Addresses in America, 1919
Galsworthy, John, 1867-1933
R \2>SS-<=! I 3, Library of the University of Toronto ADDRESSES IN AMERICA ADDRESSES IN AMERICA 1919 BY JOHN GALSWORTHY TORONTO THE COPP CLARK CO., Limited 1919 Copyright, 1919, by Charles Scribner’s Sons Published August, 1919 CONTENTS »A0B I. AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY. ... 1 II. AMERICAN AND BRITON 11 III. FROM A SPEECH AT THE LOTUS CLUB, NEW YORK . 45 IV. FROM A SPEECH TO THE SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, NEW YORK . 51 V. ADDRESS AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY . 54 VI. TO THE LEAGUE OF POLITICAL EDU- CATION, NEW YORK 67 VIL TALKING AT LARGE 73 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA 1919 I AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY WE celebrate to-night the memory of a great man of Letters. What strikes me most about that glorious group of New England writers — Emerson and Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whittier, Thoreau, Motley, Holmes, and Lowell — is a certain measure and magnanimity. They were rare men and fine writers, of a temper simple and unafraid. I confess to thinking more of James Russell Lowell as a critic and master of prose than as a poet. His single-hearted enthusiasm for Letters had a glowing quality which made it a guiding star for the frail barque of culture. His humour, breadth of view, sagacity, and the all-round character of his activities has hardly been equalled in your country. Not so great a thinker or poet as Emerson, not so creative as Hawthorne, so original in philosophy and life as Thoreau, so racy and quaint as Holmes, 1 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA he ran the gamut of those qualities as noiue of the others did; and as critic and analyst of literature surpassed them all. But I cannot hope to add anything of value to American estimate and praise of Lowell — critic, humorist, poet, editor, reformer, man of Letters, man of State affairs. I may, perhaps, be permitted however to remind you of two sayings of his: “I am never lifted up to any peak of vision — but that when I look down in hope to see some valley of the Beautiful Moun- tains I behold nothing but blackened ruins, and the moans of the down-trodden the world over. . . . Then it seems as if my heart would break in pouring out one glorious song that should be the Gospel of Reform, full of con- solation and strength to the oppressed — that way my madness lies.” That was one side of the youthful Lowell, the generous righter of wrongs, the man. And this other saying: “The English-speaking nations should build a monu- ment to the misguided enthusiasts of the plains of Shinar, for as the mixture of many bloods seems to have made them the most vigorous of modem races, so has the mingling of divers 2 AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY speeches given them a language which is per- haps the noblest vehicle of poetic thought that ever existed.” That was the other side of Lowell, the enthusiast for Letters; and that the feeling he had about our language. I am wondering, indeed, Mr. President, what those men who in the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth centuries were welding the English language would think if they could visit this hall to-night, if suddenly we saw them sitting here among us in their monkish dress, their homespun, or their bright armour, having come from a greater Land even than America — the Land of the Far Shades. What expression should we see on the dim faces of them, the while they took in the marvellous fact that the instrument of speech they forged in the cot- tages, courts, cloisters, and castles of their little misty island had become the living speech of half the world, and the second tongue for all the nations of the other hah ! For even so it is now — this English language, which they made, and Shakespeare crowned, which you speak and we speak, and men speak under the Southern Cross, and unto the Arctic Seas ! 3 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA I do not think that you Americans and we English are any longer strikingly alike in physi- cal type or general characteristics, no more than I think there is much resemblance be- tween yourselves and the Australians. Our link is now but community of language — and the infinity which this connotes. Perfected language — and ours and yours had come to flower before white men began to seek these shores^— -is so much more than a medium through which to exchange material commodi- ties; it is cement of the spirit, mortar linking the bricks of our thoughts into a single struc- ture of ideals and laws, painted and carved with the rarities of our fancy, the manifold forms of Beauty and Truth. We who speak American and you who speak English are con- scious of a community which no differences can take from us. Perhaps the very greatest re- sult of the grim years we have just been pass- ing through is the promotion of our common tongue to the position of the universal