title: Colloids in biology and medicine
creator: Bechhold, Heinrich, 1866-1937 | Bullowa, Jesse Godfrey Moritz, 1879-1943, tr
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Co c c N C < c OW^ ÜPQ ffl 430 COLLOIDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE dyed directly only by certain groups of dyes. On this account he is able to obtain almost uniform dyeing. The biologist, on the con- trary, has to stain much more numerous varieties of tissue and it is quite wonderful what different shadings and even what different colors the individual tissue elements of a tissue often show after treatment with a single stain. If we consider, moreover, that each individual tissue element frequently selects its own particular constituent from a mixture of stains, thus forming the brightest pictures, we shall understand why the chemical theory of dyeing is the most convinc- ing to biologists. The following is a resume of the results to date of the investiga- tions upon dyeing with basic and with acid dyes. By adsorption the dye is concentrated upon the tissues, with which a fixation may occur as the result of chemical processes. Hitherto we have only considered the so-called substantive dyeing, by which the fabric stains directly in the dye solution without any previous preparation (wool, silk). Vegetable fibers, such as cotton, flax, paper, etc., take up very little color from most dye solutions and do not hold it very firmly; they require a mediator to chain the color to them, namely a mordant. This type of dyeing is known as adjective dyeing, a term introduced into industrial dyeing tech- nology by J. Bancroft. In biological staining the chief mordants are alum and ferric oxid salts. The combination of mordants with dyes (hemotoxylin, hematin and alizarin colors) are called lakes. W. BiLTz has definitely proved that in addition to physical adsorp- tion, chemical combinations occur in adjective dyeing. Histologically, staining with dye mixtures is much employed. P. Ehrlich found that if aqueous solutions of an acid dye, e.g., acid fuchsin or orange G, were mixed with a basic one, e.g., methylene blue or methylene green, so that one remained in excess, then no precipitate was formed. From colloidal solutions of dye mixtures certain tissue elements remove the basic and others the acid dye. It is thus possible to obtain with one solution double stains, or even triple stains (triacid). (See above.) According to the investigations of O. Teague and B. H. Buxton, *2 acid and basic dyes precipitate most completely if they are mixed in equimolecular proportions. An excess of one dye interferes with precipitation, i.e., it acts as a protective colloid, and, in fact, the in- terference zones are wider, the more colloidal the dye. Especially important for the histologist is the fact that highly colloidal dye mixtures are bound more firmly together than those that are slightly colloidal. We must consider very critically, microchemical reactions and % MICROSCOPICAL TECH NIC 431 stains which arise from the interaction of two chemical substances with the formation of an insoluble precipitate. R. Liesegang*^ has called attention to the phenomena involved in his investigations of Golgi's stain. If a piece of brain is placed in potassium bichro- mate, and after it is completely soaked through, it is then immersed in silver nitrate, some of the ganglion cells in which silver Chromate has been precipitated are stained reddish brown. The interior of the brain substance is never thoroughly stained, notwithstanding the fact that potassium bichromate is present after the first process and silver nitrate after the silver bath. The reason is as follows: when the chromatized portion of brain is placed in the silver nitrate solution, silver Chromate forms in the outer layers; the potassium bichromate present in the interior diffuses outward where it is arrested by the silver so that the interior is more and more depleted of Chromate. The irregularities in the Golgi staining de- pend upon similar interferences with diffusion and nucleus actions of silver Chromate, on account of which only a portion of the ganghon cells are stained. After staining peripheral nerves with Golgi's stain we obtain stratifications in the axis cylinders (Feomann's lines). These have been shown to be artifacts. The Technic of Staining. We distinguish staining en masse, section staining and vital staining. In staining en masse the entire object is immersed in the stain solution subsequent to hardening. If this is soluble in alcohol, it requires no special precautions; it is otherwise with solutions con- taining alum, in which case alcohol in the object must first be re- placed by water. After staining, the dye is washed away with water or alcohol until the fluid remains colorless. After staining in aqueous solution the piece must be rehardened in alcohol. The subsequent treatment is then the same as in unstained pieces. Section staining is much more frequently employed, since not only details are brought out better, but the staining can be watched more closely and later counter-stains may be added intermittently. Ac- cording to the dilution of the stain solution and the length of time the section is stained, we may obtain on the one hand contrasting, or on the other finely shaded pictures with much more detail. Vital staining, the staining of living tissues, was introduced by P. Ehrlich and was apphed by this investigator in his classical work on "The Oxygen Requirements of the Organism" to the processes of living cells. At present it has the center of interest, and from it we 432 COLLOIDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE may expect most valuable discoveries on the physiology and pathology of living tissue as well as concerning the mechanism of the action of drugs, E. GoLDMANN, R. HÖBER and W. Schuleman have in recent years contributed much concerning the utilization and theory of vital staining. They studied healthy and sick animals, whereas Küster and RuHLAND apphed vital staining to plants. As yet vital stain- ing of bacteria and other microorganisms has not been definitely attained (Eisenberg). The stain must not be poisonous or the cell will die before it has the desired color.