title: The teaching of county geography.
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THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS. B. THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. (1) Chemical Engineering. (2) Electrical Engineering. (3) Civil and Road Engineering. (4) Soil Investigation. C. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. D. THE SCHOOL OF LAW. E. THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. F. THE SCHOOL OF PHARMACY. G. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION. H. THE SUMMER SCHOOL. I. THE BUREAU OF EXTENSION. (1) General Information. (2) Instruction by Lectures. (3) Correspondence Courses. (4) Debate and Declamation. (5) County Economic and Social Surveys. (6) Municipal and Legislative Reference. (7) Educational Information and Assist¬ ance. ❖ WRITE TO THE UNIVERSITY WHEN YOU , NEED HELP For information regarding the University, address THOMAS J. WILSON, Jr., Registrar. *J 4 ♦$♦ ♦$♦ ♦$* ♦$♦ ♦14 4T4 >14 4l4 ♦> ♦>  CAROLINA RECORD Faculty Committee on Extension Louis R. Wilson N. W. Walker M. H. Stacy C. L. Raper H. W. Chase M. C. S. Noble Collier Cobb E. C. Branson L. A. Williams E. R. Rankin The See man Printery Durham. N. C. The Bureau of Extension of the University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina through its Bureau of Extension offers to the people of the State: I. General Information: Concerning books, readings, essays, study outlines, and subjects of general interest. Literature will be loaned from the Li¬ brary upon the payment of transportation charges each way. II. Instruction by Lectures: Lectures of a popular or technical nature and addresses for com¬ mencement or other special occasions will be furnished any community which will pay the traveling expenses of the lecturer. III. Correspondence Courses : For teachers in Arithmetic, Civics, Economics, Drawing, Edu¬ cation, Engineering, English, European History, Geology, German, Greek, Latin, North Carolina History, Rural Eco¬ nomics, Rural Education; Solid Geometry, and United States History. IV. Guidance in Debate and Declamation : Through the High School Debating Union, special bulletins and handbooks, and material loaned from the Library. V. County Economic and Social Surveys : For use by counties in their effort to improve their economic and social condition. VI. Municipal and Legislative Reference Aids : For use in studying and drafting municipal and State legisla¬ tion. VII. Educational Information and Assistance: For teachers, principals, superintendents, school committees and boards. The School of Education acts as a clearing house for information concerning all phases of educational work and conducts a teacher’s bureau as an aid to communities and schools in securing efficient teachers. For full information, address The Bureau of Extension, Chapel Hill, N. C. D. of D. FEB 20, 1911 The Teaching of County Geography The teaching of geography should begin at home where things are seen and known and then go on out to the great world far away where things are beyond the pupils’ sight and knowledge. When children are able to read fairly well in a third reader, they may begin to study the geography of their own county. Every child should know where his county is with reference to the state as a whole, and to the counties which bound it. He should know something of the nature of its soil, its mineral wealth, its forest value, its drainage, and its water-power. He should know when it was settled and who settled it, the deeds of its great men in peace and war, the occupations of its citizens, and the possibility of its further growth and development. Naturally, geography and history should be studied together and therefore a few brief statements about some of the prominent men of the past, and some of the more important historic events in Orange are given with the hope of contributing to the interest in local history which has been steadily increasing in the state for many years. It is impossible to mention all of our prominent men in a bulletin as small as this. The Teaching of County Geography Since county lines are constantly changing in our state, it is illogical and impossible to teach “county history” in North Carolina. Teachers have all along realized that our history should be taught by sections and topics and not by the ever-changing county unit. Beginning with 1901, the State Department of Public Instruction has published annually and distributed to the public schools for use on North Carolina Day, brief and attractive studies in the history of our state by sections as,—The Albemarle Section, The Pamlico Section, The Upper Cape Fear Section, The Scotch-Irish Settlements in North Carolina, etc. Another attractive and