None
1581 13-1 1525 IM 1469 '-' 1413 l-l, 5-G 620 1775 13-S 1714 13-3 1654 TJ-:> 1593 IL'-l 1532 11 6-1 610 1915 14-11 1850 tM 1784 13'1) 1718 IM 1653 •J'l 6-6 600 2057 14-J 1987 13-7 1917 IM 1847 IM 1777 •J'4 7-0 590 2202 ut 2127 14'U 2052 IM 1977 IM 1902 1*0 7'5 580 570 2349 2499 14-7 IM 2269 2414 14"J 14T> 2189 2328 13-7 IM 2109 2243 IM IM 2029 2158 -'7 l'J-9 8-0 8'5 560 550 540 530 520 2651 2807 2965 3126 3290 l.V-J IM IM lii-l 16-4 2561 2711 2863 3019 3177 34'7 IM IM 15-6 1.V8 2470 2615 2762 2912 3065 14'.") 14-7 r.-n 2380 2519 2661 2805 2953 13-7 IM li-4 141 2290 2423 2560 2698 2841 13'^ 13-.". 13-7 IM 4-3 9-0 9'6 lO'l 107 11-2 510 3457 IM 3339 lli-J 3221 "I 3103 l.vn 2985 4'4 500 3628 17-1 3504 16-5 3380 * 3256 l.V3 3132 4'7 118 490 3672 16-8 3542 3412 15'6 3282 5'0 12-4 480 3843 17-1 3708 ft 3572 1C 3436 5-4 13'0 470 4019 17-6 3876 Itl'.s 3734 16 3592 15'6 13'6 460 4198 17-9 4049 17'3 3901 16 3753 1G-1 14'2 14*8 450 4380 18-2 4226 17*7 4071 17 3916 1C -3 440 4567 18-7 4406 18'C 4245 17 4083 .16-7 16-1 430 4759 19-2 4591 4422 17-7 4253 17-0 10-9 TABLES AND FORMULA 469 TABLE XIII.— continued. 1 £ Mean temp, of the column of air in ° C. |o 20° 10° 0° -10° -20° & 420 4955 i '.ro, 4780 L8H 4604 181 4428 17-:. 17 '6 410 5155 •Jim 4973 !'.'•:: 4791 1S-7 4608 IS-II 18'2 400 5361 •JnY, 5171 UM 4982 lli-l 4792 Uft 19D 390 380 5572 5788 •JIM 21-6 5375 5583 •_'ir I tn 5178 5379 HIT, MM 4981 5174 18".' in 197 20-5 370 6010 22".' 5797 •-']•( 5585 •JUT, 5372 ™ 21-3 360 6238 22-8 6017 ._,._,.„ 5797 m 5576 ; a>' 22-1 350 6473 23-5 6244 •.'•-"7 6015 ai-s 5786 « 22-9 340 6714 24-1 6477 tn 6239 •_••.'• i 6002 21'6 237 330 69C3 •24'9 6716 tn 6470 B-J 6224 j a> 24-6 320 7219 25'6 6964 24-8 6709 m 6453 f 25-5 310 7483 26'4 7219 25'5 6954 2i-r> 6690 23' 26-4 300 7757 •-'7-1 7482 26-3 7208 •j.vi 6934 24'4 27'4 •290 280 8039 8331 Ml 29-2 7755 8037 27-3 81 7471 7742 Ml •27 "I 7186 M' 7448 26' 28-4 29'4 270 8634 30-3 8329 MI 8024 K1 7718 27-0 30-5 260 8949 31-5 8633 SM 8317 Wl 8000 28*2 31-6 250 9276 32-7 8948 31-5 8620 .•»•:: 8292 89-2 32-8 250 9276 8948 8620 8292 32-8 200 11153 37-2 10742 35'9 10348 34'6 9954 33-2 39-4 150 13536 48*0 13058 l >;•:; 12579 44-6 12101 •I'J-'.i 47-8 100 16925 67-8 16327 65-4 15729 63-0 15130 i;n-t; 59-8 50 22717 115'S 21914 111-7 21110 107-6 20308 luo-r, 80-3 The small figures between each line give the alteration in height for a difference of pressure of 1 mm. Example :— If the pressure at the lower station is 730 mm., at the upper station 480 mm., and the mean temperature of the air between the two stations is 10°, then the difference in height of the two stations is 3843 - 356 = 3487 metres. 470 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLE XIV. REDUCTION OF THE MERCURY BAROMETER TO 0° C. Barometric reading in millimetres. 400 450 500 550  0-2 0-2 0-2 0-3 0-3 4 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-5 0-5 0-5 6 0-4 0-4 0-5 0-5 0-6 0-6 07 0-7 0-8 8 0-5 0-6 0-6 07 0-8 0-8 0-9 1-0 1-0 10 0-6 07 0-8 0-9 ro I'l 1-2 1-2 1-3 12 07 0-9 1-0 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 14 0-9 i-o 1-1 1'2 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 16 I'O 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-6 17 1-8 2'0 21 18 1-2 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-8 1-9 2'0 2'2 2'3 20 1-3 1-5 1-6 1-8 2-0 2-1 2-3 2'5 2-6 22 1-4 1-7 1-8 2-0 2-2 2-3 2-5 2-7 2'9 24 1-6 1-8 2-0 2'2 23 2-5 27 2-9 3-1 26 1-7 1-9 2-1 2-3 2-5 2-8 3-0 3'2 3-4 28 1-8 2-1 2-3 2-5 27 3-0 3-2 3-4 3'6 30 2-0 2-2 2'5 2-7 3-0 3-2 3-4 37 3'9 32 2-1 2-3 2'6 2-9 3-1 3'4 3'6 3'9 4-2 34 2-3 2-5 2-8 3-0 3-3 3'6 3-9 4-1 4-4 36 2'4 2'6 2'9 3-2 3'5 3'8 4-1 4-4 4-7 38 2-5 2-8 3-1 3-4 37 4-0 4-3 4'6 4-9 40 2-6 2-9 3-3 3-6 3-9 4-3 4-6 4'9 5'2 The numbers are to be -{ s^ , ^° € I- for temperatures f above! ft. n 1 below f TABLES AND FORMULA 471 FORMULAE (cf. CHAP. IV.) (1) A = 1-293 (l-«). o=^. (3) *=*-£. 3 mn (4) r = — r- Renard's Law of the Three Cubes (5) V Height factor (6) n-. Normal height for hydrogen balloons : (9) AOH=- H833 + 6133 log ^,. Normal height for coal-gas balloons : "-T^ Om Normal height for loaded balloons : (12) &0 = 18400 log + 1 Um Ballast formula : AV — (13) x=a. —[(«'- •/')-(«-!)]. 