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GIFT OF V MECHANICS' AND ENGINEERS' POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, RULES, AND FORMULAS PERTAINING TO MECHANICS, MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS: INCLUDING AREAS, SQUARES, CUBES, AND ROOTS, ETC.; LOGARITHMS, HYDRAULICS, HYDRODYNAMICS, STEAM AND THE STEAM-ENGINE, NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, MASONRY, STEAM VESSELS, MILLS, ETC. ; COMPRESSED AIR, GAS, AND OIL ENGINES; LIMES, MORTARS, CEMENTS, ETC.; ORTHOGRAPHY OF TECHNICAL WORDS AND TERMS, ETC, ETC Seventy-second. Ifidition. — 146th. Thousand.. BY CHAS. H. HASWELL, CIVIL, MARINE, AND MECHANICAL LNOINEHS. HONORARY MBMBBR UP TCB AM. SOC. OF NATAL ARCHI AL ARCHITECTS OF MBMBBR OF THK AM. INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, AND ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK MI- CROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, ETC., ETC. An examination of facts is the foundation of science. A resultant effect, physical or mechanical, cannot be renewed without an expenditure of power in addition to that which originated it. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUAB K. 1906. By the Author of "Mechanics' and Engineers' Pocket-Book." MENSURATION. For Tuition and Reference, containing Tables of Weights and Measures; Mensura- tion of Surfaces, Lines, and Solids, and Conic Sections, Centres of Gravity, etc. To which is added Tables ot the Areas of Circular Segments, Sines of a Circle, Circular and Semi elliptical Arcs, etc. By CHAS. H. HASWKLL, Civil and Marine Engineer. Sixth Edition. 12mo, 90 cents.— American Book Concern, N. Y. REMINISCENCES OF AN OCTOGENARIAN. 1816 to 1860. Second Edition $3 00 Copyright, 1884, 1887, 1890, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1901, 1903, by ILvKi'KR & BROTHERS. INSCRIBED TO CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON, LL.D., AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE TO HIS GENIUS AND ATTAINMENTS, AND IN TESTIMONY OF THE SINCERE REGARD AND ESTEEM OF HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOR 380362 PREFACE To the ITorty-fiftlx Edition. THE First Edition of this work, consisting of 284 pages, was submitted to the Mechanics and Engineers of the United States by one of their number in 1843, who designed it for a convenient reference to Rules, Results, and Tables con- nected with the discharge of their various duties. The Twenty-first Edition was published in 1867, consisted of 664 pages, and, in addition to the original design of the work, it was essayed to embrace some general information upon Mechanical and Physical subjects. The Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles have been extended, and together with those of Weights of Metals, Balls, Tubes, Pipes, etc., of this and some preceding editions were computed and verified by the author. This edition is a revision and an entire reconstruction of all preceding, embracing amended and much new matter, as Masonry, Strength of Girders, Floor Beams, Logarithms, etc., etc. To the young Mechanic and Engineer it is recommended to cultivate a knowledge of Physical Laws and to note re- sults of observations and of practice, without which eminence in his profession can never be attained ; and if this work shall assist him in the attainment of these objects, one great purpose of the author will be well accomplished. NOTE i. — Mechanical and Physical subjects, commencing at p. 427 and ending at p. 870, are given in alphabetical order. 2. — Tons are given and computed at 2240 Ibs. 3. — Degrees of temperature are given by the Scale of Fahrenheit. INDEX. A. Pag ABUTMENTS AND ARCHES (See Arches and Abutments) 604-605 ACCELERATED BODY, Distances, Ve- locities, and Acceleration of. .921-92 Acids 18! Acreage, To Compute 337 Adulteration in Metals, Proportion of Two Ingredients in a Compound. 21 A erodynamics 61 AEROMETRY 673-676 (See also Pneumatics.) " Course of Wind, etc 675 " Cyclones, Direction of. 675 " Degree of Rarefaction 67; " Discharge Pipes, Diameter of. 676 " Distance of Audible Sounds. .. 674 " ForceofWindonaSurface.bn-tijs " Height of a Column of Mer- cury to Induce an Efflux of Air, To Compute 675 " Resistance of A Plane Surface to Air, To Compute 675 " Resistance to a Steam Vessel in Air or Water 911 " Weight or Pressure of Air under a Given Height of Barometer and Temperature Discharged in One Second. 675 " Wind, Velocity and Pressure of. 674, 911, 924 " Volume of Air discharged Through an Opening, etc., into a Vacuum 674 AEROSTATICS 427-431, 614 " Clouds, Classification of. 430 " Distances, by Velocity of Sound 428 ' ' Elevations, by a Barometer. 428-429 " Thermometer.. 429 " Lightning, Classification of. .. 430 " Velocity of Air flowing into a Vacuum, To Compute. 42 " of Sound 428 " Weather Glasses and Barom- eter Indications 430-431 Age of Horses, To Ascertain 186 Ages of Animals IQ2) Ig6 AIR, ATMOSPHERIC 431-432, 912 " and Steam, Mixture of. 737 " Carbonic Acid Exhaled by Man. 432 " Compressors 940 " Consumption of, by Candle 432 " Decrease of Temperature by Al- titudes 522 " Discharge of, Coefficients of Ef- , flux. 674 " Expansion of. 520 " Flow of, in Pipes, Loss of. .745, 909 " Head of, to Resist Friction in Long and Rectilineal Pipes. 925 Pressure of, in Rear ofaProjectile 6481 Page AIR, ATMOSPHERIC, Pressure,Velocity, and Resistance of a Plane Sur- face, To Compute 648 " Pressure of a Weight of, or other Gas at 62° and 14. 7 Lbs. Press- ure, with Constant Volume for a Given Temperature 522 " Proportion of Oxygen and Car- bonic Acid at Various Loca- tions 432 " Rarefaction of. 430 " Resistance of different Figures in, at different Velocities, and to Falling Bodies 646-647, 949 " Specific Heat of, and Other Gases 505-506 " Temperature, for a Given Lati- tude and Elevation 676 " Volume of a Weight of, or Per- manent Gas for any Pressure, To Compute. Foot of Iron Surface. . . 925 " " of, or Gas Discharged through an Opening and under a Pressure above that of External Air. . . 