Studies on the diurnal periods in the lower strata of the atmosphere ..
Bigelow, Frank H. (Frank Hagar), 1851-1924 | United States. Weather Bureau
.-- | \ — 4 1 ^ • — x Q / ~^ s^ -Febr u,i y.r ^ / ^ /• / x ^* ~ — ^51 1 , !^* ^— — - -»^ ^ X1^ \ ^ / ? ' 1 ! dc 17 •a L / / 1 — -•— ^ \ a T^ / / \/ X X s ^ / \ ^^ \- —»_ "^ -»»^ ^-' '/ / V / **"- k -^ ^ r*; i / , ?" X \ /is L ' \ \ / / \ ^ "-~~ x / 3 / X " ^" \ ~-~^. .-^ / / * s \ -7 & W / 7 \ \ / / *\ \ 1 / * / **~ " - j^ \ X ^^ X / ^/ / \ \ •-*-. * ^ / / \ N 7 Ui ^ ^ \ \ f.f t/ / A s*- ~x \ x X / j / \ v_ " -• — , ? / / \ \ / / s \ ) u k / \ \ <y • 7 1 x x^ ^ / / ^*~ —• \ ^-v. •— fc. — / / X N^ \ / r s \ 4.1 ^ '« ^•4 7 \ X, r ^ / i \ "*** " "^ — X1 / / \ / s* "*~ "l" ^s \ •S te rr ,^?e f/ N s \ l'./ \ x x^ Si ^ / A \ / S / y^ --Oc io fc sr. / ^ S / / \ x ^ /• / ? \ ^^. / \ / \ ? 7o K< ?J2 ^6 er \ ' \ j. / - "x ^^ ^ t / x s **—. — - __ - — I L x \ 7 1 X ;S 'C 37 r^S ^ ^ ' ^^ -~— T M2 ^ ( > / 4) FIG. 56.— The annual variation of the surface temperature at Blue Hill. (4) The fourth point is where the azimuth ;9 shifts from the first and second quadrants to the third and fourth, and it occurs at about 6-7 p. m. in winter, but at 7-8 p. m. in the summer, at the time of the setting of the sun. On fig. 55 these four special points in the system of diurnal vectors are indicated by the four lines marked (1), (2), (3), (4), and by 31 their course they show that the entire action which produces this magnetic disturbance of the normal field, contracts in time toward noon in the winter, and spreads away from it in the summer. This remarkable change in the location of the turning points is related without doubt to a similar change in the diurnal distribution of the temperature in the lower strata of the atmosphere, which must be closely associated with the magnetic variations. Tn order to show how exactly these two phenomena syn- chronize in time during the course of the year, I have trans- ferred to fig. 56 from figs. 14-25 the surface temperatures as observed at Blue Hill, plotting them in the sense indicated by the coordinate values. If the line (1) is drawn at the locus of the first active rise of temperature, at about two hours later than the minimum, the course is marked at an earlier hour in sum- mer than in winter. The line (2) is drawn at about halfway up the forenoon temperature slope; line (3) at the maximum of the temperature, and line (4) at about halfway down the afternoon temperature slope. On comparing the lines (1), (2), (3), (4) of fig. 56 with those of fig. 55, it is observed that the annual curvature of the lines is generally so much in agree- ment as to make it very probable that the magnetic field and the temperature are both direct effects of the solar radiation, which itself has an entirely similar course to these in the North Temperate Zone. Now, since it is well known that this diurnal temperature effect is confined to the lower strata of the atmosphere, within two miles of the surface, I have been unable to concede that the diurnal magnetic variations can be caused by electric currents in the upper strata of the atmos- phere, as assumed by Professor Schuster and other magneti- cians, or that it can be caused by a bombardment of the upper strata by the ions transported in the solar radiation, as sup- posed by Professor Arrhenius and other physicists. While I have been unable to relinquish my belief in a cause located in the lower strata of the atmosphere, it has been an exceedingly difficult thing to discover a substantial physical cause that will fix the exact location of a system of electric currents, or other source of these magnetic vectors, in this region, and, indeed, I had not been able to do so before arriving at the results of the kite observations as exhibited in the preceding papers of this series. The general relations may be represented schematically by fig. 57, "The probable relations between the temperature waves, the streams of positive ( + ) ions, and the magnetic vectors in the lower strata of the atmosphere". Let A represent the sur- face of the earth which is charged with negative electricity. A portion of this charge is derived from the ionized contents of the atmosphere, due to the action of the short waves of the solar radiation upon the constituents of the atmosphere, espe- cially