Elements of conchology : including the fossil genera and the animals
Bowdich, T. Edward (Thomas Edward), 1791-1824 | Henderson, J. B. (John Brooks), 1870-1923, former owner. DSI | Dall, William Healey, 1845-1927, former owner. DSI
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EDWARD BOWDICH, Esq. ° HONORARY MEMBER OF THE CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND OF THE WETTERAVIAN SOCIETY OF HANAU. MEMBER OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF PARIS. CONDUCTOR OF THE MISSION TO ASHANTEE. P ART I. UNIV ALVES. Pc: WITH UPWARDS OF 500 FIGURES. So PF) - Emenee PARIS, PRINTED BY J. SMITH, ‘AND SOLD BY TREUTTEL AND WURZ, SOHO-SQUARE, LONDON. 1822, (Price Twenty Shillings.) Gi MoH rel PREFACE. A Manual, like those of the Mammalia and the Ormithology already published, originated in the notes and drawings collected during a study of the subject, preparatory to a second travel in Africa. I had intended to arrange the similar materials for the publication of the Reptiles and Fish before the Mollusca, until a further progress in the study of Geology convinced me that the present Manual was not wanting to the Zoologist alone. M. Brongniart has shown that the Formations containing the remains of marine shells, very rarely, and then under peculiar and evident local causes, present those of fresh-water shells; and that the contrary had been alleged, because Genera containing both marine and fresh-water shells, differing not merely in specific but in generic characters, had not been reformed or subdivided. M. Lamarck acknowledged the justice of the observation, and resumed his labours, which had previously advanced this branch of Natural History considerably towards perfection, by establishing separations of marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial shells; but, unfortunately, his Extrait du Cours de Zoologie, published in 1812, contains the mere outline of his system, without the descriptions of the genera; and the last and only part (which appeared two years ago) of the 6th volume of his Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sont Vertebres, without figures, contains merely the three or four first genera of the Univalves, and reminds us so frequently of the melancholy affliction which has now compelled this illustrious Naturalist to depend entirely on the eye-sight of others, that the appearance of the remaining parts, if they should appear, must be hailed by the friends of science with much less confidence, although with equal admiration and gratitude. The system of classification desirable to the Geologist, is that by which a shell may be readily and accurately determined, without considering the animal which has inhabited it. Such a system is equally convenient to the Conchologist, when each genus is followed by a reference to the place which the animal occupies in the Natural System, which should always be adjoined. To be unable to determine the shell, unless we found the animal, would be like having no other aid than Crystallography for the study of Minerals. These elements are principally compiled from Cuvier’s “ Mémoires pour servir al Histoire et à l' Anatomie des Mollusques,” and the 2d vol. of the “ Régne Animal” of the same author; M. Lamarck’s Mémoires sur les Fossiles des Environs de Paris;” M. Brongniart’s “ Mémoires sur des Terrains qui paroissent avoir été formés sous? Hau Douce,” and others on the same subjects, scattered through the 22 quarto volumes of the “Annales du Mousseum;” M. Blainville’s and M. Defrance’s articles in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles;” M. de Ferussac’s “Histoire Naturelle, générale et particuliere, des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles;” and many other rare and costly works, collected in the splendid library of Baron Cuvier, to which I have had access at all hours, with the liberty of taking home whatever I pleased, for The last two years. The figures which illustrate the system of M. de Ferussac have been copied from those which accompany his work, with the exception of such as were to be found in the Museum. Almost all the other figures of the recent, and some few of the fossil shells, have been drawn from the. objects themselves; which I have invariably been permitted to take home from the Museum for that purpose, without being limited either to time or number. I have occasionally been favoured with such specimens as were not to be found there, from the cabinets of MM. Lamarck and Dufresne. The remaining part will contain the Bwalves, Multivales, and the Sub-Coronalia and Vermicularia of Lamarck (the Brachiopoda and Tubicole of Cuvier): a figure of the entire shell, of each valve, and of the hinges and teeth, when at all complicated, will be given. The Animals and Fossil Genera will also be included. I beg to repeat that this Manual, as well as the others, has been compiled for those of my countrymen, whose remote situations in our colonies do not permit of their acquiring so desirable a species of knowledge, by the study of collections; as well as for those who, like myself, may cultivate Natural History, as the most agreeable delineation to mathematical studies. Paris, November 6, 1821. INTRODUCTION. VUVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAV of animals.