Annals and magazine of natural history : including zoology, botany and geology
None
ss Si sith ur os ibsih <t f. s! ." rieses: tas oe: ome SEUSS + 3° = =o 2 sete ++ Sestrt se a pawe oat onan need ro Seb tese. ourguarer se Seer te tewe we area, peeeeeee eee eeise) vive - stat es Mert tree se Rebiccresit praia iss { ores! sete atte. eas sey at == Sseirteirties ; painter stehsat heir ese eertes esheets ii EERE ech yeasts ececenes Perese re apeope : rg 4 Heme eid : teh nn 8. te3st- i ot Stee tehoxe ostrenes Soh weeetersem re. 3 a at powenss eo: ores reg > Pat werts sfesStiiscsii Od he tee s Bind tans eleb i fetsfos este iscte cenit tph@ebaet BEI S TEE bsseieis te iai ipisitiigei: SEBtE Saree Beers -t shoige assist — +44 yee. Tijtsews =S4t - 35 Set re, eke ‘re tees > 4 pevver 7 « =>. yes ; eon eee shires ot be sit eee estae mepegepets rs hens 53 ree thee >t th ad ees ees. ‘Stree be Pes eee. * SseSeestressabte teesie) 7 ty Hees 3! ae caobelete > eet $24 ti sseonte 434 BT: $3 = > ot C52 =e ots i sth PO OOo bn Quwe 0 =e Pade St ots we 8 ein we separ ee me Ae as fee adap pre ee > a wh a ae ae 7 < Davee areas syd “ ms Mus M, i Me We i a er g\ J MN ; vi ") ar is t eure N's SESTULY aie, aa rae : eos ag He ? evant aid ' " ‘ 1 4 wn ay We Wat es ¢ i - Ay ‘fy g oe A 4 7 ‘ ; aC nh 2 tA 5 ¥ X 1 é es a e 4 , at A a xd ‘ ro 7: . 7 : Q ® - i ‘ ’ ee 2 : iS 4 “2 1 7 / ' -4. | * - 11 ! ! . /. ' : im c - - 2 \ : * ‘ > f te i a Bs Pp : 5 eo i se v 7 : 1 vial : ’ \ <_ 7 r ‘ 2 = ’ 5 ; » : > >. “ ! ” THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, INCLUDING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY. (BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. ) CONDUCTED BY P. J. SELBY, Esa., F.L.S., GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Prof. Bot. Edinburgh, AND LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY RICHARD TAYLOR. SOLD BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS; S. HIGHLEY AND SON; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.; PIPER, BROTHERS, AND CO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN. 1851. **Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis Aumane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper zstimata; a veré eruditis ae semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— INNEUS. * Quelque soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rapportent toutes ses opérations.”—BrucKNER, Théorie du Syst?me Animal, Leyden, 1767. ins eke lip ae Se Lipo we Ae Ae ITAR powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute. J. TAytor, Norwich, 1818. CONTENTS OF VOL. VIII. [SECOND SERIES.] j NUMBER XLIII. Page I. Report upon the Researches of Prof. MULLER into the Anatomy and Development of the Echinoderms. By Tuomas H. Hux.ey, F.R.S. (With a Plate.) ......cccsocsvecssee Bekssidens dag tacotunebars Goats cits ] II. Report on MM. L. R. and C. TuLtasne’s “ Memoir on the History of the Hypogeous Fungi.”” By MM. Jussieu and Ap. BRONGNIART —secceeesesenees SUaiNabis Awe buliachatesrsusceasventebeppber dont 19 III. On the Anatomy of Antiopa Spinole, a Nudibranchiate Mol- lusk. By ALBANY Hancock, Esq. (With two Plates.) ......s0.s0. 25 IV. A Catalogue of British Spiders, including remarks on their Structure, Functions, @conomy, and Systematic Arrangement. By Jon: BLACK WALL, BVLGS: & ° scceckenceusss « WOE Scud, veh acad ter mmaiodetswpeect 37 V. On the Skeneade. By Wi1LuiaM CLARK, Esq. .........cceeeeeee 44 VI. