Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology
Loudon, John Claudius, 1783-1843
( / '<' ,. - J ■) )\ ^^.T^^,.rc^,_ ,V'^ .iMii:-^,.. %~J^0 m M:^^ >i6^fc^i ;5!|A«a' ^-?MSb^« sArnTff*' ,« '^ArMA' ,2r^.£m¥' ^.M^ •■AACW«,a ♦^ «6»mW ^M^MA^ '^-Ifynr^^' \^^fN-:.'A >:» />.?*rR:?s« ^^'^'M ^ ^l^r^/^^' ■fiiS^* l^J^^!^^ '^^r^A/^'^: ^^i^^'^:'?^' '.^m Mm ^^' ^^ S5*5» '^#A^.- W;5«<5/!i'/j^'/!flA"!:;?.'^: !^S«'/^««, i^^fl/i: IflAAA/s. ->i:^"«':^""'Sj^^^r-:;'" ■" ^f^?:.r^A:-"^"^.. /. A SHORT HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY From 1828 to 1932 In May 1828 appeared the first number of a new scientific periodi- cal, The Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology ^ Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, and Meteorology, conducted by J. C. Loudon, and published by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. The contents consisted of (1) Original Communications — not by any means all containing new scientific observations {i. e., what we should call original research), but many of them general articles, interesting and stimulating to amateur naturaUsts, and com- prehensible by ordinarily well-read people : e. g., " Some Remarks on Natural History as a Means of Education ", " The principal Forest Trees of Europe, considered as Elements of Landscape", "Some Remarks on the Habits of a Kingfisher " ; (2) Reviews ; (3) Col- lectanea— nature notes, or short research notes culled from other sources ; (4) Miscellaneous InteUigence — ^personaHa, reports of the Meetings of Scientific Societies (Linnean, Geological, Zoological), queries and answers, etc. The journal seems to have been most admirably adapted to rouse an interest in natural history in both young and old. Successive numbers were pubhshed at intervals of two months, and the first two volumes consisted of five numbers each ; pubHcation of vol. ii. thus began in March 1829, and of vol. iii. in January 1830 ; henceforward there were six numbers to a volume. In succeeding years the interest was well maintained ; the intelligent lajmaan as weU as the trained naturahst (by no means so distinct from each other then as now) must have found much to give them instruction and pleasure in such articles as " Contribu- tions towards the Natural History of the Dodo (Didus ineptus Lin.), a Bird which appears to have become extinct towards the End of the Seventeenth or Beginning of the Eighteenth Century " ; a note on the Zoea, giving an account of J. V. Thompson's research, whereby it was estabhshed as being the larva of the common crab ; " On the probable Number of Species of Insects in the Creation " ; an article on Lucernaria auricula by George Johnston ("I leaped for very joy, and said within myself, Surely the Creator of all holds this out to lure his rational creatures to study his works and search out his wisdom ! ") ; and similar articles by the same writer on other beautiful and curious marine animals, such as Caprella, Serpula, etc. In vol. vii. (1834) the journal becomes a. monthly. In vol. viii. the tone becomes rather more serious ; whereas earlier the majority of the articles were signed merely by initials or pseudonyms, now they are mostly signed in full. In 1837, with the tenth volume, a new series was inaugurated, no longer conducted by Loudon, but by Edward Charlesworth ; and with the second volume the title becomes simply The Magazine of Natural History. Illustrious names abound among the contributors — Sir W. J. Hooker, Richard Owen, John Edw. Gray, G. B. Sowerby (both these latter on Shells), Charles Lyall ; and one must notice an article by two of the most eminent of Continental zoologists, JoH. MtJLLER and Henle, " On the Generic Characters of Cartilaginous Fishes, with Descriptions of new Genera " (" the article is in Dr. Henle's own English, with a few revisions," says the editor). But many of the contributors had seceded, and at the close of vol. iv. of the new series (1840) there seemed to be not enough room for the Magazine and another journal which had shortly before made its appearance. The first number of The Annals of Natural History, or Magazine of Zoology, Botany, and Geology, conducted by Sir W. Jardine, Bart., P. J. Selby Esq., Dr. Johnston, Sir W. J. Hooker, and Richard Taylor, and described as a continuation of the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, and Sir W. J. Hooker's Botanical Companion, was published in March 1838 (" printed and published by R. and J. E. Taylor "). It was continued monthly, six numbers to a volume. Not only did the principal naturalists in the country contribute to the new journal, but Continental scientists also sent papers, or their more important contributions to the French and German periodicals were translated and made accessible to English readers. Of workers in this country may be mentioned J. E. Gray, G. Johnston, Sir W. J. Hooker, G. Bentham, Edw. Forbes, Rymer Jones, W. S. MacLeay, Charles Lyell, Richard Owen, Edwin Lankester — most of these being regular contributors ; of foreign writers Louis Agassiz (" Prodromus of a Monograph of the Radiata and Echinodermata "), Ehrenberg (" Communication respecting