title: Cyclopedia of farm animals,
text: ■>% ^- I ^ ++«. ?°« v^ s> ^ %-*■ ^ % v * ,00^ .-*■. »v '*, >- V * % t <> -U c*- ^ • a** "%* <y +. <*-. V > j"* c & % V ' % % > "^ ^ '«*> - O '-> •fi - $ ; % ^ '"fc *, c.%"^ ,0 c- O -^ ^ *o * v>V .0 o * a> V - --■.. ^ v * .*- v : & ^ A \ A ' 0i X '/ %.^ "^. ,^ .->■ •% ■> v .% % " ■■ <^ % ■'.'- fc WrS ^ "'' ^ ■%. ', '++ v* .^ %£ & % - ^* a ,-o- -, ++ S W O 0" \ -J- ,\\ *9 ^ ./ P A 1 ,0o *4> < b A ^0 ^ ° .0 "O, » "'^- <f \.^ '■ S *+. r> - ... - < . A- & ^. '- 1 a: y . N ' j». '>. ' * N - - A* .A' Cyclopedia of Farm Animals THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK ■ BOSTON • CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA ■ SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Lt» TORONTO Plate I. The native bison, noblest of American quadrupeds, and the only North American mammal that to contribute much to agriculture. (See page 287.) promises Cyclopedia of Farm Animals EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY Jgeto l?orfe THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922 All rights reserved 755 Copyright, 1908 By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped. Published June, 1908 30UOS PREFACE The resourcefulness of an agricultural population depends very largely on the mastery of animals. The effective use and the skillful breeding of animals express one of the main elements in man's dominion over nature. The animal servant multiplies the man's power. The constant care of these servants, even the crudest response to their welfare, develops in the man a sense of responsibility. He has obligations. He may not leave his animals defenseless or in need of water and food. In our own time, the needs of the animal are more exacting. The practice of feeding for present-day results requires not only excellent care but close knowledge of rations and of the materials that compose them. It has come to be a clever art, that may not be considered casually or lightly. The literature is technical, and it must be understood. The current practices in safeguarding the health of the animal and in treating its ailments rest on good science and much recent discovery. We begin to understand the relation of animal health to human health. The veterinary profession has been greatly ennobled, and its contribution to human welfare is of vast importance. The quotations of farm animals in the markets of the world afford one of the fundamental measures of values. These values are indices to the food supply of mankind and to the stability and welfare of the vast populations that live from the land. The economics associated with live-stock markets and values is one of the major concerns of the day. The relation of the animal to plans and departments of farming has taken on new significance, with the careful studies of farm management. The place of the animal in the agr cultural scheme of things must be exactly understood, not only that individual farms may be better organized but also that the national domain may be effectively utilized. No longer is the animal a more or less accidental inhabitant of a piece of land or merely a population of barns. How many to the farm or to the acre, for what purpose, what relation to the cropping plan, what connection with the climate of the region, in what way the labor and other supply are involved, the fertilizer increment, the marketing facilities, the probable demand over a series of years, the particular breeds and kinds, the whole relation to the food supply, the capital to be invested, the buildings required, the risks in disease and otherwise, the plans for breeding, these and many other problems as insistent and as difficult come to the mind of the farmer of ability when he considers the rearing of animals. Good experience, much knowledge and clear thinking are required for the satisfactory approach to such questions. The literature of the animal husbandries is now not only large but it is able, exact, the result of much new study. It is a notable contribution to knowledge. Strong societies and associations have developed in these industries, both on the side of production and of distribution. The manufacturing and com- mercial interests are very large. The live-stock products afford vast supplies for the arts as well as contri- bute largely to the food support of the race. The live-stock industries have come to be one of the prime concerns of society. The interest in the subject is not alone agricultural, but in. a very important sense it is general. The census figures provide the subject for much study, reflection and prophecy. For these and many other reasons, this Cyclopedia of Farm Animals is separately published. It is Vol. 3 of the Cyclopedia of American Agriculture. The four volumes of that Cyclopedia are out of print, at least until manufacturing conditions are more auspicious; but this volume, together with the one on crops, is reprinted to supply the special need for them. The reader will see that this Cyclopedia is in three parts, more or less coordinate. Part I treats of the animal in general, as to the character of its domestication and its place in contemporaneous affairs; the physiology of the animal as a basis for understanding its life and its welfare; the feeding, with extensive figures for the computing of rations; diseases; exhibition of animals; the wild animals in their relation to agriculture, lacking knowledge of which the farmer misses much of his opportunity as a naturalist. The relation of birds and mischievous mammals to farming is of great importance. The manufacture and manipulation of animal products is the theme of Part II. It carries discussion of the dairy products, as milk, condensed and powdered milk, ice-cream, butter, and the many kinds of cheese; also of meats as they relate to the home industry, as the dressing, curing and preserving, the canning, the shipping of meat, and the making of leather. These various subjects, together with consideration of the nutritive value of meats, are approached particularly from the farm and community point of view. The many animals are discussed in Part III, in alphabetic sequence. "Farm animals" is conceived broadly, to include pets, fish, birds, game and productive insects as well as the usual poultry and live-stock. PREFACE Special attention is invited to such unusual articles, in a farm manual, as those on the cat and its care, dogs, pets in general including many animals about which questions are asked; frogs, fish, turtles, shell- fish, sponges, that may be adjuncts of farming in many