—Leach’s Zoological Miscellany. Vol. 1, p. 42. (2) Record le toil de la ligne, shells have been found at the height of 14,220 feet above the sea, on a mountain in Peru. (3) M. Defrance has discovered at least 500 species of fossil shells in the calcaire grossier at Grignon, the equivalent of the London clay. (4) Les terrains les plus bas, les plus unis, excavés jusqu’à de très-grandes profondeurs, ne montrent que des couches horizontales de matiéres varices, enfants presque toutes dinnombrables produits de la mer. Des couches The shells whose analogous species do not live in our seas, but in those of warm climates, form a part of the fossils found in the north of Europe. The Nautilus Pompitius found at Couragnon, and the remains of which are not uncommon at Grignon, is one of the peal des produits semblables, composent les collines jusqu’aux plus grandes auteurs. Quelquefois les coquilles sont si nombreuses, cinquagées forment elles seules toute la masse du sol. Presque partout elles sont si bien conservées, que les plus petites d’entre elles gardent leurs parties les plus délicates, leurs crétes les plus subtiles, leurs pointes les plus détails, les plus subtiles, leurs pointes les plus détails. Elles s’élévent des hauteurs supérieures au niveau de toutes les mers, et ou nulle mer ne pourrait être portée aujourd'hui par des causes existantes. Elles ne sont pas seulement enveloppées dans des sables mobiles, mais les pierres les plus dures les incrustent soutenient et en sont pénétrées de toute part. Toutes les parties du monde, tous les hémisphéres, tous les continens, toutes les fles un peu considérables presentent leméme phénoméne. On est donc bientôt disposé à croire, non seule-ment que la mer a envahi toutes nos plaines, mais qu'en elle y a séjourné longtemps et paisiblement pour y former des dépôts si étendus, si épais, en partie si solides, et contenant des dépôts si bien conservées: Le temps n’est plus ou l'ignorance pouvoit soutenir que ces restes de corps organisés étoient de simples jeux de la nature, des produits concus dans le sein de la terre par ses forces créatrices. Une comparaison scrupuleuse de leurs formes, de leur tissu, souvent même de leur composition chimique, ne montre pas la moindre différence entre ces coquilles et celles que la mer nourrit; elles ont donc vécu dans la mer; la mer existoit donc dans les lieux où elle les a laissées; le bassin des mers a donc éprouvé au moins un changement, soit en situation. Voilà ce qui résulte déjà des premières fouilles, et de observation la plus superficielle. Les traces de révolutions deviennent plus imposantes quand on s’éléve un peu plus haut, quand on se rapproche davantage du pied des grandes chaines. Il y abien encore des bancs coquilliers; on en apercoit méme de plus épais, de plus solides: les coquilles y sont fout aussi nombreuses, tout aussi bien conservées; mais ce ne sont ali les mémes espéces ; les couches qui les con- tiennent ne sont plus aussi généralement horizontales. Elles se redressent obliquement, quelquefois presque verticalement. Au lieu que, dans les plaines et les collines plates, il falloit creuser profondément pour connoitre la suc- cession des bancs, on les voit ici par leur flanc, en suivant les vallées produites par leurs déchiremens. D’immenses amas de leurs débris forment au pied de leurs escarpemens des collines arrondies, dont chaque dégel et chaque orage augmentent la hauteur. Kt ces bancs redressés, qui forment les crétes des montagnes secondaireés, ne sont pas posés sur les bancs horizontaux des collines qui leur servent de pre- miers échelons; ils s’enfoncent au contraire sous eux. Ces collines sont ap- puyées sur leurs pentes. Quand on perce les couches horizontales dans le voisinage des couches obliques, on retrouve celles-ci dans la profondeur : quelquefois méme, quand les couches obliques ne sont pas trop élevées, leur sommet est couronné par des couches horizontales. Les couches obliques sont donc plus anciennes que les couches horizontales ; et, comme il. est impossible quelles n’aient pas été formées horizontalement, il est évident qu’elles ont été relevées, qu elles ont été avant que les autres s'appuyassent sur elles. Ainsi la mer, avant de former les couches horizontales, en avoit formé d'autres, qu'une cause quelconque avait brisées, redressées, bouleversées de mille manières. Il y a donné en aussi au moins un changement dans le sein de nous. INTRODUCTION. Numerous instances (1). The fragments of palm-trees; the fossil masses of gum-elastic; the impressions of exotic ferns in slate and coal; and the fossil bones of the Elephant, Crocodile, etc. found in