Smithsonian miscellaneous collections
Smithsonian Institution
Tee, ~ Se < ANY ny NY i 0 a | i m ee BEE Se le nad a SS SA 5 Bim eas 2 % Os0 \ ( Se \ ,, , ih HY rf oo " so eee Pee ies at Sore ramon Bee Soci Sars Sema ne a So. ote en “ rs om BEES =e, As axe a > ae Se eeeconeteenooaae =. Tne aoe a SS ee <s ee ses Ze : aes ee ee are : ae Prema . | oS Rae $2 - ae. a uo A nS i ay NS on oe } ‘ an ‘ ‘i a : a - a . ae. ) :. : ; a . ¢ nh . : ° :. ce ND i a CORONER SUA me ont WG Da ; a a oe . _ ny We a ae = SSO Ser enme ers Sees ee eis ee eS Bao irs EE Pianos Siro. eae co x . .. cc a ae. uN uy 7 AGS a a be x a ay ASD K 7 _ agen ue ee .. ayy ae res SEEN ye BAS aN ‘ ae ue A x mn AY By at , aang Yai VA =< KG <a ae — (CCC E COC rece Lic GQ GG << | << <i cee s SS, os ES — tt a | | be man | Koen : nant Ja NZS WN fog S\N IE) | aes AWE a AIF ON ei EN NNT FON NTS ea ae my) 4 SW le a Fa Yes eae MR |) WAN mony y A AARAAARARIAAA- , , | “i | MF ne ®t } LUA A PNG y Nils \i) fon A ‘7 EL AN\ TS | ‘ \f\ > Wie A =a aN i at We cc VB qe eh ee See noy ces <2 = CCE CG CK EG : KEE cee. « mei OGe KT 03" Cee <x cana <— a Beet eS PEAS ae CC. cane = Pa) a \ et Pe “ \f-\ WANN fy PY we NAIA Vani ea Ge ae ee —o cae. = < = SESE es 4 << << Ss ‘<< —— ‘ EC q aoe — eee aA re sts as Xe. y 5 a SS Sa : = —— mo | > a - a WC a | a ye = ee or Pee <a | a CoG ef ex ” a en. a a ‘@ 4 g i Bs tee, , 7 he asi a ar. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOR. Vill: ‘{EyERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, AND EXPERIMENTS PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.’’—SMITHSON. WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1869. COLLINS, PRINTER, 705 JAYNE ST. Advertisement. ARTICLE I ARTICLE II. ARTICLE III. ARTICLE IV. ARTICLE V. ARTICLE VI. ARTICLE VII. ARTICLE VIII. ARTICLE IX. ARTICLE X. CONTENTS. MonoGRAPusS OF THE DipreRA oF NortH AMERICA. Part IV. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institu- tion. By R. Osten Sacken. January, 1869. 8vo. Pp. 358, 4 plates, and 7 wood-cuts. (219) CATALOGUE OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF NortH AMERICA DESCRIBED PREVIOUS TO 1867. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. By Samuen H. Scupper. October, 1868. S8vo. Pp. 110. (189) Lanp AND FrEesH-WATER SHELLS oF NortH AMERICA. PartI. Punmonatra Geopuina. By W. G. BINNEY and T. Bhanp. February, 1869. 8vo. Pp. 328, and 544 wood-cuts. (194) ARRANGEMENT OF FAMILIES oF Birps. Adopted pro- visionally by the Smithsonian Institution. June, T866. 8vo. Pp. 8. (210) CIRCULAR TO OFFICERS OF THE Hupson’s Bay ComPAny. 1860. 8vo. Pp. 6. (137) SuGccestions RELATIVE To OBJECTS oF ScreNTIFIC [N- VESTIGATION IN RusstAN AMERICA. May,1867. 8vo. ple: (207) CrrcutaR RELATING TO CoLLECTIONS IN ARCHMOLOGY AND Erunonocy. January,1867. 8vo. Pp. 2. (205) CrrcuLar To Enromotoaists. 1860. 8vo. Pp. 2. (178) CircuLAR RELATIVE To CoLLEcTIONS oF BirRDS FROM MippLeE AND Sout America. December,1863. 8vo. Ppa (168) Smirnson1an Museum MiscennAnEA. 1862. Pp. 88. (164) PAGE Vii. 9 a re ’ ea tg a " yt p iS ere Gd MOTOR hears Wo «ae a P Aa) be ’ i | ius iy rk ay aay, haelee the svat Che ama) Se’ 7 ‘ ; Ne Be { peer) * ELE DRA TS, Rie ey ie Hi Ych Pa F a 7 , ’ 7 : \ im a] a} 74 ‘f ae iio Past ‘ay ne ah hd baity 4, ane 7 eT ee) om j ila, ‘ ee is ! ee ee) Hig ert akiy® | AM ah i haeye Oe POUCA y ae “ baie, rag iD na cal ane Ph he . | oe | ‘i i, d'y . a ‘er Puig Mi Ray Out : bs bs Bao, ry haere ya ON aed a ; ; SIA aOR Ae | AO gal eye iyi oti Ne M nige > Wy be ee! eb ay eee by AM by EL ie ‘ a, ant ¥® 7 ii! ne Biny be ae ih Lae fain A i ENN ae ULE Mite a ia ; ; i me Lil “T x yas a iy i ; be ary a ay ip), i ' “2 hie Al . Wy a yee mia! ‘ : 4 ‘ by in ; hi oh eee PELE i, puri) Ga Heel 4 sil or bith . i i 7 \ ‘ ea PE IAP can ah ih cy ti i i VT) Aad 4 Ts Ait Yes Oba 4 me i Jebel, yh) ‘* i cL af 1 ; ae he “fi deh 2 wat : yt Ny ‘ ih ae P| Lid sua ADVERTISE MENT. THE present series, entitled ‘Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col- lections,” is intended to embrace all the publications issued directly by the Smithsonian Institution in octavo form; those in quarto con- stituting the ‘‘Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” The quarto series includes memoirs embracing the records of extended original investigations and researches resulting in what are be- lieved to be new truths, and constituting positive additions to the sum of human knowledge. The octavo series is designed to con- tain reports on the present state of our knowledge of particular branches of science : instructions for collecting and digesting facts and materials for research: lists and synopses of species of the organic and inorganic world: museum catalogues: reports of ex- plorations: aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally prepared at the express request of the Institution, and at its expense. The position of a work in one or the other of the two series will sometimes depend upon whether the required illustrations can be presented more conveniently in the quarto or the octavo form. In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the present series, each article is separately paged and indexed, and the actual date of its publication is that given on its special title- page, and not that of the volume in which it is placed. In many eases, works have been published, and largely distributed, years before their combination into volumes. While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Insti- tution to insure a proper standard of excellence in its publications, it will be readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. 