676 " " Pressure, and Density of at Various Tempera- tures 521-522 " " Required per Hour, for each Occupant in an Enclosed Space 525 Ajutage, Cylindrical 549 ALCOHOL 194 " Elastic Force and Tempera- ture, of Vapor of. 707 ' ' Proportion of, in Liquors. 191, 204 Ale and Beer Measures 45 Water in 201 ALGEBRAIC SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS, 22-25 Alimentary Principles 200 Alligation 106 Alloy, Expands in Cooling 952 ALLOYS AND COMPOSITIONS 634-637 " Bronze 637 " Compounds, Fusible and Solders 634 " Of Steel 643 " Soldering Fluid and Fluxes. . . 636 " Solders 636 < ' Welding Cast Steel 634 ALMANAC, Epacts and Dominical Let- ters, 1800 to 1901 73 Vlll INDEX. Page ALMANAC, Altitude of Sun at New York 932 Altitudes, Decrease of Temperature by 522 Aluminum J55} 938, 976 Amalgam 054 Ammeters and Voltmeters 961-962 ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES.. 190 " of Foods and Fruits 201 " of 'Meat, Fish, and Vegetables, etc. 200 ANCHORS AND KEDGES and Units, To Determine Weight and Number of, U.S.N. 174-175 " "Number and Weight of, U.S.N. 174 " Cables, Chains, etc., for a Given Tonnage, Am. Ship M. Ass'n I73-I74 * Experiments on and Compar- ative Resistance to Dragging 175 " Proof Strain of. 175 Ancient and Scripture Lineal Meas- ures and Weights 53 ANGLES (See also Trigonometry).. 385-389 " and Distances Corresponding to Opening of a Rule of Two Feet 160 Chord of, to Plot and Compute. 359 Critical and Visual 669 Sines of, To Compute 402 To Describe, etc 222 To Plot without a Protractor, 359 ANIMAL and Human Sustenance 203 FOOD 200-207 Power and Work 432-440 Birds and Insects. 438, 440 Camel and Crocodile. 438 Coursing and Chasing. 440 Day's Work 434 Dog 438 Horse. 435-437, 439-440,918 Llama and Ox 438 Men 433-435, 438-439 Mule and Ass 437, 918 on Street Rails or Tram- ways 435 " Stage Coaching 440 ANIMALS, Proportion of Food for. - 205 " Ages of, etc 192,196 Annealing 786 ANNUITIES no-m Amount of, To Compute. no " at Compound Interest in Present Worth of. no-m " Yearly Amount, that will Liquidate a Debt... no-m Anti-attrition Metal, Babbitt's 636 ANTIDOTKS for Poisons 185, 03 s Anvils, Weight of. 0x8 Apartments, Buildings, Ventilation of 524 Apothecaries' or Fluid Measure 46 Weight 32 Appold's Pump and Wheel 579-580 APPENDIX 1. .919-955 1024-1029 Aqueducts, Roads, and Railroads,i78, 939 Page Arc, To Describe 225, 227-228 Arch, Radius of, To Compute 604 "• Depth of, To Compute 605 ARCHES AND ABUTMENTS 604-605 (See also Masonry, 604-605, ) " " Chords, etc. , Safe Weight of 7 76 " " Minimum Thickness of , for Bridges 605 " AND WALLS 602-603 Area and Population of Divisions and Countries 188 Arenes , 589 AREAS of CIRCLES by Sths 231-236 " " and Circumferences of Cir- cles by ioths 243-252 " " and Circumferences Greater than in Table, To Compute 252 ' byi2ths 253-257 ' by Birmingham Wire Gauge 236 ' by Logarithms 236, 252 " ' Greater than in Table. Babbitt's A nti-attrition Metal 636 Bacteria in Earth soil 942 Baking of Meats, Loss by 206 Balances, Fraudulent 65 Balks and Battens, Dimensions of. 62 Balloons, Capacity and Diameter of.. 218 BALLS, Cast Iron and Lead 153 Balls, Lead, Weight and Dimensions of 501 BARBED WIRE Fencing 947 Barker's Mill 577 Barley, Value of, Compared to 100 Lbs. of Hay 203 BAROMETER (See also Aerostatics). 427-431 Elevations by Readings. 429 Height of, To Compute. 429 Indications 429-430 Weather Glasses 430 Weather Indications.., , 431 Barrel, Dimensions of. , 30 INDEX. IX Page BARS, Wro't Iron, Square and. Rolled, 125-128 " Steel, Flat and Rolled 134-135 BEAMS, BARS, OR GIRDKRS, Transverse Strength of. ._. 802-8 1 1 , 813-820 (See also Girders, Beams, etc.) " Box, Plate and Bars. 806, 817, 827 " Comparative Strength and De- flection of Cast Iron 809 44 Comparative Value of Bars, Girders, or Tubes 824 44 Common Centre of Gravity, etc. 819 44 Cylinder and Cylindrical, Di- ameter and Weight, To Com- pute 805 44 Cylindrical, or Tubes, Trans- verse Strength of. 810 4 ' Deflection of. 770-782, 840-8 \ i " Depths and Weight, etc., of 'Steel 134 ' ' Dimensions and Weigh t of Roll- ed Steel, and To Compute. 134, 644 44 Rolled Steel Beams and Bulb Angles 807, 808 " Elliptical Sided, To Determine Side or Curve of. 826 41 Factors of Safety 821,841 44 Flanged, Dimensions and Pro- portions of Wro't Iron 809 41 Floor Beams, Headers, Trim- mers, etc., To Compute. .835-838 • Formulas for TransverseStress, To Compute 801, 816 1 General Deductions 824-825 4 Inclined, Formula for 811 ' Lintels, etc 822-823 ' Moments and Stress of... .621-622 ' " of Resistance 818 ' Rectangular, Girders or Tubes. 809 4 Scarfs, Resistance of 841 4 Shearing Stress 623 1 Solid Cylinder, Diameter of, To Compute 804-805 4 Symmetrical Forms and Sec- tions, Conditions of. 825-826 4 Trussed, Notes on 823-824 4 Unequally Loaded 810 ' Various Figures and Sections, Dimensions of. 147, 805, 813, 814 1 Wrought Iron Rolled 809 BEAMS, Inertia and Resistance, Mo- ments of and Neutral Axis, To Compute 818-820 4 Circular or Elliptic 815 ' Hollow or Annular 815 ' Miscellaneous Illustrations. Page BOILER, Consumption of Fuel in a Furnace, To Compute. . . 725-726 " Draught 739, 744-74^ *« " and Blasts, Compar- ative Effect of 746 " " Velocity of 746 u Efficiency, Nominal and IIP and Economy of. 758, 976 44 Evaporative Capacity of Tubes 742 " Evaporative Effects of, for Different Rates of Combus- tion and Surface Ratios. . . 743 " Evaporation, Power of.... 757-758 " Eyes, Stays, Rods, etc 754 44 Fuel that may be Consumed per Sq. Foot of Grate 742 44 Girders for Furnaces 754 " Grate, Heating Surface,Water, Fuel, etc., To Compute. .741, 927 44 Heating Surfaces and Rela- tive Value of. 740 " Mean Strength of Riveted Joints Compared to Plate.j 51-752 44 Minimum Volumes of Fuel Consumed per Sq. Foot of Grate 740-741 " Plates and Bolts 749-750 " u Thickness of for a Given Pressure and Pitch, etc. 753 44 Power and IPof. 526, 760 " Proportion and Capacities of, and Firing 739-74° 44 Rate of Combustion 760 44 Relation of Grate, Heating Surface, and Fuel 741 '* Results of Operation of and under Varying Proportions of Grate, Surface, Draught, Combustion, etc 743, 924 " Results of Operation of Va- rious Designs of Boiler and Varying Proportions of Area of Grate Surface, etc 744 44 Return Tubular, Elements of a Test 726 " Riveting 755-757, 9°7 11 " General Formulas and Illustrations 757 " Safety Valves 746-747 " Saline Saturation in 726 44 Scale, Removal of Incrusta- tion of. 726 • ' Stay Bolts, Diameter and Pitch of, To Compute 754 " Tensile Strength of. 753-754 44 Steam Heating 526, 957-958 41 Steam Room 748 " Tubes, Evaporating Capacity of Various Lengths. . . . 