472 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLE XV. CALCULATION OF THE NORMAL HEIGHT OF A BALLOON. h0 = 18400 log n. If V is the volume of the balloon in cubic metres, A = the lift or buoyancy of a cubic metre of the gas in kg. at a barometric pressure = b mm. and at 0° C., G the weight of the loaded balloon VA in kg. , then n = -Q-, and the table gives the normal height attainable by the balloon above the niveau where the barometric height p = b mm. 6871 5410 • 5130 5539 n= 4 corresponds to twice the height of n=2 n= 8 „ three times ,, n — 'i ?i = 16 ,, four ,, ,, ?i = 2 Example 1 : 7i = l'645. The h corresponding to n = l '64 is 3952, ,, ,, 71 = 1-65 ,, 4001, Difference = 49, whence for n = T645, h - 3952 + 49 x 0 '5 = 3977 metres. Example 2 : 7i=8'543. log 71 = log 8 '543 = log ( 8 x -—5 — J = log 8 + log 1-068. whence h = 18400 log 8 + 18400 log 1-068. For TI= 8 = 23 the table gives h = 3 x 5539 = 16617 m. »= 1-068 h= 526 m. whence for 71=8-543 17143 m. TABLES AND FORMUL/E 473 TABLE XVI. COMPARISON OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN SIZK AND LIFT (BUOYANCY) FOK DIFFERENT SPHERICAL BALLOONS. Diameter of the Balloon. Circum- ference of the Balloon. Contents of the Balloon. Surface of the Balloon. Buoyancy of the Balloon filled with Hydrogen. Coal Gas. — 4 =»W A.V = A.V = ~" ^ ~w = 7rD V—irrS or 1-1 V 0-7 V in in in in in in metres. metres. cb. m. sq. m. kg- kg- 0-25 0785 0-008 0-160 0-009 0-005 0-50 1-571 0-065 0-785 0-072 0-046 0-75 2-356 0-221 1-767 0-243 0-155 1-00 3-142 0-524 3-142 0-576 0-367 1-25 3-927 1-023 4-909 1-125 0-716 1-50 4-712 1-767 7-068 1-944 1-237 1-75 5-498 2-806 9-621 3-087 1-964 2-00 6-283 4-188 12-56 4-608 2-932 2-25 7-069 5-964 15-90 6-560 4-175 2-50 7-854 8-181 19-64 8-999 5727 2-75 8-639 10-89 23-76 11-98 7-622 3-00 9-425 14-14 28-27 15-55 9-896 3-25 10-21 17-94 33-18 19-73 12-56 3-50 11-00 22-45 38-48 24-70 15-72 375 11-78 26-37 44-18 29-01 18-46 4-00 12-37 33-51 50-27 36-86 23-46 4-25 13-14 40-19 5674 44-21 2814 4-50 14-14 47-72 63-62 52-49 33-40 4-75 14-92 56-11 70-88 61-73 39-28 5-00 1571 65-45 78-54 72-00 45-81 5-50 17-28 8711 95-03 95-82 60-98 5-76 18-10 100 104 110 70-00 6-00 18-85 113 113 124 79-17 6-50 20-42 144 ! 133 158 111 6-59 20-67 150 136 165 115 7-00 21-99 180 154 198 126 7-26 23-33 200 173 220 140 474 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLE XVI.— continued. Diameter of the Balloon. Circum- ference of the Balloon. Contents of the Balloon. Surface of the Balloon. Buoyancy of the Balloon filled with Hydrogen. Coal Gas. 0=4/6? = ,rD H- = 7rD2 or = 47rr2 A.V = 1-1 V A.V= 0-7 V in in in in in in metres. metres. cb. m. sq. m. kg. kg. 7-50 23-56 221 177 243 155 7-82 24-50 250 191 275 175 S'OO 25-13 268 201 295 188 8-30 26-07 300 216 330 210 8-50 2670 322 227 354 225 874 27-46 350 240 385 245 9-00 28-27 382 254 420 267 9-14 29-38 400 275 440 280 i 9-50 29-85 450 284 495 325 i 9-85 3091 500 304 550 350 10-00 31-42 524 314 576 366 10-47 32-86 600 344 j 660 420 10-50 32-99 606 346 661 424 11-00 34-56 697 380 767 487 11-02 34-62 700 382 770 490 11-50 36-12 796 416 875 557 11-52 36-19 800 417 880 560 11-98 37-64 900 451 990 630 12-00 37-70 905 452 995 633 12-41 38-96 1000 483 1100 700 12-50 39-27 1024 491 1126 716 13-00 40-84 1150 531 1265 805 13-18 41-41 1200 546 1320 840 13-50 42-41 1288 573 1417 901 13-88 43-60 1400 605 1540 980 14-00 43-98 1437 616 1580 1005 14-50 45-55 1596 660 1755 1117 14-51 45-56 1600 661 1760 1120 15-00 47'11 1767 707 1944 1236 15-09 47-37 1800 714 ' 1980 1260 15-50 4870 1950 755 2145 1365 15-63 49-07 2000 767 2200 1400 TABLES AND FORMULAE TABLE XVL— continued. 475 Diameter of the Balloon. Circum- ference of the Balloon. Contents of the Balloon. Surface of the Balloon. Buoyancy of the Balloon filled with Hydrogen. Coal Gas. D- 3/6V 4 = rf* A. V= A. V = **~^ = 7rD "3^ or 1-1 V 0-7 V in in in in in in metres. metres. cb. m. sq. m. kg. kg- 16-00 50-26 2145 804 2360 1501 16-50 51-84 2350 855 2585 1645 16-84 52-90 2500 891 2750 1750 17 00 53-41 2572 908 2829 1800 17-50 54-93 2810 982 j 3091 1967 17-89 56-17 3000 1004 3300 2100 18-00 56-55 3054 1018 3359 2137 18-50 58-12 3350 1075 3685 2345 18-84 59-19 3500 1115 i 3750 2450 19-00 59-69 3590 1134 3949 2513 19-50 61-26 3880 1195 i 4268 2716 19-69 61-82 4000 1217 4400 ! 