None
Scandinavia: IlliteracY almost nonexistent, i, 178; immigrant remittances to, ii, 425, 427; natives of. in United States, insane and feeble-mmded among, ii, 239-242. (See also Norway, Sweden, Holland, Netherlands, etc.) Scandinavian: Definition, i, 269-271; number in United States, i, 271; number of inmiigTants admitted, i, 97, 171, 215^ 271, 625; destination, i, 106-109; mimtion westward, i, 651; previous residence m United States, i, 104; money on landing, i. 103; population and distribution, i, 271; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101; length ox residence, i, 116; occupation, i, 117, 118; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 244, 249; crune, ii, 211-220; prostitution, ii, 332; in schools, i, 714; li, 10-16; lit- eracy, i, 99, 175; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; emifirants from United States to Canada, i, 271. (See also Norwegian, Swedish, Dutch, Flemish, and Dutch and Flemish.) Schedule forms used by Immigration Conunission, ii, 651-687; instructions to agents, ii, 688-727; apportionment of schedules in industrial stud^, i, 295. Schools: Children of immi^r&nts in, abstract of report on, li, 1-86; schedule forma used, iij 682-686; conclusions regarding, i, 43; Italians in the South^ i, 572; children of immigrants in agricultural pursuits, i, 580, 600, 614; in Hawaii, i, 707, 714; in cities of United States, i, 761-763; Mexicans, i, 690; school attendance abroad, ii, 38, 39. (See also Children, status of.) Scope of investigation: Recent immigrants in agriculture, i, 550-559; seasonal agri- cultural laborers, i, 593, 594; Bohemian farmers, i, 588; Italians, 1,^ 566, 567, 573; Poles, i, 582, 583j agriculture in the West, i, 638j changes in bodily form of de- scendants of immigrants, ii, 505; charity seekers, ii, 91, 92; children of immigrants in schools, ii, 5-8; immigrants in cities, i, 727. 731-734, 736; contract labor, ii, 379; crime, ii, 170-172; foreig;n criminals, ii, 221; fecundity of women, ii, 455, 457, 469, 482; immigrant banks, ii, 413, 414; homes and aid societies, ii, 312-315, 318; manu- facturing and mining, i, 293-296; industrial households, i, 315-317; employees, i, 320-331, 336-342; Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States^ i, 625-644; Mexicans, i, 683; peonage; ii, 444-446^ steerage conditions, ii, 295; whitenslave traffic, ii, 329, 330; conditions in Europe, i, 165, 195. Scotch: Definition, i, 271: language, i, 225; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215, 243, 625; destination^ i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103, immierants nom Honolulu, i, 712; population in Europe, i, 214, 273; number in United States, i, 273; number of households and gersons studied, i, 316-320, 641, 642; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506« [)7, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 136. 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on literacy, i, 446, 447; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 172, 173, 357-363; length of residence, i, 116, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; number of breadwinners, i, 778, 803, 828, 837; occupation, i, 117. 118, 363-366, 828, 837; in agricultural pursuits, i, 799, 800, 828, 837; m boot and snoe manufacturing, i, 828; in buildine trades, i, 789, 790, 828; in clerical pursuits, i^ 792, 815, 828, 837; in collar, cuff, and uiirt manufacturing, i, 837; in cotton mills, i, 828, 837; in domestic ana personal service, i, 805, 828, 837; iron and steel workers, i, 785, 828; laborers, i, 781, 828; in laundries, i, 837; in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, i, 828, 837; miners and quarmnen, i, 783, 828; in neeole trades, i, 809, 837; in paper and pulp mills, i, 837; peddlers, i, 828, 837; in professional service, i, 798, 828, 8'^7; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 794, 817, 828, 837; in silk mills, i, 837; steam railroad employees, i, 828; teachers, i, 820, 837; in textile mills, i, 787, 812, 828, 837; in tobacco and cigar making, i. 828, 837; in trade and transportation, i, 828, 837; in woolen mills, i, 837; wages ana earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-766; family income, i, 412-417; diaiity seekers, ii, 95-153; in charity hospitals, ii. 258-262, 270-275; insanity and menbu defects, ii, 228, 237, 238, 244, 249, 270; cnme, ii, 164, 181, 182, 198-204, 211-220; ? prostitution, ii, 332; status of children, i, 470-474; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 8-31, 3a-42, 49-61, 64-71, 76-82; literacy, i, 99, 175, 43»-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; ii, 152, 153 1 in labor unions, i, 417. Index. 891 Sootch-Irish: Definition, i, 249; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification of charity patients, ii, 286-290; length of residence, i, 349-^56; residence in United States of cnarity patients, ii, 263-266; wages and earnings, i, 363-403; charity seekers, ii, 95-109; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 49-61; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489; location of wife, i, 459, 460. Scotland : Counties of, ii, 698; population, i, 273; insanity, ii, 248, 249; Irish immigrants to, i, 250: inmiigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 623; in cities of United States, i, 145; crime, ii, 164, 183-188. 