742 44 " Lap-welded Charcoal, Di- mensions of. 139 '• Volume of Water per Lb. of Coal, To Compute 725 " Weights of , and with Water. 7 59. 929 BOILBRS, Area of Grate per Lb. of Coal...,, 748 BOILERS, Blowing off, To Compute Loss of by ................. 727 " Bottoms of, To Preserve ....... 878 Corrugated Flues ............ 941 Cylindrical Shells ---- 751-752,91 Elements of. ................. Flued, Arched, or Circular 13 58 Furnaces, U. S. Law ____ 754=755 44 Shell Plates, Pressure ana Thickness of, U. S. Law. 7 50-751 44 Horse-Power of. .......... 914, 936 44 Incrustation or Scale, To Re- move ...................... 726 44 Magnesia Covering of. ---- 918, 921 44 Plates, Straps, and Stays ...... 753 44 Proportion of Grate and Heat- ing Surfaces, Result of Ex- periments .................. 926 44 Saline, Saturation in ......... 726 *4 " Matter, Proportionate Volumes of. ......... 727 44 Smoke Pipes and Chim- neys.. ................. 748-749 14 Steam in Foreign Countries . . 935 44 Steam Water Tube, Efficiency and Results of. ............ 947 4 4 Volume of Furnace Gas per Lb. of Coal .............. 76o 44 4' of Water Slowed off to that Evaporated ...... 727 44 Water Tube and Efficiency of, 926, 947 BOILING - POINTS of Various Sub- stances ............... 517 44 " at Different Degrees of Saturation ............ 815 BOLTS, Adhesion of Drifted ......... 949 4' and Plates, U. S. Test ____ 749-750 4 4 Rods of Copper, Weight of.... 148 44 Round and Square, Relative Driving Resistance of Steel. 970 44 Tenacity and Resistance of, Round, Square, and Screiv. . 970 <t Wro't Iron, Experiments on. . 783 44 AND NUTS, Dimensions and Weights of, and ofTobin Bronze ......... 1 56-1 59, 929 44 4< English and French Stand- ard .................... 158 44 " In Wood, Tenacity of. ..... 198 44 u of Wro't Iron as effected by the Thread ............. 916 44 4' Square Heads ............ 159 Boring and Turning Metal. ........ 197 44 Instruments, Tempering of. . 197 " Well ....................... 197- Boyden Turbine ................... 574 Brain, Relative Weights of. ......... 192 BRAKES, Looomotive ............... 923 BRASS ............................. 636 of a Given Section, Weight of. 136, 149 Ornaments, To Clean 877 Plates, Weight of. 118-119, 146 44 Thickness of. 121 Seamless Pipes 143 Sheet, Weight of. 14* INDEX. XI Page BRASS Castings, Weight of, To Compute 1 5 5 " Tubes, Weight of. 142 " Weight of. 136 " Wire, Weight of. 120-121 Braziers' Sheets and Sheathing 155 " " Copper 131 Bread, Wheat, Water Lost by Drying. 207 Breakwaters 181 Breast- wheel 568-570 " Proportions and Effect. . 569 Brick Walls, Thickness of. 603 Brickwork 595, 597-598, 600, 801 " Masonry 595 Brick or Compressed Fuel BRICKS , " Stones, etc '. . 800 u Crushing Resistance of. 908 " Volume of and Number in a Cube Foot of Masonry. . 599-600 BRIDGE, Britannia Tubular 178 " Highest 907 " Iron over Kentucky River. . 178 " N.Y., Erie, andW. Railroad 178 " New York and Brooklyn ... 178 " over Oxus 930 " Resistance of from a Model. 645 " Suspension, Elements of. ... 842 " Plates and Rivets 830 BRIDGES 178, 930, 936 u Lengths and Spans of. . . 181-182 " Suspension and Length of Spans oj. 178, 199, 842 Bridles or Stirrups, for Beams 838 British and Metric Measures, Com- mercial Equivalents of. 906 Broccoli, Value of. 207 BRONZE 637 Malleable 907 u Manganese 832 " TO*TS, Yacht Shafting.Platcs, and Pump Piston Rods. . . 929 Browning or Bronzing Liquid 874 Builders' Measure 46 Building Department, Requirements of. 907 BUILDING STONES, Expansion and Contraction of. 184 BUILDINGS, Walls of English 189 " Protection of from Lightning 907 Burns and Stings, Application for. . . 196 Bushel, Pounds in 34 Buttermilk, Sugar and Water in 201 Buttress and Counterfort 696 C. Cabbage, Value oj 207 " Water in 201 CABLES, ROPES, HAWSERS, ANCHORS, AND CHAINS 163-175 Chain 169, 930 " Diameter of, for a Given Weight of Anchor 175 " Galvanized Steel, Strength and Weight of. 163 " Hawsers, Hemp and Wire Rope, Comparison of. 169 Page CABLES, Ropes and Hawsers, Circum- ference of, To Compute. . 171 " " Weights of, To Compute. . 172 Ropes- and Hawsers 170 " " Strain Borne with Safe- ty, To Compute 171 Calculus 24 Calendar, Ecclesiastical 70 " Gregorian or N. S 70-71 Caloric 504, 614 u Engine, Ericsson's 903 Darnel, Load of and Travel 438, 918 Canal, Suez, and Via 177, 183, 912 ' ' or Conduit, To Discharge a Given Volume of Water, and To Compute Fall of. 920 CANALS, Dimensions, etc 181 " Flow of Water in 550 " Locks and Capacities of, To Compute 183, 553-555 " Power of a Horse on 848 '' Traction on 848 " Transportation of. 193 Candles, Lamps, Fluids, &udG&s< Light of, etc .583-584 Cane Sugar or Saccharose 207 Cannon Ball, Flight of. 495 Capillary Tube 358 Cargoes, To Ascertain Weight of. .176-177 Units for Measurement of .. 176 Carrot, Ratio of Flesh-formers 207 '4 Value of, Compared to 100 Lbs. of Hay 203 Cascades and Waterfalls 184 Case Hardening 644, 786 CASK GAUGING 377 Casks, Buoyancy of. ; . . 192 u Ullage, To Compute Volume 0/378 CAST AND WROUGHT IRON of a Given Sectional Area, Weight of 136 " Weight of, To Compute 155 CAST IRON. 1 31, 637-638, 765, 783-786, 798 " and Lead Balls, Weight of. ... 153 " Balls, Weight and Diameter of. 153 •' Bar or Rod, Weight of. 131 " Bars, Experiments on 780 " Characteristics of 637 ' ' Column s, We igh t Borne Safely by 768 " Malleable Castings 639 " of a Given Sectional Area, Weight of. 136, 149 " Pipe, To Resist Oxidation 927 u Pipes and Tubes, Dimensions and Weight of. .. . 147 " " Weight of. 132-133 " Plates, Weight of a Sq. Foot. .. 