamer ee 623. Synconolophus ptychodus and S S. dhokpathanensis, superior dentition. .— 2. .cc2 tere sites etter = eicde atte eee ee Gum synconolophus piychodus Osborn, type: MOlar.... ss/cs...5 n.<:+ 2 = ats wie e+ + «letalalevshoteo ebteiayete ebabepevers eels ete SUSIbreN a etetaie) eer nets nae nat PEST NCONOLODhus piychodus, referred, MOAT sac 0iz0's corse sr ole\s Rlaiei'vanovoitd ap tahel lu esd foie Wele aheke vlces lay ota otetet okt oi Fede ats tinte saat ere area 626. Synconolophus corrugatus Pilgrim, type figures (molar and symphysis). After Lydekker....................0022-00eeeees Hei Synconolophus hasnot: Pilgrim, type figure (molar). After Liydekkers: 7.54005 ele =~ lien oe l= viele oie ois e o ees dale ta eletalers lols 628. Synconolophus hasnoti, referred juvenile cranium in three aspects. Brown Collection............ 0.00.00 eee eee eee ee eee BuO Synconolophnys ahokpaihanensis Osborn; type: Cranium: cyte cersisaleiere « 6s <b etm eiwin este eee pers eta sto vat intel oveieus tee inta ts et eatin te 630. Synconolophus dhokpathanensis Osborn, type cranium and superior dentition................ 0062 eee eee cee ne unconolophus ahokpatnanensts Osborn, paratype MOAT... 5. -.2hscc.2.cw wele sees ns stro dete mimpeiel o) sia eae wicker etetafer tee) sie teamn eee 632. Synconolophus dhokpathanensis, referred superior and inferior molars. ............0.. 000 ee ee eee teens Popresynconclophus propathanensts, type mandible and dentition. once oc «/ocle/arele etgiecia sieveieisdel o)-iveler= ele te eva hey use nay ota abs 634. Stegomastodon arizone Gidley, mounted skeleton of type in National Museum. Photographic reproduction................ : 635. Stegomastodon arizonex, the curved-tusked Stegomastodont of Arizona. Restoration by Flinsch..............-........+55 636. Stegomastodon mandibular abbreviation. Ridge-crest internal proversion............600. 000 ee eee SE MEESICQOMASLOAOTICHUDMANE LLAYS, type: Lipure (MOLAT)s. osc: nierare stelle sje snvn ete, Sus) EIT Mtonter ave) ots niente o/s © opiate clone rats inde =yerient earners 638. Stegomastodon mirificus Leidy, type figure (left ramus of jaw)............cc00000 ccc e cee tenet eee e eee setsenssereereees aU MmELavomnstonon reeanius OSbOrn, ty Pe SKULL. 35 ..j.insissiccecstaen iavenenstne citoe ele yny eet ebstcumbetereb ate bie sasha tna Statahona: s wthe Or ancte tabale oh neat Fepetetan she 640. Stegomastodon arizone Gidley, mounted skeleton of type. Restoration and sketch by Knight.................---0+-e0es 641. Stegomastodon successor Cope, type figure (mandible, molar) PAGE xl OSBORN: THE PROBOSCIDEA FIGURE 642. Stegomastodon texanus Osborn, type skull and dentition; also S. mirificus, S. arizonx, S. 651. Stegomastodon priestleyi Hay and Cook, type figure (inferior molar).................. 00. e cece cece e en eeeeees 652. Molar diagrams showing typical crown pattern of third inferior molar of each of the four families of the Mastodontoidea. . . .. 653. Miomastodon depereti sp. nov., type molar, compared with type molar of M. merriami.... 0... 0. eee Qk, Mikasa lage MEMO; WON an UNA Nenana obKS ((SuhoyeraorewMYEWIS)). 5 oan no ckonnecoboUAoeeedenooonnnepons wubb oasduusoenedonoce Gos Mastodon qrangenm banbour bye miguure) (Skul lac etiisls) Peretti ete eee rene olen ts oes tees erence eed eee 656. Mastodon acutidens'sp. nov., type figure  also superior second and third molars and superior tusks, from [Ojo ef e) oC hy UO Eh an Reg ee ent ae Ree cach hoi ea a ere SORA E OR aot ccna nae ab 6-0 60's ¢ 658. ‘Mastodon americanus” of Hopwood [= Turicius sp.], from China (left ramus).............