None
799 .■.■<-.V.U;->.J.'»-.t--'k'-.k.TTT^ mmEmnummmi '/? Brass Air Piping-^ Drilled ^'hdes-^'t-t •^i^^•.»..v••^•••>.•^*>'••^'^^•^M•*IMMd•i^;M:i'W^ 6'AirJjnt n3n B'MairtAiri ^1 i:^, :!i-- — •■'- tf -frr- — ^i^ -*'j" 1^ /fi-4 y^ fc-TTO "- -^3c* /to if' Mf cat — f i-HSr ^^ EtfMjmt LORAIN DETAILS ofNEWRLTERS SCALE V2"=r Q '^ ^ * ^ " PLATE XIII. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 801 51 S. B. OP H. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 803 Tbft a^ SOfT^^ 1 ^'W/rWif ^^ :£j:iiTy¥J^-r-»-. m^^&^^^^^^ aECTIONAL CLEVATfON tt^mA Ormrf^t/r ■1^^ f H'S ilg'g Iff la 'a ft * a A _ [& « * ^ i* j?t _S_*i_!L .^I'^L^^^S-^ -JP'i?^- /4^j»/» 0¥mrf^rv PLAN-SAND f\EMOVED MARIETTA DETAILS OFFILTERS SCALE V4'*r o I a > A PLATE XV. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 806 RETORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 807 VVyW////////// 4////^V/j9y/AfimM, ^Mftp noon rr;.v.vl^^; Bahr Room .?::^:^{'.y.:my//:w/^^^^^^^ ::■:.. -f 7^ ^_^«;S'»*'^ s*»«^/r:v jj.. ROCKY RIVER PLAN & SECTION OF FILTER PLANT PLATE XVil. KKPOKT OX WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 809 >^M^ Or rftfmr B*^ ^ —fP'Cf. ifvctfmn f^tcttvn^ t¥r// * fO'fti^km OENCf^AL PLAN PROFILE OF SUCTION LINC A-© Pfi i^^^-- I ^u>ji^.v;>,>^iji^.>»ii.u.A ef¥.lm4f £rtt S70 C JiST" 13* ^'^ iK&.>J.u.i^.>.M<m.>L....W»r,.t^ : ECTIONAL ELEVATION OF RECEIVING WELL PLAN OP PILTEF^ ROOM VERMILLION DETAILS Of PURIFICATION PLAm" PLATE XVIII. UKI-OttT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 811 ^ Or/wft^ Parts /^kmo^^ec/ /0'-6' /'2 " Ou^/-€r ^/pm -Ti-r-a--r itr-m-r- •0) SECTIONAL ELEVATION <5-^/ ^ § SECTION ON A-B WARREN DETAILS OF FILTER SCALE y4"= r 0 12 3 4 PLATE XIX. RLl'ORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION, 81$ SKETCH SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION Or WATER WORKS <yjo ao no rao SCALE -APmOXIM^Tt GNV(- I IN .-40 FT. 1^ "i. '4giQi,|,H|H I gj a SECTION ON A-B SSI a-^ "li r Oo/r/m»^ -^^\ SECTION ON OD YOUNG STOWN GENERAL PLAN or WATER WORKS SECTIONS TMRooGM FILTER HOUSE PLATE XX. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 815 ? C ^>/V/M- •Z*iv 0*rvtcm i'-*C D ^umpa =^> '^ -N n/fmr Wa^pA-^<^ YOUNGSTOWN PLAN OF FILTER HOUSE SCALE;! IN-Orr PLATE XXI. J REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 817 !l---. /j"H</CV/«c/or*J . ^ .jf^^'Aw //76l>eu/3cA C ' Ck/f/wrs, Bo^h Ways PLAN- SAND REMOVED J fO''f7oof- Tubm -ZZ' o /'^p 'hp o-^ Sorfc/ ^7bi> o-fi Concrmfm V (J- Gi^tf-^r- SECTION /Z'C/mor l^th^j YOUNG5T0WN DETAILS OP FILTER ^^'c/^rH^aA 0 1 2 3 4 5 SCALC;IIN-ZFT 52 & B. OP K. PLATE XXII. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURmCATIOK. 819 ■n stoiftf^^ - e^if". — 4 r /o'i^" -Jl Elcvatfon and Plan of Pressure Filters at ObcrlcaO. PLATB XXIII. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 821 C i X UJ Q i Outh .^^ a: a. I IxJ to ^sA ^%\ %< (0 ^ IL r O) D O L. x: 4- C O ■h o (0 5; III Q. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 823 4i s< i ^n^ c JS a z < q: Ui i < ^ ^k'W\ww<.'vW^'''v' '>* t -^ 8 8 ■>tUmi|1j|1 I y c r REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 825. MO U<H+309 > X K lU h REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 827 H9 U0I4DA»J3 IOUOI499S '— ^ .8.;" !''■■•*■ '^' ^ /^ 1 ^ T\ r \-4 .■.•;?■ •«' '.- '■•' • y I- TTT]! 6j ^TVT-W ;.y;. ••■4-.-Y.Vfc- YT" o ID < > U REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 829 (f) a: b CD I UJ (0 ^ 0 Section through Monhole C. ID O e: MlPCWr ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 831 REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 833 a: UJ CO <: X o < a: < J. a.. ""^^^PV-., 53 S. B. OF H. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 835 f;Ask'AA..kAA-.k.k.k\A^UUk.\A,v-A\A ;,S^SSSSV.SSW\,S-.V^iVASS^SS^SS ■^^^'^s^^'•^^'^^^^^^'.v■s^v^^s'.v.^'^ss^s^^^^^^^v■s! SJ\\y^kVk^J.J^AA.\\.VAA-V.WMWV.V.VAA> ^^^^^^ij^::^.^^^^^^::^^^ < c ^ o 5 (0 D Y tm Z < B h ^u. So h ^ DL UJ ? o r*»^^^/J^ I I ID t X HI 5 0. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 837 •QV U0I4.03C ■. 9J o +- i: r ? Ill < J REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. /^^. J REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 841 ifMBjff L/ ft>*v - f<n^7 **^''ffj^2 REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 843 Fvr 1 ^ 1' a— f^ - 'W th ic 1 ^^v? a Tr 1 ^ M J ^ ^ 1 r " 5 ^ « 1^ w^ 5 @ X| ^.i^ivS H? 0- 4j Ld -I: m-' > K K X Itt 5 Q. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 845 /'#' ~^,. \ o k sj X / EAST CLEVELAND e£N£R^L PLAN /90Z ^^ ScJtLM •^Fttr Crrr-y/^^rts Dts^OML Ct^ £M€itA PLATS XXXVI. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 847 A £ ^ A TO -5 |:; 1 PR/MAf^y Dtstri ^fftt'tM FiLJ-ERS r^ ^^^ -^ - C! I m ^ M ( i =4 \-r-M <% '^fv€A / £A3T CLEVELAND SCWAGC D/SPOSAL P'LAA/T DETA/LEO PLAA/ /SOZ f r y <r tf Crr-ViAsreJ Duposal C^ Eai€m's. L PLATE XXXVII. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 849/ 5ec+ional Elevation Cf. * \\ 1 IT J. L z < -J a lU CD I u 10 CD > M 5 a. 54 S. B; OF H. •-1 ; I, : -ii- 8 -A • .^ M ■k-^ REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 851 M h REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PimPICATION. 85a I I REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 855 REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 857 OOUO UOtJL739 M '^i X III 5, Q. REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 869 REPORT ON WATER AND SBWAGB PURIFICATION. 881 -2\- r J-U_- L J te^ < T" < o "^ < in < 2 b{ ^L^ -^ /' «=r*l' S 5^ VI 1 V I! jc , ^- I C ! O > J. X H I- J REPORT ON WATER AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 863: > X |ui. h REPORT ON WATER .