^ We have numerous dyes at present which fulfill this condition. A few of the most useful are mentioned, methylene blue, neutral red, toluidin blue, trypan blue, trypan red and isamin blue. The studies of Ruhland on plants, as well as those of Evans, Schuleman and Wilborn on animals, indicate strongly that the extent of dispersion of the dye chiefly determines its suitability for vital staining, so that the cell behaves like an utra- filter (see p. 428). A dye that is too diffusible distributes itself too readily in all the organs and is accordingly quickly excreted by them; one that is highly colloidal remains at the site of injection. The studies of Ruhland include both basic and acid dyes while the experiments of Evans, Shulemann and Wilborn were only with acid dyes. It was formerly believed that only lipoid soluble dyes penetrated living tissues, but this view has not been sustained (see also Garmus). Many vital stains are known which are insoluble in fats. The col- loidal metals are included among these; they have proven useful agents in studying "distribution" in J. Voigt's method of investiga- tion. This does not by any means imply that lipoid insoluble vital stains may not be especially suitable for some of the organs which are rich in Hpoids. Thus, for instance, axis cylinder and ganghon cells of the nerve substance are most intensely stained by methylene blue. It is remarkable that the cell nucleus which stains most intensely with basic dyes when the object is dead, with vital staining is con- stantly colorless; nuclear staining occurs only when the cell dies. If vital stains are to be fixed, i.e., made insoluble, ammonium molybdate, sublimate, picric acid, etc., are employed. If this fixation is omitted, the dye diffuses away after death, i.e., according to the changed condition of the tissue, physical and chemical, and a different distribution results* 1 The lack of toxicity of vital stains is only relative; in concentrated solution they are all poisons and may be used only in extreme dilutions. Safranin and methyl violet, especially, are quite poisonous, and on this account they cannot be employed for injections into the higher animals. MICROSCOPICAL TECHNIC 433 THE TISSUE ELEMENTS IN THEIR RELATION TO FIXATIVES AND DYES. i With iodin-potassium iodid solution, starch grains give a blue adsorption compound (see p. 135). Glycogen forms with it a red adsorption compound. The stain with strongly alkaline potassium carmine recently recommended by Best is so complicated that it cannot yet be interpreted. The Lipoids. The fixation and staining of lipoids can hardly be regarded as other than a colloid-chemical question. Fixation is generally ac- complished with osmic acid by means of which the fat is simultane- ously blackened and the acid is reduced to colloidal metallic osmium; similarly, gold, silver and palladium salts are reduced to the colloidal metal. Of the true dyes, we must especially consider those which are very soluble in fat, though quite indifferent chemically, and which are very slightly adsorbed by the other constituents of the cell. Among these are Scarlet R (fettponceau) and Sudan III. Both are amphoteric dyes in which the basic as well as the acid character is so indefinite that they seem quite indifferent and do not form salts with aqueous caustic soda. Employed in alcoholic solution, staining results. Protoplasm. We may attribute to protoplasm chemical properties similar to those of the albumins. Protoplasm may be amphoteric, on which account neither acid nor basic properties become more prominent. Consequently, protoplasm stains only faintly with either basic or acid dyes, even though its water content is relatively high. Nucleus. The chief constituents of the cell nucleus are the nucleoproteins. These are strongly acid in character; to them may be attributed the intense staining of the nucleus with basic dyes, and to them the in- tensely staining constituent of the nucleus is indebted for the name chromatin or chromatic substance among histologists. The union with the color base becomes firmer with the lapse of time, since in the beginning it is possible to effect almost complete decolorization with alcohol, whereas when the dye acts for a longer period the nuclei retain their intense staining and only clouds of color leave. For nuclear staining any basic dye may be employed; safranin, fuchsin, methyl violet, methyl green and bismarck brown are recommended most highly. 