The history of Tonbridge School from its foundation in 1553 to the present date
Rivington, Septimus, 1846-1926
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MacMillan THE HISTORY OF TONBRIDGE SCHOOL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of British Columbia Library http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftonbriOOrivi THl': 1 1 IS TORN' OI TONBRIDGE SCHOOL FROM ITS FOUNDATION IN 15 53 TO THE PRESENT DATE BY SEPTIMUS RIVINGTON SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED R n^ I N G T O N S 34 KING STREET, CO VENT GARDEN LONDON 1898 PREFACE The earliest history of the School was yl Concise Accou7it of Tunbridge School in Kent, etc., published in 1827, anonymously in London. It was in pamphlet form, and written by the Head Master, Dr. Thomas Knox. The perusal of this when I was at school suggested to me the idea of writing a complete history of the School. This was published in 1869 and soon afterwards went out of print. A second edition is now published in response to numerous requests that the book should be re-issued and brought up to date. The early and middle parts of the book have been carefully revised, and considerable additions made to the later part, since 1843 '■> indeed, there are few pages of the original edition that have not undergone alteration. The first chapter, on the origin of the School, has been revised, and the lives of the Founder, of Sir Thomas Sm.ythe, and Sir Thomas White have been enlarged. The chapter on the Visitors has been rewritten, also that on the Foundation of the School and its Revenues. The evidence given in the Schools Commissions of 18 19 and 1867 has been omitted, but the Reports themselves VI Preface have been retained. The Scheme of 1880 has been inserted in full, as it forms an important landmark in the history of the School. The period previous to and after this new Scheme has been treated fully under the Head Masterships of Dr. Welldon and of the Rev. T. B. Rowe. The treatment of the developments of the last few years in detail is with a view to giving a living interest in the book to present boys and recent Old Tonbridgians. Those of us who are of an earlier date will be interested to see how our old School and Foundation is extending in various directions in accordance with the times. Such subjects as the Science Buildings, The Tonbridgian, the Old Tonbridgian Society, etc., have been treated in their entirety under the date when they were erected or founded. The Index will give the pages. The lists that were in the first edition, of the Exhibitioners, Head Boys, Honours, etc., have not now been given, as they are in Hughes- Hughes's excellent Register of Tonbridge School^ 1893. A list of Distinctions gained from 1890 (a convenient date — the commencement of Dr. Wood's Head Mastership) to 1898 is inserted. It is hoped that the addition of the Plans of the School estates in London and at Tonbridge, which I owe to the courtesy of the Governors and of Mr. Campbell Jones, their Architect, will be of interest, as also the tabular statement of the dates of the different buildings, etc. I gladly take this opportunity of thanking all those who Preface vii have so willin<T^ly <;ivcn their lielp towards makini; the School history as complete as possible. In addition to those whose names appear with their contributions, my grateful acknowledgments are due to Mr. A. V. Leach (author of English Schools at the Reformation, 1546-48), for assistance in matters connected with the origin of the School ; to Dr. Wood, to whose encouragement this re-issue is chiefly due, and whose acceptance of the Head Mastership of Harrow School has just been announced ; ^ to the Rev. T. B. Rowe, for aid in revision of the proof-sheets, etc., prior to 1890 ; to Mr. C. H. Draper, Clerk to the Governors ; and to the following for their contributions : — Messrs. R. L. Aston (Football), W. J. C. Bryant (Judd Commercial School), F. Collins (Volunteer Corps), Alfred Earl (Laboratories, Workshops, Gymnasium, and other matters), E. H. Goggs (Athletic Sports, Museum, Swimming, and many details), H. Hilary (List of Distinctions, etc.), J. A. Pott (Racket Court), H. B. Slade (Old Tonbridgian Society), H. J. F. Watson (Boating), the Rev. A. Lucas (School Mission), and the Rev. W. Rashleigh (Cricket). The number of illustrations has been increased from eleven to over forty, and in many cases the photographs for these have been specially taken for the book. Mr. T. A. Flemons furnished most of the photographs for those that are full page. Mr. S. Manuel, while at the School, kindly supplied the photographs from which the later illustrations ^ Too late for noting the date in the list on p. 112. viii Preface that appear in the pages of print are taken ; and D. Embleton, now at the School, that of the Football. Mr. K. Furley, O.T., supplied that of the Engineer Corps ' bridging.' The portraits of Dr. Welldon and the Rev. T. B. Rowe are from the oil-paintings in the Head Master's house, by T. Blake-Wirgman and by P. Jacomb-Hood (O.T.) re- spectively ; that of Dr. Wood is from a photograph taken specially for the purpose. S. RIVINGTON. 