England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, seem to attest a mutation of climate (2); Cuvier and Brongniart were the first who announced the existence of formations, anterior to history, composed in the same manner and presenting the same characters, although situated at great distances from each other, and containing terrestrial and fresh-water instead of Marine productions (3). It is impossible to admit the hypothesis of the transport of these terrestrial productions to the sea by means of rivers. They might have carried into the sea some remains of vegetables and some fluviatick and terrestrial shells, but then the formations which are composed of them ought to be preserved. Cette mer qui avoit précédé la ndtre; elle a éprouvé aussi au moins une catastrophe; et comme plusieurs de ces bancs obliques quelle avait formés les premiers s’élévent au-dessus de ces couches horizontales qui leur ont succédé, et qui les entre. ourent, cette catastrophe, en rendant ces bancs obliques, les avoit aussi fait saillir au-dessus du niveau de la mer, et en avoit fait des tles, ou au moins des écueils et des inégalités, soit quils eussent été relevés par une extrémité, ou que l’affaissement de lextrémité opposée eit fait baisser les eaux; second résultat non moins clair, non moins demontré que le premier, pour quiconque se donnera la peine d’étudier les monumens qui l’appuient.— Cuvier, Discours sur la Théorie de la Terre. Paris, 18214. See the note on that singular shell the Zrochus agglutinans, p. 35. The Zerebellum perditum (the analogous living species of which is not known) is found in great numbers and of all ages at Grignon, which M. Lamarck considers would not have been the case unless the enormous quantity of marine shells had lived in that region, instead of being accumulated there by some great catastrophe. At Courtenay, near Rheims, an enormous bed of fossil shells discovers itself in several points; it proceeds from east to west, appears again at Grignon and some other places, and from M. Lamarck’s comparison of the species with those found in Hampshire, appears to have extended to that part of England. If so, there is reason to believe that this bed has been divided by the Channel since its formation; and, consequently, that its formation was anterior to the last invasion of the sea. The rocks of the western coasts of France are interlarded with Gryphites, Ammonites and other shells (coquilles pelagiennes) known to inhabit the sea only at great depths. Recent littoral shells have been found fixed on these fossil deep-water shells, which are also common in the hills called Vaches-Noires. There is a pottery in that neighbourhood which is supplied with clay from that part of the beach which is uncovered at low water: this clay, which is said to be very superior, contains quantities of deep-water fossil shells. It would seem, therefore, that these parts are not now subjected to the sea for the first time. Again, the fossil marine shells found more than 60 feet deep in the earth, probably were not deposited during the last invasion or passage. of the sea.—Hydrogeologie, par J.B. Lamarck. Pages 85, 86. Lamanon is said to have observed immense beds of fresh-water shells on beds of marine shells in the mountains of Provence. INTRODUCTION. to present the forms and all the characters of alluvium; that is to say, a mixture of all sorts of heterogeneous matters, more fragments than entire bodies, coarse sands, unequal and irregular strata. We find nothing of this kind in the Fresh-Water Formations; the limestone is almost pure, every thing is in its place and perfectly entire, the most delicate shells present themselves in complete preservation; indeed, fragments of them are scarcely to be found in this formation, whilst, in the marine, fragments are met with in large quantities. We must, therefore, suppose a great tranquility in the waters wherein these shells have lived. They are deposited in beds, often very thin and perfectly horizontal, like the masses of limestone and the zones of silex which they contain; the silex is in beds, frequently continuous, and never in rolled pieces. The disengagements of gas, indicated by the tubulures, have almost always been made vertically, and have often proceeded from the same plane, which is a further proof of the tranquility of the liquid and the homogeneity of the Formation. Lastly, the immense extent of these deposits, which occupy spaces of more than 1200 square leagues, and which in so great a surface do not present any trace of disorder, renders this hypothesis perfectly admissible. The extent of these masses of Fresh-Water Formation ought not to astonish us; we know of others at least as vast in North America. If the lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario deposited stony layers on their beds and became dry, they would leave Fresh-Water Formations more extensive than any of those just described. Among the different stages