title: An introduction to the German language, for English-speaking students,
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Words so marked may be translated also by the cognate. 2. Die Frucht means fruit in its most general sense and in a figurative sense, as the "fruits of the fields" and "fruits for repentance." For fruit in the limited sense of apples, cherries, etc., one uses das Obst. 3. Mut in compound words resumes the original meaning of mood: der Grossmut—magnanimity, der Kleinmut—pusillanimity, der Hochmut—arrogance, etc. Caution die Art means not "art" but KIND, VARIETY, SPECIES. English ART is German die Kunst from konnen; der Rock means not "rock" but a man’s COAT or a woman’s SKIRT. Note that among the adjectives above there are some words given without cognates, because they look like an English word which has an entirely different meaning. ZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE Es ist jetzt der Herbst. Das Laub ist gelb, braun und rot. Die Baume sind schon. Der Wald ist still und kein Laut ist zu horen. Kein Tier lasst sich sehen. Das Tal ist noch grim und die Berge sind blau. Wir haben zu Hause noch viele Rosen und Nelken. Die Nelken riechen gut. Die Wolken sind weich und weich. Wir haben zu Hause auch viel Mobel: Tische, Stühle, und Uhren. Zwei und vier sind Zahlen. Es ist Zeit zu gehen. Ist der Wagen das Werfen Sie die Sachen in Den Koffer. Ist er schwer? Konnen Sie ihn aufheben? Sind Sie stark genug? Nehmen Sie ihn auf den Riicken. Der Knecht ist stark. Er nimmt den schweren Koffer auf den Riicken und tragt ihn nach unten und setzt ihn oben auf den Wagen. Ich stopfe mein Kleid. Die Mutter kommt in das Zimmer und setzt sich auf das Bett. Sie tragt einen neuen Hut und helle Handschuhe aber sie hat Kopfweh, also tragt sie auch eine Flasche und einen Loffel denn sie will etwas einnehmen. Ich habe Zahnweh und es ist sehr schlimm aber ich habe grossen Mut und weine nicht obgleich es weh tut. Wir haben weder Fleisch noch Obst. Ich muss den Hund nehmen und in die Stadt gehen um einen Schinken zu kaufen. Wollen Sie das Messer oder die Schere? Wollen Sie ein Kleid machen? Ich finde dieses Tuch hasst. Die frische Luft erquickt uns. Die Glocke tont und die Uhr schlagt. Der Furst hat einen Feind. Der Feind trinkt Gift und stirbt. Ich werde meine Pflicht tun. Was für Tiere kennen Sie jetzt? Konnen Sie diese Aufgabe? Kennen Sie das Dorf? Konnen Sie die Dacher sehen? Wie viele Beine hat ein Hund? Wissen Sie, wie viele Beine ein Hund hat? Der Hund fangt einen Vogel. Er totet ihn und frisst ihn. Der Mann rettet das Kind. Mein Vater ist Prediger. Er tauft viele Kinder jedes Jahr. Die Schiilerinnen turnen drei mal die Woche. Wohn en Sie in Baltimore? Das Kind wachst und wird ein Mann. Der Hund ist toll. Das Mädchen ist toll. Das Mobel ist blank. Das Schwert ist blank. Das Schwert ist blank. Die Knopfe sind blank. Wie weit ist es dahin? Wollen wir gehen oder fahren? Es ist zu weit um zu gehen. Fahren wir! Der Kampf um das Tor war lang. Haben Sie Lust, jetzt in den Wald zu gehen? WORTSCHITZ einnehmen —to take (IN, of medicine). nach unten —downstairs. Nach —to is required with verbs of motion. mal —time: einmal —once, zweimal —twice, etc. was für —what kind of a dog is that? Was ist das für einen Hund? —What kind of a dog is that? Weh (woe)—hurt, ache; weh tun —to hurt; Zahnweh —toothache. weder—noch —neither—nor. LXVIII. The purpose phrase IN ORDER TO is expressed in German by the introductory um followed at the end of the phrase by zu with the infinitive: Ich gehe in die Stadt, um einen Schinken zu kaufen. a. um is also used after adjectives modified by zu — too and genug —enough: Es ist zu weit um zu gehen —It is too far to walk. Es ist nicht weit genug um zu fahren —It is not far enough to drive. LXIX. After the verbs sein —to be and lassen —to let the German uses an ACTIVE infinitive, where the English uses a passive: Kein Laut war zu horen —No sound WAS TO BE HEARD. Kein Tier lasst sich sehen —Not an animal is to (LIT. LETS ITSELF) BE SEEN. 1. Lassen with this same construction has also the meaning of TO HAVE followed in English by a passive participle: Ich lasse ein Kleid machen—I am having a dress MADE. Pronominal Adjectives Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: One eats meat and bread every day. One drinks water and also coffee or tea or milk. This dress is too bright. It is ugly. It is also too short. Have you a watch? What time is it? One knife is sharp, the other is dull. The child is not dull. It is only sick. The air is cool and it is a pleasure to be here. The shares are small. Who has a button? The steam is filling the room. Are the trees still green or are they already yellow and red and brown? Roses and carnations smell good, do they not? Take a sponge and wash the dog. Is your (the) leg stiff? The roofs are shiny; are they not? The villages are beautiful. One