Fossil and Recent Infusoria," and other papers), Me yen the botanist, Dujardin (" On the Digestive Organs of the Infusoria "), Morren, and Schleiden may be noted. In 1840 the Magazine of Natural History was transferred to Richard Taylor, and merged with the Annals of Natural History, under the name The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, T^ including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, the title under which it appears to-day. There was no new numbering of the volumes, the first number of the combined journal appearing as vol. vi. of the Annals. The following years contain many valuable articles, by naturalists of the eminence of Owen, Edw. Forbes, Alder and Hancock (on Nudibranch Molluscs), J. E. Gray (on new Mammals), W. S. MacLeay (on Australian Zoology), Bowerbank (on Sponges), John Goodsir (of Edinburgh), G. J. Allman, Lindley the botanist, W. B. Carpenter, H. J. Carter (working in India), P. H. Gosse (on Rotifers and " Saurian Reptiles "), Spence Bate (on Crustacea), M'CoY (on Palaeontology), George Busk (on Polyzoa), Thos. HiNCKS (on Hydrozoa). Many of these were frequent contributors ; in addition, Continental botanists and zoologists are represented in every number by valuable papers, usually translated from originals pubUshed elsewhere ; thus Hugo Mohl, " Researches on the Structure of the Annular Vessels ", with a reply by ScHLEiDEN ; Meyen in a series of articles presents a summary of recent work in physiological botany ; de Candolle ; Brongniart on Pala3obotany ; Louis Agassiz, " The Natural Relations between Animals and the Elements in which they live ". Two of the most interesting names in these early years are those of Darwin and Huxley. Darwin does not as yet appear in propria persona, so to speak ; but G. R. Waterhouse gives an account of " Carabideous Insects collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle ", the Rev. M. J. Berkeley presents a "Notice of some Fungi collected by C. Darwin, Esq., in South America and the Islands of the Pacific ", and other authors describe other collections made by Darwin. Darwin himself was on a Committee of the British Association which drew up a first code of Rules of Nomen- clature, which is given in full (vol. xi. 1843). T. H. Huxley is represented by " Zoological Notes and Observations made on board H.M.S. Rattlesnake during the Years 1846-50. — On the Auditory Organs in the Crustacea. By T. H. Huxley, Asst. Surgeon, R.N." ; " Report upon the Researches of Prof. Muller into the Anatomy and Development of the Echinoderms. By Thomas H. Huxley, F.R.S." (readers of Huxley's Life will remember his admiration for the work of Johannes Muller ; it is interesting to find that in this paper too Muller's researches are held up as models) ; and other contributions also, such as one on the Radiolarian Thalassicolla, with a plate drawn from nature by himself. Meanwhile, anonymous or pseudonymous articles have ceased ; all the papers are now signed, and are serious contributions to scientific research ; but, even so, one cannot help remarking how much more interesting zoology and botany were in those days than now — or, at least, a zoologist or botanist could certainly then read with pleasure and profit a far greater proportion of published original papers than one of us can in most of our journals of to-day. English microscopists wiU note with interest the account, amongst others, of a meeting of the Microscopical Society, on October 20th, 1841, with K. Owen, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair, when the Secretary, Mr. John Quekett, read a paper " On the Minute Structure of Bat's Hair ". Apparently the first appearance of the name of Francis is in the Preface to vol. i. of the Second Series, January 1848, after twenty (half-yearly) volumes of the Annals (the short title by which the journal was at this time known and referred to, as it still is) had been completed : — " The editors continue to avail themselves of the aid of Dr. Wm. Francis, whose services they take this opportunity of acknowledging, as from the commencement of the Work they have had the advantage of his constant and valuable assistance in its regular superintendence." From 1852 onwards the journal is " Printed and pubhshed by Taylor and Francis ", the names which appear on its cover to-day. For the rest of the history of the Annals we can take only a few glimpses into the Tables of Contents, at considerable intervals. In the early volumes of the Third Series, beginning in 1858, we meet many of the old famihar names — H. J. Carter (still working as Surgeon in the East India Co.'s service), P. H. Gosse, J. E. Gray, Spence Bate, Allman (who gives us here figures of the gonophores of the Hydromedusae which are still in use as diagrams in text- books and lecture-rooms), and others. Edw. Forbes, Strickland, and George Johnston are dead ; new arrivals include Philip Lutley ScLATER (Birds), Albert Gunther, Strethell Wright, Hincks (Zoophytes), W. Baird (Crustacea), W. K. Parker, A. M. Norman (Crustacea, in a series of " Contributions to British Carcinology ") ; Darwin writes " On the Agency of Bees in the