the aqueous vapor located within an arch spanning the Tropics. Another portion of the negative charge is probably derived from inside the earth, and is due to the excess of dif- ferential circulation of the negative ( — ) ions over the positive ( + ) ions in the atomic conflict at the prevailing high temper- ature and pressure, by which more of the negative electric ions are detached from the atoms and in circulating are polar- ized by the earth's rotation so as to produce the internal mag- netism of the earth and an electrostatic charge at the surface. If the negative ions rotate more rapidly than the positive, as with the velocity of light, the deflecting force due to the earth's rotation must be large, and tend to cause these ions to move in planes perpendicular to the axis of rotation. This will cause an internal magnetic field directed from north to south. The surface charge of negative ions is supposed to rest quite steadily on the earth, or within it, while the positive ( + ) ions of the atmosphere rise and fall from one stratum to another ac- cording to the change in the air temperatures, as if the posi- tive ( + ) ions had an affinity for certain temperatures, which they seek through vertical and horizontal motions. Let B represent the ordinary surface temperature wave, with which it has never been possible to associate the diurnal magnetic vectors. Let G represent the semidiurnal temperature wave in the lower strata of the atmosphere as integrated in the di- urnal convections, generally within half a mile of the ground. The maximum temperature occurs at 3 a. m. and 3 p. m., and the minimum at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., both of these subject to the annual variation in time already indicated. Let D repre- sent the probable streams of 'positive ions, directed vertically upward at 3 a. m. and 3 p. m., but downward at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. It should be observed that at 3 a. m. the vertical up- ward current of the semidiurnal wave is really neutralized by the downward current of the surface wave, and that during the night hours we should have small residual motions on the whole of a downward direction; that, at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. the downward semidiurnal waves prevail because the surface temperatures are nearly normal to the day and the convectional currents are producing lower temperatures; and, that, at 3 p. m. both the diurnal and the semidiurnal waves unite in a com- mon upward vertical component. We may assume, then, that the positive ions descend vertically at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., but ascend vertically at 3 p. rn. The accompanying adjacent streams on the preceding side of the 8 a. m. vertical, bend to the left in the early morning hours, but to the right after that hour. These latter naturally recurve, becoming horizontal at 10 a. m. to 11 a. m. in order to ascend in the warm midday current. At 8 p. m. the positive (-f ) ions first descend, recurve by be- coming horizontal at 6 p. m. to 7 p. m. and ascend in the warm afternoon current, while those farther to the right slowly descend throughout the night. Let E represent the corres- ponding magnetic deflecting forces, which are generally found to be at right-angles to the electric streams as thus located and always directed in the same sense. JElectric current. vector. This remarkably consistent correlation of cause and effect throughout the diurnal fields is greatly in favor of the theory here described. Finally, it should be remembered that this entire temperature system is moving as indicated by the arrow F on the diagram from right to left, and that the warm wave is con- tinuously intruding upon the cool regions to the left of it. If the positive ( + ) ions seek to avoid an excess of warm tem- perature by streaming from low levels during the hours from 10-11 a. m. to 6-7 p. m. into the higher levels with a maxi- mum at 3 p. m., that is generally by moving upward in the warm current, the effect is to leave the positive (-f-)ions in the higher strata throughout the evening and night hours. There is not so much a continuous electric circuit, with the same velocity in all parts of it as in a conductor, but rather an alternate rise and fall of the electric charges