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous Insects. By Fi TATUM; Tiss Mie oss cnncsinwnus nadie aeie Grobedascaysscdsscetuesosceqees 49 VII. Some Remarks on Mosses, with a proposed new Arrangement of the Genera. By Witit1AmM Mirren, A.L.S. ........0.. hate cwoai oe O51 Proceedings of the Royal Institution; Zoological Society ......... 59—73 Notices of one or two of the rarer Birds found in the South of Scot- land, by John Alexander Smith, M.D.; Acheus Cranchii, by Wil- lam Thompson, Esq.; Gymnetrus Banksii; Carcharias Vulpes, by William Thompson, Esq.; On the Chemnitzie, by George Barlee, Esq. ; Meteorological Observations and Table ......... 73—80 NUMBER XLIV. VIII. On the Hinge of the Fossil Genus Platymya, Agassiz 3 with the description of a new species. By J. Lycerr, Esq...........e0ce0ees 81 iv CONTENTS. Page IX. Paleontological Notes. By Joun Morris, F.G.S. (Witha PURER S decnsvicbioucesiketaces tiadeoasdake pases sae nach bekicsans scaadaduahs Scnieaeed 85 X. Notice of some new Footsteps in the Bunter Sandstone of Dum- fries-shire. By Ropert HARKNESS, Esq. ..... MeRSCPELARANEARGWsaoaccaes 90 XI. A Catalogue of British Spiders, including remarks on their Structure, Functions, @conomy, and Systematic Arrangement. By DORN DUACK WALL, PLUG. sadescnas sebecdaussuptertnosscssssoccccescccessases 95 XII. Contributions to the Botany of South America. By Joun Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. oc sccovscseee CEO AOA ae RRR S EAE aa tie 103 XIII. Further Observations on the Chemnitzie. By WiLLiaAM CUA RK, SEA, seis sae suncsaasssenaespasssusas hevienves Weisaps Kouhevans bales snauieesy 108 XIV. On the Reproductive Organs of the Lichens and Fungi. By ey Ss ab. L ULAGNE <6 sayirxer Lice Shia Gee Cer RS MOMIG LW oced basa occwels oscdewes 114 New Books :—Maunual of British Botany, 3rd Edit., by Charles Cardale Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c.— Hymenopterologische Studien, by Arnold Foerster ....sccccccsessersescssecseesscscces 121—129 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Linnean Society ; Royal Irish ACADEMY ....cesecsseeeaee EGcaNbsdn ap VaRnawaesas tunes Aahneeran es 129—152 On Wolves Suckling Children, by the Honourable F. Egerton; Car- charias Vulpes, by William Thompson, Esq.; Preservation of Preparations for the Microscope ;. Notice of a Sea-Beach during the Silurian Epoch, by R. Harkness; On the Cell-membrane of Diatomaceous Shells, by J: W. Bailey; A Comparative Exami- nation of the Objective Glasses of Microscopes from Mr. Ross of England, Mr. Spencer of America, and M. Nachez of Paris, by J. Lawrence Smith, M.D.; Note on Antiope costata, by J: G. Jeffreys ; Meteorological Observations and Table ............ 153—160 NUMBER XLV. XV. Observations on the Affinities of the Olacacee. By JouHn Misra, Faq. FBS. BiB cass ices axed Disks suis SRE Rbe Sou 0d cats Ald vie 161 XVI. Geographical Notices, and Characters of fourteen new species of Cyclostoma, from the East Indies. By W.H. Benson, Esq. ...... 