History of the state of New York
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"•■*»'' ^v** ^-^'-rV*'*"- ■,-■•*-•■■■■■ '^'' ■'■ ■ * ■ • ;- ;;> _"T^ j-' ''•-xr ■ ' ' ' " ; ■;'-^' ', \ ■ • '"IJCf—', TIC ».'•». 1 , ','.:,' "'Z".^'- i'. ,- ^,j^:-;u':t.^; -r ^'•r^^- ■ i^ , j;:.-, /■ .'."Tt-".-'" ~ ■ ^j_,,VTI,> . ...,..,.-H... tir., ^.jli'U'j.-.r „^ ,:.-y^.-.cc--;v-v:.rrA:'i':;..n-r. ; lli-awii .V Engibv Sli,.ini:iii N: Smilli.N-.V >stHrl<. , or; ;,roWACV^f,„,„i HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. BY JOHN ROMEYN BRODHEAD. FIRST VOLUME. REVISED EDITION. NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS. P U B L I K H E K S, FRANKLIN S Q U A K E. 1872. ^'\%^ Gin from ^ .^... p-,jih Putnam ^e Estate ^^^" PREFACE. There are four marked periods in the history of the State of New York. The first, opening with its discovery by the Dutch in 1609, and closing with its seizure by the English in 1664, com- prises also the early history of New Jersey, Delaware, and Penn- sylvania, and, to some extent, that of Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- and, and Connecticut. The second begins with the ascendency of the English in 1664, and ends with the cession of Canada to England in 1763, by which all the Northern colonies in America became subject to the British crown. The third reaches from the treaty of Paris in 1763, to the inauguration of "Washington as President of the United States in 1789. The fourth embraces the annals of the state from the organization of the Federal gov- ernment. This volume contains a history of the first of these periods. In that period many of the political, religious, and social elements of New York had their origin. It offers varied themes which in- vite attention ; the savage grandeur of nature ; the early adven- ture of discovery and settlement ; the struggle with barbarism, and the subjugation of a rude soil ; the contrast and blendin<' of European with American life ; the transfer of old institutions ; the ii PREFACE. intermingling of races ; the progress of commerce ; the establish- ment of churches and schools ; the triumph of freedom of con- science over bigotry ; the development of principles of self-govern- ment within, and the action of encroachment and conquest from without. The preparation of this book has not been without much caro and labor. Many of its materials are now employed for the first time ; the numerous references to others show the extended re- sources which, under the recent impulse to American historical investigation, have been brought within reach. It is submitted to the judgment of the public in partial execution of a purpose contemplated for many years ; with a desire to aid in the vindi- cation of truth ; and with a full consciousness of the importance of the subject and of the fidelity due to the fit performance of the work. John Romeyn Brodhead. New York, November, 18.52. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. 1492—1609. Columbus' Discovery, and Papal Donation of the New World to Spain, page 1 ; Cah.jl and Verazzano, 2 ; Cartier and Roberval, 3 ; Frobisher, 4 ; Gilbert and Raleigh, 5 ; Virginia, 5, 6 ; Gosnold at Cape Cod, 7 ; Pring on Coast of Maine, 8 ; Wey- mouth's Voyage, 9 ; Virginia Charter, 10 ; Jamestown founded, 12 ; Sagadahoc Colony, 13-15; New Charter for Virginia, 15; Pont Grave and Champlain in Canada, 16 ; De Monts and Poutrincourt at Port Royal and Saint Croix, 16, 17 ; Quebec founded, 18 ; Lake Champlain discovered, 18 ; Dutch maritime Enter- prises, 19-22 ; Dutch East India Company, 23 ; West India Company proposed, 24 ; Hudson in Holland, 24 ; Hudson sails from Amsterdam in the Half Moon, 25 ; At Penobscot, 26 ; At Cape Cod, 26 ; At the Capes of the Chesapeake, 26 ; In Delaware Bay, 26 ; Anchors in Sandy Hook Bay, 27 ; Death of John Colman, 28 ; Hudson ascends the " River of the Mountains," 28-31 ; Descends the River, 32, 33 ; At Hoboken, 34 ; Arrives at Dartmouth, 34 ; Reports to the Dutch East India Company, 34, 35 ; The River of the Mountains in 1609, 35-37. CHAPTER II. 1609—1614. The Dutch an independent Nation when Hudson made Discoveries in their Service, 38-42 ; Hudson's Voyage to the North, and Death, 42, 43 ; The Half Moon returns to Amsterdam, 43 ; Another Ship sent to Manhattan, 44 ; Christiaensen's and Block's Voyages, 45, 46 ; Other Ships sent, 47 ; Yacht built at