205-211; insanity and feeblemindedness, ii, 239-242; children of immigrants trom, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; in bituminous coal mining, i, 506; age classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conju^ condition, i, 447-460. Scranton, Pa.: Foreign-bom in male population, i, 151; citizenship, i, 152: public school pupils, ii, 14, 15, 17-23, 71, 72, 74; teachers, ii, 52-63; parochial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75. Seamen, alien: Abstract of report on, ii, 351-369; recommendation, i, 45; legislation regaraingj ii, 758-761, 799, 800; not subject to immigration law, ii, 355, 359; proposed new imnugration act, ii, 367; naturalization of, ii, 829; Chinese on American ships, ii, 583, 584; number of Chinese entering United States ports, ii, 357; number desert- ing, ii, 356-358, 363; discharged and resigned, ii, 362, 363; brought over with under- standing that they will desert, ii, 357, 361; extracts from reports of Conmiissioner- General of Immigration concerning, ii, 355-358; not subject to Australian immi- gration law, ii, 63^. Seamstresses, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. (See also Needle trades.) Seasonal labor: Definition of term, i, 551; races studied, i, 551, 593-601; Italians in New York, i, 573, 575; East Indians, i, 679; Mexicans, i, 687, 688; Chinese, i. 659; recent immigrants, in West, i, 649; immigrants from Hawaii, i, 711; wages and hours of labor, i, 597; padrone system, i, 596, 597; assimilation slow, i, 575, 600; white labor in hop-fields, i, 693; crews of pickers organized by employers, i, 693; in Cali- fornia, i, 668; white, obtained through employment agencies, i, 693. Seattle, Wash.: Immigrants as charity seekers, ii, 93-115; prosecutions for white-slave traffic, ii, 350. Second ^neration, definition of term as here used, i, 777. S^regation of immigrants: Effects of, i, 496, 497; old and new immigration, i, 536, 540, 648; in agriculture, i, 569, 570; by employers, i, 647; assimilation of Japanese in spite of^ i, 675. Selection of immigrants, Canada's policy, ii, 607, 608, 610-613. Senate Committee on Immigration, amendments proposed by, 1906, i, 9, 10. Separation of sexes in steerage: Legislation of 1860, ii, 594; oi 1882, ii, 597. {See dUo Steerage conditions cmd Steera^ legislation. ^ Seraphic, A. A., TMulxone-system inspector, ana author of report, i, 3; ii, 391; report, ii, 387-408. SerD. See Croatian. Serbo-Croatian population and distribution, i, 230. {See aUo Croatian and Slovenian.) Serbo-Horvatian. See Croatian. Seigi: Classification of races, i^ 218; opinion of, as to origin of Italians, i, 250. Serres, classification of races, i, 277. Servants and waiters: Male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829; female breadwinners, i. 804-806, 830-838. {See also Domestic and personal service.) Servia: Departaients of, ii, 698; population, i, 231; illiteracy^ i, 177; number of Gypsies in, i, 24d; Roumanians, i, 2^; Serbo-Croatians, i, 230; immigrant remittances to, ii, 429. {See also ButoEuia, Servia, and Monten^;ro.) Servian: Definition, i, 273; number of immigrants admitted, i^ 97, 214, 215; pro- portion of males, i, 98; population in Europe, i, 214; number m Austria-Hungary, 1, 219; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 733-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, 737-739; ii, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i. 446, 447, 481-S4, 769-771; occupation abroad, i, 1W)-102, 357-363, 760; lenctii of resi- dence, i, 349-356, 636, 637, 740; residence in United States, effect on English-speak- ing, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481, 751, 769; ii, 263-266; occupation, i, 363-366, 761, 762; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-766; family income, i, 412-417; charity seekers, ii, 95-109; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; gainful occupation in the home, i, 752; status of children, i, 763; in schools, u, 10-16, 18-27, 4^-55, 64-66, 76-80; pro- portion of children, i, 739; literacy, i, 99, 43&-447, 770, 771; English-speaking, i, 892 The Immigratian Coirnnission. 474-484, 76&-770; citusenship, i, 484-489, 771, 772; in labor union, i, 418; conjiual condition, i, 447-400; location of wife, i, 459, 400; home ownenhip, i. 467-470, 756; rent paid, i, 419-422, 757-759; size of apartmentB and of houaehoIdB, i, 426-430, 741-743; pereons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgen, i, 422^426, 748-751; boarding ^oups, ij 739; water supply, i, 753; toilet acconmiodations, i, 754; care of apartment, i, 755; visits abroad, i, 461-463; immigrants to CSanada, ii, 612. Sewinff-machine manufacturing, employees in, i, 336-348. Sex: Of immigrants, 1820-1910, i. 57^, 82-96; 1899-1910, 97, 171; departing aUen, i, 115, 183; charity patients, li, 262, 286-288; immigrants in cities, ir736, 737; immkrants in industries, i, 318-331, 336-^42; population of Hawaii, i, 700. Shaw, Frank L., author of report on federal immigration legislation, i, 4; abstract of report, ii, 557-584. Sheets, Nellie F., assisted in preparation of report on imm^rants in cities, i, 2. Shenandoah, Pa. : Public school pupils, ii, 14, 15, 17-23, iX, 72; teachers, ii, 52-63; parochial school pupils, ii, 64-72, 75. Shirt, collar, and cuff makers, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-888. (See alao Collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing.) Shoe industry, employees studied, in West, i, 627-684. (See ako Boot and shoe manufacturing.) Shoe-shining parlors: Peonaoe and padrone system, ii, 393-405, 447; Greelcs in almost entire c(»itrol, ii, 402; promoters of, ii, 398. Shutdowns, oversupply of labor causes curtailed number of working days, i, 39, 367. Siachras, A. I. and D. I., parties to Greek loan contract, ii, 407, 408. Siamese students in hi^er educational institutions, ii, 77, 84. Siberia: Emkration of Kussians to, i, 265; immi|pration frcon, to Hawaii, i, 705, 721. Sicilian: Definition of term, i, 273, 274; population, i, 273; Luj^^e proportion among Italians in Louisiana, i, 568; in Italian agricultural communities, i, 565; measure- ments of native and foreign bom compared, ii, 506-509, 514, 515, 518-524, 526, 532, 533, 542-545; treatment of infants, ii, 547. (See aleo Italutn, South.) Sicily: Population, i, 273; emigration from, i, 273, 274. (See aUo Italy, number of immigrants from.) Sileeian, definition of term, i, 241. Silk goods manufactiiring and dyeing: Summary of data secuied, i, 308, 304; houae- holds and employees studied, i, 294, 328-^3; earnings, i, 384-886, 388-395; immi- ^tion to Paterson, N. J., i, 529; establiahed where cheap woman and duM l^Kir is available, i, 541. Silk-mill operatives, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830>'838. Simmons Oolite, Boston, Mass., ii, 8. Sims, Edwin W., United States district attorney in Cbicago, <|iiotod, ii, 336, 344, 360; prosecutions, ii, 347, 350. Size of apartments and of households: Immigrants in industries, i, 426-430; in cities, 741-743. (See also Congestion, Housing conditions. Persons pear household, and Per- sons per