impressive method that has been used with fine effect for very many years, has been the acting of great events in North Carolina history by the young people in our schools and higher institutions of education. Still another popular method at county commencements and educational rallies, is the old yet always entertaining reproduction of historic events by means of tableaux and pageants. For the past several years the University Summer School for Teachers has given some splendid public exhibitions of this method of teaching history. The School of Education at the University is making a collection of such exercises and will be pleased to furnish copies of the same or refer applicants to the authors. THE PURPOSE OF THIS BULLETIN The purpose of this bulletin is to give methods and suggestions to those teachers who wish to teach to their pupils the geography of their county. First, an outline of topics is presented, and then follows a brief presentation of the geography of Orange county based on this outline for the use of teachers in this county. A careful reading of the outline and the presentation of Orange county geography will suggest to teachers in other counties how they may follow the same outline in teaching the geography of their own county. It will be readily seen that it is impossible to follow the outline in every detail in teaching any one county. HOW TO BEGIN Hang the map of North Carolina in front of the class. Call attention to the location of your county with reference to its situation in the state, that is, whether it is in the eastern, middle, or western section, or better, whether it is in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, or Mountain section. When this has been done, lead the children to formulate the fact as, “Orange county is situated in the etc.” (See page 11). Next let a pupil go to the map, point to the counties bounding it and say “Orange county is bounded on the north by etc.” These two statements may now be written in the blank books. In this way each of the topics may be carefully studied and written in the blank books. Great care should be taken to have the work done neatly, and to that end, it is best to have the sentences written on paper first for the teacher's corrections and suggestions. A COUNTY MAP Soon a county map will be needed. If your county has no published map there may be one at the courthouse which you should copy some Saturday when your Teachers Association meets. If there is no map at all, the County Commissioners and the County Board of Education will unite in getting one as soon as it is known that every teacher in the county not only needs one but wants one and that the children are becoming interested in the study of their county. In preparing this bulletin I have had the help of Dr. W. C. Coker, professor of botany in the University, who furnished the information about birds, wild flowers, medicinal plants, and ornamental trees and shrubs; and Mr. J. S. Holmes, Chief Forester in the North Carolina Geological Survey, who furnished the information about forest growth. I am indebted to Dr. J. G. deR. Hamilton, Alumni Professor of History in the University, for valuable historical information and for many very practical and helpful suggestions. These gentlemen have not only helped me and taken interest in what I have prepared but they are willing to help also the teachers of the state at any time they may be called upon. I wish to acknowledge the helpful criticisms and suggestions by Miss Hattie Parrot, Rural Supervisor of Schools in Lenoir county, Miss Mary G. Shotwell, Rural Supervisor of Schools in Granville, Superintendent I. C. Griffin of Marion, N. C., Dr. K. P. Battle, Dr. L. A. Williams of the School of Education, Professor N. W. Walker, State Inspector of High Schools, and Mr. Frank Nash, of Hillsboro. I shall be pleased to hear from anyone who may wish to write to me about the teaching of geography or local history in his county. M. C. S. Noble: Syllabus and General Outline for Teaching County Geography MATERIAL NEEDED 1. A map of North Carolina. 2. A map of your county. 3. A black-board. 4. A five-cent blank book for each child. 5. Any article, book, or pamphlet published about your county by the State Historical Commission or any other historical body. 6. Any publication descriptive of your county published by the North Carolina Corporation Commission, State Board of Health, State Geological Survey, State Department of Agriculture, any Railroad Company in the State, and the United States Commissioner of Education. 7. University of North Carolina Record, Extension Series No. 9, The University News Letter; all county newspapers, North Carolina Day Programs; and United States Census Abstracts. 