places; camels, bison, buffalo, reindeer, hare, gnat, ostrich; the fur-bearing animals; silkworm, bees. The main burden of Part III, however, is naturally taken with the major domestic animals of American agriculture, — the cattle, horses and donkeys and mules, sheep, swine, poultry. Each of these great classes is introduced by a general discussion of origin and zoological position, statistics, management, disc is es, breeds, with many illustrations, and the text prepared by good authorities. The drawings of representative cattle are intended to show the salient features in outline without too much confusing detail. It is often said that the machine is to take the place of the work animal. This is an error. The automobile and motor-truck will take horses from the highway but the animals are needed on the farm for many kinds of work for which machines are unadaptable or uneconomical. The tractor will perform much of the large-area work, making it possible to till more land and yielding, thereby, more work for horses. Horse work may be more specialized but it cannot be eliminated. As for animals that yield food and by-products, the need of them increases daily. L. H. BAILEY. November 28, 1921. CONTENTS PART I— THE ANIMAL AND ITS RELATIONS CHAPTER I PAGE The Domestication op Animals. W. H. Brewer 4 The Place of the Domestic Animal in Our Civilization. Thomas F. Hunt 7 CHAPTER II Physiology of the Animal 15-26 Physiology of Domestic Animals. S. J. J. Harger 17 CHAPTER III The Breeding of Animals. Eugene Davenport 26-55 Some of the Principles of Animal-Breeding. Frederick B. Mumford 28 Animal Types and Score-Cards. Frederick B. Mumford 44 CHAPTER IV The Feeding of Animals. W. H. Jordan 56-122 Principles of Stock-Feeding. Henry Prentiss Armsby 58 Feeding and Computation Tables ; 92 Method of Exact Balancing of Rations. J. T. Willard 103 Computing Balanced Rations. John L. Stone 106 Stock-Poisoning. N. S. Mayo 118 Poisonous Weeds and Their Eradication. E. V. Wilcox 119 CHAPTER V Diseases and Management of Animals. James Law 122-151 Infectious Diseases of Animals. Veranus A. Moore 124 Some Details of Stock Management. N. S. Mayo and H. W. Mumford 146 CHAPTER VI The Exhibiting of Animals 152-162 . Fitting and Exhibiting Live-stock. C. S. Plumb 153. Y Marketing Farm Stock. C. S. Plumb 158 CHAPTER VII Wild Life and Its Relation to Farming 163-173 Wild Mammals in Their Relations with Agriculture. Clarence M. Weed 163 Birds in Their Relations with Agriculture. Edward Howe Forbush 169 (v) vi CONTENTS PART II— THE MANUFACTURE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS CHAPTER VIII PAOB Dairy Products 175-246 Milk as a Market Product. Raymond A. Pearson 176 Bacteria of Milk. W. A. Stocking, Jr 187 Manufacture of Condensed Milk. 0. F. Hunziker 190 Milk-Powder. Geo. W. Cavanaugh. - 194 Manufacture of Ice-Cream and Other Frozen Products. H. E. Van Norman 195 Butter-Making. Edwin H. Webster 198 The Making of Cheddar Cheese. J. A. Ruddick 208 Other Varieties of Hard Cheese. Charles Thorn, and others 218 Soft Cheeses in America. Charles Thorn 220 Creameries and Skimming Stations. H. L. Ayres 226 Refrigeration of Dairy Products. Oscar Erf 232 CHAPTER IX Meats and Related Products. W. D. Hoard 246-272 / Dressing, Caring for and Preserving Meats. Andrew Boss 248 Shipping Meat and Hides. W. H. Tomhave 260 The Canning of Meat and Fish. W. D. Richardson 261 Meat : Its Nutritive Value, Selection and Preparation. Flora Rose 263 Tanning Hides. John F. Porter 271 The Leather and Hide Industry 272 PART III— NORTH AMERICAN FARM ANIMALS Needs in Animal Husbandry. James Wilson 274 Ass. C. S. Plumb 276 Bees. W. K. Morrison 278 Bison and Cattalo 287-292 Bison. E. H. Baynes 287 Cattalo 289 Buffalo or Water-Buffalo. F. Lamson-Scribner 292 Camels in North America. G. A. Mack 296 Cat 299 Cats and Their Care. E. R. B. Champion 299 Cattle 301 •Origin of Domestic Cattle. Frederick B. Mumford 302 Selection and Management of the Dairy Herd. J. M. Trueman 303 The Production of Milk. H. H. Wing , 309 Feeding Dairy Cattle. F. W. Woll 313 Feeding Beef Cattle. Howard R. Smith 317 Determining the Age of Cattle. H. H. Wing 321 Common Ailments of Cattle. John R. Mohler and George H. Hart 321 Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. John S. Goodwin 330 Ayrshire Cattle. Harry Hayward 33S Brown Swiss Cattle. Charles D. Nixon 331 Devon Cattle. L. P. Sisson 339 CONTENTS Tii PAGE Dutch Belted Cattle. Frank R. Sanders 341 French-Canadian Cattle. G. E. Day 343 Galloway Cattle. Charles Gray 345 Guernsey Cattle. William H. Caldwell 348 Hereford Cattle. Charles Gudgell 351 Double-Standard Polled Herefords 355 Holstein-Friesian Cattle. Solomon Hoxie 355 Jersey Cattle. M. A. Scovell 361 Oxen. C. S. Plumb 366 Red Polled Cattle. H. A. Martin 367 Shorthorn Cattle. Herbert W. Mumford 369 Polled Durham Cattle 375 Sussex Cattle. Overton Lea 376 Some of the Lesser Known Breeds of Cattle. C. S. Plumb 377 Black Welsh Cattle 377 Brahmin, Sacred Cattle or Zebus 378 Breton or Brittany Cattle 379 Holderness Cattle 379 Kerry and Dexter-Kerry Cattle 379 Longhorn Cattle 380 Normandy Cattle .381 Simmenthal Cattle 381 Texas Longhorn Cattle 381 West Highland Cattle 382 Dogs, Farm 383 The Collie Dog. Herbert W. Mumford 383 The Old English Bobtail Sheep-dog. Frederick Freeman Lloyd 386 Sheep-dog Trials. Frederick Freeman Lloyd 388 Fish 390 Fish-culture. W. E. Meehan , 390 Fish Food and Feeding-grounds. James G. Needham 392 Plankton-culture. Julius Nelson 393 Carp. James G. Needham 393 Frogs. W. E. Meehan and E. A. Andrews 394 Fur-Bearing Animals of North America. E. T. D. Chambers 395 Goats 405 Angora Goats. E. L. Shaw , 405 Milch Goats. William C. Clos _ 408 Hare, Belgian. U. G. Conover 412 Horse .' 415 Origin of the Domestic Horse. Frederick B. Mumford 418 The Education, Harnessing and Gaits of the Horse. Thomas F. Hunt 421 Practical Horse-training and Handling. Merritt W. Harper , 424 Feeding the Horse. Merritt W. Harper 428 Determining the Age of Horses. H. H. Wing 433 Common Ailments of Horses. John R. Mohler and George H. Hart 436 Arab Horse. Homer Davenport , 446 Barb and Turk Horses. Carl W. Gay 449 The Turk Horse 451 Belgian Draft Horse. W. L. Carlyle 451 Cleveland Bay and Yorkshire Coach Horse. John A. Craig 453 Clydesdale Horse. John A. Craig 455 French Coach Horse. John A. Craig 458 viii CONTENTS PAQI French Draft Horse. W. L. Carlyle 460 Ardennais Horse 460 Boulonnais Horse 461 Breton Horse 461 Nivernaise Horse 462 German Coach Horse. Merritt W. Harper 462 Hackney Horse. John A. Craig 464 Hunter Horse. W. C. Bacon 468 Steeple-chase Horse 470 Military Horse 470 Orloff Trotting Horse. C. S. Plumb 474 Pacing Horse, Standardbred. John A. Craig 476 Percheron Horse. Charles F. Curtiss and John A. Craig 478 Ponies. S. B. Elliot 481 Polo Pony 482 Mustang 483 Other American Ponies 484 Ponies of the British Isles 484-488 Shetland Pony 484 Welsh Pony 486 Exmoor and Dartmoor Ponies 487 New Forest Pony 487 Hackney Pony 487 Ponies of Scotland 488 Galloway 488 Connemara, or Pony of Ireland 488 Celtic, or Pony of Iceland 488 Arabian Pony 488 Russian Pony 488 Scandinavian or Norwegian Pony 488 Miscellaneous Ponies 489 Saddle Horse, American. David Castleman 489 Shire Horse. John A. Craig 493 Suffolk or Suffolk Punch Horse. John A. Craig 494 Thoroughbred Horse. Carl W. Gay 496 Trotting and Pacing Horse, American Standardbred. John A. Craig 500 Mule. Charles Wm. Burkett 507 Ostrich. Watson Pickrell 511 Pets. C. H. Ellard 514 Poultry '. 