34 King Street, London, W.C, November 1898. CONTENTS PAGE The Origin of the School, ....... i  ..... .34 Other Benefactors, ....... 38 The Skinners' Company, ....... 42 The Charter, ........ 50 The Original Statutes, ... . . . . • 5^ The Visitors, ........ 65 The Foundation of the School and its Revenues, . . . .67 The Original Building, ........ 79 The Routine of School Work in Olden Times, . . . .82 Skinners'  B.D., . . ... -133 12. Rev. Thomas Roots, M. A., . . . . -144 Plall or Refectory built — State of the School — Dispute about the freedom of the School. 13. Rev. Richard Spencer, M.A., ..... 144 14. Rev. James Cawthorn, M.A., ..... 147 Library built — Number of boys in the School. 15. Rev. Johnson Towers, M.A., . . . . .152 Dispute about the freedom of the  D.D., . . . . .161 Report of the Charity Commissioners in 1819 — Numbers in the School — Increase in Revenue — Suit against the Skinners' Company — Scheme of 1825 — Enlargement of Buildings — Crickci Field — Messrs. Wadmorc's Remini- scences. Contents xl rAf.K 19. Kov. James Iiul Wclldon, 1).C:.L., . . • IQI Early Career — Appointment to Tonbridge— The Second Master— State of the School— School Motto— Fire in the Buildings — Tercentenary — School Chapel — Bonfire — Old Boys' Cricket Match first played— y7/<r To)ibridgian — Debating Society— Cricket Pavilion — Volunteer Corps — New Buildings of 1864 — Endowed Schools reform — Schools Enquiry Commission and Report — Skinners' Company Scheme of 1870 — Visit of Assistant Commissioner Latham — Anxiety in Tonbridge Town — Charity Commissioners First Scheme of 1875 — Dr. Welldon's retirement to Ken- nington— Death— Contributions by Old Pupils, by Rev. J. E. C. Welldon, and Rev. J. R. Little— Autobiographical Recollections — Some Pupils educated under him. 20. Rev. Theophilus Barton Rowe, M.A., . . . .261 Early Career — Appointment to Tonbridge — State of the School— Changes made— Workshops— School Institutions — Museum — Observatory — Natural History Society — Photo- graphic Society — Lectures — New Boarding Houses — Considerations regarding the New Scheme — Drafts of New Scheme— Battle of the Sites— New Scheme settled in 1880 — Negotiations for Second Grade School — Skinners' Middle School at Tunbridge Wells— Skinners' London Day School for Girls— Judd Commercial School — Arrangements under the New Scheme — Mr. Cazalet's Proposal— Science Buildings of 1887 — Laboratories and Workshops — Drawing School — Gymnasium — Library — First Classes at the Uni- versities— System of Appointment of Examiners — Effects of a Widened Sphere of Studies — Improved position of Assistant Masters — School Mission — Old Tonbridgian Society and Dinner— 77^^ Register of the School— Parish Church— Numbers at the School— Retirement— Apprecia- tion by Old Pupils. xii Contents PAGE 21, Rev. Joseph Wood, D.D., ...... 312 Early Career — Appointment to Tonbridge, and to Harrow — Increase in numbers — Numbers since 1827 — Changes — Temporary Chapel — Volunteer Corps — New Boarding Houses — List of Boarding Houses — New Buildings of 1894 — Arrangement of subjects taught — Distinctions gained — Appreciation — School Games — Cricket, Football, Athletic Sports, Rackets, Boat Club, Swimming — School Slang. List of Dates of Erection of School Buildings, etc., . . . 362 Judd Commercial School, ....... 365 Appendices : — I. The Charter in Latin, ...... iii II. Attorney-General v. The Skinners' Company,  Head F'leven, and Back View — Froutispicce. Sir Anchew Judd's Arms,. Sir An(hew Judd's Monument, The Skinners" Company'r, Arms,. Plans of Sandhills Estate, 1785 and 1898, The School to 1825, Front View,. The Old Upper School to 1864,. The ' Common Box,' The Devil's Bridge, Oratio Coiigrattilatoria. Skinners" Day, 1898, The School, 1827-64, Back View,. The School, 1826-27, Front View, The School, 1827-64, Front View, Portrait of Dr. Welldon,. Portrait of the Rev. E. I. Welldon, Interior of the 1859 Chapel, The Cricket Pavilion, The Schox)l, 1864, Part of Front \ Dr. Welldon's Grave, The Tuckshop, 1898, The Avenue, The Steej^lechase Water Jump, 1898, The 1859 Chapel and Judd House, I' AGE 7 14 42 faiing 70 79 ,. 