room.) Skilled labor. See Labor, skilled. Slaughtering and meat packing: Summary of data secured, i, 298, 299; households and emplo^^ees studiea, i, 294, 323-333; earnings, i, 396-404. Slav: Demiition of term, i, 274-276; cLassiQcation of Slavic tongues, i, 274; popala> tion of Slavic race, i, 275; treatment of infants, ii, 547. Slavic. See Slav. Slavonia and Croatia, number of Serbo-Croatians in, i, 230. Slavonian: Definition of term, i, 277, 278; ii, 173, 199, immigrants and crime, ii, 173, 198-204. Slavonic population, i, 226. (See also Slav.) Sleeping arrangements. See Persons per room. Sleeping quarters in steerage, described, ii, 296. Sleswick, number of Danes in, i, 271. Slovak: Definition, i, 276, 277; number of immijgrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215, 277, 625; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence, i, 104^ money on landing, i, 103; population in Europe, i, 214, 277; effects of enugration. i, 277; number in Austna-Hungary,i, 219; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 567, 601, 738-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506, 507. 627-636; age clasBft- fication. i, 46^-467, 602, 603, 737-739; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of camin^ efifoct on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484, 609, 612, 769-771; oocupar tion abroad, i, 100-102, 172, 173, 357-^63, 760; length of residence, i, 116, 84fl^-35e^ 603, 636, 637, 740; ii, 84; residence in United States, effect on £Qglish-«i Uteracy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481, 610, 613, 751, 769; ii, 147-151, Index. 898 residence in agricultiual locality, i, 604; occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366, 761, 762; 1 earnings, i, 36ft-403, 406-411, 764-767; 412-417, 766; charity seekers^ ii, 95-153; rcBiueuce iii OKncuibunu iouaui»y, i, ow, uc in a^cultuial punuitB. i, 591; wages and eunings^ i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-767; immigrant banls,* ii, 413; family income, i^ 4&-55, 64-66, 76-«0; proportion of cMdren, i, 739; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447, 612, 613, 770, 771; English-speaking, i, 474-484, 609-611, 768-770, ii, 151, 152; citizen- ship, i. 484-489, 606, 771, 772; ii, 152, 153; in labor unions, i, 417-419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; ii, 137-142; changes in bodily form, ii, 510, 511, 518-524, 526; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownenhip, i, 467-470, 756; rent paid, 1, 419-422, 757-759; size ot apartments and of households, i, 426-430, 741-743; persons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426, 748-751; water supply, i, 753; toilet accommodations, i, 754; care of apartment, i. 755; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; number in Whiting, Ind., i, 528. Slovaktown, Ark., a Slovak agricultural colony, i, 591. Slovenian: Definition, i. 277-279; language* i> 278; number of immigrants admitted, i, 214, 215, 279; population in Europe, i, 279; number of households and peisons studied, i, 316-320, 640-642, 733-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-^7, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, 737-739; ii, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484, 769-771; occupation abroad^ i, 357-363, 760; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637, 740; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481, 751, 769; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-286; occupation, i, 363-366, 761, 762; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-767; family income, i, 412-417, 766; chanty seekers, ii, 95-109; in charity hospitals, li, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 270; gainful occupation m the home, i, 752; status of children, i, 470-474, 763; ii. 143-147; in schools, n, 10-16, 18r-27, 49-66, 64-66, 76-80; proportion of chil- dren, 1, 739: Uteracy, i, 444-447, 770, 771; Englirfi-speaking, i, 474-484, 768-770; ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-489, 771, 772; in labor unions, i. 417-419; conjugal condition, i^ 447-460; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownerBnip, i, 467-470, 756; rent paid, i, 419-422, 767-759; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430, 741-743; persons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426, 748-751; water Bui)ply, i, 753; toilet accemmoaations, i, 754; care of apartment, i. 755; visits abroad, i, 461-463; number in Whiting, Ind., i, 528. (iS^eea^ (Croatian and Slovenian.) Smelting: Employees studied, in West, i, 627-629; Japanese in Utah and Nevada, i, 664. (See also Metalliferous mining and smelting.) Smerlis, promoter of Greek shoe-shininjj; parlors, ii, 398, 399. Smithy Joseph R., author, referred to, u, 594. Societies, aid. See Homes and aid societies. Sources of immigration, conclusions regarding, i, 23, 24. (See also Country of origin.) South: Expansion in bituminous coal mining, i, 505, 506; output of coal, and number of employees. West Virginia and Alabama, i, 505; racial classification of employees, i, 505, 506; history of labor organizations, i, 534; Italians in agriculture, i, 566-572; peonage, ii, 443-446; few immigrant banks, ii, 415. South America: Immip;ration situation in Argentina and in Brazil, ii, 639-643, 645-647; number of Italians m, i, 252; immicrants from, 1820-1910, i, 66-96; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; literacy, i, 438-447. (See afeo Argentina and Brazil.) South American: Number of employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; length of'residence, i, 349-856; charity seekers, ii, 96-101; literacy, i, 438-447; citizenship, i, 484-489. South Australia: Immigration and emigration, 1851-1901, ii, 632; assisted immigra- tion to, ii, 633. (See also Australia.) South Carolma: Foreign-bom in. i, 126, 128; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; Italians admitted and deputed^ i, 668; insanity, ii, 232; cases of peonage, ii, 445; no regulation of private or immigrant banking, li, 435. South Dakota: Foreign-bom in, i. 127, 129, 149, 155: citizenship, i, 160; Hebrew farmers, i, 576; immigrants destmed to, i. 105-109; insanity, ii, 232; regulation of banking, ii, 436; emigration to Canada, li, 617. South Glastonbury, Conn., Italian agricuitum colony near, i, 661. South Italian. See Italian. South. South Omaha, Nebr.: Public schoolpupils, ii, 14, 16, 17-23; teachers, ii, 62-63. South Sea Islanders, immigrants to Hawaii, i, 700, 702, 703. Southampton, England: Inspection of emigrants, i, 198; number of immigiantB from, and number debarred for medical causes, 1, 202. 