-.00 20sec tee tee e eee eee 659. Zygolophodon borsont, referred third left inferior molar, from China. ........ 0.26.16 eee eects 660. Stegolophodon lydekkeri sp. nov., type figure (superior molar), after Lydekker.................... 200.0 sce e ee eee eee eee 661. Structural evolution of the cones, conelets, and ridge-crests in the Stegolophodon phylum, in comparison with Palzomastodon. 6625 Uimlophodonconnemus Hopwood, type figure (inferior molars)ey sacs see ©. te eie tee cle eee) siete cote estonia teeter 6635 linlopnodomsnectabilis LLop woody pea vire:(mfeTiON MOLAD) kyr rsis lee =) are) ttre le sleyelelcteteye) ete) laborers ett fe st t=(ee tte =)-teyete tate G64eeleinalophodontenoletus Hopwoods type naurel(infertor molar) ce ttre. oe aie ses eee ene eects eee a Gb5aee icoavelodonllareterred man diblemn,ecrm <nra-cctnisr tarts Atala ere Aate tua stots): = .bo ah acta uae cpclieverne teva) ai eeletsne keel oie arene tere aiee GHG, dlequindiicton ad, MOO URS Cae FOS Hs oan eoeerA Ras 40 ad 8 00000 s ADRDRNRAMRAN So mons apne whoo cdomdo ord patcg ene ot 667. Megabelodon lulli, referred skeleton mounted in Nebraska State Museum........... 2... 0.0220 668. Chart showing type localities of various members of the Mastodontoidea, including Gnathabelodon thorpez of northwestern TISSUES cs orgs be Al so SRE ea Re eC ee NR er rat aan oe a re ae rere Cer AON R52 669. Gnathabelodon thorpei Barbour and Sternberg, type figure (mandible, dentition, superior tusk). ...................2.-2... 670. Migration routes of the three phyla of the Brevirostrine of the family Bunomastodontide from a hypothetie African ances- CraloneintOmULOpeandihence tollinGiais.. 1a. eeeeNe ea eter. ol lave alec ae ee es ests aye oeictals Siecle ee eee 671. Anancus sinensis (Pentalophodon sinensis of Hopwood), type figure (superior molars)... ..........002.00 000 e eee eee 672. Cuvieronius platensis and C. swperbus, referred jaws and teeth, in the Buenos Aires Museum. ............... 002220000005. 673. Correlation chart of the Pleistocene of Nebraska, Iowa, and Europe, including type horizon of Stegomastodon primitivus sp. TOW s oo 9 ob0-0. 5b O14. tt tae HOES OId rt Ce ET UNE HETE SSCIE a5 cect. cr thee ae eee ey le a ic 0S CUAemSLEOONLOSLOROTE DTAITALLUUSISP OV. ty Pe)pAlaue ANG WUSKS =k cietet teste. cen ci bes Ceres Sate eon eos at ay ale w stele efeleichel clpiei= sei aisiie eae 675. Type palate and paratype third left inferior molar of Stegomastodon primitivus sp. nov., compared with type third left inferior TNO ATOMS MTIUUEUTLGLSMOCL Cyan ERIN eee eae ain roe canes os ote risa eee tdels oh Jee letticbenstarerste eae eee 676. Diagram of Stegomastodon primitivus quarry, northeast of Ainsworth, Nebraska. ............0000 2000 c ee eee eee ee 677. Serridentinus wimani (Trilophodon wimani of Hopwood), type figure (superior molars)... ........0...002. 000 cece eee ee 678. Ocalientinus emmonsi (Gomphotheriwm? emmonsi of Hay), type figure (superior molar)... .............000.0 0200 e ee eee 679. Duplication of columnar section of the Mio-Pliocene Devil’s Gulch and Valentine region of Nebraska, with important cor- rections (see Fig. 272, Chap. VIII)...... RENEE Bete Pp sexta or nc ECCLES CRP SEA ROR Ne hh Siar ha Pats wld ot iced ic 680. Geographic distribution of three of the great primary stocks of the Proboscidea (Mceritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Masto- CTAOGLEN) 4 Bb da hascethn ky dc MRO cok eke nc ge E CSG tae Ro pt ee A tr RO Rr EE a ORY er er I Ar CHAPTER | DISCOVERY OF THE LIVING AND EXTINCT PROBOSCIDEANS 1. Principles of revision of generic and specific names. 