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^ lit 0 C3 S"ls 5e oocoooii;o.Sooo5.2o 0 £•20 3^ S £ 3 a oogu g=g 0.3 3^0 «r 3 '-<' S 'J -^ X e .a .3 -g ,'■ ■= = t = i: 0 a 3 ■3 '-' a 0 K r/j a 0 r/j -1^ 3 a 0 0 1 3. 05 S5 -g ci^-; a £.2.-; = c-3^. .5,= =: cs s.= 3 >,§— ■ 3 33 i<«:i !--r-f go li 55 c "c "o fc. ^•_? 55 0 Sa c 0 2 Is 0 <^3'sjc3 3a.33;^£ci; = = i'a "s Is "rt 0 •5 S5:-E-i(/jO<vaj!;<<!SBa>jft,oo X ie,-^> r- 55 ^-55 f* 54 B. NATURAL HISTORY. and not a mural front, giving a greater southerly slope to th§ surface than it now possesses. This would facilitate the local southerly flow of water, which other- wise, in a country so nearly level, would be very slow. From the source to the mouth of the Mississippi, it is less than one foot in a mile. The highest land along the line of dissolution should reappear first. Ridges of 300 to 500 feet elevation might thus be bare, while there were around the base and sides ice-masses still being pushed along to- wards the south. There are high terraces, particularly those composed of large boulders, which suggest the idea of such a state of things. I attempt no explanation of the singular fact, that the fossils of the drift, from the easterly part of Lake Ontario to the ocean and beneath it, are of marine and not fresh-water origin. Sir Charles Lyell found them near Montreal, at an elevation nearly equal to that of Lake Erie. They are abundant at Ogdensburg and on Lake Champlain, in the drift clays almost on a level with Lake Ontario. There is no evidence of a rise in the land along the lower St. Law- rence, and the valley of the Hudson since the ice-period. How mai'ine and fresh- water shells should occupy the same horizon, without changes of level, is a question of interest for discussion. No present barrier exists between the fresh and salt water shells. An uniform settling of the land, so as to bring the summit of Montreal mountain to the surface of the sea, would let it into Lake Superior. 2. On the Laurentian Limestones and their Mineralogy. By Dr. J. Sterry Hunt, F. R. S. [Abstract.] t The author alluded to the existence, in the Lower Laurentian sys- tem, of three limestone bands, or formations, of great but variable thickness, which might fairly be compared with the great limestone groups of the North American palaeozoic system. In addition to these, there is probably a fourth and newer limestone formation belonging to the Lower or true Laurentian, besides one or more in the unconform- GEOLOGY. 55 able overlying Labradoi' series, or Upper Laurentian. The three limestone formations fii'st named are separated by great masses of gneissic and quartz ore strata, and are intimately associated with beds in which silicates of lime and magnesia prevail, together with graphite and various metallic ores. The minerals associated with these lime- stones and their accompanying strata were next considered, and it was shown that they occur both disseminated in the beds and filling fissures or veins which traverse the strata. The importance, in a geological point of view, of these veinstones, which, from their mode of formation, might be named endogenous rocks, was insisted upon. They may attain very great dimensions, and may include any or all of the mineral species belonging to the adjacent stratification, variously grouped, and sometimes having a banded arrangement parallel to the walls of the vein. Among the characteristic minerals of these veins are calcite, apatite, pyroxene, hornblende, serpentine, chondrodite, otho- clase, scapolite, phlogopite, quartz, garnet, idocrase, epidote, spinel, corundum, sphene, zircon, magnetite, and graphite. Some of these, occasionally occur in a nearly pure state, filling the veins, as graphite, pyroxene, and apatite. Veins of crystalline carbonate of lime, gener- ally including some one or more of the preceding minerals, are often met with, and it is these which have given rise to the notion main- tained in this country by Emmons, and in Europe by Leonhard and others, that crystalline limestone is either partially or entirely of erup- tive origin ; these calcareous veinstones having been confounded with intrusive dykes. From such veinstones a transition may be traced to those in which orthoclase and quartz prevail, often to the exclusion of lime and magnesia compounds ; we have then true granitic vein- stones in which tourmaline, beryl, and muscovite, cassiterite, and colum- bite are sometimes met with. These endogenous rocks, in which are often concentrated the rarer chemical elements of the rocks, are to be carefully distinguished from intrusive dykes which are seotic rocks. Such veins are not peculiar to the Laurentian system, but are found in crystalline strata of various ages. The crystalline limestones of Scandinavia, which offer so many remarkable resemblances to those of New York, New Jersey, and Canada, are, however, of Laurentian age, and the nature of their veins has been well uiulerslood by Scheercr. The rounded angles of crystals of certain minerals from the calcare- ous veins of the Laurentian system, especially of the crystals of apatite 56 1$. NATURAL HISTORY. and quartz, which Emmons had supposed to be due to a commence- ment of fusion, is to be regarded as tiie result of a partial resolution of the previously deposited crystals, and as marking a stage in the pro- gressive filling of the veins. Crystals of orthoclase, pyroxene, sphene, and zircon, though accompanying these rounded crystals, retain the sharpness of their angles because of their permanence in the heated alkaline solutions which had circulated through these yet partially filled veins. The various minerals of these veinstones have been deposited from aqueous and saline solutions at elevated temperatures, and the experi- ments of Daubree and of De Senarmont, and the microscopic ob- servations of Sorby, support this view. Plutonists begin to understand that water cannot be secluded from rocky strata, but is all-pervading^ and that at great depths, kept by pressure in a liquid state at an ele- vated temperature, and having its solvent powers augmented by alka- line salts, it plays a most important part in metamorphism and the formation of veinstones. The author