8. Any local story, tradition, fact, or natural resource that ought to be recorded. HOW TO OBTAIN MATERIAL The following are the addresses of several sources of information which may be had for the asking: R. D. W. Connor, Secretary of the North Carolina Historical Commission, Raleigh, N. C. E. L. Travis, Chairman of the North Carolina Corporation Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. W. S. Rankin, Secretary of the State Board of Health, Raleigh, N. C. William A. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C. The Teaching of County Geography Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geological Survey, Chapel Hill, N. C. Dr. J. Y. Joyner, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Raleigh, N. C. Dr. P. P. Claxton, United States Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C. The School of Education, Chapel Hill, N. C. The University News Letter, Chapel Hill, N.C. Your congressman or either United States senator from North Carolina, for Census Abstracts. It would be well for you to write to all of the above and request that your name be placed on their regular mailing list. THE WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISHED Each pupil should have a five-cent blank book and, under the instruction and suggestions of the teacher, should build up his own county geography by writing at least one short sentence under each topic of the outline, though, if thought best, there may be more than one sentence as in the case of Orange as presented in this bulletin. The point is that if there is any simple statement of value that may be made about the county the pupil should know it, write it, and be able to say it. GENERAL OUTLINE I. Physical-Political Situated Bounded Size Surface Mountains Drainage Water Power Soil Climate Forest Growth Wild Flowers Medicinal Plants Minerals and Rocks Wild Animals Birds These are very rare but any information to Prof. E. C. Branson, Chapel Hill, N.C. they contain may be had by writing University of North Carolina II. Historical-Political Formed,—when, why, and from what? Named after Settled by Population Principal Occupations Crops Manufacturing Total Wealth,—land, personal property, and corporations Road System  Lettuce Potatoes Cabbage Beans Melons D. MANUFACTURING Cotton Plaid Knitting Tobacco Furniture, Buggies, Wagons Leather Oil and Fertilizers c. fishing Shad Herring Oysters Clams Terrapins Mullet F. TRANSPORTATION Railroads Electric Ocean Sounds Rivers Canals Automobile Lines IV. Towns Name and location of each. Principal industry. Population by races. Schools, streets, and modern conveniences. The Teaching of County Geography V. History A. COLONIAL B. REVOLUTIONARY C. PRIOR TO CIVIL WAR D. DURING CIVIL WAR Sentiment of the people on secession. Number of men sent to Confederate army. Important battles. Life in war times. PUBLIC MONUMENTS Where When To whom By whom For what E. GREAT MEN Civil Life Farmers Soldiers Sailors Teachers, etc. Erected? Public Buildings erected G. IMPORTANT Events since Railroads built the civil war; Bond issues and for what purpose. VI. Education Public Schools—Length of term? Local tax? School buildings? Private Schools—For which race? Source of support? Curriculum? Denominational Schools—For which race? Source of support? Curriculum? Orange County Courthouse, Hillsboro, N. C. Clock in Tower was presented to the town of Hillsboro by King George III, in 1769, and has been a reliable timepiece ever since Orange County Situated PHYSICAL-POLITICAL Orange county is situated in the eastern part of the beautiful Piedmont Section of North Carolina. East of Orange, the land gradually slopes away towards the east and southeast into the level Coastal Plain which borders the Atlantic ocean, while to the west of our county, the land rises higher and higher till it finally reaches the far away foothills of the Blue Ridge mountains. Our county is bounded on the north by Caswell and Person, on the east By Durham, on the south by Chatham, and on the west by Alamance. It contains about 390 square miles and is therefore Size smaller than the average size of the counties in North Carolina. The northern boundary is 12 miles north from Hills- 12 The Teaching of County Geography boro, the eastern boundary is about 7 miles east from Hills¬ boro, the southern boundary 16 miles south, and the western boundary 10 miles west. Surface & reater P or ^ on of the surface is rugged and hilly, and slopes gradually towards the east and southeast. Mountain* ^ere are severa l prominent hills in the county which are called “mountains.” They are Nunn’s, Crawford’s, Ball’s, Blackwood’s, and Occoneechee mountains. Occoneechee, the highest, is 830 feet above sea level. It is one of a succession of hills which extend from Montgomery