of alteration in which we find fossil shells, the most frequent is that in which only the animal part has been found mixed together, except in the quarries of Grés at Beauchamp near Pierreleau, where the cause is local; for the fresh-water limestone, which forms the surface of the soil, reposes immediately on the marine sand which forms the bed or fond; the mixture of the two, therefore, in this point of contact is natural. M. Defrance has since adduced and explained another instance; see note on the Genus Helix. At Montmartre the Calcaire Marin forms a kind of mamelon or small hummock, and the gypsum in depositing itself on these beds, which are porous and friable, has enveloped the marine shells which they contain. Indeed, there is no proof that gypsum may not be a salt-water deposit; the upper marine formation contains small beds of gypsum at intervals, and the oysters are often covered with chrystals of selenite. There are only 3 fresh-water genera of bivalve shells, and it is remarkable that no species of either has been found in the Fresh Water Formation. Fresh-water deposits must not be determined by the presence of double shells, but, like that of the environs of Paris, on the constant presence of a considerable majority of shells not found elsewhere, and on the constant absence of all marine bodies. See PI. 4. INTRODUCTION. The gelatinous or membranous portion which is mixed with the cretaceous part; so that after its destruction the shell is almost exclusively composed of calcareous matter. It has lost its brilliance, its colours, and often even its mother of pearl, if it had any, for it owed all these to the presence of the animal part. It has generally become quite white, but sometimes, having been long buried in a slime containing coloured particles, it has acquired a peculiar hue, not its own. Other fossils have not only lost the animal part, but even their substance has been transformed into siliceous matter; in this case, the closer approximation of the component parts leaves a small void space around the shell, in the stone wherein it is imbedded, more or less interrupted by lateral adherences. Shells have sometimes been so peculiarly disposed by volcanic eruptions, as to preserve their natural colors even in the fossil state. We scarcely condescend to examine microscopic shells, from their insignificant size; but when we reflect that it is by means of the smallest objects that Nature everywhere produces the most astonishing and remarkable phenomena, they become highly interesting, from their multiplication or abundance, and their consequent influence on the composition and extent of the masses composing the exterior crust of the globe. Whatever Nature may seem to lose in point Of volume in the production of such bodies, is amply made up by the number of the individuals, which she multiplies with admirable promptitude to infinity. The remains of these minute animals, therefore, have much more influence on the "ose of the globe than those of Elephants, Hippopotami, or males. UNIVALVE SHELLS. DIVISIONS. MIGLONGEN, VEMUS = 6 Se ee ell Se ea, nf = flatzy.. discous. spheroid straight or almost straight.. Symmetrical.... volute; with whorls Concave... - « « « » woluté 2% gyc7 2 Se: monolocular......./arched....:...... straight; in the form of a. very large, 2... envire.. 27.93 elliptical. 4 moderate round.. conical or spiral; mouth angular.. P hannelled.. : } ea € AEN i ghee tae Not Sy Ea notched... + io es a imvelule, orentioly-flat. Po.) kk og ia, ° e ° e e semi-round. adhering 6 ° multilocular.......{ partly straight.... 2.2... se adhering SVs, wD, touching. penetrating Nautilacee.... ...... Argonautacex... p. sheath.. shield.. Sepiacee..... p Nummulacee... p. 15. Spherulacee,... p. 16. Orthoceracer... p. 17 Lituaceer..... p Spirulacee.... p. 21. Ammonacee... p P Carin Carin acer..... p. 2 Vaginacez....\. ps2 Clypeacer. *... po 2 Megastomata... p. 2 Ellipsostomata... p. 2 Pp be gy Cag DIVISION 1. SEPIACER. GENERA. 4. Lotico. Lam. CGALMAR. A plate of horn on the VY. Animal, p. 54. back, instead of a shell, in the form of a sword or lancet. Pl. 4, fig. 2. 2. Sepia. Lan. Shell oval, thick, gib- V. Animal, p. 54. bous ; composed of an infinity of very thin calcareous plates, parallel, joined together by innumerable little hollow columns. Pl. 4, fig. 41 (1). (1) Being friable, from its structure, it is employed to polish various substances; it is also given to young birds to sharpen their beaks. (i: ) DIVISION 2. NUMMULACEA. GENERA. 4. Nummura. Lam. CABIN. Exterior form lenticulae. No siphon. Marine. lar, without any apparent opening; a spiral cavity divided by septa into an infinity of small chambers. Perfectly disconsolate, only one row of cham- Fossil and living. Pl. 4, fig. 3,4. (2) bers to each turn of the spire. = b. (Siderolites, Lam.) The edge with blunt or — Microscopic. sharp rays. PI. 1, fig. 23. ec. (Renulites, Lam.) Several rows of cham-......... 