language. The importance of the English-speaking peo- ples is now such that the educated man in every country will perforce, as it were, acquire a 4 AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY knowledge of our speech. The second-language problem, in my judgment, has been solved. Numbers, and geographical and political acci- dent have decided a question which I think will never seriously be reopened, unless mad- ness descends on us and we speakers of English fight among ourselves. That fate I, at least, cannot see haunting the future. Lowell says in one of his earlier writings: “We are the furthest from wishing to see what many are so ardently praying for, namely, a National Literature; for the same mighty lyre of the human heart answers the touch of the master in all ages and in every clime, and any literature in so far as it is national is diseased in so much as it appeals to some climatic pe- culiarity rather than to universal nature.” That is very true, but good fortune has now made of our English speech a medium of inter- nationality. Henceforth you and we are the inhabitants and guardians of a great Spirit-City, to which the whole world will make pilgrimage. They will make that pilgrimage primarily because our City is a market-place. It will be for us 5 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA to see that they who come to trade remain to worship. What is it we seek in this motley of our lives, to what end do we ply the multi- farious traffic of civilisation? Is it that we may become rich and satisfy a material ca- price ever growing with the opportunity of satisfaction? Is it that we may, of set and conscious purpose, always be getting the better of one another? Is it even, that of no sort of conscious purpose we may pound the roads of life at top speed, and blindly use up our little energies? I cannot think so. Surely, in dim sort we are trying to realise human happiness, trying to reach a far-off goal of health and kindliness and beauty; trying to live so that those qualities which make us human beings — the sense of proportion, the feeling for beauty, pity, and the sense of humour — should be ever more exalted above the habits and passions that we share with the tiger, the ostrich, and the ape. And so I would ask what will become of all our reconstruction in these days if it be informed and guided solely by the spirit of the market- place ? Do Trade, material prosperity, and the 6 AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY abundance of creature comforts guarantee that we advance towards our real goal? Material comfort in abundance is no bad thing; I con- fess to a considerable regard for it. But for true progress it is but a flighty consort. I can well see the wreckage from the world-storm completely cleared away, the fields of life ploughed and manured, and yet no wheat grown there which can feed the spirit of man, and help its stature. Lest we suffer such a disillusion as that, what powers and influence can we exert? There is one at least: The proper and exalted use of this great and splendid instrument, our com- mon language. In a sophisticated world speech is action, words are deeds; we cannot watch our winged words too closely. Let us at least make our language the instrument of Truth; prune it of lies and extravagance, of perversions and all the calculated battery of partizanship; train ourselves to such sobriety of speech, and penmanship, that we come to be trusted at home and abroad; so making our language the medium of honesty and fair-play, that mean- ness, violence, sentimentality, and self-seeking 7 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA become strangers in our Lands. Great and evil is the power of the lie, of the violent say- ing, and the calculated appeal to base or danger- ous motive; let us, then, make them fugitives among us, outcast from our speech f I have often thought during these past years what an ironical eye Providence must have been turning on National Propaganda — on all the disingenuous breath which has been issued to order, and all those miles of patriotic writ- ings dutifully produced in each country, to prove to other countries that they are its in- feriors! A very little wind will blow those ephemeral sheets into the limbo of thin air. Already they are decomposing, soon they will be dust. To my thinking there are but two forms of National Propaganda, two sorts of evidence of a country’s worth, which defy the cross-examination of Time: The first and most important is the rectitude and magnanimity of a Country’s conduct; its determination not to take advantage of the weakness of other countries, nor to tolerate tyranny within its own borders. And the other lasting form of Propa- ganda is the work of the thinker and the artist, 8 AT THE LOWELL CENTENARY of men whose unbidden, unfettered hearts are set on the expression of Truth and Beauty as best they can perceive them. Such Propa- ganda the old Greeks left behind them, to the imperishable glory of their Land. By such