146 " Ultimate Strength of 781 Castings, Shrinkage of. 218 " Holes in 872 " Weight of, by Pattern 217 Catenary, To Delineate 230 Cathedral, St. Peter's 179 Cattle and Horses, Transportation of. 192 " Dressed Weight of, To Com- PVte 35 Xll INDEX. Page Cauliflower, Value of. .............. 207 Cave, Mammoth, of Kentucky ....... 936 Cement Mortar .................... 595 " Cloth, etc., for Covering Steam Pipes ...................... 956 CEMKNTS. 515, 589-590,871-873,907,956,958 (See Limes, Cements, Mortars, and Concretes, 588-597.) CENTRAL FORCES ................ 449-454 44 " Formulas for Various Elements .......... 450 CENTRE OP GRAVITY ............. 605-608 44 4l and Vertical Distance be- tween Centres of Crush- ing and TensiteStrength of a Girder or Beam. 819 11 " Centre of any Plane Fig- ure, To Ascertain. .605-606 " "of Displacement of a Vessel ............. 653, 658 CENTRE OF GYRATION ........... 609-61 1 44 " Elements and Centre 0/610,611 CENTRES OF OSCILLATION AND PER- CUSSION, and To Compute. 612-614 44 Centre of, in Bodies of Various Figures. 613 CENTRIFUGAL FAS, Elements and Pow- er of a Fan Blower, etc. 448 (See Fan Blowers, 447-448. ) 44 FORCE of any Body ........ 450 44 Forces ................... 499 ' * Formulas, to Determine Va- rious Elements ......... 450 44 PUMPS .............. 579, 9JI> 9*7 CHAIN, To Set out a Right Angle with. 69 14 Cable, Diameter and Length foraGiven Weight of Anchor, 4 4 CABLES, Breaking Strain, Proof and Strength of. 169, 930 44 " Anchors, etc. , for a Given Tonnage, Am. S.Ass'n. 173-174 " " Length of, for Anchors ____ 175 44 u Stud - Link, Weight and Strength of. ......... 168, 930 41 " Stowage of ............... 913 Chaining over an Elevation ..... 69-1034 CHAINS AND RopES/or Cranes, Weight of and Proof. ......... 457 14 " of Equal Strength ........ 165 * ' Safe Working Load of. ....... 168 CHARACTERS AND SYMBOLS ..... 21-22, 973 CHARCOAL ........... 33, 194. 480-481, 485 44 Produce of from Woods. 481 Cheese, Composition of Different Countries ........................ 205 Chemical Composition of some Com- pound Combustibles ..... 461 " Formulas, To Convert ..... 190 Chimney Draught and Chimney s.goj, 918 44 Velocities of Current of Air in One of 100 Feet ........ 749 CHIMNEYS ...... 179-180, 904, 916, 918, 925 44 and Smoke Pipes ...... 748-749 44 Height of and Commercial fffor a Given Diameter of Flue. 925 Chinese Wall 179, 936 44 Windlass, To Compute 627 44 or Indian Ink 907 CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS and Cycles 26 CHRONOLOGY 70-74 44 To Ascertain Years of Coinci- dence of a Given Day of the Week, etc 74 Churches, Opera-Houses, and Thea- tres, Capacity of. Xlll COALS, Gas 484 44 Japan 909 " Lignite 479> 481 " Measures 33, 46 " Mine 936 " Miscellaneous Experiments 487 44 Production and Consumption of the World 955 Coast and Bay Service and Scour. . . 908 Cocks, Composition, and Copper Pipes, Dimensions of. 150 Coffee and Tea, Water in 201 COHESION 614 " Modulus of 763-764 Coins, British Standards 38 " To Convert U. S. to British Currency, and Contrariwise 31 " Tolerance of. 3! " U. S., Weight and Fineness of. 38 " Value of, To Compute 39 " Foreign Silver and Gold, and Weight, Fineness, and Mint Value of 39, 43 COKE, Evaporative Power of, etc 480 Cold, Extremes of, in Various Coun- tries and Snow Line 191-192 " Greatest, Artificial. 908 College, Oxford 179 COLLISION OR IMPACT 580-582 " Velocities of .. 58 1-582 Color Blindness 195 Colors for Drawings 913 * Proportion of, for Paints. .... 66 Columns, Towers, Domes, Spires, etc. , 1 80, 936 41 Crushing and Safe Load of. . . 766 " Long Solid, Comparative Value of. 769 " of Cast Iron 768-769 " " Weight Borne with Safety, 768-769 COMBINATION 112-113 COMBUSTION 458-466 4 4 Chemical Composition of some Compound Combustibles. . . 461 ~ x ** Composition and Equivalents of Gases Combined in Com- bustion of Fuel 460 M Consumption of Fuel to Ileat Air, To Compute 466 ** Evaporative Power of i Lb. of a Given Combustible. . . 462 44 Heat of. 463 44 Heating Powers of Combus- tibles,and To Compute. 461-462 " Of Fuel, Ratio, etc 463-465 *' Products of Decomposition in the Furnace 458-459 11 Rate of, in a Furnace 760 ** Relative Evaporation of Sev- eral Combustibles 465 '« " Volumes of Gases or Products of, per Lb. of Fuel 465 " Temperature of, To Ascer- tain. 462-463 COMBUSTION, Volume of Air Chemical- ly Consumed in Complete Combustion of i Lb.of Coal 459 1 ' Volumes of Air Required for Combustion 464-465 44 Weight and Specific Heat of Products and Temperature of Combustion, etc. 462-463 4 4 Weight and Volume, of Gaseous Products of i Lb. Fuel 460 Compass, Degrees, <£ Graduation, 54, 1023 COMPOSITION Cocks, Dimensions of. . . 150 COMPOSITION for Welding Steel. 634 COMPOSITIONS AND ALLOTS 634-637 (See Alloys and Compositions.) Composition Sheathing Fails 135 Compound Axle or Chinese Windlass 627 *• INTEREST 108-109 44 PROPORTION 95-96 .'*.. Weights of Ingredients... 218 CONCRETE 588-597 (See Limes, Cements, Mortars, and Concretes. ) 44 CoigneVs 914 " Compositions of. 593 44 or Beton. 593 Concretes, Cements, etc 800 CONES. 353-354 CONDENSATION, Surface 967 44 4t Experiments on. 911 CONDENSER, Results of an Operation of.. 967 CONIC SECTIONS 379-380 4 4 Conoid and Ellipse, Elements of 380 44 44 To Describt.and Area, Or - dinate, Abscissa, Diam- eters, Circumference, Seg- ment,and Length of Curve, To Compute. 380-382 44 General Definitions 379 44 Hyperbola, To Describe, and Abscissa*, Diameters, Length of an Arc, and Area, To Com- pute 379-38o 44 Parabola 379-380, 382-383 44 To Describe Ordinate, Abscissa, Curve, Area, and Segment of.. . .382-383 Constructions and Natural Forma- tions, Largest 936 Contractility and Elasticity 614 Cooking of Meats 206 COPPER, Tensile Strength of. 750, 788 and Iron Riveted Pipes, Wevght of. 148 Braziers1 and Sheathing 131 " Rods or Bolts, Weight of . 148 Given Sectional Area, Weight of 1 36 Plates, Thickness of. 121 44 Weight of. 118-119 44 per Sq. Feet. . 146 Seamless Drawn Tubes. Weight of. 140-142, 144-M5 Sheathing and nraziers*. . .131-155 Sheet, Weight of a Sq. Foot ... 