county to Person county and which are visible one from another in fair weather. Drainage northeastern part of the county is drained by the Eno and Little rivers and their tributaries. These rivers unite in Durham county and form the Neuse which flows southeasterly into the Pamlico sound. The western part of the county is drained by Cane creek and several smaller streams which flow into Haw River. New Hope and Morgan creeks drain much of the eastern and southern portions of the county. These two streams unite in Durham county and finally empty into Haw river in Chat¬ ham county just before it unites with Deep river to form the Cape Fear. Water s ^ reams ^ a ^ drain Orange county do not furnish Power water P ower of ver y great value and yet they furnish the power for several saw mills and grist mills. Near Chapel Hill, Bolin’s creek, a tributary of New Hope, if properly developed, could furnish the town of Chapel Hill with electricity during the greater part of the year. Soil The soil varies from sand and gravel to stiff red clay. A tract of sandy loam, varying in width from two to five miles, extends across the northern part of the county. There is another small area of sandy land in the southwestern part of the county. Along the southeastern border, much of the soil is a yellow gravelly clay. In other sections, a great deal of the land is red clay. The soil is naturally fertile and, by using intelligent methods of farming, it may be made very productive. Climate is very fine for summer or winter residence, and outdoor labor is seldom prevented by excessive heat, cold, or violent storms. The annual mean temperature at Chapel Hill is about 58.9 degrees which is about that of the entire state. The rainfall is 46.11 inches which is but little less than the average rainfall for the whole state. Nearly three-fifths of the county is covered by forest growth growth. The orchard hardwood trees grow on the rougher poorer lands. Our chief timber trees are white oak and post oak from which a large number of cross ties are cut annually. Other hard woods, such as red oak, are also used for the purpose of building roads. The Teaching of County Geography Sand Clay Road, State Highway, Orange County Black oak, Spanish Oak, hickory, and sweet gum, occur in small quantities. The second growth pines, which have come up on abandoned old fields, furnish most of the saw timber. Not much more than one fourth of these second growth pines furnishes salable timber. Short leaf is the most abundant pine in the northern section, while the loblolly pine is spreading rapidly through the southern and southeastern sections. Red cedar is common throughout the county, especially in the red clay soils. If forest fires are prevented, second growth pines come up among the young hard wood trees that remain after the larger hard wood trees have been cut. Second growth pines are large enough for firewood in twenty years, and in thirty years they are fit for saw timber. Land owners oppose burning the forests and yet, through carelessness, fires break out every year and destroy many young trees worth thousands of dollars. In setting out trees in school yards, native shrubs and trees should be largely used. In order to beautify school yards, we could use with fine effect our native dogwood, black haw, arrowwood, Indian currant, swamp dogwood, New Jersey tea or red root, red haw, sumach, large-leaf storax, witch hazel, June berry, American evergreen holly, and many other native plants. Since Orange county is near the meeting place, Flowers Coastal and the Piedmont Section, its native plants are many and varied. Some remarkable mountain plants are found growing wild in the county. Among them are the magnificent rhododendron (often incorrectly called laurel), ginseng, winter-green, wild hydrangea, and the northern polypodium. The more conspicuous wild flowers are hepatica, spring beauty, laurel or kalmia (often called ivy), trailing arbutus, dog-tooth violets, evening primrose, atamasca lily, wild azalea, blood root, and several kinds of wild phlox. Medicinal Plants There is a large number of medicinal plants growing wild in the county and some of them might be collected and sold at a profit. Among them are yellow dock, hepatica, Canada moon-seed, spice bush, sassafras, blood root, witch hazel, sumach, butterfly weed, spear mint, black haw, horse-nettle, jimson weed, mullen, elder, and dandelion. Iron, mica, gold, copper, sandstone, whetstone, and rocks are found but not in paying quantities. A brown sandstone is found near Chapel Hill from which the foundation, doorsteps, and window sills of several of the older University buildings were taken. Wild The more usual wild animals are squirrels, opossums, and rabbits. The Teaching of