80 • 83 86 . 89 facing 144 ,» 149 „ 183 191 192 194 203 facing 205 ,, 226 • 235 . 238 240 256 XIV List of Illustrations Portrait of the Rev. T. H. Rowe, Chemical Laboratory, Mechanical Laboratory, Biological Laboratory, Physical Laboratory, The Gymnasium,. The Library, Portrait of Dr. Wood, Temporary Chapel, Engineer Volunteer Corps, Inspection Day, Engineer Volunteer Corps, Bridging the Medway The School, 1898, Part of Front View,. The Big School, 1894, The School. 1894, Back View, Plan of School and Grounds at Tonbridge, The School v. The Royal College of Science, 1897 High Jump, 1898. Plan of the Steeplechase Course,. Hurdle Race, 1898, Old Boys' Race, 300 Yards, 1898, The Swimming-Bath, Part of School Front, 1898, Judd Commercial School,. PAGE facing 261 >» 284 55 287 55 289 55 290 • 291 fat mo 293 5?' 312 5 5 317 55 319 • 320 facing 325 55 327 > 5 328 J) 346 • 349 • 351 facing 352 ' 352 ' 353 360 364 facing 366 THE HISTORY OF TONBRIDGE SCHOOL THE ORIGIN OF THE SCHOOL The origin of the Grammar Schools in England is closely connected with, and in fact forms part of, the history of the country during the middle ages to the sixteenth century. The existence from an early date of schools of any consider- able size is traceable from the time when they were attached to and formed part of the system of Cathedrals, and were under the direct supervision of the clergy. During the thirteenth and two following centuries the provision of Grammar Schools spread from the great towns, as the cathedral cities then were, to the smaller towns and even to country villages, which had been the homes of successful churchmen or prosperous merchants, and from the clergy to the laity. But the object of the learning in these schools was to prepare people to be theologians or lawyers rather than scholars. The study of Latin as a branch oi belles-lettres, or as an exercise in grammar and scholarship, was less pronounced than in the twelfth century. It was chiefly the effect of the disturbances in the east of Europe that afterwards gave to literature generally, and classical learning in particular, so strong an impulse that they never again languished, begin- ning with the restoration of Greek to the place that it had lost in the grammar schools after the eighth century. The taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 compelled many of the A 2 The Origin of the School Greeks to fly for protection to Italy and Germany, and from these southern countries they gradually spread west and north, diffusing their knowledge wherever they went. The result of this, together with the invention of printing, was to give a sudden and strong impulse to the desire for education in Latin and Greek, generally called the Revival of Learning. The conversion of the monasteries, also, into educational institutions, begun by William of Wykeham in the founda- tion of Winchester and New Colleges, continued by Waynflete in the endowment of Eton and Magdalen Colleges, was carried out on an even larger scale under Wolsey, in Ipswich College and what is now Christ Church, Oxford. The monastic orders had gradually fallen into disrepute, partly owing to the begging orders or Mendicants (particularly the Dominicans and Franciscans) succeeding in the esteem of the world to the place which the monks formerly held. These orders, which during the thirteenth century had given a new impetus to the universities, and were in the front ranks of learning, and were burnt wholesale for heresy, had sunk into mere reactionary theologians, and were enemies of the new learning. They knew that Erasmus and the other restorers of education looked upon them with contempt, and so they naturally thought that the progress of learning was a sign of their eventual downfall. Long before the desire for Anne Boleyn drove Henry VIII. to throw off the Papal supremacy, visitors were appointed to survey the lesser monasteries, with a view to their dissolution. They were required to carry with them the concurrence of the gentry in the neigh- bourhood, and to examine the state of the revenues and goods of the monasteries. They were to try how many of the religious would take situations and return to a secular course of life ; and these reports were to be sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury or the Lord Chancellor. The Ori^nn