Propaganda Marcus Aurelius, Plutarch; Dante, St. Francis; Cervantes, Spinoza; Montaigne, Racine; Chaucer, Shakespeare; Goethe, Kant; Turgenev, Tolstoi; Emerson, Lowell — a thou- sand and one more, have exalted their coun- tries in the sight of all, and advanced the stature of mankind. You may have noticed in life that when we assure others of our virtue and the extreme rectitude of our conduct, we make on them but a sorry impression. If on the other hand we chance to perform some just act or kind- ness, of which they hear, or to produce a beau- tiful work which they can see, we become exalted in their estimation though we did not seek to be. And so it is with Countries. They may proclaim their powers from the housetops — they will but convince the wind; but let their acts be just, their temper humane, the speech and writings of their peoples sober, 9 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA the work of their thinkers and their artists true and beautiful — and those Countries shall be sought after and esteemed. We, who possess in common the English language — “best result of the confusion of tongues” Lowell called it — that most superb instrument for the making of word-music, for the telling of the truth, and the expression of the imagination, may well remember this: That, in the use we make of it, in the breadth, justice, and humanity of our thoughts, the vigour, restraint, clarity, and beauty of the setting we give to them, we have our greatest chance to make our Countries lovely and be- loved, to further the happiness of mankind, and to keep immortal the priceless comrade- ship between us. 10 II AMERICAN AND BRITON ON the mutual understanding of each other by Americans and Britons, the future happiness of nations depends more than on any other world cause. Ignorance in Central Europe of the nature of American and English- man tipped the balance in favour of war; and the course of the future will surely be improved by right comprehension of their characters. Well, I know something at least of the Eng- lishman, who represents four-fifths of the popu- lation of the British Isles. And, first, there exists no more unconsciously deceptive person on the face of the globe. The Englishman does not know himself; outside England he is only guessed at. Racially the Englishman is so complex and so old a blend that no one can say precisely what he is. In character he is just as complex. Physically, there are two main types; one in- clining to length of limb, bony jaws, and nar- 11 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA rowness of face and head (you will nowhere see such long and narrow heads as in our island); the other approximating more to the legendary John Bull. The first type is gaining on the second. There is little or no difference in the main mental character behind these two. In attempting to understand the real nature of the Englishman, certain salient facts must be borne in mind. The Sea. To be surrounded generation after generation by the sea has developed in him a suppressed idealism, a peculiar imperme- ability, a turn for adventure, a faculty for wandering, and for being sufficient unto him- self in far and awkward surroundings. The Climate. Whoso weathers for cen- turies a climate that, though healthy and never extreme, is, perhaps, the least reliable and one of the wettest in the world, must needs grow in himself a counterbalance of dry philosophy, a defiant humour, an enforced medium tem- perature of soul. The Englishman is no more given to extremes than his climate; and against its damp and perpetual changes he has become coated with a sort of protective bluntness. 12 AMERICAN AND BRITON The Political Age of His Country. This is by far the oldest settled Western power politically speaking. For 850 years England has known no serious military incursion from without; for nearly 200 years she has known no serious political turmoil within. This is partly the outcome of her isolation, partly the happy accident of her political constitution, partly the result of the Englishman’s habit of looking before he leaps, which comes, no doubt, from the climate and the mixture of his blood. This political stability has been a tremendous factor in the formation of English character, has given the Englishman of all ranks a cer- tain deep, quiet sense of form and order, an ingrained culture which makes no show, being in the bones of the man as it were. The Great Preponderance for Several Generations of Town Over Country Life. Taken in conjunction with generations of politi- cal stability, this is the main cause of a growing, inarticulate humaneness, of which however the Englishman appears to be rather ashamed. The other chief factors have been: The English Public Schools. 