County Geography There are few sections in the world that show a greater abundance of birds than ours and they seem to be tamer and more friendly than usual. For example, the wood thrush, which is usually a shy and retiring bird, can be heard singing in our towns and villages every spring. The hermit thrush is with us most of the winter but early in the spring it goes north to nest. Other birds that are abundant with us are robins, mockingbirds, catbirds, jaybirds, yellow-breasted chats, indigo huntings, flickers (yellow hammers), red-headed wood-peckers, fly-catchers, great crested fly-catchers, red-winged blackbirds, blue birds, vireos, nuthatches. Song sparrows, and many other kinds of sparrows. Among the most attractive birds of passage that stay with us a little while in the spring are goldfinches, purple finches, song sparrows, cedar birds, and bobolinks or rice birds. Fish in the waters of Orange are to be found in considerable abundance, the following food and game fish: black bass, commonly known as chub, rock bass, or “red eye,” pike, jack,ream, carp, catfish, and many varieties of perch. Many of the streams have been stocked by the United States Bureau of Fisheries with bass and bream. There are a few privately owned and stocked fish ponds though little attention has so far been paid to this highly productive industry. HISTORICAL-POLITICAL Formed by County was formed from parts of Granville, Johnston, and Bladen counties in 1752. When it was first formed, it contained all of the present counties of Caswell, Person, Alamance, and Chatham, and parts of Rockingham, Guilford, Randolph, Tee, Wake, and Durham. Named by the name of William, Prince of Orange, a famous Dutch soldier and statesman, who married Mary, the daughter of James II of England. He became King of England in 1694 and is known in history as William III. Graded only by Sand Clay - Dirt Road Orange county was settled chiefly by Scotch-Irish Settled and Germans. That portion in which the Germans settled is now Alamance county, and the eastern portions of Rockingham, Guilford, and Randolph counties. The population at the last census (1910) was 15,000. Population divided between the races as follows: Males. 5,144 2,413 Females. 4, 994 2,513 Total. 10,138 4,926 The above table shows that there are slightly more than twice as many whites as blacks in Orange. It also shows that there are more white men than white women in our county and fewer colored men than colored women. There are 38.6 persons for each square mile, 5 and our population, both white and colored, with few exceptions, is native born, in fact, in 1910 there were only seven white foreign born persons living in our county. Occupation principal occupation is farming though many of our people are engaged in manufacturing. In 1900 there were 2044 farms in the county and in 1910 there were 1967 farms. This decrease in the number of farms shows that the land is going into the possession of fewer persons. In 1910 there were nine persons in the county each of whom owned from 500 to 999 acres and there were three persons who owned more than 1000 acres each. Crops, Pines, and other crops are corn, cotton, wheat, and tobacco. Hay, oats, rye, and peas are profitably cultivated. Peaches, apples, pears, and berries would thrive on the land of Orange county farmers if carefully cultivated. Manufacturing There are extensive cotton mills and knitting mills at Carrboro and Hillsboro, and there are flour mills at Carrboro, Hillsboro, and Efland. There is a factory at Efland that makes large quantities of excelsior which is used for packing furniture and other articles. These mills and factories give employment to many men, women, and children. In 1913, the total value of the property assessed for taxation was $6,017,399, as shown in the following table: Bank  Teaching of County Geography Road System The property owned by the white people is valued at $3,695,385 and that of the colored people is valued at $290,805. The average wealth of each person in the county in 1910 was $218 and the average wealth of each person in North Carolina was $322. In 1912, the people voted for a $250,000 bond issue to be used in the building of a system of roads. With the proceeds of the sale of these bonds, a system of well-graded sand-clay roads has been built thus connecting the principal parts of the county with each other. The roads, when built, were most excellent and with proper care and attention they will ever be of greatest value and service to all the people. Railroads, the Southern Railway runs through the county from east to west for a distance of 17.27 miles. It passes through University Station, Hillsboro, and Efland. A branch line (10.14 miles long) runs from University Station to