434 COLLOIDS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Another favorite nuclear staining method is with the mordant dyes, e.g., hematoxylin or carmine. In this instance, also, the acid char- acter of the nuclear proteins explains the action of the dyes. The nuclear proteins adsorb the mordants, usually colloidal aluminium hydroxid (from alum), and these form an insoluble compound with the acid hematoxylin or one of its oxidation compounds, or with acid carmine. Finally, we may mention the double staining of Romanowsky, which has been modified by G. Giemsa. Its underlying principle is that a basic blue dye (methylene azur or methylene blue) is mixed with an acid dye eosin (see p. 426). At first the preparation stains blue in the mixture; gradually there occurs a differentiation into blue and red elements or combination violet shades whereby the nuclei become red. For the present, all interpretations of this phe- nomenon are quite hypothetical ; it presents a very interesting colloid- chemical problem. If methylene azur and eosin are mixed, a colloidal solution of eosin-acid-methylene azur forms, provided that one of the two dyes is present in excess. Nuclear staining may occur in such a way that the basic methylene azur serves as mordant for the eosin; it is also possible that the nuclei stain better with colloidal eosin- acid-methylene azur than with crystalloidal methylene azur, and that in a reaction which requires time (possibly hydrolytic cleavage) the red color base of methylene azur becomes free. In this double staining there enter as factors phenomena involving the colloidal condition of both dye and specimen with respect to the diffusibility of the dye and perhaps also other circumstances which have not been consid- ered here. This may be assumed both from the accurate directions which are given for the preparation and age of the solution, the thickness of the preparation, the duration of staining, etc., and from the fact that every departure from the directions gives a dif- ferent result. Connective Tissue, Capillary Walls, Membranes, Etc. From the numerous reports I gather that only easily diffusible stains, especially the sulphoacids (acid fuchsin, soluble blue com- bined with picric acid), are suitable for this purpose. This probably depends upon the fact that connective tissue, etc., are among the tissues poorest in water and least swollen, so that dyes of more col- loidal character are unable to penetrate them. For the staining of elastic fibers, which is best performed by the orcein method of P. G. Unna and Taenzer or by Weigert's method, we have no explanation whatever. The recent investigations of the keratins by L. Golodetz and P. G. Unna show that we are dealing MICROSCOPICAL TECHNIC 435 with a number of chemically very different substances (ovokeratin, neurokeratin, elastin). [Van Gibson's stain contains picric acid and stains elastin specifically. Tr.] The Staining of Bacteria. Most cocci and bacteria have a definite acid character evidenced by the fact that they migrate to the anode in the electrical current (see p. 205). Though they usually stain intensely with basic dyes (fuchsin,, meth- ylene blue, thionin, etc.), nevertheless bacteria exhibit considerable differences in staining capacity. Though all cocci with which I am acquainted stain very intensely, some bacteria, e.g., paratyphoid and bacilli of hog erysipelas, are stained more faintly. Spores stain with especial difficulty, the more poorly the older they are; it is obvious that the solid capsule offers great resistance to the penetration of the stain. The tubercle bacillus is most difficult to stain, which may be attributed chiefly to its high keratin content, inasmuch as other keratin-containing substances (bristles, hair, epidermis, etc.) stain just as poorly. The difficulty in staining the tubercle bacillus was formerly attributed to the wax contained. Helbig, however, showed that complete removal of the wax did not increase the stain- ing capacity. Gram's stain is quite unique; it is extensively employed for the classification of bacteria (we distinguish Gram-positive and Gram- negative). It is performed as follows: we first stain with methyl violet or some related basic dye and then subject the specimen to the action of iodin (dissolved in KI). After this treatment, some bac- teria readily give up the dye to alcohol and are decolorized, whereas others firmly retain it. In the latter case, a firm combination has been formed. A thorough study from modern points of view would be of great value, since it would explain the difference in the nature of the two groups of bacteria. It is important to mention that, by Gram's method, a differentiation of the structm-e of individual bac- teria may be revealed. The so-called Babe's corpuscles are not de- colorized by a brief action of alcohol. Upon this fact depends M. Neisser's method for identifying diphtheria bacilli. We have as yet little insight into the actual basis of differentiation by Gram's stain. It has actually only been established that Gram positive bacteria show a greater permeability for dies, stain more quickly and intensely and retain the dye more strongly upon de- colorization with alcohol. Probably the only purpose of the treat- ment with iodin is to increase the size of the dye molecule or increase its fixation by the bacillus (Eisenberg). AUTHORS' INDEX ^"^ refers to footnote in text * refers to reference given Abbe, 124, 127 Abderhalden, E., 32, 34, 72*^, 92, 187, 210, 210^", 220*1, 321 1) Lehrbuch d. physiol. Chemie (Ber- hn, 1906) 2) Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chemie 37, 484 (1903) and Guggenheim, M., 34*, 189* Ambronn, H., 259* Koll. Zeitschr. 