135 XIV INDEX. Page COPPER, Weight of, and To Compute, i36> " Wire, Cord 123 " " Weight of 120-121 Copying, Words in a Folio Cord, Copper Wire 123 CORDAGE, Friction andRigidity 0/472-47; Corn Measure 19! 11 Value of, Compared to 100 Lbs. of Hay 203 Corrosive Effects of Salt-water on Steel and Iron 916, 971 CO-SECANTS AND SECANTS 403-414 " " To Compute, etc. 414 COSINES AND SINES 390-402 it ic TO compute, etc. 401-402 CO-TANGENTS AND TANGENTS 415-426 " "To Compute, etc. 426 COTTON FACTORIES 8« Couple, Constitution of. 6 Coupling or Sleeves of Shafts 71 Coursing and Chasing 440 CRANE, Railroad 962 " Steam Dredgers, Elements of and Dredging 899-900 CRANEB 179, 433, 455-457, 962 ' Chains and Ropes for 457 " Dimensionsof Post, To Compute 456 " Machinery and Proportion of. 457 " Post, Stress and Conditions of. 455 " Stress on Jib, Stay, or Strut, 455-457 Crank, Turning 433 Cream, Percentage of, in Milk 205 Creosoting, Effects of. 869 Crocodile, Power of. 438 CROPS, Mineral Constituents Absorbed or Removed from an Acre of Soil. . 189 Cross-ties, Railroad, Duration of. . . 970 Croton Aqueduct 178, 939 Crusher, Ore and Stone Breaker 957 CRUSHING STRENGTH 764-769, 1021 (See Strength of Materials.) Cube Measures 30-31 CUBE ROOT, To Extract. 97 " AND SQUARE ROOT of a dum- ber consisting of Integers and Decimals, To Ascer- tain 301-302 " "of Decimals alone, To As- certain 302 " "of any Number over 1600, To Ascertain 301 *' "or Square Root of Roots, Whole Numbers and of Integers and Decimals, To Ascertain 97-98 " " of a Higher Number than is Contained in Table 301 CUBES, SQUARES, AND ROOTS 272-302 (See Squares, Cubes, and Roots.) " To Compute and to As- certain, etc 300-302 Cucumber, Water in 207 Currency, To Convert U. S- to British 39 Page Current Wheel 570 " of Rivers 193 Curvature and Refraction of Earth. . 55 Curves, Caustic, or Lines 669 Cut Nails, Tacks, Spikes, etc 154 Cutters, Yachts, Pilot Boats, Launches 895 Cycle, Dominical or Sunday Letter. . 70 " Lunar or Golden Number. ... 71 " of the Sun, To Compute 70-71 CYCLES and Chronological Eras 26 Cycloid, To Describe 228 CYCLONES, Direction of. 675 CYLINDERS, FLUES, AND TUBES, Hollow 827 u Solid and Hollow, of Various Metals 801 D. DAMS, EMBANKMENTS, AND WALLS (See Embankments, etc.) 700-703 DAY, Astronomical, Marine or Sea. .37, 70 " Sidereal, Solar, and Civil 37, 70 Day^s Work 434 Dead Sea and Valley of the Jordan. . 934 Deals and Local Standards of 62 DECIMALS 92-94 Deer Park, Copenhagen 1 79 DEFLECTION (See Strength of Mate- rials. ) 770-781 Delta Metal 384, 913 Departures, Table of. 54 Depths, Sea 184 Derrick Guys 163 Desert of Sahara 936 Desiccation 513 DETRUSIVE OR SHEARING STRENGTH (SeeStrength of Materials, 782-783. ) " and Transverse, Comparison of. 782 " Strength of Woods 782 " Wood, Surface of Resistance of. 782 Dew Point, and To Ascertain 68 Diamond Weight 32 Diamonds, Weight of. 193 Diet, Daily, of a Man 202, 207 u " of an Esquimau 914 Differentiation, Integration, and Cal- culus 24-25 DIGESTION OF FOOD, Time Required for 206-207 DISCOUNT or Rebate 109 DISPLACEMENT of a Vessel 653 DISTANCES, STEAMING 86 and Angles, Corresponding to Opening of a Rule of 2 Feet . 1 60 between Cities of U. S. 184 " " East and West. . 187 " Principal Ports of World 87 " " of U.S.. 88 " Various Ports of Eng- land, Canada, and U. S.,and N. Y. and London 86 Velocities and Acceleration of a Body, To Compute 921-922 Geographic, and Measures 54 Distemper ( Coloring) 593 DISTILLATION 514 of Fresh Water 955 INDEX. XV Page Distillers and Evaporators, Capaci- ties of. 950 Dog, Power of, Coursing and Chasing, 438, 440 DOMES and Towers, Diameter and Heights of. 179-180, 932 Domestic Remedials 938 Dominical Letters and Epacts 73 u or Sunday Letter 70 DOVETAILS, Tenacity of. 948 DRAINAGE OF LANDS by Pipes 691 Drains, Diameter and Grade of, to Discharge Rainfall 906 4 ' and Sewers, Velocity and Grade of. 692 DRAUGHT, A rtificial 745-746 Natural 739-74Q, 744 Steam Jet and Blast, Com- parative Effects of, and Result of Experiments with 746 Drawing and Tracing Paper 29, 964 u or Pushing 433 Drawings, Colors for 196, 913 ' 4 Dimensions of, for U. S. Patents 198 Dredger, Steam Hopper, and Ma- chines 899-900 DREDGING, and Cost of. 197 44 Machines and Crane. ... .. 899 DRILLING in Rock 445, 940 " in Metals 477 Drills, Mountings, etc 940 DROWNING PERSONS, Treatment of. . . 187 DRY MEASURES 30, 31 DUALIN 503 DUODECIMALS 94 DYNAMITE and Cellulose 443-444 DYNAMICS 614, 616-620 " Circular Motion 618 44 Decomposition of Force 620 44 Motion on an Inclined Plane 619 44 Uniform Motion 617-618 " Work A ccumulated in Moving Bodies, an d To Compute 619 44 " By Percussive Force. . . . 620 DYNAMO Leather Belts 960 E. EARTH, Diameters and Density. . . 188, 198 " and Rock Excavation and Embankment 192 44 Area and Population of. 188 " Boring and Heat of Mines 955 " Conductivity of Temperature in 914 44 Curvature and Refraction of. 55 44 Elements of Figure of. 6* " Influence of the Rotation of, on Moving Bodies 942 44 Motion of. 70 " Weight of, per Cube Yard 468 " Weights of. 33 EARTHWORK 467-468 44 Bulk of Rock, etc., Original Excavation Assumed at i. . 468 44 Number of Barrow and Horse- cart Loads and Shovelling, and Volume of, Transported per Day.. 908 Page Easter Day , 71 Ecclesiastical Year 70 Egg, Fowls1, Composition of. 207 Egyptian and Hebrew Measures 53 ELASTIC FLUIDS, Specific Gravity of. 215 ELASTICITY and Strength. 195, 614, 761-763 44 Coefficient of. 761 " Modulus of, and To Compute 762-763 4 4 Relative, of Materials 780 ELECTRIC AND GAS LIGHT 198 44 Dynamo Engine 954 44 Elevator s, Power Required. .. 959 44 Launch 900 " Light, Candle- Power of. 908 44 FANS, MOTORS, Power, Pumps. 959 " WIRES AND CABLES, Tele- graph, Telephone, and Light Wires and Cables 960 Electrical Engineering, Units in, Re- sistance and Expressions. 