1. ( vii ) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. rr MONOGRAPHS OF THE De oe Toast ox OF NORTH AMERICA. PART IV. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY R. OSTEN . SWICK EN. WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. JANUARY, 1869. ADVERTISEMENT. THE present publication is the fourth part of a work on the Diptera of North America. Jt has been prepared at the request of the Smithsonian Institution by Baron R. Osten Sacken, and is based almost exclusively on his own collections. Parts I and II of the series were written by Dr. H. Loew, of Meseritz, Prussia, principally from the examination of specimens furnished by Baron Osten Sacken. Part III, also by Dr. Loew, is in an advanced state of preparation. The work is published in successive monographs of families and genera, when sufficient material is on hand for illustrating particular groups, without reference to systematic seqtfence. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary 8S. I. SmirHsoniANn InstrTvTi0n, Wasuineton, December, 1868. PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER. PREFACE. Ard Sec wn Svoyeporvery mavdexas rrv mepe Tov arimoripav Cauv tni- oxediv. Ev mace yap vous pvouxors Eveote re Savpacrov’ xav xadamnep “Hpaxnevros Agyerac pos rovs Eévovs eimecy tovs PBovaropévors évrvyecv GDTG, dt Enecdy mMpoororres eldoy avrov Sepomevoy mpds TE inva Eornoay (éxéreve yap adrovs eiovévar Sappodytas’ elvau yap xai evrarSa Seovs), obtw xal mpos ryv Cyrnow mepi Exdoroy trav Cqav mpootévac Sev wn Svownotpevoy Os éy Grtacuw OvTOs TLVdS PYOLXOD xaL xGAOD. (Wherefore we ought not childishly to neglect the study even of the most despised animals, for in all natural objects there lies something marvellous. And as it is related of Heraclitus that certain strangers who came to visit him, when they found him warming himself at the kitchen- fire, stopped short—he bade them enter without fear, for there also were the gods: so we ought to enter without false shame in the examination of all living beings, for in all of them resides something of nature and beauty.) ARISTOTELES, de partibus animalium, I, 5. The present volume contains the first part of a monograph of the North American Tipulide, that is, the Tipulide brevipalpt, the Cylindrotomina, and Ptychopterina. The Tipulidz longi- palpi are reserved for another volume. The ground covered in this monograph is the same as that of my former essay: New genera and species of the North American Tipulide with short palpi, with an attempt at a new classification of the tribe (in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, 1859), that is, it embraces all the known North American species,’ at the exclusion of those from the West ' The described species belong to the Atlantic States of the Union ; only two Californian species have been added. ( iii ) iv PREFACE. Indies and Mexico. But if, instead of the sixty pages which the above-mentioned essay contains, the present volume fills nearly three hundred and sixty, this is owing partly to the increase of materials at my disposal, partly to the much greater development which I have given to the paragraphs concerning the classifica- tion. When, in 1859, I adopted an entirely new distribution of the Tipulide, I considered it as only provisional, because it was based exclusively on North American species. Since then, how- ever, it has proved available in a more general application, and has been introduced by Dr. Schiner in the European fauna. I have therefore deemed it necessary to explain my views on that distribution with more accuracy, and have treated the classifica- tion with almost as much detail as if I was writing, not a faunistic, but a general monograph of the family. I only regret that my opportunities for studying the European fauna have been so limited. As to the 7ipulidex from the other parts of the world, besides Hurope and North America, they are hardly known at all. The little I have seen of them in the principal museums of London, Paris, Berlin, and Turin, has been made use of by me. My principal collecting grounds have been the environs of Washington, D. C., and of New York. I have made occasional excursions to different parts of the States of New York and Pennsylvania and in New England; moreover, I have received contributions from my friends in New England, and not unim- portant collections from the northwestern region of this continent, sent by the lamented Robert Kennicott. Thus, as far at least as the more common species are concerned, the Middle and Northern States may be said to be tolerably well represented in this volume; less so, the region west of the Alleghanies and the British Pos- sessions. ‘The country south of Washington is almost unexplored. I owe a debt of deep gratitude to my friend Mr. Samuel Powel, in Newport, R. I, who devoted a great deal of valuable time to the preparation of magnified photographs of the wings, intended to be represented on the plates I and II to this volume. These photographs were transferred to steel by the process of Baron Kgloffstein. The plates thus obtained present a degree of fidelity to nature hardly attainable by the ordinary processes. The plates IfI and IV, drawn by my own unskilful hand, are reproduced from my earlier essay; only the arrangement of the figures on them has been changed. PREFACE. v The measurements are given in decimal fractions of an inch (as in the former volumes of these monographs). I am under manifold obligations to my friends Director Loew, of Guben, Prussia, and Dr. Schiner, of Vienna, for their assistance in my work. R. OSTEN SACKEN. New York, April, 1868. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ON THE NORTH AMERICAN TIPULIDA. Preface . 3 2 Introduction : 1. Characters of the fatty Tipulide 2. On the larve of the Tipulide 5 . Historical account of the classification of he Tipulide. . Division of the Tipulide in longipalpi and brevipalpi . Distribution of the Tipulide in sections . General remarks on the structure of the Tipulide bieyinaint Comparison of the North American with the European fauna TQ Om of Tipulide brevipalpi ously described. Table for determining the genera Systematic distribution of the genera of Tipulide Section I. LIMNOBINA. Gen. p= OomsI nm ork W bP I. DIcRANOMYIA . F longipennis Schum. %, . 2 . immodesta 0. S. 5.9. . gladiator 0. S. %.9 . diversa 0. S. 4.9 PPUGICAROS Soe e . rostrifera, n. sp. $.Q. . brevivena, n. sp. %.9 . floridana, n. sp. 5.9. . distans O. S. %.9 5 Sanblicn OB (Se GS ae - liberta 0. S. %.9 . heretica,n. sp. 5.9. . halterata, n. sp. % . badia Walk. %.? PAGE 51 53 61 15. 16. Wie 18. lig), 20. 2 . On the North American species of Tipulide previpann previ- morioides 0. S. 5.9. pubipennis 0. S. 4.9 globithorax, n.sp. 4.9 rara,n.sp.Q. defuncta O. S. 5.9 marmorata O. S. % (California) . II. GERANOMYIA. rostrata Say, %.? . diversa 0. S. %.9 . canadensis Westw. %. 9 Gen. III. Rurprpra 1. maculata ae Wc °. 2. fidelis O. S. 4.9 3. domestica 0. Sees ( vil ) PAGE viii Gen. ith ao 6 Ost oO PH OO b rary TABLE OF CONTENTS. IV. Limnosra cinctipes Say, $-° . immatura 0. S. §-.9- . solitaria O. S. %.9 . hudsonica O. S. 9 . triocellata 0. S. 5.9 . parietina O. S. %.? . indigena 0. S. §.9 . tristigma 0. S. %.9 . sociabilis, n. sp. 9 . californica O. S. %. (California) . V. TROCHOBOLA . argus Say Section Il. LIMNOBINA ANO- MALA. Gen. —Styringomyia Gen. =< ae . VI. RHAMPHIDIA. . flavipes Macq. %.2 VIII. ToxorRaIna -. magna O. S. 5.9 - nuliebris O. S. % . IX. DicrRanoprycHa - germana O. S. %.9 - sobrina O. S. 4.9 . nigripes O. S. 5. X. ORIMARGA . XI. ELLrerera . XII. Antocra . saxicola O. S. 4.9 XIII. ATarpa Picticornis, n. sp. % . VII. ELEPHANTOMYIA. . westwoodi 0. S. %.?. PAGE 84 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94 95 96 97 98 Gen. XIV. TrvcHoLaBis 1. complexa 0. S. §.9. Gen. XV. THAUMASTOPTERA. Section III. ERIOPTERINA Gen.—Sigmatomera. 10. XVI. RHYPHOLOPHUS. . nubilus 0. S. %.2 sIHNOCENS Me Sp-1 bi Que - nigripilus, n. sp. %.9? - holotrichus O. S. 9? - TUbellusy ns sp. SOc . meigenii O. S. 4.9 - monticola, n. sp. % . XVII. Erioprera (Subgen. Hrioptera.) (Subgen. Acyphona.) - venusta O. S. %.9 . armillaris,n.sp. %.9. . graphica O. S. 4.9 (Subgen. Hoplolabis.) armata O. S. 4.9 (Subgen. IMesocyphona.) - caloptera Say, %.9 . parva O. S. %.9 (Subgen. Molophilus.) - pubipennis 0. S. 9 - hirtipennis 0. S. 9 . forcipula, n.sp. %.9. - ursina O. S. % 5 Nov ule TRIMICRA 5 . anomala O. S. 4.9 . XIX. CHIONEA . valga Harr. 4 . septemtrionisO. S.%.9 . Villosa 0. S. 4.9 . chrysocoma 0. S. %.9 - vespertina 0. S. %.9. - chlorophylla 0. S. 4.9 . Staminea, n.sp. §.9. PAGE 129 132 133 135 137 139 141 142 142 143 144 144 145 146 155 155 156 157 157 157 158 158 159 160 161 162 162 163 163 164 165 167 168 169 . punctipennisMeig.§.P 171 . XXI. GnopHomyra Ge Lee . luctuosa O. S. & . 174 . tristissima 0.S. %.Q9. 175 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE . XX. SYMPLECTA . ee . XXII. Psmnoconopa . 176 . XXIII. Gontomyra 5 ate manca, n. sp. %, . 5 ye . sulphurella 0. S. %.Q9 180 . cognatella 0. S.%.9. 181 - Subcinerea 0. S.%.9. 181 . blanda 0. S. §.? 182 . XXIV. Empepa . - 183 . Stigmatica,n.sp. 5 . 184 . XXV. CRYPTOLABIS 5 altets) . paradoxa 0. S. 5.9. 186 . XXVI. Chapura. a 187 | . flavoferrugineaO. S.%.9 188 | aandivisa O./S. 5.9 9. 189 Section IV. LIMNOPHILINA. 190 Gen I. 2. Q @ =) SCaoawtrnap ow de . XXVII. Eprppracma . 193 fascipennis Say, %.2. 194 solatrix 0.8.3.9 . 195 . XXVIII. Limnorpnina . 196 - macrocera Say, %.Q9 . 204 EUNICA, Ne SPs) Oo. - 205 . fasciolata O. S. 4% - 206 . poetica, n. sp. % . 207 . tenuicornis,n. sp. %.2 208 niveitarsis, n. sp. %.Q9 209 . tenuipes Say, %.Q2 . 210 - recondita,n.sp.%.9. 212 - imbecilla O. S. $.9 . 213 . toxoneura 0. S. %.9. 213 - areolata 0. S.%.9 . 214 - adusta O2'S.°5.9 5 215 . luteipennis 0. S. %.Q 217 14. 15. 16. Wile Gen. contempta, n. sp. §.? inornata, n. sp. % fratria, n. sp. 5. brevifurca O. S. %.Q. - ultima 0. S. 4.9 . aprilina O. S. §.9 - fuscovaria 0. S.%.9. . rufibasis O. S. 5.9 - munda, n. sp. 4.9 - montana 0. S.%.9. . cubitalis, n. sp. $3.9. - quadrata 0. S.%.9. s lenta 0. S. 5.9. . XXIX. UnomorpHa . pilosella 0. S. 4.9 XXX. TrIcHOCERA - Section V. ANISOMERINA. fen. We Gen. a XXXI. ANISoMERA megacera 0. S. %.9. . XXXII. CuaponiPes . XXXIJI. Eriocrra - spinosa 0. S. 4.9 - longicornis Walk. %.9 - wilsonii, n. sp. 4%. . fuliginosa 0. S. %.9. XXXIV. PentTHorprera albitarsis,n.sp. §.9?. Section VI. AMALOPINA . XXXV. AMALOPIS - inconstans O.S.