13 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA The Essential Democracy of the Gov- ernment. The Freedom of Speech and the Press (at present rather under a cloud). The Old-Time Freedom from Compulsory Military Service. All these, the outcome of the quiet and stable home life of an island people, have helped to make the Englishman a deceptive personality to the outside eye. He has for centuries been licensed to grumble. There is no such con- firmed grumbler — until he really has something to grumble at; and then, no one perhaps who grumbles less. An English soldier was sitting in a trench, in the act of lighting his pipe, when a shell burst close by, and lifted him bodily some yards away. He picked himself up, bruised and shaken, and went on fighting his pipe, with the words: “These French matches aren't 'alf rotten." Confirmed carper though the Englishman is at the condition of his country, no one per- haps is so profoundly convinced that it is the best in the world. A stranger might well think from his utterances that he was spoiled 14 AMERICAN AND BRITON by the freedom of his life, unprepared to sacri- fice anything for a land in such a condition. If that country be threatened, and with it his liberty, you find that his grumbles have meant less than nothing. You find, too, that behind the apparent slackness of every arrangement and every individual, are powers of adaptability to facts, elasticity, practical genius, a spirit of competition amounting almost to disease, and great determination. Before this war began, it was the fashion among a number of English to lament the decadence of their race. Such lamentations, which plentifully deceived the outside ear, were just English grumbles. All this democratic grumbling, and habit of “ going as you please,” serve a deep purpose. Autoc- racy, censorship, compulsion destroy the salt in a nation’s blood, and elasticity in its fibre; they cut at the very mainsprings of a nation’s vitality. Only if reasonably free from control can a man really arrive at what is or is not national necessity and truly identify himself with a national ideal, by simple conviction from within. Two words of caution to strangers trying to 15 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA form an estimate of the Englishman: He must not be judged from his Press, which, manned (with certain exceptions) by those who are not typically English, is too hectic to illustrate the true English spirit; nor can he be judged en- tirely from his literature. The Englishman is essentially inexpressive, unexpressed; and his literary men have been for the most part sports — Nature’s attempt to redress the balance. Further, he must not be judged by the evi- dence of his wealth. England may be the richest country in the world in proportion to its population, but not ten per cent of that population have any wealth to speak of, cer- tainly not enough to have affected their hardi- hood; and, with few exceptions, those who have enough wealth are brought up to worship hardihood. I have never held a whole-hearted brief for the British character. There is a lot of good in it, but much which is repellent. It has a kind of deliberate unattractiveness, setting out on its journey with the words: “Take me or leave me.” One may respect a person of this sort, but it’s difficult either to know or to like 16 AMERICAN AND BRITON him. An American officer said recently to a British Staff Officer in a friendly voice: “So we’re going to clean up Brother Boche to- gether!” and the British Staff Officer replied: “Really!” No wonder Americans sometimes say: “I’ve got no use f or those fellows !” The world is consecrate to strangeness and discovery, and the attitude of mind concreted in that: “Really!” seems unforgivable till one remembers that it is manner rather than matter which divides the hearts of American and Briton. In your huge, still half-developed country, where every kind of national type and habit comes to run a new thread into the rich tapestry of American life and thought, people must find it almost impossible to conceive the life of a little old island where traditions persist gen- eration after generation without anything to break them up; where blood remains undoc- tored by new strains; demeanour becomes crystallised for lack of contrasts; and manner gets set like a plaster mask. Nevertheless the English manner of to-day, of what are called the classes, is the growth of only a century or 17 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA so. There was probably nothing at all like it in the days of Elizabeth or even of Charles II. The English manner was still racy not to say rude when the inhabitants of Virginia, as we are told, sent over to ask that there might be despatched to them some hierarchical assist- ance for the good of their souls, and were an- swered: “D n your souls, grow tobacco !” The English manner of to-day could not even have come into its own when that epitaph of a Lady, quoted somewhere by Gilbert Murray, was written: “ Bland, passionate, and deeply religious, she was second cousin to the Earl of Leitrim; of such are the Kingdom of Heaven.” About that gravestone motto you will admit there was a certain lack of self-consciousness; that element which is now the foremost char- acteristic of the English manner. But