987-988, 1033 ELEMENTARY BODIES, with their Sym- bols and Equivalents 190 Elephant, Power and Weight of. 918 Elevations by a Barometer 428-429 44 and Heights of Various Places above the Sea 183,1035 ELLIPSE, To Describe and Construct, etc 226-227, 380 (See Conic Sections, 379-380.) ELLIPTIC ARCS, Lengths up to a Semi- 44 " ellipse of. 263-266 44 " To Ascertain Length of 266 EMBANKMENTS, WALLS, AND DAMS,£7«- ments of. 700-703 (See also Revetment Walls, 694- 699, and Stability, 693-703. ) u " Equilibrium, Stability and Moment, To Compute 701 44 " Form of a Pier, To Determine 700 14 " High Masonry Dams 703 44 " Materials, Weight of a Cube Foot of. 694 14 " Surcharged Revetments 699 44 " Various Elements, To Com- pute and Determine. . . . 702-703 Endless Ropes 167 ENGINES AND MACHINES, Elements and Cost of. 898- 44 and Sugar -mills, Weights of '. Engravings, To Clean Soiled 875 Ensigns, Pennants, and Flags, U.S . 199 EPACTS, AND DOJIINICAL LETTERS. ... 73 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS 109 EQUILIBRIUM, Angles of, at which Va- rious Substances will Repose 694 41 Of Forces 616 Ericsson's Caloric 903 Esquimau, Daily Food of. 914 Establishment of the Port for Several Locations in Europe 85 Ether, Elastic Force of Vapor 707 Evaporation 747-748, 1024 44 of Water per Sq. Foot 514 44 u per Month of Year 916 XVI INDEX. Evaporative Power of Tubes per De- gree of Heat, etc 51 Evaporators and Distillers, Capaci- ties of. 95 EVOLUTION " To Extract Square and Cube Roots 9- " any Root 97-9; EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT, Ele- ments of, etc 466-468 " " Bulk of Rock, Earthwork, etc., Original Excavation Assumed as i 468 ' " Cost of, per Cube Yard. ... 467 «« " Earth, Rocks, etc., Weight of. 468 '* " Earthwork by Carts and Barrow Loads Removed by a Laborer per Day. 467-468 " " Labor and Work upon and Estimate of Cost 07.466-467 " " *' in Blasting and Hauling Stone or Earthwork, etc. 468 " " Loads or Tripsin Cube Yards per Cart per Day 466-467 " " of Earth and Rock 192 Expansion 614 ** and Contraction of Building Stones, etc 184 Expenditures in England for Various Purposes and of Articles, compared with Spirituous Liquors 938 EXPLOSIVES, Relative Strength of, Fired under Water. 946 " High, Firing Point and Rela- tive Strength 953)9^6 F. FALLING BODIES, Resistance of Air to, 941 Family of Mechanics, Costof,inFrance,gol FAN BLOWERS , ...... . .447-448 " Elements of, and Power of. 448 " Exhausting and Blower 898 " Memoranda 448 Farms, Sustaining Production of... 207 Fascines 690 FELLOWSHIP 99 FELTING, Covering, Lagging, etc. . . . 1032 FENCE WIRE, Strength and Weight of Single Thread and Cable Laid. ... 164 FENCING, Barbed Steel Wire 947 ffig, Value of. 207 files, Repair of. 878 Filter Beds 851 Filtering Stone 909 FILTERS for Waterworks 184 Fire Bricks 515, 600 " Clay 597 FIRE-ENGINE, Steam.. 904, 909 F\sh,Meat,and Vegetables,Analysis of 200 Flags, Ensigns, and Pennants, U. S.. 199 FLAX MILL 476 Floating Bodies, Velocities of 909 Flexible Paint for Canvas 915 Flood Wave of Ohio River 912 FLOOR BEAMS, of Wrought Iron, and Distances from Centres, . . . , 931 Page FLOORS AND LOADS, Factor of Safety, and Weights of and on 841 (See Strength of Materials, 795-841.) FLOUR, Consumption and Tests of. 206-207 " Mills 900 FLUES, TUBES, and Cylinders 747, 827 " Arched or Circular Furnaces . 754 " and Furnace, Corrugated, and Formulas for 909, 941 Fluid and Liquid Measures 30, 46 Fluids, Candles, Lamps, and Gas 584 " Percussion of. 579 FLUTTER WHEEL 571 Fluxes for Soldering or Welding 636 FLY WHEEL, Weight and Dimensions of Rim, To Compute 451 FLYING of Birds 440 Fontaine Turbine 574 FOOD, Animal 200-207 " Comparative Values, for Sheep. 938 " Daily, of an Esquimau 206, 914 " Digestion of, and Time Re- quired for 200 ' ' Milk, Relative Richness of. 207 " Nutrient Value and Ratio of 100 Parts 202 " " Equivalents of from Amount of Nitrogen in, when Dried 205 <l Proportion of, Appropriated and Expended by Animals 205 " " of Starch in Sundry Veg- etables 205 " Ratio of Flesh -formers from Tubers 207 " Thermometric Power and Me- chanical Energy of. when Ox idized in the Animal Body. . 205 FOODS and Fruits, Analysis of. 201 " "in Reference only to Heat and Strength 203 " Elements of Various 207 * * M ilk, Nutritive Values and Con- stituents of. 202 * * Nutritious Properties of Differ- ent Vegetables and Oil- cake Compared 204 11 Relative Values of. 202, 204 ** '* " to make an Equal Quantity of Flesh in Cattle or Sheep 202 " " " Comparedwith iooLbs. of Hay 203 " " " as Productive of Force when Oxidized in the Body 204 " Required by a Man 207 " Volume of Oxygen to Oxidize as Consumed in the Body. . . 204 " Weight of, to Develop Power in Human System 204 " ' ' to Furnish 1 220 Grains of Nitrogenous Matter . . . 202 'OOT- POUND 947 'ORCE, Decomposition of. 620 'ORCES, Composition and Resolution of. 6x5 INDEX. XV11 Page FORCES, Division of. 614-616 " Equilibrium of 616 " Inertia of a Revolving Body. 616 u Percussive, Work by 620 FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. .48-52 Formations, Natural, and Construc- tions, Largest. 936 Formulas and Algebraic Symbols. .22-23 Fortress Monroe 179 FOUNDATION PILES 198, 909 Foundations, Pressure, S. Load. 781-1040 FRACTIONS 89- Fraudulent Balances 65 Freeboard of Vessels 666, 913 Freezing, Effects of, to the Resistance of Stones, etc : FRESH WATER, Distillation of. 955 FRICTION, Elements of, etc... 469-478, 571 " and Delivery in Hose 922 u and Rigidity of Cordage. 472-473 " Application of Results 474 " Bearings for Propeller Shaft. 473 " Coefficients of Axle 471 *« " of Masonry on Masonry, Clay, and Earths 696 " " of Motion and Repose .... 470 " " To Determine 471 " Elements of. 469-470 " Grain Conveyers 478 " in Launching of Vessels 478 u Mechanical Effect of. ... 471-472 * * of Air in Long and Rectilineal Pipes, Head of in Lbs 925 " of Bottoms of Vessels 909 4 ' of Engines and Propellers. 662-663 " of Journals or Gudgeons of a Water-wheel 571 " of Journals of a Water- Wheel. 571 " of Machinery, Results of Ex- periments upon. .475-478, ioio 1 ' of a Non-condensing Engine.^jB,g 1 8 " of Pivots and Relative Value of Angles of. 472 " of Planed Brass Surfaces ooo " ofRoads 847 [ 4 of Steam- Engines .... 