Manhattan, 48 ; Virginia Affairs, 49 ; Lord Delawarr, 50 ; Never in Delaware Bay, 51 ; Argall on the Coast of Maine, 52 ; His alleged Visit to Manhattan, 54 ; Fort Nassau built on Castle Island, 55 ; Block explores Long Island Sound in the Yacht " Restless," 55 ; Discovers the Housatonic and Connecticut, 56 ; Block Island, 57 ; Rhode Island, 58 ; Pye Bay and Boston Harbor, 58 ; Returns to HoMand, 59 ; Amster- dam Trading Company fonned, 60 ; Deputies sent to the Hague, 61 ; New Neth- erland Charter of the 11th of October, 1614, 62 ; Its Provisions, and the Views of the States General, 63, 64 ; Block in the Arctic Ocean, 65. CHAPTER III. 1615—1620. New Netherland Company, 66 ; Death of Christiaensen, 66, 67 ; Champlain discov- ers Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, 68 ; At Onondaga Lake, 69 ; Onondaga Fort [y CONTENTS. attacked, 69-71 ; Indian Tribes along the Cahohatatea, or North River, 72-77 , Hendricksen explores the South or Delaware River, 78, 79 ; Returns to Holland, 79 ; New Charter for South River apphed for and refused, 80 ; Fort Nassau de- stroyed, 80 ; New Post on the Tawasentha, 81 ; The Konoshioni, or Iroquois, 82- 87; Treaty of the Tawasentha, 88 ; Expiration of the New Netherland Charter. 89 ; Its Renewal refused, 90 ; Smith in New England, 91 ; Dermer passes through Long Island Sound to Virginia, 92 ; Dermer at Manhattan, 93 ; Patent for New England. 94-96 ; Progress of Dutch Explorations, 97. CHAPTER IV. 1620. Prosperity of Holland, 98 ; The Reformation in the Netherlands, 99 ; First Preach- ing of "the Reformed," 100 ; Establishment of the Reformed Religion, 101 ; Tol- eration of other Religions, 103 ; Calvinism of the Dutch Clergy, 103 ; The Gom- arist and Armenian Controversy, 104, 105 ; The Remonstrants, 106 ; Maurice and Barneveldt, 107, 108; The Synod of Dordrecht, 109, 110; Death of Barne- veldt. 111; The Church of England, 112; The Puritans, 113, 114; Puritans emigrate to Holland, 115; The Reformed Dutch Church, and the Church of England, 116-119; The Puritans dissatisfied in Holland, 120; W^ish to emi- grate to America, 121; Their Patent from the Virginia Company, 122; Their Condition in Holland, 123; They propose to go to New Netherland, 124 ; Memo- rial to the Dutch Government, 125; Its Prayer refused by the States General, 126 ; The Puritans leave Leyden, 127 ; Sail from Plymouth, 128 ; Their Desti- nation, 129 ; The Mayflower at Cape Cod, 130 ; Compact on board the Mayflower, 131, 132; The Landing of the Pilgrims, 133. CHAPTER V. 1621—1625. The Dutch West India Company incorporated, 134; Its Powers and Duties, 135, 136 ; Its Organization delayed, 137 ; Private Ships sent to New Netherland, 137, 138 ; Parliament jealous of the New England Patent, 139 ; Plymouth Company complains of the Dutch, 140 ; James claims New Netherland, and sends Instruc- tions to Carleton at the Hague, 141 ; Carleton's Memorial to the States General, 142 ; Dutch and Enghsh Titles considered, 143, 144 ; Dutch Traders in Long Isl- and Sound, 145 ; Walloons in Holland, 146, 147 ; The W^est India Company or- ganized, 148 ; Takes Possession of New Netherland as a Province, 149 ; First permanent agricultural Colonization, 150 ; Fort Orange built, 151 ; Fort Wilhel- mus, 153; Fort Nassau, on the South River, 153; Walloons at the Waal-bogt, 154 ; C. J. May first Director of New Netherland, 154 ; Ship of D. P. dc Vries seized at Hoorn, 155 ; Dutch Ship arrested at Plymouth, 156 ; Publications of Wassenaar, De Laet, and Purehas, 157 ; More Colonists sent to New Nether- land, 158 ; Cattle at Nuttcn Island and Manhattan, 159 ; William Vorhulst suc- ceeds May as Director, 159 ; Death of Maurice, 160 ; Of James I., 161 ; Treaty of Southampton, 161 ; Peter Minuit appointed Director General of New Nether- land, 162. CONTENTS. V CHAPTER VI. 1626—1629. Provinnal Government under Minuit, 163; Purchase of Manhattan Island, 164; Fort Amsterdam begun, 165 ; Murder of an Indian near the Kolek, 166 ; Descrip- tion of Manhattan, 167 ; Affairs at Fort Orange, 168 ; Krieckebeeck and Barent- sen, 169 ; Colonists removed from Fort Orange and the South River to Manhat- tan, 170; The Puritans at ^ew Plymouth annoyed at the commercial Superior- ity of the Dutch, 171 ; Long Island, or Sewan-hacky, the chief Manufactory of Wampum, 172 ; Correspondence between New Netherland and New Plymouth, 173-175; Isaac de Rasieres