supposed, with Mr. Hopkins, that in earlier geological periods the increase of temperature in buried strata was far more rapid than at present, so that great heats pre- vailed at comparatively small depths from the surface, and pro- duced great chemical and molecular changes. The temperatures at which the various silicated and other minerals, including graphite, had been dissolved from the strata and crystallized in the veins, he supposed to have been, judging from various analogies, between the melting-point of tin and low redness. The distinction between the apatite, graphite, and magnetite, dissemi- nated in the beds, and the same minerals in the veins, was particularly insisted upon. As to the origin of the principal silicious minerals of the lime- stones, such as serpentine, chondrodite, pyroxene, rensselaerite and loganite, Dr. Hunt regards these as having been directly deposited as chemical precipitates from the seas of the time, and cites the example of the Eozocin Canadense, an abundant fossil of the time, found im- bedded in these silicates, which enclose it and fill the minute pores of its calcareous skeleton. To a similar chemical precipitation he attributes the serpentines, talcs, chlorites, and epidolites, which occur in more recent rocks, and may be found in their incipient state before the metamorphosis of these rocks, which has, for the most part, only i GEOLOGY. 57 crystallized and re-arranged the already-formed amorplioiis silicates. The chemical agencies which gave rise to these silicates of lime, mag- nesia, iron, and alumina were briefly discussed and declared to be still active, although, probably, to a less degree than formerly. 3. Section of the Rocks in Eastern Kansas. By G. C. Swal- LOAV, of Columbia, Missouri. SYSTEM I. — QUATERNARY. Formation a — Alluvium. No. 1. — Soil — Everywhere. 1 to 6 feet. No. 2. — Sandbars — Missouri and Kansas rivers. 10 to 20 feet. No. 3. — River bottoms — Sands, clays, pebbles, and vegetable mould or humus — All streams. 20 to 30 feet. FoMATiON b — Bottom Prairies. No. 4. — Sands, clays, and marls — Large streams. 25 to 30 feet. Formation c — Bluff. No. 5. — Silicious marls and sands — On all the highlands under the the soil. 1 to 150 feet. Formation d — Drift. No. 6. — Sands, pebbles, and boulders — Generally distributed under the strata above-named, and resting upon the consolidated strata below. 1 to 20 feet. SY'STEM II. — TERTIARY. In Western Kansas, but not yet observed in Eastern Kansas. Vol.. XV. 8 58 B. NATURAL HISTORY. SYSTEM III. — CRETACEOUS. But partially developed in Central Kansas. No. 1. — Brown^erruginous, yellow and buff sandstone — Generally classed as cretaceous, but saw no positive proof of its age — Hills south of Kansas river, near the mouth of the Sahne. 95 feet. SYSTEM IV. — TRIASSIC. (?) No. 2. — Brown sandy shales and marls, with their beds of eai'thy carbonaceous matter or impure coal. Locality, same as No. 1. 15 feet. No. 3. — Brown, red, buff, and gray mottled standstone. Locality, Republican, Smoky Hill, Cottonwood, and Fancy Creek. 75 feet. No. 4. — Brown, drab, reddish, and greenish marls and shales. Lo- cality, same as No. 3. 32 feet. No. 5. — Fine buff magnesian limestone in thin, hard beds. Local- ity, Kansas River and Fancy Creek. 6 to 10 feet. No. 6. — Red, brown, purple, green, blue-, and drab ai'gillo-magnesian marls and shales. Some of these beds are intersected by their calcareous plates crossing each other at angles nearly right, forming a cancellated or chambered structure like the cancellated structure of bones a hundred times magnified ; the chambers or cells filled with soft clay and lined with crystals and concretions of lime. Locality, same as No. 5. 50 to 90 feet. No. 7. — White, granular and dark gypsum and fibrous selenite, with marly shale partings. Locality, Kansas and Gypsum Creek. 42 feet. No. 8. — Red, blue, drab, and purple marls and shales. Locality, same as No. 7. 36 feet. No. 9. — White and colored gypsum and selenite, interstratified with various colored marls. Locality, Kansas river. 27 feet. No. lO.'' — Bluish and brownish drab shales and cancellated marls. Locality, same as No. 9. 25 feet. 1 The sandstones, limestones, shales, marls, and gypsums of Nos. 2-10 were re- ferred to the Triassic with a (?) in 1858. The oniv evidence we then had of the GKOLOGY. 59 No. 11. — Fine, hard, black, porous limestone. Locality, head of Tur- key Creek. SYSTEM v. — PERMIAN. No. 12. — Blue, brown, purple, and drab cancellated marls and shales, containing beds of gypsum and selenite. Locality, same as No. 11. 30 to 40 feet. No. 13. — Fine, hard, buff and drab magnesian limestone in their beds. Nuculas and Bahevellias. Locality, same as No. 11. 5 feet. No. 14. — Brownish and bluish drab cancellated marls. Locality, Turkey Creeks and Cotton Wood. 20 to 30 feet. No. 15. — Cancellated Limestone. Similar in structure to the marls, No. 6, Seller ojphons. Locality, same as No. 14. 3 to 10 feet. No. 16. — Concretionary Limestone. This is a yellowish drab argillo- magnesian limestone in heavy concretionary beds. Locality, same as No. 14. 2 to 15 feet. No. 17. — Calcareous Conglomerate.! — not permanent. Locality, same as No. 16. 1 to 24 feet. Nos. 15, 16, and 17 — pass into each other by insensible gradations. They are not often found together, and are all well de- veloped. No. 18. — Black, porous rock, filled with fragments of fossils, wood and other materials. Locality, Turkey Creek. 6 feet. No. 19. — Drab cancellated marls, interstratified with blue, green, and purple shales. Locality, same as No. 14. No. 20. — Greyish-buff, (7e//«<Zar Ziwestone. Locality, Fancy Creek. 2 feet. No. 21. — Bluish shale. Locality, same as No. 20. 2 feet. age of these beds was the position ami lithologioal characters, and a single fossil wliich coul<l not be distinguished from Niim/d sjxciosa, Minister, from the Rlusclicl- kalk of Bindloch. Subsequent examinations have strengthened the evidence wc then had that this is tlie true position of these rocks ; but still the proof does not amount to demonstration, and it must remain in doubt till other discoveries deter- mine the matter. Our present knowledge is sufficient for all practical purjioses, for we know their exact position in the series of rocks in Kimsas, and their valuable mineral contents, and the places where the gypsum beds may be found. No. 22 No. 23. No. 24 No. 25 No. 26 No. 27 No. 28 No. 29 No. 30. GO a. NATURAL HISTORY. Hard, brown-buff cellular limestone. 