184 XVII. Descriptive Characters of two. species of the Genus Ptero- eyclos, discovered by Dr. Bhanp. By W. H. Benson, Esq. (With B PIM.) sedssccssscicccsoussces PIG SUUPR EEA’ vibe tvessrccsessdevorveccetsncsaae 195 XVIII. A Catalogue of Rotifera found in Britain ; with descriptions of five new Genera and thirty-two new Species. By Puitiep HENRY AIS SK MP Gea tis 0id a0 Ws PEGGETOAD 0048 vnqnepcorsevessons esetaomiieas 197 CONTENTS. Vv Page XIX. Remarks on Dickieia. By Joun Raxrs, Esq. (With a Plate.) 204 XX. A few Remarks upon the Crag of Suffolk. By W. B. CLarxg, MLD., of Ipswich ...csesesseseessersceseeseesserseteecesenaesneesceegeneensesaes 205 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Linnzan Society; Botanical Society of Edinburgh .......scsssssssssesessesensseeneeeaeeeeeeens 211—235 Holostomum cuticola, by Robert Wigham (with a Plate) ; On the Oc- currence of Trigonellites in the Upper Chalk at Norwich, by T. G. Bayfield; Localities of rare British Crustacea, by Alexander G. Melville ; Note on Pedicellaria, by Arthur Adams ; Addendum to Mr. Benson’s Paper on Cyclostoma; Terebella medusa, by C. Spence Bate ; Meteorological Observations andTable ...... 235—240 NUMBER XLVI. XXI. On the Cidaride of the Oolites, with a description of some new species of that family. By Tuomas Wricut, M.D. &c. (With Gree PRC 5556s 5555 eee Ree eae eee he sc cec awctwaewoesaveccccusesesvovess 241 XXII. Observations on the Connexion between the Crinoidee and the Echinodermata generally. By Tuomas Austin, F.G.S., Fort Miaior; S20.) seccidcidescdlicsc cicntevewsdecescsvsscssccesscuscsccsesetessecccscceus 280 XXIII. Descriptions of two new species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, one of them forming the type of a new genus. By JosHua ALDER and ALBANY Hancock. With the Anatomy of the Genus, by ALBANY HANcocK. (With two Plates.) .......ccccscccscscccccccccescede 290 XXIV. On Chantransia, Desv. By Joun Ratrs, Esq. ............ 302 XXV. A List of all the Mosses and Hepatice hitherto observed in Sussex. By WILLIAM MITTEN, A.L.S. ...rscoccceconeccscscersececoeees 305 XXVI: On the Development of the Cirripedia. By C. Spencer Bae. CAV ish: three: PIgtes,) i, cdvssccmrcscevvcnes vaasvsaie dived scbiccudsvbesse’ 324 XXVII. A Catalogue of British Spiders, including remarks on their Structure, Functions, Economy, and Systematic Arrangement. By JOHN BUACE WALLS BLS. sisi ce iccsh ceeds viavesscvccsesecs veinueceaseecany’ 332 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Edin- Durgh —ccersccsvecsovctsccccceccvscepesesssoveeseopesecsscversereseses 339—346 Orthagoriscus ‘mola, by Dr. John Alex. Smith ; Carcharias Vulpes, by Dr. J. Harvey; On the Arrangement of Fossil Animal Remains in Collections, by J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &e.; Early vi CONTENTS. Pa Notices of the Royal Menageries in London, by Richard Taylor, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.; A Monograph of Macrochisma, a genus of * Gasteropodous Mollusca belonging to the family Fissurellide, by Arthur Adams, R.N., F.L.S.; Meteorological Observations and TODIS sicecseeses esinecscunsoddcuedseenavenrcueesaentee BAAS peeasnies 346—352 NUMBER XLVII. XXVIII. Notes on British Zoophytes, with descriptions of some new species. By the Rev. Tuomas Hincxs, B.A. (With a Plate.) 353 XXIX. A List of all the Mosses and Hepatice hitherto observed in Sussex. By WILLIAM MITTEN, A.L.S. ...cccccsceceseveee Gece ceeaeneat 362 . XXX. On the Branchial Currents in Pholas and Mya. By Josuua ALDER and ALBANY HANcocK. (With a Plate.) .........ceseccsesceee 370 XXXI. Notice of a Barytic Deposit in certain Testacea from the London Clay. By N.T. WeTHERELL, Esq., F.G.S., M.R.C.S. ...... 