%.9?. . auripennis O. S. % . calear 0. S. 5.9 hyperborea O. S. 4 - vernalis O. S. 4.9 . XXXVI. Pepicra . albivitta Walk. 5.9. powbwbwWw wv wb bv DHww Wd Ww wb bw bw oa ooo WwW be ho oo i=) 231 x Gen. XXXVII. Una . : 1. elegans, n. sp. 2 “ 2. paupera O.S. %.9. Gen. XXXVIII. Dicranora. 1. rivularis 0. S. %.9 2. eucera, n. sp. % - Gen. XXXIX. Puectromyia. 1. modesta, n. sp. 4.9?. Gen. XL. RHAPHIDOLABIS 1. tenuipes, n. sp. $-9. . flaveola,n. sp. $.2. Sect. VII. CYLINDROTOMINA Gen. XLI. CyninpRotoma. 1. americana O. S. 3 2. nodicornis 0. S. %.Q. PAGE 274 276 277 278 281 281 282 | 284 284 287 288 289 296 299 301 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Gen. XLII. Triocma .. 1. exsculptaO0.S. 9. Gen. XLIII. PHALACROCERA. 1. tipulina 0. S. % : Sect. VIII. PTYCHOPTERINA Gen. XLIV. PrycHopTERA. 1. rufocincta 0. S. %.92. i Gen. XLV. BirrAcoMORPHA. 1. clavipes Fab. %.9 Gen. XLVI. PRoTopLASA. 1. fitchii O. S. APPENDIX I. Species described by previous authors and not contained in the present Monograph Say, Journal of the Academy of Nat. Sciences in Philad. Limnobia humeralis Say, Long’s Expedition, etc. ; Appendix :. Ptychoptera 4-fasciata Trichocera scutellata Wiedemann’s Aussereuropdische Zwerfliigelige Insecten Limnobia gracilis. 6 A. Fitch, Winter Insects of East- ern New York Trichocera brumalis Macquart, Dipteres Exotiques, etc. Limnophila ecarbonaria 321 321 321 321 322 322 322 323 323 323 323 Walker, List of Specimens of the British Museum, ete. Ptychoptera metallica Chionea aspera scita . . : Trichocera bimacula ° gracilis .. Walker, Diptera Saundersiana. Limnobia turpis : 3 biterminata. ignobilis . ° Zetterstedt, Diptera Scandina- vie, etc.. Erioptera fascipennis Westwood, London and Edin- burgh Philos. Magaz. Gynoplistia annulata. PAGE 303 304 305 307 309 309 313 313 315 316 319 321 324 324 325 325 325 325 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 329 TABLE OF CONTENTS. APPENDIX II. . ° ° On the genera of Tipulide brevipalpi not indigenous in Europe or in the United States. Peripheroptera Schiner. Gynoplistia Westw. . : Cerozodia Westw. . ° Cloniophora Schin.. Paratropesa Schin. . ° EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES InDEXx ; ;. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS PAGE 330 331 331 332 332 Ctedonia Philippi. Polymoria Philippi. Lachnocera Philippi Polymera Wied. 5 xi PAGE 330 330 PAGE 333 334 334 335 337 341 345 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. PART Iv. fe ON THE NORTH AMERICAN TIPULIDAE. (Part First.) LN DRO Dur TEL OnN. 1. Characters of the family. THE Tipulide belong in the number of those large families of Diptera, the limits of which are equally well defined on all sides. In the Dolichopodide and Asilide we have instances of families of the same kind, and .the words of Mr. Loew about the latter “that not a single dipteron has yet been found, the posi- tion of which as belonging or not belonging to this family is questionable”—these words may, with almost equal propriety, be applied to the Tipulidae. The presence of a transverse V-shaped suture across the meso- notum, would alone be sufficient to distinguish the Tipulide from the neighboring families. The completeness of the venation and the structure of the ovipositor of the female are of equally general application. Through the whole family, and all the modifications in the other organs notwithstanding, the venation is arranged according to the same plan, the characteristic features of which are, the great length of the two basal cells, the development of the auxiliary vein, and the presence, in the majority of cases, of a discal cell.. The veins, in their last subdivisions along the margin of the wing, are from ten to twelve in number (if Clado- 1 May, 1868. ( i ) 2 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. lipes and Toxorrhina (Tab. I, f. 6) have only nine veins, the obliteration of a vein is in both cases evident). The Culicide and Psychodide come next to the Tipulide with regard to the completeness of the venation ; but they have no discal cell ; among all the other Diptera nemocera, this cell occurs only in Rhyphus. The size and structure of the ovipositor, with its two pairs of long, horny, pointed valves, is common, with very rare exceptions, to allthe Tipulidx (the ovipositor of the other Diptera nemocera generally consists of two hardly projecting inconspicuous valvules). The only genera exceptional in this respect are Cryptolabis and Bittacomorpha; their ovipositors do not show any horny append- ages.* These three leading characters of the T¢pulide—thoracic suture, venation, and the structure of the ovipositor—sufficiently isolate this family among the other Diptera nemocera; but we render the contrast still more striking, if we direct our attention to the different parts of the organization of the 7?pulide, and compare them with the corresponding parts in other families. Thus the eyes here are rounded or oval, and never excised on the inside (reni- form or lunate), like those of most Culicide, Chironomide, Psychodide, Simulide, and some Mycetophilide. The ocelli are, with rare exceptions (Trichocera and perhaps Pedicia), wanting, or, at least, imperceptible ; and this character the 7ipu- lidx share with the Culicidxe, Chironomidx, Psychodidx, Simu- lide, and a part of the Cectdomyide. The joints of the antennal flagellum are, with rare exceptions, well marked in their divisions, the shape of the whole antenna being in most cases setaceous, that is, gradually attenuated towards the tip. The joints are never absolutely cylindrical, as in some Cecidomyizx (Asphon- dylia, Spaniocera), or of the compressed disciform shape, so common among the Mycetophilide; only Rhipidia has them pedicelled (a character common among the Cecidomyix). The antennal joints are in most cases verticillate (a character very rare among the MMycetophilidx); never bushy (a character of general occurrence among the males of the Chironomide and Culicide). With regard to the number of antennal joints, the Tipulide do not differ much from the other Nemocera; the ' [have neglected the opportunities I have had to examine the ovipositor of Bittacomorpha on fresh specimens; in dry ones, I perceive only a pair of short, coriaceous appendages. INTRODUCTION. 