525 Origin of the Domestic Fowl. Charles B. Davenport 528 Breeding of Poultry. Charles B. Davenport 529 Feeding Poultry. James E. Rice 533 Feeding Water-fowl. George H. Pollard 536 Fattening Poultry. W. R. Graham 538 Capons and Caponizing. T. Greiner 540 Incubation and Brooding. Charles A. Cyphers 542 Preparing and Marketing Poultry Products. D. J. Lambert 544 Judging Poultry. T. E. Orr 547 Common Ailments of Poultry. Prince T. Woods 552 Poultry-House Construction. James E. Rice 556 Breeds and Types of Chickens. T. E. Orr 563 Ducks. Charles McClave 569 CONTENTS ix PAGE Geese. Charles McClave 572 Grouse, Domestication of the Ruffed. C. F. Hodge 576 Guinea-fowl. T. F. McGrew 578 Pheasants and Related Fowls. Homer Davenport 579 Pigeons and Squabs. Thomas Wright 582 Quail, Domestication of the Bobwhite or American. C. F. Hodge 584 Swan. Charles McClave 585 Turkeys. T. F. McGrew 586 Reindeer. C. C. Georgeson 588 Reindeer for Labrador. D. W. Prowse 592 Sheep 592 Origin of Domestic Sheep 596 Wool- and Mutton-Production. G. C. Humphrey 598 The Feeding of Sheep. John A. Craig 600 Determining the Age of Sheep. H. H. Wing 603 Common Ailments of Sheep. Louis A. Klein 603 Cheviot Sheep. David McCrae 609 Cotswold Sheep. David McCrae 611 Dorset-Horn Sheep. H. P. Miller 612 Hampshire Down Sheep. H. P. Miller 614 Leicester Sheep. David McCrae 615 Lincoln Sheep. David McCrae 617 Merino Sheep. Joseph E. Wing 618 American Merino 621 Delaine Merino ■ 622 Rambouillet or French Merino 623 Oxford Down Sheep. H. P. Miller 624 Shropshire Down Sheep. H. P. Miller 626 Southdown Sheep. H. P. Miller 627 Suffolk Down Sheep. David McCrae 629 Miscellaneous Breeds of Sheep 631 Shell-fish 634 Clam. Julius Nelson 634 Crab. Julius Nelson 634 Crayfish. E. A. Andrews 635 Lobster. Julius Nelson 635 Oyster. Julius Nelson 636 Shrimp. Julius Nelson '. 640 Silkworm. L. 0. Howard , '. .~ 640 Sponges. Julius Nelson 643 Swine 644 Origin of Domestic Swine 646 Lard- and Bacon-Production. Merritt W. Harper 647 The Feeding of Swine. W. J. Kennedy, Wayne Dinsmore and J. A. McLean 649 Determining the Age of Swine. H. H. Wing 653 Common Ailments of Swine. John R. Mohler and George H. Hart 653 Berkshire Swine. G. E. Day 658 Cheshire Swine. G. E. Day 660 Chester-White Swine. G. E. Day 661 Duroc-Jersey Swine. G. E. Day ' 663 Essex Swine. G. E. Day 666 Hampshire or Thin Rind Swine. G. E. Day 667 Large Yorkshire or Large White Swine. G. E. Day 669 x PLATES PA OS Poland-China Swine. G. E. Day 671 Small Yorkshire or Small White Swine. G. E. Day 674 Suffolk Swine. G. E. Day 675 Tamworth Swine. G. E. Day 676 Victoria Swine. G. E. Day 678 Miscellaneous Breeds of Swine. G. E. Day 679 Turtles and Turtle-Farming. E. A. Andrews 681 Index 683-708 PLATES FACING PAGE I. The American bison Frontispiece II. The American turkey 26 III. Cattle-feeding scene in the Far West 80 IV. Fairfield dairy, where certified milk was first produced (see p. 175) 174 V. A modern sanitary dairy stable 224 ••VI. A farm apiary, and forms of honey-making bees 279 VII. Forms of the cattalo 287 VIII. Types of beef cattle 302 IX. Types of dairy cattle 320 X. Galloway cow and Guernsey bull 345 XL Jersey cow 361 XII. Shorthorn bull and cow 369 v XIII. Shahwan, a famous Arab horse 415 XIV. Draft horses 460 XV. Hackney and Saddler. Courtesy of Breeders' Gazette 468 XVI. Shetland pony and broncho 481 XVII. Morgan horse and trotter. Trotter photogragh from T. A. Knight 500 XVIII. Poultry establishment ; turkeys 525 XIX. Prominent breeds of fowls 546 XX. Prominent breeds of fowls 563 XXI. Sheep range in Far West 592 XXII. Breeds of long-wool sheep 609 XXIII. Merino sheep at pasture 618 XXIV. White hogs 644 XXV. Colored hogs 672 COLLABORATORS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Many of the contributors have assisted in reading proof and in other ways Andrews, E. (Creameries and Skimming Stations.) Bacon, W. C, Assistant Manager, New England Farm Stock Company, Greenfield, Mass. (Hunter Horse.) Baynes, Ernest Harold, Secretary of the American Bison Society, Meriden, N. H. (Bison.) Boss, Andrew, Professor of Agriculture and Animal Hus- bandry, College of Agriculture and Experiment Sta- tion, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Dressing, Caring for and Preserving Meats.) Brewer, W. H., Professor, Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (The Domestica- tion of Animals.) Burkett, Charles Wm., Director, Kansas Experiment Stations, Manhattan, Eans. (Mule.) Caldwell, Wm. H., Secretary and Treasurer, The Ameri- can Guernsey Cattle Club, Peterboro, N. H. (Guern- sey Cattle.) Carlyle, W. L., Dean of Agriculture, The State Agricul- tural College of Colorado, and Agriculturist, Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. (Belgian Draft Horse, French Draft Horse, Ryeland Sheep.) Castleman, David, Clifton Farm, Pleasant Hill, Mercer County, Ky. (Saddle Horse, American.) Cavanaugh, Geo. W., Assistant Professor of Chemistry, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Milk-powder.) Chambers, E. T. D., Secretary-Treasurer, North American Fish and Game Protective Association, Quebec, Can.; Librarian, Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, Can. (Fur-bearing Animals of North America.) Champion, Miss Ethel R. B., Recorder, Cat Fanciers' Association, Manor Road, Staten Island, N. Y. (Cats.) Clos, W. C, Inspector of Grazing, Forest Service, Wash- ington, D. C (Milch Goats.) Conover, U. G., Proprietor, The Pleasant Ridge Rabbitry, Cozaddale, Ohio. (Hare, Belgian.) Craig, John A., Oakmore Farm, San Antonio, Texas. Ex- Dean and Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. (Cleveland Bay and Yorkshire Coach, Clydesdale, French Coach, Hackney, Shire, Suffolk, American Standardbred