2800 20-00 62-83 4189 1257 4608 '2932 20-48 64-34 4500 1318 4900 3150 20-50 64-40 4511 1320 4962 3157 21-00 65-97 4850 1385 5335 3235 21-22 66-67 5000 1415 5500 3500 476 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLES AND FORMULA 477 For each extra metre of length of tail. *=10 oooooaoooboobobo^iAiAi For each extra kg. pressure on the tail. 000000000,-1,-1,-1,-Cr-liHi-lAi; 478 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS H s „ g S « M - E"1 o I S USCOrHOp«57*<(:<1<?11^ c^owocojoosj;^ IM O OO SO OO rH C* »O l>- O 00 tO CO T-H <X> tO •*& CN O> S 2 2 S 5J S S rti  TIMER BETWEEN VARIOUS TOWNS AND GRKENWICH. Mean local Greenwich Name of Town. time at Greenwich time at noon noon. (local time). Aix-la-Chapelle, Amsterdam, .... 12.24 p.m. 12.20 „ 11.36 a.m. 11.40 Antwerp,. 12.18 ,, 11.42 Astrachan, .... 3.12 „ 8.48 Athens, .. 1.35 „ 10.25 Basle, 1?30 ,, 11.30 Batavia, 7.7 4.53 Berlin, . .. 12.54 ,, 11.6 Berne, 12.30 ,, 11.30 Bologna, 12.45 ,, 11.15 Bonn, . . ... 12.32 „ 11.28 Bregence, .... 12.39 „ 11.21 Breslau, 1.8 10.52 Brest, . .. . .. 11.42 a.in. 12.18 p.m. Briinn, 1.6 p.m. 10.54 a.m. Brussels, . ... Buenos Ayres, . .. 12.17J „ 8.6 a.m. 11.42J ,, 3.54 p.m. Cairo, 2.5 p.m. 9.55 a.m. Calcutta, ...... 5.54 „ 6.6 ,, Cambridge, .... noon. noon. Canton, . . .. 7.33 p.m. 4.27 a.m. Chicago, 6.10 a.m. 5.50 p.m. Christiana, . .. 12.43 p.m. 11.17 a.m. Cincinnati 6.22 a.m. 5.38 p.m. Cologne, 12.28 p.m. 11.32 a.m. Constantinople, .. 1.56 „ 10.4 Copenhagen, .... 12.50 ,, 11.10 , Dorpat, . . ... ~. 1-47 ,, 10.13 , Dresden 12.55 ,, 11.5 , Dublin, 11.35 a.m. 12.25 p.m. Edinburgh, .... 11.47 ,, 12.13 , Ferro, . . . .. 10.49 „ 1.11 , Florence, 12.45 p.m. 11.15 a.m. 480 POCKET BOOK OP AERONAUTICS TABLE XIX.— continued. Mean local Greenwich Name of Town. time at Greenwich time at noon noon. (local time). Frankfort-on- Main,. 12.35 p.m. 11.25 a.m. San Francisco, .... 3.50 a.m. 8.10 p.m. Geneva 12.25 p.m. 11.35 a.m. Gottingen 12.40 „ 11.20 „ Graz 1.2 ,, 10.58 „ Greenwich, .... noon. noon. Hamburg, . ."'.'. 12.40 p.m. 11.20 a.m. Heidelburg, .... 12.35 ,, 11.25 „ Helsingfors, .... 1.40 „ 10.20 „ Ispahan, 3.27 ,, 8 33 ,, Jerusalem, .... 2.21 ,, 9.39 ,, Kiev La Hague, .... Laibach 2.2 12.17 ,, 12.58 ,, 9.58 „ 11.43 ,, 11.2 ,, Leiden, 12.18 ,, 11.42 ,, Leipsic, 12.50 „ 11.10 „ Lima, 6.51£ a.m. 5.8i p.m. Linz, 12.57 p.m. 11.3 a.m. Lisbon, ..... 11.23 a.m. 12.37 p.m. Liverpool, .... 11.48 „ 12.12 ,, London, noon. noon. Lund, 12.53 p.m. 11.7 a.m. Madras, 5.21 „ 6.39 „ Madrid 11.45 a.m. 12.15 p.m. Milan, 12.37 p.m. 11.23 a.m. Marseilles, .... 12.21J » 11.384 >> Melbourne, .... 9.40 ,, 2.20 ,, Mexico 5.24 a.m. 6.36 p.m. Modene, 12.44 p.m. 11.16 a.m. Moscow, 2.30 „ 9.30 ,, Munich, 12.46 ,, 11.14 ,, Naples, 12.57 ,, 11.3 New Orleans 5 59J a m 6 OA p m New York, .... 7.4 U<V2 F* 1A1* 4.56 ,, Olmiitz, 1.9 p.m. 10.51 a.m. Oxford, 11.55 a.m. 12.5 p.m. TABLES AND FORMULAE TABLE XIX.— continued. 481 Name of Town. Mean local time at Greenwich noon. Greenwich time at noon (local time). Padua 12.474p.m. 12.53 „ 12.9 7.46 „ 6.59 a.m. 11.124a.m. 11-7 11.51 „ 4.14 „ 5.1 p.m. 11.2 a.m. 9.59 „ 10.23 „ 2.53 p.m. 11.10 a.m. 11.42 „ 9.46 „ 12.23 p.m. 9.59 a.m. 10.48 ,, 11.29 ,, 1.55 „ 1.7 p.m. 9.1 a.m. 11.5 11.29 ,, 10.494 „ 4.46 p.m. 11.11 a.m. 10.544 •„ 10.36 ,, 5.8 p.m. 11.26 a.m. Palermo, Paris, Pekin, Philadelphia .... Prague, Pulkova, Riga, 12.58 p.m. 2.1 „ 1.37 „ 9.7 a.m. Rome, Rotterdam, .... Sevastapol, .... •2.50 j>.m. 12.18 ,, a 14 ,, 11.37 a.m. 2. 1 p. m. 11.12 ,, 12.31 „ 10.5 10.53 a.m. 2.59 p.m. 12.55 „ 12.31 ,, 1.104 ,, 7.14 a.m. St Helena, .... St Petersburg, .... Stockholm Strassburg, .... Sydney, Teneriffe, Tiflis, Trieste, Upsala, Venice,. Vienna, Warsaw, Washington, .... Zurich, 12.49 p.m. 1.54 „ 1.24 ,, 6.52 a.m. 12.34 p.m. 31 482 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLE XX. TIMES OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET ACCORDING TO THE MEAN TIME OF THE PLACE. Latitude. Sunrise. Sunset. 48° h. m. 752 750 743 50° :i. m. 8 1 7 58 750 52° 54° 56° 48° 50° h. m. 4 6 4 18 433 52° 54° h. m. 3 45 3 59 4 16 56° 1 1 . m. 3 32 347 4 6 Jan. 1 " 21 h. m. 8 11 8 7 759 h. m. 8 22 8 17 8 7 h. m. 835 8 29 817 i. m. 4 15 4 26 440 h.m. 356 4 9 425 Feb. 1 » 11 » 21 731 7 16 659 737 721 7 3 7 44 7 26 7 7 751 732 7 11 759 7 38 7 15 4 57 5 13 529 451 5 8 526 4 45 4 37 5 3 4 58 5 22 5 18 429 4 52 514 Mar. 1 ',', 21 645 6 25 6 4 647 626 6 4 650 627 6 4 6 53 628 6 4 656 629 6 4 5 42 557 6 11 539 5 56 6 11 537 554 6 12 534 5 53 6 12 531 552 6 12 Apr. 1 „ 11 ,, 21 542 522 5 3 540 5 19 459 539 5 16 4 54 537 5 12 449 534 5 8 443 627 6 41 656 629 644 7 0 631 648 7 5 633 6 51 7 10 636 6 55 7 16 May 1 „ 11 „ 21 4 45 430 4 17 440 423 4 9 4 34 4 16 4 1 427 4 7 351 420 3 58 340 7 10 7 24 7 36 7 15 7 30 7 44 722 738 753 728 746 8 2 7 35 7 55 8 13 June 1 „ 11 ,, 21 4 7 4 2 4 2 358 353 352 3 49 3 43 341 3 38 3 31 3 29 326 3 19 3 16 748 757 8 1 7 57 8 6 8 10 8 7 818 8 16 ' 8 28 8 21 i 8 33 830 8 40 846 July 1 ,, H ., 21 4 6 413 423 356 4 4 415 3 46 354 4 6 334 343 356 3 22 331 3 46 8 1 7 57 7 48 810 8 6 756 821 815 8 5 833 827 8 15 845 839 825 Aug. 1 " 21 436 4 49 5 3 430 444 4 59 422 438 454 4 14 431 4 49 4 5 4 24 443 735 7 20 7 2 7 42 725 7 6 7 49 731 7 11 757 738 7 16 8 6 7 45 722 TABLES AND FORMULA TABLE XX.