Africa rediviva
Cust, Robert Needham, 1821-1909. [from old catalog]
i7a»9 Si irurrevaooaip oi ouk i]Kov<rap ; ttw Bk aKovaaxn x^P^^ icrjpvaaovrof; ; irw hk icrjpv^coaip, ictp fiif airoaToK&ai ; — Romans x. 14, AiZdaiccLKje^ eiSofiep ripa ip t& ovofjutri aov iK^aXKopra Btufiopui, koI ixeoiKvofiep ainop^ on ovk f)Kok6v0€i ^fup. 'O Bi 'Iiyo-oC? ehrc, Mrj KcSKv€T€ axnop* S9 7^/) ovk €<m koO* vficiv, inrep v/i&p ioTip. — Mark ix. 38. LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1891. . %%^ •• ' - • * ;:;;.. : : •.- ••• • 9 X-/ N^ ^^-^ V^ I S 220759 HKRIFORI): PRIXTBD BY STBPHKN AUSTIN AND SONS. •• -• • ..• /...: V •.•\;; : ,\;;-^ ^ Co ^t pernor? OF SIMON OF CYRENE, the first African Cross-bearer ; THE EUNUCH OF ETHIOPIA, the first African who was baptized; APOLLOS OF ALEXANDRIA, the first African mighty in the Scriptures ; CYPRIAN AND AUGUSTINE, the first men ; AND KATHARINA, FELICITAS, and PERPETUA, the first women, WHO DIED FOR CHRIST IN AFRICA; FRUMENTIUS, the first translator of God's Word into a Language OF Africa; AND THAT GREAT ARMY OF MARTYRS, EVANGELISTS, AND PHILANTHROPISTS, WHO, JUST AS THE TRANSLATOR RENDERS A WORD INTO VOCABLES and symbols intelligible to the ear of EACH AFRICAN TRIBE, SO BY THEIR LIVES, THEIR UTTERANCES, AND manner of dying, translated into SYMBOLS INTELLIGIBLE TO THE HEARTS OF THE POOR AFRICAN, THE GREAT, ETERNAL AND ALL-SUFFICIENT, TRUTH, THAT JESUS CHRIST DIED ON THE CROSS FOR THE salvation OF THE WHOLE HUMAN RACE. Trinity Sunday ^ 1 89 1. INTRODUCTION. • b In the course of the compilation of my two volumes of the Modern Languages of Africa, I became so interested in that country, that I proposed to write two additional volumes, one on the Political Scramble for Africa, and the second on the Missionary Occupation of Africa. The scramble has this year come to an end, but in the interim it has been described by most competent authors, so I pass it by : the second subject remains mine and mine only. The great majority of writers would not notice the Missionary Occupation at all, and, if any Protestant and Roman Catholic friend of Missions has turned his attention to the subject, each has absolutely ignored, or j^Ji undervalued, the work of his great Rival. I am tall enough ^^" to look over the barrier, only breast-high, which separates earnest Christian workers. My book is compiled in a Catholic spirit of sincere love to all earnest Christian work, but the criticisms on methods employed is none the less severe, because in my opinion it is required : there are several radical errors which must be eradi- cated. The Church of Rome must leave off the purchase of slave boys and girls to found Congregations, and the Protestants must adopt in the Equatorial Regions Brotherhoods and Sister- hoods, as the only effective and lasting machinery, if they wish to make any impression. B X INTRODUCTION. Four Mission- Maps have been compiled under my instruc- tion by Messrs. Stanford of Charing Cross. To suppose, that a first effort of this kind would be absolutely correct, would be ridiculous. I can only hope, that it is approximately so, and will form a basis for one, that will be more correct, and I shall keep the Maps on the stone for a couple of years for that purpose. In 1884 I compiled and printed lists, and sent them with a Circular to the leading Protestant Missionary Societies, begging for information and correction : some replied, or sent a copy of their Report. There is no difficulty about the great Societies : their Annual Reports are sufficient ; but a great deal of inquiry and promiscuous reading have been necessary to find out about the smaller Societies, and there are obscurities still unravelled. When I was at Rome in 1879, I could get no information even at the Propaganda about the Missions of the Church of Rome : but the world has advanced. The yearly volume of ** Missiones Catholicae " now published by the Propaganda in the Latin language leaves nothing to be desired, and Werner's Orbis Terrarum Catholicus in the Latin language published this year gives even fuller details. For the Missions of Africa there are special chapters, and the information being official for the whole Roman Church may be accepted as correct. ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST. 1891. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Frontispiece. (Christ on the Cross, by Albert Durer,) Dedication Introduction vii Chapter I. Opening Remarks i Chapter II. Northern Region with Statistical Table and Map. Chapter III. Western  : A. Table of Languages Spoken in Africa B. Table of Bible Translations in Africa C. Alphabetical, and National, List of Missions in Africa D. Abstracts : Religious, Geographical, and National E. Table of Books of Reference .... Id "3 115 Chapter I. OPENING REMARKS. Africa used in the days of the elder world to be the " corpus vile " of Asia : in the time of the Greeks and Romans and in later centuries it became the "corpus vile" of Europe. In former years Europeans used to steal Africans from Africa : now they are trying to steal Africa from the Africans. There is a hungering for land, which will never be made use of, a desire for domination over barbarous tribes, whom the dominator knows not how to govern, and from whom he will never gain any profit, or credit : there is a kind of itch for taking possession of everything, as if the Creator had only been thinking of Europe, when He made the world. The plea of ignorance, or the vaunt of having a great Navy, will hardly justify