77 ++ isle wle ee es bers to each turn of the spire. 2. Discorbires. (3) Lam. Spiral, all the turns visible and exposed. (4). PI. 1, fig. 5 (1) The Nummulites are amongst the most widely-spread fossils, forming, almost exclusively, entire chains of calcareous hills and immense beds of building stone. The Pierre de Laon is composed of Nummulites; the pyramids of Egypt were constructed with stone of this nature, and are raised upon the rocks which supplied it. They were formerly considered, by some, to be Lusus Nature, by which portions of calcareous matter assumed the form of organised bodies; By others, as petrified seeds, opercula, bivalve shells, etc. etc. Breynius, in 1732, concluded them to be univalve shells, very analogous to the Ammonites. Bruguiere thought that the animal was contained in the last chamber of the shell. Cuvier considers them to be interior sheels. To observe the chambers more distinctly, let a drop of ink fall on the worn face, and when it is quite dry rub the Nummulite delicately on a stone to take off the exterior black, after which all the points which have retained the ink become evident on a white ground and the interior organization is perfectly discovered. This practice is useful for recognizing several other delicate fossil shells. (2) These are the most common and the largest amongst the fossil species, but the living species are very small. (3) The termination tles distinguishes the Genera exclusively fossil, no analogous living species having been yet discovered. (4) This character distinguishes them from the Spirolinus siphon from the Nautili. Spirolinus, the absence of the DIVISION II. SPHERULACEK. 4. Mere. Lam. Oval, globulous, or ob- long ; subtrigonal ; the spi- ral turning around an axis perpendicular tothe planes of the turns; divided into 2 or 3 chambers, the last pierced by a lateral hole, which is the only aperture. Pl-4, fig. 6. 2. Pottontes. Monif. Resembling the Miliola, , but the chambers pierced alternately towards both ends of ‘the shell, and the last open the whole breadth. Pl. 3, fig. 16. 3. ARETHUSA. Monif. Chambers rolled ob- liquely (making the shell turreted) and only the last perforated. Pl. 3, fig. 17. 4, MeEtonires. Lam. No apparent mouth; consisting of numerous tubes or siphons united in a plane rolled on_ itself. Pies die, 4. ; 5. Gyroconitrs. Lam. Hollow spheroids, com- posed of several linear pieces, curved, joined at the sides, the extremities terminating in the poles; the surface furrowed in transversal circles (2). Pl. 4, fig. 14. (1) The fossil species have formed, exclusivel cially in the quarries of the environs of Paris. (2) Only one species known, the size of a pin’s head, G, medicaginula, Lam. GENERA. With chambers. Oe (eee Sy We, Oe, haere ae, YP Without chambers. y, immense beds of stone, espe- Marine. Some species found on Fuci, in the neighbourhood of Cor- sica (1). On the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Microscopic. On the shores of the Adriatic. * Scattered throughout | the masses of silex be- — longing to the First and ~ Second Fresh Water — Formation of the envi- — rons of Paris. IL \ cr } DIVISION IV. ORTHOCERACEZ. 4. Betemnitrs. Boet. de Boot. A thin double case,. composed of two cones united at their bases; the interior cone much shorter than the other, divided within by parallel septa, concave towards the base; only one chamber (conical) apparent, the older ones being successively effaced by the piling up and contiguity of the septa. Pl. 1, fig. 9, 22, etc. GENERA. A siphon extending from the summit of the exterior to the same part of the interior cone, whence it continues either along the edge or through the centre of the septa. Very abundant, especially in strata of chalk and compact limestone. a. Elongated in cylinders, sharpened at the end only. — 6. Narrowed towards the base, like a distaff or lance. 2. ORTHOCERATITES. Brey-nius. Straight or slightly bent; chambered; margins of the septa even, or with 1 or 2 small undulations. Pl. 1, fig. 25. Pl. 2, fig. 3. Conutaritres. Miller. Concave, hollow, mouth half closed by an inflexion of the lip. Pl. 3, fig. 19, 24. 4. AMPLEXITES. Sowerby. Nearly cylindrical; divided into chambers by numerous transverse sepals embracing each other with their reflected margins. Pl. 2, fig. 10. 