> ND SEWAGE PURIFICATION. 865 It 0 I- < r E < a ^ i o a z o O -J < 3 0) P r o r. u cr E ^ P • 0er - t 1 1 § Q: ig I! hi (0 ,i„.|.: 5 ' " JjdlLH iV > -I Ul h 55 S. B. OF H. If: I-^.J V z r 1 1 1^ 1 .4. / ^-S at A^3 /^x C O ///>7 MXCPO ^ O ^C f^^nr^^ F=^lc^r ■ATE XLVII. INDEX. PART I — WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS. PAGE "'After-deposits", see incrustations. After reactions, see Oberlin. Alkalinity, of filtered water, tests of 275-76, 293 reduction of , with alum 309-10 * See alsQ caustic alkalinity. Alum, filter, absorption of *. 293, 309-10 composition of 145, 251, 311-13 cost of 311-12 effect of, on gold fish 276 efficiency of methods for applying, see coagulants. field experiments with ^ 53 means for applying, see coagulants, methods of applying, see coagulants. quantity of necessary 7 309-11 relation of to turbidity and hardness of water treated 309-10 specifications for 312 Analyses made during investigation, list of, 49; method of making, bac- terial, 49-50; chemical, 50; of coagulants, 50, 311-13. results of 60-61, 69, 92-95, 106-8, 120-23, 130, 140-41, 151-53, 154, 170-73, 187-89, 207-13, 225-28, 237-38, 244, 253- 55, 266-68, 278-81, 298-303, 360-66 Automatic controlling devices 55. 64, 75-76, 84, 98, 111, 128, 142, 157, 176, 193, 215, 240, 247, 270, 285, 319-20 Batavia water purification plant 53-61 analyses, results of 60-61 description 5^-55 efficiency 58-59 examinations 55 operation 56-57 raw water , character of 57 Bucyrus water purification plant 61-69 analyses, results of 69 description 61-65 efficiency 68 examinations 65 operation 65-67 raw water, character of 67 Caustic alkalinity, residual 349-52 correction by copperas 339, 360, 362, 356 Chara 344, 348 Chemical reactions , of copperas 313-14 of water softening 343 period • of 347 867 868 INDEX. PAGE Chemicals for water softening . application of 337-38 factors for computing softening 344 over treatment 343, 355 quantities applied , at Oberlin 346-47 Cincinnati water purification plant 69-82 costs 80-^2 description 70-76 efficiency 77-79 examinations 7(5 growths in clear well 80 operation 77-79 typhoid fever, statistics of 80 Clay, use of to assist coagulation 220, 310 Clear wells, capacity of, general discussion 320-21 , 327 description of.... 55. 64. 76, 84. 98. 112, 128. 143, 157-^58, 176, 193, 215-16, 240, 247, 257, 271, 285, 320-21, 327 growths in 80 seepage into 217, 222, 250 Coagulants, choice of, conditions governing 315 effect of, on water treated 315 means for applying, description of 54, 63, 74. 84, 97-98, 110, 142, 157, 174. 191- 92. 214-15, 229-30, 240, 246, 257. 270. 284, 314 efficiency of 77-78. 90. 103, 116, 163-65, 180-81, 200-1, 234, 243, 251, 262-63, 275. 292-93. 314 methods of applying, description of 56. 63, 77-78, 87. 99-100, 113, 144, 159, 177-78. 194-95, 217, 231, 241, 249, 258-59, 272-73, 287 See also alum, chemicals ifor water softening, copperas, lime. Coagulating basins or tanks, description 54, 63, 72-73, 84, 98, 110-11, 142, 174-75, 192, 215. 240. 246, 256, 269-70, 284 efficiency 58, ^^, 78, 90, 103, 116-17, 148-49, 165, 182-83. 201-2. 220-21, 242-43, 251, 263-64, 276, 293-94, 316-17, 321-22 operation 56. ^(S, 78. 87. 100, 114, 145, 157, 160, 178, 195, 217-18, 241, 249, 259, 273, 288 size of. relation to economy of operation.. 317 summary 316-17 Columbus , water softening plant 331 Conditions requiring purification plants, history of. See history of conditions requiring purification plants. Conneaut harbor, analyses of samples from 89 Conneaut water purification plant 82-95 analyses , results of 92-95 Conneaut harbor, analyses of samples from 89 description 82-85' efficiency 89-91 examinations 85 INDEX. 869 Ci nneaut — Concluded. page operation 85-88, 9*2 raw water , character of 88-59 typhoid fever investigation 90-91 Construction and operation, features of eflfccting efficiency and economy... 821-22 Co-operation of officials, sec officials, co-operation of. CoJpperas , composition 313 cost 73. 119, 169. 257. 205. 313 correction of caustic alkalinity by 339, 350, 352. 356 •finisher for softening 339 list of plants using 53 means for applying, src coagulants, methods of applying, see coagulants. reactions of 313-14 specifications for, at Cincinnati 73-74 Copper sulphate. i:sv of to rc!Pf)ve growths 101, 147, 344 combined with copperas 191 Costs, installations 80-^1. 104, 118. 133-39, 149-50, 167-68, 186, 204, 222-23, 236. 243-44. 252, 264, 277. 296; summary 322-23 operation 81-82, 104-5, 119. 133. 139. 150. 168-69, 186, 204-5. 223, 236, 244, 252. 265. 277. 297; summary 324-25 Cribs, filter, see Linwood Park. Dennison and Uhrirhsvillc water purification plant 96-108 analyses, results of 106-8 costs 104-5 description 96-99 efficiency 102-4 examinations 99 growths in filters 101-2 operation 99-102, 105 raw water, character of 102 Deposits, after, see incrustations. in raw water pump 182 Detailed reports . general arjangement of 52-53 Efficiency of plants, conditions necessary for securing 328 - effected by construction and operation 321-22 review of 321-22 .shown by typhoid statistics, see typhoid statistics. See als(} rcviev; of efficiency of plants. Elyria water purification plant 109-25 analyses, results of 120-25 costs 118-19 description 109-12 I efficiency 115-18 examinations 112 operation 112-15, 119 raw* water, character of 115 Examinations 55. 65. 76. 85. 99. 112, 129-32, 136, 144, 154, 158, 176, 193, 216, 230. 241. 247. 258, 271. 286 Expert control 76-77. 113. 158. 177. 