this English self-consciousness is no mere fluffy gaucherie; it is our special form of what Germans would call “Kultur.” Behind every manifestation of thought or emotion, the Briton retains control of self, and is think- ing: “That’s all Til let myself feel; at all events all I’ll let myself show.” This stoicism is good 18 AMERICAN AND BRITON in its refusal to be foundered; bad in that it fosters a narrow outlook; starves emotion, spontaneity, and frank sympathy; destroys grace and what one may describe roughly as the lovable side of personality. The English hardly ever say just what comes into their heads. What we call “good form,” the un- written law which governs certain classes of the Briton, savours of the dull and glacial; but there lurks within it a core of virtue. It has grown up like callous shell round two fine ideals — suppression of the ego lest it trample on the corns of other people; and exaltation of the maxim: 1 Deeds before words/ Good form, like any other religion, starts well with some ethical truth, but in due time gets com- monised, twisted, and petrified till at last we can hardly trace its origin, and watch with surprise its denial and contradiction of the root idea. Without doubt, before the war, good form had become a kind of disease in England. A French friend told me how he witnessed in a Swiss Hotel the meeting between an English- woman and her son, whom she had not seen 19 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA for two years; she was greatly affected — by the fact that he had not brought a dinner-jacket. The best manners are no “manners,” or at all events no mannerisms; but many Britons who have even attained to this perfect purity are yet not free from the paralytic effects of “good form”; are still self-conscious in the depths of their souls, and never do or say a thing without trying not to show how much they are feeling. All this guarantees perhaps a certain decency in life; but in intimate intercourse with peo- ple of other nations who have not this par- ticular cult of suppression, we English disap- point, and jar, and often irritate. Nations have their differing forms of snobbery. At one time, if we are to believe Thackeray, the Eng- lish all wanted to be second cousins to the Earl of Leitrim, like that lady bland and passionate. Now-a-days it is not so simple. The Earl of Leitrim has become etherialised. We no longer care how a fellow is born, so long as he behaves as the Earl of Leitrim would have; never makes himself conspicuous or ridiculous, never shows too much what he’s really feeling, never talks of what he’s going 20 AMERICAN AND BRITON to do, and always “ plays the game.” The cult is centred in our Public Schools and Univer- sities. At a very typical and honoured old Public ! School, he to whom you are listening passed on the whole a happy time; but what an odd life educationally speaking! We lived rather like young Spartans; and were not encouraged to think, imagine, or see anything we learned, in relation to life at large. It's very difficult to teach boys, because their chief object is not to be taught anything; but I should say we were crammed, not taught. Living as we did the herd-life of boys with little or no intrusion from our elders, and they men who had been brought up in the same way as ourselves, we were debarred from any real interest in philoso- phy, history, art, literature, and music, or any advancing notions in social life or politics. We were reactionaries almost to a boy. I remem- ber one summer term Gladstone came down to speak to us, and we repaired to the Speech Room with white collars and dark hearts, mut- tering what we would do to that Grand Old Man if we could have our way. But, after all, ADDRESSES IN AMERICA he contrived to charm us. Boys are not diffi- cult to charm. In that queer life we had all sorts of unwritten rules of suppression. You must turn up your trousers; must not go out with your umbrella rolled. Your hat must be worn tilted forward; you must not walk more than two. abreast till you reached a certain form; nor be enthusiastic about anything, ex- cept such a supreme matter as a drive over the pavilion at cricket, or a run the whole length of the ground at football. You must not talk about yourself or your home people; and for any punishment you must assume com- plete indifference. I dwell on these trivialities, because every year thousands of British boys enter these mills which grind exceeding small; and be- cause these boys constitute in after life the great majority of the official, military, academic, professional, and a considerable proportion of the business classes of Great Britain. They become the Englishmen who say: “Really!” and they are for the most part the Englishmen who travel and reach America. The great defence I have always heard put up for our 22 AMERICAN AND BRITON Public Schools is that they form character. As oatmeal is supposed to form bone in the bodies of Scotsmen, so our Public Schools are supposed to form good sound moral fibre in British boys. And there is much in this plea. The life does make boys enduring, self-reliant, good-tempered, and honourable, but it most carefully endeavours to destroy all original sin of individuality, spontaneity, and engaging freakishness. It implants, moreover, in the great majority of those who have lived it the mental attitude of that swell, who when asked where he went for his hats, replied: “ Blank’s; is there another fellow's?’ ’ To know all is to excuse all — to know all about the bringing-up of English Public School boys makes one excuse much. The atmos- phere and tradition of those places is extraor- dinarily strong, and persists through all modem changes. Thirty-eight years have gone since I was a new boy, but cross-examining a young nephew who left not long ago, I found almost precisely the same features and conditions. The War, which has changed so much of our social life, will have some, but no very great, 23 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA effect on this particular institution. The boys still go there from the same kind of homes and preparatory schools and come under the same kind of masters. And the traditional unemo- tionalism, the cult of a dry and narrow stoicism, is rather fortified than diminished by the times we live in. Our Universities on, the other hand, have lately been but the ghosts of their old selves. At my old College in Oxford last year they had only two English students. In the Chapel under the Joshua Reynolds window, through which the sun was shining, hung a long “roll of honour,” a hundred names and more. In the College garden an open-air hospital was ranged under the old City wall, where we used to climb and go wandering in the early summer mornings after some all-night spree. Down on the river the empty College barges lay stripped and stark. From the top of one of them an aged custodian broke into words: “Ah! Oxford’ll never be the same again in my time. Why, who’s to teach ’em rowin’? When we do get undergrads again, who’s to teach ’em? All the old ones gone, killed, 24 AMERICAN AND BRITON wounded and that. No! Rowin’ll never be the same again — not in my time.” That was the tragedy of the War for him. Our Univer- sities will recover faster than he thinks, and resume the care of our particular ‘Kultur/ and cap the products of our public schools with the Oxford accent and the Oxford manner. An acute critic tells me that Americans hear- ing such deprecatory words as these from an Englishman about his country’s institutions would say that this is precisely an instance of what an American means by the Oxford manner. Americans whose attitude towards their own country seems to be that of a lover to his lady or a child to its mother, cannot — he says — • understand how Englishmen can be critical of their own country, and yet love her. Well, the Englishman’s attitude to his country is that of a man to himself ; and the way he runs her down is rather a part of that special Eng- lish bone-deep self-consciousness of which I have been speaking. Englishmen (the speaker amongst them) love their Country as much as the French love France, and the Americans America; but she is so much a part of us that 25 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA to speak well of her is like speaking well of ourselves, which we have been brought up to regard as impossible. When Americans hear Englishmen speaking critically of their own country I think they should note it for a sign of complete identification with their country rather than of detachment from it. But to return to English Universities: They have, on the whole, a broadening influence on the ma- terial which comes to them so set and narrow. They do a little to discover for their children that there are many points of view, and much which needs an open mind in this world. They have not precisely a democratic influence, but taken by themselves they would not be inimical to democracy. And when the War is over they will surely be still broader in philosophy and teaching. Heaven forefend that we should see vanish all that is old, all that has as it were the virginia-creeper, the wistaria bloom of age upon it; there is a beauty in age and a health in tradition, ill dispensed with. But what is hateful in age is its lack of understanding and of sympathy; in a word — its intolerance. Let us hope this wind of change may sweep out and 26 AMERICAN AND BRITON sweeten the old places of my country, sweep away the cobwebs and the dust, our narrow ways of thought, our mannikinisms. But those who hate intolerance dare not be intolerant with the foibles of age; they should rather see them as comic, and gently laugh them out. The educated Briton may be self-sufficient, but he has grit; and at bottom grit is, I fancy, what Americans at any rate appreciate more than anything. If the motto of my old Oxford College: “ Manners makyth man,” were true, I should often be sorry for the Briton. But his manners don’t make him, they mar him. His goods are all absent from the shop window; he is not