5. Noposarra. Lam. Straight, chambered, slender, with a contrac. A siphon central or lateral. Septa imperforate. Said to characterize the Transition Rocks of Werner. In Transition Lime-stone, in Ironstone, in Schale, with marine shells. In the Limestone of the Black Rock at Lime-PICK. Akin to the Raphanis-ter (Pl. 2, fig. 15), Echidnus (PL. 2, fig. 14), and Telebois (Pl. 3, fig. 22) of Montfort. B Contractions so deep that the sepals are united by the siphon, appear as if strung together. Pl. 2, fig. 12. Hippunires. Lam. Cor- nu-copiz. Thomson.. : Thick, cylindrical or A siphon, a gutter in- _ Several large species conical, with irregular sepals of asiphon, or both. in the older Secondary ta traversing two longitu- Mountains: dinal cylindrical projections adhering to one of the sides; mouth closed by an operculum. Pl. 4, fig. 24, 26, 28, 31, 33. Pl. 2, fig. 18. a. Conical, more or less arched. Pl. 4, fig. 24. b. Batholites, Montf. Straight, cylindrical. b. Bacunites. Faujas. Ha- MITES. Parkinson. Straight, cylindrical, a ~ Maestricht. In the little conical, fusiform, clay at Folkstone. In hooked or bent, com- | the chalk at Hamsey and pressed : septa transverse, at Horton. undulated at the margins. Pl. 1, fig. 17, 419. Pl. 2, fig. 16. Pl. 3, fig. 18, 23. a. With a siphon at the outer edge of the chambers. b. Without es oe ws 8. Turriites. Montf. Spiral, turreted: with — Septa pierced in their | St. Catherine’s Mount chambers divided by si- disks. near Rouen. In the mountainous septa: the turns green sand at Horning contiguous, all visible: sham, Wilts. Hamsey mee round. Pl. 4, fig. Marl Pit. Belemnites. According to M. Beudant, they have never been found in transition limestone, or grey wacke, but first appear in the argillaceous tron stone which alternates with bituminous slate. The internal of the two testaceous cones is filled with a solid substance, presenting either radiating fibres or conical beds enveloping each other, and their bases corresponding with the edges of the septa of the interior cone: this solid part is sometimes found alone; at others, the kernels of the chambers of the interior cone or the alveoli are also met with. Pl. 1, fig. 9. Most frequently the alveoli and the chambers themselves have left no other traces than some projecting circles within the interior cone; but we sometimes meet with the alveoli still piled on one another, but detached from the double conical case which envelopes them. The exterior cone has generally a notch on one side of the base continued in a longitudinal furrow. Klein, in 1734, was the first who considered the fusiform Belemnitesto be spines of Echin, from the similar exterior form, and the radiation presented in both on fracture, Pl. 1, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig. 7: it does not appear, however, that he thought of making an interurbic section of the Echinus, such as M. Beudant has submitted, pl. 4, fig. 8. pl. 2, fig. 8. A Belemnite, in the collection of the Conseil des Mines, which has not entirely passed into the calcareous state, presents in some of its parts the same spongy and radiated tissue which we observe in the spines of the Echinus. This Belemite also offers the peculiarity of a nipple at the base, with projecting sides, striated transversely, and diverging from the centre to the circumference; the centre is perforated by a small shallow round hole: the summit sometimes terminates in folds. Pl. 4, fig. 10, 11, 12. Some present a large conical cavity at the base, which has been often considered as the last chamber or dwelling of the animal; others have none, or at least a very small cavity. Theophrastus’s description of the lynx stone is not applicable to the Belemnite: it would seem that we owe the first notice of it to Pliny, but it is not quite clear whether his dactylus idwus (1. 37, c. 10) which he clearly distinguishes from the lynx stone (1. 8, c. 38) was a fossil species of Echinus or Belemnite. In the 15th century they were considered to be meteoric stones, and marvelous medicinal virtues were ascribed to them. Boetius de Boot, in his Treatise on Stones, pronounces them to be petrified darts, and it was not until the end of the 16th century that they were first regarded as natural organised bodies. Erhart, in 1724, appears to have been the first who concluded them to be shells akin to the Nautilus. Deluc insisted that the Belemnite was an organised bone, like that of the Sepia; and they have been concluded by other authors to be sta-lactites; petrified wood; the teeth or the back bones of fish; the tusks of the Narwal; Crocodile’s teeth; tubulites, etc. Cuvier, Réegne Animal, t. 2. p. 371. Sage, Jour. de Phys. ventose. an- x. Beudant, Observations sur les Belemnites. Ann. du Mus. t-16.-p.77. Faure Biguet. Considerations sur les Belemnites, etc. Lyon, 4819. t; Orthoceratites. Mr. Farey finds them referable to twenty different places in the British series of strata; extending from (1st) the London clay above the chalk, to (20th) the limestone resting on slate. According to Spallanzani, the islands of the coasts of Dalmatia are masses of orthoceratites. M. Sage thinks, from the sections he has made pi. 4, fig. 24, that the Orthoceratites are alveoli of different species of Belemnites and contained within the funnel, pl. 4, fig. 29, which, however, according to M. Bendant, does not always exist. This opinion has not been generally adopted. Deluc, in particular, combated it (Journ. de Phys. vent. an. 12.), asserting that the alveoli of the Belemnites have no siphon. M. Sage considers the organization of the siphon to be evident in pl. 4, fig. 27, and in the centre of fig. 25, which