47 5, 478, 918 " of Screw Steamer 478 " of Tools 476 11 of Water in Pipes 925 * * of Winding Engines, Shearing, Flax Mill, Tools, Planing, Molding, Slotting, Turnings, Grindstones, etc 476-478 " of Wall and Earth 698 " Relative Value of Unguents. .. 471 '• Results of Experiments on Sev- eral Instruments 474 ft Rolling 473 " Wood-sawing 477 Frictional Resistance of a Railway Train 916 Frigorific Mixtures 193, 516 FRUITS, Analysis of. 201 " Proportion of Acid and Sugar 203 FUEL, Elements of. 479-487 " Anthracite Coal 480-486 Pag* FvRL,Area of Grate and Consumption of, To Compute 513 " Ash, Peat, and Tan 482 " Asphalt 481 " Average Composition of, Heat, and Evaporative Power 0/485-486 u Bituminous Coal 479-487 " Brick or Compressed 907 " Charcoal and Coke 480, 483 " Classification of Coal 479 " Comparative Value of, and Weights 484 " Elements of. 486 " Lignite and Wood. GALVANIZED SHEET IRON, Thickness and Weight of. 124, 129 ' ' Charcoal Iron 163 " Iron Wire Rigging and Guys and Steel Cables 162-163 " Iron Wire and Diameter of. .. 123 Galvanizing 786 GAS, Elements of, etc 585-587, 676 " and Electric Light, etc 198. 969 ' ' A tmospheric Engine and Engines, 587, 912, 990 " Candles, Lamps, Fluids, etc 584 u Coal, Composition of. 484 " Diameter and Length of Pipe to Transmit Given Volume of... 586 " Flow of, in Pipes 586 ' ' Light, Intensity of, equal Volumes from Different Burners 585 " Mains, Dimensions of, etc 587 " Natural- and Bituminous Coal, Relative Evaporating Powers. 913 " Pipe Threads 160 " Elements of and Weight 123 " Steam and Hot-air Engines 909 " Tubing, and Number of Burners, Regulation and Length of. 586 " Volume of per Lb. of Coal and Air 760 " " of a Weigh t of A ir, or Perma- nent Gas for any Pressure. 520 " " of Discharged through a Pipe 587 " " of per Hour under Pressure. 587 " " fromaTonofCoal,Resin,etc. 586 " Weight of a Cube Foot of '. 215 JASES, Expansion of and Volume ofi Lb. at 32° under One Atmosphere 520 " Permanent, Volumes of '. 193 " Temperature of. 587 " of Solidification 516 Gauge, Mercurial 910 Gauges, Wire. ., 118-123 XV111 INDEX. Page GAUGING Cask and Varieties of..... 377 44 of Weirs 922 Gear, Spur 911 Gelatine, Blasting 916 GEOGRAPHIC MEASURES and Dis- tances and Levellings 54-56 Geographical and Nautical Measures 26 GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION 103-105 GEOMETRY, Elements of, etc 219-230 44 Angles * 222 41 " and Distances 160 44 Arcs 225-227 44 Catenary 230 44 Circles 224-225 ' 4 Cycloid and Epicycloid — 22 8-2 2 9 44 Definitions 219-220 44 Ellipse 226-227 44 Gnomon 219 44 Hexagon 223 44 Hyperbola and Spiral 230 44 Involute 229 * ' Length of Elements and Lines, 221-222 44 Octagon and Polygon 223 14 Parabola 229-230 44 Rectilineal Figures 222-224 44 Scales 221 Geostatics and Geodynamics 614 GESTATION, Periods of and Number of Young of Animals 192 GIRDER, Dimensions of and Greatest Load, To Compute 839-840 44 Bowstring 812 GIRDERS, Beams, etc., General Deduc- tions from Experiments. 824 (See Beams,Bars,or Girders, 802-820. ) 44 4' and Beams, Destructive Weight of, of Various Figures and Sections. 805-806 44 44 Centre of, and Vertical Dis- tance of Centres of Crush- ing and Tensile Stress. 819 44 t4 Comparative Value of Bars, Tubes, etc 824 44 " Deflection of. 840-841 44 " Factors of Safety 821, 841 44 44 Lintels. Beams, etc 822-826 44 4 4 Moments of Stress 621-622 44 " Plate 811-812 44 " Shearing Stress Deduced by Graphic Delineation of. 623 « < « Trussed 823 44 " Tubular 775 " " " Deflection and Weight 0/775 GLASS GLOBES and Cylinders, Resist- ance to Internal Pressure and Col- lapse 831 Glass, Window, Thickness, etc 124 GLAZING 197 GLUES, Mucilage, etc 874 Gold Sheet, Thickness of. 119 " Value of, from 1501 to 1889 934 Golden Number or Lunar Cycle, To Compute 7 Gooseberry, Value of. 207 Page GOVERNORS 452 " Revolutions and Elements of ', 452 GRADE, Reduction of, to Degrees 359 GRAIN, AND ROOTS, Weights of. 34 ' Conveyers, Operation of, etc.. 478 ' Standard Weights per Bushel. 32 Granite Masonry 595 Graphic Operation, Solution by 905 Graphite and Pencils 978 GRAVEL 690 14 or Earth Roads 688 GRATES of Boilers, To Compute Areas, 927 GRAVITATION 487-496 44 Accelerated and Retarded Mo- tion 494 44 Action of, by a Body Pro- jected Upward or Down- ward, To Compute. .490-491 44 Average Velocity of a Moving Body, Uniformly Acceler- ated or Retarded 495 44 Formula for Flight of a Can- non Ball'. XIX Page ' , Elements of, etc 457-503 * ' Charge, Range, Elevation, and Velocity, and To Compute^gj^gg " Comparison of Force of a Charge in Various Arms. . 502 " Experiments with Ordnance and Penetration of Shot and Shells 498, 5°° " Initial Velocity and Ranges of Shot and Shells 498-499 " Lead Balls, Weight and Di- mensions of. 501 " Number of Percussion Caps corresponding to B Gauge 502 " " of Pellets in an Oz. of Lead Shot of all Sizes 501 « Penetration of Lead BaUs in Small Arms 5°° 4 ' Ranges for Small A rms 502 • * Report of Board of Engineers, U.S. A., Fortifications, etc. 499 " Summary of Practice in Eu- rope with Heavy Guns 500 •« Time of Flight, Rute for 497 " Velocity of a Shot or Shell ... 497 " Windage and Waddings, Loss and Effect of. 501 GUNPOWDER 443) 502 u Charges of, and To Compute. 444 11 Heat and Explosive Power of. 503 " Manufacture of. 503 " Proof of. 502 " Properties and Results of, De- termined by Experiments .. 503 " Proportion of, to Shot 502 " Relative Strength of Different, for Use under Water GUTTER'S CHAIN Guys, Derrick, Strength^ etc 162-163 Gwynne's Pump, Centrifugal 579, 917 GYRATION, and Centres of. 609-611 " Centre of, of a Water-wheel. . . 6n " General Formulas 61 1 ' ' Moment of Inertia of a Revolv- ing Body, To Compute 609 " Radius, To Compute 609 H. HAMMERS, Steam 179 Hancock Inspirator 901 Hand- cars and Portable Railroad. 908 HAWSERS, WIRE, AND HEMP ROPES AND CABLES, Comparison of. 169 (See Cables, Ropes, etc. , 163-178. ) " and Warps, Length of 173 u Cables and Ropes 170 " Circumference of. To Compute 171 u Units for Computing Safe Strain Borne by and for New Ropes and Hawsers, 170-171 ' Weight of, To Compute 172 HAY, Relative Value of Foods com- pared with TOO Lbs. of. 912 " and Straw, Weights, etc 198 Page HEAT, Elements of, etc ........... 