of the School 3 The Monks' or Canons' Priory which existed at Tonbridge^ before the foundation of the School was subjected to this visitation, and the feelings of the neighbourhood on the matter are expressed in the answer to the following letter (quoted from the A^'chccologia Catitiana, 1858, vol. i. p. 31) from the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1525 to some of the principal inhabitants, proposing either to continue the Priory, or, for the benefit of the surrounding residents, to erect in its stead a Grammar school for forty boys : — * From Archbishop Warham to William Whetnal and others, appointing a day for them to certify to him the feelings of the inhabitants for founding a Grammar School at Tunbridge. " I commende me to you ; and where at my late beeing at Tunbridge I required you and other thinhabitants of the same towne and of other places ny adjoynyng, to be here before me this day, to shewe you and their myndes in writing whethir ye and they should think it more expedient to have a free Scole of grammar founded at Tunbridge, for xl scolers, mennys children of those parties, and they afterward to be promoted to Oxford, having exhibition for their fynding at scole there, orelles to have the contynuance of the prioury there, as it hath be used in tymes past : so it is, a good multitude of the said towne, according to the said appointment, hath be here with me this present day, shewing as wel by mouthe as by writing, that they think it more expedient to have the continuation of the said monastery, with the priour and his convent, thanne to have a grammar scole ; and they have presented a booke of diverse persons names, their neybours, in a grete number, which, as they saith, be of like mynde in that behalve. And considering that ye were to be here this day with me in like wise, to make annswer of your opinion and mynde as this mater, with the names of as many as be of like mynde as ye be of, I gretely marvaile that ye comme not hider to ^ Spelt Thonebregge in the earliest charters, about 1135. The last remains of the old Priory buildings were destroyed in 1838 to make way for the present Railway Goods Station at Tonbridge. * 4 The Origin of the School shewe your annswer therein accordingly. William Cantuar." Addressed : to my right welbeloved William Whetnal, William Waller and Henry Fane, and to every of theym. Indorsed : Thinhabitants of Tunbridge had rather theyre Pryory stode still than to have a scole for xl children, to be sent thence to Oxford.' * From the same to Cardinal Wolsey. The state of feeling among the inhabitants of Tunbridge, at the suppression of the Priory there, and the proposal to found a free school. " Please it your grace to understand, that upon sight of your late letter, I wrote immediately to certeyne substantial persons of Tunbrige and thinhabitants to be advertised by theym, what murmur or brute were made then con- cernyng the prioury there, and if any such were, the same to be diligently suppressed. Whereupon this morenyng I have receved annswere that there is none other rumour or communication there, but only that thinhabitants of that towne, and others ny adjoynyng to the same, had levyr to have the said place not suppressed than 1 Wolsey. The Origin of the School 5 the contrary, if it might so stand witli the kingcs Highncs plcasir and your graces ; whercunto they referreth their desires and myndes in that behalve. Howbeit reaporte is made, that one Henry Fane and one or ij other persons, lately beeing in variance and suyte with the late Priour, wold be glad to have the said priory suppressed, for fere lest if the Priour should be restored, the said plea should contynue. And therefore, as it is sayd, if any rumor be in this mater, it ryseth by the said Henry Fane and his adherents. As toching the parochial priest of Cranebroke, the trouthe is, that this mater was published by hym, to have thadvises of thinhabitants of Cranebroke, by the desire of theym of Tunbrige, bicause this mater concerneth aswel the commoditie of bothe places as the hole cuntrey, and exhibition of their children at scole : and for this consideration they of Tunbrige requirid the myndes and counseile of theym. Wherein they of Cranbroke be of like mynde and desire as they of Tunbrige, submitting theym selfes therein holely to the kinges graces pleasir and yours. I assure your graces that if any suche rumour had be I beeing nigh to such place should have heerd of it from friends. July 3rd. To the Lord Cardinal of York and Legate de latere." ' The