is confirmed by Platt and Bendant: Montfort seems to have viewed the alveoli as the envelope of a parasite. Breynius submits fig. 30 as an orthoceratite, with the siphon passing through the axis; fig. 35, as the convex front of the last articulation, with the siphon, of a species found most frequently in the marble of Oeland, on the coast of Sweden, four feet long, and only two inches in diameter at the base: fig. 34, or the same part of another species, whose diameter is three inches, whence he infers its length to be more than five feet; fig. 11, p.2, is that of a species from Gothland with a large siphon at the circumference, and remarkable for the projecting rays, sometimes filled with crystals of fluor, the proportion between the leneth and the diameter appeared to be 10:4. Dissertatio Physica de Polythalmiis. Gedani 1732, Some are smooth, others have circular sides; both kinds are found in the greyish marble of Norway; they are of a whitish calcareous spar, with a case or envelope of a reddish brown; the chambers are separated by hemispherical yellowish lines. It is important to notice that some consider what we call the operculum to be the last septum, in which case the shell may be interior, unless it is hereafter discovered to be a bivalve: fig. 26 shows the gutter or canal, which replaces the siphon; fig. 28 is the under part of a convex operculum, with two prolongations having the appearance of a hinge; whether this is natural or accidental to the petrifaction cannot be decided, for no other example is known amongst the various species which have been found; fig. 31 is a Hippurite, with a gutter, a, and a siphon, b; its surface is smooth and the septa are concave: fig. 33 is one of the most singular species which have yet been discovered; the operculum is entire, and pierced with two eyes; it is only six lines in depth and fifteen in diameter: fig. 18, pl. 2, found in a considerable bed on the mountain of Montferrand is sometimes a foot and a half long, the diameter not exceeding an inch; the operculum has been destroyed by long exposure; M. de la Peyrouse observes, that their situation in the rock clearly indicates that they have been petrified in the same position and in the same place in which they had originated. De novis quibusdam Orthoceratum et Ostracitum spectus Dissertatio, Erlange, 1700. Dr. Thomson, formerly Professor of Anatomy at Oxford, saw several species in the cabinet of M. Chiarelli, at Palermo, in 1789, in the form of the femur of a cow or horse, which had been found entire at Cape Passora (the ancient Pachynus), with no bones whatever in their neighbourhood. Dr. Thomson, on visiting the spot expressly, could only meet with species in the form of a case or sheath, and equal in dimension to the horn of a bull about three years old; the interior hollow, and containing two cylindrical bodies, like two candles. The base of this cone is closed by a species of lid, similar to that of a powder horn. The internal structure resembles a heap of egg shells, broken transversely, and piled up so as to touch each other, but leaving a void space in the middle. These plates are so flexible that they allow the concave part of the horn to bend inwards when squeezed. Their disposition has some resemblance to the diaphragm of the human body. The Hippurite, therefore, is not entirely divided into concamerations, and has no tubes of communication, or siphons, as we find in the Ammonites, Belemnites, and Orthoceratites. The texture of this case, as it exists in a fossil state, is scaly lengthwise and across. The transversal fracture, when it is fresh, appears To be strong, and composed of concentric layers; but after having been some time exposed to the air, this fracture appears rotten and spongy, so that in the part changed by the air, it becomes ramified like an animal substance, which gives it the appearance of a bone. This fossil case is closed by an operculum, the internal surface of which is imbricated in converging rays, like the shell of the Pecten. The thickness of the operculum led Dr. Thomson to conclude that this case was inhabited by one animal only, and that it was not the nest of several. DIVISION V. LITUACE. GENERA, 4. Lutus. Breynius. The last turn elongated. a. Lituites, Montf. Turns contiguous. Pl. 4, fig. 7. 4. Hortolus, Montf. Turns separated. Pl. 1, China: Foss. in the fig. 32, red limestone of Oeland; Meudon; in the limestone at Namur. 2. Scapnires. Parkinson. The last turn (after being in the London Bay; enlarged and elongated) Crag Marl; Melbury. diminished and reflected Marble. Oe: inwards. Pl. 2, fig. 6. DIVISION VI. SPIRULACE. GENERA. 4. Sprruza. (1) Lam. The turns of the spire Siphon occupying the Austral Seas. Gulph not touching; divided middle of each chamber of Florida. V. Animal, transversally into chambers. Pl. 4, fig. 18. Tremility of the shell. 