4 inches. Bluish drab shale, with calcareous concretions. 3 feet. Fine bluish-drab and buff magnesian limestone, full of Permian acephala, and Ceplialopods. Locality, Fancy and Turkey Creeks, and Cottonwood. 6 feet. Marly Shales. Locality, same as No. 24. 1 to 5 feet. Hard, grayish and bluish-buff, porous oolitic limestone, full of minute acephala of Permian types. Locality, same as No. 24. 1 to 2 feet. Brownish-buff magnesian limestone. Fossils same as last. Locality, same as No. 24. 6 to 12 inches. Brown, sandy shales filled with Aviculopecten constens. Lo- cality, same as No. 24. 6 inches. Blue and brown shales. Aviculopecten constens. Locality, same as No. 2L 6 to 12 feet. Buff magnesian limestone. Locality, same as No. 24. 6 inches. Lower Permian. No. 31. — Brown, red, and blue shales. Numerous Prorf2<c<«, Orthi- sina, Athyris, Stenopora Crinoids and Gynoclodias. Lo- cality, same as No. 24. 3 to 20 feet. No. 32. — Soft, impure, brown, porous magnesian limestone. Locality, same as No. 24. 6 to 8 inches. No. 33. — Blue and drab marls. Locality, Turkey and Fancy Creeks. 1 to 15 feet. No. 34. — Hard, blue and dark-buff limestone. Productus Calhouni- anus, Edmondia Hawni, Monotis Hawni, Myalina, Pinna, etc. Locality, same as No. 33. 1 to 2 feet. No. 35. — Blue and brown marls, sometimes cherty. Locality, same as No. 38. 1 to 2 feet. No. 36. — Blue and btownish-drab, hard or soft limestone. Monotis, Schizodus, Bahevellias, Pinna, etc. Locality, same as No. 33. 1 foot. No. 37. — Shales. Locality, Turkey Creek. 7 inches. No. 38. — Hard, yellowish-drab magnesian limestone, with dark spot, and dendritic markings. Monotis, Pecten, Schizodus, Avicu- la, etc. Locality, same as No. 37. 1 foot. GKOI.OGY. 61 No. 39. -^ Blue, brown, green, and red shales and marls. Many fos- sils, nearly all of carboniferous genera. Locality, Cotton- wood, Carey and Fancy Creeks. 30 to 40 feet. No. 40. — 1st. Cherty Limestone — is a brownish-buff magnesian lime- stone, with cherty concretions. Productus Galhoiinianus, Semireticidatus, (?) Athyris Subtilita, (?) Archceocidaris. Locality, Cottonwood and Carey Creeks. 4 feet. No. 41. — Brown and drab indurated marls with chalcedonic geodes. Locality, Cottonwood and Carey Creek. 6 feet. No. 42. — Buff and bluish-gray and brown, coarse, porous magnesian limestone, showing sun-cracks and ripple-marks. Locality, same as No. 41. Archceocidaris, Ort/iisina, Synocladia, Crinoids, and Bidanus.{?) 4 to 12 feet. No. 43. — Brown and blue marls. Fossils and locality, same as No. 41. 12 feet. No. 44. — 2d. Cherty Limestone — is hard bluish-drab, and very cherty. Productus, Myalina, and Spirifer. Locality, same as No. 41. 4 feet. No. 45. — Brown marls. Fossils and locality, same as No. 41. 8 feet. No. 46. — Brown and buff cellular limestone. Locality, same as No. 41, 1 foot 6 inches. No. 47. — Brown, blue, purple, and green shales and marls. Archce- ocidiris, Athyris, and Crinoids. Locality, same as No, 41. 42 feet. No. 48. — Bluish-buff and brown magnesian limestone. Permian Acephala. Locality, Carey and Fancy Creeks. 13 feet. No. 49. — Brown, blue, green, and drab marls and shales, with a few thin beds of limestone. Thamniscus dubius, (?) Monotis Ilawni, etc. Locality, Carey Creek, 41 feet. No. 50. — Drab and buff magnesian limestone. Permian Fossils — Locality, same as No. 49. 9 feet. No. 51. — Blue and brown shales and marls. Athyris hke Subtilita. Locality, same as No. 49. 12 feet. No. 52. — Port Riley Limestone. — This is a buff, porous magnesian rock, in thick beds. Productus Calhounianus, Othisina, Shu- mardiana Archceocidaris, and Bakevellia, etc. Locality, near Fort Riley, Cottonwood, Bhie and Fancy Creeks. 8 to 10 feet. 02 B. NATURAL HISTORT. No. 53. — Blue and brown shales. Locality and fossils, same as No. 52. 6 feet. No. 54. — 3d. Cherty Limestone is light-buff and magnesian. Local- ity, same as No. 52. Producta Calhouniana, Archceoci- daris, Spirifer like Lineatus, ^Orthisina like Umhraculum. 40 feet. No. 65. — Brown, blue, and red shales and marls. Locality and fos- sils, same as No. 52. 20 to 35 feet. No. 56. — Myalina Limestone is a brownish-gray and buff magnesian limestone. Numerous Mi/aliuas of Permian forms. Lo- cality, same as No. 52. 4 to 8 feet. No. 57. — Blue, brown, and red marls and shales. Locality and fossils, same as No. 52. 10 to 25 feet. No. 58. — 4th. Cherty Limestone is brown, buff, and porous cherty magnesian limestone. Locality, sand fossils nearly, the same as No. 54. 10 to 24 inches. No. 59. — Blue, drab, and brown marls and shales. Orthis, Ghonetes, Area, and Ci'inoids. Locality, same as No. 52. 8 to 21 feet. No. 60. — Thin sandy argillo - calcareous shales, full of Permian Acephala. Locality, near Fort Riley. 3 feet- No. 61. — Bluish-brown shales. Chonetes ^wiS. Productics. Locality, same as No. 60. 3 feet. No. 62. — 5th. Cherty Limestone is a light drab and buff cherty mag- nesian limestone. Productus Ccdhounianus, Chonetes, Mu- eronata, Orthisina like Umhraculum, Athyris like Subtilita and Crinoids. Locality, same as No. 60. 12 feet. No. 63. — Brown, bluish-drab, green and purple shales and marls. Synocladia hiserialis, Productus Norwoodi, Orthisina Shu- mardiatia, etc. Locality, same as No. 60. 11 to 23 feet. No. 64. — Impure brown, porous limestone, with dark dots and den- dritic markings. Locality, same as No. 60. 4 feet. No. 05. — Blue and brown marls and shales. Locality, same as No. 00. 15 to 30 feet. No. 66. — Light buff and drab argillo-magnesian limestone, in thin beds, with dark dendritic markings — 3fonotis and Bake- vellia. Locality, same as No. 60. 15 to 18 feet. No. 67. — Blue and drab shales and marls. Locality, same as No. 60. No. 68. — Hard blue and buff magnesian limestone, containing numer- GEOLOGY. 63 ous Permian Acephala. Locality, Cottonwood and Clark Creek. 1 to 3 feet. No. 69. — Drab shaly maris. 5 feet. No. 70. — Hard blue and drab mottled porous limestone. 