3 great majority of them have 2+ 11, 2412 or 24 14 joints; the great majority of the Mycetophilide have 2+ 14, the Culicide 2+ 12, the Chironomide from 2+ 10 to 2+ 13 (in the miale sex ; much less in the female) ; the Cecidomyide 2 + 12, or double this number, 2 + 24. The feet of the Tipulide are comparatively much longer than those of the other families of Diptera nemocera (except perhaps the Blepharoceridx) ; but the cox are never so long as in the Mycetophilide, the femora never dentate, as in Ceratopogon ; the tibia, although often spurred at the tip, are never beset with spines, as in the majority of the Mycetophilide. The ungues have sometimes teeth on the under side, like those of some Chironomide and Mycetophilide ; empodia are often distinct, but pulvilli, like those of Bzbio, have not been observed. In size,the majority of the 7ipulide are considerably larger than the other Diptera nemocera, and the contrast in this respect is very striking. Among the families usually placed in the vicinity of the 7ipu- lidx, the Blepharoceridx alone may have a claim to a distant relationship with them. In the structure of the incomplete thoracie suture of Blepharocera, I perceive, if I am not mistaken, an approach to the Plychopterina ; but as my knowledge of the Blepharoceridz is confined to a single species, I would not insist upon this relationship. The Blepharoceridxe have three ocelli and a peculiar venation; the inner horny parts of the mouth of Blepharocera are much more developed than those of the Tipu- lid ; and the eyes are divided by a distinct cross-line into two portions, one with large, the other with small facets; a character which I have never observed among the Tipulide. The connection between the Psychodide and the Eriopterina is of a very obscure kind, and unless further developed by obser- vation, cannot have any scientific value. The position of the genus Chionea among the Tipulide, is determined chiefly by the structure of its ovipositor, the want of a thoracie suture notwithstanding. Moreover, the relationship of Chionea to Trimicra is evident. The case of Diwa, likewise deprived of a thoracic suture, is more doubtful. This genus has been referred to the Myceto- philide by Meigen and Zetterstedt; to the Zipulide by Macquart and Westwood ; Rondani connects it with Z'richocera, 4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART IV. and Haliday places it provisionally, together with Orphnephila, in an artificial group, Heteroclite. Dixa has no thoracic suture ; the ovipositor of the female, according to Mr. Haliday, is different from that of the Tipulide, consisting of two short, broad, round lamels ; the presence of only six longitudinal veins, the shortness of theauxiliary vein, the absence of both subcostal and marginal cross-veins, the peculiar course of the first longitudinal vein, the constant absence of the discal cell, ete., constitute a type of venation which separates Dixa from all the known Tipulide and shows some points of analogy with Ptychoptera only. The rather extraordinary larva of Dixa (described by Steger) is one ground more for separating this genus from the Tipulide. Alto- gether, I incline to the opinion of Mr. Haliday in leaving Diva, temporarily at least, in an isolated position. 2. On the larvx of the Tipulide. During the larva stage, the species of this family are as well marked among the Diptera, as in the perfect stage of their existence. At the same time, they exhibit a remarkable con- formity in the more important parts of their organization, all the differences in the external conditions of their life notwithstanding. About a dozen more or less complete descriptions of such larve have been given by former authors,? and I have had occasion myself to examine several larve of Limnobia, Tipula, Pachyr- rhina, and Ctenophora. The following account is based upon these data (some more details concerning all the known larve of this family will be given under the head of the respective genera) :— The principal character, distinguishing these larve from those ' Perris, Ann. Soc. Entom. de Fr. 1849, p. 331, Tab. VII, f. 4 (Ula pilosa) ; the same, 1. c. 1847, p. 37, Tab. I, f. 3 (Trichocera) ; the same, 1. c. 1849, p. 331, Tab. VII, f. 5 (Limnophila dispar) ; Chionea by Brauer (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. 