erection of a School was, therefore, deferred, and nothing more was heard of it till the time of Sir Andrew Judd. The date of the foundation of the School, the middle of the sixteenth century, was coincident with that of many others of the same kind, such as Harrow, Rugby, Merchant Taylors', Repton (also the seat of a monastery), and High- gate. Private individuals, well-known citizens or merchants, founded and endowed these schools ; and it was the middle classes, whether town or country, the younger sons of the nobility and farmers, the lesser landholders, the pro- sperous tradesmen, who created a demand for education, and furnished the occupants of grammar schools. It is known for 6 The Origin of the School certain that there were existing before the reign of Edward VI. close on two hundred grammar schools (probably three hundred would be a moderate estimate of the whole number), among them Winchester and Eton. Most of them were swept away under Henry vili. and his son, Edward VI., or plundered and damaged. 'All were schools of exactly the same type, and performing precisely the same sort of functions, as the public schools and grammar schools of to-day. There were scholarships at schools and exhibitions thence to the universities, and the whole paraphernalia of secondary education. Grammar schools were to be found in connection with no less than seven different kinds of institu- tions at that time, viz. with cathedral churches, with monas- teries, with collegiate churches or colleges, with hospitals, with guilds, with chantries, with independent bodies of trustees, or as independent corporations.'^ At Tonbridge before the advent of Sir Andrew Judd there is no evidence that there was anything of the kind. If there was any school in the Priory of St. Mary Magdalen, it was, as usual, only for the novices, never more than half a dozen at a time. The Priory Schools were confined to intending novices, and the * Rule ' forbade the admission of outsiders. Of any public grammar school there is no trace. If so, Judd's foundation would seem to be a new creation, and not merely a new scheme for, or new endowment of, an already existing institution. ^ English Schools at the Reformation, 1546-48. By A. F. Leach. London, 1896. SIR ANDREW JUDD, KNT. THE FOUNDER OF THE SCFIOOL Sir Andrew Judd, Knight, the Founder of Tonbridge School, was born at Tonbridge, but the date of his birth is not known. He was the youngest son of John Judd, Esq., of Tonbridge, who married Margaret Chiche,^ of an old Kentish family, widow of . . . Cloville of Essex, and grand-niece of Archbishop Chichele,^ and he was thus the nephew twice removed of the Founder (in 1437) of All Souls' College, Oxford. An estate between Tonbridge and Tonbridge Wells belonged to his family, which was returned by the Commissioners in 1434 among the leading gentry of the county of Kent. From this property, situated on Quarry Hill, and called 'Barden,'^ the family removed to Ashford, near which also they had a seat, memorials of ^ See pedigree, p. 19. - ' In the fifteenth century there had been no worthier primate of all England and no wiser benefactor to sound learning than the good Archbishop Chichele.' —S. John Baptist College. By W. H. Hutton, B.D. London, 1898. ^ Sir Anthony Aucher of Otterden, Knt., sold the manor of Ephetford, Wall, and Esture to Sir Andrew Judd, who, with the estate of Barden House Farm, left them to his heiress. 7 8 Sir Andrew Judd many of them being still in existence in the parish church of that place. The arms of the Judd family are described in the Harleian MSS. 1049, I349> ^s ' Gules, a fesse ragule, between three boars' heads couped close, argent.' Sir Andrew, when young, went to London, and was apprenticed to the Company of Skinners, a body of con- siderable eminence as at that time the chief and, pro- bably, the only traders in skins and furs. It was by means of this trade that Sir Andrew amassed a large fortune. The researches of Columbus and Sebastian Cabot had about the same time given an unusual impetus to distant voyages, the chief object of which was the extension of mer- cantile traffic ; while many expeditions to foreign lands, famous alike for the spirit in which they were conceived and for the zeal with which they were carried out, were undertaken by the citizens of London, with the appro- bation and sometimes with the active support of the mon- archs then on the English throne. ' The seafaring life in those days was peculiarly full of hazard and enterprise. Even a commercial