194, 262, 275, 286, 343 Factors for computing quantity of chemicals for water softening 344 Field apparatus 51-52 870 INDEX. PAGE Field tests, methods of conducting 47-50 See also field apparatus. Filtering material, general discussion of 319, 326-27 See also filters, description of. Filter plants, see purification plants. Filters, attendants of, see operation, general methods of. automatic controlling devices for, see . automatic controlling devices. building 72, 271, 285 costs of, see costs. description of 55, 64, 74-76, 84, 98, 111-12, 127-2«, 142, 157, 175-76, 192-93, 215, 230, 240, 246-47, 257, 270-71, 284-85 efficiency of 59, 68, 79, 90, 103. 117, 149, 165, 184-85, 202^, 221, 235. 243, 251, 264, 276-77, 294-95 growths in, see growths in filters. operation of 57. 66-67, 79, 87-88, 100-1. 114-15, 129-31. 145-46, 160-62, 179, 196-98. 218-19, 232-33, 241-42, 249-50. 259, 273, 288-90 sand , general discussion 319 , 326-27 See also filters, description of. special difficulties of operation of 321-22 tanks, general discussion 317-18 . 326-27 See also filters, description of. Filtration processes , general , summary of 306-21 mechanical, coagulants, 309-16; coagulating basins, 316-17; filters, 317-20 ; pressure filters, 321 ; clear well 320-21 natural , types of, 306; Linwood Park, 306; Springfield, 306-7; Painesville. 307; Gallipolis, 307; Owensboro. Ky.. 307 ; Conneaut, 307-8 ; summary 308 slow sand 308 Fire, destruction of Geneva pumping station by 146 Fostoria water purification plant 125-33 analyses , results of 130 contamination beyond filters 131 costs 133 creek water, character of 129-30 description 125-28 efficiency 130-32 examinations and inspections 129-32 improvements contemplated 1.33 operation, see examinations and inspections. reservoir water, character of 1.30 State Board of Health, actions of 126 Gallipolis water purification plant 1,33-41 analyses , results of 140-41 capacity 136 costs 138-39 description 133-35 examinations 136 filtered water, character of 138 INDEX. 871 Gallipolis — Concluded. page operation 185-3(> preliminary tests 134 raw water , character of : 137 review of results of investigation 138 Geneva water purification plant 141--53 alum, quality of 145 analyses, results of 151-53 costs 149-50 description 141-43 efficiency 148-49 examinations 144 fire, destruction of building by 146 growths in reservoir 146 operation 144-46 raw water, character of 148 reservoir, cleaning of 146-47 Gold fish , effect of alum on 276 Growths, algal 344, 348 in clear well 80 in filters 101-2 in reservoirs 146-47 sponge 65, 146, 148, 247 Guarantees of efficiency ..58, 68, 89-90, 102, 115-16,148, 168, 179-80, 200. 220, 242, 261-62, 292 Hardness, effected by ground water 250-^51 increase of by coagulants 315 See also Oberlin. History of conditions requiring purification plants 53-54, 61-62, 70> 82-83, 96-97, 109, 125-26, 133-34, 141, 153, 155-156, 190-91, 213-214, 228-29, 239, 245-46, 265^56, 268-69, 282^83 Incrustations, air pipes 165, 181-82, 195, 313-14 meters 353 sand 164-65, 181-82, 341 strainers 341 Infiltration, or natural filtration plants, see filtration processes, general, summary of See also Gallipolis, Linwood Park. Intakes, description of 54, 71, 83, 97, 109, 127, 134-35, 142, 154, 156, 191, 214, 229, 239-40, 246, 256, 269, 283-84 efficiency of 90, 163, 200, 292 Introduction 47-53 alum, list of plants using 53 analyses , methods of making 49-50 bacterial , 49-50 ; chemical , 50 ; coagulants 50 cooperation of officials 52 copperas and lime, list of plants using 53 field apparatus 51-52 field tests . methods of conducting 47-50 mechanical filtration plants , list of 53 municipal plants , list of 53 officials, cooperation of 52 872 INDEX. Introduction — Concluded. page private plants, list of > 53 reports, arrangement of 47, 52-53 Iron pipes . in strainer systems 318 use of for coagulant solutions 314 Laboratory control of results of operation see expert control. Lake Erie, character of water of 304-5 See also Conneaut, Elyria, Lorain, Vermillion. Licking River, character of water of 305 See also Newark. Lmie, "after-deposits" of, see incrustations. cost of 73, 119, 257, 265, 337 hydrated 338 means of applying 74. IK). 157. 17i, 192, 270, ;U4, :U7 methods of applying 77-78. 11.3. loO. 177-78, 194, 272, 314, 338 reactions of with copperas 313 ' softening agent 337 Lorain water purification plants 155-^9 old purification plant analyses, results 171-73 costs 167-<39 description 155-58 efficiency ' 163-67 examinations 158 lime , "after deposits" of 164-05 operation 158-62, 170 raw. water, character of 162-<53 typhoid fever statistics 166-()7 new purification plant analyses . results of 187-S9 costs - 186 deposits in filters 181-82 description 1 7*^76 efficiency 179-85 examinations ; 176 official tests of plant 183-84 operation 176-79. 186 raw water, character of 179 Sec also old purification plant 162-()3 records of operation 186 summary of investigation 18.5 McKeesport , water softening plant 331 Mah(Miing River, character of water of ,305 Sec also Warren, Youngstown. Marietta water purification plant 190-213 analyses , -results of , 207-13 costs 204-5 deposits in filters 195 description 191-93 efficiency 200^ examinations 193 operation 193-98. 206 INPEX. 873 Marietta — Concluded. page raw water , character of 198-200 records of operation 206 Mechanical filtration , plants, list of 63 Ji'iami River, character of water in Little ' 305 See also Batavia. Municipal plants , list of 53 Newark water purification plant ., 213-28 analyses , results of 225-28 clay , use of to assist coagulation 220 costs 222-23 de>^cription 214-16 efficiency 220-22 examinations 216 operation 216-19, 224 raw water , character of •. 