1854); Cylindrotoma in Schellenberg, Genres de Mouches Dipt., and in Zeller, Isis, 1842, p. 808; Phalacrocera in Degeer ; Ptychoptera in Réaumur and Lyonnet; Ctenophora in Fischer, Oryctogr. du Gouvt. de Moscou, Bouché, etc.; Tipula in Réaumur, Degeer, Bouché, etc. Besides the detailed descriptions, numerous short notices about single larve are scattered in the different authors. I cannot refrain from noticing here, that what Mr. Heeger describes as the larva of Zimnobia platyptera Macq. (Sitzungsber. der Wien. Acad. Vol. XI, 1853) is a Myceto- philideous larva, probably Bolitophila. INTRODUCTION. 5 of the neighboring families is, that as far as known they are metapneustic, that is, they have a single pair of spiracles at the anal end of the body. The genus Zrichocera, anomalous in many respects, is the only one, provided Mr. Perris’ statements are correct, which has two pairs of spiracles, a thoracic and an anal one. A second characteristic peculiarity of these larvie is the structure of the mentum, which consists of a horny plate, pointed in front, and with several more or less deep indentations on both sides of this central point. I found this organ in all the larvee which I have dissected; it is entirely different from the corresponding organ in the larvee of the Mycetophilidx (compare my description of these in the Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil. 1862, p. 151, Tab. I). The head of the larva is comparatively large, imbedded nearly up to the mouth in the first thoracic segment; it consists of a horny shell, open on the under side and in front ; the parts of the mouth are inserted in the latter opening. The comparatively large labrum, lapping over the mouth when it is in motion, has a rather complicated structure, partly horny, partly fleshy, vary- ing in the different genera; often, for instance in Tipula, with bristles and microscopic hairs in front. The mandibles are horny, very strong (not flat, as in the Mycetophilid#), generally bifid at the tip and often with several indentations on the inner side. The maxille are likewise large and stout; more or less fleshy on the inside, but strengthened on the outside by horny plates; they have a short palpus on the outside and the usual lobe, coriaceous, often provided with an entanglement of hairs and bristles, on the inside. The mentum, already alluded to above, is a horny lamel of variable structure; in Z%pula and Ctenophora J have found it triangular in front, the sloping sides bearing several small inden- tations; in a larva of Limnobia this organ had five Jarge teeth in front. Under the mentum, inside of the buccal cavity, I have perceived in the larvee of 7ipula and Ctenophora another smaller, rounded, horny lamel, with indentations on its anterior side. The plane of this second lamel is parallel to that of the first, and it may be seen moving up and down, when the mouth is in motion. The antenne, placed on the sides of the mouth, consist of a rounded, fleshy basal piece, and a cylindrical, horny shaft, ending in one or several stout bristles. 6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. (PART Iv. The body of the larve is grub-like, of a uniform grayish, brownish, or whitish color. It consists of twelve segments (counting the anal segment among them). The nature of the outer integuments depends on the mode of life of the larva. The larve of Ctenophora, living in wood, have a soft, white, smooth skin, similar to that of the larve of longicorn beetles or of the Astlide, living in similar conditions. The larvee of Tipula, living in the soil, or the larve of those species of Ctenophora which are found in wood so far decomposed as to be like soil or vegetable mould, have a much tougher skin, and are covered with a microscopic, appressed pubescence. This toughness, as well as some stiff bristles, scattered over the surface of the skin, is probably useful in burrowing. Thus the larva of Trichocera, digging in vegetable mould or in fungi, is covered, according to Perris, with microscopic erect bristles; the larva of Ula, living in fungi, has, according to the same author, still longer bristles. The larve living in water (as some Limnobina) are soft and slimy, of a dirty greenish color, and with a peculiar clothing of appressed microscopic hairs, not unlike those of the larve of Stratiomyia. The most anomalous of all the Tipulideous larvee are those of the Cylindrotomina. That of the Cylindrotoma dis- tinctissima lives upon the leaves of plants, as Anemone, Viola, Stellaria, almost like a caterpillar; it is green, with a crest along the back, consisting of a row of fleshy processes. The larva of Cylindrotoma (Phalacrocera) replicata, according to Degeer, lives in the water, on water-plants, and is distinguished by numerous filaments, which, although resembling spines, are flexible and hollow on the inside. Degeer took them for organs of respiration. The organs of locomotion of the larve generally consist in transverse swellings on the under side of the body provided with exceedingly minute, stiff bristles. Sometimes these swellings run round the whole body ; in such a case, their dorsal portion is less developed than the ventral. The anal end of the body is truncate, and the two spiracles are placed upon the truncature. The margins of the latter are for the most part provided with fleshy retractile processes of various size and shape, usually four, some- times six or more. The truncature can be contracted at the will of the larva, and then the fleshy processes are shortened and the spiracles are inclosed in the cavity thus formed at the end of tks INTRODUCTION. 