can see the mountain ranges and the valleys. The animals are eating the foliage, the grass and the flowers. The dog runs through the gate into the garden. The gardener sees him and strikes him. The bottle is full of wine. The trunk is full of clothes. Will the enemy drink poison and die? Lay the spoon on the table. What kind of meat is that? It is ham. Will you (have) a piece? The prince loves his fatherland; does he not? Who is going to the country today? I do not hear a sound; do you? What kind of a noise is that? It is the bell. It is my duty to save the child. He springs into the water in order to save it. The fish are not to be caught today. The mother has the child baptized Hans. The boy throws the ball over the tree. The man strikes the dog and it bites him. The bite hurts. The dog is dying and the man will die, for the dog was mad. The merchant drives every day into town. Do you know him? No, but I know where he lives. Do you know your lesson? What kind of fruit do you want? I want cherries and plums and one apple. Not a cloud is to be seen. Not a pen is to be found. I have no flowers to give. The lady is wearing a new hat and carrying long gloves. She is going down into the town. Do you like to smell cloves? The battle of Leipzig was against Napoleon. The struggle against Napoleon was long and difficult. It is a great art to speak (discourse) well. I shall study in order to know much. The boy jumps into the water in order to save the child. The servant goes into the garden to shoot the bird. It is too far to walk. It is enough to kill you. EINUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE LXX. Essentially like the pronoun er, es, sie, sie and the definite article der, das, die, die in having a different form for each gender in the nominative singular and a plural nominative and accusative like the feminine nominative and accusative, are the following words called PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES, i.e. words which may be used either as pronouns or as adjectives modifying a noun: dies—this, jen—that (though der, das, die is more frequently used for THAT), welch—which, what, jed—every, solch—such, manch—many a. N. dieser A. diesen mas. neut. fern, and plu. dieses diese dieses diese 48 Pronominal Adjectives, Cont. LXXI. Like the indefinite article ein, ein, eine in not distinguishing in the nominative the masculine from the neuter, while otherwise following the pronoun and the definite article, are ALL THE POS¬ SESSIVE ADJECTIVES: mein—my, unser—our, Ihr—your, sein— his, sein—its, ihr—her, ihr—their, and the negative of ein, which is kein—NO, NOT A: mas. neut. fern, and plu. N. mein mein meine A. meinen mein meine Caution: unser is not like dieser because unser is the stem to which the endings are added: unsere and unseren, whereas in dieser, the stem is dies. Note that just as sie meant SHE and THEY (also her and them) and Sie meant YOU (sing, and plu.), so ihr means HER and THEIR and Ihr means YOUR. Note: ihr—her, ihr—their, Ihr—your! all forms English and German ending in r. Note also the already remarked correspondence between masculine and neuter forms: sein—his or its, and between feminine and plural forms: ihr—her or their. 1. When this group of words which we have seen as possessive adjectives are used as PRONOUNS,they have the full endings of the pronoun, cf. VI. 2, VIII. 2. b, XI, 1. b. mas. neut. fern, and plu. N. meiner meines meine A. meinen meines meine LESESTUCK Mein Garten ist schoner als Ihrer. Dieser Strauss ist grosser als jener. Ihr Kind ist alter als unseres. Welche Burg ist alter, die Wartburg oder die Marienburg? Unsere Strasse ist stiller als Ihre. Unser Park ist grosser als der Park in Pittsburg. Mein Mantel ist nicht so dick und warm wie Ihrer. In welches Theater wollen Sie gehen? Ich kann eine solche (Note order: eine solche- such a) Frage nicht beantworten. Manches Kind geht nur ungern in die Schule. Viele bleiben lieber zu Hause und spielen den ganzen Tag. Unsere sind keine Ausnahmen. Ihre Haut ist schon und weich. Meine ist roh und rot. Jeder glaubt an seinen Gott. Jeder Gedanke tragt Frucht. Jede Rose hat einen Dorn. Mein Neffe liebt mich weniger als sein Vater. Mein Neffe liebt mich weniger als seinen Vater. Essen Sie diese Pflaume. Sie ist weicher und reifer als Ihre. Welches Messer ist scharfer, dieses oder jenes? Lesen Sie gern? Ja, ich lese gern aber mein Bruder turnt lieber. Ein Knabe isst am liebsten; nicht wahr? Dieses Licht ist heller als gewohnlich; nicht wahr? Die Feder ist mach- tiger als das Schwert. To Express Liking and Preferring 49 WORTSCHATZ bleiben—to stay, remain spielen—to play gewohnlich (wont)—usually machtig—mighty (from Macht) die Ausnahme—exception From the word Ausnahme note that the German word-formation is often analogous to the Latin: ex-out and capio, capere, cepi, captus— to take, German aus—out and nehmen—to take, exception— Ausnahme. Look out for such helps. LXXII. To express the idea of LIKING and PREFERRING, in the comparative and in the superlative, the German employs the adverb gern, lieber, am liebsten. 