894 The Immigration Commissicxi. Southwest: Expansion in bituminous coal mining, i^ 504* output of coal, and number of employees, Kansas and Oklahoma, i^ 504; racial clasdncation of employees, i, 504, 506; history of labor organizations, i, 536, 537; few immiirfant banks, li, 415. Space required for steerage paasengers: Legislation, i, 11; ii, 590-^599; regulationfl of British JBoard of Trade, 1908, ii, 598; lounging and dininir rooms recommended, ii, 598, 599; superficial deck area versus cubical system, ii, 599; height between decks, ii, 599-601; United States, British, German, and Italian laws, ii, 600, 601. SfMun: Provinces of, ii, 698; population, i, 279; number of G3rpsies in, i, 245; iUiteracy, i, 177; steerage laws, referred to, ii, 599-600: number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, 1, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i. 167, 214, 280; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 136, 137; diildren of immigrants irom, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447. Spanish: Definition, i, 279, 280; language, i, 235, 279; number of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 171, 214, 215, 280, 625; propOTtion of males, i, 98; destination, i, 106-109; grevious residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; immigranta om Honolulu, i, 711, 712; number in EuropHe, i, 214, 279; in Cuba, i, 231; in Hawaii, i, 713; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-^20, 641, 642; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; ii, 286-290; ace classification, i, 463-467; ii, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English- speaJdng and literacy, i, 446, 447: 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 172, 173. 357-363; length of residence, i, 116, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84, 85; residence in Umted States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477- 481; ii, 263-266, 280-285; occupaUon, i, 117, 118, 36^-366; on sugar plantations, i, 715; wa^ and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411; family income, i, 412-417: charity seekers, ii, 95-109; in charity hospitsus, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 270; prostitution, ii, 332: in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 49-^, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447; English-speaking, i^ 474-484; ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 418; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; loca- tion of wile, 1, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470; rent paid, i, 419-422: size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430; peraons per room, i, 430-438; i)oarderB and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; in Hawaii, i, 713, 715; immigrants to Canada, li, 612; to Argentina, ii, 640, 641; to BrazU, ii, 645, 646. Spanish-American: Definition, i, 280; numb^ of immigrants admitted, i, 97, 215, 280; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; occupation abroad, i, 100. 101; length of residence, i, 116; ii, 84; occupation, i, 117, 118; insanity and mental defects, u, 228, 237; in scnools, ii, 10-16 18-27, 49-55, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 99; return movement, i, 112-118. Springfield. Mass., immigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. Standard of living: Low among recent immigrants, i, 499; effect of recent immigrants on, i, 38, 501; rent in relation to, in manufacturing and mining, i, 419-422; immi- |;rant8 in apjiculture, i, 564, 580, 599, 600; Japanese, i, 675; East Indians, i, 680; Mexicans, i, 689; in Europe, investigated, i, 186, 187; fsunily incomes in Honolulu, 1910, i, 712. {See also Houmng conditions, Persons per room, Family income. Wages and earnings, etc.) State control of immigration, end of, ii, 564, 567. Staterooms versus dormitories, for steerage passengers, U, 601, 602. Statistical review of immigration, 1820-1910, abstract of, i, 51-118; sources of data, i, 55. Statistics: Of immigration to United States, required bv law of 1819, i, 55: ii, 561, 590; of illiteracy in Europe, how secured, i, 176: unpublisned, of Bureau of ImmigTation and Naturalization, i, 165; completeness of school data secured, ii, 73-75. (See aUo Scope of investigation. Census, etc.) Stature: Of native and forei^ bom, compared, ii, 510-618, 525, 526, 534-537, 545; of children of families of various sizes, ii, 555, 556. Status of children. See Children, status of. Steam railroad employees: Male breadwinners reported as, i, 821-829. Steam railway transportation: Employees in, i, 336-338, 343^348, 626-^29; Japanese in, i, 663, 664; Mexicans in, i, 684, 685. Steamships: Steerage conditions on, ii, 594-602; first trans-AUantic service, 1840, ii, 593; number of immigrants landed at Castle Garden, 1856-1873, ii, 595; steerage pas- sengers, trans-Atlantic, 1899-1910, i, 183, 184. Steamship companies: first trans-Atlantic, 1840, ii, 593; agreement amon^, regarding distribution of traffic, i, 190; largely responsible for immigration of unskillea labor, ii, 385, 386; employ large numbers of ticket s«[ent8 in Europe, i, 190: encoura^ peddling of tickets, ii, 421; too ready to estabfish agencies witnout reterenoee. u, 433; objections to 1907 r^ulation regiurding steerage accommodations, ii, 597. (See al$o Steerage l^gialationy Hambuig-American Line, North German Lloyd, eU,) Index. 