1 foot 6 inches. No. 71. — Brown, blue, and reddish marls. Locality, Clark Creek. 5 feet. No. 72. — Bluish-gray limestone. Locality, Clark Creek. 3 inches. No. 73. — Brown and purple mottled shales. 7 feet. No. 74. — Hard, brown and blue limestone. 10 inches. No. 75. — Blue shales. 5 inches. No. 76. — Coraline Limestone. Soft blue and gray limestone. Mono- tis Halli and Americana, Productus Norwoodi, Synocladia, biserialis, Thanmiscas dubius, (J) JEdmondia Hawni, Phillipsia Cliftonensis, etc. Locality, Cottonwood and Clark Creek. 3 feet. No. 77. — Blue, brown, and purple shales and marls. Locality, same as No. 76. 9 feet. No. 78. — Gray and drab porous limestone. Locality, same as No. 76. 2 feet. No. 79. — Blue, brown, and purple marls, some very much cancellated and a few beds of thin limestone. Chonetes, Productus costaloides, Orthisina Missouriensis, Synocladia biserialis, Archceocidaris and Euomphelus. Locality, same as No. 76. 38 feet. No. 80. — Fusulina Limestone, buff, porous, and magnesian. Pro- ductus, Chonetes, Allorisma, Fusulina, etc. Locality, Man- hattan, Cottonwood Falls, and Mill Creek. 6 feet. No. 8L — Blue, brown, purple, and green shales and marls, with cal- careous concretions and thin consolidated strata. Monotis, Edmondia, Myalina, Pecten, Allorisma, and Bellerophon, nearly all Permian types. 31 feet. No. 82. — Cotton Roch, a light crerm colored argillo-magnesian lime- stone, sometimes in thin beds with shale partings. It has numerous dendritic markings. Spirifer, Atkyris, Fusulina, Productus, and Grinoids. Locality, Manhattan and Mill Creek. _ ,5 feet. No. 83. — Bluish-brown marls. 1 foot. No. hi. — ^^ Dry bone Limestone" — brown concretionary and can- 64 B. N.vruuAi. niSTOUY. cellated limestone. Synocladia bisertalis, Spirifer plano- convexa, etc. 5 to 15 feet. ■* Nos. 82, 83, and 84 are sometimes represented by a bluish-gray and buff porous raagnesian limestone, upper beds thick, below thin beds separated by cellular partings, containing numer- ous Permian Acephala and Zaphrentis and small Spirifer. Locality, Cottonwood. SYSTEM VI.— CARBONIFEROUS. Fa — Coal Measures. No. 85. — Brown indurated and cancellated marls. Spirifer plano- convexa and earner atus ^{\ox\g variety), Fusidina, etc. Lo- cality, Manhattan and Cottonwood. 2 feet six inches. No. 86. — Hard buff and gray limestone filled with fragments of fossils. Locality, same as No. 85. 1 foot 3 inches. No. 87. — Buff, brown, and blue marls and shales. 8 feet. No. 88. — Impure, soft brown and buff argillo-magnesian limestone. Locality, same as No. 85. 5 feet. No. 89. — Brown shaly marl. 1 foot. No. 90. — Blue and brown mottled limestone. 1 foot. No. 9L — Brown, drab, green, and purple marls and shales. Retria punctilifora, Monotis, and Edniondia. 19 feet. No. 92. — Fine drab magnesian limestone. 10 inches. No. 93. — Blue, green, drab, brown, and purple shales and marls ; sandy shales near top and black slate near bottom. Athy- ris subtilita, Archceocidaris aculeatus. Locality, same as No. 85. 38 feet. No. 94. — Brown sandy shales. Locality, same as No. 85. 6 feet. No. 95. — Brown calcareous sandstone with crystals of calc-spar. Locality, Manhattan. 3 to 4 feet. No. 96. — Fusulina Shales. Dark-blue marly shale. Numerous Fusulinas and Garhoniferous Brachiopoda. Locality, Man- hattan, Cottonwood and Mill Creek. 12 feet. No. 97. — Black Slate. Fish scales und Discina Missouriensis. 1 foot. No. 98. — Coal. Locality, Manhattan and Mill Creek. 1 to 3 inches. GKOLOGY. 65 No. 99. — Impure brown limestone. Fish teeth. 1 foot. No. 100. — Blue and brown shales. 5 feet. No. 101. — Impure buff magnesian limestone. Many Fusulinas. No. 102. — Blue, brown, and purple shales. 25 feet. No. 103. — Hard blue limestone. Productus and Grinoids. 1 foot. No. 104. — Black, brown, and blue shales. 2 feet. No. 105. — Impure bluish-brown limestone. Hydraulic, Productus, Chonetes, Spirifer, and Orthisina. 10 inches. No. 106. — Blue, brown, and purple marls and shales, some sandy shales in thin strata. Locality, same as No. 98. 35 to 43 feet. No. 107. — Hard, drab, bluish and porous magnesian limestone. Per- mian Acephala. (?) 2 to 3 feet 6 inches. No. 108. — Drab, blue and greenish marls, often filled or replaced by black, white, buff and yellow selenite. Locality, same as No. 98. 1 foot 6 inches. No. 109. — Impure dark-brown shaly limestone. Carboniferous fos- sils. 6 inches. No. 110. — Dark-blue and drab shales. 2 feet. No. 111. — Impulse shaly limestone. Fucoids. 10 inches. No. 112. — Blue shale. 1 foot. No. 113. — Coal. 1 to 3 inches. No. 114. — Blue shale. 2 feet 6 inches. No. 115. — Oxide of Iron — Local. 3 inches. No. 116. — Impure brown magnesian limestone. 1 foot. No. 117. — Blue and brown argillo-arenaceous shales and marls. Lo- cality, same as No. 98. 17 feet. No. 118. — Blue and brown impure limestone. {Hydraidic.) 1 foot 3 inches. No. 119. — Blue, brown, and black shales. 9 feet. No. 120. — Blue and drab magnesian marls, containing crystals of black selenite. Numerous Acephala and Cephalopoda. Some like Permian types. Locality, Zeandale, and Mill Creek. 15 feet. No. 121. — Hard, crystaUine, grayish-blue limestone, with black dots and dendritic markings. Numerous small Acephala and Cephalopoda. Some like Permian types. Locality, same as No, 120. 2 to 10 inches. Vol. XV. 9 6G B. NATURAL HISTORY. No. 122. — lilue, drab and brown magnesian shales. Fossils and lo- cality, same as No. 120. 6 feet. No. 123. — Hard, fine, reddish-brown and gray spotted limestone. 2 feet.- No. 124. — Drab, blue brown and grayish shales. 4 to 6 feet. No. 125. — Buff and brown soft argillo-calcareous sandstone. The lower part is calcareo-magnesian, full of chocolate-colored pores and small masses of oxide of iron, — colors and pores arranged in thin strata which separate on exposure. Locality, Mill Creek. 1 foot 8 inches. No. 126. — Green, drab, and purple shale. 12 feet. No. 127. — Impure brown porous limestone, and greenish-drab porous marls. Productiis, Retria, Spirifer, Orthisina. Locality, same as No. 121. 1 to 2 feet 6 inches. No. 128. — Blue, brown, and purple shales and marls. Fossils and locality, same as No. 121. 