at different parts of the day, that is a falling by night and a rising by day, somewhat as is indicated in the diagrams. The westward lateral movement of the diurnal system probably tends to keep 32 wider open the streams of ions before noon, at 10 a. m. to 1 p. m., and to make them closer together at about 6 p. m. to 7 p. m. At the same time, as already explained, there is pro- duced the increase of the atmospheric electric potential gradient to a maximum at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. by the approach of the positive ( + ) ions to the negative ( — ) ions lying at the surface, also, an increase in the rate of dissipation of the two kinds of charges by the more immediate mixture and contact. It is not necessary to remark that we do not suppose that the positive ( -f ) ions and the negative ( — ) ions are separated from each other so exclusively as is here indicated, but only that there is an excess of the positive ( + ) ions in the strata above the ground, and an excess of the negative ( — ) ions near the surface. It may be noted that the conflict in direc- tion from 4 p. m. to 9 p. m. between the convection air cur- rents and between the streams of the ions, one being upward and the other downward, is very favorable to the production of thunderstorms. THE DIBHNAL MAGNETIC VECTOES IN THE POLAR, TEMPERATE, AND TROPICAL ZONES OF THE EARTH. Similar considerations applied to the magnetic hourly vec- tors which have been computed in the other zones of the earth, and described in chapter 4 of Bulletin No. 21, lead to the following conclusions, illustrated schematically in fig. 58. The normal magnetic field of the earth, positive in the South- ern Hemisphere, has the horizontal component directed north- ward, while the vertical is upward in the Southern Hemisphere, but downward in the Northern Hemisphere. The downward positive ( + ) ion stream repels the north end of the magnet eastward in the North Temperate Zone, but westward in the South Temperate Zone; the upward positive (-f) ion stream works in the opposite sense. Hence, the descending positive ( + ) ion stream from 7 p. m. to 11 a. m. (fig. 57) in the Northern Hem- isphere directs the north end of the needle eastward, but in the Southern Hemisphere, westward. The ascending stream di- rects it westward in the Northern Hemisphere and eastward in the Southern Hemisphere. The same diurnal temperature waves, therefore, produce the required opposite magnetic effect in the respective hemispheres. In the Tropical Zone the vectors on the sunward side are directed northward for the ascending positive (-)-) ion streams, and southward in the night, 4 p. m. to 8 a. m. for the descending streams. In the Polar Zone the outspreading magnetic sheets on the morning side of the pole imply a descending stream of ions which is directed from left to right, or west to east; and on the afternoon side the ascending and concentrating magnetic vector sheets imply an outflowing system of positive ( + ) ions which ascend into regions about the surface. Generally, these magnetic vectors in the three zones require electric currents directed from west to east in the Polar Zone athwart the direction of the lines of the solar radiation; those in the Temperate Zones require lines nearly in planes from north to south, and also athwart the solar radiation field; finally those in the Tropics require positive ( + ) ion streams parallel to the direction of the same radiation. These three rectangular systems of elec- tric currents evidently form those types of couples, exactly the counterparts of the three sets of magnetic couples which were described in the same chapter of Bulletin No. 21. For some reason the positive ( + ) ions seem to prefer to travel at right angles or else parallel to the lines of the electromagnetic radiation, even when they are passing along paths which are rendered favorable by the temperature conditions already existing in the lower strata of the atmosphere. THE SYSTEM OF DAILY MAGNETIC VECTORS, AS DISTINCT FROM THE HOURLY VECTORS. Besides the system of hourly deflecting magnetic forces described in chapter 4, Bulletin No. 21, I also worked out a second vector system, which gives the vectors day by day, disturbing the normal magnetic field in the day intervals, taking the several successive