896 Steamship ticket agents: Emigration induced by, i, 25, 18^192; ii, 384-386; bo|iu8 paid to, by Canada, ii, 607, 608; peddlers in New York City, ii, 421; immigrant bankers as, ii, 415, 416, 433; various State laws regarding, ii, 436. Steel industry. See Iron and steel manufacturing. Steerage conditions: Abstract of report on, ii, 291--303; conclusions, i, 30; recommen- dations, i,46; ii, 602; tran»-Atlantic, ii, 296^302; coastwise, ii, 302, 303; early, caused suffering and death, ii, 589, 590; regulated by law of 1819, ii, 561; law amended 1847 and 1848, ii, 564; investigation of, 1873, ii, 596; law of 1882 amended 1907, ii. 577; on sailing vessels, 1819-1855, ii, 589-594; on steamships, ii, 594-602; present unfavor- able conditions the result of nonenforcement of existing laws, ii, 602; section 42, law of 1907, ii, 743, 744; Government supervision of ships at sea, recommended, ii. 602; emigrant-carrying ships to Argentina, ii, 642. {See also Steerage legislation.) Steerage legislation: Abstract of report on, ii, 585-602; act of 1819, ii, 590, 591; of 1847, ii, 591, 592; of 1848, ii, 592, 593; of 1855, ii, 593, 594; passenger act of 1882, u, 596, 597; navigation act amended, 1907, ii, 743, 744; recent legislation, ii, 597-600; cubic air space per passenger required, 1908, ii, 601; vessels subject to laws of both country of departure and country of destination, ii, 601; bills providing for Government supervision of ships at sea, pending in Congress, ii, 6(X2. {See aleo Steerage con- ditions, Immigration law. Legislation, etc.) Stella, Antonio, quoted as to treatment of Italian in&nts, ii, 547. Stenographers and typewriters, female breadwinners reported as, i, 830-838. Story, Justice, dissenting opinion from Supreme Court dedsion regarding New York imxnigration law, ii, 567. Stowaways: Report on, ii, 351-369; regulation regarding, ii, 761; number entering United States, ii, 363-367; spedfic cases, ii, 363, 364; not regarded as immigrants, ii, 365. Street railwajr transportation, Japanese employed in, Los Angeles, i, 664. {See aUo Electric railway transportation.) S^ike-breakers: Kecent immigrants as, in West, i, 646; Japanese, i, 664; Mexicans, i, 685,686. Sugar-cane growing^ Italians in, i, 570, 571. Sugar industry of Hawaii, i, 699. 714-716, 720-722; planters' association, i, 703, 704, 716. Sugar refining: Summary of oata secured, i, 312, 313; households and employees studied, i, 294, 323-326, 332, 333; earnings, i, 384-386, 390*392, 394. {See aUo Beet- sugar industry.) Summer boarders on Hebrew farms, i, 578. Sunn^rside, Ark., Italian agricultural colony, i, 567, 568. Superintendent of immigration, office authorized 1891, ii, 571. Superior, Wis.: Foreign-Dom in male population, i, 151: citisBenship, i, 153. Supervision, greater, required among non-English-speaking employees, i, 538. Supreme Court, United States: Recommended national control of immigration, 1876, 11, 567, 578; New York inunigration law of 1824, ii, 567; Massachusetts immigration law of 1837, ii, 567; various other State laws declared unconstitutional, ii, 568; decision in teller case, ii, 331. Suspension of immigration: Chinese^ for 20 years, proposed 1882, ii. 580; Chinese laborers, for 10 years, law of 1882, ii, 580; Canadian Governor General may prohibit immigration of any race, ii, 622. {See aieo Number of immigrants admittea.) Sweden: Divisions of, ii, 699; population, i, 214, 271; illiteracy, i, 177; insanity, ii, 248, 249; steerage laws, refeirea to, ii, 600; Canada induces immigration from, ii, 607. 608; immigrants ^m, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167, 214. 271; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 155, 156, 623; in cities of United States, i, 145; crime, ii. 205-211 : children of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636' age classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; hteracy, i, 438-147; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. {See also Scandinavia.) Swedish: Definition, i, 271; number of immigrants admitted, i, 214- population in Europe, i, 214; number in Finland, i, 236, 271; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 557, 601, 639-642, 733-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 506, 507, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, 737-739; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484, 769-771; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 357-363, 760; length of residence, i, 349-356, 636, 637, 740; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-speaking, literacy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481, 751, 769; ii, 147-151, 263-266, 280-285; residence in agricultural locality, i, 604; number of br^ui winners, i, 778, 803, 828, 837; occupation, i, 363-366, 761, 762, 828, 837; in agricultural pursuits, i, 548, 549, 800, 828, 837: in boot and shoe manufacturing, i, 828; in building trades, i, 789, 790, 828; in clerical pursuits, i, 791, 792, 814, 815, 828, 837; in collar, cuff, and shirt manufacturing, i, 837; in cotton mills, i, 828, 837; in domestic and personal service, i, 804-806, 828, 837; iron and steel workers, i, 784, 785, 828; labarers, i, 780, 781, 896 The Immigration CommissicHi. 828; in laundries, i, 837; in manulsu^taxing and mechanical punoitB, i, 828, 837; mineEB and quarrjrmen, i, 782, 783, 828; in needle trades, i, 808, 809, 837; in p^per and pulp mills, i, 837; peddlers, i, 828, 837; in professional service, i, 797, 798, 828, 837; salesmen, agents, etc., i, 793, 794, 816, 817, 828, 837; in silk mills, i, 837; steam railroad employees, i, 828; teachers, i, 819, 820, 837; in textile mills, i, 786, 787, 811, 812, 828, 837; in tobacco and cigar makii^, i, 828, 837; in trade and tnuis- portation, i, 828, 837: in woolen mills, i, 837; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-767; family income, i, 412-417, 766; diarity seekers, ii. 95-153; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-262, 270-275; insanity and mental defects, li, 238, 270; crime, ii, 198. 