Fertilization of Papihonaceous Flowers, and on the Crossing of Kidney Beans " ; the philosopher G. H. Lewes, whose main work lay in another field, has a paper " On the Chylaqueous Fluid of the Actiniae ", and H. W. Bates one on " Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon VaUey. Coleoptera; Longicornes " . Foreign authors still contri- bute largely, important papers being seized on and translated (whether with or without authorization does not appear !) ; so we have KLrohn, Liljeborg, Fritz Muller (on Parasitic Crustacea, and on Liriope), Sars, Leuckart (on Sacculina, and other forms), H. G. Bronn (" On the Laws of Evolution of the Organic World during the Formation of the Crust of the Earth ", a month or two before the theory of Natural Selection was given to the world by Darwin and Wallace at the Linnean Society), and many of VON Mohl's botanical papers. In the next decade a glance at the hsts of Contents shows, besides many of the former names, those of W. T. Blanford, Wyville Thomson (" On the ' Vitreous ' Sponges " and " On the Depths of the Sea "), G. S. Brady (Entomostraca), W. C. M'Intosh (Annehds), Perceval Wright, C. T. Hudson (Rotifers), Pickard-Cambridge (Spiders), Saville Kent (Corals). Particularly notable are papers by Darwin (1869 — "Notes on the Fertilization of Orchids", appearing after his book on the subject, noting a number of new facts, and bringing the bibliography up to date), and by Ray Lankester. That by the latter, appearing in 1868 ("On Lithodomous Annehds "), deals with the boring of stones by Annehd worms, and must be his first paper, since he is described as " Junior Student of Christ Church, Oxford " ; in a later paper (1869 — " On the Existence of distinct Larval and Sexual Forms in the Gemmiparous OUgochaetous Worms ") he is " B.A. Oxon." At this time the number of borrowed and translated papers is' almost as great as that of the original contributions ; these borrowed papers are always interesting, and usually of considerable theoretical importance: e.g., 3. C. Schiodte, " On the Development of the Position of the Eyes in Pleuronectidge " (this appeared in the Annals at the same time as, or before, its pubHcation in the Naturhistorisk Tidskrift); Anton Dohrn, "On Eugereon hoeckingi and the Genealogy of the Arthropoda"; Sars, '' Remarks on the Distribution of Animal Life in the Depths of the Sea" ; von Sibbold, " On the Law of Development of the Sexes in Insects " ; and papers by Fritz Muller, Strasburger, C. Semper (two original papers of his also, besides those borrowed from else- where), several by Haeckel, as weU as by the American authors O. C. Marsh (Cretaceous Reptiles) and Verrill. In the late '70's the Preface to the Fifth Series notes that " Even foreign naturaUsts seek admission for their writings " to the Annals. Botany is still represented in its pages. Bowerbank, J. E. Gray, and others are dead ; but Owen is still writing (on the Dodo, and other papers), and so are Brady (on the Radiolaria), H. J. Carter (a frequent contributor), Saville Kent, Gunther, Hincks, Spence Bate, Pickard- Cambridge, A. M. Norman, and other old friends. We make the acquaintance of T. R. R. Stebbing (Crustacea), W. J. SoLLAS (Sponges), Wood-Mason, the Deputy-Superintendent of the Indian Museum (Entomology), Hutton {Peripatus), H. N. MosBLEY (on Bipalium kewense, a land-Planarian, and on Peri- patus), BowDLBR Sharpe (Birds), DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin (Central and South American Insects), and Raphael Meld OLA, best known as a chemist, but honoured also for his work in Entomology (" Entomological Notes bearing on Evolution ") ; while Mbrbschowsky has many contributions on the Hydrozoa, one with the alluring title "On an Anomaly among the Hydro- medusse and on their Mode of Nutrition by Means of the Ectoderm ", and Fritz Muller is again represented by a (borrowed) paper on the Nauplius stage of the Prawns. We come thus to a time when naturaUsts who are still Hving begin to contribute, perhaps the first being D'Arcy Thompson, who in 1878 writes on Hydrozoa from AustraHa and New Zealand ; and beyond this we will not extend this already lengthy survey. Soon afterwards Botany ceased to be included in the subjects of the Annals, and the journal came to consist, as at present, of Zoology and Palaeontology. As years went on, and Zoology widened its scope to include genetics, cytology, experimental embryology, comparative 6 physiology, and other branches, other journals sprang up, and specialization became necessary ; so that the scope of the Annals has now come to be largely restricted to Systematic Zoology (including Palaeontology), with, however, a considerable element of " Biology " (in the narrow sense) or Ecology, and a few structural or morpho- logical papers. As was hinted above, no zoological journal at the present day can possibly match, for interest and variety, the Annals during its first fifty years. No one nowadays is likely to sit down to read through one of the monthly numbers for pleasure ; one or two articles will be all that will capture any single reader's interest ; the rest will remain there for reference