None
Limits of stress for indefinite number of repetitions, 541 Loading, effects of rate of, 305 Loads suddenly imposed, 81 Locust-trees of the U. S., 291 Long storage, effect of, on the strength of cement, 593 Louisville cement, strength of, 569, 570 Low red heat, effects of finishing steel at, 499 M, achines, testing, general requirements for, 304 Magnetic testing of iron and steel: magnetic properties defined, 703 permeability, 703 unit of magnetizing force, 703 unit of magnetization, 703 hysteresis, 703 Steinmetz law on hysteresis* 705 788 INDEX. Magnetic testing of iron and steel: methods Ox testing, 705 measurement of permeability,705 ling method, 706 div.ded-bar method, 708 double-ba. method, 709 magnetic bridge method, 710 voltmeter method, 711 permeameter method, 712 magnetic balance, 712 measuiement of hysteresis, 713 miscellaneous i-iethods, 713 ring method, 713 Ewing's hysteresis-tester, 714 results of tests, 716 development due to testing, 716 conditions affecting magnetic quality, 718 conductivity data, 721 importance of testing, 722 Magnetization, unit of, 703 Magnetizing force, unit of, 703 Magnolia-trees of the^U. S., 300 Manganese : in cast iron, 98 in steel, 161, 162 Manganese bronze, strength of, at various temperatures, 566 Malleable iron — see Cast iron, 112 Maple-trees of the U. S., 291 Marshall's extensometer, 340 Mattel's law of indentations, 382 Mechanical properties of timber, 133 to 245 Mechanical tests in general, 302 classification of, 303 Micro-flaws in steel, 537 Micrographic analysis of iron^and steel, 725 Micrometer-callipers, 350 Microscopic tests of stone, C 35 Milwaukee cement, strength of, 569 Modulus of elasticity (Young's) : defined, 3 of volume under direct stress, 6 for shearing stress, 8 determination of, from beam deflec- tions, 67, 374 of cast iron, 476 of wrought iron (Fig. 392), 483 of steel, 509 independent of other qualities in steel, 510 Modulus of elasticity (Young's) : of cement-mortars and concretes, 575, 601, 602, 603 of timber, 670 Moisture in timber, 676 distribution of, 223 test for, 667 reabsorbed, 668 effects of, on strength, 242, 667 Molecular structure of wrought iron and steel, 144 Moments of inertia of various forms, 48 Moments of resistance of various forms of beams, 48 Mortar, cement: hardening in air and in water, 576-7 strength of, for different proportions of sand, 579 strength of, for different sizes of sand- grains, 582 strength of, at various periods as com- pared with the strength at 28 days, 573 economy of coarse and fine sands, 587 with artificial compositions of sand, 589 porosity of, as dependent on the sand used, 591 adhesive strength of, 597 compressive strength and elasticity of, 603 economy of, 605 effects of freezing on, 613 anti-freezing mixtures, 615 rates of setting at different tempera- tures, 616 effects of salt on, 617-621 fire-resisting properties of various mix- tures, 626 Mortar, lime: hardening of, 181 Moulds for cement briquettes, 438 Muck bars, 122 Mulberry-trees of the U. S., 293 ails, holding-force of, ;n oak wood, 689 Natural cement — see Cement, natural. Nickel-steel, 515 o ak-trees of the U. S., 293 Olsen's testing-appliances: testing-machines, 320 INDEX. 789 Olsen's testing-appliances: stress-diagram apparatus, 349 compressometers, 355 Open-hearth and Bessemer steel, com- pared, 142 Open-hearth process of making steel, 138 Osage-orange trees of the U. S., 298 Outerbridge's experiments on increasing the strength of cast iron, 480 Overstraining destroys the elastic field, 522 Overstrained metal restored by annealing, 513 Jl aving-brick — see Brick, vitrified. Paving-brick tests, 456 cross-breaking, 457 crushing, 457 rattler test, 457, 460 general table of results, 660 Pendulum impact testing-machines, 377 Permeability, magnetic, of iron and steel, 703 Permeability (to water), test of cement- mortars for, 452 Persimmon-trees of the U. S., 298 Phosphor-bronze : how