— continued. 483 Latitude. Sunrise. Sunset. 48° h. m. 5 18 5 32 5 45 50° h. m. 515 530 5 45 52° h. m. 5 12 5 28 545 54° h. m. 5 8 526 544 56° h. m. 5 4 524 544 48° 50° 52° h.m. 6 47 624 6 1 54° h. m. 6 51 6 26 6 1 56° Sept. 1 M H ,. 21 ;i. m. 6 41 621 6 0 h. m. 644 623 6 0 h. m. 6 55 6 28 6 1 Oct. 1 M 11 ,, 21 559 6 14 629 6 0 616 632 6 1 6 18 636 6 2 620 6 40 6 3 6 23 6 45 5 39 5 19 5 0 538 517 457 538 515 4 53 536 512 449 535 5 9 4 44 Nov. 1 „ H ,, 21 645 7 1 716 650 7 7 723 656 7 14 731 7 1 7 21 7 40 7 8 7 30 7 50 4 41 427 4 15 436 421 4 8 431 414 4 0 425 4 6 3 51 4 18 3 57 341 Dec. 1 ,, 11 ,, 21 730 7 41 749 7 38 7 50 758 747 8 0 8 8 757 8 11 819 8 9 8 24 831 4 8 4 5 4 7 4 0 356 358 351 346 348 3 40 335 3 36 3 28 322 322 TABLE XXI. LEGENDRE'S ELLIPTICAL FUNCTIONS. 0 K E, f\ 0 K BI fj 0 0 0000 •5708 1-5708 1 0-0175 •5707 1-5709 11 0-1908 1-5564 1-5854 2 0-0349 •5703 1-5713 12 0-2079 1-5537 1-5882 3 0-0523 •5697 1-5719 13 0-2250 1-5507 T5913 4 0-0698 •5689 1-5727 14 0-2419 1-5476 1-5946 5 0-0872 •5678 1-5738 15 0-2588 1-5442 1-5981 6 0-1045 •5665 1-5751 16 0-2756 1-5405 1-6020 7 0-1219 •5649 1-5767 17 0-2924 1-5367 1-6061 8 0-1392 •5632 1-5785 18 0-3090 1-5326 1-6105 9 0-1564 •5611 1 -5805 19 0-3256 1 -5283 1-6151 10 0-1736 1-5589 1-5828 20 0-3420 1-5238 1-6200 484 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS TABLE XXL— continued. ® K El *i 0 K 5 F, 21 0-3584 1-5191 1-6252 56 0-8290 1-2492 2-0571 22 0-3746 1-5141 1-6307 57 0-8387 1-2397 2-0804 23 0-3907 1-5090 1-6365 58 0-8480 1-2301 2-1047 24 0-4067 1-5037 1-6426 59 0-8572 1-2206 2-1300 25 0-4226 1-4981 1-6490 60 0-8660 1-2111 2-1565 26 0-4384 •4924 1-6557 61 0-8746 1-2015 2-1842 27 0-4540 1-4864 1-6627 62 0-8829 1-1920 2-2132 28 0-4695 •4803 1-6701 63 0-8910 1-1826 2-2435 29 0-4848 •4740 1-6777 64 0-8988 1-1732 2-2754 30 0-5000 •4675 1-6858 65 0-9063 1-1638 2-3088 31 0-5150 1-4608 1-6941 66 0-9135 1-1545 2-3439 32 0-5299 1-4539 1-7028 67 0-9205 1-1453 2-3809 33 0-5446 1-4467 1-7119 68 0-9272 1-1362 2-4198 34 0-5592 1-4397 1-7214 69 0-9336 1-1272 2-4610 35 0-5736 1-4323 1-7312 70 0-9397 1-1184 2-5046 36 0-5878 1-4248 1-7415 71 0-9455 1-1096 2-5507 87 0-6018 1-4171 1-7522 72 0-9511 1-1011 2-5998 38 0-6157 1-4092 1-7633 73 0-9563 1-0927 2-6521 39 0-6293 1-4013 1-7748 74 0-9613 1-0844 2-7081 40 0-6428 1-3931 1-7868 75 0-9659 1-0764 2-7681 41 0-6561 1-3849 1-7992 76 0-9703 1-0686 2-8327 42 0-6691 1-3765 1-8122 77 0-9744 1-0611 2-9026 43 0-6820 1-3680 1-8256 78 0-9781 1-0538 2-9786 44 0-6947 1-3594 1-8396 79 0-9816 1 -0468 3-0617 45 07071 1-3506 1-8541 80 0-9848 1-0401 3-1534 46 0-7193 1 -3418 1-8691 81 0-9877 1-0338 3-2553 47 0-7314 1-3329 1-8848 82 0-9903 1-0278 3-3699 48 07431 1-3238 1-9011 83 0-9925 1 -0223 3-5004 49 07547 1-3147 1-9180 84 0-9945 1-0172 3-6519 50 0-7660 1-3055 1-9356 85 0-9962 1-0127 3-8317 51 0-7771 1-2963 1-9539 86 0-9976 1-0086 4-0528 52 0-7880 1-2870 1 -9729 87 0-9986 1-0053 4-3387 53 0'7986 1-2776 1-9927 88 0-9994 1-0026 47427 54 0-8090 1-2681 2-0133 89 0-9998 1-0008 5-4349 55 0-8192 1-2587 2-0347 90 1 -0000 1-0000 00 TABLES AND FORMULA 485 Probable Circle of I Action, radius in km. | i 1 Probable Maximum Duration of Ascent in hours. : S : § Maximum Velocity attained in m. per sec. : 2 : S Total Weight in kg. per cb. m. contents. 1 1 b Total Weight in kg. per m. in length. % Z : Z Coefficient £. S o 1 c Independent Velocity in m. per sec. r"1 *~* ' £3 Benzine per H.P. - hour in kg. 8 0 6 1 Ratio H.P./S in H.P. per sq. m. Ratio D:L. _!_ _?_ b 00 H NetLift=A-Pkg. 1  | 8 § £ Make of Motor. Mercedes- Daimler. -- I! Mercedes- Daimler (2 motors). Master Section, S, in sq. m. S 3 3 S Diameter, D, in m. fe 00 1 i g Length, L, in m. S § S | Volume in cb. m. ill! Type. Si it ILebaudy I., 1905. Lebaudyll., "LaPatrie," 1906. ft Us 486 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS PHOTOGRAPHIC FORMULAE. DEVELOPERS. 