204; prostitution, ii, 332; gainful occupation in the home, i, 752; status of childron, i, 470-474, 763; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-31, 33-42, 49-55, 64-66, 71, 72, 76-80; proportion of chUdren, i, 739; literacy, i, 43»-447, 770, 771; English-speaking, i, 474-484, 768-770; ii, 151, 152; citizenship, i, 484-^9, 771, 772; ii, 152, 153| in labor unions, i, 417-419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; ii, 137-142; fecundity, li, 457-^500; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470, 756; ront paid, i, 419-422, 757-759; size of apartments and of householas, i, 426-430, 741-743; persons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426, 748-751; water supply, i, 753; toilet accommodations, i, 754; care of apartment, i, 755; visits abrcMta, i, 461-463; number in Whiting, Ind., i, 528; in CSuiada, ii, 612, 625; immigrants to Brazil, ii, 645, 646. (See dUo Scandinavian.) Swiss: Definition, i, 241. Switzerland: Cantons of, ii, 699; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726; population, i, 280; number of French m, i, 240; Germans, i. 242; Italians, i, 252; illiteracy, i, 177; insanity, ii, 248, 249; no emi^tion problem of importance, i, 168; Canada induces immigration from, ii, 607; immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; fYench from, i, 240; Gennans from, i, 243; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137; in cities of United States, i. 145; childron of immigrants from, employed, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; ace classification, i, 463-467; earnings, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-147; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. Syracuse, N. Y., immigrant banks in, ii^ 413. Syria, population and number of Christians, i, 281. Syrian: Definition, i, 280, 281; number of immigrants, i, 97, 171, 215, 281, 625; desti- nation, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; number of households and persons studied, i, 316-320, 733-737; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467, 737-739; ii, 136, 286-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i, 446, 447, 481-484, 769-771; occupation abroad, i, 100, 101, 172, 173, 357-363, 700; length of residence, i. 116, 349-356, 740; ii, 84, 85; residence in United States, effect on English-spring, literacy, etc., 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481, 751, 769: ii, 147-151, 263-266; occupation, i, 117, 118, 363-366, 761, 762; in seasonal fann labor, i, 694; wages and earnings, i, 366-403, 405-411, 764-767; padrone system, i, 29; ii, 392, family income, i, 412-417, 766; charity seekers, ii, 95-152; in charity hospitals, ii, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 228, 237, 270; gainful occupation in the home, i, 752; status of children, i, 470-474, 763; ii, 143-147; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 49-55, 64-66, 76-80; proportion of children, i, 739; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447, 770, 771; English-speaking, i, 474-484, 763-770; ii, 151, 152; citizen- ship, i, 484-489, 771, 772; in labor unions, i, 418, 419; conjugal condition, i, 447-460; ii, 137-142; location of wife, i, 459, 460; home ownership, i, 467-470, 756; rent paid, i, 419-422, 757-759; size of apartments and of households, i, 426-430, 741-743; per- sons per room, i, 430-438, 743-747; boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426, 748-751; water supply, i, 753; toilet accommodations, i. 754; care of Mwrtment, i, 755; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits aoroad. i, 461-463; number in Lawrence, Mass., i, 514, 515; in Los Angeles, Cal., i, 654; m Canada, ii, 612, 626. Index. 897 T. Tableware, glass. See Glaas mamiftuHnring. Tacoma, Wash.: Foreign-born in male population, i, 161; cituenthip, i, 168. Tailors: Male breadwinners reported as, i, 821--829; female breadwinners, i, 830-^88. Tampa, Ma.: Householda studied in ca(gu and tdbaooo inveBtigation, 1, 313; deserting alien seamen, ii, 860. Tanneries. See Leather manufacturing. Tariff, sugar industrjr of Hawaii stimuUted by protection, i, 701. T&smania: Immigration and emigration, ISdl-fidOl, ii, 632; assisted immigration, ii, 633. {8u aleo Australia.) Tataric. See Finno-Tataric, Russian, etc. Tatars, number in Roumama, i, 263. (See aleo Russiaa and TurloBh.) Tax: Of foreign miners, Galifomia, 1863, ii, 678; of Chinese, Oalilomia, i, 667; ii, 678; income, Hawaii, i, 704^ 717; 76 per cent of income tax appropriated for encouraging immigration, Hawaii.^, 704. (See aleo Head tax.) Teachers: In public scnool investigation, ii, 48^^; schedule form used, ii, 686; male breadwinners reported as, i, 818; female breadwinners, i, 818-820, 830-^38. {See aleo Schools.) Tehuantepec, isthmus of, immigration to Hawaii by way of, i, 721. Telegraph and telephone operators, female breadwinners rep<Mted as, i, 880-838. Temple College, Philadelpniaj Pa., ii, 8. Tennessee: Foreign-bom m, i, 127, 129; Italian communities, i, 660, 666; Italians admitted and departed, i, 668; immigrants destined to, i, 106-100; number of immigrants in bituminous coal mines, negli^ble, i, 606, 606; r^;ulation of banking, ii, 436; cases of peonage, ii, 446; insanity, iij 232. Teutonic: Definition of term, i, 281; population, i, 226; classification of languages, i, 281. Texas: Foreign-bom in^ i, 127, 129, 149^ 166; citizenship, i, 160; Grerman farmers, i, 648; Polish farmers, i, 683; Japanese m agriculture^ i, 692; Italian conmiunities, i, 660, 666; Italians admitted and departed, i, 668; immigrants destined to, i^ 106- 109; competes with Canada for immigrants, ii, 609; regulation of banking, ii, 436; insanity^ u, 232. Textile-inill operatives: Male breadwinnera reported as, i, 786-788, 821--829; female breadwinners, i, 610-613, 811, 812, 830-838; females in Massachusetts, i, 810. (Su aleo Cotton goods manufoctuiing, Silk goods manufacturing and dyeing. Woolen and worsted manufacturing, CiSpet manufacturing, and Hosiery and koit goods manufacturing.) Theodore, Const., Greek physician in Chicago, letter signed by, ii, 898. TheologioEd Seminary of Evangelical Lutheran Church, Chicago, 111., ii, 8. Theolognr, students of, ii, 76-79. 