when required by his work or his further studies. Our journal makes a cosmopolitan appeal. It can still be said, as it was said more than fifty years ago, that " even foreign naturahsts seek admission for their writings " to the Annals. Last year (1931) the journal opened its pages to eleven American authors, of whom several contributed more than one paper, T. D. A. Cockerell's series " Descriptions and Records of Bees ", begun in 1905, reaching No. CXXIX. and C. P. Alexander's series on the Tipulidse No. XLIX. ; to several French, Japanese, and Indian contributors ; and to one or more Russian, Austrian, Hungarian, Finnish, German, and Norwegian zoologists, as well as to workers in other parts of the Empire — South Africa and Australia. The value of Systematic Zoology is generally understood, though perhaps still occasionally hable to depreciation. The first requisite in zoological work of any kind — morphological, economic, or any other — is to know what one is dealing with ; before we can so much as begin on any other problem, we must know what our animals are — must have them described, named, and classified ; and Systematic Zoology, which does this, is thus the bed-rock on which all other zoological research ultimately rests. Such work stands for all time ; the first adequate description of a new animal is something which can never be duphcated, never repeated ; it is there, once for all, as something to be appealed to, something that cannot, by the rules under which the systematist works, be superseded. It may seem to be of little interest at the moment ; it may not be recalled for years ; but it will be required, and will come into its own when much work in other branches has become obsolete through change of fashion or improved technique, or has been shown to be useless for any further advance. Of the Annals, then, forming as it does a storehouse of this essential knowledge, always valid and always in demand, it can with absolute certainty be said that the volumes are not only valuable to-day, but that their value increases as time goes on, and adds successive numbers to the imposing series of the last hundred years. John Stephenson. Important Announcement The Publishers are very pleased to announce that owing to the generous assistance given by several well-known London Booksellers, and by the reproduction by a patent process of a few plates and pages, they are now able to execute orders for A LIMITED NUMBER OF COMPLETE SETS OF THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY (1838-1931) in 188 Volumes AT THE EXCEPTIONALLY LOW PRICE OF £210 NET The sets are well bound in cloth and in condition as new All orders, which should be sent as soon as possible, to be addressed to Mr. A. Roberts, c/o Messrs. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, E.G. 4 The present rate of exchange offers a most unique opportunity to Foreign Institutions to secure complete sets of the Annals or to commence regular Subscriptions .. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.4 /. l^ THE MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, MINERAIiOGY, GEOI.OGY, AND METEOROIiOGY. CONDUCTED y , , By J. C. LOUDON, F.L.S. G.S. &c. MEMJ5ER OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETV OF LONDON, AND OF VARIOUS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETIES ON THE CONTINENT. VOL. I. (z LONDON PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. I8&- 1829. London Printed by A. & K. Spoltiswoodc, New-Strect-Sqiiare. PREFACE The First Volume of the Magazine of Natural History is submitted to its readers, as a fair specimen of what that Periodical is intended to be ; subject, however, to such improvements as may, from time to time, suggest themselves to its Conductor, The Introduction (p. 1.) describes the objects it proposes to embrace: — 1. A more general diffusion of a knowledge of Ani- mals, Vegetables, and Minerals, technically and physiologically ; of their commixture and disposition under the earth's surface, or Geology; and their disposition over it in the atmosphere, as Land- scape scenery. 2. A record of discoveries in these branches of knowledge ; and of the actual state and progress of the taste for Natural History, in different parts of the British empire, and throughout the world. 3. A summary of the progress of discovery in natural science during the past year. In conformity with these objects, original communications, in- troductory to Linnean Botany, will be found, p. 124*. 228. and 429. ; to Jussieuean Botany, p. 30. 135. 