6, 222-225 (1910) Ames and Bauer, J., 231, 252 Anderson, 10 Ariens and Kappers, C. U., 261* Foha Neuro-Biologica 1, No. 244 (1908) Araki, F. and Zillessen, H., 226 Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chemie 54 (1908) Arrhenius, Sv., 26*, 53, 56*, 105*, and Pettibone, 185* and Strauch, F. W., 187 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 71, 315- 318 (1911) Abramow, S., 206 Achard and Weill, E., 371 Adam, P., 311 Adie, 57* Journ. Chem. Soc. 344 (1891) Adler, H. M., 363 Journ. of Am. Assoc. 2, 752 (1908) and Herzog, B., 27* and Ringer, 379 Aggazzotti, a. and Foa, C, 374*, 384* Albarran, 340 Albrecht, E., 305* Verb. d. D. pathol. Ges. 5, 2 (1903) Albu, a. and Neuberg, C, 218*, 219*, 233* Physiol, u. Pathol, d. Mineralstoff- wechsels (Berlin, 1906) 196, 197, 200*, 213, 386 Immunochemie (Leipzig, 1907) and Herzog, R. O., 47 Arric, Le Fevre de, 371, 372 AscHERsoN, 35*, 347, 347* Arch. f. Anatom, u. Physiol. 53 (1840) AscoLi, M., 109, 211, 371*1, 372* Koll. Zeitschr. 5, 186 (1909); 6, 293- 298 (1910) and Izar, G., 211, 365*, 366, 371, 373*, 377*, 383^" 1) Berliner Klin. Wochenschr. 4 and 21 (1907) 2) Biochem. Zeitschr. 5, 394; 6, 192; 7, 143; 10, 356; 14, 491; 17, 361 (1907-1909) 3) Boll, della Soc. Med. Chir. di Pavia 35 (1908) ^) Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biologie 65, 59 and 426 Alexander, Jerome, 42-''«, 71, 174, 188, Asher, L., 324* 195^" and BuUowa, J. G. M., 174, 349* Archives of Pediatrics (N. Y., Jan., 1910) ■ (and Zsigmondy), 247 Altmann and Sachs, H., 206, 208 Amann, J., 343* Bull. Soc. Vawioise, 38, 131 Ambard, 336 Amberger, C, 11, 366 Biochem. Zeitschr. 14 (1908) AuER, 413 Amer. Journ. of Physiol. 17 (1906) and Journ. of Biol. Chem. 4 (1908) Auerbach and Pick, 330 Babcock, S. M. and Rüssel, H. L., 175* Ber. Landw. Ver. Stat. d. Univ. Wisconsin (Ver. St. v. N. A.) 20 437 438 AUTHORS' INDEX Babe, 435 Bachman, 9*, 10 Bachmann, L. and Rünnstrom, J., 265, 265* Biochem. Zeitschr. 22, 290 (1909) B ALTER, A. von, 27 Baisch and Landwehr, 343 Bancroft, J., 413*, 430 W. D., 37, 40, 46 W. D. and Clowes, G. H. A., 36-^" Bang, J., 139, 244* Biochem. Zeitschr. 16, 255 (1909) Barbieri and Carbone, 352 Barcroft, J. 310 1) Journ. of biol. Chemistry 3, 191 (1907); Pflüger's Arch. 122, 616 (1908) and Brodie, 334 Journ. of Physiol. 32, 18, 33, 52 Bary, de and Stahl, E., 286 Battelli and Stern, 386 Bauer, J., 231, 252 and Ames, 231, 252 Bayliss, W. M., 29, 137, 166, 182, 183, 365 and Fischer, M. H., 220^" Bechhold, H., 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 26, 29 35, 36*1, 42, 55*2^ 56, 58*^, 80, 83 84*1, g6, 95, 95*4, 95/'^, 96^"-*^ 96^"- 97, 97^"-, 98, 99, 99-^"-*6, 100-^"" 102, 102*4, 102% 104*2, 106, 108 115, 119, 119'"-, 125, 135*4, 133 144, 146, 147^^ 148, 157*, 158*", 164, 165, 166, 180*8, 195, 197H 198*4, 199*4, 201*4, 203, 203=' 205*1, 205*10, 241, 260, 262, 262*2 268*, 283*, 288*, 327, 332*i2, 332*4i 333, 347*1, 348*4, 352/», 371 •382*1, 394*», 395-''", 396*^ 401 *» 402*°, 404 1) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 48 385-423 (1904) 2) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 52 185-199 (1905) 2) Wienerklin. Wochenschr. 1905, No. 25 4) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 60, 257-318 (1907) ^) Münchner med. Wochenschr. 1908, No. 34 Bechhold, H., ^) Zeitschr. f. physikal Chemie 64, 328-342 (1908) ^) Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 52, 177-180 (1907) 8) Koll. Zeitschr. 2, Nos. 1 and 2 (1907) 3) Zeitschr. f. Hygiene u. Infektion- skrankh. 64, 113-142 (1909) 1") Münchner med. Wochenschr. 1907, No. 39 11) Koll. Zeitschr. 5, 22-25 (1909) 12) van Bemmelen-Festschrift (1910) and Ehrlich, P., 394*, 396, 404, 408 Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 47, 173- 199 (1906) and Ziegler, 10*, 35, 54*2, 55^ 55*2^ 57*1, 73, 106, 138*2, 147 -^^ 148*3, 162*2, 238*1, 243, 244, 260*i, 269*3, 319, 320*2, 327, 329, 343, 378*3, 380, 403*2 1) Ann.d.Phys.(4)20, 900-918(1906) 2) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 56, 105-121 (1906) 3) Biochem. Zeitschr. 20, 189-214 (1909) 4) Berliner klin. Wochenscher. (1910) Beck and Hirch, 113 Beckmann, E., 115 Behring, E. von, 144 Beitr. z. exper. Therapie 10 (1905) Beijerinck, M. W., 76 Bemmelen, J. M. van, 9, 26, 67, 152-^", 217, 329, 337 Bence, J. and Koranyi, A, von, 315 Benedicenti and Revello-Alves, 157 Benedict, H., 312* Pflüger's Arch. 115, 106 (1906) Beniasch and Michaelis, 204 Bentner, G., 230 R. and Loeb, J., 240, 295, 295^" Berczeller, 143* and Czaki, 29* Berg, W. and Fischer, A., 418 Berghaus, W., 359 Berman, 17 Bernoulli, E., 381 Bernstein, 296 E. P. and Simons, Irving E., 211-'''' Berthold, G., 283* Studien über Protoplasmamechanik (Leipzig, 1886) AUTHORS' INDEX 439 Bertholet, M. and Jungfleisch, 20 Bertrand, G., 191 Best, 433 Betegh, von, 102 Bezold, a. von, 265 Bierry and Henri, V., 191* Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biologie 60, 479 (1906) Billiter, J., 86* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 51, 142 (1905) Biltz, W., 26*1, 28, 31 *^ 47, 86, 106, 107, 110, 125, 135, 135*, 145**, 196, 197, 200*3, 384*2, 430 2) Ber. d. deutch chem. Ges. 37, 3138 (1904) 3) Zeitschr. f. Elektrochemie, 1904, No. 51 *) Biochem. Zeitschr. 23 (1909) and Freundlich, H., 110 and Gatin-Gruszewska. L., 73 Pflüger's Arch. 105, 115 (1904) Much, H. and Siebert, C, 196, 198*, 199*, 204* in E. von Behring's Beitr. z. exper. Therapie 10 and Steiner, H. 28* KoU Zeitschr. 