sent as Ambassador, 176; At New Plymouth, 177; Describes the Puritan Settlement, 178, 179 ; Mutual Trade, 180 ; The English Objections to the Dutch Title, 181 ; Minuit asks for Soldiers from Holland, 181 ; Charles I. favors the Dutch West India Company, 182 ; Revenue of New Neth- erland, 182; Population of Manhattan, 183; Heyn captures the Spanish Silver Fleet, 184 ; Infatuating Effect upon the West India Company, 185 ; Cost of New Netherland, 186 ; Charter for Patroons proposed, 187 ; Progress of the Coloniza- tion of New England, 188 ; Royal Charter for Massachusetts Bay, 189 ; Church organized at Salem, and religious Intolerance established, 190. CHAPTER VII. 1630—1632. The Golden Fleece, 191 ; Dutch Towns, and the feudal System in Holland, 192, 193 ; Charter for Patroons in New Netherland, 194-197 ; Its Effects, 198 ; Char- ter published, 199 ; Godyn and Blommaert purchase on the South River, 200 ; Van Rensselaer buys on the North River, and begins to colonize Rensselaers- wyck, 201 ; Pauw purchases Pavonia and Staten Island, 202 ; Jealousies among the Directors at Amsterdam, 203 ; Patroonsliips shared, 204 ; Heyes sent to the South River, 205 ; Colony established at Swaanendael, 206 ; No Dutch Colonies on the Connecticut, 207 ; Winthrop founds Boston, 208 ; Extent of the New En- gland Settlements, 209; Connecticut Sachem at Boston, and Winslow, of New Plymouth, visits the Connecticut, 210 ; Lord Warwick's Grant of Connecticut, 211 ; Great Ship "New Netherland" built at Manhattan, 212; Minuit recalled, 213 ; His Ship arrested at Plymouth, and Negotiation in consequence with the British Government, 214-216 ; Ship released, 217 ; Difficulties between the Di- rectors of the West India Company and the Patroons, 218 ; Destruction of Swaan- endael by the Savages, 219 ; De Vries sails for the South River, visits the Ruins, ■ and makes a Peace, 219-221. CHAPTER VIII. 1633—1637. Wouter van Twiller appointed Director General in Place of Minuit, 222 ; Arrives at Manliattan, 223 ; First Clergyman, Schoolmaster, and provincial Officers, 223 ; Revenue and Expenditures, 224 ; De Vries at Fort Nassau, 225 ; Visits Govern- or Harvey in Virginia, 226 ; Pleasant Intercourse opened, 227 ; De Vries at Man- hattan, 228 ; English Ship sails up to Fort Orange, 229 ; Forced to return, 229 ; VI COATEAi.-S. CHAPTER IX. 1638—1641. Arrival of Kieft at Manhattan, 275 ; Condition of Aflairs there, 276 ; New Regula- tions, 277 ; Domine Bogardus retained, 278 ; Rensselaerswyck, Pavonia, and Long Island, 279 ; Jansen Commissary on the South River, 279 ; Swedish West India Company, 280 ; Minuit sails from Sweden, and anchors at Jamestown, 281 ; Arrives in the South River, and purchases Land, 282 ; Kieft protests against liim, 283; Minuit builds Fort Christina, 284; Swedish Ship seized in Holland, 284 ; The States General inquire into the Condition of New Netherland, 285 ; New Articles proposed by the Company, 286 ; By the Patroons, 287 ; Proclama- tion of freer Trade, 288; Its Effects, 288, 289; De Vries, Kuyter, and Melyn, 289 ; Strangers attracted from New England and Virginia, 290 ; Captain John Underbill, 291 ; Obligations and Privileges of foreign Settlers in New Netherland, 291 ; Grants of Land near Coney Island, Breuckelen, and Deutel Bay, 292 ; Do- CONTENTS. vii mestic Administration, 292 ; Tribute proposed to be exacted from the Savages, 293 ; New Haven, Stratford, Greenwich, and Hartford, 294 ; Aggressions of the Hartford People, 295 ; The Dutch purchase West Chester Lands, 296 ; James Farrett, Lord Stirhng's Agent for Long Island, 297 ; Lion Gardiner at Gardiner's Island, 298 ; English Intruders at Schout's Bay dislodged, 299 ; Southampton and Southold settled, 300 ; De Vries goes up to Fort Orange, 301, 302 ; Affairs at Beverwyck and Rensselaerswyck, 303-305 ; The Cohooes, 306 ; De Vries' Opinion of the North River, 307 ; Difficulties with the Savages, 307-309 ; The Dutch ordered to arm, 309 ; Expedition against the Raritans, 310 ; The Tappans refuse to pay Tribute, 310; New Charter for Patroons, 311 ; The Reformed Dutch Church established in New Netherland, 312 ; Vriesendael, Hackinsack. and Staten Island, 313 ; Provincial Currency regulated, and Fairs established, 314; The Raritans attack Staten Island, 315; Smits murdered at Deutel Bay, 316; The "Twelve Men" appointed, 317; Kieft urges War, 318; The Twelve Men oppose