238. and 333. ; to Zoology, p. 97. and 309. ; to Ornithology, p. 121. ; to Entomology, p. 421. ; to Geology, p. 249. and 442. ; to Meteorology, p. 147. ; and to Landscape scenery, p. 37. and 242. Of new facts or theories, it is not to be supposed that many can have occurred, or come to our knowledge, since this Magazine has been in existence ; but the discoveries of Professor Nees von Esenbeck, M. Franz Unger, and others, on the Metamorphoses of the Reproductive Bodies of some yllgae, p. 306. ; the researches of Mr. Brown, M. Brongniart, and M. Raspail, on the particles of the Pollen of Plants, and on the ultimate particles of matter in general, p. 473. ; and of Dr. Mar- tins, on the Structure of Plants, p. 475. ; have been recorded, or noticed, preparatory to more complete details. The Miscellaneous Intelligence and Collectanea of this Maga- zine (see Contents, p. vi.) contain a various assemblage of original communications, and extracts from published works, detailing the local state and progress of Natural History in the different coun- ties and cities of Britain, in North and South America, in Australia, % A 2 IV PREFACE. and in other parts of the world. In these two departments of the work, as well as among the Original Communications, will be found numerous fragments of information, presented in various forms and combinations, with a view to keep alive the interest of the general reader ; and gradually, and in an agreeable manner, to store his mind with facts. With respect to an Annual Summary of Discoveries, after con- sulting some of the principal naturalists of France and Germany, we are convinced it is impossible to do this as we intended; viz. to give those of every year at its termination ; because, the materials for the year cannot be got together for weeks, or even months, after the year is completed. The attempt, we are informed, has been made without success ; and we are not sure that we shall run the risk of having our efforts added to the number of failures. At any rate, we shall not attempt such a summary for the year about to be completed, till an advanced period In the next year ; and, in the mean time, if our readers do not calculate on receiving any further summary in future Volumes than what can be given in such a Preface as the present, they will, at least, not be disappointed. They may rely, at the same time, on our being sufficiently alive to our own interest, not to neglect such a summary if it shall be found practicable, and can be done well. We date this Preface from the city of Naturalists, and the best sources of information on all that relates to Natural History. J. €. L. Paris, Dec. 16. 1828. CONTENTS. Introduction Page 1. Part I. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. GENERAL SUBJECT. Some Remarks on Natural History, as a Means of Education. By J. E. B. - - 10 Observations on the Causes that have retarded the Progress of Natural History in this Coun- try, and on the defective State of our Public Museums. The first of a Series of Essays, in- tended to comprise a succinct View of the , System of Baron Cuvier, as contained in his Regne Animal, and of his Researches on Fossil Bones. By B. - - - 14 Some Account of an Ascent and Barometrical Measurement of Wha-ra-rai, a Mountain in the Island of Owhyhee : extracted from the MS. Journal of Archibald Menzies, Esq.F.L.S. Communicated by Mr. Menzies - - 201 On the Metamorphosis of the Reproductive Bo- dies of some A'\gis, said to possess successively an Animal and a Vegetable Existence. By A. 305 Remarks 'on the present State of Natural His- tory in Germany. By W. J. - - 409 On Juvenile Museums, with an Account of a Boy's Herbarium. By J. Rennie, A.M. . 412 ZOOLOGY. Account of the Habits of a Specimen of the Simia Jacchus Linn., or Jacchus vulgaris Geoff., now in the Possession of Gavin Milroy, Esq., Edinburgh. Communicated by P. Neill, Esq. M.A. F.R.S.E. Sec.W.S. - - 18 Notice of the Habits of a Mangouste, kept alive at Canaan Cottage, near Edinburgh. By Alex. J. Adie, Jun., Esq. - - 20 Some Remarks on the Habits of the Kingfisher. By S. T. P. of Leeds - - 23 Fanciful Ideas for a National Museum of Shells. By Conchilla - - - 24 The Cuvierian, or Natural, System of Zoology. — Essay 1. On the distinctive Characters of Vegetables and Animals, and the leading Phy- siological Characters which serve as the Basis for the Four Grand Divisions of the Animal Kingdom. By B. - - - 97 The Tests by which a real Mermaid may be discovered. By Conchilla - - 106 Anecdotes of a tamed Panther. By Mrs. Bow- dich - - - - 108 Some Account of a particular Variety of Bull {B{)S Taurus), now exhibiting in London. By Mrs. Harvey - - - 113 Notes on the Bird of Washington (F&lco Wash- ingtonzVirtrt), or Great American Sea Eagle. By John James Audubon, Esq. F.L.S. F.R.S.E. a-c. - - - lis An Introduction to the Study of British Orni- thology. By J. N. A. - - 121 Descriptive Notice of a Specimen of L^mur tardigradus Lin., M^kis Cuv., kept alive for some time at Edinburgh. By W. Baird, Esq. Communicated to the Plinian Society in May, 1827 - - - - 2o8 Notice of a remarkable Hare (Zepus timidus L.), caught at Dunfanaghy in Donegal. By John V. Stewart, Esq. - - 216 An Arrangement of the different Species of Falcons found in Great Britain. By T. F. 217 Some Account of Francesco Redi's Experiments on the Generation of Insects. ByT„L. H. 221 Some Account of the Hessian Fly. By the Rev. William Kirby, M. A. F.R. and L.S. - 227 The Cuvierian, or Natural, System of Zoology. — Essay 2. On the Living Principle and its Effects ; on Organisation and Muscular Mo- tion ; and on Sensation and the Intellectual Faculties and Instincts of Animals. By B. 309 On the Aerial Spider. By John Murray, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S. F.H.S. &c. - - 320 Account of a monstrous Production of the Sheen Genus. By John Chichester, Esq. M.D. 325 On the Manners of the Nuthatch. Bv H. S. With a Note by W. Swainson, F.R.S, &c. 328 Manners and Economy of the Pied Flycatcher. By John Blackwall, Esq. - - 331 On the Instinct of Insects. By J. H. Davies, Esq. - - - - 332 Sketches of Twentv-four American Song Birds. By J. Rennie, A.M. - - -414 Description and History of some of the princi- pal British Insects : — Terminology. By A. J. N. - - - - 421 Remarks on British Landand Fresh-water Shells. By Mr. Joseph Kenyon - - 42S^- BOTANY. A general Introductory View of the Jussieuean, or Natural, System of Plants 30. 