2. Revision and adoption of generic names of Proboscidea. Certain of the names applied to the mammoth and Examples of names of prior generic conception and mastodon. definition, with classic orthography. As adopted Linnean special creation system (1735-1766). by Osborn up to the year 1923. Nomenelatural principles adopted in the present Indeterminate names, collective or section names. Memoir. Summary of total generic names adopted up to the Principle of soundly established usage and of common end of the year 1933. sense. 3. Phylogenetic nomenclature and classification adopted in Post-1836-selection of the first soundly established gen- the present Memoir. eric or specific name. Determination of the characters, validity, and names of 4. Acknowledgments of codperation and assistance. specific types. The proboscideans and the horses divide the honors of age-long association with man, not only in the historic period but far back into prehistoric times. Whereas the horses entered Eurasia late in Pliocene time and were hunted for food during the closing 100,000-year period, the association of man and the proboscideans appears to have been far more remote, certainly extending back into Upper Pliocene time where we discover more or less conclusive evidence that man hunted the primitive elephants of the period. During the severe environment of the late Paleeolithic age, man had become an extremely clever horse hunter, as shown at Solutré in southern France, as well as an extremely clever mammoth hunter, as shown in the ‘‘woolly mammoth pit” of Moravia. Whereas many horses were necessary to feed a tribe, a single elephant or mammoth would furnish an entire feast, aside from the priceless materials of bone and ivory to be fashioned for economic and artistic purposes. From FaBLE AND MytTH TO SCIENCE From the dawn period of Palzolithic art the mammoth has been looked upon with wonder and curiosity, while the horse has compelled admiration by its beauty and adaptation. This introduces us to a further contrast in the fabulous, mythical, and scientific history of both these remarkable mammals, namely, that the fossil proboscideans of Quaternary age were the first objects in all parts of the world to arouse scientific curiosity, specu- lation, and finally research. In the Eastern world there sprang up around the mammoth a distinct ‘earth-burrow- ing’ myth; in the Western world there was the natural Biblical interpretation that the fossil elephants were a product of the Flood. But the present volume is devoted entirely to the succession of discoveries in various parts of the world, in fact in all the continents except Australia. These discoveries through the dawn period of scientific research and interpretation have been steadily accumulating. They began in 1695 with the first independent observations on the ‘ancient elephant’ by Tentzelius (published in 1698). They culminate in the summary (Chap. X XI) of the second volume, in which the full tide of experience and of knowledge brings us to the close of the most complete and remarkable evolutionary history of mammalian descent thus far revealed. Thus, with only occasional allusion to fabulous and mythologic interpretation which in itself would fill volumes teeming with interest, we set ourselves to the task of progressive scientific interpretation: First, a period of exploration, discovery, and description which virtually began in 1695 when Tentzelius victoriously argued with the doctors of Gotha that he had actually found a fossil or extinct elephant rather than the remains of a recent elephant as his