1. To like a person or a thing, one employs gern with the verb habit: Ich habe Sie gern—I like you. Ich habe Ihren Hut gern—I like your hat. 2. To like to do, i.e. to like an infinitive one employs the ENGLISH INFINITIVE, expressed or implied, as the INFLECTED VERB WITH GERN: Ich esse gern Pflaumen—I like (to eat) plums. Er trinkt gern Milk—He likes (to drink) milk. Note that the German must employ a verb other than haben whenever one is merely implied in English. Note the different position of gern in 1 and in 2. 3. To prefer one thing or person to another, one uses the comparative of gern which is lieber: Er trinkt gern Milch, aber er trinkt lieber Kaffee. 4. To prefer a thing or person to more than one other, one uses the superlative of gern, which is am liebsten: Er trinkt gern Milch, er trinkt lieber Kaffee aber er trinkt am liebsten Wasser. UBUNG Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: Your father is older than mine; is he not? These gloves are lighter than those. Into which letter-box shall I throw these letters? Do you prefer tea or coffee? Embrace my father, not hers. Kiss my mother, not yours. Our child is taller (gross in the comparative) than theirs. Their child is older than ours. Which house is his? What hat and what dress shall I wear? Her head is larger than mine. She knows too much. Which tree is nearer? Which leg is stiffer? What animals do you know? Name them. Into which room is she going? Our clock is striking ten o'clock. It is time to go to church. Shall we drive? My carriage is here. I prefer to walk. I like dogs and cats. I like cherries and plums. He likes girls. She likes hats and gloves. They like beer and wine. We prefer water and milk. What do you prefer (to drink)? My brother likes to do gymnastics. He is no exception. Is the light brighter than usual? Is the pen mightier than the sword? Does the boy prefer (above all) to eat? It is too good to be true. ZWEIUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE LXXIII. The imperfect indicative. 1. Most verbs in English form the imperfect tense by adding -ed to the stem, which in English coincides with the first person singular of the present indicative: to laugh, I laughed. Likewise most verbs in German form the imperfect indicative by adding -(e)te to the infinitive stem, i.e. the infinitive minus the ending -(e)n. Note. This text is not an ending, but a TENSE SIGN common to all persons and numbers of the imperfect tense. Verbs having this tense sign without change of the stem vowel are called WEAK VERBS. 2. A number of extremely common and useful verbs in English form their imperfect tense by changing the vowel of the infinitive stem: to sing, I sang. Likewise an about equal number of German verbs, usually cognates to their English equivalent, form their imperfect indicative in the same way: singen, ich sang; finden, ich fand; sehen, ich sah, stehen, ich stand; essen, ich ass, etc. These are called STRONG VERBS and the CHANGED VOWEL is their TENSE SIGN. 3. A very few verbs are MIXED, i.e. they have both vowel change like the strong verbs and the -te like the weak verbs, in the imperfect indicative. These, too, correspond very closely in English and in German: konnen, konnte—can, could; bringen, brachte—bring, brought. 4. All of the above kinds of verbs, weak, strong and mixed, are inflected alike within the tense: ich lachte (sang, konnte) wir lachten (sangen, konnten) sie lachten (sangen, konnten) er lachte (sangen, konnten) sie lachten (sangen, konnten) Note that in the first and third persons singular there is NO ENDING, -(e)te being, like the change of vowel in the strong verbs. The tense sign. The other persons have the same endings as they have in the present tense (XXIII). For the use of -te or -ete cf. XXXIV. 2. Remark. We can now understand the peculiar singular of the present tense of the modal auxiliaries in English and in German. One says I can, he can (not he can) and ich kann, er kann because these forms were originally imperfect forms which became shifted into the present tense! 5. The imperfect tense in German is the regular tense of NARRAGON. All stories are told in the imperfect tense. It also may be translated by WAS plus the present participle: Ich sang—I was singing or I used to sing, i.e. continued or customary action. Customary action is also expressed in English by WOULD with the infinitive: Sie stand jeden Tag am Fenster und schaute hinaus—She would stand every day at the window and look out. In CONVERSATION the imperfect is not used other than for continued and customary or repeated actions. It does not mean did with an infinitive. LXXIV. In giving the PRINCIPAL PARTS of a verb, the German gives the same parts as the English, i.e. the infinitive, the first person singular of the imperfect and the perfect participle: to talk, talked, talked. We have already seen in Lesson XIV that the German participle regularly begins with the suffix ge-. 