and avert Hostilities, 319 ; Swedes on the South River, 319 ; De Bogaerdt, Powelson, and Hollaendare, 320 ; Death of Minuit, 321 ; Lamberton and Cogswell's Expedition from New Haven to the Varken's Kill and the Schuyl- kill, 321, 322; Vexatious Conduct of the Hartford People, 322; Delegates sent to England from Massachusetts and Connecticut, 323 ; Hugh Peters commission- ed to treat with the West India Company, 324 ; Sir William Boswell's Advice to crowd out the Dutch, 324. CHAPTER X. 1642—1643. The Twelve Men again convoked, 325 ; They demand Reforms, 326, 327 ; Kieft's Concessions, 328 ; Dissolves the Board of Twelve Men, 329 ; Expedition against the Weckquaesgeeks, and Treaty at the Bronx River, 330 ; Greenwich submits to the Dutch, 331 ; Roger Wilhams founds Rhode Island, 332 ; Emigrations from Massachusetts to New Netherland, 333 ; Doughty's Patent for Mespath, 333 ; Throgmorton at Vredeland, 334; Anne Hutchinson at "Annie's Hoeck," 33*; Strangers at Manhattan, 335 ; City Hotel for Travellers, 335 ; New Church at Manhattan, 336, 337 ; George Baxter appointed EngUsh Secretary, 337 ; New Haven Settlements on the South River broken up, 338 ; The Hartford People and the Dutch, 339 ; Threats in England against the Dutch, 340 ; Beginning of the Civil War in England, 341 ; Van der Donck, Schout Fiscal of Rensselaers- wyck, 341 ; Domine Megapolensis, 342 ; Church at Beverwyck, 343 ; The Jes- uits in Canada, 344 ; Father Jogues captured by the Mohawks, 345 ; Benevolent Efforts of Van Curler, 346 ; Van Voorst murdered by an Indian at Hackinsack, 347 ; The Savages offer an Atonement, 348 ; Kieft demands the Murderer, 348 ; The Mohawks attack the River Indians, 349 ; Public Opinion at Manhattan, 349 ; Kieft resolves on War, 350; Warned in vain against his Rashness, 351 ; Mas- sacres at Pavonia and Corlaer's Hook, 352 ; The Long Island Indians attacked, 353 ; The Savages aroused to Vengeance, 354 ; Vriesendael invested, 355 ; Pop- ular Indignation against Kieft, and Proclamation of a Day of fasting, 356 ; Prop- osition to depose Kieft, 356 ; Adriaensen and the Director, 357 ; De Vries and Olfertsen at Rockaway, 358 ; Treaty with the Savages, 359 ; The Indians still discontented, 360. viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. 1643—1644. CHAPTER XII. 1645—1647. End of the Indian War, 407 ; Treaty at Fort Orange, 408 ; General Treaty at Fort Amsterdam, 409 ; Condition of New Netherland, 410 ; Lands purchased on Long Island, 410 ; Settlement of Vlissingen, or Flushing, 410 ; Doughty at Mespath. 411 ; Lady Moody's Patent for Gravesande, or Gravesend, 411 ; Mineral Discov- eries near Fort Orange and among the Raritans, 412; Arendt Corssen sent to CONTENTS. ix Holland, and lost on the Way, 412, 413; Action of the West India Company re- specting New Netherland, 413 ; Peter Stuyvesant — His early Life, 413 ; Ap- pointed Director in Place of Kieft, and Van Dincklagen Vice Director, 414 ; In- structions for the Provincial Council, 414, 415; New AiTangements, and Stuy- vesant's Departure postponed, 416 ; Kieft .denies the Right of Appeal to Holland, 417; Denounced by the People, and reproved by Bogardus, 417; Quarrel be- tween the Director and the Domine, 418 ; Restoration of Anne Hutchinson's Grand-daughter, 419 ; Van Curler and Van der Donck, 419; Death of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, and Appointment of Van Slechtenhorst as Director of Rensse- laerswyck, 420 ; Van der Donck's Patent for Colendonck or Yonkers, 421 ; Van Slyck's Patent for Katskill, 431 ; Breuckelen incorporated, 422 ; Father Jogues visits Andiatarocte, and names it " Lac du Saint Sacrement," 422 ; Murder of Jogues by the Mohawks, 423 ; Hudde Commissary on the South River, 424 ; Negotiates with Printz, 425 ; Purchases the Site of Philadelphia, 426 ; Discourt- eous Conduct of Printz, 427 ; New Haven Trading-post on the Paugussett, 428 ; Kieft protests, and negotiates with Eaton, 428 ; With the Commissioners, 429. 