33 feet. No. 129. — Coal. 4 to 10 inches. No. 130. — Fire clay. 6 inches. No. 131. — Brown and blue sandstone and shale. Locality, Mill Creek. 21 feet. No. 132. — Impure brown and greenish-gray hydraulic limestone. Productus, Chonetes, Pinna and Fusidina. Locality, same as No. 131. 1 foot 3 inches. No. 133. — Blue argillaceous and sandy shales. 6 feet. No. 134. — Chcetetes Limestone. This is a fine, hard, porous, impure limestone, varying in color from gray through ochreous brown to chocolate. The lower part is firm and brown, and the upper beds are blue and argillaceous. Fusidina, Myalina, Zaphrentis, Crinoids and a Chcetetes in irregu- lar masses, or formed around a Zaphrentis or a Crinoid column. Locality, Mill Creek and Eastward. No. 135. — Brown and blue shales and mai'ls, with calcareous concre- tions and bands of kidney ore. Locality, same as No. 134. 45 feet. No. 136. — Brown and bluish-gray limestone in one bed. Chonetes and Crinoids. Locality, same as 134. 1 foot 8 inches. No. 187. — Blue and brown shales. 10 feet. GEOLOGY. No. 138. — Hard, dark, ochreous, brown limestone Locality, near Baptist Mission. 2 feet. No. 139. — Shale. Locality, same as No. 138. 5 feet. Chocolate Limestone Series. No. 140. — Chocolate Limestone. This is a coarse, rough, porous gray and chocolate limestone, full of a very large ventricose Fusulina, Productus Americanus, Calhounianus and cora, Zaphrentis and Grinoids. Locality, Mill Creek and East- ward. G feet. No. 141. — Blue and brown sandy shales. Fossils and locality, same as No. 140. 11 feet. No. 142. — Thin, brown, impure limestone and calcareous sandstones, with shale partings. Locality, Verdigris Falls and west of Baptist Mission. 8 feet. No. 143. — Purple and blue shales. Locality, same as No. 142. 18 feet. No. 144. — Brown micaceous sandstone. 3 feet. No. 1 45. — Blue, drab, red and gray limestone, passing into sandstone. Numerous Corals and Brachiopoda. 8 feet. No. 1*6. — Brown shales. 3 feet. No. 147. — Bituminous shale. 4 feet. No. 148. — Gray, buff and brown limestone, passing into brown sand- stone below in some places. Numerous Corals and Brach- iopoda. 9 feet. No. 149. — Brown shales and sandstones. Numerous Corals and Brachiopoda. 9 feet. Stanton Limestone Series. No. 150. — Stanton Limestone. Rather coarse drab magnesian and brown limestone. Productus Americanus, Athyris Sub- tilita, and Archceocidaris, etc. Locality, Mission Creek, Marais Des Cygnes, and Verdigris. 6 to 28 feet. No. 151. — Argillaceous shales and sandstones. Locality, Marais Des Cygnes and Verdigris. 8 feet. No. 152. — Blue pyritiferous shales. Locality, Verdigris. 9 feet. 68 B. NATURAL HISTORY. No. 153. — Bituminous coal. Locality, Marais Des Cygnes and Ver- digris. 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches. No. 154. — Gray and brown sandstone and shales. Locality, same as 158. 12 to 50 feet. Cave Rock Series. No. 155. — Cave Limestone. Bluish-gray and brown jointed lime- stone, with marly partings in places. Spirifer hempUcata, Productus, Athyris, Crinoids, etc. Locality, Beaver Creek, Sugar Creek, and Lecompton. 15 to 30 feet. No. 156. — Einstein Sandstone is a blue, brown, and gray sandstone and shale. Locality, same as No. 155. 45 to 60 feet. Spring Rock Series. « No. 157. — Gray limestone, spotted with brown in thin irregular beds. Locality, same as No. 155. 2 feet. No. 158. — Sandstone and shales. Locality, same as No. 156. 15 to 25 feet. No. 159. — Coal. Locality, Bull and Middle Creeks, Miami County. 4 to 8 inches. No. 160. — Fire Clay. Locality, same as No. 159. Nos. 158, 159, 160 are often replaced by a bluish-brown shale, filled with calcareous concretions. 4 feet. No. 161. — Spring Rock. A hard bluish-gray and brown limestone. Locality, Beaver Creek, Marais Des Cygnes, and John- son's Creek, west of Topeka and Lecompton. 1 to 4 feet 8 inches. No. 1 62. — Brown sandstones and blue shales, interstratified. Local- ity, same as No. 161. 4 to 38 feet. No. 163. — Bituminous coal. Locality, West of Baptist Mission, at Johnson's coal bed, west of Topeka. 6 in. to 1 foot 6 in. No. 164. — Fire clay. Locality, same as No. 161. 1 foot. No. 165. — Blue shales and brown sandstones, and bands of kidney ore. Locality, West of Baptist Mission, at Lecompton, and Beaver Creek. 35 fieet. GEOLOGY. 69 Well Rock Series. No. 166. — Blue and gray limestone and porous chert, in thin beds interstratified with shales. Spirifer and Productus, Aihy- ris, etc. Locality, Lecompton, Middle Creek, and Marais Des Cygnes. 5 to 7 feet. No. 167. — Blue shales. Locality, same as No. 166. 13 feet. No. 168. — Well JRock. — Light-gray and hard brown limestone, with cherty concretions. When fully developed the upper part is coarse and porous, in heavy bands, numerous Corals and Brachiopoda. Locality, Paris, Lawrence, Garnett, Ottawa, and Leavenworth. 10 to 48 feet. No. 1 69. — Brown and blue shales and fine bluish-gray limestone, in- terstratified (in places all shale). Productus, Chonetes, Spirifer, Corals, and Crinoids. Locality, same as No. 166. 2 to 6 feet. No. 170. — Bituminous shale. Discina oxiiS. Turbo. Locality, same as No. 166. 6 feet 6 inches. No. 171. — Hard, firm, blue limestone. Spirifer lineatus. Locality, same as No. 1 66. 1 to 3 feet 3 inches. No. 172. — Blue and brown shales. Locality, same as No. 166. 1 to 4 feet. No. 173. — Brown and gray cherty limestone, with shale partings. Numerous Corals and Brachiopoda. Locality, same as No. 166. 10 to 15 feet. No. 174. — Blue and brown shales and brown and gray shales and sandstones, with bands of iron ore. Locality, same as No. 166. 75 to 100 feet. No. 175. — Bituminous coal. Locality, Center Creek, west of Law- rence. 1 to 5 inches. No. 176. — Brown, green, and purple shales and marls, and buff and gray sandstones. Locality, same as No. 166. 55 to 90 feet. Marais Des Cygnes Coal Series. No. 177. — Hard, fine, blue limestone, with jointed structure, Spirifer lineatus, Athyris subtilita and Crinoids. Locality, Sugar and Mine Creeks, Linn Co. 2 to 4 feet. 70 B. NATURAL HISTORY. No. 178. — Brown sandstones, and blue shales, and bands of iron ore. Locality, same as No. 177. 38 to 51 feet. No. 179. — Bituminous coal. Locality, same as No. 177. 2 inches. No. 180. — Blue and black shale. Locality, same as No. 177. 