7, 113 (1910) and Vezesack, A. von 46, 73*, 106*, 106 '"•, 237* 290* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 66, 68, 357-382 (1909); 73, 481-512 Bischoff, E., 215-^", 218*, 219* Zeitschr. f. ration. Medizin 20, 75-118 (1863). Blasel and Matuta, J., löQ^"- Blom, 184* Bloor, 120 Blunschly, H., 310 BoBERTAG, O. and Feist Fischer, H. W., 67* Bodenstein, M., 187 and Dietz, 187 BÖHI, 55* Bohr, Chr., 309 Bokorny, 383 Bondi, S. and Neumann, A., 247, 247*, 248^", 373 Wiener klin. Wochenschr. 20 (1910) Bordet, J., 207 Ann. de I'lnst. Pasteur, 1899, 225; 1900, 257; 1903, 161. and Gengou, 207 and Massard, 286 BoRKOWSKi and Dunin, 205* BoRowiKOw, 267, 267*, 278, 279 BosANYi and Mansfeld, 386 Bosworth, 323 Bottazzi, F. and D'Errico, G., 136* Pflüger's Arch. 115, 359 (1906) P. 164, 165, 165*1, 228, 294 Rend. d. R. Acad. d. Line. 17, ser. 5" (1908); 2, sem. fasc. 9, 10; 18, ser. 5" (1909); 2, sem. fasc. 8, 9, 10; 19, ser. 5« (1910); 2, sem. fasc. 4, 210 Ph. and Onorato, 340* Arch, di Fisiol. 1, 3 (1904) Botteri, a. and Landsteiner, K., 199* BOURGUIGNON, 373* Compt. rend. Soc. Biol. 64 M 22, 1090 BoviE, 144 Boyle, 51 and Gay-Lussac, 51 Bredig, G., 9, 83, 99, 154*, 184, 187, 366, 371, 373, 374 1) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 51 (1898) 2) Zeitschr. f. Elektrochemie 6. 33 (1899). and Fa j ans, 188* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 73, 25 (1910) and Fiske, 188 and Svedberg, Th., 4 Brieger, E. and Fischer, H. W., 309 Brodie and Barcroft, J., 334 Brovpn, Robert, 49, 49-'^" Brownian-Zsigmondy Movement, 53, 83 Bruns, J. and Spiro, K., 401*, 403* Bruyn, L. de, 41-^" Bubanovic, 386 Büchner, 98 G. and Klatte, 184* BuGARszKY, J., Roth and Steyrer, 336 and Taugl, K., 336 St. and Liebermann, L., 152*, 153* Arch, f . d. ges. Physiol. 72, 51 (1898) 440 AUTHORS' INDEX BuGLiA, G., 296 BuLLOWA, J. G. M., 169^", 174, 175, 234 See also Translator and Alexander, J., 174, 349* BuNSEN, R., 363, 384 BuRiAN, R., 59*1, 102*1, 102*2, 333 1) Arch, di Fisiol. 7 (1909) (Fano- Festsch.) 2) Pfiliger's Arch. d. Physiol. 136, 741-760 BuRRi, 128 BuRRiDGE, W., 234, 292, 298, 298^, 298^, 325, 354, 361 Burton, R., 84 bütschli, o., 10, 67 Buxton, B. H., 84*^ and Rahe, A. H., 203* Journ. of med. Research 20, No. 2 (1909) Shaffer, P. and Teague, O., 203* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 57, 47-89 (1907) and Teague, O., 84*^, 430*^ Calcar, Van and Bruyn, L. de, Camerer, Jr., 265 Carbone and Barbieri, 352 Carrel, Alexis and Burrows, 246* 1) Journ. of Exper. Med. (1910-1911) 2) Berliner Idin. Wochenschr. (1911, No. 30) and Dehelly, 404, 409 Cavadias, J., 375 Cervello and Le Monaco, 362 Chabonier, 336 Chalupecky, 144 Chamberland, 187, 190 Charrin, Henri, V. and Monnier- VlNNARD, 374* Chassin, S. and Höner, R., 427* Chiari, R., 68, 161 R. and Januschke, 222 Chick, H. and Martin, C. J., 143*, 146* Journ. of Physiol. 40, 404 (1910) Chirie and Monnier-Vinnard, 374* Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biologie 61, 673 (1906) Clausius, 50 Clowes, G. F. L., 109, 240, 241, 242, 378 G. H. A., 12, 36/^ 37-^", 38, 40 and Bancroft, W. D., 36^" and Fischer, M. H., 12, 175 COEHN, A., 78* Ann. d. Physik 64, 217 (1898); 30, 777 (1909) CoNHEiM, Julius, 223 Otto, 320 CoRi, J., 417 Cornalba, G., 346 Rev. zen. d. Lait 7, 33, 56 (1908) Cramer, 345 Crede, 365, 366 1) Apotheker-Zeitung 11, 165 2) Kongress d. D. Ges. f. Chem. Ther., Oct. ') Berliner klin. Wochenschr. No. 37 (1901) «) Arch. f. klin. Chirur. No. 69 (1903) ^) Zeitschr. f. arztl. Fortbildung No. 20 (1904) CusHNEY, A. R., 336 and Wallace, J. B., 319* Czaki and Berczeller, 29* Czapek, F., 240, 248 1) Ber. d. D. Botan. Ges. 28, 159-169 (1910) and Traube, J., 240 386 Dabrowski, 72, 103, 105^"-, 146* Dakin, 405 and Dunham, 405 Dam, H. van, 164* Chemisch Weekblad 7, 1013-1019 Davenport, 264* Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 28, 73-84 (1877). Davidson and Michaelis, 202 Davis, J., 31 Dean, 207 Dekhuyser, C. and Stoeltzner, W., 420 Delaunay, 365 Demoor, J., 335 and Philippson, 298* Bull, de I'acad. de med. de Belg., 655 (1908-1909) Denham, W. S., 187* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 72, 641-694 (1910) AUTHORS' INDEX 441 Denys, G. and Leclef, 288 Determann, H. a., 113, 114, 114^"-. 310 310*, 311 Medizin. Klinik No. 27 (1910) Determeyer and Wagner, 343* Biochem. Zeitschrift, 7, 388 (1908) Devatjx, 34 DiETZ, 187 DiOSCORIDES, 364 Dender, 309 DoNNAN and Harris, 46 F. G., 59, 59*, 61, 62 and Donnan, W. D., 343*, 344* S., 47 W. D. and Donnan, F. G., 343*, 344* Brit. Med. Journ., Dec. 23 (1905) Dreyer, G. and Hausen, 144 and Sholto, J., 28* Proc. of Roy. Soc. 82B, 168, 185 (1910) Sholto, J. and Douglas, C., 200 DrcLAUX, J., 91, 95, 102 and Malfitano, G., 92, 102 DUNGERN, E. VON, 202* Zentral, bl. f. Bakt. 34, 4 (1903) DuNiN and Borkowski, J., 205* Anz. d. Akad. d. W. Zsepsch-Krakan, No. 7B, 608 (1910) DuPRE, Fr. and Hermann, 348* Durham and Gruber, 202-^" DuRiG, A., 216, 289 Pflüger's Arch. 85, 401-504 (1901) Ebbecke, W., 342* Biochem. Zeitschr. 12, 485 (1908) Eberstadt, O., 428* Diss. Heidelberg (1909) Ehler, 88 Edinger, L. and Mayer, 421 Effront, Jean, 182 Ehrlich, P., 31, 195*, 197, 201, 246, 251, 360, 361, 430 Klin, Jahrb. 6 (1897) Mijnchner med. Wochenschr. Nos. 33, 34 (1903) Deutsch, med. Wochenschr. 597 (1898) and Bechhold, H., 394*, 396, 404, 408 and Unna, P. G., 424 Einstein, A., 50, 54 Eisenberg, 200, 201, 307, 402, 435 and Landsteiner and Volk, 201 and Okolska, 403 and Volk, 200, 200*, 203 Zeitschr, f. Hygiene 40, 155 (1902) Eissler, 135 and Pringsheim, 135 Ekroth, Clarence V., 169^" Ellvs, 208 Ellenger and Spiro, 299 Ellis, Risdale, 87 Elsberg, C. a., 261 Elsner, Fr., 175 Emslander, f., 179*3, 179*, 180, 180*i, 181*2 1) KoU. Zeitschr. 