National indifference to the violation of the rights, and sacrifice of the lives of innocent and unoffending populations. Burke in his denunciation of Warren Hastings a century ago spoke thus : " Animated with all the avarice of age, and the impetuosity of " youth, the English rolled into India one wave afler the other, and " there was nothing before the eyes of the people of India but an endless, " hopeless prospect of a new flight of birds of prey, with appetites " continually ravening for a food, which was continually wanting : we " boast of living in an age, when consciences are more sensitive, and ( 2 ) " in which there prevails a greater regard for the rights of others than " in the past. I trust that our conduct as a people with respect to India " may justify this boast" Lord * Palmerston is said to have thus written to Napoleon III.: " How could we combine to become unprovoked aggressors, to imitate " in Africa the partition of Poland by the conquest of Morocco for " France, of Tunis for Italy, of Egypt for England, and how could " England and France, who have guaranteed the integrity of the Turkish " Empire, turn round and wrest Egypt from the Sultan ? We do not " want to have Egypt : we want the power of passing through Egypt." There was a time in the History of the great Roman Empire, when wise counsellors recommended, that the limits of the Empire should be restricted to the Danube, the Libyan. Desert, and the Euphrates, and no new additions be made, lest haply the superstructure should be too large for the foundations. Such precautions are not taken by European Governments. The scramble for Africa politically, commercially, and spiritually, by way of annexation, import of liquor and instruments of war, and preachers of the Gospel of Peace, has become one of the most marked phenomena of the latter part of the nineteenth century. The Political partition of Africa has been already fully described : the Com- mercial partition might be the subject of an interesting and profitable Essay. I restrict myself solely on this occasion to the " Missionary occupation of Africa" in the last decade of this century. I take no heed of past events, nor do I undertake to speculate on the future. Precise accuracy is impossible : the kaleidoscope is always moving, and forming fresh combinations. All the Islands, included in the so-called Africa of Geographers, are excluded. The Christian Religion is taken ( 3 ) in its most comprehensive sense of the Census-compiler. The work of the Missionary for the purpose of this Essay is only regarded on the side of its civilizing influence for the mundane objects of this world. Islam is admitted to be in possession of the majority of the population of Africa, with a tendency to increase by its own momentum, and adaptability to the environment of the Pagan African, and is recognized as the avowed adversary of the Civilization, brought across the seas by the Christian Missionary. It is admitted as a fact, that there is a vast difference in the dogma, and methods, of the different regiments of this invading Army, but they all come into the category of good, honest, peace-loving, benevolent, and high-minded philanthropists, and as a proof of their devotedness a large percentage have died at their post, and yet new recruits are always arriving. The schools, hospitals, and printing-presses, which have come into existence through their efforts, are distinct milestones of progress, but the very presence of a Missionary raises the moral standard of all, who come into contact with, or even gain a sight of, his daily life. The spectacle of a holy, self-restrained, chaste, benevolent, and laborious manner of living is a phenomenon, which astonishes, attracts, and gradually brings into subjection, the wayward, though not necessarily evil, will of the unsophisticated races. Not to be plundered, not to be ill-used, not to be robbed of wife and children, by one, who certainly has the material power to do such things, creates a new sensation. The employment at free work in a Mission-station is a new surprise, for there is an absence of violence, forced labour, and the whip, and the presence of a day's wage, a kind word and a smile, a careful attention to bodily injuries or sickness. Add to this a continuous respect to old age, a delicacy ( 4 ) towards the weaker sex, and a kindness to children : all this would go for nothing in a Christian land, but it opens out new fields of thought to barbarians, and is a living, walking, speaking Gospel, presented to their understanding and hearts. Let no one undervalue the civilizing effects of the presence of a self-restrained man of European culture in the midst of an African population. We ought to put away National European prejudices, and consider what is best for the populations of the Regions annexed. Englishmen have a ridiculously inveterate habit of imagining, that any region of any value at all ought to pass under the dominion of England. All French so-called Colonies are based upon the idea of the Colony being sacrificed to the Mother-Country, with an exclusive system of Commercial Monopoly, and an exclusive use of the French language in business and education. The Germans have gone in for Colonies without counting the cost, or possessing aCny aptitude for government, such as long experience has given to the English and French. With brutal cynicism they have grabbed at what they could get, regardless of the feeling of the people, and without reflecting on the day