Carrboro and gives to Chapel Hill railroad communication with the main line. Post offices there are post offices at Efland, Hillsboro, Cedar Grove, Teer, Blackwood, University Station, Carrboro, and Chapel Hill. Rural free delivery routes carry the daily mail to the homes of citizens in nearly every section of the county. Telephones and telephone wires give easy and ready means of communication to hundreds of homes in town and country. These lines not only help business but help to make country life more delightful. Newspapers there are three weekly newspapers published in the county, the Orange County Observer, Hillsboro Enterprise, and Chapel Hill News. These papers have many subscribers and contribute much to the development of the county. Townships in the county is divided into seven townships. They are Cheek, Cedar Grove, Eno, Little River. University of North Carolina Hillsboro, Bingham, and Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill is the largest and Little River is the smallest. Towns, Hillsboro, Chapel Hill, and Carrboro are the only incorporated towns in the county. Hillsboro, on the north bank of the Eno, was laid off as a town in 1754 by William Churton, one of Earl Granville’s surveyors. It was first called Orange, but a little later it was called Corbinton, after Francis Corbin, one of Granville’s agents in North Carolina. In November 1759, it was incorporated as a town and called Childsburg after Thomas Child who was at that time attorney-general of the state. In November 1766, it was named Hillsboro after the Earl of Hillsboro, an English nobleman. In 1770, it was made a borough town and as such it was entitled to a representative in the legislature until 1835. Hillsboro is beautifully situated and, before the days of railroads, was a very popular summer resort for many visitors from the low country in the eastern part of the state. It is the county seat, has a public library, a public graded school which may be attended free of charge by high school students from any part of the county, some well-paved streets, two banks, and two weekly newspapers. The population in 1910 was 857. Chapel Hill, the largest town in the county, is the seat of the University of North Carolina, the oldest university in the world. The University was chartered in 1789 and its doors were opened to students in 1795. More than one thousand students attend the University annually and during the summer there is an attendance of more than seven hundred teachers at the University Summer School for Teachers. Like Hillsboro, Chapel Hill is noted for its delightful climate, its healthy location, and the beauty of the surrounding country. It has excellent streets, electric lights, two banks, a weekly newspaper, public waterworks, a town sewer system, and a public graded school which may be attended free of charge by high school students from any part of the county. Automobile lines maintain convenient schedules to Durham and give close connection with all trains. The first sale of lots was conducted by the trustees of the University October 12th, 1793, and the town was incorporated in 1847. The population in 1910 was 1149. Carrboro, a prosperous manufacturing village about one mile from the University campus, is situated at the terminus of the branch line of railroad which connects Chapel Hill with the Southern Railway at University Station. This branch line was built in 1882. In 1900, the late Thomas F. Lloyd built a cotton mill near the depot in what is now Carrboro. Soon a thriving village sprang up around the mill and the place began to be known as “the depot,” “West End,” and “West Chapel Hill.” In 1911 it was incorporated as the town of Venable, but in 1913 the name was changed to Carrboro and it thus perpetuates the name of Julian S. Carr, a native of Chapel Hill, and a prosperous manufacturer and generous public citizen of Durham who had bought the cotton mill from Mr. Lloyd for the Durham Hosiery Mill a short time before his death in 1911. The population of Carrboro is 800 white and 200 colored, total 1000. The University of Georgia was chartered five years earlier than our University but opened its doors to students five years later than ours did. High School Building, Chapel Hill, N.C. Efland, a station on the Southern Railway four miles west of Hillsboro, has not yet been incorporated. It is a thriving village settlement and contains a flour mill and an excelsior mill, both of which do a fine business. The public schools in Orange county for the year 1913-14 had an average term of 122 days. There are six local tax districts and these have an average term of 154 days. The local tax districts are Hillsboro, University (Eno), Chapel Hill, Efland, Carrboro, and Mt. Hope. The number of