135. 238. 333 The principal Forest Trees of Europe, consider- ed as Elements of Landscape. By J. G. Strutt 37. 242 Considerations on Botany, as a Study for Young People, intended as an Introduction to a series of Papers illustrative of the Linnean System of Plants. By Miss Kent, Authoress of Flora Domestica, Sylvan Sketches, &c. - - 124 An Introductory View of the Linnean System of Plants. Bv Miss Kent, Authoress of Flora Domestica, Sylvan Sketches, &c. - 228.429 Nutulffi Botanicje. By G. A. Walker Arnott, Esq. - - - 240.339 Contributions towards a F16ra Hibernica. Be- ing a List of Plants not before observed wild in Ireland : together with New Localities for a few of the more Rare Ones. By Edward i Murphy, Esq. A.B. Trin. Coll. Dublin - 436 i On the Natural Order of Plants, Dicotyledbnese, I AnoncicecE. By Mrs. E. Bowdich - 438 ! On the Leaves of Maldxis paludbsa. By the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, Professor j of Botany in the University of Cambridge 441 I MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. A short Notice of the Occurrence of Footsteps in the Sandstone of Com Cockle Muir, Dum- friesshire. By K. N. - - 144 On the Crystallisation of Gold. By the Rev. John Stevens Henslow, Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge - 146 Progress of Geology - - - 442 VI CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY. Introductory Sketch of the Objects and Uses of nrfWoVnl «««;,%« Meteorological Science. By E. W. Brayley, ^n Water-Spouts , Jun. A.L,S. - - - 147 ! On the Modification of Clouds called Wind Reels. By J. Rennie, M.A. - - 454 . 4o8 Part II. REVIEWS. Some Account of the Work now publishing by M. Audubon, entitled The Birds of America. By William Swainson, Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. &c. 43 Catalogue of Works on Natural History, lately published, with some Notice of those con- sidered the most interesting to British Natu- ralists - - 52. 160. 272. 360. 466 Experimental Researches in Natural History. By John Murray, F.S.A. F.L.S. &c. - 154 1. A Geological Memoir on a part of Western Sussex, with some Observations upon Chalk Basins, the Weald Denudation, and Outliers by Protrusion. By P. J. Martin 2. On the Formation of the Valley of Kings- . clere, and other Valleys, by the Elevation of the Strata that enclose them, and on the Evi- dences of the original Continuity of the Basins of London and Hampshire. By the Reverend W. Buckland - - - 249 Ornitholbgia, or the Birds ; a Poem,' in Two Parts : with an Introduction to their Natural History, and copious Notes. By James Jen- nings, Author of Observations on the Dialects of the West of England - -341 Lepid6ptera Brit4nnica. Autore A. H. Ha. worth. Pars IV, - - - 348 Floral Emblems. By Henry Phillips, F.L.S. and F.H.S., Author of Fomarium Britdnnicum 350 An Introduction to Geology ; comprising the Elements of the Science in its present advanced State, and all the recent Discoveries ; with an Outline of the Geology of England and Wales. By Robert Bakewell - - - 353 Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a Sy- nopsis of Indigenous Insects, containing their Generic and Specific Distinctions ; with an Account of their Metamorphoses, Times of Appearance, Localities, Food, and Economy, as far as practicable. By James Francis Ste- phens, F.L.S,, Member of the Zoological So- ciety, &c. - . - - 459 Conversations on Geology : comprising a Fami- liar Explanation of the Huttonian and Wer- nerian Systems ; the Mosaic Geology as ex- plained by Mr. Granville Penn ; the late Dis- coveries of Professor Buckland, Humboldt, Dr. MaccuUoch, and others - - 463 Literary Notices - - - 64. 177 Part III. COLLECTANEA. The General Subject Zoology Botany - 65. 178. 369 - 66. 178, 371 - 67. 179. 378 Mineralogy and Geology Meteorology 69. 180, 383 71. 180. 384 Part IV. MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. Foreign Notices : France Germany Netherlands Italy - Switzerland Sweden Denmark Asia Africa North America South America Australia 72. 281. 385. 468 73. 281. 368. 474 283. 387 73. 181. 282. 484 73. 282. 387 74. 282. 388 485 73, 283. 388 181, 286. 389. 487 286. 390 74. 283. 390. 488 285. 391, 488 Natural History in London - 74. 181. 286 Natural History in the English Counties 82 190. 289. 392. 490 Natural History in Scotland 84. 191. 291. 399. 492 Natural History in Ireland - 85, 192, 493 Perennial Calendar for various Parts of Europe 86. 193, 292 Calendar of Nature for London 88, 193. 