2. Serrorinitzs. Lam. The turns of the spire Siphon traversing the —_ Grignon. (2) touching; the septa pro-septa and chambers. objecting in a small degree, so as to divide the exterior surface of the spire by a or striz. Pl. 1, fig. 3. Ammon octave. (3) Lam. Septa numerous, undu- Siphon marginal, in- Rolled on itself in the lated at the margins. Pl. 3, terior. same plane? fig. 14. (1) Peron’s discovery of the animal of the Spirula, so nearly akin to the Nautilus that Linnzus placed it amongst them, has thrown much light on all the multilocular univalves: thitherto, it was a question whether the animal inhabited the last chamber of the shell; whether it was contained entirely or partly within it; or whether the shell was enveloped more or less completely by the animal. The animal of the Spirula is perfectly analogous to the Sepia, and its shell is enchased in the posterior extremity of the body, and only visible in part. There is now very little, or no doubt, therefore, that the Rotalites, Belemnites, Hippurites, etc. etc. were more or less enchased in the posterior extremity of the animal, a portion of whose body was enveloped in the last chamber and connected, probably, by a tendinous filament inserted at the extremity of the siphon, similar to that of the Nautilus. Breynius, on the authority of Woodward (Catalogue of English Fossils. Part I, p. 143), says, that the shells of the Spirula abound on the shores of Jamaica, Barbados and the Bahamas: he adds, “de figura autem animalculi domicilium hoc testaceum curiosissimum inhabitantis, altum apud omnes silentium.” p. 22. (2) Lamarck has mentioned the genus Cristeltaria (Pl. 5, fig. 13), but without defining it, and there are none in the Museum. These shells are cretaceous, and almost microscopic. Fossil species, pyritous or ferruginous, are found in Tuscany; and M. Def France possesses others, which are said to have been brought up with the soundings off Teneriffe. (3) The locality is unknown. M. Lamarck purchased it by accident; he kindly allowed me to take it home, in order that the figure, which is the first that has been made, might be as accurate as possible. DIVISION VII. AMMONACEZ. GENERA. 4. Ammonites. Brug. Septa of the chambers A siphon, generally | Abounding in the Se-undulated at the mar- marginal. | condar Mountains, gins. (1) | from the size of a pin to that of a coach-wheel. a. Ammonites, Lam. All the turns visible. Pl. 4, fig. 45. 6. Orbulites, Lam. The last turn enveloping all the others. Pl. 3, fig. 44, 42. (1) According to Spallanzani, there are vast beds of Ammonites in the environs of Nevers. They have been found in England, in all the formations from the 1st or alluvium, to the 8th or first sandstone, inclusive. DIVISION VII. NAUTILACES. GENERA. 1. Naurizus. The last turns of the Septa numerous, similar to the animal, pl. 2, fig. 47. 2. Navriertes. (1) § Microscopic. a Lenticulina, (2) Lam. The last turn, as in the existing species, pl. 2, fig. 47. 3. towards the anterior edge. 4. towards the edge. 5. scattered. 5. Rotalites. (3) Lam. The mouth 2. placed more on one side than the other, or entirely on one side, pl. 2, fig. 13. Discorbites. (3) Lam. Allihe turns visible, pl. 1, fig. 5, o +-—-——— The last turn very large in comparison with the rest of the spire. aK) Large or moderate. aK) Large or moderate. aK) Monif. One siphon. b Bisiphites. Ment. Two siphons. one siphon.. Several siphons... Plantulites. Lam. Siphon towards the edge. § Ellipsolites.(5) Montf. Spire elliptic, pl. 3, fig. 45 v Amaltes. Mont f- Siphon in the middle. (1) Foss. in the London Clay; Crag Marl; Chalk Marl; Green Sand; Under Colite; Blue Lias; Derbyshire Peak or Mountain Lime Stone. (2) Foss. at Senlis; Soisson; Grignon; Meudon. Lamarck possesses Lenticulus in the recent state which were found in 125 fathoms off Teneriffe. (3) Foss. Grignon. (4) Foss. Grignon. (5) Foss. Grignon. DIVISION IX. ARGONAUTACEAE. GENERA. 1. ARGONAUTA. Very thin; the last turn Mediterranean. At so disproportionately large lantic. Fossil species as to give the spire the appearance of the poop of a Queen (Pl. 3, fig. 9), ship. Pl. 13, fig. 4, and at D'Anvers. Animal, p. 55. DIVISION X. CARINACEZ. GENERA. 1. Canaria. Lam. Conical, flattened at the Mouth entire, oval, Mediterranean, At-sides. The summit an oblong, narrowed to-lantic, Indian Seas. Involute and very small wards the angle of the V. Animal, p. 72. Spire; the back with a keel. dentated keel: very thin. Pl. 5, fig. 16. DIVISION XI. VAGINACEAE. GENERA. 4. VacineiirKs. D Tubular, oblong; thin A superior but no larger than the interior of the shell and pointed at one end, lateral aperture. Jossil shells of the envi- and an enlarged mouth at rons of Bourdeaux. The other. Pl. 3, fig. 10. 2. CympuLia. Peron. Cartilo-gelatinous; like...--....., Seas of warm climates. A reversed truncated py- V. Animal, p. 56. ClympuLia. Peron. Cartilo-gelatinous, very | Aperture lateral and =~ Mediterranean, near transparent, crystalline, anterior. Nice. oblong, like a truncated V. Animal, p. 56. abot or boat. Pl. 5, fig. 3. Hyara. Lam. 