504-529 '• Absolute Temperature ......... 504 " Absorption of , in Generation of i Lb. Steam at 212° ......... 705 u Altitudes, Decrease of by ....... 522 1 ' A vailable Expended per IIP — 909 " Boiling- Points of Pure Water, etc., Corresponding to Alti- tudes of Barometer .......... 518 " Capacity for ............... 505, 507 " Communication and Transmis- sion of, and Relative Power of, of Various Substances ---- 510 u CONDENSATION and of Steam in Cast-iron Pipes ...... 515-516 " " ofSteamper Sq. Foot and per Degree per Hour ......... 516 4 ' Conducting Powers, Relative, of Various Substances and De- ductions from Results ---- 514-515 " CONDUCTION or Convection of. 514 " CONGELATION and LIQUEFACTION 516 " Degrees of Different Scales, To Reduce, and Contrariwise ---- 523 " Densities of Some Vapors ...... 521 " Density of Water, To Compute. 520 «« DESICCATION ............... 513-5*4 " DISTILLATION ................. 514 " Effect upon Various Bodies by. 518 " EVAPORATION or Vaporization, Elements of, etc. .512-513 " " A rea of Grate and Fuel for, To Compute ..... 513 ' ' of Water per Sq. Foot of Surface per Hour. 514 " " To Evaporate i Lb. of Water .............. 5" * ' Evaporative Power of Tubes per Degree of Heat, etc .......... 513 " Expansion of Water, Liquids, Gases, and Air ........... 519-520 " Extremes of and Cold in Va- rious Countries ........... 191-192 " Fluids, Expansion of, in Vol- ume, To Compute ........ 523-524 ' ' Frigorific Mixtures ........ 193, 516 " Heating and Evaporating Water by Steam in Pipes and Boilers 511 " Height Corresponding to Boil- ing-Point of Water .......... 519 " LATENT, and To Compute. 508-509 " " of Fusion of Solids, and of a Non- Metallic Substance. 509 " " of Steam, To Compute ..... Page HEAT, of the Sun 193 <• « Proper Temperatures of Enclosed Spaces 526 " RADIATION of. 509-510, 1027 4 ' Radiating or A bsorben I and Re- flecting Powers of Substances, and in Units of. 509-510 " Reduction of, by Surfaces 525 " REFLECTION of. 510-512 " Refrigerator, Surface of. 512 " Relative Capacities of Various Bodies for 507 " Required to Evaporate i Lb. Wa- ter Below 212° from Air at 32°. 512 " Saturated Vapors, Pressure of, under Various Temperatures 518 " " Steam, Total of. 705, 707 " SENSIBLE 504,507 " Sensible and Latent, Sum of, and Latent of Vaporization. 508 " Snow Line, or Perpetual Con- gelation 192 " SPECIFIC, To Ascertain, etc. 505-507 " " for Equal Volumes of Gas and Air, To Compute — 507 " Temperature by Agitation 524 " u of a Mixture of Like and Unlike Substances 506 " "of Solidification of Several Gases 516 •' "to which a Substance of a Given Length must be Sub- mitted or Reduced to Give it a Greater or Less Length or Volume by Expansion or Contraction 522-523 *' Transmission of, through Glass of Different Colors 511 •* " Quantities Transmitted from Water to Water through Metals and other Solid Bodies i Inch Thick, per Sq.Foot. 511 " Units of, To Compute. 511-512 " Underground 519 " Unit 504 " Units of, in Fuels 927 *' Vegetation, Limit of 192 " Volume of Water Evaporated in a Given Time, To Compute. .513 HEATING,^ ir, Length of Pipe Required to Heat Air in an Enclosed Space by Water 525 ' by Steam, Illustration of. 527 1 by Hot-air Furnaces, Stoves, or or Open Fires, 528-529 ' by Hot Water 524, 1028 * by Steam 527, 913, 1027 * Coal Consumed per Hour to Heat ioo Feet of Pipe 527-528 " Length of Pipe Required to Heat Air by Steam at 5 L bs. per Sq. Inch 527 " Temperature of Enclosed Spaces 526 " VENTILATION of Buildings, Apartments, etc 524-525 HBATING, Volume of Air by i Sq. Foot of Iron Surface 925 " " of Air Heated by Ra- diators, Fuel, Grate, and Heating Surfaces 528 " Warming Buildings, etc. 524-529 Hebrew and Egyptian Measures, etc. XXI HOT-AIR Furnaces or Stove* ......... 528 44 Gas, and Steam Engines, Rel- ative Cost of. .............. 909 Human and Animal Sustenance ..... 203 HYDRAULIC RADIUS or Mean Depth. 552 " Cement .................. 958 " " or Turkish Plaster. 591 " Paint .................... 872 4 4 RAM, Elements and Efficien- cy of. ....... 561, 917,923 " " per Cent, of Volume of Water Expended, To Compute ............ 917 HYDRAULICS, Elements of, etc ---- 529-557 " Canal Locks, and Times of Filling and Discharg- ing, To Compute. .553-555 " " M iscell. Illustrations.szfi-ssj 44 Circular Bent or Angular, Circular or Cylindrical Curved Pipes, Valve Gates or Slide Valves, Throttle, Clack or Trap Valve Cock, or Imperfect Contraction, Circular Openings or Sluices, Coefficients of. ............ 536 Circular Sluices, etc ........ 537 Circular, Triangular, Trape- zoidal, Prismatic Wedges, Sluices, Slits, etc ......... 538 Curvatures, Radii of. ....... 544 Curves and Bends .......... 545 Cylindrical Ajutage ......... 549 Deductions from Experiments on Discharge, from Reser- voirs, Conduits, or Pipes. 529-531 Depth of Flow over a Sill that will Discharge a Given Vol- ume, To Compute ......... 534 Discharge from a Notch in Side of a Vessel ...... 541 "from Conduits or Pipes, and Friction of. .530-531 " from Irregular - shaped Vessels, as a Pond, Lake, etc., Time, Flow, Fall, Velocity, and Vol- ume Discharged ...... 542 "from Vessels not Receiv- ing any Supply. .538-539 " from Vessels of Commu- nication ............. 541 " of inPipesf or any Length and Head, etc., and Elements of, To Com- pute .............. 547-548 " of under Variable Press- ures, and Time, Rise, Fall, and Volume ____ 540 " of when Form and Di- mensions of Vessel of Efflux are not Known 539 *' or Effiux for Various Openings and Aper- tures, and Relative Ve- locity under like Heads 532 HYDRAULICS, Distance of a Jet of Water, Projected from an Opening in Side of a Vessel, 14 Fall of a Canal or Conduit to Conduct and Discharge a Given Quantity of Water per Second, To Compute. 920 <4 Flow and Velocity in Rivers, Canals, and Streams, and To Compute Ele- ments of. 550-553 44 " and Velocities at which Materials will Move 916 44 " in Lined Channels.. .551-552 u " of Water in .Beds, Fall and Velocity of, as in Rivers, Canals, Streams, etc., and Coefficients of Friction of. 