a man of the world in the wider mean- ing of that expression. And there is, of course, a particularly noxious type of travelling Briton, who does his best, unconsciously, to take the bloom off his country wherever he goes. Sel- fish, coarse-fibred, loud-voiced — the sort which thanks God he is a Briton — I suppose because nobody else will do it for him ! We live in times when patriotism is exalted above all other virtues, because there have happened to lie before the patriotic tremendous 27 ' ADDRESSES IN AMERICA chances for the display of courage and self- sacrifice. Patriotism ever has that advantage as the world is now constituted; but patri- otism and provincialism of course are pretty close relations, and they who can only see beauty in the plumage of their own kind, who prefer the bad points of their countrymen to the good points of foreigners, merely write themselves down blind of an eye, and pan- derers to herd feeling. America is advantaged in this matter. She lives so far away from other nations that she might well be excused for thinking herself the only country in the world; but in the many strains of blood which go to make up America, there is as yet a natural corrective to the narrower kind of patriotism. America has vast spaces and many varieties of type and climate, and life to her is still a great adventure. I pretend to no proper knowledge of the American people. It takes more than two visits of two months each to know the Ameri- can people; there is just one thing, however, I can tell you: You seem easy, but are difficult to know. Americans have their own form of 28 AMERICAN AND BRITON self-absorption; but they appear to be free as yen from the special competitive self-centre- ment which has been forced on Britons through long centuries by countless continental rival- ries and wars. Insularity was driven into the very bones of our people by the generation- long wars of Napoleon. A Frenchman, Andrd Chevrillon, whose book: “ England and the War7' I commend to anyone who wishes to understand British peculiarities, justly, subtly studied by a Frenchman, used these words in a recent letter to me: “You English are so strange to us French; you are so utterly differ- ent from any other people in the world.77 It is true; we are a lonely race. Deep in our hearts, I think, we feel that only the American people could ever really understand us. And being extraordinarily self-conscious, perverse, and proud, we do our best to hide from Americans that we have any such feeling. It would dis- tress the average Briton to confess that he wanted to be understood, had anything so natural as a craving for fellowship or for being liked. We are a weird people, though we look so commonplace. In looking at photographs 29 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA of British types among photographs of other European nationalities, one is struck at once by something which is in no other of those races — exactly as if we had an extra skin; as if the British animal had been tamed longer than the rest. And so he has. His political, social, legal life was fixed long before that of any other Western country. He was old be- fore the Mayflower touched American shores and brought there avatars, grave and civilised as ever founded nation. There is something touching and terrifying about our character, about the depth at which it keeps its real yearnings, about the perversity with which it disguises them, and its inability to show its feelings. We are, deep down, under all our lazy mentality, the most combative and com- petitive race in the world, with the exception perhaps of the American. And, more than all, Americans own with our- selves all literature in the English tongue before the Mayflower sailed; Chaucer and Spenser and Shakespeare, Raleigh, Ben Jonson, and the authors of the English Bible Version are their spiritual ancestors as much as ever they are ours. The tie of language is all-powerful — for language is the food formative of minds. Why ! a volume could be written on the forma- tion of character by literary humour alone. It has, I am sure, had a say in planting in American and Briton, especially the British townsman, a kind of bone-deep defiance of 32 AMERICAN AND BRITON Fate, a readiness for anything which may turn up, a dry, wry smile under the blackest sky, an individual way of looking at things, which nothing can shake. Americans and Britons both, we must and will think for ourselves, and know why we do a thing before we do it. We have that ingrained respect for the individual conscience, which is at the bottom of all free institutions. Some years before the War, an intelligent and cultivated Austrian who had lived long in England, was asked for his opin- ion of the British. “In many ways,” he said, “I think you are inferior to us; but one great thing I have noticed about you which we have not. You think and act and speak for your- selves.” If he had passed those years in America instead of in England he must needs have pronounced the very same judgment