1. The perfect participle of weak and mixed verbs ends in -(e)t. The principal parts of the typical weak verb are therefore: sagen, sagen, gesagt. a. The mixed verbs we have had thus far are: konnen, konnte, gekonnt. missel, musste, Gemusst. Dürfen, durfte, gedurft. Mogen, durfte, gedurft. Wissen, wusste, gewusst. Bringen, brachte, gebracht. Denken, dachte, gedacht. Nennen, nannte, genannt. Kennen, kannte, gekannt. There are only four or five more in the language. Ubungen A. Weak verbs, present and imperfect tenses. Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: What is she saying? What was she saying? What were you saying? Is the child learning German? Was the child learning English? Was the child kneeling? Was the man kneeling? Are they filling the glasses? Were they filling the glasses? I am setting the bird free. He was setting the bird free. The enemy denies it. Every time (Jedes Mai) that I asked him, he would deny it. Is she explaining the lesson? Was she explaining the lesson, when I knocked? Who is ruling in France? Who was ruling in Germany? She was answering the question: was she not? The light was dazzling me. The lady used to treat the children very well. Were they approaching? He was catching cold. Was she moving? They were going away. Are you going away? Were you buying gloves or a hat? The hunters were hunting all day yesterday. B. Mixed verbs, present and imperfect: tenses: Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: I know them. I knew them. I knew them. He calls her his sweetheart (der Schatz). He used to call her his sweetheart. We think so (es) now. They used to think so. I was just thinking of (Lesson XV. Wortschatz) you. Were you thinking of me? I am bringing the child home. Were you bringing the children home? I may go (or not). The boy was probably (mogen) ten years old. I may (have permission) to play all day today. He was not allowed to ride yesterday. We could not (were not allowed) to go down town (in the Stadt) yesterday. We must shorten the dress. We had to write the letters. He had to see his mother. I must learn this lesson. Who can see it (the bird)? I can. Who was not able to go yesterday? Whenever she was sick, she could not study. DREIUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE LXXV. As in English, the strong and irregular verbs must be learned, but the English verbs will not only help us to know which verbs are strong in German, for they are usually cognates, but will also help in the learning of the principal parts, which sometimes show the same vowel sequence in the two languages: trinken, trank, getrunken—to drink, drunk. The next best aid in learning the strong verbs is to learn them in groups having the same vowel sequence (Ablaut). Hereafter new strong verbs will be merely referred to the proper vowel sequence group (Ablaut). Hereafter new strong verbs will be merely referred to the proper vowel sequence group (Ablaut). 1. The perfect participle of strong verbs ends in -(e)n. English participles in -n: fallen, slain, driven, worn, etc. and in some adjective forms which were obviously once participles: drunken, molten. GROUP I. VOWEL SEQUENCE 1-2-1 1. a- ie- a *fallen, fiel, gefallen—to fall, fell, fallen. *halten, hielt, gehalten—to hold. Third person singular present: er halt. *lassen, liess, gelassen— Schlafen, schlief, geschlafen—to sleep. a- i- a (only 2) *fangen, sing, gefangen—to catch, cognate fang. *hangen, hing, gehangen—to hang. 2. a—u—a *backen, buk, gebacken—to bake. *fahren, fuhr, gefahren—to drive, cognate, fare. *graben, grub, gegraben—to dig, cognate to (en)grave. *schlagen, schlug, geschlagen—to strike, cog. to slay. *tragen, trug, getragen—to carry, wear, cognate to drag. *tragen, wuchs, gewachsen—to grow, cog. to wax. Waschen, wusch, gewaschen—to wash. Note that all strong verbs which have a as the vowel of the infinitive, have also in the participle. Principal Parts, Cont. 53 Also that they all modify the vowel in the third person singular of the present indicative. 3. e—a—e *essen, ass, gegessen—to eat. Note the extra g in gegessen. *fressen, frass, gefressen—to devour. *geben, gab, gegeben—to give. *geschehen, geschehen, geschehen—to happen. *lesen, las, gelesen—to read. *treten, trat, getreten—to step, cog. to tread, cf. XXXVII. 2. b. *vergessen, vergessen—to forget (1). 4. Odd 1—2—I verbs kommen, kam, gekommen—to come. *laufen, lief, gelaufen—to run, cog. to leap. (1) Verbs which are not accented on the first syllable have no ge- Strong verbs, Group I, present and imperfect tenses. Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: I am falling. She was falling. I am holding the dog. He is holding it. He is holding it. He is holding it. He lets me loose. Whenever we caught a bird, we would let it loose. When the children caught a bird, they would let it loose. When the children caught a bird, they would let it loose. I sleep well. My mother sleeps well. We slept well. We slept well. We catch the sheep (singular). The dog catches the sheep. The boy used to catch the sheep. My dress is hanging there. It was hanging there. The dresses are hanging there. They were hanging there. I am baking a cake. The cook is baking one also. She was baking one yesterday. We are going to drive to town today. Is he going to drive to town this morning? Who was driving to town, as we were coming home? The gardener is digging. He was also digging yesterday. Is the clock striking? It was striking seven o’clock. Are you going to wear a hat? (The) mother is wearing one. His father always wore a soft hat. The children were growing every day. The grass is growing. The cat is washing herself. The maid was washing the under-linen. We eat too much bread and meat. The bird is eating the cherries. The boy is eating the cake. Was he eating the fresh cake or the old? This man gives a great deal (much). I shall give what I can. We gave too much. What is happening? Nothing was happening. I like to read. My brother likes to read. My father likes to read. Can you see the carriage? He sees me already. The prince saw his enemy. Step in (ein). The boy steps in. The man stepped in. Do not forget the hammer. He never forgets anything (nichts). Who is coming? I like to run; do you (like to run)? The boy runs all day. My brother used to run a great deal (much). Principal Parts, Cont. VIERUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE GROUP II. VOWEL SEQUENCE 1-2-2 1. ei—ie bleiben, blieb, geblieben— To stay, remain. Schien, geschienen—to shine, to seem. Schreiben, schien, geschienen—to shine, to seem. Schreiben, trieb, getrieben—to drive, urge, sometimes to do, to “be up to,” to study. 2. ei—i—i beissen, biss, gebissen—to bite, greifen, griffen, griffen—to seize, cog. grip, reiten, ritt, geritten—to ride. 3. ie—o—o fliegen, flog, geflohen—to fly, die Fliege—the fly. fliehen, floh, geflohen—to flee, der Floh—the flea. cf. LXVI. 2. a. (2). riechen, roch, gerochen—to smell, cog. reek, schiessen, schoss, geschossen—to shoot, verbieten, verboten—to forbid, cf. LVII. 2. 4. e—o—o heben, hob, gehoben—to lift, cog. heave. *melken, molk, gemolken—to milk. *schmelzen, schmolz, geschmolzen—to melt, cf. to smelt, weben, wob, gewoben—to weave. 5. ii—o—o liigen, log, gelogen—to (tell a) lie. UBUNG Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: Let us remain here. I shall stay at home all day today. Were they staying at home? The sun is shining brightly (bright). Was it shining yesterday while you were riding? Your father seems to be well today. Yes, he seemed to be well yesterday too. Let us write that letter. I was writing all day yesterday. Were you writing a letter? The man is driving calves to (auf) The country. What was he doing (up to) yesterday all day? What are you studying, German or English? The dog bites. His bite is poisonous. The hunter seizes the twig and holds it fast. He seized the bird and carried it home. A trooper rides. A knight rode. A fly flies and a flea flees. The dove was flying over the forest and fell into the sea. The enemy fled. This Cheese smells strong. The mouse smelt the cheese and sprang on the table to eat it. Don't shoot! A hunter shot him and killed him. I forbid it. That is forbidden. The mother lifts the child up. She lifted it upon her shoulder and carried it home. Does the (man) servant milk or the maid? Can you milk a cow? The girl milked the cow and carried the milk home. He was weaving the cloth. He weaves well, I believe. The man is lying. He always lied. Ice melts rapidly. FUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE GROUP III. VOWEL SEQUENCE 1-2-3 1. e—a—o *brechen, brach, gebrochen—to break. *helfen, helf, geholfen—to help. *nehmen, nahm, genommen—to take, cf. XXXVII. 2. b. *sprechen, sprach, gesprochen—to speak. *stechen, stach, gestochen—to stick, prick. *stehlen, stach, gestohlen—to steal. *sterben, starb, gestorben—to die, cog. starve. *werfen, warf, geworfen—to throw, cog. warp. 2. i—a—u schwimmen, schwamm, geschwommen—to swim. 3. i—a—u binden, band, gebunden—to bind, to tie. finden, fand, gefunden—to sing, springen sprang, gesprungen—to spring, jump, trinken, trinken, getrunken—to drink. 