of reckoning, which will surely come. If it be true, that it is intended to try the frightful experiment of forced labour, plantations, and localized serfage, if the Native population is to be made to work, and the Missionary to superintend industrial schools so as to teach him how to work, the end may not far be distant : the Spaniards killed down the Carib population of the little West Indian Islands, but the races of Africa South of the Equator are more hardy, and have vast central Regions, to which they can retire. The Reigfn of Force may succeed to the Reign of Law and Equity for a brief period, ( 5 ) but in the nineteenth Century it is impossible to carry out to the bitter end the brutalities, which made up the policy of Charlemagne in his dealings with the Saxons in the ninth Century. If there is one object, which more than another, has encouraged me to this work, it is the desire to check the intrusion of the agents of one Mission into the Region occupied by another. Surely as regards Africa it may be said, " Still there is room." Christian men are bound to do Christian work in a Christian manner, and it is not the act of a good Christian to foment difficulties in the nascent Churches by engendering strife about names and customs. The Christian Missionary, however tempting the opening may be, and however pressing the invitation may be, should maintain a strong reserve upon himself : of course towns of considerable size, like Cape Town, Sierra Le6ne, Lagos, Zanzibar, Algiers, Tunis, Tangiers, Cairo, are the common property of all the Churches. A weak Society should not act the part of a dog in the manger, and, while doing nothing itself, attempt to keep other Societies off. The controlling authorities at home should maintain this principle, and act in harmony, and Christian forbearance with each other. It is said of the Roman Catholics, that they intentionally sit down by the side of the Protestant Missionary, with a view to destroy his work. This is not literally true. Many of the Roman Catholic Missions are actually in virgin soil, or were in possession before the arrival of the Protestants. Cardinal Lavigerie told me at Tunis in 1882, that he had positively ordered, that no Station was to be occupied by his Agents within a certain distance of a Protestant Mission, and this should be the wise and far-seeing policy of those, who control the ( 6 ) Missions. In British India there has never been any difficulty on this score. In past years mistakes may have been made owing to ignorance : in future, after the compilation of these Lists, this excuse cannot be urged in Africa. Let us freely admit, that the maritime races of Western Europe were for many centuries irresistibly drawn into the policy of colonization : they did not do so with any clear perception of what would be the result of their efforts : there was none of the effrontery of the late German annexations, the so-called treaties with chiefs, the nominal protection, and then the appliance of force. The Roman Empire no doubt was irresistibly led on to the conquest of Gaul and Britain, which for the time were bad bargains, but the marvellous contact of Roman Civilization, and Religion, led to the genesis of France and England, as we know them. Perhaps the European Nations now may be begetting new Nationalities in Africa, who will rule the future world. This brings us back to the con- sideration of the duty to introduce a good administration into these annexed Regions, and of the responsibility before God and man, which European Nations have assumed with such light-heartedness. What should be the policy ? (i) To develope the self-governing aptitudes of African nationalities either as Kingdoms, or Republics. (2) The European Powers should be just and unselfish to the populations, which have by violence, and by brute force, been brought like a flock of helpless sheep under their influence. (3) The resources of the Region should be developed by methods not calculated to destroy the indigenous population. (4) The introduction of legiti- mate commerce (exclusive of spirituous liquors and lethal arms) ( 7 ) and the gentler virtues of Education and Social Culture. What has been the practice? The European lands on the Coast of Africa, as a Man of Science, or a Man of Commerce, or a great Hunter, or a mighty Explorer, totally regardless of the rights of others : he tramps along, as if he were the owner of the soil ; he treats the tribes, who have had the prescriptive possession of the country for centuries, as if they were in the category of the wild beasts, mere " ferae naturae " : he cares neither for their souls, nor their bodies (and yet Christ died on the Cross for these also) : he sets at nought their customary game-laws : he steals their fetishes from their joss-houses, the skulls and bones of their forefathers from their place of sepulture, and often defiles their women. If old greybeards humbly beg them to pass on, or retire, they are laughed at : if the young cross their spears against the path of the invader, they are shot down by arms of precision. Murder just goes for nothing, when the European is out on the African warpath : he knows, and they know, that he knows, that he is the herald and advance-guard of the destroyer of their race, their customs, and their religion : they know, that he brings with him liquors, loathsome diseases, and lethal weapons : that he is a man of blood, a man-stealer, and a land-grabber, often an adulterer, some- times a hard-drinker : if he is wounded, he cries out, as if he were an innocent man, and were injured : if he is killed, his friends expect his death to be avenged by the despatch of an armed force, or a gunboat, and the slaughter of women and children : he calls himself the Prophet of Civilization, while he proves to be a Demon of Desolation, and Destruction : he makes a solitude and calls it ( 8 ) Peace, and then looks out on the world with a complacent smile, and exclaims, " Behold the garden, which I have unsealed for the " German, the Englishman, and the Frenchman, the new opening for "commerce, the new fields for Missionaries, the new homes within ** the burning tropics for the superabundant population of colder " climates ! Is not this the divine right of Christian men ? " It must be admitted, that in dealing with the natives of Africa the principles of common Christianity, and respect for National Feeling, has entirely disappeared from the vision of Statesmen. No one asks what is just, or right, but only looks to selfish interests from the narrowest point of view. The vultures of Europe have settled down on the corpse of Africa, and are proceeding to tear out its vitals, but with the sanctimonious demeanour, and Pharisaic phraseology, of Christian Philanthropists of the highest order. There never was such a frightful mockery. It has been quite forgotten, that the millions of Africa are children of the same common Father, who feels love and sympathy for all His children, and the greater love in proportion as they are more degraded. For my purposes I divide Africa into four Regions : I. From Sudkin on the Red Sea to Cape Bianco on the Atlantic : ( 9 ) following the Coast line on the Northern frontier, and the twentieth degree of Northern Latitude on the Southern. This constitutes the Northern Region. II. From Cape Bianco on the West Coast to the mouth of the River Kun6n6 : the Northern frontier being the twentieth degree of Northern Latitude: the Western the Atlantic: the Southern the eighteenth degree of Southern Latitude : the Eastern the twentieth degree of East Longitude. This constitutes the Western Region. III. From the mouth of the River Kun^n6 to the mouth of the River Zambesi : the Northern frontier being about the eighteenth degree of Southern Latitude, and following the Coast line on the Western, Southern, and Eastern frontier. This constitutes the Southern Region. IV. From the mouth of the River Zambesi to Sudkin on the Red Sea: the Northern frontier being the twentieth degree of Northern Latitude : the Western being the twentieth degree of East Longitude : the Southern being about the eighteenth degree of Southern Latitude, and the Eastern the Indian Ocean. This constitutes the Eastern Region. Commencing with the Northern Region, I proceed from East to West until I get back to my starting-point. Not one word will indicate the particular section of Christianity, to which the compiler belongs. As stated above, the point of view is that of Civilization and Culture, and it is so far a matter of indifference, what may be the dogmatic, or ecclesiastical, views of the Agents, who bring those blessings, /7r ilte blessing is brought by alL Still unquestion- ( lo ) ably the outward form, in which the Missionary's energy is presented, is essentially different, taking its colour from the Nation, and religious views, of the particular Mission. Let me try from a purely secular point of view to explain this. The great essential division is that of the Church of Rome, and the Churches of the Protestants. In Africa the large majority of Missionaries of the first category are French, but there are also English, German, Portuguese, Belgian, and Italian representa- tives. I think that I am right in saying, that they work exclusively in Congregations or Brotherhoods under a particular religious name with an autonomy of their own, and there is no such thing in Africa as Missionaries sent out by a National non-European Church. The Mis- sionaries are necessarily by the laws of their Church, either lay, or ordained, life-celibates ; their work is a life-work, and they are content with the mere necessaries of life. ;^40 is stated to be sufficient for the annual provision of one man on the Coast : the cost of transport must make life in the interior more costly. They wear a distinctive dress, and have a blameless reputation. As a rule, they do not interfere in mundane affairs: they encourage education, and industrial arts, and inculcate the highest forms of social morality. Perhaps the Frenchman is too fond of teaching the African barbarian the French language instead of himself adopting the vernacular of the place. The blot, which from a secular point of view I find in them all, is the exclusion of the Bible in the vernacular, and the wholesale purchase of boys and girls from slave-dealers to fill their schools, and supply the material for construction of future Christian communities. They call it " redemption," and it is no doubt for a pure and holy purpose, but the transaction itself is as much slave-dealing on their part as on the part of the Arab who ( II ) buys children of both sexes to carve into eunuchs, or pollute into con- cubines. A man might properly redeem his wife, or child, who had been carried off by a slave-dealer, but a European Missionary has no right to purchase that wife or child of the slave-dealer merely for Missionary purposes, and no European Government can tolerate it Cardinal Lavigerie, in his eloquent Conference at St Sulpice, in 