children of school age in the county is 9. White 3316; colored 1887; total 5203. The number enrolled for the year was: white 2613; colored 1580; total 4193. The average daily attendance was: white 1724; colored 933; total 2657. The average daily attendance for the white children was 65 out of 100 enrolled, and for the blacks it was 59 out of 100 enrolled. The statistics here given are for the year 1913-14. The Teaching of County Geography There are 25 white schools in the county having only one teacher and 21 white schools having two or more teachers, and there are 13 white schools in which some high school studies are taught. There are two state high schools in Orange, one at Hillsboro and the other at Chapel Hill. In both of these schools the full four years high school course of instruction is given. Students from any part of the county may attend either of these high schools free of tuition. Those students who complete the course are admitted to the freshman class of our University or any college in the state without examination. By means of our two state high schools the boys and girls of our county may prepare for college with no cost for tuition. The public schools of our county are rapidly improving and, under the wise and progressive administration of the County Board of Education, a Rural Supervisor of Schools has recently been employed to work with the County Superintendent of Schools and give her whole time to the development and improvement of the schools of the county. The Bingham School, 10 one of the most famous schools in our county, was situated in Orange for nearly a century. In 1891, it was removed from near Mebane to near Asheville where it continues to flourish with an attendance of more than one hundred students, many of whom come from distant states. During the five years following the Bingham School's removal from Mebane to Asheville, a Boys' High School, under church control, was conducted in the recently vacated buildings. In 1896, the school under church control ceased to exist and the son-in-law of a former Principal of the Bingham School, established a preparatory school in the same buildings. This school is also called the Bingham School and in 1913-14 it had an enrollment of fifty-three students. Its several locations in Orange were Hillsboro, Mt. Repose in Cedar Grove township, Oaks in Bingham township, and in the extreme western part of the county within half a mile of Mebane. Local History SOME PROMINENT MEN OF THE PAST IN ORANGE Thomas Burke A native of Ireland. Came to Hillsboro 1774. Lawyer. Member of the last four Provincial Congresses. Delegate to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia. Governor. Lies buried in an unmarked grave near Hillsboro. Joseph Caldwell A native of New Jersey and a graduate of Princeton. President of the University of North Carolina for twenty-seven years. Advocate of public schools and internal improvements. Died at Chapel Hill 1835. Monument to his memory on the University campus. Thomas Hart Benton Born near Hillsboro, March 14, 1782. Student University of North Carolina and William and Mary College. Lawyer at Nashville, Tenn. Member Tennessee legislature. Moved to Missouri Where he was six times elected to the United States Senate and one time to the United States House of Representatives. A native of Connecticut. Professor of mathematics at University for seven years and professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy for twenty-two years. First to find that the Black Mountains in North Carolina were higher than the White Mountains in New Hampshire and therefore the highest mountains in the United States east of the Mississippi. The stone walls around the University campus were built by Dr. Mitchell. He lost his life on Mount Mitchell in 1848 and lies buried on the summit of this, the highest peak of the Black Mountains, which is named in his honor. Native of New York and a graduate of Yale. Edmund Fanning Came to Hillsboro 1762. Register of The Teaching of County Geography Orange county. Became unpopular because of his charging illegal fees for registering deeds and other documents. Atacked by a mob, beaten, and chased out of town by the Regulators who burned down his house in Hillsboro. Became Surveyor General of New York to which province he removed in 1771. During the Revolution he became colonel of “King’s American Regiment.” After the Revolution Yale conferred on him the degree of LL. D. Born in that part of Orange which is now Archibald Debow Caswell, a graduate of University 1799. Professor of Ancient Languages 1800. Judge Superior Court, Justice Supreme Court, Supreme Court Reporter, University Trustee for thirty years, promoter of internal improvements and public education, author