1. Iron oxalate developer. Solution I. Potassium oxalate, . 200 gm. Water, . . .800 c.c. Solution II. Ferrous sulphate, . 100 gm. Sulphuric acid, . . 5 drops. Water, . . . 300 c.c. Solution III. Potassium bromide, . 10 gm. Water, . . .100 c.c. Use 30 c.c. of solution I. to 10 c.c. of solution II., and about 10 drops of solution III. For over-exposed plate, use less of solution II. and more of solution III. For under-exposed plates, immerse, previous to developing, in a solution of 1 gm. of sodium hyposulphate (hypo) in 1000 c.c. of water. 2. Pyrogallic acid developer. Solution I. Sodium sulphite (crystalline), 100 gm. Pyrogallic acid, . . . 14 ,, Sulphuric acid, ... 8 drops. Water, .... 500 c.c. Solution II. Sodium carbonate (crystalline), 50 gm. Water, . . . 1000 c.c. Solution III. Potassium citrate, or common salt, .... 10 gm. Water, . . . . 100 c.c. Use 10 c.c. of solution I. to 20 c.c. of solution II., and two or three drops of solution III. 3. Hydroquinone developer. Solution I. Sodium sulphite, . . 40 gm. Hydroquinone, . . . 6 ,, Water, .... 600 c.c. Solution II. Potassium carbonate, . . 50 gm. Water 600 c.c. Use equal quantities of each solution (say 20 c.c.). TABLES AND FORMULA 487 To retard the development, add a few drops of a 10 per cent, potassium bromide solution. 4. Eikonogen developer. Solution I. Sodium sulphite, . . 100 gm. Eikonogen 25 „ Sulphuric acid, ... 8 drops. Water, . '. . 1500 c.c. Solution II. Sodium carbonate, . . 150 gm. Water, .... 1000 c.c. Use 30 c.c. of solution I. to 10 c.c. of solution II., adding a few drops of bromide solution. 5. Paramidophenol (Rodinol) developer (a single solution developer). Sodium sulphite, 80 gm.  I. Sodium sulphite, . .100 gm. Metol, . . . . 10 „ Water, .... 1000 c.c. Solution II. Potassium carbonate, . . 100 gm. Water, .... 1000 c.c. Use three parts of solution I. to one part of II. 7. Amidol developer. Sodium sulphite, 50 gm. Amidol,. ... '•-.', . W: . . 5 „ Water, 1000 c.c. FIXING BATH. A 20 per cent, solution of hypo. REDUCER. „ J°> fater 500 c.c. Solution I. Hypo, . . . .100 gm. Wat 488 POCKET BOOK OP AERONAUTICS Solution II. Potassium ferricyanide (red prussiate of potash), . 10 gm. Water, .... 50c.c. Use twenty parts of solution I. to one part of II. (Not applicable to plates developed with iron oxalate. ) INTENSIFIED Solution I. Mercuric chloride, . . 2 gm. Water, .... 100 c.c. Solution II. Sodium sulphite, . . . 10 gm. Water, . . . 80 c.c. Immerse the negative in solution I. until it becomes greyish- white ; rinse, and immerse in solution II. till black, then wash and dry. POSTAL INFORMATION. INLAND POST. Letter Post. The prepaid rate of postage is as follows: — Not exceeding 4 oz. in weight, Id. ; for every additional 2 oz., |d. No letter may exceed 2 ft. in length, 1 ft. in width, or 1 ft. in depth. A letter posted unpaid is chargeable on delivery with double postage ; a letter insufficiently paid, with double the deficiency. Post Cards. The prepaid rate of postage is £d., or on a reply post card, Id. A post card posted unpaid is chargeable on delivery with a postage of Id. Maximum size, 5£ in. x 3£ in. ; minimum size, 3J in. x 2£ in. Halfpenny Packet Post. The halfpenny packet post can be used only for packets not exceeding 2 oz. in weight. Printed or written matter not in the nature of a letter, and printed or written on paper or some substance ordinarily used for printing or writing, may be trans- mitted by halfpenny packet post. Parcel Post. The rates of postage on parcels are as follows : — For a parcel not exceeding 1 Ib. in weight, 3d. ; exceeding 1 Ib. and not exceeding 2 Ib., 4d. ; exceeding 2 Ib. and not exceeding 3 Ib., TABLES AND FORMULAE 489 5d. ; exceeding 3 Ib. and not exceeding 5 lb., 6d. ; exceeding 5 lb. and not exceeding 7 lb., 7d. ; exceeding 7 lb. and not exceeding 8 lb. , 8d. ; exceeding 8 lb. and not exceeding 9 lb. , 9d. ; exceeding 9 lb. and not exceeding 10 lb., lOd. ; exceeding 10 lb. and not exceeding 11 Ib., lid. No parcel may exceed 11 lb. in weight. Size : — The size allowed for an inland parcel is— greatest length, 3 ft. 6 in. ; greatest length and girth combined, 6 ft. Registration. Correspondence of any kind (including parcels) can be registered. The ordinary registration fee is 2d. in addition to the postage. The limit of compensation payable for this fee is £5. By paying an increased registration fee an increased limit of compensation may be ensured ; for particulars see the Post Office Guide. Inland Telegrams. The charge is 6d. for the first twelve words, including the address, and Jd. for every additional word. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL POST. Letter Post. The prepaid rate of postage on letters from the United Kingdom for all Foreign Countries (except Egypt) is 2Jd. per \ oz. ; from the United Kingdom to nearly all British possessions and to Egypt the letter rate is Id. per \ oz. Post Cards. The prepaid rate of postage on every post card for a destina- tion outside the United Kingdom is Id., and on every reply post card 2d. Printed Papers and Commercial Papers. The prepaid rate of postage on printed papers for all places abroad is Jd. per 2 oz. , and on commercial papers is 2|d. for the first 10 oz., and Jd. per 2 oz. thereafter. The term "printed papers" includes newspapers, books, periodical works, pamphlets, sheets of music, visiting and address cards, proofs of printing, plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses, announcements, circulars, " notices, engravings, photographs, and designs. "Commercial papers " include legal documents, bills of lading, invoices, and other documents of a mercantile character, the manuscript of books and other literary works. Limit of size, 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. x 1 ft. Limit of weight, 4 lb. 490 POCKET BOOK OF AERONAUTICS The prepaid rate of postage on sample packets for all places abroad is Id. for the first 4 oz., and £d. per 2 oz. thereafter. The use of the sample post is restricted to (a) bona-fide trade samples of merchandise without saleable value, and (6) natural history specimens, geological specimens, and scientific specimens generally when sent for no commercial purpose. Parcel Post. For particulars consult the Post Office Guide. Registration. The fee chargeable for registration to places abroad is 2d. This secures an indemnity for loss of 50 francs in nearly all countries. Insurances may be effected on letters and parcels for abroad on payment of certain extra fees (maximum 2s. 3£d. for a limit of compensation of £120). FOREIGN AND COLONIAL TELEGRAMS. European System. (Minimum Charge, lOd.) s. d. Algeria, 0 2£ per word. Austria and Hungary, . . .03 ,, Belgium 02 Bulgaria, 04 Canary Islands and Azore, . .09 Denmark, 03 France, 02 Germany, 02 Gibraltar, 03 Greece and Greek Islands, . .06 Holland, 02 Italy, 03 Luxemburg, 0 2£ Malta 0 4| Morocco— Tangier, . . 0 4£ ,, Spanish Possessions, . 0 3 Norway 03 Portugal 03 Roumania, 0 3J Russia 0 4£ Servia, 0 3£ TABLES AND FORMULA 491 Spain,. Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, per word. Extra- European Service. Argentine Republic, • .- .: . 42 per word. Australia, 30 ,, Bermuda, 26 ,, Bolivia, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, .... . 5 9 Brazil, . . . V * 3s. to 6 5 British Central Africa,. . 2 11 Canada (Ontario and Quebec), . 1 0 „ (Western), Cape Colony, up to 3 2 2 6 Ceylon, .... 2 1 China, . 4 5 East Africa, ... 2s, , Id. to 3 7 Egypt, . 1 0 British Guiana, . 7 0 India, . 2 0 Japan . 4 10 Madeira, .... . 1 0 Malay Peninsula,. Natal, . 3 6 . 2 6 New Zealand, . 3 0 Persia, . 1 6 Transvaal, 2 6 United States, . . . Is. to 1 6 West Africa, . . . 3s. 6d. to 11 0 West Indies, . . .Is. 8d. to 7 5 MONEY ORDERS AND POSTAL ORDERS. Inland Money Orders. The rates of poundage on ordinary inland money orders are: — For sums not exceeding £1, . . . 2d. above £1 but not exceeding £3, . 3d. 3 ,, 10, . 4d. , 10 ,, 20, . 6d. „ 20 „ 30, . 8d. 30 40, . lOd. 492 POCKET BOOK OP AERONAUTICS. Foreign and Colonial Money Orders. s. d. For sums not exceeding £1 03 ,, above £1 but not above £2, . .06 2 ,, 4, . . 0 9 ,,4 ,, 6, . . 1 0 ,,6 „ 8, . . 