Trotting and Pacing Horses. Percheron Horse, in conjunction with Charles F. Curtiss. (The Feeding of Sheep. Black- face Highland, Wensleydale, Romney Marsh, Herd- wick Sheep.) Curtiss, Charles F., Dean of Agriculture, Iowa State College, and Director, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, la. (Percheron Horse, in conjunction with John A. Craig.) Cyphers, Charles A., President, Model Incubator Com- pany, Buffalo, N. Y. (Incubation and Brooding.) Davenport, Charles B., Director of Department of Ex- perimental Evolution, Carnegie Institute of Washing- ton, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (Origin of the Domes- tic Fowl. Breeding of Poultry.) Davenport, Eugene, Dean of the College of Agriculture, and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. (The Breed- ing of Animals.) Davenport, Homer, President, Davenport Desert Arabian Stud, Morris Plains, N. J. (Arab Horse. Pheasants and Related Fowls.) Day, G. E., Professor of Animal Husbandry and Farm Superintendent, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can. (French-Canadian Cattle. Descriptive articles on the Breeds of Swine.) Decker, John W., State Professor of Dairying, College of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (Gouda, Cococavallo, Ricotte, Brick and Limburger Cheese.) Dinsmore, Wayne, Associate Professor of Animal Hus- bandry, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, la. ( The Feeding of Swine, in conjunction with W. J. Kennedy and J. A. McLean.) Ellard, C. H., Secretary - Treasurer, American Fur- Fanciers' Association, Great Neck, N. Y. (Pets.) Elliot, S. B., Proprietor, Belle Meade Farm, Bedford, Mass. (Ponies.) Erf, Oscar, Professor of Dairying, College of Agri- culture and Domestic Science of Ohio State Uni- versity, Columbus, Ohio. (Refrigeration of Dairy Products.) Forbush, E. H., State Ornithologist State Board of Agri- culture, Boston, Mass.; Organizer in New England for the National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds and Animals. (Birds in Their Relations with Agriculture.) GAY, Carl W., Professor of Animal Husbandry, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. In charge of horse-breeding, Dept. of Agriculture, Harrisburg. (Barb and Turk Horses. Thoroughbred Horse.) Georgeson, C. C, Special Agent in Charge of Alaska Investigations, United States Department of Agricul- ture, Sitka, Alaska. (Reindeer.) Goodwin, John S., of Black & Goodwin, Lawyers, 304 The Temple, Chicago, 111. (Aberdeen-Angus Cattle.) Graham, W. R., Manager and Lecturer, Poultry Depart- ment, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Can. (Fattening Poultry.) (*i) COLLABORATORS Gray, Charles, Secretary, American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Association, 17 Exchange Ave., Chicago, 111.; formerly Secretary of the American Galloway Breeders' Association. (Galloway Cattle.) Greiner, T., Editor, LaSalle, N. Y. (Capons and Capon- izing.) Gudgell, Charles, of Gudgell & Simpson, Breeders of Hereford Cattle, Independence, Mo. (Hereford Cattle.) Harger, S. J. J., Veterinarian, Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania. Address, 2108 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. (Physiology of Domestic Animals.) Harper, M. W., Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Practical Horse-training and Handling. Feeding the Horse. German Coach Horse. Lard- and Bacon- Production.) Hart, George H., Assistant, Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. (Common Ailments of Cattle, Horses and Swine, in conjunction with John R. Mohler.) Hayward, Harry, Dean of the Department of Agriculture, and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Delaware College, Newark, Del. (Ayrshire Cattle.) Hoard, W. D., Editor, " Hoard's Dairyman," Fort Atkinson, Wis. (Meats and Related Products.) Hodge, C. F., Professor, Biology, Clark University, Wor- cester, Mass. (Domestication of the Ruffed Grouse. Domestication of the Bobwhite or American Quail.) Howard, L. 0., Chief, Bureau of Entomology, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (Silkworm.) Hoxie, S., Ex-Superintendent of the Advanced Registry, The Holstein-Friesian Association of America. Ad- dress, 6649 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, 111. (Holstein- Friesian Cattle.) Humphrey, George C, Professor of Animal Husbandry, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison, Wis. ( Wool- and Mutton-Production.) Hunt, Thomas F., Dean of the School of Agriculture, and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. (The Place of the Domestic Animal in our Civiliza- tion. The Education, Harnessing and Gaits of the Horse.) Hunziker, 0. F., Professor of Dairying, School of Agri- culture of Purdue University and Agricultural Experi- ment Station of Indiana, Lafayette, Ind. (Manufacture of Condensed Milk.) Jordan, Whitman H., Director, New York State Agricul- tural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. (The Feeding of Animals.) Kennedy, W. J., Professor of Animal Husbandry, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and Vice-Director, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. (The Feeding of Swine, in conjunction with Wayne Dinsmore and J. A. McLean.) Klein, Louis A., Deputy State Veterinarian, State Live- stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. (Common Ail- ments of Sheep.) Lambert, D. J., Instructor in Poultry Husbandry, Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Kingston, R. I. (Preparing and Marketing Poultry Products, and The Care of Eggs.) Law, James, Director, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Diseases and Management of Animals.) Lea, Overton, Lealand Farm, Nashville, Tenn. (Sussex Cattle.) Lloyd, F. Freeman, Willow Mount, Norwood, N. J. (The Old English Bobtail Sheep-dog. Sheep-dog Trials.) Mack, G. A., Pleasantville, N. Y. (Camels in North America.) Martin, H. A., Secretary, Red Polled Cattle Club of America, Gotham, Wis. (Red Polled Cattle.) Mayo, N. S., Chief of Department of Animal Industry, Re- public of Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. (Stock- Poisoning. Some Details of Stock Management, in conjunction with H. W. Mumford.) McClave, Charles, Linwood Poultry Yards, New London, Ohio. (Ducks. Geese. Swan.) McCrae, Lieut. -Col. David, Breeder and Importer of Galloway Cattle, Clydesdale Horses and Cotswold Sheep, Guelph, Can. (Cheviot, Cotswold, Leicester, Lincoln, Suffolk Down and Tunis Sheep.) McGrew, T. F., Associate Editor of "The Feather," Washington, D. C. (Guinea-fowl. Turkeys.) McLean, J. A., Associate Professor