7 body. The fleshy processes are sometimes, especially in the Tipulide, strengthened on the inner side by small horny plates , sometimes they are replaced by horny, pointed processes (I have found a larva of this kind, belonging to Tipula or Pachyrrhina). The larve of some Clenophore (as C. atrata, nigricornis, ete., belonging to the subgenus Xiphura Brulle), have no processes at all round the truneature. In the aquatic larve of Ptychoptera, a long tube at the end of the body, serves for breathing, for which purpose it is raised to the surface of the water. On the under side of the last segment is the anal opening. Immediately in front of the anus, on the under side of the body, some larve, belonging probably to the genus Tipula, have a certain number of soft, digitiform, retractile processes, varying in size, shape, and number. (The usual shape is figured in Réaumur, IV, Tab. XIV, f. 10, where there are six large processes; but sometimes they are much smaller.) I do not know the use of these singular organs. The pupx of the 7ipulidz are extricate, like those of nearly all the Diptera orthorapha. 'The thorax usually bears two horn- like processes, varying in length and structure. They represent the thoracie spiracles. In Ptychoptera one of these processes acquires a great length, in order to allow the pupa to breathe under water. The abdominal segments of the pupa are provided with transverse rows of hairs, bristles or spines, which enable the pupa to extricate itself from its place of concealment, pre- paratory to the escape of the perfect insect. These processes are usually more numerous and stronger in the genera Tipula, Clenophora, ete., than among the brevipalpous Tipulide. 3. Historical account of the classification of the Tipulide. The word Tipula was used by the Latin classics to designate some long-legged insect, running over the surface of the water, perhaps Hydrometra. I have not been able to ascertain when and where this word was first applied to the crane-flies ;1 but it i The quotations from Plautus, Varro and Festus about Tipula or Tippulla, are to be found in all Latin dictionaries. Aldrovandi, whose work, De Animalibus Insectis, appeared in 1602, reproduces these quotations (p. 708), and describes as Tipule two water insects ; one of them is Ranatra, which is also figured ; the other is apparently Hydrometra. Moufet (Insect. Theatr. 1534), under the name of Tipula, likewise means Hydrometra (p. 169); but in Sas DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Ly. was used in this sense some time before Linné introduced the name in his zoological system. His two genera, Culex and Tipula, embrace the whole of the present Diptera nemocera, but, in his arrangement, they were not placed alongside of each other. Culex, on account of its long proboscis, was put in the same group with Empis, Conops, ete. Fabricius, in his earlier works (Syst. Entomol. 1774), followed Linné in adopting these two genera and locating them on account of the structure of their proboscis. Latreille, in 1802 (Mist. Natur. des Crustacés et des Insectes, Vol. II), introduced the name Tipularizx for the division which he afterwards called Diptera nemocera, and which he distin- guished on account of the structure of the antenne. The genera admitted by him at that time, besides Culex and Tipula, were Ceroplatus, Bibio, Simulium, Scatopse. While Fabricius tried to found his arrangement upon the structure of the mouth, Latreille upon the structure of the antenne, the comparative length of the feet and also the structure of the mouth, Meigen struck in the right direction by showing the importance of the venation. This character enabled him to establish at once a series of genera, which have been retained since. He did it first in an essay (Versuch einer neuen Cat- tungseintheilung der europ. zweifligl. Insecten, in Illiger’s Magazin, etc., I, p. 259, 1803), and a year later in his first independent work (Klassification und Beschreibung der europ. zweifl. Insecten, 1804). Without introducing any family divi- sions, these works give a series of definitions of genera. The following genera belonging to our family of Tipulidz are men- tioned in this way by Meigen: T’richocera, Erioptera, Limonia, Tipula, Nephrotoma, Plychoptera, Ctenophora. Except Tipula, all of them were new. The fourteenth volume of Latreille’s Hist. Natur. des Crustacés et des Ins., containing the Diptera (the third volume, mentioned another chapter (p. 70) he mentions the word Tipula among the Latin names commonly applied to crane-flies. In 1722 Frisch (Besehr. v. allerl. Ins. in Deutschl. part IV, p. 24), speaking of the crane-flies, says: “ Flies which are called Tipule by the naturalists who have written before me.’’ Réau- mur (about 1735) also calls them “tipules.” Linné quotes Frisch and probably borrows the name from him. It is not impossible that Aldro- vandi’s figure of Ranafra has been mistaken for a crane-fly (Tipula), by one of the subseqn: - INTRODUCTION. 