3 feet. No. 181. — Bituminous coal. Locality, same as No. 182. 1 foot 8 inches to 2 feet 9 inches. No. 182. — Black shale and fire-clay. Locality, Linn Co. 3 feet. No. 183. — Impure brown and bluish-gray limestone. Spirifer, Pro- ductus, CJwrietes, Myalina, Pecten^ etc. Locality, Sugar Creek and Lawrence. G feet. No. 184. — Brown and buff regularly stratified sandstone. Locality, Muddy Creek, Linn Co. 45 feet. No.. 185. — Blue shales and marls. Locality, Mound City and Muddy Creek. 25 feet. No. 186. — Brown and bluish-gray limestone, with shale partings and numerous fossils. Locality, same as No. 185. 12 feet. No. 187. — Blue and brown shaly marls. Locality, Mafais Des Cyg- nes and Mine Creek. 2 feet. No. 188. — Fine, bluish-drab, concretionary limestone. Locality, same as No. 187. 4 feet. No. 189. — Brown and bluish sandstone and shales.^ Locality, Ma- rais Des Cygnes and Mine Creek. 45 feet. No. 190. — Coal. Locality, same as No. 189. 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet. No. 191. — Black slate and fire-clay. 2 feet. No. 192. — Bluish-drab compact limestone, with very large masses Chcetetes. Locality, Marais Des Cygnes and Indian Creek. 5 feet. No. 193. — Brown and drab shales, containing numerous concretions. Locality, Mill Creek, in Bourbon Co. 15 feet. No. 194. — Blue, green, brown, and chocolate shales and marls. Lo- cality, same as No. 193. 30 feet. No. 195. — Sandy shales. Locality, same as No. 193. 10 feet. No. 196. — Brown, and dull brownish-drab sandstone in regular beds. Calamites. Locality, same as No. 193. 11 feet. No. 197. — Brown and drab sandy shales. Locality, same as No. 193. 8 feet. No. 198. — Blue shales, with bands of kidney ore. 17 feet. 1 Mine-Creek Lead Mines are in these rocks. GEOLOGY. 71 No. 199. — Bituminous and pyriliferous shale. 1 foot. Nos. 193-199 are represented by 45 feet of bine and brown shales, with bands of kidney ore on the Marais Des Cygnes, at Eoot's Coal Bed. No. 200. — Coal. Locality, same as No. 193 and Marais Des Cygnes, and Mound City. (?) 2 to 3 feet. No. 201. — Fire-clays and shales. 5 feet. Pawnee Limestone Series. No. 202. — Pawnee Limestone ^ is heavy -bedded, porous and com- pact, coarse and fine, drab, brown and bluish-gray, cherty, concretionary and mottled. Chcetetes and Crinoids, etc. Locality, Indian and Pawnee Creeks, and south to Bone Creek. 20 to 55 feet. No. 203. — Dull, brownish-blue, hydraulic, concretionary limestone, with pyriliferous shale partings. Locality, same as No. 202. 6 feet. No. 204. — Black slate. Discinas. Locality, same as No. 202. 2 to 4 feet. No. 205. — Blue and brown argillo-sandy shales. Locality, on the Marmiton, above Fort Scott and Indian Creek. 5 feet. No. 206. — Impure black shaly limestone full of fossils, and a bed of cone — in cone. Locality, same as No. 205. 6 inches. No. 207. — Blue and brown argillo-sandy shales, with thin bands of brown limestone and septaria of iron ore. Locality, Indian and Wolverine Creeks. 34 feet. No. 208. — Black, impure shaly limestone, full of fossils. Spirifer, Productus, and Chonetes, Locality, same as No. 206. 1 foot. No. 209. — Coal and coal smut. Locality, same as No. 206. 6 inches. 1 The lower part of this limestone is almost exactly like the Fort Scott limestone, both in lithological characters and fossils; hence it is very difficult to distinguish them when the upper gray beds of this limestone and the shales below are not ex- I)osed. Between Indian Creek and the Marmiton, both of these rocks crop out in the numerous ravines and slopes, and they are very much broken and disturbed, making it almost impossible to make a correct section of the rocks between those streams without this knowledge of the similarity of these limestones. 72 B. NATURAL HISTORY. No. 210. — Brown and blue argillo-sandy shales, with a few bands of iron ore. 25 feet. Fort Scott Coal Series. No. 211. — Fort Scott Limestone is a bluish-drab and brown, irregularly bedded limestone, with many Producti, Ckonetes, and Spirifers. Locality, Little Osage, Fort Scott, and south to Dry-wood and Bone Creek, and west to the Neoshe. 8 to 18 inches. No. 212. — Dark brown shales and marlites and iron-stone. Locality, same as No. 211. 2 feet. No. 213. — Black slate. Locality, same as No. 211. 4 feet. No. 214. — Coal. Locality, same as No. 211. 6 inches. No. 215. — Gray, blue, and brown fire-clays and shales. 5 to 8 feet. No. 216. — Impure brown and drab hydraulic concretionary limestone in one thick bed. Producttis, Spirifer, Grinoids, etc. Locality, same as No. 211. 6 feet. No. 217. — Black slate containing large concretions of iron-stone. 4 feet. No. 218. — Coal. Locality, same as No. 211. 1 foot 4 inches. No. 219. — Fire-clay. 4 feet. No. 220. — Impure broAvn mottled limestone. Spirifer, like Camera- tus but new. Locality, only on Dry wood. 2 feet. No. 221. — Drab and bluish fire-clays. This bed often passes into sandstone or sandy shales. LocaHty, same as No. 211. 12 feet. No. 222. — Blue and brown drab argillo-sandy shales, with sandstone layers and numerous beds of good iron ore. Locality, same as No. 211. 87 feet. Fort Scott Marble Series. No. 223. — Hard, fine, black limestone. Locality, Little Osage, near i State line. 3 feet. No. 224. — Black slate. Locality, same as No. 223. 5 feet. No. 225. — Blue and yellow shale. Locality, same as No. 223. 7 feet. GEOLOGY. 73 No. 226. — Fort Scott 3Iarble is black, with numerous yellowish veins and crystallized shells, and it weathers brown. It takes a good polish. Locality, " Slick-Rock Ford," on the Mar- miton, and on Moor's Branch above the " Military Ford." 1 foot 6 inches. No. 227. — Blue and bi'own shales. 1 foot 8 inches. No. 228. — Black slate. Locality, same as No. 226. 2 feet. No. 229. — Coal, good. Locality, Little Osage, below State line. 2 feet 6 inches. Lower Coal Series. ^ No. 230. — Long slope to Middle Fork of Cow Creek, probably sand- stone and shale, and two beds of coal, one and two feet in thickness. 25 to 50 feet. No. 231. — Brown sandstone and sandy shales and iron ore. Locality, Dorsey's, on Middle Fork of Cow Creek. 10 feet. No. 232. — Brown and bluish argillo-sandy shales, with dark partings. Locality, same as No. 23 L 12 feet. No. 233. — Brown and bluish argillo-sandy shales, with dark partings. Locality, same as No. 231. 