5, 25 (1909) 2) KoU. Zeitschr. 6, 156 (1910) 3) Koll. Zeitschr. 7, 177 (1910) and Freundlich, 180* Zeitschr. f . physikal. Chemie 49, 322 (1904) Rich, 179^", 180* Engelmann, Th. W., 296 Engels, 218*, 220 Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u. Pharmakol. 51, 346-360 (1904) Epstein, A. A., 339 Errico, G. d', 136*, 330 and JappeUi, 296 and Savarese, 330 Etienne, G., 375* Rev. med. de I'Est 1 (Sept., 1907). EuLER, H., 53, 182 Ewald, R. and Strassburg, 226 Faraday, Michael, 75, 125 Feist, C. and Bobertag, O. and Fischer, H. W., 67* Fellner, 88 Field, C. N. and Teague, O., 205* Journ. of Exper. Med. 9, No. 1, pp. 86-92 FiLEHNE, W., 324* Berliner klin.Wochenschr. No. 3(1898) Arch, inter, de Pharmacodynamie F, No. 133 (1900) FiLippi, E., 371, 372 Lo sperimentale 62, 503-522 (1908) Arch, italiennes de biologie 50, 175- 189 (1908); 51, 447-456 (1909) and Rodolico, 372 442 AUTHORS' INDEX FiNDLAY, A., 135*, 147* Koll. Zeitschr. 3, 169 (1908) FlNKELSTEIN, H., 323 Fischer, 17, 37 A., 418, 421, 422 and Berg, Walther, 418 Emil, 5, 133, 182 H. W., 216*S 384*2, 385 1) Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflauzer (1910) 2) Biochem. Zeitschr. 27, 223-245 (1910) Boberfcag, O. and Feist, C, 67* Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. 3675 (1908) and Brieger, E., 309 and Jensen, P., 222*, 292 Biochem. Zeitschr.20, 143-165 (1909) Martin H., 12, 33, 36, 36-^", 67*, 68, 68^"-, 70, 115, 160*, 175^", 224^";, 225, 226*, 227, 228*^, 229^"-, 229, 230, 230*1, 231, 232, 233, 236, 267, 282, 289, 289*, 290, 306*^", 315, 316, 320*, 321, 321^", 323*, 323^". 324, 327, 328-^", 332-^", 333*, 334, 336, 338, 338*1, 339^ 344*1^ 352, 410, 411 Das Oedem. in exper. v. Therapeut. Unterricht d. Physiol, u. Pathol d. Wasserb. im. Organismus (Dres- den, 1910) Die Nephritis, eine exper. u. kritische Studie über Natur u. Ursachen, d. Prinz, ihrer Bechandlung (Dres- den, 1911) 1) KoUoidchem. Beihefte 2, 304 (1911) 2) Koll. Zeitschr. 8, 159-167 (1911) and Bayliss, 220^" and Clowes, 12, 175 and Henderson, L. J., 232^" and Hogan, 220^'^ and Hooker, M. O., 33, 36, 36^", 352 and Jensen, P., 291* and Losev, G., 27* and Streitmann, A., 296 and Sykes, A., 334 and Woodyatt, 335 FisKE, 188 Fleischmann, 208 Fletcher, W. M. and Hopkins, F. G., 298 and Langley, 328 Fluri, M., 245* Flora 99, 81-126 (1908) FoA, C. and Aggazzotti, A., 374*, 384* Biochem. Zeitschr. 19 (1909) Fornet, A., 178 FoTjARDi, E., 102*, 107, 133*, 134, 134*, 180 Koll.-Zeitschr. 4, 185 (1909) L'Etat colloidal de 1' Amidon (Laval, 1911) Fränkel, S. and Hamburg, M., 190* Beitrag z. cliem. Physiol, u. Pathol. 8, 389-398 (1906) Frank, E. 235* Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 70, 129- 142 (1910) Fränkel, S., 183 Frankl, 413 Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharm. 57 (1907) Frei, W., 311* Zeitschr. f. Infektionskrank, u. Hyg. d. Haustiere 6, 363-373, 446-475 (1909) Margadant, 396, 403 Freundlich, H., 14, 23, 23*, 23^"-, 24, 24*"-, 25, 25^'^, 28*3, 29, 66, 78^"-. 79, 80, 84, 87, 110, 147^", 187, 36C,, 394*1 1) Habihtationsschrift (Leipzig, 1906) 2) Koll.-Zeitschr. 1, 321 (1907); 7, 193 (1910) (and Emslander), 180* and Losev, G., 27 Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 59, 284-312 (1907) and Michaelis, L., 79 and Ostwald, Wo., 147-^'* and Schucht, 25* (and Straub), 243 Frey, E., 334*, 338, 410* Pflüger's Arch. 120, 66-136 (1907) Friedberger, 209, 210, 371 and Isuneoka, 365 Friedemann, U., 149, 149*, 156*', 157, 202-^", 207, 323*2 1) Arch. f. Hygiene 55, 361-389 (1906) AUTHORS' INDEX 443 Priedemann, U., ^) in Oppenheimer's Handb. d. Biocliemie 3, 2 and Friedenthal, H., 149*, 160*, 202* Zeitschr. f . expei\ Pathol, u. Therapie 3, 73-88 (1906) and Neisser, M., 84*, 86, 203, 203*, 205*, 283* Teiedenthal, H., 6, 135*i, 149*, 157*, 164* Ber. d. D. Chem. Ges. 44, 906 (1911) 1) Physiol. Zeutralbl. 12, 819 (1899) and Friedemami, U., 149*, 160*, 202* Friedländer, J., 64*, 136* Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 38, 430 (1901) Fürth, O. von, 169 and Schütz, J., 191* Beitr. z. chem. Physiol, u. Pathol. 9, 28-49 (1907) and Lenk, 291 Gabritschewsky, a., 286 Oaidukow, N., 127, 277, 278 Dimkelfeldbeieuchtung u. Ultrami- kroskopie in d. Biologien. Medezin (Jena, 1910) Galecki and Zsigmondy and Wilke- Dörfürt, 98 Galitzer, S., 204 •Galeotti, a., 340* Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Abt. 200 (1902) Gartner, A., 172 ■Gatin-Gruszewska, Z., 136* Pflüger's Arch. 103 (1904) Gay-Lussac, 51 and Boyle, 51 and Southard, 377 Gerhardt, W., 263, 269 Gengou, O., 371 and Bordet, 207 Gerhartz, H., 216*, 265, 265*i, 266 Pflüger's Arch. 133, 397-499 (1910) 1) Pflüger's Arch. 135, 104-170 (1910) Gbrloff and Kilnitz, 263*"' Gesell, R. A., 333 Gibes, W., 25, 25^'^ GiEMSA, G., 434 GiESON, VAN, 435 Gilbert and Lawes, 265 Girard, 59*, 322, 322* Comptes rend, de I'ac. d. Lc. 146, 927 (1908); 148, 1047-1186 (1909); 150, 1446 (1910) Journ. d. physiol. and pathol. Gen. 12, 471 (1910) -Mangin and Henri, V., 204* Glauber, 8 godlewski, 88* Goldschmidt, R. and Pribram, 387* Zeitschr. f. exper. Pathol, u. Therapie 6, 1 (1909) Golgi, 264 Goll, 332 Golodetz, L., 163 Golodetz, L. and Unna, P. G., 434 GoM, W., 366 GoocH, 98 GOPPELSRÖDER, 108 Gottlieb, R. and Magnus, R., 332, 336*. Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u. Pharm. 