made, 178 strength of, 554, 556 Phosphorus : in cast iron, 97 in wrought iron and steel, 165-7 in bronze, 178, 554, 556 Photomicrographs of steel, 736 Pig iron, grading of, 99 Pillars — see Columns. Pines of the United States: soft, 274 hard, 275 Pine, short-leaf and long-leaf, identified by geographical distribution, 684 Pipes, cast iron, with unsymmetrical thick ness, 481 Plastic and elastic bodies defined, 1 Plastic and viscous materials, 24 Plastic materials in compression, 24 Plate girders, tests on, 518 Plates, flat, strength of, 73 Poisson's ratio defined and values given, 5 Poplar-trees (see also Tulip), 298 Porosity of mortars as dependent on the quality of the sand used, 591 Portland cement — see Cement, Portland. Posts — see Columns. Preservation of timber, 775 Prisms and cubes, crushing strength of, 31 Puddling process, 117 Punching and shearing, injurious effects of, 532 Punching tests of steel not valuable, 500 Puzzolana cement — see Slag-cements. Q uenching and annealing, effects of, on low-carbon steel, 500 R ails, car-wheels on, 506 Rate of applying load: effects of, in general, 305 effect in cement-testing, 442 Rattler test of paving-brick, 457, 460 Reduction in the rolls, effect of: on strength of wrought iron, 131, 485 on strength of steel, 496-498 , Reduction of area in tensile tests, 23 Reduction of area on steel test-specimens, 502 Regaugings after set has begun, effect of,, on strength, 593 Resilience : defined, 75 stored in elastic bodies, 76 a measure of the body to resist shock,, 76 areas of stress-diagrams, 82 of bodies under direct stress, 83 in cross-bending, 83, 372 in torsion, 85 comparative, for different stresses, 86> of cast iron, 4;78 Resin from wood, 249 Resonance of wood, 218 Richie's testing-machines, 320, 327 Rivet-steel, stress-diagram of, 496 Rodman's apparatus for testing hardness standardized, 295 Rope, wire — see Wire rope. Rosendale cement, strength of, 568 Russell's impact testing-machine, 380a Rusting — see Corrosion. Oalt, effect of, on cement-mortars, 61 7-621 Sand in cement-mortars: standard to be used in cement tests, 424 effect of different sands on the strength of cement-mortar, 424 790 INDEX. Sand in cement-mortars : effect of increasing proportions, 597 " " varying sizes, 582 " " composition, 587, 589 Sand-cement, strength of mortar of, 576 Sandstones: structure of, 631, 632 strength of, 639, 640, 643, 645 resistance to abrasion, 650 Sap-wood, 207, 255 Sassafras-trees of the U. S., 300 Scarfed joints, how to avoid, in riveted work, 533 Sea-water, effect of, on cement-concretes, 623 •Setting of cement, 189 rate of, 415 automatically recorded, 415 retardation of, at low temperatures, 616 Shaft 16 in. diam. forged under a light hammer, 517 Shafts, steel, drawn through dies, 518 Shearing modulus of elasticity, 8 Shearing and direct stresses, 7 Shearing and punching, injurious effects of, 533 Shearing strength : governs crushing strength, 28 of wrought iron, 485 of steel, 525 of timber, 240 Shearing stresses : cases of, 38, 385 in beams, 52 Shearing tests: essential conditions of, 385 appliances for making, 386 of wrought iron, 485 of steel, 525 Shock-resistance measured by resilience, 76 Shrinkage of timber: explained, 227 effects of, 229 amount of, 232 Sifting cement, 410 Silicon: in cast iron, 92 influence ot, on mechanical properties, 74 influence of, on shrinkage, 95 oa iron and steel, 160 Silicon bronze, how made, 179 Size of wooden beams — effects of, on strength, 672 Slag-cements : described, 190 long storage, effect of, on strength, 594 effect of carbonic-acid gas on, 596 Slipping of riveted joints, 527 Soundness test of cements, 417 Specifications for iron and steel: of American Society of Civil Engi- neers, 756 of Mr. H. H. Campbell, 756 of American steel manufacturers, 767 Specific gravity: of cements, 413 of wood, 219 of different species of timber, 222 of stone, 637 Spring and summer wood, 208 