title: The morphology of the Hupa language...
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'V^oTT’* a* < v^-’ ^ 0^ *> A v. t. o, c>^ A 0 V » s sL/4 ’O- A »’ * °«- c\ < A *. v ^ A®’ *- a v ^ A : v<^ v * Vp A °^pV • r.* / /\ \t 5 K.* ^ /%. •. *... ■ • * ■* 0 *\....yb ’ ‘ ■ ’/v^..\'° ■ * ‘ «* * 0,r °^. ___ v^'/ v^v %‘^v %‘^v v*-’ \> t * o ^j-k.0^,* * *'* ^ A »»•«« c*.<y 4 s *nL'* r“ %A :$£&:• ***&.*JP^\ V* * aVa ^ ‘ •' ° A V *V * *w;* a ^ ^ O v. o * 0, T7 o A „ I'» ■- ^o* •’o# . V*. A  ETHNOLOGY VOLUME 3 THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE HUPA LANGUAGE PLINY EARLE GODDARD BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS JUNE, 1905 Monograph UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY The publications issued from the Department of Anthropology of the University of California are sent in exchange for the publications of anthropological societies and museums, for journals devoted to genera anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology, and for specimens contributed to the museum collections of the Department. They are also for sale at the prices stated, which include postage or express charges. They consist of three series of octavo volumes, a series of quarto memoirs, and occasional special volumes. GRAECO-ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY. Vol. 1. The Tebunis Papyri, Part I. Edited by Bernard P. Grenfell, Arthur S. Hunt, and J. Gilbart Smyly. Pages 690, Plates 9, 1903 Price, $16.00 Vol. 2. The Tebunis Papyri, Part 2 (in preparation). EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY. Vol. 1. The Hearst Medical Papyrus. Edited by G. A. Reisner and A. M. Lythgoe (in press). AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY. Vol. 1. No. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 88, Plates 30, September, 1903... Price, $1.25 No. 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 290, March, 1904. Price, $3.00 Vol. 2. No. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pages 27, Plates 14, April, 1904. Price, $4.00 No. 2. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pages 72, June, 1904. Price, $6.00 No. 3. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pages 60, Plates 7, January, 1905. Price, $7.50 Vol. 3. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pages 344 June, 1905. Price, 35¢ ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEMOIRS. Vol. I. Explorations in Peru, by Max Uhle (in preparation). No. 1. The Ruins of Moche. No. 2. Huamachuco, Chincha, lea. No. 3. The Inca Buildings of the Valley of Pisco. SPECIAL VOLUMES. The Book of the Life of the Ancient Mexicans, containing an account of their rites and superstitions; an anonymous Hispano-American manuscript preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence, Italy. Reproduced in facsimile, with introduction, translation, and commentary, by Zelia Nuttall. Part I. Preface, Introduction, and 80 Fac-simile plates in colors. 1903. Part II. Translation and Commentary. (In press). Price for the two parts $25.00 Address orders for the above to the University Press, Berkeley, California. Exchanges to be addressed to the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California. A. L. Kroeber, Secretary. F. W. Putnam, Director. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE HUPA LANGUAGE A THESIS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED IN 1904 BY PLINY EARLE GODDARD BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1905 A TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction. 9 Nouns. 13 Classified according to Form and Length. 13 Monosyllabic. 13 Monosyllabic with Possessive Prefix. 14 Polysyllabic, without Descriptive Meaning. 16 Formed by Means of Suffixes and Composition. 17 Suffixes. 17 Compounds. 19 Verbs as Nouns. 21 Active. 21 Compounded with Nouns. 22 With Prefixes. 22 With Suffixes. 23 Compounds with Suffixes. 23 Plurals. 24 Cases. 24 Temporal Endings. 28 Pronouns. 29 Personal. 29 Possessives. 30 Demonstratives. 31 Relatives. 31 Interrogatives. 31 Article. 31 Adjective Pronouns. 32 Numerals. 32 Adjectives. 33 Comparison. 34 Verbs. 34 Classified. 34 Transitive and Intransitive. 34 Classes. 34 Voice. 35 Modes and Tenses. 36 Person and Number. 37 Structure. 37 Prefixes and Infixes (preceding the root). 39 Adverbial Prefixes of Place and Direction. 39 Adverbial Prefixes of Place and Direction. 39 Prefixes of Pursuit. 66 Adverbial Prefixes of Manner. 67 Prefixes Expressing Identity. 77 Prefixes Expressing Distribution over Space and Time. 78 6 University of California Publications. [Am. Arch. Eth. Verbs ( continued ). page Conjugations (based on syllable preceding the root). 