4. i(ie)—a—e liegen, lag, gelegen—to lie. sitzen, sass, gesessen—to sit. GROUP IV. CONSONANTAL IRREGULARITIES *essen, ass, gegessen—to eat. gehen, ging, gegangen—to go, went, gone, sitzen, sass, gesessen—to sit. stehen, stand, gestanden—to stand, tun, tat, getan—to do. Principal Parts, Cont. GROUP V. THE IRREGULAR VERBS, HABEN, SEIN, *WERDEN haben, hatte, gehabt—to have. sein, war, geworden—to become, to get (followed by ADJECTIVE). Note. *Werden had formerly a perfectly regular imperfect ward (III. 1), which is found in the classics but is not now used in ordinary speech and writing. LXXVI. The imperfect tense is used to express continued or repeated action: He was singing, He used to sing. He would sing (for hours)—Er sang (stundenlang). It is also the regular tense of narration. Cf. LXXIII. 5. LXXVII. Just as the present was used for the English perfect when referring to an act that had begun in the past and was continuing in the present (cf. XLV), so the imperfect is used for the English perfect when referring to an action that began in the “more-than-past” time and was continuing in the past: I HAD BEEN WAITING two hours (and still was) when she came—Ich wartete schon zwei Stunden, als sie kam. Note. This construction is usually accompanied by the word schon. UBUNG Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: The boy throws the ball and breaks the window. The children were throwing the ball. The man was breaking the ice. That helps. Nothing helped. Take a book and read. The girl takes a book and read aloud (vor). Do you speak German? Is she speaking? He was talking too loud. A pin is sticking to me. A pin was sticking to her. The dog is stealing the meat. The cat stole the milk. Thou shalt (Du sollst) not steal. The lady drank poison and died. No, she is dying, but she is not yet (noch nicht) dead. I prefer to die at home. Can you swim? The children were swimming; were they not? The girl is making (i.e. tying) a bouquet. The mother tied their books together (zusammen). Does he find the summer in Baltimore too warm? I found a ring and a bracelet and laid them on the table. We were singing too loud. The children were jumping over the chairs and the table. The boy jumps up and brings a chair for his mother. The hunters were talking and drinking and singing. Where is my hat? It is lying there. It was lying there. Where is (the) mother? She is sitting at home and growing (i.e. becoming, getting) more quiet every day. Where were you sitting? A man (i.e. a human being) eats, an animal devours. We were eating but we were not hungry. Let's go! He is going now. We were going to the country, (cf. We were intended to) going to the country. She stands too much. Where were they waiting? Had they been waiting long? They had been waiting twenty minutes or more. Do you like to do it? Does she like to do it? Did you use to like to do it? She has a daughter and three sons. He had six children. One is never to old to learn. I am sick. I am Well, he was not sick. He was getting better. She is getting prettier every day. Will he get stronger? Had the book been lying there long when you found it? 1. Weak verbs have an imperfect subjunctive identical with their imperfect indicative: Ind: ich (er) lachte, wir (Sie, sie) lachten Subj: ich (er) lachte, wir (Sie, sie) lachten. 2. Strong verbs form the imperfect subjunctive by adding -e to the first and third persons singular and modifying, (if possible), the vowel throughout: Ind. ich (er) ging, wir (Sie, sie) gingen. Subj. ich (er) ginge, wir (Sie, sie) gingen. Ind. ich (er) war, wir (Sie, sie) waren. Subj. ich (er) ware, wir (Sie, sie) waren. 3. Mixed verbs. a. The following modify the vowel: konnen, mussen, dürfen, mogen, wissen, bringen, denken: Indie, konnte, musste, durfte, mochte, wusste, brachte, dachte. Subj: konnte, miisste, durfte, mochte, wusste, brachte, dachte. Subj: konnte, miisste, durfte, mochte, wusste, brachte, dachte. Subj: konnte, miisste, kennen, etc. 4. Irregular verbs: haben, sein, werden. Indie, hatte, war. Wurde. Subj. hatte, ware, wurde. LXXIX. The imperfect subjunctive forms have almost disappeared from the English language and with them almost all feeling for such as remain. There is, however, one place where all educated people use the imperfect subjunctive: If I WERE you. Note that this IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE TENSE refers to the PRESENT TIME. Imperfect Subjunctive, Cont. 1. The IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE then, unlike the imperfect indicative which refers to a fact in past time, refers to a NON-FACT IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME. Whenever, then, you find an English imperfect tense referring to present or future time, you must translate it into German by the imperfect subjunctive. For in the indicative the tense corresponds to the time (with the reservation made in XLIV), but in the subjunctive the tenses do not always correspond to the time. LXXX. Fact conditions and non-fact conditions in present and in future time. 1. In present time. a. Fact: Ich muss gehen, wenn ich kann—I must go, if I can. b. Non-fact (unreal): Ich konnte gehen, wenn ich wollte—I could go, if I wanted to. 2. In future time. a. Fact. Ich werde