219-20 records of operation 224 sand, loss of in filters 218, 221 seepagi* into clear well, quality of 222 N'ltural liltralion plants, sec filtration processes, general summary. Sec also Callipolis, Linwood Park. Ol erlin water softening plant 331-66 analyses 360-66 conditions Icadinj^ to purification 331 costs 358-59 description 332-35 efficiercy 347-57 examinations and inspections 3.35 historical 331 method of conducting examinations .335-36 operation 336-43 softening process 34*^7 Odors from akil growths 344, 348 Official tests of L(Tain plant 18.3-81 Officials , cooperation (^f 52, .328 Dhio River, character of water nf .305 Sec also Cl'illipolis, Marietta, Pomeroy. Operation, gereral methods of 56, 65, 76-77, 86-87. 09, 113. 13.5-.36. 144. 1.58, 176-77. 193-04. 216. 2.30-31. 241. 247-48, 2.58. 271-72. 286 records of sec records of operation. s'pecial difficulties of 321-22 tests of, see field tests. ' 'Over treatment in water softening 343, .355 Owonsboro. Ky. . natural filtration plant 307 Painesville, natural filtration plant .307 Polliwogs, appearance of in reservoir 146-47 Pomeroy and Middleport. water purification plant 228-.38 analyses . results of 237-38 costs " 236 description 229-30 efficiency 234-36 874 INDEX. Pomeroy and Middleport — Concluded. page. examinations 230' operation 230-33, 237 raw water, character of 235 records of operation 237 Pressure filters 321 See also Obcrlin, Pomeroj' and Middleport. Private plants, list of 58- Pumps, high service, de.scription of 55, 65, 76, 85, 97, 112, 128, 135, 143, 154, 156, 193, 216, 230, 240-41, 247. 257, 271. 286 raw water description of 54, 65, 71, 83, 97, 109, 142, 154, 156, 191, 214, 229, 240, 246. 256, 269, 284 deposits in 18*2: Purification, history of conditions requiring see history of conditions requiring purification. Purification plants, water, mechanical See Batavia, Bucyrus. Cincinnati. Conneaut, Dennison, Elyria, Geneva, Lorain. Mariet- ta, Newark. P/)meroy, Rocky River, Up- per Sandusky, Vermillion, Warren, Youngstown. natural, see Gallipolis, Linwuod Park, slow sand, see Fostoria. See also filtration processes. Raw waters, character of 57, 67, 88-89, 102. 115, 129-80. 187, 148, 162-63, 179, 198-200, 219-20, 288, 242. 250, 259-61, 274-75, 290-92, 304-^ necessity for knowledge of .' 328 Reactions, chemical, see chemical reactions. Records of operation 92, 105, 119, 170, 206, 224, 237, 248, 265H56, 278, 298" Reservoirs , cleaning of 146-47 distribution 55, 76, 98-99, 135, 143, 193, 216, 280 settling : 71, 77 Reviews of efficiency of plants 59, 68, 91, 103-4, 117-18, 132, 138, 149, 166-67, 185. 203-4, 22, 235-36, 252, 264, 295-96 See also typhoid fever, statistics of. Rocky River, water purification plant 239-44 analyses , results of 244 costs 248-44 description 239-41 efficiency 242-43 examinations 241 operation 241-42 raw water , character of 242 source of supply, advice by State Board of Health. . . 24S Sand, effective size of, see filtering material. incrustations of, see incrustations. loss of in filters 218, 221 Sandusky River, character of water of 80.> See also Upper Sandusky. INDEX. H75 PAGE Settling basins 333, 340-41, 347, 351, 35^ reservoirs 71, 77 tanks 229, 232, 234^36, 263 See also coagulating basins. Sludge from water softening, see Oberlin. Soda ash 337, 344 analyses of 337 factors for computing quantity required 344 preparation of solutions of 337 reactions of 344 Softened water, filtration of 341-43 Softening, see Oberlin. effect of temperature 350 Solutions, strength of coagulant, see coagulants.* See also alum, copperas, lime. Springfield , natural filtration plant 306-7 Standpipes, description of 85, 128, 241, 247, 257, 271, 334 State Board of Health, actions of 62, 82-83', 126, 153, 156, 190, 243, 255 central control by 328 investigations of typhoid fever by, see typhoid fever. Storage dam 97 Strainer or collecting system of filters, general discussion of 318 clogging by incrustations 341 See also filters, description of. Sulphate of alumina, see alum, filter. Summary of investigation of water purification plants 304-28 alum, general discussion of 309-13 central control by State Board of Health 328 coagulants, general discussion of 314-16 construction and operation, features of effecting efficiency and economy 321-22 copperas, general discussion of .* 313-14 costs, installation and operation 322-25 filtration processes, general discussion of 306-21 mechanical 309-21 natural 306-8 slow sand 30& lime, means for applying 314 operation , special difficulties of 321-22 raw waters, character of Lake Erie, 304-5; Ohio River, 305; Licking River, 305; Mahoning River, 305; Rocky River, 305; Little Miami River, 305; Sandusky River, 305; Summary. 306 special difficulties of operation 321-22 State Board of Health, control by 328 table showing main features of Ohio plants 326-27 Tastes in water 344, 348^ 7 emperature , effect on softening 350 Tests made during examinations, see filter tests. Typhoid fever, statistics of 80, 90, 166-67, 295-96, 354 Upper Sandusky water purification plant 245-55- 876 INDEX. Upper Sandusky — Concluded. page analyses , results of 253-55 cost^ 252 description 246-47 efficiency 251-52 examinations 247 operation 247-49 raw water , character of 260 records of operation 248 seepage into clear well, quality of 25i» Verniillion water purification plant 255-68 analyses , results of 266-H'^ costs 264-65 description 255-57 efficiency '. 