95 Class I. 96 Conjugation 1 a. 96 Conjugation 1 b. 104 Conjugation lc. 109 Conjugation Id. 112 Conjugation 1 e. 114 Conjugation 2. 116 Conjugation 3 a. 122 Conjugation 3 b. 131 Conjugation 4. 134 Class II . 140 Conjugation 1 a. 140 Conjugation 1 b. 142 Conjugation lc. 145 Conjugation Id. 147 Conjugation 2. 149 Conjugation 3 a. 152 Conjugation 3 b. 155 Conjugation 4. 159 Class III . 161 Conjugation 1. 161 Conjugation 2. 165 Conjugation 3. 168 Class IV . 170 Conjugation 1. 170 Conjugation 3. 174 Objective Conjugation . 177 Conjugation of the Passive Voice. 193 Conjugation of Irregular Verbs. 196 Conjugation of Adjectives. 200 Roots .v. 203 Listed in Alphabetical Order. 203 Classified as to their Form. 286 Classified as to their Meaning. 297 Suffixes . 304 Temporal . 304 Temporal-Modal . 313 Modal . 319 Indicating the Source of Information.322 Conjunctional . 326 Adverbial . 327 Adverbs . 328 Place and Direction. 328 Time and Sequence. 333 Manner . 335 VoL - 3 1 Goddard.—Morphology of the Hapa Language. 7 Adverbs ( continued ). page Degree . 337 Assent and Negation. 338 Prepositions . 339 Conjunctions . 343 Interjections . 343 Conclusion . 344 KEY TO THE SOUNDS REPRESENTED BY THE CHARACTERS USED. a as in father. a nearly of the same quality, but of longer duration. It is used as a matter of convenience to distinguish a few words from others nearly like them, ai as in aisle, e as in net. e as in they but lacking the vanish, ei the sound of e followed by a vanish, i as in pin. i as in pique. 6 as in note. A more open sound than the last, nearly as in one case as in boil, as in rule. As in rule, nearly as in but, a little nearer to a faint sound like the last. Sometimes it is entirely wanting, as in yes. As in will. An unvoiced w which occurs frequently at the end of syllables. When it follows vowels other than 5 or u it is preceded by a glide and is accordingly written uw. The preceding in the initial position. It has nearly the sound of wh in who. As in let. An unvoiced sound made with the tip of the tongue against the teeth, the breath being allowed to escape rather freely at one side of the tongue. University of California Publications. 1 Am - Arch. Eth. L nearly like the preceding, but the sides of the tongue are held more firmly against the back teeth, resulting in a harsher sound often beginning with a slight explosion. Some speakers place the tip of the tongue in the alveolar position. As in English. Usually as in English, but sometimes very short, as in sing. As in English but somewhat stronger, as in sing. As in the corresponding voiced continuant; only after d and rare, as sh in shall. It seldom occurs except after t. It is spoken with the tongue on the teeth. An easily recognized, somewhat aspirated surd in the position of d. As in unaspirated surd which is distinguished from d with difficulty. A, a surd stop having the contact on the posterior third of the hard palate. Except before e, e, i, and i a glide is noticeable and has been written as y. g, gy the sonant of the preceding, occurs rarely, when written before a back vowel (a, o, o, u, u) without a following y stands for a surd nearly in the position of c in come, but the contact is very firm. The resulting sound is very harsh and quite unlike the English sound, q is a velar surd occurring only before back vowels, tc as ch in church. dj the corresponding voiced sound equivalent to j or soft g in English. The syllables, considered as phonetic elements without regard to their possible morphological force, have been separated by spaces thinner than those employed between words. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE HUPO LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION. The Hupa are a small community isolated in their home by the surrounding mountains. The valley which bears their name is in Humboldt county, California, on the Trinity river a few miles above its confluence with the Klamath. It was here the Hupa were found by the first white men who passed through this section of the state in 1850. The short memory of their own traditions knows no time when they lived otherwise. Their myths explain that they came into spontaneous existence here, as the tree springs from the soil. At the taking of the first census in 1866 there were reported to be 650 of them, already physically on the decline from contact with civilization. They number now about 450, upon whom their old traditions and religion have a strong hold notwithstanding their garb and dwellings supplied by white people. The older people speak their own language