45, 223 (1901) and Meyer, H., 332*, 380*, 412* Graham, Thomas, 3*, 4, 10*, 55, 84, 90, 146 Philos. Transactions 1, 183 (1861) Liebig's Aim. d. Chemie 121 (1862) and Herzog, R. O., 146*8 and Stephan, 54 Gram, 30, 435 Grawitz, B., 418^'^ 421 Gros, O. and O'Connor, J. M., 365*, 372* Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u. Pharm. 64, 456-467 (1911) Gregor, 298 Pflüger's Arch., 101 (1904) Grosser, O., 102, 174, 350 Grüber and Durham, 202-'^" and Widal, 202'''' Grübler, 186 Grünwald, 411 Grützner, P. von, 353 GUAGLIERIELLO, 143* GuERRiNi and Neisser, M., 288* Guggenheim, M. and Abderhalden, 34*, 189* Gully, Baumann, 329 GUMILEVSKY, G. O., 318* Pflüger's Arch. 39, 566 (1886) 444 AUTHORS' INDEX GüRBER, A., 245, 307, 314 and Limbeck, V. and Hamburger, H. J., 321 Haak, a., 124^"-, 125 Haas, A. R. C, 388 Haber, f., 59* Ann. d. Phys. (4) 26, 927 (1908) Zeitschr. f. physikal. Chemie 67, 385 (1909) HÄBERLE and Vorländer, 19-'^" Häckel, 252 Hahn and Trommsdorf, R., 206 Münchner med. Wochenschr, No. 19 (1900) Hailer, E., 199* Arbb. d. k. Gesundheitssamts 29, H. 2 (1908) Hales, 66 Halliburton, 219* Hamburg, M. and Fraenkel, S., 190* Hamburger, H. J., 236, 244, 254, 307, 322, 322*2 2) Biochem. Zeitschr. 11, 443-480 (1908) and Hekma, 287* Biochem. Zeitschr. 3, 88-108; 7, 102- 116 (1906-1907); 9, 275-306, 512- 521 (1907); 24, 470-477 (1910) Koeppe, H. and Overton, E., 236 and Limbeck, von, 314 and Limbeck, von and Gürber, A., 321 Handovsky, H., 82*3, ng^ 147/«^ 149*1^ 151, 152*2, 155, 362*2 /« 1) Koll.-Zeitschr. 4 and 5 (1910) 2) Biochem. Zeitschr. 25, 510 (1910) and Pauli, Wo., 147-^", 149*^, 151, 311 Hannover, 421 Harden, A. and Young, W. J., 191 Proc. Roy. Soc. 77, B, 405-420 (1906); 78, B, 369-375 (1906) Hardy, W. B., 10, 64, 145, 158, 158*i, 159, 159*2 1) Journ. of Phys. 33, 251-337 Proc. Roy. Soc. 79, 413-426, Ser. B (London) Harlow, M. M. and Stieles, P. G., 189* Journ. of Biol. Chem. 6 (1909) Harnack, E., 142 Harriman, Mrs. 243*1, 307 1) Pflüger's Arch. 60, 360 (1895) 2) Biochem. Journ. 1, 484-495 (1906) 3) Biochem. Journ. 1, 474, 484; 2, 27, 81, 112 (1906) *) Zeitschr. f . physiol. Chemie 50, 49T (1907); 60, 364 (1909) Heidenhain, M., 318 Pflüger's Arch. 56, 579 (1894) Heinz, 408 Hekma, 160, 279 and Hamburger, H. J., 287* Helbig, 435 Held, 234, 234* Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u. Pharm. 53,. 227 Helmholtz, 353 Henderson, 310 Lawrence J. and Fischer, M. H.,. 232-^" Henri, V., 83*, 187 Comptes rend. 147, 62-65 (and Girard-Mangin), 204* Henry (laws), 20, 242, 243, 308, 309,. 388, 396 Herbst, C, 264 Mitterlungen d. zool. Station NeapeL 11, 185, 191 (1803) Herman, H., 293 Hermann and Dupr6, Fr., 348 Pflüger's Arch. 26, 442 AUTHORS' INDEX 445 Herzog, B. and Adler, 27* R. O., 53, 53-^", 54, 103, 104, 146, 146*6 Zeitschr. f. Elektrochem. 13, 533- . 539 a907) and Arrhenius, Sv., 47 (and Graham, Th.), 146*« and Kasarnowski, 104*, 183*, 190* Biochem. Zeitschr. 11, 172 (1908) and Öholen, L. W., 53^" Hess, W., 114 Münchner med. Wochenschr., No. 32 (1907) Hessberg, P., 208, 209 Heyden, von, 99, 366, 376 Hill, A. Croft, 250 A. C. and Parnas, 298 HiROKOWA, 411 Hirsch and Beck, 113 Hirschfeld, M. and PauH, 152 HiRSHFELD, L., 204, 204*2, 285, 285*, 286 1) Zeitschr. f. allg. Phys. 9, 529- 534 2) Arch. f. Hyg. 63, 237-286 Höber, R., 81, 243*«, 244*^, 292*, 294*, 295, 295*8, 295*11, 296, 298, 307, 307*7, 311, 311*2, 319*1^ 322, 329, 353, 353*3«, 382, 386, 387, 387** 1) Pflüger's Arch. 70, 624 (1898); 75, 246 (1899) 2) Pflüger's Arch. 81, 522 (1900) ^) Physikal. Chem. d. Zelle (Leipzig, 1906) 3") Physikal. Chem. d. Zelle u. d. Gewebe (Leipzig, 1911) *) Pflüger's Arch. 120, 508 (1907) ^) Physikal. Chem. u. Physiol, in A. V. Koränyi u. P. F. Richters Physikal. Chemie u. Medizin 1, 389 (Leipzig, 1907) ") Biochem. Zeitschr. 14, 209 (1908) 0 Biochem. Zeitschr. 14, 209 (1908) Pflüger's Arch. 134, 311 (1910) 8) Biochem. Zeitschr. 17, 518 (1909) 9) Zeitschr. f. Physikal. Chemie 70, 134-145 (1910) 10) Zeitschr. f. aUg. Physiol. 10, 173- 189 (1910) Höber, R., n) Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 13-1, 311-336 (1910) and Chassin, S., 427* KoU. Zeitschr. 3, 76 (1908) and Joel, A., 386 and Ruhland, 242 and Waldenberg, 295* Pflüger's Arch. 126, 331 (1909) Hopf, J. H. van't, 43 Hofmeister, F., 67*, 95, 147-^", 151, 166, 226, 276, 277, 318, 319, 337, 343, 409 Arch. f. exper. Pathol, u. Pharm 27, 395 (1890); 28, 210 (1891) and Ostwald, Wo., 337 and Pick, 166 P., 115 HoGAN, J. J. and Fischer, W. H., 220''" HoLDE, D., 11*. 64* Chemiker. Ztg., No. 54 (1908); Zeil^Ciir. f. angew. Chemie, 2138ff, (1908) Holderer, 187 HöLBR, R., 230 Hollinge R, 235* Biochem. Zeitschr. 17, 1 (1908) Hooker, D. R., 231, 332 Am. Journ. of Physiol. 27, 24-44 (1910) Marian O. and Fischer, M. H., 33, 36, 36-^", 352 Hopkins, F. G. and Fletcher, 298 Hoppe and Seyler, 226 Howell, 299 HowLAND and Marriot, 314 Hunt, R., 366 Illyes, G. and Kövesi, 340 Inada, R. and Müller, O., 311, 380 IscovESCO, H., 185*3, 239, 299, 300*2, 330*2, 342*2^ 375/« 1) Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biol. 60 (1906) 2) Etude sur les humeurs de I'organ- ique (Paris, 1906) 3) Biochem. Zeitschr. 24, 53-78 (1910) Ishizaka and Schucht, 84*i Isuneoka and Friedberger, 365 446 AUTHORS' INDEX IzAR, Ct., 366*3, 372*1, 375*2^ 375, 375*2 1) Biochem. Zeitschr. 20, 249, 266 (1909) 2) Zeitschr. f. Immunitätsforschun- gen, Orig. 2 3) Zeitschr. f. klin. Medezin 68, 516 and Ascoli, M., 211, 365*, 366, 371, 373*, 377*, 383^" Jacobson, P., 187 Jacoby, M., 184*, 196 Biochem. Zeitschr. 4, 21 (1907) and Schütze, A., 189*, 196 Zeitschr. f. Immunitätsforschungen 4, 730-739 (1910) Jacqtje, L. and Zunz, E., 199* Arch, intern de Physiol. 