expedition resembled a warlike cruise, and the maritime merchant had often to fight his way from port to port. Piracy was almost legalised.' ^ Sir Andrew is styled in old documents a ' skinner and merchant of Muscovy,' the latter being a title which implied that he was a man of importance in the city of London. Sir Andrew Judd was one of the first members of the Com- pany of Merchant Adventurers to Muscovy, incorporated in 1556 by Queen Mary. The Queen had obtained from the Czar of Russia an exclusive patent for the whole trade to Muscovy, thus securing to the merchants of London the substantial benefits arising from a monopoly. The trade of which he was one of the representatives was then large ^ Irwin's Life of Cohufibics. Sir Andrew Judd 9 and lucrative, owing in some degree to the h.ibit prevailing at court and among the leading nobility and wealthier classes of wearing furs of the rarest and most, valuable kinds. The numerous memoirs in Hakluyt's collection of voyages tell us much of the trade with Muscovy, while a glance at the numerous portraits of KngHshmen and of Englishwomen during the first half of the sixteenth century shows the universal custom of wearing costly furs. Sir Andrew Judd himself took part in an expedition of the Merchants' Company, which transported their goods to the North of Russia in their own ships, and then, making use of boats shaped from the hollowed trunks of trees, towed them up the river Dwina to Wologda. From Wologda this merchandise was carried across country by a seven days' journey to Yeraslau, and thence transported down the Volga to Astrakhan on the shores of the Caspian Sea. In this way, so early as the reign of Edward VI., English goods found their way into Persia and the remoter regions of the East. Sir Andrew Judd had also visited the African coast and part of Guinea, and had brought home, at Edward vi.'s request, some gold dust for the use of the royal mint : in fact, as the tablet to his memory says, ' To Russia and Muscova, to Spayne and gynny (Guinea) traveld he by land and sea.' ' The old channels of English sea-borne trade had led mainly to Holland and Spain : even the Mediterranean was as yet but seldom penetrated, and with these openings our commerce had long been satisfied. With the awakening of Tudor times came a new spirit of enterprise. Merchants began to feel discontented "with the short voyages commonly then made to the known coasts of Europe." The elder William Hawkins had ventured to break the old traditions with his famous voyages to the Guinea coast and lo Sir Andrew Judd Brazil, and others followed from time to time in his steps, at least as far as Guinea ; but it was not till the reign of Edward VI. that the new force began seriously to show itself. . .. ' It was in 1553 that Willoughby sailed, and the same year there started for the Guinea coast the first English expedi- tion that tried to dispute the Portuguese claim to treat the African seas as their own. When the discoveries of the Spaniards in the West threatened to bring them in conflict with the Portuguese in the East, the Pope had assigned to each its sphere of influence on each side of a line drawn vaguely between the forty-first and forty-fourth meridian west of Greenwich. Under this award Portugal claimed the coast of Brazil, the East Indies, and all of Africa that lay to the south of the Canaries, and Spain the rest of America and everything else to the westward of the line of partition. It was a claim that commerce, and above all Protestant commerce, was little likely to recognise ; and in spite of all the Portuguese could do by violence or artifice, English vessels continued to penetrate their sphere and trade upon the Guinea coasts. The Portuguese affected to confound them with the French corsairs who infested those waters, and to treat them as pirates. For this there was no shadow of ground beyond the Pope's award. The men who sent them out were the merchant princes of London, with Sir William Garrard at their head, a man who in 1556 was Lord Mayor, and who continued to be one of Cecil's most trusted advisers and agents in the financial operations of the Government. But, bold and persistent as he and his fellows were in their determination to expand the area of English commerce, as yet they had not ventured into the Spanish sphere. Spain was too powerful, trade to the Netherlands and the Peninsular ports too valuable to be risked, the old tradition of commercial friendship with the House of Sir Andrew Judd ii Burgundy perhaps too strong. Sooner or later, of course, it was bound to come.'