12 feet. No. 234. — Bituminous Coal.^ Locality, Dorsey's Coal Bank. 5 to 7 feet. No. 235. — Slope on East Fork, or Little Cow Creek. 10 feet. (?) No. 236. — Hard, brown and gray sandstone in thick beds, with jointed structure and shale partings. Locality, same as No. 234. 20 feet. 1 The south-eastern part of the State, the only place where the lower coal-rocks come to the surface, is so level and the slopes are so gentle, and the soft shales and sandstones are so abundant, that the rocks are but rarely exposed ; and the ex- posures arc so small and so far from each other, that it is very difficult to make a connected section with absolute certainty. We could expect to make only an ap- proximation to a connected section in the few days devoted to this interesting region ; but, whenever any uncertainty exists in the rocks or their connections, it is fully in- dicated in the text. If more time could be devoted to this region, a connected sec- tion could be made of this imjiortant part of the coal scries. ^ We saw but four feet of this coal, as the bank was caved in ; but it is reported to be seven or eight feet thick in places. Vol. XV. 10 74 B. NATURAL HISTORY. No. 237. — Sandy and argillaceous shales. 10 feet. No. 238. — Coal and coal smut. 2 to 6 inches. No. 239. — Shales and sandstone. Locality, Military Ford, on Cow- Creek. 15 feet No. 240. — Red and brown shales with kidney ore. Locality, Shaw- nee Creek. 20 feet. No. 241. — Brown, hard, ripple-marked sandstone, with shale part- ings. Locality, Brush Creek and Mound, 6 miles west of Baxter's Spring. No. 242. — Blue and brown shales, with black partings and numerous bands of iron ore. Locality, same as No. 241. 35 feet. No. 243. — Coal and coal smut. Locality, same as No. 241. 2 to 8 inches. No. 244. — Blue and brown shales. Locality, same as No. 241. 50 feet- No. 245. — Slope, probably sandstone and shales. 20 to 30 feet. No. 246. — Brown micaceous sandstone, some irregular, thick, soft beds and some shale partings below. Calamites. Locality, Neo- sho, 3 to 5 miles above State line. 40 feet. No. 247. — Gray and brown sandstone and kidney ore. Locality, on the Neosho at the State line, and 3 miles above. 2 feet. No. 248. — Blue shales with black partings, and many bands of iron ore, of which hundreds of tons are washed out on the Neo- sho, near the State line. Locality, same as No. 248. 12 feet. No. 249. — Black and gray calcareous shaly limestone, full of fossils. Productus Ghonetes, Orthisina, Spirifer, Corah, Crinoids, etc. Locality, same as No. 248. 8 inches. No. 250. — Blue and black shale. Locality, same as No. 248. 2 feet. No. 251. — Coal. Locality, same as No. 248. 4 to 10 inches. No. 252. — Blue, brown, and black shales. 16 feet. No. 253. — Space in which the rocks were not seen. 25 feet. (?) F b. — Lower Cakboniferous. No. 254. — Slope covered by fragments of chert and cherty fer- ruginous conglomerate and clays. Locality, Baxter's Spring and Branch. 10 feet. No. 255. — Gray and bluish-gray crystalline and granular limestone, GKOL06Y. 75 with intercallation of chert and hornstone. Spirifer, Pro- ductns, C/ionetes, Platycrinns, and Zaphrentis. Oldest rock in Kansas. Locality, Baxter's Spring and Branch to Spring River. 110 feet. REMARKS ON THE ABOVE SECTION. Tertiary System. The I'ocks of this system are known to occupy a considerable por- tion of Western Kansas ; but we have had no opportunity of examin- ing these formations, and therefore cannot give any detailed description of them. The most important fact known respecting this series of rocks is that it contains extensive beds of Brown Coal, or Lignite, which must be very valuable for fuel in a region possessing so little timber. They crop out along the Smoky Hill, and render that beau- tiful valley most desirable for agriculture, railroads, and manufactures ; whereas, without these beds of fuel, this valley must have remained but sparingly populated for centuries to come. Cretaceous System Also underlies a large portion of Central Kansas, The ferruginous sandstones, which cap the hills and ridges in Central Kansas, have been referred to this system ; whether correctly so must be determined by the examination of localities beyond the range of our explorations during the past year ; the cretaceous rocks, however, are known to exist in considerable force in Central Kansas. Triassic System. (?) There is a series of buff, red and mottled sandstones, red and drab marls, buff, magnesian and black limestones, blue and brown shales and gypsum, 344 feet in thickness, under the sandstone*of the creta- ceous (?) and over the rock's known to be Permian. As a sufficient number of fossils had not been found in these strata to fully decide the exact age to which they belong, and as they resembled, in lithological and paUeontological characters, the Triassic rocks of Europe more /b B. NATURAL HISTORY. than any others, they were placed promiscuously in that gi'onp by Maj. Hawn and myself, in 1858 ; and as the facts and few imperfect fossils found since rather sustain this classification, it is not deemed advisable to make any change in the arrrangoment until future discoveries shall fully establish their position in the geological ages. It should be remembered, however, that the uncertainty about the age of these rocks does not in the least interfere with our fully un- derstanding the mineral wealth contained in them, nor with our ability to fully develop it ; for we know the exact position of these rocks ' in the series, the strata of which they are made up, and the valuable minerals they contain, and their wonderful fertilizing influence over the soils which rest upon them or come within the range of the waters that flow from them. These rocks extend in an irregular belt across the State, from the head-waters of the Blue and Fancy, across the Republican and Solo- mon and over the Kansas, between Turkey Creek and the Saline ; thence south and south-easterly up (he Smoky Hill and Gypsum, Holland and Turkey Creeks ; along the northern slope of the divide, south of the Kansas, to the heads 6f Lyon and Diamond Creeks ; sweeping thence westward