8, 227-270 fl909) Jagic, N. and Landsteiner, K., 200*, 204* Japelli, G. and D'Errico, 296 Jensen, P. and Fischer, H. W., 212, 222* and Fischer, M. H., 291* Joel and Höber, R., 386 Johnson, 184 Joos, J., 201* Zeitschr. f. Hygiene 40, 203 (1902) JoRDis, E., 93, 93^"- Joseph, 377 Dermat. Zentrabl. (Sept. 1907) JOSLIN, 314 JosT, L., 259* Tharandter forst. Jahrbuch 60, 331- 334 (1909) Jungfleisch, 20 JÜNGSEN and (Sörensen), 143* Ju.sT and Hatmakeb, 175 Kahlenberg and True, 382 Kasarnowski, H. and Herzog, R. O., 104*, 183*, 190* Katz, J. R., 178, 292 Katzenellenbogen, 319* Pflüger's Arch. 114, 522 (1906) Kaufmann, M., 366 Keesom, 119 KiLNiTz and Gerloff, 263*"* Kirschbaum, 99, 102, 197, 205 and Pribram, 99 KiscH, 240 Klatte and Büchner, 184* Klemensiewicz, 231 Klemperer, G., 343, 343-^" Klose and Vogt, 352 Kneipp, Fr., 364 Knoevenagel, E., 70, 187, 428 Sitzung d. ehem. ges. zu Heidelberg 17, 2 (1911); (Zeitschr. f. ang. Chan. 505 (1911) KoBER, P. A., 120, 120^"- KOBLER, 173 Koch, Robert, 138, 193, 395, 398 KoEPPE, H., 307 and Hamburger and Overton, 236 Köhler, F. and Traube, J., 163, 427/« KOHLER, R., 95 Kolle, von, 196-'^" KoPACZEWSKi, 94, 94*"- K0RÄNYI, A. VON, 315, 339*, 341 Zeitschr. f. klin. Medezin 34 (1898) Berliner klin. Wochenschr. 781(1899) and Bence, J., 315 and Kövesi, 341 Kövesi and Roth-Schultz, 340* Pathol, u. Therapie d. Merenin- suffizienz 76 (Leipzig, 1904) and Richter, O., 315 Physikal. Chemie u. Medizin (Leip- zig, 1907-1908) K0RÄNYI, P. T. and Richter, A. v., 113 KossEL, A., 160, 279 Münchner med. Wochenschr. 68, 2 (1911) Kövesi and Illyes, G., 340 A. V. and Koränyi, A. von and Roth- Schultz, 340* andSuranyi, 341 Krafft, f., 46 and Smits, A., 45, 46 Krans, 313 Kreidl, a. and Lenk, 350* and Neumann, 349* Kröenig, 50 Krönig and Paul, 395, 401, 402, 403 Kubowitsch, J. A., 266 Kunde, 216 Kundt, 76 Kupfer, von, 248, 373 Küster, E., 264 AUTHORS' INDEX 447 Labr, W. H. van, 180, 184 I. Congres intern, de Brasserie 25, 7 (1910) Bull. Acad. R. Belg. 305-320; 362- 370 (1911) Lagergreen, 337 Lamy, E. and Mayer, A., 334*, 335 Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biol. 222 (1904) Xandstetner, K., 196^", 198, 200, 201, 205 , and Botteri, A., 199"^ Zentralbl. f.Bakt. 42, 562-566 (1906) Eisenberg and Volk, 201 and Jagic, N., 200*, 204* Münchner med. Wochenschr., No. 27 (1904) and Pauli, Wo., 205*, 205 Wiener med. Wochenschr., No. 18 (1908) and Uhlirz, 145* Centralbl. f. Bakter. 40, 206 (1905) and Weleck, St., 200 Zeitschr. f. Immunitätsfor. u. exper. Therapie 8, 397-403 (1910) Landwehr and Baisch, 343 Langley, J. N. and Fletcher, 328 Laqueur, E., 154, 164 and Sackur, O., 154*, 164, 164* Beitr. z. chem. Physiol u. Pathol. 3, 193, 224 Lawes and Gilbert, 265 Lea, Carey, 366 Am. Journ. of Science (3), 37j 476; 38, 47; 41, 482 Leavenworth and Mendel, 266 Lebedew, a. von, 102*, 190* Biochem. Zeitschr. 20, 114-125 (1909) Leber, Th., 286 Leclef and Denys, 288 Leduc, Stephane, 254, 254-'"", 255, 255^"-, 256, 256^'^-, 257 Lemanissier, J., 73*, 144, 144*, 349* L'Etude des corps idtramicrosc, Thesis (Paris, 1905) L'Etude des corps ultramicrosc, Rousset (Paris, 1905) and Michaelis, 144 Lenk, E., 169, 350* and Fürth, 0. von, 291 andKreidl, A., 350* Lennep, Ross van, 181 Lepeschikin, W. W., 240, 245, 278 Levaditi and Yamanouchi, 208 Levites, S. J., 162 Lewith, 151 Lichtwitz, L., 342*2, 343^ 353^ 354 1) D. med. Wochenschr., No. 15 (1910) ^) Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 64, 144-157 (1910) and Rosenbach, F. J., 342*, 343* Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemie 61, 117 (1909) Lieber and Schmidt, P., 189 Liebermann, L., 152*, 153*, 177 L. von, 206, 265 Liesegang, R. E., 106*i, 239, 257, 260*3, 261, 261*1, 261'"-, 263, 263*5, 264, 269*, 269*^ 1) Chem. Reaktionen in Gallerten (Leipzig, 1898) 2) Beitr. z. einer kolloidchem. d. Lebens (Dresden, 1909) 3) Ann. d. Phys. 19, 406 (1906); 32, 1095 (1910) 4) KoU. Zeitschr. 7, 219 (1910) 5) Naturw. Wochenschr., No. 41 (1910) ^) Journ. f. Phychol. u. Neurol. 17, 1-18 (1910) LiLLiE, K. G., 378 Am. Journ. of Physiol. 17, 89 (1906); 24, 459 (1909) R. S., 295*2, 354 Am. Journ. of Physiol. 10, 419 (1904) Limbeck, V., Gürber, A. and Ham- burger, H. J., 321 von and Hamburger, 314 LiPMAN, C. B., 379 LoEB, Jacques, 225^", 230, 241, 245, 245*S 264*3, 282, 289*, 378, 379, 413*2 1) Pflüger's Arch. 69, 1 (1898); 71, 457 (1898); 75, 303 (1899) 2) Pflüger's Arch. 91, 248^(1902) ^) Untersuch, üb. d. künst. Parthe- nogenese (Leipzig, 1906) *) Biochem. Zeitschr. 11, 144 (1908) J. and Bentner, R., 240, 295, 295^" and Osterhout, W. J. V., 241 448 AUTHORS' INDEX LÖFFLER, 30 LoEPER, 321*, 412* Comptes rend, de la Soc. de Biol. 58, 1056 (1905) LoEWE, G., 243 S., 139, 386 LoEWY, A., 308*2, 309^ 312*1 1) in A. von Koränyi u. P. F. Rich- ters Pathol, d. Respiration 2, 37 (Leipzig, 1908) 2) in A. von Koränyi u. P. F. Rich- ters Physika!. Chemie u. Medezin 1, 248 (Leipzig, 1908) and Munzer, E., 313* Arch. f. Physiol. (1901) LÖFFLER, 30, 30^" Lorenz, R., 11, 49^", 51 LosEV, G. and Freundlich, H., 27* Lottermoser, A., 28*, 84*, 365-^" Koll. Zeitschr. 6, 78-83 (1910) Lowe, Chas., 252^" Löwe, H., 362 Lubarsch, 231 LuDERKiNG, Chas. and Wiedermann, E., 134*, 137* Ludwig, C, 66, 336, 337 Ludwig, G., 331*" Luther (-Ostwald), 108^", 113 Macallum, a. B., 26, 234, 234^", 287, 292, 296, 296*, 298 Science (Oct. 7, 14, 1910) MacCallum, 413, 413* 1) Pflüger 's Arch. 104; Am. Journ. of Physiol. 10, 101, 259 2) On the mechanism of the physiol. 