430 ; Instructions of the West India Company, 431 ; Stuyvesant commissioned as Director, and sworn, 432 ; Sails from the Texel, 433 ; Arrives at Manhattan, 433. CHAPTER XIII. 1647—1648. Death of Frederick Henry the Stadtholder, 434 ; Treaty of Munster, and General Peace of Westphalia, 435 ; The House of Burgundy, 436 ; Great Charter of Hol- land, 437 ; Charles V. and Philip II., 437, 438 ; The Reformation in Friesland and HoUand, 438 ; Action of the Spanish Government, 439 ; Alliance of the No- bles, and Origin of the " Gueux," 440 ; Iconoclasts, 441 ; Alva in the Nether- lands, 441 ; Council of Blood, and Execution of Egmont and Hoorn, 441 ; Cap- ture of the Brielle, 442 ; The People refuse to pay Alva's Taxes, 442 ; Haerlem and Alckmaer besieged, 442 ; Defense of Leyden, and Foundation of its Univers- ity, 443 ; Pacification of Ghent, 444 ; The Union of Utrecht, 445 ; Dutch Decla- ration of Independence, 446 ; The Dutch a self-governing People, 447 ; Their re- publican System of Administration, 448 ; The States General, 449 ; Council of State, Chamber of Accounts, Stadtholder, and Admiralty, 450 ; The Province of Holland, 451 ; Industrial and democratic Spirit of the Dutch, 452 ; Municipal Governments of Holland, 453 ; Effects of the Dutch System, 454 ; Doctrine of State Rights, 455 ; Social and political Results, 455, 456 ; Prosperity of the Dutch, 456 ; Extensive Commerce, 457 ; Free Trade ; Universal Toleration, 458 ; Foreigners attracted ; Freedom of the Dutch Press, 459 ; Illustrious Men and Artists of the Netherlands, 460; Party Spirit; the Hoeks and Kabbeljaus, 461 ; Economy and Frugality ; Hospitality and Benevolence, 462 ; Establishment ol free Schools, 462; Influence of Women, 463 ; Honesty of the Dutch, 463; Their Firmness and Patriotism, 464. CHAPTER XIV. 1647—1648. Commencement of Stuyvesant's Administration, 465 ; Organization of his Conn- cil, 466; Police and Revenue Regulations, 466, 467 ; Church in Fort Amstrr- X CONTENTS. (lam, 467 ; Domine Backerus succeeds Bogardus, 468 ; Complaints against Kielt, 468 ; Dismissed by Stuyvesant, 469 ; Kuyter and Melyn accused by Kieft, 470 ; Convicted and sentenced, 471 ; Right of Appeal again denied, 472 ; Shipwreck of the Princess, and Death of Kieft, Bogardus, and others, 472 ; Escape of Kuy- ter and Melyn, 473 ; Stuyvesant's Concessions to the People, 474 ; The " Nine Men," 474 ; Their Duties and Oath of Office, 475 ; Their Action on Stuyvesant's first Communication, 476 ; Forrester, Lady Stirling's Agent, arrested and ban- ished, 477 ; Correspondence with New England, 478 ; Stuyvesant seizes a Ship at New Haven, 479 ; Eaton's Retaliation, 480 ; Stuyvesant's Vindication, 481 ; Insults of the Swedes on the South River, 482 ; The Savages invite the Dutch to build on the Schuylkill, 482 ; Fort Beversrede, 483 ; The Swedes reproved by the Savages, 483 ; Campanius returns to Sweden, 484 ; Plowden again at Man- hattan, 484 ; Van Dincklagen and La Montague at the South River, 485 ; Vexa- tious Conduct of the Swedes at Passayunk, and Protests of the Dutch, 486 ; Mu nicipal Affairs at Manhattan, or New Amsterdam, 487 ; Recommendations of the Nine Men ; Residence required ; Scotch Merchants, or Peddlers ; " Kermis," ©r Fair, 489 ; Contraband Trade in Fire-arms, 490 ; Van Slechtenhorst at Rensse- laerswyck, 491 ; Stuyvesant visits Fort Orange, 491 ; Soldiers sent there, 492; Van Slechtenhorst summoned to Fort Amsterdam, 493 ; Megapolensis and Back- erus, 494 ; Popular Discontent at New Amsterdam, 495 ; Delegation to Holland proposed by the Nine Men, 495 ; Correspondence with New England, 496 ; Stuy- vesant's Explanations of the Dutch territorial Rights, 497. CHAPTER XV. 1649— 165L Death of Charles L, 498 ; Threatened Rupture between England and the Nether- lands, 499 ; Death of Winthrop, and Correspondence with New England, 499 ; The Dutch and other Foreigners forbidden to trade with the New England Sav- ages, 500 ; Stuyvesant and the Nine Men, 501 ; Proceedings against Van der Donck, 502 ; Case of Kuyter and Melyn, 503 ; Memorial of the Nine Men to the States General, 504 ; Burgher Government demanded ; Remarks and Observa- tions of the Nine Men, 505 ; Vertoogh, or Remonstrance of New Netherland, 506 ; Delegates sent to Holland, 507 ; Domine Backerus succeeded by Megapo- lensis, 508 ; Van Tienhoven sent to Holland as Stuyvesant's Representative, 509 ; Katskill, Claverack, and Weckquaesgeek, 510 ; Lands purchased on the South River, 510, 511 ; The popular Delegates at the Hague, 511 ; Publication of the Vertoogh, 512 ; Letter of the West India Company's Chamber at Amster- dam, 512 ; Measures to promote Emigration, 513 ; Provisional Order for the Government of New Netherland, 514; Opposed by the Amsterdam Chamber, 515 ; Domine Grasmeer, 516 ; Municipal Affairs