sie sehen, wenn sie morgen zu Hause ist (XLIV)—I shall see her, if she is at home tomorrow. b. Non-fact (ideal). Ich konnte sie sehen, wenn sie morgen zu Hause ware—I could (SHOULD be able) see her, if she were (were going to be or SHOULD be) at home. Or: Ich wiirde sie morgen sehen konnen wenn sie zu Hause sein sollte—I SHOULD be able to see her tomorrow, if she SHOULD be at home. Note 1. ich (er) wiirde, wir (Sie, sie) wiirden means SHOULD or WOULD corresponding to the shall and will of the future. These forms may be used, therefore, as should and would in English, in the result-clause of ALL NON-FACT CONDITIONS. Note 2. ich (er) sollte, wir (Sie, sie) sollten means SHOULD (never would) and may be used therefore as the contingent should in English, in the if-clause of NON-FACT CONDITIONS referring to the FUTURE. It is also the SHOULD of INDIRECT COM¬ MANDS: Er sagte, dass ich gehen sollte—He said, that I should go. LXXXI. Direct and Indirect quotations of another person's thought or statement and of one's own thought or statement at some past time (since one's opinion may have changed), the direct statement being in the present or future tense. 1. The direct quotation (statement or question) being in the present tense: a. Direct. Die Mutter sagte: “Er darf nicht gehen.” The mother said: “He must not go." b. Indirect. Die Mutter sagte, er darf nicht gehen (dass er nicht gehen darf) —The mother said (that) he must not go. Note. The indirect quotation is not a dependent clause unless a subordinating conjunction is expressed. Imperfect Subjunctive, Cont. 59 2. The direct quotation being in the future tense. a. Direct. Ich fragte: “Wird er kommen?”—I asked: “Will he come?” b. Indirect. Ich fragte, ob er kame (LXXIX. 1)—I asked if he were coming. Or Ich fragte, ob er kommen wurde—I asked if he would come. Note. Ich (er) wurde, wir (Sie, sie) wirden replaces in the subjunctive the ich werde, er wird, wir (Sie, sie) werden of the future indicative, in accordance with our rule that the inflected verb is shifted from the present indicative to the imperfect subjunctive. This rule applies to all auxiliary verbs in the present tense as well as to the simple present. LESESTUCK Wenn sie Kohl ist, ist sie krank. Wenn Sie hier bleiben, konnen Sie meinen Bruder sehen. Wenn er das Buch bringt, werde ich es lesen. Wenn sie singt Entfernen sich alle. Wenn wir lachen, kann man uns überall horen. Wenn wir blieben, konnten wir ihn sehen. Wenn ich es asse, wiirde ich krank werden. Wenn ich ihn sehen, wird ich ihn griissen. Wenn sie es wiisste, wiirde sie es sagen. Wenn ich das dachte, wiirde ich an sie schreiben. Wenn sie dort sasse, diirfte man nichts sagen. Sie sagte, dass sie nicht schlafen konnte. Er fragte, ob er das Buch lesen diirfte. Er fragte, was sie tate. Die Eltern wollten wissen, wohin wir gingen. Mein Vater wollte wissen, ob ich an die Mutter schriebe. WORTSCHATZ alle—all, everybody, alles—everything, iiberall—everywhere. UBUNGEN 1. Put into direct quotations the indirect quotations above. 2. Rewrite the conditional sentences beginning each with the main clause. 3. Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: If he sleeps there, he will catch cold. If he slept there he would catch cold. If it rains, we shall not be able to go. If it should snow, we should have to stay at home tomorrow. If the sun were shining, the flowers would grow better. He said he could neither ride nor shoot. They asked if we spoke German. He answered that we were studying it and finding it very interesting although it was hard. 4. Put the direct commands in Lesson Nine into indirect. SIEBENUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE LXXXII. All transitive and most intransitive verbs form their perfect and pluperfect tenses, as in English, by adding the perfect participle of the verb to the (a) present tense of the verb haben—to 60 Haben and Sein as Auxiliaries have to form the perfect tense or to the (b) imperfect tense of haben— to have to form the pluperfect tense. For the position of the participle see LIII. 1 and LV. 1. 1. Perfect indicative of sehen—to see and stehen—to stand. ich habe—gesehen wir haben—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) Sie haben—gesehen (gestanden) er hat—gesehen sie haben—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) 2. Pluperfect indicative of sehen—to see and stehen—to stand. ich hatte—gesehen wir hatten—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) Sie hatten—gesehen sie hatten—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) 3. Pluperfect subjunctive of sehen and stehen. ich hatte—gesehen wir hatten—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) Sie hatten—gesehen wir hatten—gesehen (gestanden) (gestanden) LXXXIII. SOME INTRANSITIVE verbs use, as in French, Spanish and Italian, for the auxiliary of the perfect tenses the proper form of the verb to be—sein. a. Only intransitive verbs expressing CHANGE OF PLACE gehen, kommen, laufen, fallen, fahren, treten, fliegen, etc. b. or CHANGE OF CONDITION. sterben, werden, wachsen, geschehen, etc. c. and sein and bleiben have sein for their auxiliary in the perfect tenses. 