chiefly, having recourse to the few English words they know when communication with white people is necessary. The younger people all employ the Hupa language in their home life and when talking to each other, but have a good command of English for their intercourse with white people. The Hupa neighbored and traded with the Yurok and Karok on the Klamath river, rather than with the tribes to the south and west. Travel by water in the excellent canoes was swift, comfortable, and comparatively safe. The crossing of the mountains not only entailed severe physical exertion but brought the traveler into places in which might lurk the foe, man or beast. There was little necessity for travel. The salmon came up the river in abundant numbers to the nets of the waiting fisherman. The deer and elk, unlike the buffalo, wandered but short distances from their accustomed feeding grounds. Trade, never extensive, was carried on by canoes with the Yurok along the Klamath and southward from its mouth. In return for seaweed, which furnished the supply of salt, and sea-fish, the Hupa supplied the coast peoples with acorns and other inland foods. Dentalia were the common currency. The Hupa and Yurok intermarried largely, and attended one another’s dances, in which they joined, as well as in the games and contests which followed them. Since these people spoke languages totally different, communication was necessarily carried on by and through those who knew both languages. That the Hupa language differs widely from the other languages of the Athapascan stock, to which it belongs, is evident. How much of this difference is due directly to the non-Athapascan Yurok, with whom they were so intimate, and how much is due to the slow and ordinary changes which are constantly taking place in an isolated people, it is impossible to tell at present. This difference is manifest in the phonetic character, several changes in the consonants and vowels having taken place; in the vocabulary, many new nouns, especially, having arisen; and morphologically, verb forms having been multiplied and extended. On the other hand, the remaining languages of the Pacific Division of the Athapascan are rather closely connected and grade into each other. They were spoken from the valley of the Umpqua, in Oregon, southward to the Klamath, where their territory was cut through by the Yurok and Wishosk. South of these peoples they occupied most of the valleys of Mad and Eel rivers, as well as the intervening Mountain and the coast as far as Usal. There is no published account of other languages of this division. Some material in manuscript, not yet thoroughly digested, is in the possession of the Department of Anthropology concerning the Tolowa language, spoken in Del Norte county, California, and the Wailaki and Lassik dialects spoken on the upper waters of Eel river, in southern Humboldt and northern Mendocino counties. Less complete material of the same nature from the Athapascan peoples of western Oregon is also at hand. Of the languages of the Northern Division of the Athapascan we possess a large comparative dictionary in French, Dictionnaire de la Langue Dene-Dinjie, par le R. P. E. Petitot, who was for many years a missionary among the peoples near the mouth of the Mackenzie river. As a preface to that volume, a comparative sketch of the grammar of the languages treated is given. The dialect of the Carriers, which is not included in the above mentioned work, has been treated by Father Morice in a paper entitled, ‘The Dene Languages,’ ’ published in the Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Vol. I, March, 1891. The linguistic material concerning the Southern Division is exceedingly scanty. Dr. Washington Matthews has published a few texts in connection with his treatment of Navaho religion, but the frequent repetitions in the prayers and hymns reduce the lexical and grammatical material to the minimum. The Apache and Lipan are almost unknown in regard to language and culture. The sources of information for the matter published in this paper have been two. The Hupa Texts, collected and published largely for the purpose, have furnished many forms of the grammar, and a context for their interpretation. Such texts are lacking in first and second persons of the verb, and in colloquial forms of the language. These have been supplied by means of questions suggested by forms occurring in the texts. 1 Bibliotheque de Linguistique et d’Ethnographie Amerieaines, Vol. 2, Paris, 1876. 