of New Amsterdam, 517 ; Stuy- vesant's Opposition to Reforms, 517; The Director visits Hartford, 518 ; Provis- ional Treaty arranged, 519, 520 ; Dissatisfaction of the Commonalty at New Am- sterdam, 521 ; AfTairs at Rensselaerswyck, 522 ; Van der Donck and Van Tien- hoven in Holland, 523 ; Return of Van Tienhoven, 524 ; Melyn on Staten Island, 525 ; Van Dincklagen and Van Schelluyne oppressed, 526 ; Gravesend and Hecm- stede support Stuyvesant, 526, 527 ; Expedition from New Haven to the South River defeated, 527 ; Van Slechtenhorst arrested at New Amsterdam, 528 ; CONTENTS. xi Stuyvesant visits the South River, 529 ; Fort Nassau demolished, and Fort Cas- imir built, 529 ; Dyckman appointed Commissary at Fort Orange in Place of Lab- batie, 530 ; Proposed Exploration of the Katskill Mountains, 531. CHAPTER XVI. 1652—1653. Fiscal Van Dyck superseded, and Van Tienhoven promoted, 532 ; Troubles at Bev- erwyck, 533 ; Stuyvesant again at Fort Orange, 534 ; Annexation of Bever\v}-ck to Fort Orange, 535 ; John Baptist van Rensselaer Director, and Gerrit Swart Schout of Rensselaersvi'yck, 535 ; Settlement at Atkarkarton, or Esopus, 536 ; Middelburg or Newtown, and Midwout or Flatbush, on Long Island, 536 ; Van Werckhoven's Purchases on Long Island and New Jersey, 537 ; Domine Dris- ius, 537 ; Domine Schaats, 538 ; Opposition of the Amsterdam Chamber to the Provisional Order. Xii CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. 1654—1655. Xew Amsterdam Affairs, 578 ; Precautionary Measures, 579 ; Breuckelen, Amers- foort, and Midwout incorporated, 580 ; Church at Midwout or Flatbush, and Dom- ine Polhcmus called, 581 ; Illiberal Treatment of Lutherans at New Amsterdam, 582 ; Cromwell's Expedition against New Netherland, 582 ; Sequestration ol Fort Good Hope by Connecticut, 583 ; New Amsterdam put in a State of Defense. 584 ; Warlike Preparations in New England, 585 ; Treaty of Peace between En- gland and Holland, and Countermand of hostile Orders, 586 ; Thanksgiving in New Netherland, 587 ; Letters of the Company to Stuyvesant and to the City Authorities, 587 ; Grant of a City Hall and Seal to New Amsterdam, 588 ; Kuy- ter murdered, and Van Tienhoven continued as City Schout, 588 ; Ferry at Man- hattan regulated, 589 ; War Tax laid ; Excise resumed by Stuyvesant, 590 ; Troubles at Beverwyck, 591 ; Father Le Moyne discovers the Salt Springs at Onondaga, 592 ; Rising at the South River, 593 ; Captures Fort Casimir, and names it Fort Trinity, 593 ; Swedish Ship seized at Manhattan, 594 ; English Settlements at West Chester and Oyster Bay, 595 ; Stuy\-esant visits Lady Moody at Gravesend, 596 ; Delivers Seal and Coat of Arms to Burgomasters at New Amsterdam, 596 ; Sails for the West Indies, 597 ; Baxter, Hubbard, and Grover at Gravesend, 597 ; Protest against the Settlers at West Chester, 598 ; De Decker appointed Commissary at Fort Orange in Place of Dyckman, 599 ; Affairs at Gravesend, 599 ; The Boundary Question in Holland, 600 ; Stuyvesant ordered to recover Fort Casimir, 601 ; Letter of West India Company to Burgo- masters of New Amsterdam, 602 ; Stuyvesant returns from the West Indies, 603 ; Expedition to the South River, 604 ; Capitulation of the Swedes, 605 ; Es- tablishment of the Dutch Power on the South River, 606 ; Indian Invasion oi New Amsterdam, 607 ; Hoboken, Pavonia, and Staten Island laid waste ; Eso- pus deserted, 607 ; Measures for Defense ; Ransom of Prisoners, 608 ; Jacquet appointed Vice Director on the South River, 609 ; Assistance asked from Hol- land, and Precautions against the Savages proposed, 610 ; Stuyvesant prohibits New Year and May Day Sports, 611 ; Father Le Moyne at Beverwyck, 611 ; New AUiance between the Dutch and the Mohawks, 611 ; Chaumonot and Dablon ; Jesuit Chapel at Onondaga, 612. CHAPTER XVIII. 