1888, thus practically condemned this practice. He said : " Tenter de " racheter tous les esclaves, et en anoncer Tintention, serait allumer des " cupidit^s nouvelles chez les exploiteurs, et les porter & multiplier leur " captures." And with regard to the Bible let me be very bold. To Jerome above all men praise is due for his Latin Translation of the Vulgate, which kept Christianity alive from his date A.D. 400 to the time of Erasmus 1400. Had the Bible in Western Europe become the fossil, which it has become among the corrupt Churches of Asia, where would Divine Knowledge have been found, when Western Europe at the time of the Renaissance woke up from the slumber of centuries ? On the material, intellectual, and educational, sides the Bible is the foundation, the key- note, and masterpiece of European Literature, for the mediaeval trans- lations of the Bible created the present Vernaculars of the Teutonic Races, and are creating Vernaculars all over the world ; the sentiments of the Bible, like a sparkling cord of gold, thread the warp of all modem Literature, and the music of its combinations of thoughts, words, and sounds, form the great monotone, which is heard under the symphony of all modern Poetry and Prose : and finally it is a book, which by itself is a sufficient library of all possible Literature, and without which the Literature of any Nation would be incomplete. The Protestant Missionaries are recruited from the United States of North America, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Germany, and Scandinavia ; they are sent out by organized Societies, which in Protestant countries take the place of the Brotherhoods of the early Churches, and the construction of these Societies displays infinite variety. Indiscreetly-early marriages, large families of children, the increased hindrances of illness and death caused thereby, the absence of proper training, discipline, and obedience, render Missions of the Protestant Churches much more expensive, and the management much more difficult : it is a comfort to know, that the principle of Brother- hoods in the field, and celibacy for at least ten years after commencement of work, are gaining ground in public favour. As a rule, there is entire abstention from industrial or mercantile compli- cations ; but some Missions are exceptions, and with doubtful advantage ; there is Education, an open Bible in the Vernacular, and a total abstinence from purchasing of Boys and Girls to fill schools, and form communities. . The blots are the absence of life-consecration, the higher scale of expenditure, the unworthy sacrifice of Duty to God ( 13 ) to self-imposed domestic ties, the will-worship of individuals instead of absolute obedience to a competent leader. The friends of both sets of Missionaries offend good taste, and injure their own holy cause, by the barefaced Euphemism of their publications, and pulpit, or platform, orations : if the matter were not so serious, it would cause ridicule. I have for many years read the Reports in English, French, German, and Italian, and have always blamed, and regretted the inflated language : there is no hint of failures, mistakes, or shortcomings : the whole narrative is one of unstinted, and often undeserved, praise : spiritual forces, independent of material, are described as fighting on the side of the Missionary : if the Missionary of Rome has a gleam of success, it is attributed to the interference of a male, or female, Saint, who is working in their interests : if the Protestant Mission has a good time of it, it is said to be a direct answer to Prayer ; but, when calamity falls on a Mission, and their Stations are destroyed, and themselves killed, it is never explained by the agents of Rome, why their powerful friends the Saints failed to save them, or by the Protestants, why their prayers were not heard. Both parties forget, that the mighty Controller of Human Events some- times blesses an enterprize by putting a stumbling-block in its way, sometimes guides His poor creatures by closing doors as well as opening them, and teaches by Trial and Martyrdom as well as by Success and Prosperity. All Boasting, and self-laudation, and piling up of epithets, and puflSng up particular agents, should be excluded from the solemn narrative of Work done humbly and faithfully by devoted men, whose reward will follow them. Then again the adversaries of the Missionary are painted in the ( 14 ) darkest colours : the Pagan and Mahometan Africans are described for the benefit of the untravelled home-public, as sunk in every kind of debauchery, disgusting sin, and degradation. I have visited the Northern R^ion of Africa, and did not find it so ; and a residence of a quarter of a century in close contact with the Pagans, and Mahometans, of India, has not led me to think, that either Religion necessarily brings with it debauchery, disgusting sin, and degradation : on the contrary, I have found among them some of the noblest types of the human race, far superior to the ordinary European ; and the streets of London and Paris cry out against the degradation of nominal Christian Communities. As to the African the first thing required is to bring Christianity, Christian civilization, and social culture, to their doors, and even then there is a necessity for a strong Christian Government to give the new elements a chance of fair play, for the character of the people is singu- larly unstable : the Equatorial Races can never maintain the same standard of morality as the inhabitants of colder climates ; at any rate they never have done so. For generations the old Pagan habits and belief will cling to the people under the Christian or Mahometan veneer. More than this : the European settler in tropical Regions will decidedly deteriorate, as the Asiatic immigrants of the Eastern Regions have notoriously done, and his descendants will lose some of their ancestral excellencies, and assume some of the local vices : the problem is a complex and not a hopeful one. I now proceed to describe each of the four Regions with a short Narrative, a Statistical Table, and a Map. t 'll »!