colleagues hotly contended; continuing (1) with the special creational 1 2 OSBORN: THE PROBOSCIDEA influence of Linneus, Buffon, Blumenbach, and Cuvier, and extending through (2) the intermediate period cul- minating in the speculations of Hugh Falconer, a contemporary of Darwin; thence (3) into the post-Darwin evolution period, through the bypaths and mazes of erroneous speculation on proboscidean descent, and finally (4) into the illumination of recent time resulting from twenty-seven years of continuous research by the present author in the entire field of proboscidean exploration and discovery. In brief, the history of the discovery and interpretation of the fossil proboscideans—mastodonts as well as elephants—is coincident and coextensive with the dawn, rise, and development of the science of Vertebrate Pale- ontology, coupled with our slowly deepening and broadening penetration into the mysteries, principles, and laws of evolution. First, there had to be waged a century-long battle to prove that these more or less petrified speci- mens were actually fossils belonging to the still unknown world of extinct life; second, another century passed of more or less accurate scientific description and nomenclature, and, finally, a third century of evolutionary inter- pretation and adaptation of the nomenclature to evolutionary knowledge. In the various chapters of the present Memoir the history of every great proboscidean type is separately traced from the beginning to the very end of its scientific interpretation, with the fullest justice to the actual facts observed by the authors of each of the four great periods of proboscidean thought. So far as practicable the obser- vations are recorded literally in the language of each author, both as a matter of justice and as a practical matter of the dissemination of the widely scattered and at present inaccessible literature in many different languages. Also, so far as possible, errors of interpretation are omitted, otherwise this volume would embrace a “comedy of errors” and one would lose sight of the main lines of actual fact. Immense pains have been taken to reproduce every original description in the language of the author, to reproduce every original type figure in facsimile, to retain every original generic name to which the author appears to be entitled by originality of observation, as fully explained below in the section on nomenclature of the present chapter, and finally to give the fullest credit for priority and originality of thought to the great pioneers in prophecy and research, among which are the outstanding names of Tentzelius, Blumenbach, Cuvier, and Falconer. As to proboscidean bibliography the series of papers bearing on the subject of this Memoir is arranged alpha- betically by authors at the close of the present Volume. A clearer idea, however, of the historic development of discovery is shown in the following chronologic arrangement of the writers, greatly renowned, less renowned, or obscure, who have enlightened us on this great subject, from Tentzelius (1698) to the present time. AUTHORS CHRONOLOGICALLY CLASSIFIED BY THEIR EARLIEST AND LATEST WRITINGS 1. 