of Animal Husbandry, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. (The Feeding of Swine, in conjunction with W. J. Kennedy and Wayne Dinsmore.) Meehan, W. E., Commissioner of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Harrisburg, Pa. (Fish-Culture. Frogs, in conjunction with E. A. Andrews.) Miller, H. P., Secretary, The Ohio Sheep Breeders' and Wool Growers' Association, Westerville, Ohio. (Dorset- Horn, Hampshire Down, Oxford Down, Shropshire Down, Southdown Sheep.) Mohler, John R., Chief, Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. (Common Ailments of Cattle, Horses and Swine, in conjunction with George H. Hart.) Moore, Veranus A., Department of Comparative Pathol- ogy and Bacteriology and Meat Inspection, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Infectious Diseases of Animals.) Morrison, W. K., Department Editor, "Gleanings in Bee Culture," Medina, Ohio ; formerly Bee-Expert, Imperial Department of Agriculture (British) ; part author of the ABC and X Y Z of Bee Culture ; author of Bee-keeping in the West Indies, etc. (Bees.) Mumford, F. B., Animal Breeder, Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. (Some of the Principles of Animal -breeding. Animal Types and Score-cards. Origin of Domestic Cattle. Origin of the Domestic Horse.) Mumford, Herbert W., Professor of Animal Husbandry in the College of Agriculture, and Chief in Animal Husbandry, Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. (Some Details of Stock Manage- ment, in conjunction with N. S. Mayo. Shorthorn Cattle. The Collie Dog.) Needham, James G., Assistant Professor of Limnology, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Fish Food and Feeding- grounds. Carp.) Nelson, Julius, Professor of Biology, Rutgers College and Rutgers Scientific School, and Biologist, New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J. (Plankton-Culture. Clam. Crab. Lobster. Oyster. Shrimp. Sponge.) COLLABORATORS Nixon, C. D., Secretary, Brown Swiss Breeders' Associa- tion, Owego, N. Y. (Brown Swiss Cattle.) Orr, T. E., Late Secretary-Treasurer, American Poultry Association, Beaver, Pa. {Judging Poultry. Breeds and Types if Chickens.) Pearson, R. A., Professor of Dairy Industry, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Milk as a Market Product.) Pickrell, Watson, Late President, Tempe Ostrich Farm, Tempe, Ariz. (Ostrich.) Plumb, Charles S., Professor of Animal Hushandry, College of Agriculture of Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. (Fitting and Exhibiting Live-stock. Marketing Farm Stock. Ass. Some of the Lesser Known Breeds of Cattle. Oxen. Orloff Trotting Horse.) Pollard, George H., Greenbush, Mass. (Feeding Water- fowl.) Porter, J. F., Robe and Fur Tanner, Amery, Wis. (Tan- ning Hides.) Prowse, Judge D. W., Writer and Late Judge, Central District Court of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Newfound- land. (Reindeer for Labrador.) Rice, James E., Professor of Poultry Husbandry, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Feeding Poultry. Feeding Turkeys. Poultry-house Construction.) Richardson, W. D. , Chief Chemist for Swift & Company, Chicago, 111. ( The Canning of Meat and Fish.) Rose, Flora, Lecturer in Home Economics, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y (Meat : Its Nutritive Value, Selection and Preparation. ) Ruddick, J. A., Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Can. (The Making of Cheddar Cheese.) Sanders, Frank Reed, Breeder of Dutch Belted Cattle, Mountain Lawn, Bristol, N. H. (Dutch Belted Cattle.) Scovell, M. A., Director and Chemist, Kentucky Agri- cultural Experiment Station, State University, Lexing- ton, Ky. (Jersey Cattle.) Scribner, Frank Lamson, Special Agent and Agrostol- ogist, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Chief of In- sular Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I., 1901-04. (Buffalo or Water-Buffalo.) Shaw, E. L., Assistant in Animal Husbandry, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. (Angora Goats, Barbados, Persiacot and Persiarino Sheep.) Sisson, L. P., Secretary-Treasurer, American Devon Cattle Club, Newark, Ohio. (Devon Cattle.) Smith, H. R., Professor of Animal Husbandry, The Indus- trial College of the University of Nebraska and Agri- cultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. (Feeding Beef Cattle.) Stocking, W. A., Jr., Assistant Professor of Dairy Bac- teriology, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y (Bacteria of Milk.) Stone, John L., Professor of Farm Practice, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. (Computing Balanced Rations.) Thom, Charles, Assistant in Charge of Investigation of Varieties of European Cheese, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Address, Storrs, Conn. ( Varieties of Hard Cheese. Soft Cheeses in America.) Tomhave, W. H, Assistant in Animal Husbandry, School of Agriculture of the Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. (Shipping Meat and Hides.) Trueman, John M., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, Con- necticut Agricultural College ; Dairy Husbandman, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Conn. (Selection and Management of the Dairy Herd.) Van Norman, H. E., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, School of Agriculture and Experiment Station of the Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. (Manu- facture of Ice-cream and Other Frozen Products.) Webster, E. H., Chief of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. (Butter-making.) Weed, Clarence M., Teacher, State Normal School, Lowell, Mass. ( Wild Mammals in Their Relations with Agriculture.) Wilcox, E. V., Editorial Department, Office of Experi- ment Stations, Department of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C. (Poisonous Weeds and Their Eradi- cation.) Willard, J. T., Professor of Chemistry, Chemist Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kan. (Method of Exact Balancing of Rations.) Wilson, Hon. James, Secretary of Agriculture, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. (Needs in Animal Husbandry.) Wing, Henry H., Professor of Animal Husbandry, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, N. Y. (The Production of Milk. Deter- mining the Age of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Swine. Swine notes.) Wing, Joseph E., Secretary, Continental Dorset Club and Editorial Correspondent for the " Breeders' Gazette," Mechanicsburg, Ohio. (Merino Sheep.) Woll, Fritz Wilhelm, Professor of Agricultural Chemis- try, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. (Feeding