Spring testing-machines, 367 Spruces of the U. 791 gteel: influence of carbon on iron: auxiliary effects of phosphorus, , sulphur, and manganese, 157 effect on ductility, 158 elongation and tensile strength, 159 modulus of elasticity, 160 the compress! ve strength, 160 hardness and fusibility, 160 influence of silicon on iron and steel, 160 influence of manganese on iron and steel, 161 of small percentages, 162 manganese steel, 162 influence of sulphur on iron and steel, 163 on red-shortness, 163 on tensile strength and ductility, 164. influence of phosphorus on iron and steel, 165 conditions of phosphorus in iron, 165 effect on ductility, 166 effect on static strength, 167 limiting value of chemical constituents allowable, 167 hardening, tempering, and annealing, 168 heat-changes in carbon steel, 168 hardening, 169 tempering, 169 effects of hardening and temper- ing, 169 annealing, 170 corrosion of iron and steel, 171 strength of, in tension and compres- sion, 490 as influenced by carbon, 491-495 of rivet-steel, 496 as affected by thickness of plate, 496-8 as affected by annealing, 498, 501 as affected by finishing at a low red heat, 499; steel rails, 171 as determined by punching tests, 500 as affected by quenching and an- nealing, 500 as determined by the trial-billet test, 502 Steel: elongation, how distributed in the ten- sion test, 502 reduction of area in the tension test, 502 compressive strength in the elastic limit, 502 elastic limit in compression, 504 areas of contact between car- wheels and rails, 506 elastic-limit loads of cylinders on planes, 508 moduli of elasticity in tension and compression, 509 moduli of elasticity independent of other qualities, 510 effect of stressing beyond the elastic limit, 512, 522 over-stressed metal restored by an- nealing, 513 effect of varying the length of speci- men, 514 nickel-steel, 515 effect of forging and rolling, 517 steel welded tubes, 518 I beams and plate girders, 518 variation of moduli with size of I beam, 520 shearing strength, 525 frictional resistance of riveted joints, 5 friction per sq. in. of rivet area, 527 bearing resistance of plates, 529 injurious effects of punching and shearing, 532 influence of form of thread in screw- bolts, 533 fatigue tests on, Wohler's, 539 micro-flaws in, 537 magnetic properties of, defined, 703 methods of testing for, 705 micrographic analysis of: popular account of, 725 technical treatment of, 728 constituents of iron aDd car- bon steel, 728 micrographs of steel de- scribed, 730 annealing, general influence of, on mild steels, 731 general theory of the struc- ture of steel, 734 structure of hardened steels 734 792 INDEX. Steel: photomicrographs of steel, 736 specifications for: by American Society of Civil En- gineers, 756 by Mr. H H. Campbell, 756 by American steel manufac- turers, 767 Steel and concrete in combination, strength computed, 72 Steel axles drawn through dies and tested in cold bending, 518 Steinmetz law on magnetic hysteresis, 705 Stiffness of timber, 234 Stone: crushing test of, 24, 29, 31, 355, 456 crushing strength of, 637-645 elastic properties of, 642 structure of building, 630 microscopic views of, 631 study of, 635 weathering of, 632 freezing tests of, 633 sulphate-of-soda test, 634 chemical tests of, 635 absorption test of, 636 specific-gravity test, 637 abrasion, results of tests of, 645 Bauschinger's abrasion apparatus, 649 fcp* Stone's tests of wire and wire rope, 698 Storage, long, effect of, on the strength of cement, 593 Strain defined as deformation, 2 Strength moduli of I beams and plate gir- ders, 520 Strength of timber, 670-685 Stress and deformation, defined, 2 proportional inside elastic limit, 2 various kinds of, 4 Stress-diagrams : indicate resistance to shock, 81 for impact and for static loads com- pared, 79 autographic apparatus for taking, 344 Stressing steel beyond the elastic limit, effect of, 512 Stresses from impact and