1 3 And 3d. for every additional £2 up to £38. And for £40, 53 Postal Orders. Issued for 6d., Is., Is. 6d., 2s. and 2s. 6d. for a poundage of £d. ; for 3s. and multiples of 6d. thereafter up to 15s. for a poundage of Id. ; and for 15s. 6d. and multiples of 6d. there- after up to 20s., and for 21s., for a poundage of l^d. INDEX ADIABATIC processes, 8. Aerodynamical calculations, 386. Aeronautical navigation, 359. Aeroplane machines, 381. Air, density of, 369. Air resistance, measurement of, 365. laws governing, 366. Air propellers, 421. Air-ships, military, 264. Anchors, 124. Animal flight, 271. motor, 402. Annual variation of meteoro- logical elements, 68. Aqueous vapour, density of, 6. Archdeacon's gliding machine, 307. Arched surfaces as aeroplanes, 289. Assmann's ventilated psychro- meter, 80. Atmosphere, circulation of, 67. constituents of, 40. height of, 3, 40. humidity of, 54. optical phenomena in, 74. pressure of, 44. properties of, 40. temperature of, 47. Atmospheric electricity, 71. effects on balloons, 176. Atomic weights, 459. BALLAST, 95. effect of casting out, 173. bags, 131. Ballonets, 137. Ballons sondes, 138. Balloon materials, 97. sport, 190. Balloons in warfare, 261. Barometric height table, 468. Bell's air-ship, 323. Berblinger's experiments, 281. Besnier's flying apparatus, 277. Blades, 422. Bradsky-Laboun's air-ship, 335. Bridle for kite, 150. Buoyancy of balloons, 93, 168. C.G.S. eqivalents of various units, 447. Cable clasps, 135. Captive balloons, 132, 261. Cars, 123, 355. Chanute's flying machines, 296. Characteristic equation of a gas, 2. Circulation of atmosphere, 67. Classification of birds, 273. Clouds, 57. Clubs, aeronautical, 436. Coal-gas, manufacture of, 26. density of, 26, 29, 458, 460. Commission, International Aero- nautical, 437. Compression of hydrogen, 29. Computation of balloon observa- tions, 86, 192. Condensation of steam and con- densers, 415. Conductor, duty of, 184. Cutting-out balloon material, 107. Cyclones and anticyclones, 64. DALTON'S law, 4. Degen's flying apparatus, 281. Density of air, 3*69, 460. 493 494 Density of gases, determination Framework of air-ship, strength of, 35. of, 354. Design of air-ships, 339. of flying machines, 310. Fuel, 406. Development of military balloon- GAS balances, 35. ing, 217. constants, 460. Diameters of air-ships, 342. engines, 417. of balloons, relation to lift, 476. mains, sizes of, 32. Diffusion of gases, 10. Dimensions of air-ships, 344. Gases, characteristic equation of, 2. flow of, 9. of flying machines, 310. Giffard's air-ship, 324. Directions for practical flight, 292. Distribution of rain over globe, Goldbeater' s-skin balloons, 110. 60. HARGRAVE'S flying machine, 301. of temperature, 47. kites, 152. Disturbances in equilibrium of a Head resistance, 367. balloon, 172. Heating effect of fuel, 406. Diurnal variations of meteoro- Heating surface, 407. logical elements, 68. Height attainable by balloons, 93. v. Drieberg's Dadaleon, 282. Height of homogeneous atmo- Driving anchors, 129. Dynamical air-ships, 379. sphere, 3. Heinlein's air-ship, 325. Herring's experiments, 300. ELECTRICAL units, 400. Historv of development of air- Electricity, atmospheric, 71. ship, 317. Electric motors, 402. of flying-machine, 275. Elliptical functions, 483. of military ballooning, 217. Engines, air-ship, 393. Hoops, 122. steam, 404. Hot-air balloons, 141. English equivalents of metric for Montgolfiers, 25. measures, 445. Humidity of air, 54. Envelopes of balloons, making Hydrogen, compression of, 29. gas-tight, 98. density of, 168, 458, 460. strength of, 100, 476. preparation of, 12. weights of, 100. EsnauJt - Pelterie's experiments, Hygrometry. 6, 54. 308. INFLATION of air-ships, 329. Expenses, balloon station, 97. of balloons, 31, 185. kite station, 160. Influence of wind on flight, 389. Explosion motors, 417. Instruments carried by balloons, 79. FALLING bodies, 376. Internal combustion engines, 417. Fans, 131. International Aeronautical Com- Ferber's gliding-machines, 307. mission, 437. Fire-balloons, 141. International simultaneous as- Firing-down balloons, 262. cents, 79. Flight, human. Experiments by Lilienthal, 285. JOINTS in kite strings, 148. methods of, 272. Floats, 129. KITES, 143. Flow of gas through pipes, 32, 464. types of, 151. 495 Kite-ballooiis, 136. Kramp's proposals for air-ships, 320. LAMSON kite, 155. Landing arrangements, 124, 181, 188, 362. Laws of aerodynamics, 378. of resistance of air, 365. Lebaudy's air-ships, 335, 485. Legendre's elliptical functions. 