2()l-(i4 examinations 258 operation 258-59 . 2(>5- :i!) raw water , character of 259-61 records of operation 265-f)6 Vermillion river water, character of 25!M)1 Warren water purification plant 268-81 alkalinity of filtered water, tests of 275-76 analyses, results of 278-81 coagulant , effect of alum on 27() costs 277 description 268-7 1 efficiency 275-77 examinations 271 gold fish, effect of alum on . 276 operation 271-73, 278 raw water . character of 274-75 records of operation 278 Wash water, means for applying 55, 64. 75, 81. 9S, 111, 142. 157, 175-76, 192-08. 215, 230. 24(1. 247. 257. 27<». 284- 85, 334 methods of applying 57, 67, 79. 87, 88, 100-1, 114-15, 145-46, 161-62. 179. 196-9^, 21S-10. 232- 33, 241-42, 249-50, 259, 273. 2-9 9n. 319. 326-27. 342 troughs, arrangement of 318-19 Water purification plants, Hst of 53 See also purification plants, water. Water softening, sec Oherlin. bacterial removal by .35-3-54 plants 331 Youngstown water purification plant 282-303 alkalinity, residual, in filtered water 293 alum , absorpt ion of 293 analyses, results of 298-303 costs 296-97 description 282-86 efficiency 292-96 examinations 286 INDEX. 877 Yoiingstown — Concluded. « page operation 286-90, 298 raw water, character of 290-92 records of operation 298 typhoid investigation by State Board of Health 295-96 PART II — SEWAGE PURIFICATION PLANTS. Acid iron wastes 763-71 See also Shelby. Aeration, enforced see East Cleveland. septic sewage, see septic tanks. Aerators , construction 582 efficiency 588-9;i operation 586-88 Algal growths in sand filters 639, 710 Alliance sewage purification plant 381-94 conditions leading to construction 381 examinations and inspections. 382 description 382-84 sewage flow 384-86 crude sewage, composition of 386 operation 386-90 efficiency 390-92 costs .' 392-93 analyses 394 Alliance, Fairmount Children's Home sewage purification plant 605-9 Analyses , field and laboratory 373-74 results of 394. 408-9, 417-18, 426, 436, 444. 455, 467, 480-81, 484, 491, 504-5. 530-33. 555-61, 570. 578, 592- 93, 602. 609, 614, 624-25. 634. 643, 658, 670-71, 676, CM mechanical, see descriptions of plants. Ashland sewage purification plant 444—55 conditions leading to construction 445 examinations and inspections 446 description 446-47 sewage flow 448 crude sewage , composition of 449 operation 449-51 efficiency 451-53 costs 453^54 analyses 455 Automatic dosing devices 459, 462, 696, 600, 606, 610, 617, 620, 621, 623, 636, 638. 645, 646, 648, 659. 664. m%, 678, 709 apparatus for contact filters 487, 489, 495, 513, 523, 528, 564-65, 666, 676, 681-82, 684, 717 Bucket conveyor for raising sludge 472, 584 Canton sewage purification plant 895-409 conditions leading to construction 395-96 examinations and inspections 396 description . . . / 396-98 878 INDEX. Canton — Concluded. page sewage flow 398 crude sewage, composition of 399 operation 399-403 efficiency , 403-7 costs 407 analyses 408-9 Chemical kit 375 Chemical precipitation, compared with plain sedimentation 405 costs 392, 407, 434, 443 efficiency 390-92, 403-7, 433, 442-43 plants, list of 377 sludge produced 388, 403, 433 summarized discussion of 698-99 winter conditions 404 with soft water sewage, see Oberlin. See also Alliance, Canton, Glenville, Oberlin. Chlorine, absorption of 747-^1 as disinfectant 738-47 Cinders, see filtering material. Cleveland Tuberculosis' Farm Colony, see Warrensville. Clogging, centrifugal pumps 518 distributors ^^^ 716 filtering material 424, 432-33, 441, 463. 473, 476, 501, 521-22, 525, 543, 566, 575, 586, 597-98, 623, 631, 638, 651, 667, 683, 689, 710 inlets septic tanks 566, 574, 666, 705 outlets septic tanks 462, 519, 566, 574, 705 siphons 608, 620, 623, 638 subsurface tile 691 underdrains 432, 631, 638, 714 Clyde sewage purification plant 410-18 conditions leading to construction 410 examinations and inspections 411 description 411 sewage flow 412 crude sewage, composition of 412 operation 413 efficiency •• 413-15 costs 416 analyses 417-18 Coke, see filtering material. Coke strainers, see strainers. Collinwood, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Shops sewage purification plant 679-86 conditions leading to construction 680 examinations and inspections 680 description 680-81 sewage flow 682 crude sewage, composition of 682 operation 682-84 efficiency 684 costs 685 analyses 686 INDEX. 879 PAGE Colloidal matter, absence of in sewage 413. 471 , 565, 574, 690 Conditions leading to sewage purification, Alliance, 381; Alliance, Fair- nionnt Children's Home, 605: Ashland, 445; Canton, 395; Clyde, 410; Collinwood, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Shops, 680; Dayton, Montgomery County Infirmary, 610; Dela- ware, 485; East Cleveland, 579; Fostoria, 419; Gallipolis, Gallia County Infirmary, 615; Gallipolis State Hospital for Epileptics, 616; Geneva, 456; Glenville, 427; Granville, Denison University and Shepardson's College, 626; Kenton, Hardin County Infirmary. 690; Kenton, North District, 594; Lancaster, Boys' Industrial School, 627; Lakewood, 493; London. 506; Mansfield, 510; Mansfield State Reformatory, 635; Marion, 535: Marietta, Washington County Infirmary, 691: Massillon State Hospital, 644; Morgans. Ohio Institute for Feeble-minded Youth, 649: North Amherst, Ohio Quarries Company, 687: Obcrlin. 437; Plain City, 562: Shelby, 468: Sandusky, Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 662; Toledo State Hospital, 652; Warrensvillc, Cleveland Tuberculosis Farm Colony. 