2 Hupa Texts, Pliny Earle Goddard, University of California Publications, American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 1, No. 2. The numbers given after the examples in the present paper are to the pages and lines of Volume 1 of this series. University of California Publications. [Am. Arch. Eth. The words and forms thus obtained have been studied by means of comparisons, seldom extending beyond the limits of the language; and analyzed to determine the force of each changing part. Afterward these forms have been assembled in classes, that an adequate conception of the language as a whole might be obtained. In the presentation of the morphological facts the number of examples has not been limited, that the conclusions drawn may be easily and quickly justified, and that complete material may be available for comparative studies. Little regard has been paid to the terms and forms of formal grammar, since they tend to obscure the facts of a language in many respects quite different from those to which they were originally applied. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. NOUNS. CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO FORM AND LENGTH. The nouns of the Hupa language, when classified according to their length and form, fall into five fairly well marked classes. MONOSYLLABIC. There are many monosyllabic nouns, for the most part, names of common material objects and elements. These words and others are found with various phonetic changes in the cognate languages. Some of them are the following: a, cloud. 104-13, 105-8. es, fish trap, cf. es tcin. 208-5. ya, lice. 151-10. yon, corner, part of house back of the fire. 241-2, 136-6. la, a seaweed, Porphyra perforata. 31. Lin, pet, domesticated animal, dog. 114-12, 195-8. Lit, smoke, steam. 96-2, 170-7, 321-7. Lok, a strap. 278-9. Lon, mouse. 153-15. Lok, fish, salmon. 98-7. luw, rattlesnake. 195-8. Lo, grass, herb, medicine. 101-3, 121-15, 242-4. Lu w, alder. 341-14. mi, weather spirit. 79, 271-3. mint, a hut. 17. munk, lake, pond. 100-7. nin, ground, the earth. hwa, sun, moon. 104-10. hwin, song. 315-5. xai, winter. 198-1. xai, root of conifer. 39, 41. xon, fire. 104-15. xaiu, load, burden. 105-16, 171-17. xun, river. 265-9, 200-9. sits, bear. 276-1, 198-7. sits, skin, bark. 97-4. Dye, pitch. 150-11. University of California Publications. [A - M - Arch - Eth - tan, gods of the deer. 77. teuw, coal, charcoal. 114-4. tin, road, trail. 102-8, 106-15, 121-7. tits, cane, digging stick. 150-9, 12, 363-11. tits, cane, digging stick. 150-9, 195-4. tsek, brush, fence. 176-9. tseuk, fur for tying hair. 247.-14. tint, dead things. 346-5. tewun, frog, toad (?)). 164-13, 196-1. tewitc, huckleberry. 32. tewun, wood, firewood. 157-2. tewun, dirt, excrement. 111-10, 207-3. kin, stick, tree. 100-2, 108-14. kin, a game. 61. kos, bulbs. 110-5. kut, root of a decidious tree. 39, 41. kyots, sinew. 97-4, 288-5. qo, worm. MONOSYLLABIC. WITH POSSESSIVE PREFIX. Many nouns, of themselves monosyllabic, do not occur without a possessive prefix. These words, like the preceding class, seem to belong to the oldest stratum of the language. Most of them are to be found in the other Athapascan languages. They are generally the names of parts of the body and personal possessions, and terms of relationship. Adimmit, her own belly. 307-2. adimmit, her own belly. 276-5. a dit fa, (in) his sack. 152-9, 282-6. a dit tsel, his biceps. 142-2. iLde, sisters (of each other). 169-1. LiLLin, brothers (of each other). 140-9. minnin, its face. 115-15. mit tseuk, its umbilical cord. 157-4. mittsin, its meat. 208-13. You Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. mitctcwo, grandmother. 136-12. mikke, its tail. 283-15. mikkil, her brother. 189-13. mikkin, its base. 230-6. mun tcwin, their mother. 135-10, 229-12. nit dje, your husband. 351-9. nit dje, your paternal uncle. 237-3. ndta, our father. 192-9. hwauw, my sister’s boy. 120-14. hwinnin, my face. 247-12. hwinnin, my boy. 137- Hirt dje, my mind. 296d3. Hwikkai, my brother-in-law. 142-14 Htm to win, my mother. 181-9; xoi kil, his younger brother. 150-1, 332-1. xoikyon, her daughter. 165-4. xoikyon, her daughter. 106-4. xoikyon, his mind. 102-16. xoikyon, his hand. 97-4. xoikyon, his eyes. 105-15. xoikyon, his eyes. 107-15. xoikyon, his face. 174-8. xoikyon, his face. 174-8. xoikyon, his face. 107-13. xoikyon, his mouth. 112-14.  to dissylable base, probably connected with the root -tewe, to make. University of California Publications. [Am. Arch. Eth. xotcwo, his grandmother. 290-2. xokyun, his breast. 301-1. ketse, somebody’s penis (severed from the body). 171-3. kekai, somebody’s thigh. 171-7. kutc tcwo, its grandmother. 