from static loads for equal deformations, 79 Structure of steel, 150, 728 Structure of wood, 205, 209, 212, 214, 254, 255 Structure of wrought iron and steel com- pared, 144, 728 Sulphate-of-soda test of stone, 634 Sulphur: in cast iron, 97 in wrought iron and steel, 163-4 Sycamore- trees of the U. S., 300 JL amarack (larch) of the U. 793 Tensile tests : of cast iron, 110, 469 of wrought iron, 481 of steel, 490-502 of wire and wire rope, 693 Testing-machines, general requirements for, 304 Teats: mechanical, in general, 302 classification of, 303 requirements of machines for, 304 effect of rate of loading, 305 significant limits of deformation, 306 limits of elasticity, 306 all absolute elastic limits unsatis- factory, 308 the "apparent elastic limit," 309 tensile — see Tensile tests, compression — see Compression tests, cross-bending — see Cross-bending tests. impact — see Impact tests, hardness — see Hardness tests, shearing — see Shearing tests, torsion — see Torsion tests, cold-bending — see Cold-bending tests, on cement — see Cement tests. on stone and brick — see Stone and brick tests. on timber — see Timber tests. on cast iron — see Cast iron. on wrought iron — see Wrought iron, on steel — see Steel, on wire — see Wire and wire rope, magnetic — see Magnetic testing of iron and steel. Test specimens: selection and preparation of, 313 standard forms of, 315 Tetmajer's compressometer, 359 Thickness of rolled forms, influence of, on strength qualities, 496-498 Threads on screw-bolts, influence of the form of, 533 Timber: structure of wood, 205, 209, 212, 214 classification of timber-trees, 206 sapwood and heartwood, 207 annual rings, 207 spring and summer wood, 208 grains of wood, 215 resonance, 218 Timber: specific gravity or weight, 219 variation of weight in a single trunk, 220 weights of different species, 222 moisture distribution, 223, 676 drying timber, 224 dry kiln used, 226 shrinkage of timber explained, 227 effects of shrinkage, 229 amounts of shrinkage, 232 mechanical properties of, 233 stiffness, or modulus of elasticity. 234 cross-bending strength, 236, 468a, 673 tension and compression, 238, 468a shearing, 240 methods of failure shown, 241 influence of weight and moistur* on strength, 242, 667, 677 hardness, 243 cleavability, 243 flexibility, 244 toughness, 244 practical conclusions, 245 chemical composition of wood, 246 wood as a fuel, 247 charcoal, 248 products of wood distillation, 248 cellulose, 249 resin, turpentine, [and lampblack, 249 tannin, 249 J] durability and decay of wood, 250 all decay produced by fungus- growth, 250 prevention of decay, 252 relative durability of different species, 253 identification of different species of wood, 254, 684 examination of the structure es- sential, 254 a structural key to species, 254 characteristic structural features, 255 the use of the key, 257 key to identification of species, 258 descriptive list of the more important woods of the U. S., 267 coniferous woods, 267 cedar, 267, 670 794 INDEX. Timber: descriptive list of IT. S. woods: coniferous trees: cypress, 269, 670 fir, 269 hemlock, 271 larch or tamarack, 272 pine, 273 soft, 274, 670 hard, 275, 670, 684 redwood, 177 spruce, 277 bastard spruce, 278 yew, 279 broad-leaved woods (deciduous): ash, 279, 670 aspen (see also ' Poplar), 281 basswood, 281 beech, 282 birch, 282 blue beech, 283 bais d'are — see Osage orange. buckeye, or horse-chestnut, 283 butternut, 284 catalpa, 284 cherry, 285 chestnut, 285 coffee-tree, 286 ' cottonwood — see Poplar. cucumber-tree — see Tulip. elm, 286, 670 gum, 288, 670 hackberry, 289 hickory, 289, 670 holly, 291 horse-chestnut — see Buck- eye. ironwood — see Blue beech. locust, 291 magnolia — see Tulip. maple, 291 mulberry, 293 oak, 293, 670 osage orange, 298 ; persimmon, 298 poplar and cottonwood (see also Tulip), 298 sassafras, 300 sycamore, 300 tulip-wood, 300 tupelo — see Gum, walnut, 301 Timber: descriptive