677; Warren. Trumbull County Infirmary, 672; Wester- ville, 571; Wooster, Wayne County Children's Home, 659; Xenia, 482. Summary 693-94 Contact filters, automatic dosing apparatus, 487, 489, 495, 513, 523, 528, 564-65, 566, 576, 681-82, 684, 717 clogging 499, 521, 528, 543, 683. 715 constructicm 487. 495, 508, 513, 537, 504-65, 572-73, 681 covers '. 681 cycles , length of 502 , 523 dosing and discharging devices 487, 495, 508. 513, 537, 564, 681 efficiency 489, 500-3, 508. 527. 550, 568. 576, 684 grips 537, 543, 553, 706, 715 list of 377, 378 operation 489. 499, 508. 521-24. 512-44, 566, 574, 683-84 removal of filtering material 683 summarized discussion of 715-16 trapped outlets 544, 716 voids 501, 522. 544, 716 Continuous filters, sec filters. Copperas as a precipitant, see Oberlin. Copper sulphate, as algaecidc 689, 710 disinfectant, see Supplementary Report No. 1. Costs , acid iron waste treatment 771 chemical precipitation 392, 407, 435, 443, 722 chlorine 747 cinders 613 copperas recovery 765 copper sulphate 728 disinfection , contact effluent 731 , 747 crude sewage -. . . . 728 sand filter effluent 732, 736, 741, 747 septic sewage 747 installation 392, 407, 416, 425, 434, 443, 453, 465, 478, 483, 400, .503, 508, 528, 553, 569, 577, 590, 601, 608, 013. 616, 621, 623, 627, 633, 642, 649, 657, 661, 669, 675, 685, 690, 693, 719-21 880 INDKX. Costs — Concluded. page lime 435 operation 398. 407, 416, 425, 485. 448. 454. 4H6, 479, 483, 490, 503, 528, 553, 569, 577, 591, 601, 613, 621, 633, 657. 669, 685, 722-23 pumping with gas 465 sand 465, 613 sludge disposal 529, 569, 708 Covers on contact filters 681 septic tanks 446, 450, 457, 469, 4«2, 494, 511, 536, 572, 663, 672, 681, 6SS, 692, 70' > Cropping sand filters 620, 654, 714 Creamery wastes 565 , 574 Daily records 370 Dayton, Montgomery County Infirmary sewage purification plant 610-14 Delaware sewage purification plant 485-91 conditions leading to construction 485 examinations and inspections 48') description 486-88 sewage flow 488 crude sewage, composition of 488 operation 489 efficiency 480-.)O costs 491 analyses 491 Denison University and Shepardson's College, see Granville. Disinfection of effluents from sewage purification plants 724-4)2 introduction 724 general conduct of experiments 72 » copper sulphate experiments 72(>-37 St. Mary's of the Springs. 726-2S', Westerville, 728-31; Boys' Industrial School. 781-34; Marion. 735-87. chlorin experiments 738-47 Boys' Industrial School, 789-41 ; Marion. 741-47. chlorin absorption experiments 747-61 Lancaster. 748-51; Marion, 752-61. summary and conclusions 761-62 Dissolved oxygen in crude sewage 415, 428, 449, 452, 464, 471, 489. 498, 516, 550, 568, 574. 589. 597, 599. 619, 622. 630, 668, 697 septic sewage 452, 464. 489, 500. 550, 568. 589, 599, 668, 702-3 See also results of analyses. Distribution , methods of 709 Dosing filters , construction 596 efficiency 599-601 operation 597 Dosing tanks 459, 596, 606, 610, 618, 621. 636, 638, 645. 646 659, 6Q6, 678, 681, 708 East Cleveland sewage purification plant 579-93 conditions leading to construction 579-80 examinations and inspections 580 INDEX. 881 •East Cleveland — Concluded. page description 580-82 sewage flow 583-84 crude sewage, composition of 584 operation 584-87 efficiency 588-90 costs 591-92 analyses 592-93 Embankments, advisability of seeding 649, 714 FairmouTTt Children's Home, see Alliance. Vield tests , conduct of 36.9 Filters, coarse grain , summarized discussion of 715-17 contact, see contact filters. continuous, list of, 377, 378; construction. 688-89; operation, 689; efficiency, 689-90; summarized discussion of. 716. See also Delaware, Plain .City, London, Westerville. fine grain , summarized discussion of 708-15 sand, see sand filters. subsidiary , summarized discussion of 717 See also Marion, wave, see Kenton. Filtering material , availability of 711' broken stone 537, 582, 596. 606, 681 cinders 495, 513, 564. 572-73, 636 clay : 48^ clayey sand 480, 470, 658 clogging of 425, 433-34, 441. 453, 463, 473, 476, 489, 501, 521-22. 543, 566, 575, 586, 597- 98, 608, 612, 620, 623, 631, 638, 640. 651, 661, 667, 679. 683, 689, 710. 716, 717 coke 429, 487, 507, 582, 596, 674 crushed sandstone 628 , 637 , 68^ gravel 429, 447, 460, 470, 482, 645, 647, 650, 660 limestone screenings 537-38, 553 sand 460, 538, 582, 606, 611, 616. 618, 622, 645. 647, 650, 660, 664, 678 sandy loam 626, 653 slag 582 Float orifices 494, 498, 512, 519 rusting of '. 519 Fostoria sewage purification plant 419-26 conditions leading to construction 419 examinations and inspections 420 description 420-22 sewage flow 422 crude sewage, composition of 422 operation 423 efficiency 423-24 costs 425 analyses 42(5 Gallipolis, Gallia County Infirmary sewage purification plant 615-16 56» s. B. OP H. . . ^ 88S INDEX. PAGE GalHpolis, State Hospital for Epileptics sewage purification plant 616-25 conditions leading to construction 616 examinations and inspections 616 main buildings' plant , 617-21 description 617-18 sewage flow 618 crude sewage, composition of 619 operation 619-20 efficiency 620 costs 621 Cottage I plant 621-23 description 621-22 sewage flow 62J crude sewage, compositJ^on of..- 622 operation 622-23 efficiency 623 costs 623 analyses 624-25 Geneva sewage purification plant 456-67 conditions leading to construction 456 examinations and inspections 457 description 457-61 sewage flow 461 crude sewage , composition of. 461 ' operation 461-^3 efficiency 463-65 costs 465-66 analyses • 467 Glenville sewage purification plant 427-36 conditions leading to construction 427 examinations and inspections 427 description 428-30 sewage flow^ 430 crude sewage , composition of : 431 operation ....'