82, 83. Third-class accommoaatums: mve replaced steerage on several tians-Atlaiitic shine, ii, 600; on sailing vessels only, until 1860, ii, 694.. (See aleo Steerage conditions.) Thurston, L. A., former commissioner of immigration, Hawaii, quoted, i, 702, 703. Ticket agents. See Steamship ticket agents. Tips paid to Greek bootblacks, taken by padrones, ii, 402. Tobacco* and cigar making: Summary of data secured, i, 313; households and en^ ployees studied, i. 294, 323^333^ 627-634* earnings, i, 39^-403; established where cheap woman ana child labor is available, i, 641; Chinese in, San Francisco, i, 666, 669; male breadwinnera reported as m, i, 821-829; female breadwinnera, i, 830-838. Toilet accommodations: For steerage passengen, laws of 1848 and 1908, ii, 693, 699; of households of immigrants in cities, i, 764, 766. (See aleo Steerage conditions emd Housing conditions.) Toledo, Ohio, immigrant banks in, ii, 413. Toronto, Ontario, stature of children in, ii, 666. Tourists: Arriving in United States, destinations of, 1899-1910, i, 106; regulation regarding JlI, 776. (See aleo Transits.) Trachoma: Defined, i, 110; classed as a dangerous contagious disease, 1897, i, 194; speciaUsts are emplo3red to detect, i, 198. Tractability: Characteristic of races of recent immigration, i, 600, 601; Mezicaii railroad employees, i, 684. Trade, immig^^ants in cities engased in, i, 761, 762. Trade and transportation: Mate Dreadwinnen engaged in, i, 821-829; female bread- winnera, i, 830-838. Trade unions. See Labor oiganiaations. Traden, clerks, etc., number emigrating to Canada, ii, 613. 898 The Immigration Commission. Tmifl-Atl&ntic traffic See Steeiage conditions, Steamship companies, Third-claas accommodations, ete. Transient immigration. See Return movement. Transits, kw regaiding, ii, 732, 748, 774, 807.«09 Transportation: Interstate^ of proetituteB, forbidden, ii, 578, 745; companies prohibited from in- ducing immigration, ii, 386, 734; elimination of American snips from emi^prant- carrying trade, ii, 5Sky 595; of steerage passengers, lines now engaged in, i, 190; number of trans-AUantic steerage passengers, 1899-1910, i, 183, 184; steerage conditions, i, 30; ii, 295-303; legislation re^;arding, ii, 589-002; &re advanced to contract laborm, i, 29; immigrants in cities engaged in, i, 761. 762; facilities poor in Hawaii, i, 719; from Japan to Honolulu, cost of, i, 703; continuous journey from own country to odstination demanded of some immigrants to CSanada, ii, 622, 623, 629; transshipment of immigrants for New Zealand pro- hibited, ii, 638. Provided for immigrants by — Anentina, i^^; Australia, ii. 631; Btazil, ii, 647; Canada, ii, 609, 616; New Zealand, ii, 637. {See aUo Electric railway transportation, Steam railway transportation, Street railway transportation. Assisted immigration, Steerage conditions, etc.) Treaties: Agreement oetween United States and other powers for repression of trade in white women, ii, 327 ; between United States and Gnina, various, ii, 578-581, 583, 783, 784. Treatment of immigrants in charity hospitals, various causes of, ii, 267-285. (See also Charity hospitals.) Trieste, Austna-Hungary: Inspection of emisrants, i^ 198; rejections, i, 199; number of immigrants from, and number d/sbaired for medical causes, i, 202. Tripoli, Greek bootblacks from, ii, 399. Tsintsars: Definition of term, i^ 262; number of, i, 282. Tufts College. Medford. Mass., li, 8. Turkey: Divisions of, li, 699; races of, ii, 685, 700, 713, 721, 726: population, i, 282; number of Greeks in, i, 245; Roumanians in, i^ 263; Serbo-Croatians in, i, 230; wages and worldng conditions of Greek boys in, ii, 403; emigration from, unlawful, i, 168; some emigration due to political conditions, i, 187; immigration irom, 1907, i,18; childrenofimmigrantsfrom, employed, 1,320-333, 33^-347.627-636; literacy, i. 438-447; immi^pintB from, in Lawrence, Mass., i, 514, 515. (See also Turkey in Asia and Turkey in Europe.) Turkey in Asia: Number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96. (See aho Turkey.) Turkey in Europe: Number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; natives of, in United States, 134, 136, 137. (See aUo Turkey.) ^ Turkish: Definition, i, 282; number of immigiants admitted, i, 97, 171, 215^ 282, 625: Sroportion of males, i, 98; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in Unitea tates^ i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; immigrants in Honolulu, i, 712; population and distribution, i« 213, 282; number in Persia, i, 259: in Rou mania, i, 263; in Servia, i, 231; in Turkey, i, 282; number of householos and persons studied, i, 316-320; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336-347, 627-636; age classification, 1, 463-467; ii, 28&-290; age at time of coming, effect on English-speaking and literacy, i. 446, 447, 481-484; occupation abroad, i, 100-102, 172. 173, 857-363: length of resi- dence, i, 116, 349-356, 636, 637; ii, 84; residence in United states, effect on English- spefliong, Uteracy, etc., i, 445, 446, 461-463, 477-481; ii, 263-266, 280-285; occupA. tion, i, 117, 118, 364; wages and earnings, i, 360-i03, 408, 409: padrone system, ii, 392, 393; charity seekers, ii, 95-1097m charity hospitals, u, 258-261, 270-272; insanity and mental defects, ii, 237, 270; in schools, ii, 10-16, 18-27, 64-66, 76-80; literacy, i, 99, 175, 438-447; English-speaking, i, 474-484; citizenship, i, 484-489; in labor unions, i, 418; conjugal condition, i, 447-460: location of wife, i, 459, 460; rent paid, i, 419-i22; size of apartments and of housenolds, 1, 426-430; persons per room, i, 430-438: boarders and lodgers, i, 422-426; return movement, i, 112-118, 180, 182; visits abroad, i, 461-463; in Canada, ii, 612, 625; immigrants to Brazil, ii, 645,646. Tyler, John, quotation from message to Congress, ii, 562. Typewriter manu^turing, employees in, i, 336-348. Unemployment: Charity seekers, ii, 115-124, 134; oversupply of unskilled labor results in, i, 33, 367. (See aleo Occupations: persons in industrial study emd in study of cities.) Unions. Su Labor oiganizations. Inclex. 