295 402. 494 Indicatorial Calendar 88. 194. 296 403,' 494 Biography - - - 91. 403 Queries and Answers 93. 196. 297. 407. 495 Retrospective Criticism 94. 198. 301. 4ffJ. 496 Notices - - - 96. 408 ' Erratum. Page 403. line 5. from bottom, for James L. Drummond, Esq. M.D, F.L.S, read the Rev. Thomas D. Hincks, M.R.I. A. vu ENGRAVINGS IN VOL. I. QUADRUPEDS. No. 1. Simla Jiicchus 2. Fiv^rra Mungo 42. Diad^lphis wrsina 48. African Bull 83. Lfemur tardigradus 84. Remarkable hare 151. Dog-faced baboon 170. The marmot BIRDS. 3. A\c^o I'spida (Kingfisher) 19. Young wild turkeys' heads 20. Falcon's head 46. Eagle, hawk, and falcon's heads 53. Bird of Washington 85. Gerfalcon 8R. Cinereous eagle 87. Goshawk 88. Kite 89. Buzzard 90. Henharrier 143. Geoflfiroy's Shrike 150. Biscacho owl 154. Rallus aqu&ticus 157. Curwillet 158. Whimbrel 162. Nuthatch 164. Pied flycatcher FISHES. 44. Z^us J'^ber 45. iJf 611us surmul^tus 47. Mermaid 62. Great Fire fish 63. Chae'todon vespertilio 78. Sea serpent 138. Scorpae^na miles 139. Balistes aculeatus 145. Father Lasher 146. Spkrus Rk«7 147. Cuttlefish REPTILES. 80. filren /acertina INSECTS, 21 75 113 209 216 287 377 - 46 - 48 - 94 . 115 - 218 . 219 - 219 - 220 - 220 - 220 - 276 - 285 - 154 - 297 - 297 - 328 . 331 106 162 163 169 273 274 277 277 278 171 21. Amphlsa Walkerdwa - - 54 32. Anapheles bifurca.tus - - 54 23. Pogbmus chalceus - - . 55 24. Pee'cilus virgaiirea, male and female 55 58. The glowworm - . 156 60. Pimpla ffi^thiops - . - 161 61. Two species of Pter6stichus - 161 81. Salamanders - - . 177 91. Tipula fritici and Cecidom:^a destrfictor 227 135. Dascillus cervinus - - - 272 136. Catoca.la elockta - - - 272 137. Meg;achlle centuncularis . - 273 161. Aerial spider - - - 324 SHELLS. ■ 4. to 8. Shells - - 25. to 29 25. Murex tenuispinbsus - . 56 26. Mtirex 5c6rpio - - - 57 40. Inoc^ramus Cuviferi - . 69 148. Sea fir, Tubulkria ram6sa, Millepbra folikcea, and CoralRna officinalis - 278 182. Neritina virginea, Valvkta piscinalis ; Lymnse'^a frAgilis, detrita, and ova- ta ; PIan6rbis nitidus, and 2>/autilus lac6stris ... 435 183. Succinea amphibia, Clausilia ventri. c6sa and solida, PCipa britdnnica, T6rbo wuscbrum, and fl^lix fusca 426 No. Page 184. IRY\x sylvatica, carthusianella, canti- ana, cell^ria, nitida, rufescens, ruf^s- cens in a .young state, hispida, and sericea - .. A'nodon intermfedius 185. 427 428 ZOOPHYTES. 149. 5p6ngia occulkta and fluviAtilis 160. Branch of Ectosperma clavkta 278 308 HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 21. Cerdstium latif blium - . 54 27. ^^rum campanul^tum - - 59 29. ffinothera specibsa - - 60 30. Stapeb'a stell^ris - . - 60 31. ii'uph^rbia c^put Mediiste . . 60 34. Papaver alp\num - . . 61 35. Cepha^lis ipecacuanha . - 61 37, 38. Raffl^sia Arn61dM . . 67 43. iVepenthes distillatbria . .80 64. Zygop^talon rostrktum . - 163 65, 66. Cactus alata - . 164 67. Dioscbrca cinnamomif blia . 164 68. Franciscea Hopedwa - . 165 69. Pol^gala oppositif blia v. m?ijor - 166 71. Caloch6rtus macrocirpus - ; - 166 72. Cypripfedium insigne - . 166 73. Sempervivum tabulaefdrme - 167 76. Bossi^g'^a ens^ta - . 167 77. Cineraria auranfiaca . - 168 82. Vand^llia diffiisa - - 189 98. Eri6phorum pub^scens, and E. poly- stlichyon . . - 241 135. Dwarf Orchis . . . ^272 137. Mercuri^lis 4nnua - . 273 141. Antholj^za sethi6pica - - 274 142. Combretum combsum - . 275 153. Fritillaria tessell^ta - -289 155. jL^mna minor . - 290 156. i^mna major - - . 290 165. O^phrys arachnites, and 0. aranifera 340 169. Cummingia campanuia,ta - . 362 172. to 175. Grasses in the neighbourhood of Bungay . - 381,382 177. Medic^go denticulkta . - 398 178. O^hrys apifera . . 398 186. Dead nettle - . - 429 187. Bfiddlea globbsa . - 429 189. London Pride . . - 430 193. Fuller's Teasel - . 431 195. Myosbtis palfistris ... 434 TREES AND SHRUBS. 13. Great oak at Panshanger . . 38 18. Great oak at Cobham . .42 14. to 17. Oaks - . 40, 41 28. Diospyrus Mabbla . . 59 32. Hakea linearis . - - 61 33. Sphenotoma gracilis . .61 3Q. Bignbnwi Cole« - . . 67 70. ftrats^gus cord^ta . - 166 74. Isopbgon anemonif blius . .167 75. Leucopbgon lanceolatus . 167 97. Privet . . - 235 102. Cowthorpe oak . - . 247 140. Artoc&rpus integrif blia . 274 166. Dry4ndra formbsa . .361 167. Grevilka acuminata , . _ 361 168. Banksia AryaxiAxoldes . - 362 CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 22. .4g4ricus plicitilis - - 54 152. Curious fungus - . 289 179. Lycoperdon Prbteus - . 399 MINERALS. 39. Flint attached to a fossil sheU . 69 VIU LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL. FRUITS, LEAVES, WOOD, *c. No. 196. Fruits of the Anbna paludbsa, longi- fblia, and Chcrimblia ; leaves of the A. Ambotay ; flowers of the Unbna undulkta ; wood of the Xylbpia fru- t^scens Page 440 DIAGRAMS. CellulSires Vasculkres - - - Monocotyl^dones Dicotylddones - - - Rain.gauge - - - 50. Bull's eye Lateral hoofs of the African bull African bull's dewlap 55, ^. Illustrations of Ornithological terms - - 121. 