groups of 24 hours in succes- sion. These vectors are summarized in chapter 3, of the same bulletin, and it was there shown that they consist of vectors acting nearly in the planes of the magnetic meridians directed northward or southward as the case may be. Since the entire magnetic field of the earth is involved in these dis- turbances, which often run three or four days in the same direction, before reversal to the other side of the normal oc- curs, it is necessary to seek for a general cause instead of one that is distinctly local. The mere temperature effects of meteorological circulation can not be the dominant cause, be- cause the two systems of conditions do not synchronize. It was also shown that this general magnetic field, taking the annual values of the vector s, does vary in parallel with that of the solar field as shown by the frequent number of spots, faculae, and prominences. According to that interpretation of several phenomena which was adopted and which is probably physically correct, the sun was found to be magnetized. The solar action and the magnetic terrestrial effect undoubt- edly synchronize in the long run, but there has been great difficulty in assigning so large physical fluctuations to the sun itself as seem to be required to account for the observed magnetic conditions at the earth. It has seemed to me nec- essary to assign to the direct magnetic field of the sun at least the function of setting in operation such terrestrial forces in the earth's atmosphere as should make up between them the required magnetic efficiency. Just what that terrestrial process is in fact, there has been trouble in detecting, and in assigning to it a sufficiently natural modus operandi. The vio- lent fluctuations of the magnetic field could hardly be ascribed exclusively to variations in the normal solar electromagnetic radiations, for two reasons: (1) The sun would be a variable star of such a convulsive type as to be inconsistent with the comparatively steady flow of heat which the earth receives from it. Nor can this view be suitably modified by adding such a bombardment of solar ions as Arrhenius has suggested, because their possible efficiency is not nearly great enough to match the great magnetic fluctuations which are continually being recorded. (2) The vector system pertaining to these daily disturbances is entirely different in type from that found in the hourly variations. Indeed, I showed by the computation on Table 15, page 76, Bulletin No. 21, that in the case of strong disturbances the ordinary hourly disturbing vectors (fig. 58) are transformed hour by hour into a system of vectors like the general type (fig. 59), thus proving that these two phenomena have essentially different originating causes, so far as their effects on the observed magnetic vectors are concerned. I have not failed to recognize the difficulties of my own theories in this problem, nor have I discovered in other papers a solution which seemed in anywise competent Plate I. 33 Worth. West,. South. FIG. 58. — The streams of + ions causing the diurnal magnetic vectors in the Polar, Temperate, and Tropical zones of the earth. FIG. 59,— The general disturbance : Magnetic vectors directed south- ward and caused by a flow of + ions from south to north in the air. FIG. 55. — Diurnal variation of the magnetic vectors, s, a, j3, for latitudes + 30° to + 60°; K, a, for each month, [), for January and July. Plate II. 34 Midn.l 23 436 7 8 & 10 11 Noon J 23456789 10 HMidn. FIG. 57. — Probable relations between the temperature waves, the streams of + ions, and the magnetic vectors in the lower strata of the atmos- phere. A — negatively charged surface of earth. B zz the surface temperature wave. C = the semidiurnal temperature wave at the height of 400-600 meters. D — the probable stream lines of the positive ions, as moving charges. E — the corresponding magnetic vectors. F =: direction of motion of the system. 