483. Lennox's air-ship, 322. Leonardo da Vinci's designs, 276. Leppig's air-ship, 321. Lifting power of balloons, 93, 167. of aeroplanes, 313, 378. Lilienthal's experiments, 285. Limiting height of a balloon, 181. of a kite, 146. Linseed oil varnish, 98. v. Loessl's experiments, 365. MAGNAHUM, weights of tube, wires, etc., 106. Maintenance of shape, 348. Manufacture of coal-gas, 26. of hydrogen, 12. Marvin kite, 154. Materials for balloons, 97. Measurement of h.p. of motor, 402. of resistance of air, 365. Mechanical units, 394. Meerwein's flying apparatus, 278. Mercury barometer, reduction to 0° C., 470. Metals, tensile strengths, 105. Meteorological observations in balloons, 78. Meteorology, 40. standard works on, 76. Meusnier's air-ship, 319. Military air-ships, 264. applications of balloons, 261. ballooning, 216. Missiles from balloons, 267. Montgolfiers, 141. Montgomery's gliding machines, 309.' Motors, air-ship, 339, 393. electric, 402. NAVIGATION, aeronautical, 359. Nets for balloons, 114. Nikel kite, 156. Normal height of a balloon, 169, 472. OBSERVATIONS in balloon ascents, 83. Oil-engines, 417. Optical phenomena, 74. Organisation of military balloon- ing, 217. PAPEK balloons, 140. Parachutes, 161. Parachute-balloon, 137. Paris, balloons escaping during siege, 234. v. Parseval's air-ship, 338, 485. Photographic formulae, 486. surveying, 202. Photography from balloons, 194. Pilcher's experiments, 295. Pilot balloons, 141, 261. Pitch of screw, 424. Plans, construction of, 212. Position of balloon, determination of, 206. Postal information, 488. Power expended in flying, 274. Preparation of hydrogen, 12. of water-gas, 23. Pressure of atmosphere, 44. in balloon, 101, 476. Prolonged voyaging in balloons, 178. Propellers, 340. 421. Propulsion, 428. Psychrometer, 80. RADIATION of sun, 41. Rain, 57. Rainbow, 76. Rebenstein's cubical Montgolfier, 323. Reduction of mercury barometer to 0° C., 470. Registering balloons, 138. 496 Renard and Kreb's air-ship. 327. Resistance of air, 239, 365. Retardation of falling lamina, 376. Ritter von Loessl's laws, 367. Roberts' air-ship, 318. Ropes, strength of, 103. Roze's air-ship, 334. Rozieres, 142. Rubber balloons, 138. SANTOS-DUMONT'S air-ship, 333. Schwartz's air-ship, 329. Scientific balloon ascents, 78. Screw - propellers, experimental facts relating to, 433. literature of, 435. Screws, air, 421. Severe' s air-ship, 334. Shape of air-ships, 343. of balloons, 91. Siege of Paris, ballooning in con- nection with, 232. Simultaneous balloon ascents, 79. Slip, 426. Societies, Aeronautical, 436. Sounding balloons, 138. Sources of warmth in atmosphere, 41. Specifications of balloons, 91. of screw-propellers, 427. Specific gravities, 457. Spherical cones, 344. Sport, balloon, 190. Square roots, 465. Stability of air-ships, 351. Steam, 409. Steam engines, 404. Steering arrangements, 1 29, 355. Strengths of balloon envelopes, 100, 476. String of kites, 147. Sunrise and sunset, times of, 482. Suspension of cars, 114, 132. TABLES. See List below. Tail of balloon, 111. Teams of kites, 157. Tearing arrangements for balloons, 113. Temperature of air, 47. of gas in balloon, 183. Tension of aqueous vapour, 6, 461. Testing material of envelope, 101. Thunderstorms, 73. Tilt of air-ship, 353. Time differences between various towns, 479. Times of sunrise and sunset, 482. Trail ropes, 128. Travelling by air-ship, 355. Turbines, 404. Twilight, 75. Types of dynamical air-ships, 379. UNITS, electrical, 400. mechanical, 394. VALVES for balloons, 111. Varnishing balloon envelopes, 109. Velocity of air-ships, 341, 356. WATER-ANCHORS, 126. Water-gas, 23. Weather-forecasting, 63. Weights of envelopes, 100. Weuham's flying apparatus, 283. Winches, 151. Winch waggons, 219, 228, 245. Wind, 60. Wind, influence on ballooning, 177. influence on flying machines, 389. variation with altitude, 389. velocities, conversion table, 478. Woelfert's air-ship, 329. Wolf's air-ship, 328. Wright's flying machine, 301. v. ZEPPELIN'S air-ships, 331, 338. 352, 485. [•HINTED BY NEILL AND CO., LTD., EDlNltriilil AUGUST RIEDIINGEG BALLONF4BRIK, AUGSBURG, G.M.B.H. BALLOONS For Military and Scientific Purposes and for all forms of Aerial Sport. Complete Airship Equip- ments for land and sea. Hydrogen Producers and Compression Pumps. Transportable Gas-Plants. 32 W. H. KUHL 82 Koniggratzer Str., BERLIN, 5.W. Largest Stock of TECHNICAL Especially AERONAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS Old and New Books, Periodicals, etc. CATALOGUES : Aeronautische Bibliographic Part I. — 1670-1895. Price as. Part II. — 1895-1902. Price 6d. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins f. Forderung der Luftschiffahrt Years IV. 1885 to X. 1891. Published Price of each Vol., 1 2s. Reduced Price, each Vol., 8s. C.G. 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