across the Cottonwood and down the divide, south of that stream, to the Walnut and White Water. The gypsum beds in this location are variable in thickness, ranging from 0 to 50 feet. Deposits of pure white gypsum crop out on the Blue, the Republican, and the Kansas, and on Turkey Creek ; and on the divides between the Gypsum and Holland, and between Tur- key Creek and the Cottonwood. The beds at the four last localities are very thick and miles in length. There are doubtless many other localities between the range of those rocks where these gypsums come to the surface, and which a more careful examination will develop. Permian System. There is a series of limestones, marls, shales, sand3.tones, conglom- erates, and gypsums, below the Triassic group de cribed above, which belong to the same age as the Permian Rocks of Europe. Since the true position of these rocks was first announced^ in 1858, ^ See above section, Nos. 2-10. ''This discovery was first announced by myself February 22, 1858. See Trans. Acad. Nat. Science, St. Louis. Vol. I. GEOLOGY. 77 the proofs of their identity with the Permian system have been con- stantly accumulating, until at the present time there is probably no geologist who has examined the matter and still doubts their identity with the Permian of Europe. We have made two divisions of those rocks in reference to the fos- sils they contain. The upper division comprises the limestones, marls, shales, conglomerates, sandstones, and gypsums in Nos. 12-30 of the section above, representing a thickness of 148 feet. The fossils of these strata, so far as observed, belong to the Acephala and Cephalopoda and Gastropoda, and no one of them has been identified with known Carboniferous species. In lithological characters these rocks are very similar to the rocks of the same age in Europe. The magnesian limestones and conglom- erates, the various colored marls and shales, and the gypsums, all and each would well answer the descriptions given of the same rocks in Europe. « These rocks occupy a narrow belt across the State, east of the Trias- sic group, as described above. This formation also contains beds of gypsum, which, together with the marls found in all parts of the series, have a most beneficial in- fluence upon the soils, and will, to a great extent, control the produc- tions, population, and wealth of Central Kansas. Lower Permian. This series, like the Upper Permian, is made up of a succession of magnesian limestones, blue, drab, red and green marls and shales, red and buff sandstones and conglomerates and gypsums ; but there are more blue shales, like those in the coal-measures below. These rocks contain nearly or quite all the fossils found in the Upper Permian, and in addition a few species ^ common to the upper coal-measures, and perhaps a very few not found above or below. It is a remarkable fact that the Permian and Carboniferous types 1 In 1 858 I expressed the opinion, based upon the collection sent mc by Mnj. Hawn, that " although the Permian specipjt arc so much more numeroi:s, the Car- boniferous speciiitens are much tlic more abundant." But, after a personal examina- tion of these rocks, I am fully satisfied that the Permian fossils are by far the most numerous even in the lowest strata. 78 B. NATURAL HISTORY. are seldom if ever mingled in the same stratum, though both occur in thin beds alternating with each other. The Carboniferous forms usually occur in blue argillaceous shales and in the blue limestones, and the Permian in the magnesian and sandy limestones and drab magnesian shales and marls ; so that the character of the fossils follows the litho- logical characters of the rocks in which they occur. Wherever the rocks are of a Carboniferous character we may expect to find fossils of Carboniferous types, and where the rocks are of a Permian character the fossils are also Permian. The magnesian material and Permian fossils increase towards the south. They are much more abundant on the Cottonwood than on the Kansas and the Blue. Shales and Carboniferous fossils are not so fully developed on the former stream. A large number of these strata exhibit indications of shoal water in the sun-ci'^cks, ripple-marks, and small piles of fossils and fragments washed together on their surfaces. • These Permian strata so graduate into and are so nearly conforma- ble to the coal-measures below, that no want of conformability can be detected by examining any one locality, though the line of junction be traced a long distance ; yet, where sections are made across the line of junction, at distant points, it becomes evident that there is a striking non-conformability. When the sections made across this line on the Kansas, at Manhattan and above, are compared with those on the Blue, though separated several miles, there is no difficulty in identify- ing all the important strata in one with those in the others, and when these sections are compared with those on Mill Creek, some 25 miles east, and those on the Cotfbnwood, 60 miles south from Manhattan, the prominent beds are easily identified down to the lowest bed of the Permian, No. 84 of the above section ; but Nos. 85-95 from the sec- tions near Manhattan are not found in the Mill Creek sections, where No. 84 rests directly upon the Fusulina shales, No. 96. These facts present a striking illustration in our geology of Prof. Sedgwick's re- marks on the Permian of England : — " Through many large tracts of country .... it (the Mag- nesian limestone) rests on the coal-measures, and seems to partake of their dip and inclination. It is therefore only after an extensive com- parison cf the two formations that we can make out their general want of conformity." — (Geological Trans., Vol. III., 2d Sec, p. 56.) GEOLOGY. 79 In another paper : — " Again, though the lower red sandstone of Yorkshire and Durham appears in some cases to graduate into the coal-measures. ; yet, when considered on a great scale, it is unconformable to them, and on that account was separated from them." (Geological Trans., Vol. IV., 2d Sec, p. 307.) These extracts express the facts as they exist in Kansas, and give one good reason why the line of separation should be made where it is. 