35 to account for all the conditions at the solar end and at the terrestrial end of the line of cause and effect. The following view is, therefore, suggested with the impression that it forms an excellent working hypothesis for further examination. Taking such a group of lines of force as are to be found on charts 17, 18, of Bulletin No. 21, which shows that the mag- netic force is subject to world-wide variations of the same type on the same dates, it is evident that the normal field of the entire earth is for a while disturbed by a set of vectors point- ing southward, and again by a set of vectors pointing north- ward. The mean vectors of this system at the several latitudes of the earth were computed, and they are plotted on chart 10 of Bulletin No. 21. They have longer vectors in the polar re- gions and in latitudes 20° to 40° than in the latitudes 40° to 60° and 0° to 20°. I have transferred them to fig. 59, which shows the magnetic vectors s directed southward and to fig. 60, which shows them pointing northward, of course referring to two seperate occasions. This alternate action, or reversal of the entire system of magnetic deflecting forces, is the phe- nomenon to be explained. By extending our notion of streams of positive ( -f ) ions moving from point to point in the atmosphere, we have merely to suppose that on certain provocations the positive ( + ) ions move from one hemisphere to the other in the atmosphere, re- turning again through the outer shell of the earth, as indicated on the diagrams. For a southward directed magnetic system, the positive ( + ) ions stream from the Southern Hemisphere along the arches in the atmosphere most favorable to their movement, whether due to temperature and vapor conditions, or to special ionization and conductivity functions. This flow of the positive ( + ) ions induces the magnetic vectors at the surface, and the positive ( + ) ions stream back from the North- ern Hemisphere to the Southern through the crust of the earth, thus causing the earth currents which always accom- pany agitation of the normal magnetic field. For a northward directed system of vectors the positive (+) ions stream from the Northern ito the Southern Hemisphere in the air, and return thence through the outer shell of the earth. The magnitude of the disturbance of the normal magnetic field depends upon the intensity of the stream of ions flowing along these paths, and that is a function of the number of the ions and the veloc- ity of their motion, in situ, that is in the sun itself, as for example, the sun spots, or the prominences, is attended with unusual troubles of a physical nature. The following analysis may tend to throw some light on the subject. The disturbances which occurred at Washington, D. C., during the years 1889, 1890, and 1891 were subjected to an analysis similar to that used in other connections, by which the polar disturbance vectors a, s, a, p, were computed for each half hour of those days on which the traces were decidedly agitated, as 1889, February 28, 29, March 5, 6, 17, and so on throughout the three years. The purpose was to fix their daily distribution as a diurnal period, and the direction from which they come upon the normal field. The mean vector for the 24 hours was, s = 245 for ft between 315° and 45° that is north ; 315 " ft " 45° " 315° " west; 333 " ft " 135° " 225° " south. 308 " ft " 225° " 315° " east. Hence, the south quadrant receives the strongest impulse, while the east and west quadrants are more disturbed than the north quadrant. Fig. 61 contains the curve of relative numbers showing the diurnal frequency of the disturbance, the maxima being at 12 to 1 p. m. and 12 to 1 a. m. Compar- ing with fig. 57, it is seen that these maxima agree with the position of the maxima of intensity of the ascending stream of positive (+) ions, as determined by the temperature curve of the lower strata, that is the one located a few hundred meters above the surface. We may infer that one source of the magnetic disturbances is in the temperature waves which induce the movement of the streams of positive ( + ) ions, especially in a vertical direction. Hence, these hourly magnetic disturbances are specifically meteorological phenomena occur- ing in the lower strata of the atmosphere, and are the products of the solar radiation produced through the intermediate agency of the ionizatiou and temperature waves. . = e n v + + n_ v where e is the charge of electricity of each ion, n+ and n_, the number of the positive (-f-) ions and the negative ( — ) ions, and v+ and v_, the velocity of the same. The simultaneous occur- rence of the aurora in both hemispheres is evidence of the ac- tion