1656—1658. Proclamation to form Villages, 613 ; Stuyvesant and the Municipal Government of New Amsterdam, 613; Religious Affairs in New Netherland, 614-616; Procla- mation against unauthorized Conventicles, 617 ; Disapproved by the West India Company, 617 ; Expedition sent to West Chester, 618 ; Oostdorp or West Ches- ter, and Rustdorp or Jamaica incorporated, 619; Baxter escapes to New En- gland, 620 ; Swedish Ship seized at the South River, 620 ; Ratification of the Hart- ford Treaty by the States General, 621 ; Complaints of the Swedish Government, 622 ; Van Tienhoven dismissed from public Service, 622 ; Survey and Population of New Amsterdam, 623 ; Troubles at Beverwyck about the Excise, 623 ; Van Rensselaer fined and ordered to give Bonds, 624 ; New Church at Bevenvypk, 6':24. CONTENTS Xiii 625 ; La Montagne appointed Vice Director at Fort Orange in Place of De Decker, 625 ; Unsatisfactory Correspondence with New England, 625 ; Lutherans at New Amsterdam, and Baptists at Flushing, 626 ; Affairs at Oostdorp, 627 ; Great and Small Burgher Right established at New Amsterdam, 628, 629 ; The West India Company conveys Fort Casimir and the adjacent Temtory to the City of Am- sterdam, 630 ; Colony of New Amstel ; Alrichs appointed Director, 630, 631 ; Transfer of Fort Casimir, and Organization of Colony of New Amstel, 632 ; Fort Christina named Altona, and Jacquet succeeded by Hudde, 633 ; Domine Weliua and Church at New Amstel, 633 ; Cromwell's Letter to the English on Long Island, 634 ; Lutheran Clergyman at New Amsterdam, 635 ; The People called Quakers, 635 ; Penal Laws of Massachusetts, 635 ; Liberality of Rhode Island, 636 ; Quakers at New Amsterdam, 636 ; Proclamation against Quakers, 637 ; Remonstrance of Flushing, 637; Its Charter modified, 638; Persecution of Quak- ers, 638, 639 ; Nomination of Magistrates allowed to New Amsterdam, 640 ; For- eigners ; Municipal Affairs ; Latin School, 640, 641 ; New Haerlem and Staten Island, 641 ; Bergen and Gamoenepa, or Communipa, 642 ; The West India Com- pany enjoins religious Moderation, 642, 643 ; Jesuit Mission at Onondaga ; Saint Mary's of Genentaha, 644 ; Le Moyne at New Amsterdam, 645 ; Commerce be- tween New Netherland and Canada, 646 ; Abandonment of the French Settle- ment at Onondaga, 646 ; Outrages of the Indians at Esopus, 647 ; Stuyvesant's Conference with the Esopus Savages, 648 ; Village laid out at Esopus, 649 ; Jer- emias Van Rensselaer Director of Rensselaerswyck, 649 ; Mohawks at Fort Or- ange, 650 ; Dirck Smit Commandant at Esopus, 651 ; Stuyvesant visits Altona, 651 ; Willem Beeckman appointed Vice Director on the South River, 652 ; Af- fairs at New Amstel, 653 ; Death of Cromwell, and Downfall of the Protector- ate, 653. CHAPTER XIX. 1659—1660. Territorial Claims of Massachusetts, 654 ; Exploring Party refused a Passage up fl\e North River, 655 ; The West India Company allows New Netherland a For- eign Trade, 656 ; Curtius Latin Schoolmaster at New Amsterdam, 656 ; Liber- ality in Religion enjoined, 656 ; Hermanns Blom called to Esopus, 657 ; Fresh Troubles with the Savages, 658 ; Delegation from Beverwyck to the Mohawks at Caughnawaga, 659 ; Expedition from New Amsterdam to Esopus, 660 ; Affairs at New Amstel, 661 ; Copper Mine at Minnisinck, 662 ; Beeckman purchases near Cape Hinlopen, 663 ; Designs of the Maryland Government, 663 ; Utie at New Amstel, 664 ; Conference with the Dutch Officers, 665 ; Heerman's and Waldron's Embassy to Maryland, 666 ; Negotiations with Governor Fendall, 667-669 ; Death of Domine Welius and of Director Alrichs, 670 ; Southampton, Easthampton, Huntington, and Setauket, on Long Island, 671 ; Letter of Com- missioners to Stuyvesant in favor of the Massachusetts Claim, 672 ; Stuyvesant's Reply, 673 ; His Dispatches to the Company, 674 ; Tonneman Schout of New Amsterdam; Second Survey of the City, 674; New Haerlem incorporated, 674; Treaty with the Long Island and other Indians, 675 ; War against the Esopus Savages, 676 ; Stuyvesant refuses to organize a Court at Esopus, 677 ; Opposes the Employment of the Mohawks, 677 ; Conference and Treaty with the Esopus Indians, 678 ; " Bosch-loopers" at Fort Orange, 679 ; Stuyvesant's Conference xiv CONTENTS. with the Senecas, 679 ; Domine Blom settled at Esopus, 680 ; Doniine Selyns at Breuckelen and the Director's Bouwery, 680, 681 ; Lutherans at Beverw^ck, 681 ; Hinoyossa succeeds Alrichs at New Amstel, 682 ; Treaty between New Netherland and Virginia, 683 ; Sir Henry Moody's Embassy to Manhattan, 683 ; Berkeley's Correspondence with Stuyvesant, 684 ; Restoration of Charles II., 684 ; Lord Baltimore and the West India Company, 685 ; The Company's Me- morial to the States General, 686 ; Enghsh Council for Foreign Plantations, 686. CHAPTER XX. 1661—1664. English Jealousy of the Dutch, 687 ; Liberal Conditions offered by the West India Company to Enghsh Emigrants to New Netherland, 688 ; Stuyvesant again per- secutes Quakers, 689 ; Charter