^ Ilakluyt describes an elephant's head he saw kept by Sir Andrew in his house as a memorial of his foreign travels : * This head divers have seen in the house of the worthy merchant, Sir Andrew Judd, where also I saw it and beheld it, not only with my bodily eyes, but more with the eyes of my mind and spirit, considering by the worke, the cunning and the wisdome of the worke-maister : with- out which consideration, the sight of such strange and wonderfull things may seeme rather curiosities than profitable contemplations.' Strype's Stow's Survey of London says : ' Somewhat west of this house (Sir Thomas Gresham's) is one other fair house, wherein Sir William Hollys (or Holies 2) kept his Maioralty, and was buried in the Parish Church of St. Helen. Sir Andrew Jud also kept his Maioralty there, and was buried at St. Helen's. He builded almshouses^ for six poor Almspeople near to the said Parish Church, and gave lands to the Skinners, out of which they are to give 4s. every week to the six poor almspeople, 8d. the piece, and 25s. 4d. "^ Ancestor of the noble family of Holies, Dukes of Newcastle. ^ It is said as executor of the will (proved 1544) of Elizabeth, wife of Sir W. Holies. But by his will Sir A. Judd undoubtedly considered himself the founder, and probably was so. On this point see The Annals of St. Heleti^s, Bishopsgate^ p. 251. By Rev. J. E. Cox, D.D. London, 1876. ** In 15 12 a chaldron of the best coal was sold for 5s., and an inferior kind for 4s. 2d. In 1551 a load of coals was I2s. These figures should be multiplied by about twenty to arrive at the present value. * Coals ' here probably means charcoal, not seacoal. In 15 12 it is known seacoal was little used, the main stratum not being then arrived at, nor would it burn without wood. In the seventeenth century its use was confined to blacksmiths and poorer persons, who could not afford to procure wood. 12 Sir Andrew Judd time we have ample testimony from Proctor's History of Sir Thomas Wyatfs Rebellion (a copy of which is in the Skinners' School Library) that Sir Andrew distinguished himself greatly by his loyalty. 'Wyat/ says he, ^and a fewe with him went further as farre as the drawebridge (of Southwark) ; on the further side whereof he sawe the Lorde Admirall, the Lorde Maiour, Sir Andrew Judde, and one or two other, in consultation, for ordering of the bridge, where unto he gave diligent care a good tyme.' These personal exertions in opposing Wyatt's rebellion (1554) helped him to gain the favour of Philip of Spain and of Queen Mary ; and during his mayoralty, which he kept in a house near St. Helen's Church, Bishopsgate, he displayed great magnificence and hospitality. Sir Andrew was Lord Deputy and Mayor of the Staple ^ of Calais, then in the hands of the English, about 1555 ; and on September 4, in that year, he received Philip of Spain, who was on his way with a royal retinue, including the Earls of Arundel, Pembroke, and Huntingdon, to visit the Emperor Charles V. at Brussels. On this occasion Sir Andrew presented his Majesty with a purse containing a thousand marks in gold, a magnificent gift from a private gentleman of that time. Philip was said to have been so gratified with this reception, that he distributed a thousand crowns to the soldiers at Calais. ^ The merchants of the Staple were the first and most ancient commercial society in England, and were so named from having the monopoly of exporting the staple wares of the kingdom. These staple wares were only the rough materials for manufacture ; wool and skins, lead and tin, sheepskins and leather being the chief — butter, cheese, and cloth were sometimes added. The grower of wool contented himself at first with the sale of it at his own door, or at the next town. Hence arose a sort of middle-man, who bought it of him, and begot the traffic between them and the foreign clothmakers, who, from their being estaljlished for the sale of their wools in some certain city, commodious for the intercourse, were first named 'Staplars.' , These certain cities were known as Staples, from the German Stapdn — ' to keep up ' ; and this staple trade was put under an organisation — a mayor, constal;le, and courts of the Staple. After Henry vi.'s reign Calais was left the only English Staple town. Sir Andrew Judd 13 Sir Andrew Judd was of f^^ood birth and also well connected on his mother's side ; yet it was chiefly by his own personal exertion that he made his fortune and reputa- tion. The same year (1551) that Sir Andrew was Lord Mayor of London he was also Master of the Skinners' Com- pany— indeed, he was Master of that Company altogether four times, in 1538, 1544, 1551, and 1555. His character stood very high as a sound financial agent in positions of trust, in proof of which his name is constantly to be found in the Council Books of Edward Vl.'s time ; and it is to his credit that 'the good Sir Thomas Whyte,' the founder of St. John's College, Oxford, 'propter eximium amorem in Andream Judde,' gave to the School a fellowship at that college.