of the ions which, in traversing the gases of the atmos- phere in the low or the high strata, produce the observed luminous effects as phosphorescence or fluorescence. It should be observed that the hourly location of the aurora frequency occurs in the regions marked out on fig. 58 by the streams of iona, that is in the earLy morning and the early evening hours, since there is a region of minimum of frequency stretching from 11 a. m. across the polar region to 11 p. m. This simple explanation of the long series of interrelated phenomena, which has so long escaped a natural correlation, has much to commend it to careful consideration. The quan- titative determination of the number of ions involved, and their velocity of motion in the circuit from one hemisphere to the other, will require much exact research work upon the various functions involved in the physical processes. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE APERIODIC DISTURBANCES. It has been very difficult to assign to the observed disturb- ances of the magnetic field, that is to the large variations of a spasmodic character, like temporary storms, which occur in the normal field, a satisfactory explanation. The attempt to ascribe the physical cause exclusively to variations of the solar action rzA i titsfTtfron rzri Z3*sf7»9»rrrz eo so to 30 zo S > / s / / \ \ r I 1 s •^ N, / \ / -?*• \ / E \ \ / ^ ' r / FIG. 61. — Distribution of the hourly magnetic disturbances at Wash- ington, D. C., in the years 1889, 1890, 1891. There is yet another cause for the other type of great mag- netic storms which endure for several days, as distinct from those lasting a few hours, and cause the excessive variations in the diurnal field. In working up my data into the 26.68- day period, and deducing the resulting mean magnetic curve, as 'shown on chart 21, Bulletin No. 21, or by the upper curve on fig. 62, I excluded the large magnetic disturbances be- yond a certain amplitude, for the sake of obtaining the normal structural magnetic impulse due to the rotation of the sun on its axis, if any such exists. The curve mentioned has been found to reappear generally, though at the expense of much waste of material in computing to eliminate the other kinds of irregularities by mutual self destruction, in nearly all the solar and terrestrial phenomena. It, therefore, seems to point to an organized mass in the sun due to a highly viscous mass hav- ing great rigidity at immense pressure, or to a definite organic circulation. Similarly I have counted out the dates of occur- rences of the magnetic disturbances recorded at Greenwich, 1882-1903, as collected by Mr. Maunder in his paper, Monthly Notices R JL SL November, 1904, and entered them in a tab^ based upon the :^&S~dav epbemeris. The result is shown aim ia fig. Chrea gires a table which shows the number of great magnetic storms, using Maunder 's data, that commeoced on the several hours of the day. These numbers are plotted on fig. 63 which •anaa !••! I ha i ii in m ilialiail ••limum •! 1 \i m The num- bers are distributed without dirtiantina as to hours *"if«ng the night aad eailj TBIH aiag, but at 10 a. m. a pronounced in- crease in the number par hour set in a nine culminates aft 1 p. m. and falls off gradually to S p. m. On comparing this curve, fig. 63, with that of the diurnal disturbance curre, fig. 61, it m seem that the principal -""-»- agree at the hour. The inference is that the gnat disturbances several days, as well as disturbances which are limited to a few hoars in duration, each toad to ciiatialiiUi about the 1 p. m. hour when the ascensional current of the puaitite (-f-) kms is •Inmgial T*inai figs. 62 aad 63 it is quite certain that the gnat ilalailiaarni have two fauna *^^f™g into their compo- sition, one belonging to the sun's atmosphere and the other to the earth's ataMiayatnu- The final solution of this jaulifcia is evidently dependent upon a knowledge of many terms irfanr than a mere enumeration and matching of the number of the sun spots aad prominences with the efleula, whether at the sun or at the earth, constitutes one of the most fascinating problems open to scientific research. If the production of ions by solar action, their distribution stati- cally aad dynamically under the influence of atmospheric pres- sure, temperature, and vapor contents can be thoroughly worked out, the result will be to raise meteorology to a prac- tical science of the highest rank. The numerous cross con- between radiation, whether variable or constant, the ktion in the solar and in the terrestrial envelopes, the circulation of the solar mass and of the earth's . the resulting weather and «•««•»««*•» make up in two ways, (1> by the radial path o (1) bj Recurved path of a direct ma| of thece may operate separately, or to alter the normal balanci in the earth's afakoapacre, and f paths indicated on figa. 38, 59, so > ease mav be. A» a matter of .