1. Perfect indicative of werden—to become. ich bin—geworden wir sind—geworden Sie sind—geworden er ist—geworden sind—geworden 2. Pluperfect indicative of werden. ich war—geworden wir waren—geworden Sie waren—geworden Sie waren—geworden Er war—geworden sie waren—geworden 3. Pluperfect subjunctive of werden. Wir waren—geworden wir waren—geworden Sie waren—geworden Sie waren—geworden sie waren—geworden Note. In all the above and similar forms the verb sein must be translated into English by the corresponding form of the verb to HAVE not to be. Use of the Perfect Tense LXXXIV. The use of the perfect tense in German corresponds in general to its use in English. 1. One case in which the German does not employ the perfect tense, where the English does was noted in section XLV. 2. Otherwise the German employs the perfect tense more frequently than the English. It is the usual tense for referring to a single past event in ordinary CONVERSATION (the imperfect being the tense of narration of LXXVI). Hence it regularly replaces the DID (plus and infinitive) in English: Wie haben Sie geschlafen?—How did you sleep? Ich habe ihn nicht gesehen—I did not see him. Wir sind nicht gegangen—We did not go. LXXXV. The use of the perfect in German corresponds to its use in English except in the case noted in section LXXVII. LESESTOCK Der Jager hat den Tiger geschossen. Der Kaufmann hat das Haus gekauft. Das Kind hat den Ball geworfen. Wir haben dort lange gestanden. Wir stehen hier schon lange. Wir standen dort schon lange, als es zu regenen begann. Wer hat das Glas gebrochen? Wir haben den ganzen Tag Deutsch gesprochen. Ich hatte ihren Vater nie gekauft. Sie hatten den ganzen Tag nichts gegessen. Wer hatte das Kind gesehen? Ihr Haar ist grauer geworden, seitdem sie hier wohnt. Was ist gesehen? Was tut sie jetzt, da ihre Eltern gestorben sind? Wo waren die Kinder gewesen, als Sie sahen? Die Gaste sind die ganze Woche geblieben. Meine Freundinnen waren schon ins (in das) Theater gegangen, als ich kam. UBUNGEN 1. Turn the above statements into questions. 2. Answer the questions. 3. Schreiben Sie auf Deutsch: The room has become too warm. The foliage had already turned (become) yellow and red when we went to the country. The clock had struck twelve before he came home. The boy has gotten (become) lazy. We had seen the clouds and had come home Before it rained, have you lost your knife? Did the child fall while it was running or while it was standing still? Did the servant see the lady or did he tell a lie? Did you drive to town? I had forgotten to bring the book. ACHTUNDZWANZIGSTE AUFGABE LXXXVI. The perfect subjunctive in English has no distinctive form, but since the non-fact condition referring to present time (If I were you) is subjunctive, the non-fact condition referring to past time must also be subjunctive: If I had been you. 62 The Pluperfect Subjunctive Note that this PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE refers to PAST TIME. 1. The PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE then, unlike the pluper¬ fect indicative which refers to a fact in the more-than-past time, refers to a NON-FACT IN PAST TIME. Whenever, then, you find in English a pluperfect subjunctive re¬ ferring to mere past time, you must translate it into German by the pluperfect subjunctive, cf. LXXIX. 1. LXXXVII. Fact and non-fact conditions in past time. 1. Fact conditions: Wenn sie da war, habe ich sie nicht gesehen —If she was there (maybe she was but) I did not see her. 2. Non-fact conditions: a. Wenn ich ihn gesehen hatte, hatte ich ihn gegriisst—If I had seen him (but I did NOT), I should have spoken to him (but I did NOT), b. Wenn das Kind gestorben ware, ware die Mutter krank geworden—If the child had died (but it did NOT) the mother would have gotten sick (but she did NOT). Note. Ich hatte ihn gegriisst—I should have spoken to him and Die Mutter ware krank geworden—The mother would have gotten sick may also be written (cf. LXXX. 2. b. Note 1.): Ich wiirde ihn gegriisst haben—I SHOULD HAVE SPOKEN to him. Die Mutter wiirde krank geworden sein—The mother WOULD HAVE BE¬ COME ill. LXXXVIII. Direct and indirect quotation of another's thought or statement and of one's own thought or statement at some past time, the direct statement being in any past tense or in the pluperfect tense. 1. Direct. Der Vater sagte: “Ich war nicht da.”—“I was not there." “Ich bin nicht da gewesen”—“I have not been there." “Ich war nicht da gewesen”—“I had not been there." 2. Indirect. Der Vater sagte, er ware nicht da gewesen (dass) er nicht da gewesen ware—(that) he had not been there. 