of a report to the legislature of 1819 on a state system of public education including elementary schools, academies, the University, and the instruction of the deaf mutes. He has been called the “Father of the public schools of North Carolina.” A. D. Murphey David Lowry A native of Buncombe County. Student at University of North Carolina, Lawyer. Member of legislature, State Solicitor, Judge Superior Court, Governor, Member Convention of 1835, President of University from 1835 to 1868, and Trustee of University for thirty-seven years. Author of many papers on North Carolina history. Died at Chapel Hill, Aug. 27, 1867. Herman Husbands & Pennsylvanian who settled on Sandy Creek near present town of Ramseur in that part of Randolph County which was then a part of Orange. University of North Carolina 29 A leader of the Regulators and though he took no part in the battle of Alamance he fled immediately after the battle to Pennsylvania because of the reward which was offered for his arrest owing to his activity as a Regulator. Member of the Assembly from Orange. William Horn A native of Edgecombe. Graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1820. Lawyer. Member of House of Commons from Franklin, Supreme Court Reporter, Superior Court Judge, Supreme Court Justice, twice Commissioner to revise North Carolina statutes, Professor of Law at the University for twenty-five years. Died at Chapel Hill 1879. Born in Lincoln county September 5, 1804. Graham Graduate of the University. Began practice of law at Hillsboro 1827. Member legislature and Speaker of the House, United States Senator, twice Governor of the state, Secretary of the Navy during Fillmore’s administration, candidate for Vice-President on ticket with General Scott, member of Convention (Secretary) of 1861, Confederate States Senator, member of the Board of Trustees of Peabody Fund. Died 1875, buried at Hillsboro. William A. Graham John Manning A native of Chowan. Graduated at the University in 1850. Lawyer. Member of legislature from Chatham, member of Convention of 1861, member of Congress, Commissioner to revise North Carolina statutes, Professor of Law at the University for eighteen years. Died 1899. The Teaching of County Geography Born in what is Willie Person 1892 Graduat. Mangum. Ed at University 1815. Lawyer, member legislature, three times Superior Court Judge, twice a member of Congress, Presidential elector on the Jackson ticket, four times elected United States Senator, President pro tem of the United States Senate and acting Vice-President. Died September 14, 1861. Graham and Mangum were both in the United States Senate from 1840 to 1843, an honor held by no other county in the state. now Durham county, May 10, Member of the legislature and Speaker of the House of Commons, Superior Court Judge, President of State Bank, Supreme Court Judge, Chief Justice Supreme Court. Lived for many years in that part of Orange which became Alamance. Thomas Ruffin, Jr. Orange and son of Chief Justice Ruffin, graduate of University, Colonel Confederate States Army, Superior Court Judge, Supreme Court Justice. 31 University of North Carolina A family of famous teachers in Orange county Family * or near v a century. Rev. William Bingham, a native of County Down, Ireland, a Scotch- Irish Presbyterian and a graduate of the University of Glas¬ gow, fled to America because he had been involved in an un¬ successful revolt for Irish independence. He founded the Bingham School in 1793 and was its Principal for thirty-two years. William J. Bingham, a graduate of the University of North Carolina, was the son of the founder of the Bingham School and was called the “Napoleon of Schoolmasters.” He was the second Principal of the school and associated with him in 1857 his two sons, William and Robert. On the death of their father they became the joint Principals. William was the author of many popular classical textbooks. He died in 1872. Robert with the exception of four years of the Civil War, has been either joint Principal, or Principal for more than forty years. James Phillips of England was a Presbyterian Family” 11 ^ P reac ^ er w ^° tau ght in Harlem, N. Y. He came to the University in 1826 to accept the professor¬ ship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy He held this professorship until his death in April, 1867. His death oc¬ curred in the chapel while at morning prayers. He left two sons, Charles and Samuel Field, and a daughter Cornelia. Charles was a tutor in the University for ten years, and a Professor of Engineering for six years, and Professor of Mathematics until 1879 with the exception of six years during the suspension of the University when he was Professor of Mathematics in Davidson College. Died in 1889. 