. 431-32 efficiency 433-34 costs 434-35 analyses 436 Granville, Denison University and Shepardson*s College sewage purifica- tion plant , . 626-27 Gravel, see filtering material. Grips on contact filters N 537, 543, 553^ 706, 715 Grit chambers, construction 428, 446, 457, 486, 507, 511, 535, 563, 572, 580, 635, '688 efficiency 452, 528, MT,' ' 552 interception of organic matters by 450, 452, 547, 552 operation 450, 462, 519, 541 summarized discussion of 699-700 Ground water leakage 384, 399, 430, 439, 445, 448, 461, 471, 488, 497, 515, 565, 573, 584, 596, 665 Hardin County Infirmary, see Kenton. Institutional plants , list of 377-78 reports on 605-93 INDEX. 888 PAGE Inverted siphons 492. 498, 509, 618, 620, 650 Iron pickling liquors 403 , 423-24 See also Supplementary Report No. 2, pp. 763-71. Iron sheathing, deterioration of 542 Irrigation, field 620, 626 subsurface 605, 690, 711 Kenton, Hardin County Infirmary sewage purification plant 690-91 Kenton , North District sewage purification plant 594-602 conditions leading to construction 594 examinations and inspections 595 description 595-96 sewage flow 596 crude sewage, composition of 597 operation " 597-98 efficiency * 598-^01 costs 601 analyses 602 Kraut wastes, disjiosal of, see Clyde. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Shops, see Collin wood. Lakewood sewage purification plant 492— j05 conditions leading to construction 493 examinations and inspections 493 description 493-96 sewage flow 496-97 crude sewage , composition of • 497-98 operation 498-99 efficiency 499^503 costs 503 analyses 504-5 Lancaster Boys* Industrial School sewage purification plant 627-34 conditions leading to construction 627 description 628 examinations and inspections 628 sewage flow 628 crude sewage, composition of 630 operation 630-32 efficiency 632-33 costs 633 analyses 634 Lime, analysis of 387, 400, 431 cost of 435 hydrated 440 as precipitant, see chemical precipitation. slaking 387, 400, 431, 440 solutions, preparation of ^. .387, 400, 431, 440 solvent action of ^ 390 strength of solutions of 387, 400 quantity applied 387, 401, 431, 440 Limestone screenings, see filtering material. London sewage purification plant 50^-8 Mansfield sewage purification plant 509-33 884 INDEX. Mansfield — Concluded. page conditions leading to construction olO examinations and inspections 510 description 510-14 sewage flow 514-16 crude sewage, composition of 516-18 operation 518-24 efficiency .' 524-28 costs 528-20 analyses 530-3'^ Mansfield State Reformatory sewage purification plant 635-43 conditions leading to construction 635 examinations and inspections 635 description 635-37 sewage flow 637 crude sewage , composition of 637 operation 638-39 efficiency , 639-42 costs 642 analyses 643 Ivlarietta, Washington County Infirmary sewage purification plant 691-93 Marion sewage purification plant 534-61 conditions leading to construction 535 examinations and inspections 535 description 535-38 sewage flow 538-40 crude sewage, composition of 540-41 operation 541-46 efficiency 546-53 costs 554 analyses 555-61 Massillon State Hospital sewage purification plant 644-49 conditions leading to construction 644 inspections 644 description of first plant 644-45 description of present plant 646-48 volume of sewage flow and character of sewage. . 648 ' operation 648 efficiency 648-49 costs 649 Montgomery County Infirmary, see Dayton. ^Morgans. State Institution for Feeble-minded Youth sewage purification plant 649-51 Moss,* growth of on filtering material 463, 545 I^Iunicipal plants , list of 377 reports on 381-^02 Nitrification in contact filters 500, 527, 550 North Amherst, Ohio Quarries Company sewage purification plant 687-90 Oberlin sewage purification plant 437-44 Odors, absence of in sludge .473, 520, 567, 576, 683, 707 aeration of septic sewage 528, 668, 701 in effluent 500, 524. 689 INDEX. 886 Odors — Concluded. page screenings 431, 585 scum 460 septic tanks 463, 499, 550, 599, 668, 674, 693 summary 701-2 sludge 889, 391. 403, 406, 433, 450, 473, 478, 522, 585-^6, 669, 698 Ohio Institution for Feeble-minded Youth, see Morgans. Ohio Quarries Company see North Amherst. Plain City sewage purification plant 562-70 Preparatory treatment . summary 697-708 Pumping plants, air 680 gas 459 , 462 , 465 steam 511, 518, 581, 673 Putrescibility tests 371, 541, 584 results of 501, 527, 550-51,576, 589 Rates of treatment, see operation. summarized 711-13 See also tables 106 and 107. Reagents, field, list of 375, 376 Recording device for measuring sewage flow 618 Reports, detailed arrangement of 376-78 Samples, collection of 372-73, 524, 546 outfit for collecting 370 Sand, see filtering material. Sand filters . automatic dosing devices 709 bacterial removal by, Supplementary Report No. 1. construction 411, 430, 439, 447, 453. 460. 470. 482, 5.37, 606. 611, 615, 618, 622, 628, 636, 645, 646-48, 650, 653. 660, 664. 673-74, 678, 709, 711, 714 cropping 620, 654, 714 distribution , methods of 709 efficiency 413. 433, 442, 453, 464, 474-79, 4a3, 551-52, 608. 613. 616. 620, 623. 632, 640-42, 648, 651, 656, 661, 669. 675. 678, 714 furrows vs. flat surfaces 711 intermittent operation , desirability of 708 lis: of 377, 378 operation 413. 432, 441, 451, 463. 473. 483. 544-45, 608, 612, 616. 620. 623. 630^2, 638. 648. 651. 654-56. 661, 667, 678, 708-13 rates of treatment 711-13 removal of mats of suspended matter 423, 441 , 631 , 710 scraping 423, 608. 612, 620, 631, 667. 675. 710 seeding embankments 649 , 714 summarized discussion of 708-15 surfaces . attention required by '. 