• li' I * 'I I i It jh: £ Chapter II. NORTHERN REGION. Sub-Regions: I. Sudkin, II. Egypt. III. TripoHtdna. IV. Tunfsia. V. Sahdra. VI. Algeria. VII. Morocco. For the most part this Region consists of organized States, and the Missionary Problem is very different from that presented by the other Regions. If there are increased facilities, there are increased difficulties. The contact of Europe has been deadly : the political complications are hurtful : the presence of Hebrew settlements offers new' problems : the Mahometan Religion is throughout the whole R^on dominant, through restrained by Christian influences from any persecuting tendencies. In fact, the circumstances of the Northern Region resemble Asia rather than Africa proper. Europe owes a great debt to this Northern Region of Africa : the very alphabet, which we use, can be traced back to Egyptian sources : our earliest Greek and Latin translations of the Bible came from Africa : a great deal of the Mythology of the pre-Christian world, and of the Theology of the Christian world, can be traced back to men, who lived and died in Africa. Europe has in all ages plundered the Egyptians, and continues to this day to do so. I. Suakin on the Red Sea is politically part of Egypt, and is the port, from which before long Berber and Khartum on the Upper ( »6 ) Nile will be attained. An English Church-Missionary Medical man was there for a short time in 1890, but has been withdrawn. Two Priests of the Institute at Verona were sent there a few years ago, and are stationed permanently : the inhabitants are wild Nomads of Hamitic stock, speaking a language, which has no connection with Arabic : they are Mahometan. II. Egypt is the Field of a great many enterprises : the native population consists of Christian Kopts and Mahometans, all speaking Arabic. The American United Presbyterian Mission is the most important, extending with its stations up to Lux6r ; the English Church-Missionary Society has a small Mission at Cairo : in that city also are the Whately Hospital and Schools, and the Gordon College for the purpose of higher Education. At Cairo, and Alexandria, are establishments of Deaconesses from Kaiserwerth near Dusseldorf on the Rhine. The above work among the population generally. There are two British Missions specially for the Jews at Cairo, and at Alexandria. The Church of Rome is represented ait various parts of Egypt by the Congregations of the Franciscans, African Missions of Lyons, Lazarists, and Brothers of Christian Doctrine. A supply of copies of the Scriptures in the different languages is provided for by the British and American Bible-Societies. III. Tripolitana is a Province of Turkey. The English North Africa Society has a Station at Tripoli. The British Bible-Society provides for the sale of the Scriptures. The Church of Rome is represented by the Franciscans. The population is Mahometan, and speak Arabic. IV. Tunisia is a Colony of France. At Tunis and Sfax are ( 17 ) Stations of the English North Africa Society. The London Jews Society has a Mission to the Jews at Tunis. The British Bible Society has a Dep6t for sale of the Scriptures. The Church of Rome is represented by the Congregation of the Capuchins, the Brothers of Christian Doctrine, and the French Mission of the Lady of Africa. The population is Mahometan, who speak Arabic. V. Sahdra is a Region imperfectly known, independent and sparsely inhabited, to the South of Tripolitdna, Tunisia, and Algeria. The Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission of the Lady of Africa. Stations are being occupied by the French armed Brethren of the Sahdra to protect Missionaries. The inhabitants are of a Hamitic stock : Arabic and TuwArik are spoken. VL Algeria is a Colony of France. The English North Africa Society has several Stations, the Evangelical Mission of Paris has also a Station. The British Bible-Society has several Depdts. The Church of Rome is represented by Jesuits, Trappists, and the French Mission of the Lady of Africa. The population is Mahometan, but of two distinct races, the Kabail, who are Hamitic, and speak Kabail, and the Arabs who are Semitic, and speak Arabic. French is largely made use of. VIL Morocco is an independent kingdom in the lowest state of politi- cal degradation. The English North Africa Society has several Stations : the London Jews Society has an agent at Mogad6r : the Scotch United Presbyterian Society has a Station at Rabat. The British Bible-Society has a Dep6t The Church of Rome is represented by the Franciscans and Spanish Priests. The population consists of Arabs, Berbers, Jews, and Negro Slaves from the Suddn : the two former are Mahometan, the languages spoken are debased Arabic, Shilha, and a Negro language. I.