123, 124 Tabular view of Vasculkres and Cel lulares Illustrations of terms In Entomology Brown hornets' cell Corolla and perianth Pistil Stamen Example of one pistil and two pistils Monog^nia, Digynia, and Trig^nia - 136 160 170 231 232 234 No. , Pape 99. Spray of the oak - - 243 100. Boughs,of the oak - - 244 101. Leaves of the oak - - 245 103. Leaves and acorns of the common oak 248 104. Botanical delineations of the oak - 248 105. to 134. Geological diagrams - 252 144. Terminology of birds - 270.276 159. Vignette of the Magazine - 302 163. Bill and tongue of the nuthatch - 330 171. A double bulb - . 380 180, 181. Parts of insects - - 423 188. Spike and raceme - - 430 190. Partial and universal umbels - 430 191. A cyme, in botany . . 430 192. The ament, in botany - - 430 194. Superior flower, in botany - 433 197. Cause of the appearance in the leaves of Malaxis paludbsa - - 442 198, 199. Illustrations of wind reels - 455. 457 200. Illustration of water-spouts - 458 201. Illustration of erratic boulders and blocks - . .488 202. Illustration of Magellanic clouds - 4S9 - EDIFICE. 203. Conservatory in Liverpool Botanic Garden - - - 491 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO VOL.1. - 121< - 240. A. A. - . Page 300. A. B. . . - 9£ A., ".Berwick - -. Adie, J. A., jun., Esq. A. J. N. An Admirer of Nature, Ipswich An Admirer of Nature, Ringwood An Apiarian Anglica ... Amott, J. A. Walker, Esq. A. R. Y. A Subscriber - - Audubon, John James, Esq. F.L.S. &c. B. - . . 14.97.199. Babington, C. C. - - 291. Baird, W., Esq. Battersly, Mr. William Blackwall, John, Esq. ... B. M., Bromsgrove - .. B. of Coventry . . . - Bowdich, Mrs. - - - 108. Brayley, Mr. E. W., jun. A.L.S. - Bree, W. T. . 179. 196. 298. 301. 303. Brown, H. J. - C. - - . 198. 299. Chichester, John, Esq. M.D. C. N. - ^. Conchilla - - . 24. C.S. A - . . " Davies, J. H., Esq. Drew, Charles Adams, Eiq, Drummond, James L. D. S. Bungay E. .. E. K E. W. S., Chelsea H.. Harvey, Mrs. Henslow, the Rev. Jc*n Stevens H. S. . . . -328 H. S., Northaw . . - 378 Hunter, William Perceval - - 393 J. A. - . - - 289 J. B. . . . .288 J. D. C. S. - . . . 290 J. E B. - - . .10 Jennings, Mr. James . . .178 J. H. D. . - - . 190, 191 J. J. A. . - . .93 J. M. 88. 91. 179. 180. 19*. 196. 200. 296, 297. 403 304 i, 94 200 20 421 196 197 299 200 339 349 495 115 309 392 208 177 331 198 304 438 147 393 191 376 325 370 106 495 305 . 494 - 403 . 179. 289, 380 - 353 - 83. 379. 393 - 66 .301 - 113 441 146. J. N., Cally Gardens J. R. J. S. H., Cambridge J. W., Cambridge Kent, Miss - 84 . 189. 383. 384. 459 - 83 - 83 124.228.408.429 Kenyon, Mr. Joseph, of Preston - - 424 Kirby, the Rev. WilUam, M.A. F.R. and L.S. 227 K. N, . - - - 144 Lees, Edwin, Worcester - - 200. 394, 395 L. E. O. . . - - 397 Leyland, R. - - .: - 396  - - 191. 196 Murphy, Edward, Esq., A.B. - - 436 Murray, John, Esq. F.S.A. &c. - 320 Neill, P., Esq.  Robert Rennie, J. Esq R. F,, Naples R. J. S. C. Simson, Mr, Alexander Slight, Henry, Surgeon Smith, Gerard Edwards Sowerby, J, D, C, Esq. S, R. A. S. T. Stewart, John V, 369. 372, 373, 374, 380. 412. 414 - 181 . 348. 466 . 93. 96 - 94 . 397 399,407 - 304 - 192 - 300 216 Stock, Mr. Daniel, of Bungay 69. 93. 300. 378. 381. S. T. P. of Leeds Strutt, J. G. Swainson, W., Esq. F.R.S. F.L.S. &c. T. ... T. F. T. F., London T. L. H. T. W. S. Vectis W. H., a Lover of Nature W. H., R.N. W. J. X. Y. Y. B. - . - Z. B. - .. .37. 43. . 93. . 217. - 22l" 23 242 330 360 378 375 407 . 300 . 300. 304 409 - 407 . 284 . 96 THE MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, MAY, 18^8, INTRODUCTION. In order to point out the agreeableness and utility of the study of Natural History, we shall commence by taking it for granted, that all knowledge is pleasure as well as power. If any man doubts this, we refer him to the first page of Mr. Brougham's Preliminary Discourse on the Objects, Advantages, and Pleasures of Science. In this Introduction, we shall chiefly endeavour to show that the pleasure and the power obtained will be in direct proportion to the labour bestowed. To know any thing does not consist in having merely seen it, or in recollecting its name; no naturalist can be said to know a plant, unless he knows its rank in the vegetable king- dom, its structure, habits of growth, the climates and countries in which it abounds, its history in its wild state, and, if a cultivated plant, its domestic history, its culture, properties, and uses. The tulip and the ranunculus are known to every body, and are deservedly two of the most admired productions of professional florists. There is no child who cannot name them at sight, and no gardener who does not know a great deal about their culture : but how few, among either gardeners or botanical amateurs, know that these two plants, however nearly they may be allied as fine flowers, are very different in point of rank in the scale of vegetable creation ; that they belong to separate fundamental divisions of plants, the or- ganisation of the one being much more perfect than that of the other; and that they display wholly different characters of structure and physiological economy, from the seminal em- bryo through every stage to the perfect plant! -Thus the ranunculus, belonging to a division of plants characterised Vol. I. — No. 1 . b INTRODUCTION. 