710 underdrains, clojfging: of 432. 434, 631. 638. 714 construction of 714 winter conditions, effect of on 413, 464, 655. 667. 678. 711 Sec also aerators. Sandstone, see filtering material. 886 INDEX. Sand trenches, sec Glcnville. Fostori^. page .Sandusky, Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Home sewage purification plant 661-71 Scraping sand filters 423, 608, 612, 620, 631, 667, 675, 710 Screenings, disposal of 399, 431, 519, 547, 580, 607, 619, 623,. 630, 638, 640, 642, 666, 698 Screens, construction 383, 397, 420, 428. 486, 492, 509, 511, 547, 580, 606, 610, 615, 617, 621, 628, 636, 645, 646, 650, 652, 659, 662, 677, 680, 688. summary.. 697-98 operation 399, 431, 498, 519, 547, 580, 607, 619, 623, 630, 638, 640, 666, summary.. 697-98 Scum on septic tanks , analyses of 549 discussion of 701 formation of 450, 462, 549, 666. 701 odors from 450 removal of 450, 462 Sedimentation of septic tank effluents 706 Septic tanks, aerating devices 495, 512. 526. 536. 563, 572, 663, 668, 673, 701-2 clogging of outlets 462, 498, 500, 519, 574, 705 inlets 574, 666, 705 construction 446, 457, 486, 493, 507, 511, 536. 563, 572, 581, 595, 663, 672. 677, 680, 688, 692, 700, 70.5-6 covered to prevent odors 450 covers 446, 450. 457, 469, 482, 494. 511, e536, 572, 663, 672, 681, 688, 692, 700 dissolved oxygen in effluents 452, 464, 489, 500, 550, 568, 589, 599, 688. 702-3 efficiency 452, 463. 489, 499, 508, 524-27, 547-50, 567, 576, 588. 598. 668. 675, 684. 689, 693, 704-5 list of 377, 378 odors 463, 500. 524, 528, 550, 599, 668. 674, 689, 693, 701-2 operation 499, 462, 489. 498, 508, 519, 541. 566. 574, 585. 597. 666, 674s 682-84, 689, 692. 700-8 scum formation 450, 462. 549. 666, 701 sedimentation of effluents of 706 sludge, see sludge and sludge disposal. ventilation of 512, 536. 550. 673 Sewage composition of, summary 696-97 Sewage flow , measurements of 370, facilities for 705 Sewage volume of, summary 696 Sewerage systems . general character of, summary. . . 695 Shelby sewage purification plant 468-81 conditions leading to construction 468 examinations and inspections 468 description 469-70 sewage flow 470 crude sewage, composition of 471 operation 472-73 eflSciency 474-78 costs 478-79 analyses 480-81 Site of plants , choice of, summary 695 Slag, see filtering material. AintM ' CM INDEX. 887 Sludge, boxes, see Clyde. page cake 389 conveyors 472, 580, 584 disposal areas 384, 429, 447, 459, 470, 487, 495, 512, 536, 564, 572, 581, 595, 636, 678, 708 cost of 529, 569, 708 methods 388, 398, 402, 432, 441, 450, 472, 520, 542, 567, 575, 585, 683, 693, 706-^ summarized discussion 706-8 drains 383, 420, 429, 446. 458, 486, 494, 512, 536, 563, 572, 595, 663, 673, 677, 681, 688 filters , construction 636 , 708 efficiency 641 operation i 638 odors from 389. 391, 403, 406, 433, 450, 473, 478, 522, 585-86, 669, . 698 pits 439, 469, 473, 477, 482 pressing 388-90, 398 pumping 384, 398, 429, 432, 441, 567, 575, 586 pumps 384. 398, 429, 441, 586 septic action in 441 , 500, 547, 567 analysis of 521 , 549 volume of 403, 406, 432, 500, 521, 549, 599 Stream pollution by acid iron wastes 763-71 Black Fork, the pollution of 763 recovery of copperas 764-65 neutralization and precipitation of rinsing liquors 765-69 efficiency of rinse liquor treatment 769^70 summary 770-71 costs 771 Summary 693-723 conditions leading to sewage purification 693-94 general character of sewerage systems 695 choice of site of plant 695 sewage, volume of 696 sewage, composition of 696 preparatory treatment 697-708 screening, 697; chemical precipitation, 698; grit cham- bers, 699; settling or septic tanks, 700; measure- ment of sewage flow, 705; secondary sedimenta- tion, 706; sludge disposal, 706-8. purification on filters of fine grain material 708-14 intermittent operation, 708; distribution, 709; automatic dosing devices, 709; surface material, attention re- quired by, 710; furrows vs. flat surfaces, 710; sub- surface irrigation, 711; rates of treatment, 711-13; cropping, 714; underdrains, construction of, 714; seeding embankments, 714; efficiency, 714. -purification on filters of coarse grain material 716-17 contact filters, 715; continuous filters, 716; finishing de- vices, 717. supervision and management 717-19 costs of installation 719-21 operation 722-23 888 INDEX. Summary — Concluded. page conclusions 723 Supervision , necessity for 717-19 Suspended matters , removal of by septic tanks 704-5 Tank wagon for sllidge 441 , 472, ^ 707 Temperature," loss of by aeration 526, 668, 701 monthly averages 546, 6j.j Toledo State Hospital sewage purification plant 652-58 Trench filters, see Gallipolis Cottage I. Trenches, sanded, see Glenville, Ashland, Fostoria. Trumbull County Infirmary, see Warren. Underdrains, clogging of 432, 434, 631, 638, 714 construction of 714 ventilation of 411, 460, 470, 513, 647 Velocity in settling tanks. 401 Ventilation, septic tanks 512, 536, 550, 673 underdrains 411, 460, 470, 513, 647 Warren, Trumbull County Infirmary sewage purification plant 672-76 Warrensville, Cleveland Tuberculosis Farm Colony sewage purification plant 677-78 Washington County Infirmary, set Marietta. Wave filters, see Kenton. Wayne County Children's Home, see Wooster. Westerville sewage purification plant 571-78 Winter conditions, effect on sand filters 413, 464, 655, 667, 678, 711 Wooster, Wayne County Children's Home sewage purification plant 659-61 Xenia sewage purification plant 482-84 aiOAAA1*1E32 B89088899232A A*iaAA*mmii b89088944111a K.F.WENDT LIBRARY UWCOU'^GroPENGR. 215 N. RANDALL AVENUE MADISON, Wl 53706. 