-_ '. . ' _. - r two <• lanmilij q are found to i ing vector ijnlnai pointing southward, so tl (+) ioae low northward in the air strata. Th long as thei of research problems of much difficulty, and yet of such promising value to all men as to justify a much greater activ- ity on the part of astrophysicists and meteorologists than has been t^iiiia to the subject of eosmical meteorology in the past TH* COOOOXKVKS OT THE MTKXAI. WESD VZLOdTT. In chapter 9, of the International Cloud Report, some ac- count was given of the relation between the distribution of the pressure aaiua aad the ••gaiilUi field •eutoui in the polar veD as in the Tropics and middle M*%nih- It shown that the diurnal ware in the Tropics and the tem- perate zones advances over the earth as a long double wave ertoadiap from latitudes +60° to —CO0, but that in the Polar Zone a single wave of maximum crosses the poles with a phase about 90° different from either of the maximum pressure waves in lower latitudes- It appears that the distribution of the magnetic vectors is closely associated with this single wave in the Arctic regions, but I could give no suit- rrf thirr maidna traaajjinn fi nai tan iJumHtr t" the single wave at the latitude CO0. It now appears that the inrnal waves are due to temperature effects aad eonrec- tts in the lower strata, as within COO aMitorn of the surface, and that above them from 600 meters to 3000 meters there exists a single temperature wave, located halfway be- tween them, which likewise m produced as the result of the temperature distribution in the fewer strata. Now, since in the temperate zones, the double temperature wares exist at few levels aad the single temperature ware at high Ininla, ft is quite likely that this single wave descends to the surface in the Ttolmr T*mn_ aad indacea the single pressure wave which ganies it Than, the single temperature and pressure rest on the surface in the polar zones, but pass orer- s an arch in the temperate aad the tropical zones, higher in the Tropics than in the middle latitudes. This is quite similar to the distribution of the aqueous vapor con- tents ia an arch, and it is probable that the positire (+) ions travel along this high HIIIBBBIU arch through the earth's at- mosphere rather than by any other route The rectors of figs. 59, CO show fla* long rectors occur in the Polar Zone, and in the latitudes between the eastward drift of the tem- aad the aeatmard drift of the Tropics, that is to say, in the belts of the earth where the high pressure distri- " Imiiiaal come to the surface. Fina from : : i. -. anal littil* neti< ions eaus i "i orb • •- 1 \i :: SltiT disti : i .. : - --. •qH "WfiT ihe i ..• ;,,-, :- lOTW ,- in ti ress TAJ33 1 UT, br comparing the diurnal -wind rectors, as deduced TAZI^E tfce surface and -the free air observations, it -will be seen they BMBjaaijeiiz* closely with the other results of this 11, — Vectors cffhe diurnal magnetic deflecting force*. azimuth unsle, K. =0*, W.i^ne0, fc. = 180°, E. = 270. in ternw ul D.OOOU1 C. Or. fc. unit. vertical angle, positive to zenith. rsis. I maT remark in conclusion, that "there seems to be i need to adopt the theory of Arrhenius, that the mag- *-» IWteuary. Starch. April. ; disturbances are due to a bombardment of the Bolar Hours. - traTersmg the space between the earth and the BUIL, be- '. , ,. , * a e t m f e the daBtrarbance of the normal temperature, or the •al eleetoeal field and magnetic field by radiation effects, ^ ^ p 'ttttue direct iiiUCTLC'tic pffectfi is KU"ffi'*Tf*T)t to set. up & i C H 4 4 5 - E 10 •: 12 18 36 17 - * - B 6 6 6 7 7 6 D B 25* ~3fi 38** -19 286 28 MB 14 B6B -3D 878 -3D SCT - S 321 r30 2D6 ua 217 .24 176 r20 120 - 9 101 -7 B8 -a w -86 