100-16. POLYSYLLABIC WITHOUT DESCRIPTIVE MEANING. A considerable number of nouns of two or more syllables, evidently secondary, are not easily analyzed. The Hupa themselves do not attempt to assign meaning to them beyond the designation of the objects for which they stand. Examples are the following. is de au, madrona. 96-11. isdits, strings (verbal?). 144-7. yiuxai, mornings (verbal?). 255-17. wiL dun, yesterday. 175-13. Lit tcuw, sand. 117-16. min tsit da, smokehole. 136-3. min kil en, menstruating women. 253-6. mis dje, fog. 244-6. na dl yau, dentalia. 208-13. na tses, arrows. 139-12. niskin, Douglas spruce. 152-16. no le, dam, waterfall. 102-7. xai tsa, basket-bucket. 110-16. xeakai, baby-basket. 289-17. xo is dai, man. 136-15. xo Lit, noise. 241-2. Xon ta, house. 97-13. Xos saik, abalones. 347-17. din nuw, manzanita. 200-3. din nai, arrowpoint. 119-3. dit tsik, acorns. 137-15. dje 16, storage basket. 151-12. tai kyuw, sweathouse. 98-15. tai kyuw, sweathouse. 98-15. tai tin, bow. 139-12. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. 17 tow hivuw, elder sticks. 118-1. kailuw, willow. 197-2. keL tsan, maiden. 135-2. kixxak, net. 256-7. kit to, paddle (verbal?). 314-4. kos tan, hat. 209-4. kyukka, deer fat. 164-10. FORMED BY MEANS OF SUFFIXES AND COMPOSITION. There is a large and increasing number of nouns, formed by suffixes or by composition, the descriptive force of which is ever present in the mind of the speaker. The occasion for the increase of this class of nouns is the death of well-known people who had, for a name, the name of some object or animal; and the introduction of new things by the white people. Suffixes. Suffixes which have no separate existence are few. The inhabitants are distinguished from the place they inhabit by suffering -xoi to the name of the  Eth. Selkyo, Heracleum lanatum. 31. Ml we kyo, spider. 151-13. KiLwe is a small enemy of mankind. KiLmukkyo, Aralia Calif ornica. KiLdik kyo, pileated woodpecker. 204-7. kos kyo, Chlorogalum pomeridanum. 109-12. tcimmulkyb, an herb. 295-footnote. Diminutives are formed by adding -it or -tc to the noun, isdewitc, Heteromeles arbutifolia; from isdeau, the madrona, whose fruit resembles the Heteromeles. Littsowitc, little blue ones (beads). 199-7. Lokatc, an herb. 310-10. Lokatc, a straw. 158-6. meditc, a small canoe. 102-9. mul tcoL waltc, a small axe, hatchet. 198-8. minditc, wildcat. 222-12. Panther formerly had the corresponding augmentative for a name. naLtsisitc, a spoon basket; it hangs small. 288-6. nis sate din, a little way. 234-5. Compare, nissa, a long way. djelotc, a small djelo, a storage basket. 158-13 Small trees and animals have a diminutive in -yautc. Lokiyauw, small salmon. niLtukyauw, young black oaks. 362-17. tcim me yau w, young Douglas spruce. 283-7. A suffix -newan is a very fruitful source of new nouns, nonnewan, fire like. 329-10. to ne wan, water like; glass, black obsidian. 10,8-2. kim mit ne wan, belly like; watermelon, kit tsai xul ne wan, hawk black. 332-2. kim mit ne wan, belly like; rice. Compare, no nin Luk ne wan Dough put on the ground like, 209-4, and not sin ne wan, carefully. 142-5. Certain adverbial suffixes of place furnish secondary nouns. Little town, sand place, a village. 169-1. Compare Life and Culture, p. 64. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. 19 rail la kin ta, its hand bases; its wrists. 215-2. Nail, black oak tops among; a dancing place among oaks. 174-5. Nail, house place; village, vicinity of a house. 210-5. To din, water place; the river. To din, brush place; a. grave (from the ancient practice of fencing graves with brush). 176-8. Mis kut, a slide on; a Hupa village. 105-4. Kin tcuu’ hank kut, its nose on; a Hupa village situated on a nose-like ridge. 135-1. Compounds. A few compounds consist of two nouns in juxtaposition without a subordinating possessive prefix. The second noun qualifies the first. Lux, snake river; eel. 98-13. Lux, grass stone; a sedge. 100-8. The first noun qualifies the second. Lux, tin lus, my bow string. 153-15. Lux, my bow string. 153-15. Lux, my leg ridge; her shin. 103-1. Lux, my skin dun to, kinaudun stick. 238-7. Lux, net pole. 257-6. Compounds consisting of two nouns, the second of which has a possessive prefix, have the first qualifying the second. Lux, kut to, her eyes their water; her tears. 245-11. Lux, nuw mu wit wat de, manzanita its flour. 200-3. Lux, nuw mu wit wat de, manzanita its flour. 200-3. Lux, nuw muwa, trail its edge. 121-7. Lux, nuw muwa, trail its edge. 231-1. Lux, yama me de ai, bird its scalp, woodpecker’s scalp. 187-5. Lux, la xun mit teit dil ye, deer its dance. 