— NORTHERN REGION. No. Sub-Region. Agency. Stations. Population. LAnguages. Remarks. I Sudkin Institute of Sudkin Hadend6a Bishdii Verona Cairo Shellah II Egypt . . I American Alexandria Mahometan Arabic United Cairo and Kopt Presbyterian Assiout Luxor 2 English Cairo Mahometan Arabic Church Missionary 3 Whately do. do. do. School and Hospital 4 Kaiserwerth Cairo do. do. Deaconesses Alexandria 5 Gordon Cairo Mahometan do. College and Christian 6 London Alexandria Jews do. Society 7 English Cairo do. do. Parochial Mission 8 British Bible Alexandria Mahometans do. Society Cairo Christians and Jews 9 American do. do. do. Bible Society ( 19 ) No. Sub-Region. Agenqr* II Egypt . .10 Francis- cans Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. Cairo Mahometan Arabic Alexandria Kopt do. do. II Jesuits Cairo Minieh do. 12 African Missions of Lyons Zdgazig do. 13 Lazarists Cairo Alexandria do. 14 Brethren of Christian Doctrine do. do. III Tripolitina i English North Africa Society Tripoli Mahometan 2 BritishBible Society do. do. 3 Franciscans do. do. IV Tunisia . i English North Africa Society Tunis Sfax do. 2 London Society Tunis Jew 3 BritishBible Society  Tunisia . 5 Brothers of Tunis Christian Doctrine Population. Languages. Remarks. Mahometan Arabic 6 French Lady of Africa do. do. do. V Sahdra . I French T^dy of Africa Biskra Ghaddmes do. Arabic Kabail Tuwdrik 2 French Biskra Armed Brethren of Sahdra do. do. VI Algeria . I English North Africa Society Algiers Constan- tine Tlemsh^n Mdscara do. Arabic Kabail 2 Paris Evangelical Algiers do. do. 3 British Bible Society Algiers Constan* tine Mahometan and Jew do. 4 English Wesleyan Mission Bugi Mahometan do. 5 Jesuits Oran do. do. 6 Trappists Algiers do. do. 7 French do. do. do. Lady of Africa ( 21 ) No. Sub-Region. Agenqr* VI Algeria • 8 Lazarists 9 Spanish Priests Stations. Population. Languages. Remarks. Algiers Mahometan Kabail Oran Christian Spanish VII Morocco . I English North Africa . Society 2 London Jews Society 3 Scotch United Presby- terian Society 4 British Bible Society 5 Francis- cans Tetuan Mahometan Arabic Tangier Pagan-Negro Shilha Casablanca Negro Mogador Jew Rabat Tangier do. Mahometan Arabic Mahometan and Jews do. do. Mahometan do. 6 Spanish Priests Ceuta Christian Spanish / ( 23 ) occupied by the West India Association of the Episcopal Church of England. At different points in this Sub-Region the Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary, and the Brothers of Christian Doctrine. There are Portu- guese Priests in the Portuguese Colony. II, In the British Colony of Sierra Le6ne there is not only entirely Religious Tolerance, but absence of interference with Missionary Education, for which it is hoped, that the French Priests of Rome are g^teful. The bulk of the population of Freetown are descendants from liberated Negro slaves, of very different races, but all now speaking the English language, and brought up in British culture : in the r^ions around are Pagan and Mahometan tribes, speaking the languages of Temn^, Bullom, and Mend^. The English Episcopal Church is independent and self-supporting, but the Church-Missionary Society supports a Training College, Schools, and some outlying Mission-Stations. The English Wesley an Missionary Society, Lady Huntingdon's Connection, the United Methodist Free Church, are also represented. The Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. In the outlying villages the American Missionaries of the United Brethren of Ohio are occupied amidst the Mend6-speaking villages of Sherbro*; and in the Regions in the interior behind Freetown another American Mission from Kansas is attempting to reach the inhabitants of the Suddn. III. Beyond the frontier of the British Colony of Sierra Le6ne and its dependencies is the Republic of Liberia, which extends ( 24 ) along the Coast from Cape Mount to Cape Palmas. Whatever is done here is done by citizens of the United States, and the following Churches are represented, the American Episcopal Church, the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church, the Baptist Northern Union, the Evangelical Lutheran, the Coloured Baptists and Bishop Taylor's Mission. The Church of Rome is represented by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary. If the culture and religious views of the people of Europe and North America are to exercise any predominant influence over the people of Africa, lower in culture, and devoid of any fixed and intelligent Religious belief, it might have been expected, that in the British Colony of Sierra Le6ne, and the American Republic of Liberia, after the lapse of half a century there would have been evidence of that beneficial influence, but it is not so : no impression, religious, moral, or social, has been made by the educated Negroes of either community on the surrounding coloured men of the same or cognate African race : this renders the outlook for the elevation of the people of Africa very dark indeed. IV. The next Sub-Region is that of the Gold-Coast from Cape Palmas to Cape St. Paul. In this area there is much independent coast territory, and a British Colony, that of Cape Coast Castle. The English Wesleyan Missionary Society has a mission among the Fanti, the German Missionaries from Basl in Switzerland among the Ashanti, and the North German Mission of Bremen among the population of Akrd, and the Ew6-speaking inhabitants of the kingdom of Dah6me. The Church of Rome is represented in these quarters by the African Missions of Lyons. It must be remarked, that in ( 25 ) these last three Sub-Regions no attempt has been made to penetrate far into the Regions