of Wiltwyck, or Wildwyck, at Esopus ; Roelof Swartwout Schout, 690 ; Purchase of " Schonowe," or Schenectady Flats, 691 ; Bergen incorporated; Tielman van Vleeck Schout, 691, 692; Staten Island: Domine Drisius preaches there in French, 692 ; New Utrecht and Boswyck, or Bushwick, incorporated, 693 ; The " Five Dutch Towns," 693 ; Affairs at New Amsterdam ; a Mint contemplated ; Curtius succeeded by Luyck ; Reputation of the Latin School, 694 ; Salt-works on Coney Island, 694 ; Connecticut petitions the King for a Charter, 695 ; Winthrop sails from New Amsterdam, 695 ; Pro- posed Puritan Settlement in New Netherland ; Stuyvesant's Concessions, 696 ; Calvert on the South River, 697 ; Mennonists propose to colonize the Horekill, 698 ; Singular Articles of Association, 698, 699 ; Plockhoy, their Leader, 699 ; Beeckman and Hinoyossa, 699 ; Sir George Downing, the British Ambassador at the Hague, 700 ; Lord Baltimore's and Lord Stirhng's Claims, 701 ; Convention between the United Provinces and Great Britain, 701 ; Berkeley and Winthrop in London ; Royal Charter for Connecticut, 702 ; Encroaching Claims of the Con- necticut Court, 703 ; West Chester and Long Island Towns annexed, 703 ; Le Moyne again among the Iroquois, 704 ; The Mohawks on the Kennebeck, 704 ; Governor Breedon's Complaints, and Stuyvesant's Interposition, 704; Tracy Viceroy of Canada, 705 ; Progress of Quakerism on Long Island, 705 ; Banish- ment of Bowne, 706 ; The West India Company enjoins Toleration, and Perse- cution ceases, 707 ; Terms offered to Puritans desiring to settle themselves on the Raritan, 708 ; Connecticut enforces its Claims of Jurisdiction, 709 ; Earth- quake, 709 ; Small-pox at Beverwyck, and non-intercourse Regulations of Con- necticut, 710 ; New Village at Esopus ; " Ronduit" on the Kill, 710 ; Wiltwyck surprised by the Savages, 711 ; Expedition sent from New Amsterdam, 712 ; In- vasion of the Esopus Country, and Destruction of Indian Forts on the Shawan- gunk Kill, 712, 713 ; Party sent to the Sager's Kill, 713, 714 ; The South River ceded to the City of Amsterdam, 714-716 ; Calvert at New Amstel and Altona, 717; Hinoyossa and Beeckman, 717; Stuyvesant visits Boston, and negotiates with the Commissioners, 718 ; Difficulties on Long Island, 719 ; Dutch Commis- sioners sent to Hartford, 720 ; Unsatisfactory Negotiation, 721 ; Act of Connecti- cut respecting the West Chester and Long Island Towns, 722 ; Convention called at New Amsterdam, 722 ; Remonstrance to the West India Company, 723 ; Names of English Villages on Long Island changed, 723; Stuyvesant surrenders them and West Chester to Connecticut, 723 ; English Party on the Raritan ; Purchase of the Nevesinck Lands, 724; Baxter and Scott in London, 725; Scott on Long CONTENTS. APPENDIX. Note A Page 751 NoteB ^52 NoteC l^^ Note D ''^^ NoteE ^^^ NoteF '■^S Note G ^55 NoteH '5^ Note I ''^^ Note K ^58 Note L ^5® Note M '^^^ NoteN ^60 Note 0 '^60 Note P '^60 Note Q ^^6 1 NoteR ■''61 \ote S ^62 General Index ^^'^ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. CHAPTER I. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, moment- chap. i. ous events, which had been agitating Europe, led the way . . ° ° ^ ' *' Introduc- to the permanent colonization of the northern regions of t'on. America. The art of printing had gradually diffused the learning of the cloister through the marts of commerce ; a venerable but abused faith no longer shackled emanci- pated mind ; a recent inductive philosophy was teaching mankind to seek the fruits of careful experiment ; and an irrepressible spirit of adventure, growing with the prog- ress of knowledge, prompted enterprise in the New World which the genius of Columbus had given to the Old. The immortal Genoese, who, in those late years fore- 1492. told at Rome, had verified the sublime prophecy of Sene- ca, and made the ocean reveal the long- mysterious earth beyond the furthest Thule, had worked out his grand dem- onstration in the service of Spain. By her the splendid prize was claimed. But Portugal, having already ex- plored the Azores, boldly asserted a superior right. The question was referred to the Pope ; and Alexander the Papai dona- Sixth decided that the sovereigns of Spain should hold. New worid as a gift in perpetuity, all the heathen lands found or 1493. to be discovered to the west of a meridian, one hundred ^tii May. 