231-1. Lux, yama me de ai, bird its scalp, woodpecker’s scalp. 283-8. University of California Publications Am - Arch. Eth. In nis an Luk kai, mountain white; Mount Shasta. 328-1. TittauLukkai, tittau white; a bird. 144-10. To nuw hwon din, water good place; Freshwater Lagoon. 245-17. Tun. tcwin, leaves fragrant; pepper wood. 271-9. TseLittsd, stone white; a white knife. 101-1. TseLittsd, stone blue; a hard bluish stone. 114-17. TseLittsd, (?) wide. 223-8. Certain compounds whose first elements are nouns followed by qualifying adjectives are introduced by possessive prefixes. These words, while performing the office of substantives, really qualify a subject understood. In the midst of the city, its nose pierced; yellow-hammer. 113-12. Mite, its mouth stinks; buzzard. 113-17. Mite, its dung soft; fox. 143-12. Mite, its dung soft; fox. 143-6. Mite, its (?) white; bluejay. 112-12. There are compounds, similar to the last, but having for their last elements words indicating the presence, abundance, or lack of some part or quality. Mize, its house it has; wood-rat. 152-9. Mite, its pitch abundant; Pinus Lambertiana. 110-15. Mite, its pitch abundant; Pinus Lambertiana. 110-15. Mite, its roots abundant; Leptotaenia California. For the first element, compare, kit tsai xu ne wan, hawk black. 332-2. Compare, xonta e din, house without. 192-14. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. VERBS AS NOUNS. Any verb in the third person present, of the active or passive voice, seems capable of becoming a nonn without changing its form. Verbs are also variously compounded to form descriptive substantives. Active. na I ya, it comes down; rain, or it is raining. 229-3. nas dik, over the ground it creeps; yerba buena. 364-15. nakedilyai, on each side they hang; beads. 190-10. nillin, it flows; a creek. 119-17. nis tan, on the ground it lies; a log. 341-4. no tan a; big lagoon. 117-7. nundil, they come down; snow. 170-10. Compare, na I ya above. xoi de il lu, they attack; a war company. 332-5. xotdantce, it blows down; a wind. 227-4. xunneuw, it speaks; language. 110-10. dukkan, it is on edge; a mountain ridge. 137-9. tes deL, they came; hoar frost. 270-5. tcinwal, he shakes; the kinaLdun dance. 366-2. tcitdilye, they dance; a dance. tciL tal, he stamps with his foot; a dance. 366-2. kaitimmiL, he carries along; a wood-basket. 363-11. ken nuw; thunder. 144-4. kisseaqot, he works with a needle ( ? ) ; a net-headdress. 159-9. Passive. yai kyu wil tats, they have been cut in strips; a blanket or dress of strips. 207-5. wil loi, that which has been tied; a bundle. 210-3. Le na wil la, they have been laid together; a fire. 109-10. na ul mats, around it has been coiled; a coil. 151-13. na xo wil loi, around him it is tied; a belt. 209-6. no na wit tan, a long object placed; a door or cover of boards. 203-9. da kyu we wit tan; fishing board. 22 University of California Publications. [ Am - Arch - Eth. talkait, over the water it has been pushed; a fishing board. 119-18. kinnalmats, around it is coiled; cribs of hazel. 191-3. kinnakyuwilmats, around it is coiled; cribs of hazel. 191-4. kit Loi, it is twined; a basket. 103-7. Compounded with Nouns. Compounds are formed with a noun for the first element, as subject, object, or the limit of motion of the second element, a verb. estcinnauw, fish-trap ( ? ) it comes in; a swimming deer. 162-1. nax ke kos na du wul, two its necks waving around; a monster. 163-12. Lekonte dittille, salt it likes; wild goose. Lok yit dit til le, fish it likes; otter. 144-8. Sa lute, they are put in the mouth; food consisting of the green stems of herbs. sa xauw, liquid is put in the mouth; acorn soup, na dl yau kiL tcwe, dentalia maker. 325-9. With Prefixes. Adverbial prefixes of place, instrument, accompaniment, and manner make substantives out of verbs. meuna sittan, under it sits; a head-dress. 211-12. me dil, in they go; a canoe. 101-12. min xo wit loi, with it he is tied; his belt. 120-2. miL da kit dil, with it she, shakes (?); a winnowing basket. 365-10. miL tcoL waltc, with it he chops; an axe. 198-8. miL kyu wo hu?al, with it he hooks; a shinny stick. 143-5. miL kyu wo hu?al, with it one buys; money. 145-3. miL kyu kit loi, on it it is woven; hazel basket ribs. 290-6. nis tan ka kit tuk gow, log along he runs; pine-martin. 222 - 12. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. 23 nawitditstinnauw, in a circle it goes around; a whirlpool. 120-3. nin nu win na kis ten, world around it lies; earthquake. 143-16. xo muk kut tsis dai, his on it he Sis; his stool. 292-3. Tekyoxolut, from the water; a monster. 328-4. Suffixe, from the water; a monster. 