behind, and the teaching of the Missionary is exposed to impediments arising from the evil lives, and commercial imports, of nominal Christians. V, The next Sub-Region, the Slave-Coast, extends from the frontier of the last- mentioned Sub-Region to the limits of the Estuary of the River Niger, and a portion of it, Yariba-land, extends back to the Quarrah Branch of that River. It comprises French, German, and English Colonies, and independent territory. The English Church-Missionary Society has occupied the island of Lagos close into the Coast, a British Colony, and several important Stations in the interior of the mainland, notably Abeokiita. The English Wesleyan Missionary Society has occupied other Stations on the Coast, and at one time penetrated into the interior as far as the Quarrah Branch of the Niger, The American Baptist Southern Convention is repre- sented at Lagos, and Abeokuta. The Church of Rome is represented by the African Missions of Lyons at numerous Stations. VL In the next Sub-Region, the Niger-Basin, I come upon new phenomena, where the Missionary is able to penetrate far into the interior, and get among a population untainted by the evil contact of European commerce on the Coast. The Church-Missionary Society has a row of important Stations in the Delta, the Lower and the Upper Niger, reaching as far as the kingdom of Nup6 on the Quarrah Branch of the Niger. Up to the last year it has been conducted solely by African Missionaries from Sierra Lc6ne. The English Wesleyan Missionary Society at one time penetrated through Yariba-land to Egga on the Quarrah Branch of the Niger. In the ( 26 ) neighbouring region of the Oil Rivers the Scotch United Presb)rterlan Church have a Mission on the Old Kaldbdr River. The Church of Rome is represented by the African Missions of Lyons in the Upper Niger, and by the French Mission of the Holy Ghost and Heart of Mary in the Region on the left bank of the great River. The whole Sub-Region has passed under the Protectorate of Great Britain : the perpetration of the abominable crimes of the Pagan period has ceased, such as Cannibalism, human sacrifices, and the slaying of twins : life and property are now safe, and a door is open wide into the very heart of Africa, only second to that of the Kongo-Basin South of the Equator. VII. The next Sub- Region is that of Kamerun, a newly- appropriated German Colony : little is known of the interior, but expeditions have been sent out to work their way to the Binu£ Branch of the River Niger. The history of the Missions of this Sub-Region is very painful, and fortunately there is no precedent, and it is to be hoped, that there will be no occurrence similar to the expulsion of the English Baptist Society, which had for many years been labouring among the tribes, and the substitution of a German Mission for the sole reason, that it was a German Colony. In British India no question is asked as to the nationality or denomination of a Mission : all are welcome. It is necessary to record distinctly, that there was here a shameful breach of the recognized law of Missions. The Native Baptist Church still maintains an independent existence, and puts forth a certain amount of aggressive activity : the great fact is, that it exists, though deprived of its European support. It was understood, that no French Roman Catholic Missionaries were allowed to establish themselves in the ( 27 ) German Colony on the West Coast ; a German Mission of the Church of Rome, called Pallotin, or the Pious Society, now occupies the Region. It is a gross perversion of the raison-d^itre of Christian Missions, that they should be in any way connected with, licensed by, or dependent on, the Civil Power : if they prove disloyal to the Ruling Power, let them be expelled from the Province; but the history of British India for the last half century shows, that Christian Missionaries, whether of the Church of Rome, or Protestants, do not interfere in Politics, when the great gift of Toleration is conceded to them all. There is no agency of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the Western R^on of Africa, but many translations have been made, and much distribution-work is done by the agency of the Protestant Missions. A considerable Vernacular Literature has been created in the numerous lang^uages spoken, specially at Sierra Le6he and Lagos. Assistance has been rendered by the London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the London Religious Tract Society, to the efforts of the Missionary Societies. Having arrived in our course at the Southern frontier of the great N^ro Races, it is the place to record an opinion as to their future. They assimilate European and Aoierican culture with much greater readiness and thoroughness than the people of British India. I write this with knowledge of, and admiration for, both nationalities. The case of the African is the most* anxious, and critical, as he has no past History, and no indigenous literature; yet the contact with the free Africans of the Southern States of North America render him more sensitive of the domination of the Whites, and the educated African ( 28 ) has below him vast masses of uneducated countrymen in a far lower and more degraded state of human culture than can be found in any part of British India. An independent civilized Native State is possible and a fact in India ; in Africa among the African races it is impossible. Liberia has proved a failure, and could never be considered Independent. 