of Americans. Free speech, of course, like every form of freedom, goes in danger of its life in war time. In 1917 an Englishman in Russia came on a street meeting shortly after the first revolution had begun. An Extremist was ad- dressing the gathering and telling them that they were fools to go on fighting, that they 33 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA ought to refuse and go home, and so forth. The crowd grew angry, and some soldiers were for making a rush at him; but the Chairman, a big burly peasant, stopped them with these words: “ Brothers, you know that our country is now a country of free speech. We must listen to this man, we must let him say any- thing he will. But, brothers, when he’s fin- ished, we’ll bash his head in !” I cannot assert that either Britons or Ameri- cans are incapable in times like these of a sim- ilar interpretation of “free speech.” Things have been done in my country, and perhaps in America, which should make us blush. But so strong is the free instinct in both countries, that it will survive even this War. Democracy, in fact, is a sham unless it means the preserva- tion and development of this instinct of think- ing for oneself throughout a people. “Govern- ment of the people by the people for the people” means nothing unless the individuals of a people keep their consciences unfettered, and think freely. Accustom the individual to be nose-led and spoon-fed, and democracy is a mere pretence. The measure of democracy is 34 AMERICAN AND BRITON the measure of the freedom and sense of indi- vidual responsibility in its humblest citizens. And democracy is still in the evolutionary stage. An English scientist, Dr. Spurred, in a recent book, “Man and his Forerunners,” thus diag- noses the growth of civilisations: A civilisation begins with the enslavement by some hardy race of a tame race living a tame life in more congenial natural surroundings. It is built up oh slavery, and attains its maximum vitality in conditions little removed therefrom. Then, as individual freedom gradually grows , disor- ganisation sets in and the civilisation slowly dissolves away in anarchy. Dr. Spurred does not dogmatise about our present civilisation, but suggests that it will probably follow the civilisations of the past into dissolution. I am not convinced of that, because of certain fac- tors new to the history of man. Recent dis- coveries have so unified the world, that such old isolated successful swoops of race on race are not now possible. In our great Industrial States, it is true, a new form of slavery has arisen (the enslavement of men by their ma- chines), but it is hardly of the nature on which 35 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA the civilisations of the past were reared. More- over, all past civilisations have been more or less Southern, and subject to the sapping in- fluence of the sun. Modern civilisation is essentially Northern. The individualism, how- ever, which according to Dr. Spurrell, dissolved the Empires of the past, exists already, in a marked degree, in every modem State; and the problem before us is to discover how democracy and liberty of the subject can be made into enduring props rather than dissolvents. It is, in fact, the problem of making democracy gen- uine. If that cannot be achieved and per- petuated, then I agree there is nothing to pre- vent democracy drifting into an anarchism which will dissolve modern States, till they are the prey of pouncing Dictators, or of other States not so far gone in dissolution— the same process in kind though different in degree from the old descents of savage races on their tamer neighbours. Ever since the substantial introduction of democracy, nearly a century and a half ago with the American War of Independence, I would point out that Western Civilisation has 36 AMERICAN AND BRITON been living on two planes or levels — the auto- cratic plane with which is bound up the idea of nationalism, and the democratic, to which has become conjoined in some sort the idea of internationalism. Not only little wars, but great wars such as this, come because of in- equality in growth, dissimilarity of political in- stitutions between States; because this State or that is basing its life on different principles from its neighbours. We fall into glib usage of words like democ- racy, and make fetiches of them without due understanding. Democracy is certainly in- ferior to autocracy from the aggressively na- tional point of view; it is not necessarily su- perior to autocracy as a guarantee of general , well-being; it might even turn out to be in- ferior unless we can improve it. But democ- racy is the rising tide; it may be dammed or delayed but cannot be stopped. It seems to be a law in human nature that where, in any corporate society, the idea of self-government sets foot it refuses ever to take that foot up again. State after State, copying the Ameri- can example, has adopted the democratic 37 ADDRESSES IN AMERICA principle; and the world’s face is that way set. 