9 * above, gave only the general classification), appeared a few months after Meigen’s work. Although acquainted with Meigen’s labors, Latreille does not adopt his new genera, except Limonia. The subdivision of Latreille’s Tipulariz (afterwards called Diptera nemocera) is rather confused, but the character derived from the length of the last joint of the palpi, which became so im- portant soon after, is introduced here. The genera with an elongated last joint of the palpi are: Tipula (corresponding to the present genus Ctenophora), Tanyptera (for Ctenophora atrata Fabr.), and Tychoptera (containing species of the genus Tipula and Ptychoptera). The genera with a short last joint of the palpi are Limonia, Molobrus (Sciara), and Oligotropha (Cecidomyia). In Latreille’s next work— Genera crustaceorum et Insectorum, Vol. IV, 1809—a considerable progress is apparent. Here for the first time, the family 7%pulide in our sense is distinguished as a separate tribe Tipulariz terricole, co-ordinate to the Tipulariz aquatice (Culex, Chironomus), fungivore and Jjlorales. The Tipularie terricole, characterized by the struc- ture of their antenn, the absence of ocelli and the length of their feet, are divided into two groups, according to the length of the last joint of the palpi. The group with an elongated joint is composed of the genera Clenophora, Pedicia, Tipula, Nephro- toma, Ptychoptera; the group with a short joint, of Zimonia and Hexatoma (now Anisomera). Limonia which, in the sense of the author, includes Trichocera and Hrioptera, is further sub- divided in four sections, based upon the structure of the antenne and the venation. Among the genera Pedicia and Hexatoma are new. The name Diptera nemocera has been proposed for the first time by Latreille in 1817, in the Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ Histoire naturelle, in the articles Diptéres and Entomologie. Fabricius’s principal work on Diptera, published in the mean time—Systema Antliatorum, 1805—did not add anything of im- portance to the knowledge of the distribution of the Tipulide. In Meigen’s great work—Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten Europdischen zwei fliigligen Insecten—the first volume of which, containing the Tipulidx, appeared in 1818, the Diptera nemocera were called Tipulariz (Miicken), and subdivided in the sections: culiciformes (now Culicide and Chironomide), 10 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [PART Ivy. gallicole (now Cecidomyide), noctuxformes (Psychodidex), ros- trate (Tipulide), fungicole (Mycetophilide), lugubri (genus Sciara), latipennes (Simulide), musceformes (Bibionide and Rhyphide). The Yvpulariz rostrate (our Tipulide) were defined thus: “ Eyes rounded, separated by the front above; no ocelli; head prolonged in a snout; palpi incurved; thorax with a curved transverse suture in the middle; abdomen with eight segments; tibiz more or less spurred.” The following genera were added to those adopted in the “ Klassification,” etc.: Rhipidia, Nematocera, Anisomera. The name Limonia (from aequav, Meadow), as objectionable on account of a foreign idea which might be connected with it, was changed in Limnobia. Hexatoma Latr., was changed in Nematocera, rather arbitrarily, the only reason for this change being that Meigen himself wanted to use the name Hexatoma for one of his genera. Limnobia was defined in the following manner :— “ Antenne setaceous, 15-17 jointed; first joint cylindrical, the second cyathiform, the following elongated or globular. Palpi incurved, cylindrical, four jointed; the joints of equal length. No ocelli. Wings (generally) incumbent in a parallel position to each other; veins glabrous.” The definition of Tipula differs only in the statement about the structure and the number of joints of the antenne (thirteen) ; the prolonged last joint of the palpi and the divaricate wings. In the sixth volume of the same work (1830) the genera Glochina, Rhamphidia, Symplecta, and Dolichopeza were added. The latter genus, however, had been originally proposed by Curtis (British Eniomology, I1, 62) in 1825. In reviewing the first steps taken in the classification of the Tipulide, we cannot but notice the contrast between the talents of Latreille and Meigen. The correct definition of all the large subdivisions, as the separation of the Diptera nemocera, the recognition of the Zipulide as a family, and the subdivision of this family in longipalpi and brevipalpi are due to Latreille. But the adoption of all the leading genera is the work of Meigen. Contemporaneously with Meigen’s work, Wiedemaun’s Diptera Lwotica (1821) and Aussereuropaeische Zweifliigelige Insecten INTRODUCTION. 11 (1828-30) appeared. They did not introduce any change in the classification, but added two new genera to the system: Polymera and Megistocera. Macquart, in both of his works (Dipteres du Nord de la France, 1825, and Hist. Nat. des Ins. Diptéres, Vol. I, 1834), retains Latreille’s designations: Diptera nemocera and Tipu- larie terricole. To the latter family, in the last of the two works, he adds the genus Dixa, placed by Meigen among the Tip. fungicole. He also follows Latreille in subdividing the Tip. terricole in the longipalpi (genera: Ptychoptera, Cteno- phora, Tipula, Pachyrrhina, Nephrotoma, Pedicia) and brevi- palpi (Ozodicera, Rhipidia, Rhamphidia, Idioptera, Limnophila, Limnobia, Cylindrotoma, Symplecta, Hrioptera, Polymera, Me- gistocera, Trichocera, Dolichopeza, Dixa, Anisomera, Chionea). Among these genera Ozodicera, Idioptera, Pachyrrhina, Limno- phila, and Cylindrotoma were new. Chionea had been described, in 1816, by Dalman, and correctly referred to the Tipulidx. The principal innovation of Macquart was the introduction of the genera Pachyrrhina and Limnophila, which broke up Meigen’s large genera 7ipula and Limnobia. 