Dairy Cattle.) Woods, Prince T., Editor and Writer on Poultry and Agricultural Subjects, Middleton, Mass. (Common Ail- ments of Poultry.) Wright, Thomas, Manager, Kirkland Pigeonry, Scarboro Beach, Maine. (Pigeons and Squabs.) COLLABORATORS A PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED IN READING PROOF AND IN OTHER WAYS Alexander, A. S., Professor of Veterinary Science, and in charge of Department of Horse Breeding, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Anderson, S. W., Farmer, Blaker Mills, W. Va. Avery, J. D., Lumberman and Farmer, Buckland (Post- office, Shelburne Falls), Mass. Bailey, Vernon, in charge of Geographic Distribution, Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Baker, Frank, Superintendent, National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C. Ball, E. N., Secretary, American Tamworth Swine Record Association, and Secretary, International Von Homeyer Rambouillet Club, Ann Arbor, Mich. Battell, Joseph, Registrar, Vermont Morgan Horse Breeders' Association, Middlebury, Vt. Bell, G. Arthur, Assistant Animal Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Benedict, F. H., President, Clover Leaf Live-Stock Com- pany, Mclean, N. Y. Benkendorf, G. H., Instructor in Dairy Husbandry, Col- lege of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Bennett, Miss C. R., Librarian United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Benton, Ralph, Instructor in Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Best, Frank E., Registrar, American Trotting Register Association, Chicago, 111. Bonham, L. N., Farmer, Oxford, Ohio. Bouska, F. W., Associate in Dairy Bacteriology and in Dairying, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me- chanic Arts and Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, la. Boyd.Mossom M., Breeder of Cattle, Bobcaygeon, Ontario. Boyer, Michael K., Editorial Department, "Farm Journal," Philadelphia, Pa. " Breeders' Gazette," A Weekly Journal for the Ameri can Stock Farm, Chicago, 111. Broome, F. H., Librarian, Tennessee Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Knoxville, Tenn. Brown, C. G., Editor, "The Holstein-Friesian World," Ithaca, N. Y. Brown, R. W., Secretary and Treasurer, American Gallo- way Breeders' Association, Chicago, 111. Bureau op Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Burns, John C, Instructor in Animal Husbandry, Agri- cultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, Texas. Burrell & Co., D. H., Little Falls, N. Y. Chesnut, V. K., Assistant Chemist, Bureau of Chemis- try, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Clark, Vernon L., Arizona Ostrich Company, Phoenix, Ariz. Clay, John, of Clay, Robinson & Co., Chicago, 111. Coburn, F. D., Secretary, State Board of Agriculture, Topeka, Kans. Coffey, W. C, Associate in Sheep Husbandry, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Couture, J. A., Secretary, French-Canadian Cattle Breeders' Association of Canada, Quebec, Province of Quebec. Cowan, B. 0., Assistant Secretary, American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, Chicago, 111. Crouch, Clifford M., Farmer, Naples, N. Y. Crouch, J., Secretary, German Hanoverian and Oldenburg Coach Horse Association of America, Lafayette, Ind. Darling, Elmer A., President, American Jersey Cattle Club, Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York City. Dawson, Alden, Magazine Illustrator, 57 East 59th St., New York City. Dean, H. H., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can. Dietrich, William, Assistant Professor of Swine Hus- bandry, College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois, and Assistant Chief of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana, 111. Dryden, James, Poultryman, Oregon Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Corvallis, Ore. Dunham & Fletcher, Importers and Breeders of Per- cheron and French Coach Horses, Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, 111. Eckles, C. H., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University of Missouri, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Co- lumbia, Mo. Essex, Robert H., Secretary, Cyphers Incubator Com- pany, Buffalo, N, Y. Evermann, Dr. Barton W., Assistant in Charge of Scien- tific Inquiry, Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Com- merce and Labor, Washington, D. C. Fairchild, David, Agricultural Explorer in Charge, Foreign Explorations, Office of Seed and Plant Intro- duction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Fairfield Dairy Company, Montclair, N. J.; Ste] hen Francisco, President, Caldwell, N. J. Farrinoton, E. H., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Felch, Isaack K., Breeder of Poultry, Natick, Mass. Fish, N. S., Ex-Secretary, Brown Swiss Breeders' Associa- tion, Groton, Conn. Fish, P. A., Professor of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Frandsen, Peter, Biologist and Consulting Zoologist, College of Agriculture of the University of Nevada, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno, Nev. Fuertes, L. A., Ithaca, N. Y. Fulton, John W., Secretary, The American Angora Goat Breeders' Association, Helena, Mont. Gage, S. H., Professor of Histology and Embryology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Galbraith, Alex., Importer of Clydesdale, Shire, Suffolk, Percheron and Hackney Horses, Janesville, Wis. COLLABORATORS Gardiner, E. V. R., Civil Engineer and Surveyor, Middle- town, N. Y. Gibbs, G. G., Breeder of Dutch Belted Cattle, Vail, N. J. Gigadlt, G. A., Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Quebec, Province of Quebec. Gilmobe, John W., Agronomist, Pennsylvania State Col- lege Agricultural Experiment Station, State College, Pa. Glen, C. ft, Secretary, The Percheron Registry Company, and also of The French Coach Horse Registry Com- pany, Columbus, Ohio, 1319 Wesley Ave., Columbus, Ohio. Goodnight, Charles, Breeder of Bison and Aberdeen- Angus Cattle, Goodnight, Texas. Goodwin, William R., Vice-President, Sanders Publish- ing Company, Chicago, 111. Associate Editor, "The Breeders' Gazette." Gbange, E. A. A., Veterinarian, 467 West 164th Street, New York City. Grenside, F. C, Durland's Riding Academy, New York City. Grindley, H. S., Professor of General Chemistry, College of Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Geisdale, J. H., Agriculturist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Gboves, John W., Secretary, American Shorthorn Breed- ers' Association, Chicago, 111. Gutsell, H. S., Instructor in Freehand Drawing and Modeling, College of Architecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Haeckeb, Theophilus L., Professor of Dairy Husbandry and Animal Nutrition, Agricultural College of the University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Hale, Philip H., Editor and Manager, "The National Farmer and Stock Grower," St. Louis, Mo. Hall, Eugene J., Portrait, Landscape and Commercial Photographer, Oak Park, 111. Hall, L. D., Associate in Animal Husbandry, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Hansom, Ted., The Grand Circuit Photographer, New York City. Hays, Willet M., Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Hendeeson, P. G., President, Red Polled Cattle Club of America, Central City, Iowa. Henry, W. A., Emeritus Professor of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Hildebeand & Smith, Specialists in Live-stock and Rural Photography, Chicago, 111. Holt, Renfeew & Co., Furriers, Quebec and Toronto, Canada. Hopkins, G. S., Professor of Veterinary Anatomy and Anatomical Methods, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Hopley, Peter, Importer and Breeder of Suffolk, Belgian, Percheron and Shire Horses, Lewis, Iowa. Hornaday, Dr. W. T., Director, New York Zoological Park, New York City. Horseman and Spirit op the Times, The, Chicago, 111. Hodghton, F. L., Editor and Proprietor, " The Holstein- Friesian Register," and Secretary, The Holstein- Friesian Association of America, Brattleboro, Vt. Hunter, A. F., Associate Editor, "American Poultry Advo- cate," Abington, Mass. Hutchinson, W. Z., Secretary, National Bee-Keepers' Association, and Editor, " The Bee-Keepers' Review," Flint, Mich. Jackson, Mrs. Alfred, Vice-President, Cat Fanciers' Association, and President Lockhaven Cat Club, Rochester, N. Y. Jacob, Moses, Veterinarian, Tennessee Agricultural Experi- ment Station, Knoxville, Tenn. Johnstone, J. H.S., "The Breeders' Gazette," Chicago, 111. Jones, C. J., Breeder of Bison, Cattalo and Persiarino Sheep, Garden City, Kans. Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Professor of Botany, Horticul- ture and Forestry, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Reno, Nev. Kinzer, Roland J., Professor of Animal Husbandry, Kansas State Agricultural College, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kans. Knight, Thomas A., Photographer, Lexington, Ky. Krum, Herbert J., Proprietor, The Indian City Horse Farm, Pontiac, 111. Lantz, D. E., Bureau of Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Lantz, William M., Breeder of Dutch Belted Cattle, Monroe, N. J. Lauman, G. N., Assistant Professor of Rural Economy, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Leveeing, Moetimee, Secretary, American Shetland Pony Club, Lafayette, Ind. Lewis, L. L., Veterinarian and Bacteriologist, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla- homa. Linfield, F. B., Professor of Agriculture, Montana State College of Agriculture, and Director, Montana Experi- ment Station, Bozeman, Mont. Lovejoy, A. J., Vice-President, Illinois State Board of Agriculture, Roscoe, 111. MacGilliveay, Alex. D., Assistant Professor of Ento- mology and Invertebrate Zoology, New York State Col- lege of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Maeks, W. F., President, New York State Association of Bee-Keepers' Societies, Clifton Springs, N. Y. Marshall, F. R., Professor of Animal Husbandry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Matteson, Sumner W., Lecturer, Writer and Illustrator, 1515 University Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. McClure, R. L., Photographer of Fine Horses, Lexing- ton, Ky. McDonald, W. T., Professor of Animal Husbandry and Farm Superintendent, Oklahoma Agricultural and Me- chanical College, and Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Oklahoma. McGill, A., Chief Analyst, Laboratory of the Inland Rev- enue Department, Ottawa, Canada. McGregor, J. H., Professor, Department of Zoology, Columbia University, New York City. McInnes, J. C, President, Dutch Belted Cattle Associa- tion of America, Worcester, Mass. McKissick, N. E., Cattle Salesman for McKissick Bros.' Commission Firm, Union Stock Yards, South St. Paul, Minn. McLaughlin Brothers, Importers of Percheron and French Coach Horses, Columbus, Ohio. McLaury Brothers, River Meadow Farm, Portland- ville, N. Y. COLLABORATORS McSparran, W. V., Breeder of Registered Jersey Cattle and Berkshire Swine, Fairfield Farms, Furniss, Pa. Melick, Charles W., Dairy Husbandman, Maryland Ag- ricultural Experiment Station, College Park, Md. Merriam, C. Hart, Chief, Bureau of Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Moor-e, J. Percy, Assistant Professor of Zoology, Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Morris, Dr. J. Chestoh, President, American Devon Cattle Club, Philadelphia, Pa. Morton, G. E., Professor of Animal Husbandry, State Agricultural College of Colorado, Fort Collins, Colo. Nall, I. B., Secretary, American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association, Louisville, Ky. Ogilvie, R. B., Secretary, American Clydesdale Associa- tion, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. Osborn, Henry Fairfield, Da Costa Professor of Zoology, Columbia University, and Curator, Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Pablo, Michael, Breeder of Bison, Elk, Horses and Cattle, Ronan, Mont. Pabst, Fred, Oconomowoc, Wis. Peer, F. S., Manager, New England Farm Stock Co., Greenfield, Mass. Philip, James, Breeder of Cattle, Fort Pierre, S. D. Phillips, E. F., In Charge of Apiculture, Bureau of Ento- mology, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Plath, Ludwig G., Pet Stock Breeder, York, Pa. Preston, G. L., M. D., Canisteo, N. Y. Purvis, Miller, Editor of "Poultry" and "Pigeons," Peotone, 111. Ramsdell, J. A. P., Proprietor, Powelton Farm, New- burgh, N. Y. Keid, Charles, Photographer, Wishaw, Scotland. Rice, William E., Breeder of Homing Pigeons for Squab Breeding, Bridgeton, N. J. Richards, H. B., Secretary, Dutch Belted Cattle Associa- tion of America, Easton, Pa. Robinson, John H., Editor of "Farm-Poultry," Boston, Mass. Rommel, Geo. M., Animal Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Russell, Dr. H. L., Dean of the College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, and Director of the Wiscon- sin Experiment Station, Madison, Wis. Rutherford, J. G., Veterinary Director General and Live-Stock Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Sanders, A. H., Sanders Publishing Co., Chicago, 111. Schreiber & Sons, Photographers, Philadelphia, Pa. Shields, G. 0., Editor and