899 United Kingdom: No emigration problem of importance, i, 168; emigration to British colonies encouraged and assiBted, i, 168; number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 6&-96: 1882 and 1907, i, 167. {See also separate countries.) United Norwegian Lutheran Seminary , Minneapolb, Minn., ii, 8. Universities of Buffalo, California. Chicago, Cincinnati, Illinois, Eansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Pittsburg, investigations in, ii, 8. (See cUso Higher educational institutions.) Utah: Foreign-bom in, i, 127, 129, 149, 155, 623; citizenship, i, 150; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; farm households studied, i, 639; regulation of banking, ii, 435. Utica, N. Y., immigrant banks in, ii, 413. V. Valdese. N. C, Italian agricultural colony, i, 563. Value ot manufactures east of Rocky Mountains, 1880-1905, i, 491. Yeeetable erowing, Japanese seasonal labor in, i, 667. (See also Agriculture and ^asonal Tabor.) Vehicles. See Agricultural implement jmd vehicle manufacturing. Vermont: Foreign-bom in, i, 126, 128, 149, 155; citizenship, i, 150; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; no regulation of private or immigrant banks, ii, 435; insan- ity, ii, 232. Veterinary science, students of, ii, 76-79, 82, 83. Vetoes, Presidents': Arthur, bill suspending Chinese immigration for 20 years, 1882, ii, 580; Cleveland, bill providing for educational test, 1897, ii, 573, 574; Hayes, abro^tion of Burlingame treaty, 1879, ii, 580. (See also Executive order.) Victona: Immigration and emigration, ii, 632, 635; assisted immigration, ii, 633; Chinese immigration, ii, 635. (See also Austialia.) Vineland, N. J.: Italian agricultural colony, i, 561, 565; Hebrew colonies, i, 578, 579. Vineyards, Japanese seasonal labor in, i, 667. (See also Agriculture and Seasonal ]&DOT.) Virginia: Foreign-bom in, i, 126, 128; immigrants destined to, i, 105-109; employees in bituminous coal mines maiidy of recent immigration, i, 506; regulation of bank- ing, ii, 435; cases of peonage, ii, 445; insanity, ii, 232. Visits abroad: Einployees in manufacturing and mining, i, 461-463; Italians migra- tory, ii^ 532. (See also Return movement. Previous residence in United States, eu) Vlach, definition of term, i, 262. Volicos, J. N., Greek physician in Chicago, letter signed by, ii, 398. Voting age, nativity of males of, i, 148-156. (See <uso Citizenship.) W. Wages and earnings: Effects of recent immigrants on, i, 540, 541, 646; recent immigrants and Japanese displacing Chinese at higher wages, Pacific coast, i, 658; varv for old and new inmiigiant races on street railways in West, i, 646; only slightly increased for recent immigrants and Mexicans in West, i, 646; in bituminous coal mines of Pennsylvania, lower ti^an elsewhere, i, 38; effect of labor organizations in West, i, 647; farm labor in West, i, 654, 669, 670, 672, 679; immigrants employ fellow-countrymen at lower than current, i, 654; sugar-beet laborers, i, 687; seasonal farm labor, i, 597, 670; of Asiatics, California, higher than formerly, i, 679; Chinese, i, 656, 658, 659; East Indians, i, 676, 678, 679; Japanese, i, 658, 665, 667. 669, 670, 672, 673, 675, 683; Mexicans, i, 646, 683; on sugar planta- tions, Hawaii, i, 707, 715, 720; results of European investigation regarding, i, 186, 187 ; a cause of emigration, i, 185. 186; of Greek boys, ii, 403, 404; increased, in Europe, as result of emigration of labor, i, 169, 277. Hourly earnings — Beet sugar, i, 688; glass bottles, i, 524; plate glass, i, 521; slaughtering and meat packing, i, ^, 404. Daily earnings — r^o criterion of annual income, i, 39, 370, 371; bituminous coal mines, i, 300, 896-403, 534; cigars and tobacco, i, 313, 396-403; constmction work, i, 396-403; oil refining, i, 311, 396-403; slaughtering and meat packing, i, 396-403; coal mines of New Mexico, i, 686; farm labor, California, i, 670: 680; of Mexicans, i, 683, 685-687; laborers in Hawaii, i, 707, 715. 900 The Immigration Commission. Wages and earnings — Continued. Weekly earnings — No criterion of annual income, i, 367; of Italians, in glass industry, i, 524; manufacturing and mining, i, 366-370, 374-378, 383-3%; various industries, i, 297-312. Annual earnings— Less than wages would indicate, on account of lost time, i, 39, 367, 370, 371; of Greek bootblacks, ii^ 402; of Greek flower peddlers, ii, 393; immigrants in cities, i, 764-767; m manufacturing and mining, 1,-405-411; various industries, i, 297-313; native and foreign bom conipared, i, 406, 408, 411; old and new immigration compared, i, 406, 409, 411; of field laborezB in Manchuria, i. 705. (See also Family income and separate races and industries.) Wage-earners: Increase in number, manufacturing and mining, 1880-1909, i, 491-493; per cent forei^-bom, i, 493; number and sex of those studied in manu- facturing and mining, i, 294; in agricultural piumiits, i, 547. (See cdso Brad- winners, Employees studied. Occupations, and separate races and inmistries,) Walcher, G., investigations of, referred to, ii, 546. 'Wales: Counties of, ii, 699; population, i, 214, 283; number of immigrants from, 1820-1910, i, 65-96; 1882 and 1907, i, 167; natives of, in United States, i, 134, 135, 137, 623; in cities of United States, i, 145; children of immigrants from, employed, i; 320-333, 336-347, 506, 627-636; age classification, i, 463-467; eamines, i, 366-403; literacy, i, 438-447; conjugal condition, i, 447-460. (See al:o Englana and Wales.) Walker, J. Bruce, assistant superintendent of emigration for Canada, in London, quoted, ii, 615, 616. Washington: Foreign-bom in, i, 127, 129, 149, 151, 155, 623; citizenship, i, 150, 152; Hebrew farmers, i, 576; Norwegian farmers, i, 548; inunigrants destined to, i^ 105- 109; farm households studied, i, 639; emigration to Canada, ii, 617; regulation of banking, ii, 435. Washington, D. C, inmiigrants as charity seekers in, ii, 93-115. (See also District of Columbia.) Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., ii, 8. Water suppler, of households of immieT&nts in cities, i, 753. (See also Housing con- ditions. Toilet accommodations, etci) Waterbury, Conn.: Foreign-bom in male population, 1, 151; citizenship, i, 152. Wawarsing, N. Y., Hebrew agricultural colony, i, 577. Weekly earnings. See Wages and earnings. Weight oi native and foreign bom, compared, ii, 510, 512, 514, 516, 519, 525, 526, 534-^36, 538. Welfare work. See Homes and aid societies. Benefits in addition to wages, and Aid furnished to immigrants. Welsh: Definition, 1, 282, 283; language, i, 225, 282, 283; number of immigtantB, i. 97, 171, 214, 215, 283, 625; destination, i, 106-109; previous residence in United States, i, 104; money on landing, i, 103; population in Europe, i, 214, 283; number of households and persons studied, 1, 316-320; employees studied, i, 320-333, 336- 347, 506, 507, 627-636; age classification, i, 46^-467; ii. 136. 28&-290; age at time of coming, effect on literacy, i, 446, 447; occupation aoroaa, i, 100. 101, 172, 173. 