1698-1836. TrnrzeLius, Burron, Linn=us, BLuMENBAcH, CuvIER PERIOD 1602 Avalo y Figueroa, Diego de 1767 Baldassari, Giuseppe 1792 Gmelin, Johann Fridrich 1692 Witsen, Nicolaus 1768 Collinson, Peter 1792 Kerr, Robert 1693 Ray, John 1769 Hunter, William 1795-1829 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne 1696 Ludolf, Hiob 1771-1793 Pennant, Thomas 1795-1836 Cuvier, Georges Léopold Chré- 1698 Tentzelius, Wilhelmus Ernestus 1773 Rozier, Frangois tien Frédéric Dagobert 1706 Ides, Eberhard Ysbrant 1777 [1780] Pallas, Peter Simon 1799 Corse, John 1715 Réaumur, René Antoine 1778 Buffon, Georges Louis 1802 Lacépéde, Bernard Germain Ferchault de Leclere de Etienne de la Ville 1729 Sloane, Hans 1779-1810 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 1803 Artaud, Soulange 1734 Beyschlag, Joannes Fridericus 1782-1786 Merck, Johann Heinrich 1807 Adams, Michael 1734 Seba, Albert 1783 De Hay 1807 Link, Heinrich Friedrich 1735-1768 Linneus, Carolus 1785 Kennedy, Ildephons 1808-1825 Nesti, Filippo 1741 Breyne, John Philip 1785 [1788] Joubert de, —— 1808-1837 Fischer de Waldheim, Gotthelf 1751-1775 ‘Targioni-Tozzetti, Giovanni 1786 Fortis, Giovanni Battista detto 1811 Illiger, Carolus 1752[1756] Guettard, Jean Etienne Alberto 1814 Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constan- 1764 Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie 1788-1803 Camper, Peter _ tine Samuel 1815 1816 1816 Tilesius von Tilnau, Wilhelm Gottlieb Oken, Lorenz Smith, William 1818-1820 Desmarest, Anselme Gaétan 1818 [1821] Sémmerring, Samuel 1820 homas von Breislak, Scipione 1820-1823 Borson, Etienne 1821-1869 1824-1831 1825-1843 1829-1857 1830-1855 1831 1831 1831-1842 1831-1867  1859 1860 1861[1858] 1861-1862 1861-1863 1862 1863 1863-1864 1865 1867 1867-1868 1867-1868 1867-1891 1867-1896 1868-1881 1868-1894 1869-1878 1870 2. 1839-1865. Gray, John Edward Cooper, William Harlan, Richard Kaup, Johann Jacob Lyell, Charles Beechey, F. W. Brayley, Edward William DeKay, James E. Meyer, Hermann von Hodgson, Bryan Houghton Brandt, Johan Friedrich Boué, Ami Scholl, Johann Baptist Hays, Isaac Cautley, Proby Thomas Klipstein, August von Lartet, Edouard Caneto, |’ Abbé Desor, Pierre Jean Edouard Duméril, André Marie Constant Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Jaecquemin, Emile Morren, Charles Strauss, F. C. J. von Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de 1820-1823 1820-1824 1821-1823 1824-1829 1824-1830 1824-1833 1827 1827-1853 1837-1889 1838 1838 1838-1850 1839-1858 1839-1872 1840-1842 1840-1882 1840 1841 1841 1842 1842 1842 1842 1842-1843 1845 1845-1867 1846 1846 1846 1846-1855 DISCOVERY OF THE PROBOSCIDEANS Schlotheim, Ernst Friedrich von Krier, Johann Friedrich Goldfuss, Georg August Cuvier, Frédéric Godman, John D. Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf Fitzinger, Leopold Joseph Franz Johann HKichwald, Eduard von Burmeister, Hermann Briggs, C. Mather, William Williams Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Koch, Albert C. Foster, J. W. Horner, William E. Owen, Richard Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Karl Gloger, Constantin W. L. Lund, Peter Wilhelm D’Orbigny, Alcide Grant, [R.] E. Lesson, René Primevére Nasmyth, Alexander Couper, J. Hamilton Jackson, J. B.S. Falconer, Hugh Geinitz, Hans Bruno Gray, Asa Serres, Pierre Marcel Toussaint de Giebel, Christoph Gottfried Andreas 1828 1828 1828 1828-1835 1829 1846-1856 1846 1846-1876 1847 1847 1847-1859 1847[1850] 1848 1848 1848-1895 1850 1850-1853 1850-1858 1850-1857 1850-1862 1850-1864 1851 1852 1852 1852-1858 1853 18531854] 1853-1865 1854 1855 1855 Clift, William Croizet, l’Abbé Jean Baptiste Jobert, Antoine C. G. Buckland, William Desnoyers, Jules Pierre Frangois Stanislas Post-CuvIERIAN Preriop TERMINATING witH Dr BLAINVILLE, LAURILLARD, AND FALCONER Laurillard, Charles Léopold Hodgson, William B. Gervais, Frangois Louis Paul Gay, Claudio Temminck, Coenraad Jacob Aymard, Auguste Jager, Georg Friedrich Goppert, Heinrich Robert Poppelack, F. Pomel, Auguste Gibbes, Robert W. 