list of IT. S. woods: broad-leaved woods (deciduous): whitewood — see Tulip. ' yellow poplar — see Tulip, tests of the strength of: the U.S. timber tests, 462, 664, 666 important conclusions drawn from, 462, 672, 677 list of species tested, 463,665 method of cutting up logs, 464 cross-bending test, 46o crushing endwise test, 467 crushing across the grain, 468 shearing test, 468 tension test, 468 moisture test, 667, 676 strength of — results of tests, 664* as affected by moisture, 667 tables of strength moduli, '670- 675 effect of bleeding, 672 effect of time, 468a effect of size, 672 effect of reabsorbed moisture,676 effect of hot-air drying, 676; effect of very high temperature? and pressures, 677 effect of long immersion, 677 effect of varying specific gravity or weight, 677 factors of safety, 680 tables of safe loads for wooden beams, 468a, 681, 682 strength of wooden coliTmns, 468a, 682-689 identification of short-leaf and longi- leaf pine, 684 holding-force of nails in wood, 689 preservation of, 775 Timber-trees of the U. S. , list and descrip- tion of the most important, 267 Time-function in timber tests, 468a Tin, general properties of, 173 Tobin bronze: how made, 177 strength of, 554, 556 Torsion: deformation from, 40 moment of, 39 resilience of, 85 tests by, 387 INDEX. 795 Torsion tests: contrasted with shearing tests, 387 machines for making, 387 Toughness of wood, 244 Tubes, welded steel, 518 Tulip-wood trees of the IT. S., 300 Turner's diagrams of the properties of cast iron, 94 Turner's apparatus for testing hardness, 384 Turpentine from wood, 249 LJ Itimate strength hi tension, 21 Use of cement-mortars after set has begun, 593. U. S. timber tests: described, 462, 664 species tested, 463, 665 conclusions from, 462, 670-680 mechanical tests, 465, 664 Utica cement, strength of, 569 V, icat's needle for testing the rate of let- ting of cements, 416 Vitrified brick — see Brick, vitrified. Volumetric deformation, 5 Volumetric modulus of elasticity, 6 Volume variation in cement-mortars, 451 Vulcanizing process of treating timber, ef- fects of, on strength, 677 W, alnut-trees of the U. S., 301 Water, effect of varying quantities of, On the strength of cement, 420 Weathering of building-stones, 633 Weight, specific, of timber, 219, 222 effect of, on strength, 242, 677 Welded steel tubes, 518 Welding of wrought iron, 128 Weyrauch's and Launhardt's formula re- placed by a new one, 545 Wheels (car) on rails, areas of contact of, 506 Whitewood — see Tulip-tree. Wire: tests of, 697 machines for testing, 328, 392, 697, 698, 699 strength of, 309, 691, 693, 695 Wire: Stone's tests of, 698 Wire rope: tests of, 693 strength of, 695, 700 methods f laying wire in, 701 Wohler's tests and appliances on fatigue of metals, 539 Wood — see Timber. Wooden beams — see Beams, wooden. Woods of the U. S., list and description of most important, 267 Wrought iron: defined, 117 methods of manufacture, 117 the puddling process, 117 oxidation in puddling, 119 details of the puddling process, 120 production of muck-bars, 122 piling and reheating, 123 the rolls, 123 effect of numerous pilings anil rollings, 123 finished sections, 124 imperfections hi finished iron, 125 mechanical properties of, 125 crystalline fractures, the causes of, 125 welding of, 128 effect of reduction in the roDs on the strength, 131 tensile strength, 482 across the grain, 482 as affected by pulling speed, 484 compressive strength, 484 shearing strength, 485 effect of stressing beyond the elastic limit, 486 chains, strength of, 489 magnetic testing of, 703 JL ellow poplar trees of the U. S., 300 Yew of the U. S., 279 ^Lrfinc, general properties of, 172 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. flpR 24 1950 A/ DEC 2 1 1951 < o £ < cc f$ D fct Ui z •-O S; u. 01 • U." D LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 M171606 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFO ~ I LIBRARY. 