136 -87 j::i -40 19K -47 207 -80 2C4 -14 260 -9 2SE -7 286 - 8 2H c 8 —18 265 C —34 25» E — 9 271 S —7 279 4 —6 286 7—9 sue 7 — 8 812 9 —2 282 12 — 4 297 12 — 4 2S2 12—8 257 15 -20 289 20 -84 105 a +26 87 39 -|-18 89 35 -f-11 89 JO + 1 98 7 — 16 «5 6 — Bl 120 « —SB SUO 6 —31 2t£ 7 —27 264 8 —22 268 « —20 280 C — 2D 265 c B —11 2K6 6 —IB 2t* 6 —14 2ffl 6 —3D 304 6 — 9 296 7—9 SSI 10 —34 339 32 —a 813 17 —17 27* a — 2 286 20 434 240 22 -SB 182 27 -S4 103 29 -20 85 28 4-12 89 a —2 86 12 —34 94 8 —31 134 6 —26 322 E — ifl 32S 7 -29 34 6 —28 27T, B —19 269 B —36 276 B —11 285 o 7 —SO 2*8 6 —22 286 6 —18 2U4 B —12 288 9 —14 28E ID —34 28E 34 —39 »* 21 —15 234 27 —11 258 2E 41 2fi 28 -26 221 26 4-44 163 85 -34 M 40 +18 84 36' +32 « 25—3 7« 16 —36 84 31 —88 1*0 33 —37 140 9 — ST 131 13 —SO 285 9 —84 288 9 —29 284 6 —26 283 7 —30 280 le-balaneing circulation of the ions. The entire system f ;;;;;; ke sun and the earth constitute a delicately balanced -wire- *• -•. j; 10. — Howrlii vatuee of the •polar coordiauttee «, a, p al fine stations MHV. June. July. August. • a ft * o B * . a m » f m the North Temperate Zone. W. = "Washington. P. = Paris. T. = Vienna. I. = OSfli6. I. =Zi-±»-wei. 12 a.... 6 7 9 14 22 26. 39 24 80 35 82 2B 14 3D 8 6 8 9 e 7 6 c -83 276 -36 283 20 302 c 7 —24 278 6 —20 283 7 — 35 SB ' 6 —10 293 30 —12 286 IE —34 286 o 8 —25 272 7 —26 835 6 —22 382 9 —38 317 9 —25 285 36 —20 2»0 D 6 — 16 282 6 —34 829 6 —18 823 £ f —19 302 -17 2»6 16 264 3D — H 31E 31 —12 380 35 —38 287 «• •' s * £ e 1 - |E _ & *. g --••• —18 276 — 9 263 — 4 2S6 + 7 285 +84 196 -44 186 -^18 78 • « "TO —16 « —45 B4 —53 332 —46 166 —34 256 —83 294 —27 277 —28 2B2 —81 276 25 -33 275 SO —5 265 30 0 252 26 + 7 235 22 -29 208 25 —36 339 S3 +80 180 35 +28 81 84 +14 88 26+3 ffl 19 —12 8D 14 —86 67 J» —88 76 9 —49 346 10 —46 320 9 —88 810 8 —SB 304 6 —27 287 7 —24 276 28 — 14 279 29 —10 266 81 —6 251 27 +5 238 » +20 SB 25 —35 139 29 -rSO 105 84 4a 89 82 +14 83 26-4 Bl 37 —30 78 10 —Si B7 * —SO 311 10 —38 86 B — 33 312 9 —30 SiH 9 —22 292 8 —27 277 6 — 2B 272 24 —18 288 83 —IB 267 32 — 9 226 1. ... 4.1 1 S..... 7-1" «.!! JO. ... 11 12p a. I ! 4." *....: «_J a.— *. EL... S..J a +29 162 27 -83 326 B7 +28 98 87 +16 88 .82-1-9 80 23 -+2 76 33 —39 76 9 —46 H6 3C —63 68 3D —36 45 3D —27 814 9 — 2S 320 * —26 286 3D —20 274 6 —36 282 6 30 PC -If. -10 —7—33 — M -34: 284 2B3 820 283 188 S» 11. ...... S 18 7 7 6-26 0 4- 4 — 16 - 7 — B 349 3» a»T S8S IBS '271 32p.... 8 8 7 5—27 00 0— 6 — 7 280 28B BB SBJ BB «S U. s 4 —20 o - E o '0 1— .» 2» aa> M ST* i«o aw 2 4 llK S *7-«6-iHt7-7+13— 36i-BB»aSaBaB«*Bp| * 7 7 M 8 :B I B -a -S-B — 6 « 49—2:818 SBB 847 2» IE 282 J.I".: • TAB * IS! —3D 4 « — 10 0 — E — 4 flit BB XB BB JB6 1 13 E 20 14 '» 12—4 4* — 4 JW2 0 — S, 28» 279 288 294 SBB 1 10 7 20 ID 38 I2i 4fc -27 -in -f.;r -7] al *. Bl 0 H -4-22 -fir. -«2 -40 +X- -4-iiC, 188 386 M8 180 * Sl06 10. . . . .. 18 4« 4-16 +27 -39 - 18 128 86 145 88 » f«7 BO. M B « K 1609:4-38 +12 +18 +33 4- 7 4-33 3*0 W 124 94 * «8 32 !f. in 'M 14 12 3K + 9 D 8 4 -r 5 I i! 87 BE 111 116 !« K9 ID 7 IS 11 7 30 -H2 — M —IE —35 —45 ^—16 K 117 102 126 86 6 4 10 10 57 428 —85 —29 —28 — 90 -Bl 86 90 122 129 0 i «5 Sej 64694* 436 67 —45 —86 —45 -SB! 93 90 75 164 180 O20 itember. October. Sovemlnsr. 1 Wi Willl IKJT. 4764 -28 — «5 —65 —45 —22 —81 245 2516 65 a 7 380 UIK» floras. ~ i • • JO 6 —28 — 3 — 45 — 45 0 —27 278 235 338 aO 1M 1265 1 B* « B ' 7* —26 — 16 —29 —80 — 6 —22 256 286 BSE 264 167 1257 a e \ M a S « <> e t m f . ; K _<n _ 7 — 18 — 80 — 1* -20 286 276 SOB 270 16M 12SO 4 18 9 t T 8 —26 — B —12 —12 — « ' — IB, 272 276 302 297 180 365 1 ,*"•• 9 V S 32 38 36 22 25 25 a 29 . 35 . 84 . 80 . 38 . 10 . 7 : 7 •s . e ; * 9 m —33 SB B BBS. D 18 -i» 272 6 « 886 7 42 aB 8 —3 BB * o aB 30 — 7 Bffl 14 —16 S10 1 20 —16 274 22 — 9 247 24 -^16 214 24 +26 168 29 -24 107 32 -36 88 26+9 89 38 — « «7 9 —84 33B 6 —86 130 9 —42 1% 6 -Bl 285 9 —BE 272 33 —28 BB 33 —20 276 US —15 289 10 —10 272 D i -2 288 7 -6 9B 1 D 6 -10 2S2 7 -IE 2» 2 — * 322 — 7 817 6 -26 286 f -28 822 8 +36 833 7 —17 SS5 18 —4 8<7 ID —e aB ; 10 —12 819 10 +34 283 12 -SO 214 16 -r25 174 22 +38 86 19 -10 94 MS — 6 89 38 —20 BB ! XI —35 HE B — » 142 * — 48 1M 7 —36 185 9 — * 2S6 33 —19 259 11 — H 265 9 —-6 2S4 9 42 266 8 -2f 3 28 316 1... 2... X «_. I- -, • 11... I*. : 3 — 4 — S — BU. 