^ Among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum is the following curious document relating to a well-known his- torical fact : ' A true copy of the counterfeit will, supposed to be the last will and testament of King Edward vi., forged and published under the great seal of England by the confederacy of the Dukes of Suffolk and Northumberland, on behalf of the Lady Jane, eldest daughter of the said Duke of Suffolk, and testified with the hands of loi chief of the nobility and principal men of this kingdom.' Among the signatures is that of Sir Andrew Judd, next in order to that of Sir Thomas Gresham, the Founder of the Royal Exchange, London.^ The autographs, of course, are not here, as the MS. in the Museum is only a copy of the original. On i6th January 1553-54, Sir Andrew is mentioned as attending the funeral of ' Master Wylliam Marchand of the \ See p. 34. ^ Sir Thomas Gresham was a banker and merchant of London, who had as his crest over his door a grasshopper, by way of sign. The house and the crest are now those of the banking house of Messrs. Martin, 68 Lombard Street. 14 Sir Andrew Judd Stapule of Callys ' (Calais), and in 1556 the funeral of 'Sir John Gressem ' (Gresham). Sir Andrew Judd, after nnaking his Will,^ September 2, died on September 4, 1558, and was buried on the 14th in St. Helen's Church, Bishopsgate, where on the south side of the altar on the east wall is a monument to him of marble dated 1558, with three columns, an entablature, and two arches underneath, with kneeling effigies, gilt and painted, ^ See p. 71 ancj Appendix II. p. x. Sir Andrew Judd 15 of himself, his first wife, four sons, and one daughter, and the followinc^ inscription : — ' TO RVSSIA AND MVSCOVA TO SPAYNE GVNNY ^ WITHOVTE FABLE TRAVELD HE BY LAND AND SEA BOTHE MAYRE OF LONDON AND STAPLE ^ THE COMMENWELTHE HE NORISHED SO WORTHELIE IN ALL HIS DAIES THAT ECH STATE FVLLWELL HIM LOVED TO HIS PERPETVALL PRAYES THREE WYVES HE HAD ONE WAS MARY FOWER SVNES ONE MAYDE HAD HE BY HER ANNYS HAD NONE BY HIM TRVLY BY DAME MARY HAD ONE DOWGHTER THVS IN THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER A THOWSANDE FYVE HVNDERD FYFTEY AND EYGHT DIED THIS WORTHIE STAPLAR WORSHIPYNGE HIS POSTERYTYE.' Machyn in his Diary, p. 174, mentions his funeral as having been conducted with the great pomp and ceremony usual in those times : ' The xiv*^ day of September was buried Sir Andrew Jud, skinner, merchant of Muscovy, and late Mayor of London, with a pennon of armes and a x dozen of penselles, skocyons and a herse of wax of v prynse pals garnished with angelles, and poormen in new gownes, and Master Clarenshus (Clarencieux) King of armes, and Master Somersett harold and the morrow masse and a sermon.' ^ The Lord Mayor and Aldermen attended on the occasion. ^ Guinea. - See footnote to p. 12. ^ A hearse of wax, or of lights, as it was also called, was a kind of catafalque or canopy over the bier ; drooping from the upper part were the penselles (pennon celles or little pennons), with the skocyons (escutcheons) affixed at intervals. The roof supported numerous candles, others being grouped in standards or candelabra called principals {pryjisepals). In this case there would be a principal at each corner and one in the centre. The figures of angels would be either in relief, or in the form of statuettes. 1 6 Sir Andrew Judd Sir Andrew Judd married three times : — I. Mary,^ daughter of Sir Thomas Mirfine (or Mirfyn) of Ely, Cambridgeshire, Lord Mayor of London in 1 518, and Master of the Skinners' Company, 15 15. By her he had four sons (two dying at an early age) and one daughter, Alice ; from her not only was the family of the late Viscount Strangford descended, but also, in the female line, the present Dukes of Rutland and Leeds, Viscount Canterbury, Lord Manners, and the Earl of Winchelsea. It is probable that the Judd family is extinct in the male line.^ This only ^ Her sister married Sir Richard Cromwell, and was thus an ancestor of Oliver Cromwell. 