222-11 Klamath, with them they travel; a wolf. 174-7. With Suffixes. Suffixes of location furnish names of places Lei din, the flowing together place; village at the junction of the main Trinity and its south fork. 105-13. Le nal din, the flowing together a second time place; the junction of the Trinity and Klamath. 158-16. Nail, lit din, fire runs over the ground place; a village west of the Klamath river. 158-2. NanatuLdin, the stepping down place; at the foot of the ladder in the sweat-house. 207-2 Natetsedin, the pushing back place; the sliding door way. 97-17. Takimin, the making acorn soup place; a Hupa village. 104-10. Muk ka na du wul a din, upon it they come and go; the beach at the mouth of the Klamath, descriptive of the surf. 355-5. Compounds with Suffixes. Compounds of noun and verb also add the suffixes of location to form place names. Sa xa uw sai ke xautu din, soup eating place. 226-8. Djictanadin, Djic (?) projects place. 104-5. Tononatein, water’s end toward. 243-5. Tse non a din, stone end place. 354-5. Tcwitc no nin a din, wood across place; place of fish dam. 353-14. Ki yauw non diu din, birds stop place. 199-5. 24 University of California Publications. t AM - Arch. Eth. PLURALS. The only Hupa nouns which change their form to indicate the plural are those which classify human beings according to their sex and state in life; and terms of relationship. Only three instances of the first case have been noted. keLtsan, virgin, maiden; plural kltsun. 135-2, 138-5. tsummesLdn, a fully grown woman; plural tsummes-Lon. 98-9, 280-4. xuxxai, a child; xuxxaix, children. But few of the terms of relationship are found with plurals. 1 nik kil, your brother; nik kil xai, your brothers. 191-13, 191-18. hwittsoi, my grandchild; hwnttsoixai, my grandchild. 222-14. xoLtistce, his sister; xol tis tee xai, his sisters. 208-12. CASES. To show possession, the qualified noun has pronominal elements prefixed. Accompanying these prefixes, in some instances, there is an extension of the word, by an added syllable if the word ends in a consonant or close vowel; or by a vowel making a diphthong, if the word ends in an open vowel. It is likely most words under this condition were once so extended and have been curtailed. Nouns beginning with a change that sounds to the voiced 1 on receiving the prefix. 2 mil lit de, their smoke; Lit, smoke. 116-1,3. mit Lowe, its herb; Lo, herb, grass. 287-7,215-5. mittsinne, its bones; kittsin, something’s bones. 171-13. mik kix xak ka, their nets; kix xak, a net. 99-6. muwitwatde, its flour; witwat, flour. 200-3. muwitwatde, its flour; witwat, flour. 200-3. nolinke, our pets; Lin, a pet, dog. 115-2. no xon tau, our house; xon ta, a house. 192-9. 1 Compare the similar limited use of the plural and manner of its formation among the Carrier. Rev. Father Morice, Transactions of the Canadian Institute, Vol. I, No. 2, p. 184. Rev. Father Morice has noted similar phenomena among the Carrier. Trans, of the Canadian Institute, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 183.  his pet; Lin, a pet. 115-11. Xohmnne, her song; hwin, a song. 333-9. Xotitse, his house; Xonta, a house. 117-16. Xotitse, his cane; tits, cane. 150-8. There are several suffixes in the Hupa language which might be looked upon as case endings since they are not permanent parts of the nouns to which they are attached, but indicate varying relations of position or direction. These endings are also prepositions, but when they are used as prepositions they are joined to a possessive pronoun with which they form a word standing after the nouns to which they relate. One of these, -me, indicates position in, or motion into a house, the interior of a mountain, a valley, or an opening or glade in a forest. Is din name, a place. 324-1. Yastsimme, a place. 270-1. Lohwunme, a place. 299-13. Munkutme, lake place. 328-3. Munkutme, my chest. 247-14. Nayame, a place. 253-4. Nayame, a place. 300-2. Nayame me, house in. 278-8. Nayame me, in a glade. 121-3. Compare, xon teL tau. Djeloome, a mountain. 299-8. Tse nin me, a place. 299-3. Kauw kyu wim me, among the redwoods. 230-3. Place at which, and sometimes place toward which, is expressed by a noun with the ending -din. Il ba la din, a place. 364-16. Lei din, a place. 105-13. Lei din, a place. 158-16. Littemcdin, a place. 169-1. Am. Arch. Eth. 3, 3. 26 University of California Publications. [Am. Arch. Eth. Lok na sa un din, a place. 317-7. me din nun din, at one side. 361-17. me tsa xo sin din, bad places. 302-7. min nin xun din, by the sweat-house entrance. 115-7. mis xus tun din, a place. 300-8. mikkindih, at its base. 287-1. na il lit din, a place. 