Manager "Shields' Magazine," New York City. Skinner, J. H., Dean of the School of Agriculture of Purdue University, and Professor of Animal Husbandry in College and Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. Smith, Archibald, Professor of Animal Husbandry, Mis- sissippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agri- cultural College, Miss. Smith, C. D., Ex-Director and Agriculturist, Experiment Station of Michigan, Agricultural College, Mich. Spillman, W. J., Agriculturist in Charge of Farm Man- agement Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Sprague, E. C, Cincinnati, Ohio. Springer, F. S., Secretary, American Berkshire Associa- tion, Springfield, 111. Stevens, F. C, Attica, N. Y. Stevens, Henry, Proprietor, the Stevens Herd of Hols- tein-Friesian Cattle, Brookside Stock Farm, Lacona, N.Y. Stubbs, C. E., Secretary, National French Draft Horse Association, Fairfield, Iowa. Surface, H. A., Economic Zoologist, Department of Agri- culture, Harrisburg, Pa. Thomas, C. R., Secretary, American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association, Kansas City, Mo. Towar, J. D., Professor of Agriculture, College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts of the University of Wyoming, and Director, Wyoming Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Laramie, Wyo. Trueman, J. G., President, The American Shire Horse Association, Bushnell, 111. Turnbull, Dr. Thomas, President, Ayrshire Breeders' Association, Casanova, Va. Van Natta, W. S., Fowler, Ind. Van Slyke, L. L., Chemist, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. Van Wagenen, Jared, Jr., Farmer, Lawyersville, N. Y. Waters, H. J., Dean and Director, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Columbia, Mo. Webber, Herbert J., Professor of Experimental Plant Biology, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Wharton, J. R., Manager, Butte Electric Railway Com- pany, Butte, Mont. Wheeler, William Morton, Curator, Department of In- vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Wilder, Burt G., Professor of Neurology and Vertebrate Zoology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Willet, D. E., 2112 Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. Williams, Dr. W. L., Professor of Surgery, Obstetrics, etc., New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Wilson, James W., Director and Animal Husbandman, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Brook- ings, S. D. Winslow, C. M., Secretary, Ayrshire Breeders' Associa- tion, Brandon, Vt. Woods, Charles D., Director, Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Orono, Me. Woodworth, C W., Associate Professor of Entomology, University of California, and Entomologist of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University c-i California, Berkeley, Cal. York, George W., Editor, " American Bee Journal,'" Chicago, 111. ZlON, J. F., Prescott, Ariz. PART I THE ANIMAL AND ITS RELATIONS There are about 12,000 known living species of mammals and about 15,000 species of birds. From the time when man began to emerge from the lower creation, he has possessed and enslaved his fellow animals. Great numbers of species have been brought into captivity, yet it is surprising how few of these have really been domesticated. The Editor of this book has made a diligent effort to record every species of animal of any kind that is now domesticated for agricultural uses in North America (north of Mexico), and he has interpreted the field of agriculture broadly ; yet the book does not contain accounts of twenty really domesticated species of mammals, not more than a dozen of birds, only one species of fish, and two of insects. In other words, the numbers of species of animals of all classes with which North American agriculture is really concerned do not much, if any, exceed thirty, or say, one species to every one thousand species of mammals and birds that are known to exist on the earth today. This means either that the domesticable species are exceedingly few, or that man has not yet improved his opportunities in adapting the animal kingdom to his uses ; or else that his necessities are now all supplied. More than thirty species are described in this volume, however, but many of them are not domesti- cated, and others are not really agricultural animals. Some occupations or sources of income directly or indirectly associated with agriculture — in the sense of being the products of land more or less under the control of man — rest on the capture or exploitation of wild animals. Of such are the fur- bearing animals, although some fur-bearers are bred under captivity. Other animals included in this volume are pets or companions, and are agricultural only in the sense that they may be bred and Fig. 1. Urus, the source of domestic cattle (see page 302). The original f this illustration is considered by A. Nehring, of Berlin, an eminent authority, to be the best known picture of the now extinct urus. This picture was found at an art dealer's establishment in Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1827, and was published in Vol. 4 of Griffith's edition of Cuvier's "Animal Kingdom," London, 1827; and from Griffith's print the above illustration is made, somewhat reduced. This picture was probably made for an Augsburg merchant about the year 1500. Three more or less reliable pictures of the urus are known. (See Nehring, in Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbucher, Vol. 25, 1896, p. 927.) CI (1) 2 THE ANIMAL AND ITS RELATIONS sold by land-owners. Certain wild animals may be merely controlled or protected to a certain extent, when conditions require it, and their propagation and welfare are thus promoted. Of such are the various animals classed as shell-fish and frogs and turtles. Some animals, as fish, may be bred or propagated under captivity and then turned loose. Some animals are bred in captivity only to supply zoological parks and game-preserves, as pheasants, bison, wapiti or elk. The rearing of animals for park purposes is in the hands of a few specialists here and there, and the subject has not been dis- cussed in this volume to any extent. Many of them are kept as curiosities, because of some special interest that attaches to them rather than because of any immediate economic value they may possess. These animals have not been truly domesticated, and the rearing of them consists, for the most part, in protecting the animals and in learning enough of their habits to enable the operator to supply their natural wants and to facilitate their breeding. 