158-2. nantsisdin, hanging place. 204-3. nanatuLdin, stepping down place. 207-2. Na de il tcwun din, a place. 328-10. na te tse din, at the door. 98-2. Nil lin kin din, a place. 271-13. NiL tcwin a ka din, a place. 157-1. nin nis an non a din, a place. 115-16. no na wit tse din, by the door. 332-8. no nin din, at our heads. 190-5. No tan a din, a place. 179-6. nun dil win te din, snow always there place. 328-3. Xaslindin, a place. 265-1. Compare, xaslintau, crane. 203-14. xoLtsaidin, in the dry place. 112-6. Compare, xol- tsaitau. xon na din, in his eye. 118-7. Xon xaute din, a place. 117-14. Xon sa din, a place. 174-1. xon din, fire in. 109-16. Compare, xon tcih, fire toward. 109-15. xon ta din, to the house. 210-5. Xo xotc din, a place. 245-4. xo xon tau din, his house place. 195-7. xot nun din, a place. 244-3. Xot tin nan din, a place. 198-13. xo qot din, knee deep. 365-11. Saute titc din, a place. 198-10. Sa xaute sai ke xaute din, soup-eating place. 226-8. Da din mot din, a place. 300-10. Da tcwin din, a place. 179-1. Djic tan a din, a place. 104-5. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. 27 tai kyuw din, sweat-house. 203-9. Ta kim miL din, a place. 104-10. tin ta din din, in the woods. 247-3. TseLtcedin, a place. 280-2. Tsendnadin, a place. 354-5. Tse nun sin din, a place. 102-5. Tse din, a place. 280-10. Tee in dl qot din, a place. 216-10. TciL tel nal la din, a place. 365-6. Tco x6l tewe din, a place. 98-6. Tcwitc na nin a din, a place. 353-14. Kain5nadin, a place. 208-4. Ki yauw non diL din, bird’s resting place. 199-5. Kllaigyadin, a place. 243-17. KiL we din, a place. 354-12. Ki xun nai ta din, a place. 226-10. kit ta din, in the brush. 162-9. Kyu we Le din, a place. 354-8. kyu win ya in yan ta din, a place. 211-15. The place toward which is usually expressed by adding -tcin to the noun. Yi da xo min wa tcin, to a place. 208-8. / L6hwunkuttcin, Bald Hill (toward). 216-15. min sit da tcin, smoke-hole to. 329-13. Mis kut tcin, to Miskut. 105-11. mux xa tee tcin, to the root. 210-1. nin nis an non a tcin, the world’s end. 159-14. nin tcin, toward the ground. 163-1. no na wit tse tcin, toward the door. 166-1. Xaiyametcin, to Xaiyame. 267-9. xontatcin, to the house. 97-12. xontcin, fire toward. 109-15. Tee wil lin tcin, to the mouth of Redwood creek. 175-5. Motion along, beside, or by the way of, is expressed by the ending -kai or -ka. min fa kai, in (through) the wood room. 182-1. min tsit da kai, out of the smoke-hole. 158-7. Compare, min tsit da tcin. 329-13. 28 University of California Publications. t AM - Arch - Eth ' xoi kyan ai kai ta, his arms (along). 347-13. xol tcwil a kai, a marshy way. 361-12. xon na de kai ta, his legs (along) too. 347-14. xonnisteka, his throat down. 118-1. xot tsel kai, from under his arm. 143-4. xunnukka, river along. 211-14. Motion toward, or position on a thing or place, is expressed by the suffix -kut, or -ka. Loka, the prairie (grass on). 150-8. Mi me da kut, a place. 185-1. Mis kut, a place. 105-4. Xowunkut, a place. 121-5. Xotuwaikut, a place. 336-1. denokut, the sky (this us on). 286-12. Tse tit mil a kut, a place. 203-4. Compare, Tse tit- mil me. 299-11. TEMPOKAL ENDINGS. The fact that the particular object referred to has ceased to exist, or has not yet come into existence, may be shown by end¬ ings suffixed to the noun. To indicate that the object no longer exists in the relation thought of, the suffix employed is -ne en. medilneen, canoes used to be. 153-17. mit date ne en, 1 shells. 171-16. na di yau ne en, 1 dentalia. 171-16. nin nis an ne en, world used to be (a hypothetical case). 343-14. nin xos tin ne en, frost used to be. 273-7. nik kyu win ya in yan ne en, your child used to be. 221-2. noleneen, dam used to be. 102-11. xoi kit Loi ne en, her basket used to be. 325-1. xo nt ne en, his wife used to be. 187-8. xo lin ke ne en, his pet used to be. 115-14. xd 16 ka ne en, her salmon used to be. 100-16. xo mit ne en, his belly used to be. 121-10. xon na kut to ne en, his tears used to be. 338-10. 1 In these cases it is possession of the object, and not the object itself, which ceases. Vol. 3] Goddard.—Morphology of the Hupa Language. 29 xon nin ne en, his face used to be. 143-10. xon ta ne en, house used to be. 114-17. x5 xun ne en, her husband used to be. 308-4. xotaneen, father used to be. 172-1. xo kos ne en, his neck used to be. 163-18. te ne en, blankets. 144-9. tsit duk na we ne en, fisherskin quivers. 144-8. kai tel ne en, basket-plate used to be. 289-15. kiL La xun ne en, deer used to be. 96-8. kim miL na tul tcu wol ne en, wildcat used to be. 143-9. 