378 XXXII. An attempt to arrange the species of the family Pholadide into Natural Groups. By Jonn Epwarp Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Vice- President of the Zoological Society ...0.6......ceccsescdecsssecccconsocccoons 380 XXXIIT. On some new Cambro-Silurian Fossils. By FrepEricK M‘Coy, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in Queen’s College, RIOHOME sib yiksevbsicusvssbeavonenbessnes ioveoses ens shbvende lsamnobasive essary sain 387 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Edin- DR ET 2 ian sansyeskiosescapbasesiotea Sans cue suhys “ie de PN aay © aaa 409—425 * On Parasitism, by M. Léon Dufour; Rare Irish Mollusca, by Alex- ander G. Melville; On the Umbrella Bird (Cephalopterus or- natus), ** Ueramimbé,” L. G., by Alfred R. Wallace; On the Ge- nera Hexapus and Arges of De Haan, by J. D. Dana; Note on the Reproduction of Leeches, by M. Fremond; Meteorological COpSer VANS BHO TADS. <p oissiervovnssssecissoialdiet gsiedsc isis 425—432 NUMBER XLVIII. XXXIV. Zoological Notes and Observations made on board H.M.S. Rattlesnake.—Upon Thalassicolla, a new Zoophyte. By THomas H. Hux ey, F.R.S., Assistant Surgeon R.N. (With a Plate.) ...... 433 XXXV. A Catalogue of British Spiders, including remarks on their Structure, Functions, Economy, and Systematic Arrangement. By JOHN BLACKWALL, F.L.S. ......css00: RE aa hC TET oe soe lciv eserves swecdvants 442 XXXVI. Description of a new species of Pterocyclos, Benson, from Southern India. By W. H. BENSON, Esq. .....0....-ssccccssevscoevvecs 450 CONTENTS. vil Page XXXVII. Note on the Genus Lithostrotion. By Wiiu1AM Lons- DAL, PAG Be. pie caccubns sisioetvedsugates PREP AMA SS oie D Oh eae Pn oo 451 XXXVIII. Observations on the Genus Rhizochilus of Steenstrup. By J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c. (With a Plate.) ...... on Mee XXXIX. On the Germination of the Spore in the Conjugate. By the Rev. WILLIAM SMITH, F.L.S. ccccsccccsescesccscscsseseccosccscccsseces 480 XL. On some new Devonian Fossils. By Freprricx M‘Coy, Pro- fessor of Mineralogy and Geology in Queen’s College, Belfast ......... 481 New Books :—Contributions to the Natural History of the Turbel- laria, by Dr. Max. 8. Schulze ...... Wdiidenduscatnsess ons ncvscesesesensa 490 - Proceedings of the Zoological Society .........ssseeeseseecseseeees 493—499 A Description of some of the Objects which cause the Luminosity of the Sea, by Charles William Peach (with a Plate); Time of Spawning ’ of British Crustacea, by William Thompson ; Geographical Distri- bution of Hymenoptera in Arctic North America, by Adam White, F.L.S.; Acanthus mollis, by Charles C. Babington, M.A.; Mete- orological Observations and Table .........scsssseeessseeeeees «» 499—507 Index COSTCO HEH CHO Ee EEE HES EL DEH OOEEEOELE dpabasbutan kee @eovees SOHC Hee OE Oeeeereeee 508 PLATES IN VOL. VIII. PLATE I. Development of the Echinoderms, ar } Anatomy of Antiopa Spinolee. ITV. New Fossils from the Chalk. V. New species of Pterocyclos.—British species of Dickicia and Spirulina.—Holostomum cuticola. VI. VII. $ Development of the Cirripedia. wa | ” j es } Anatomy of Oithona nobilis. XI. XII. } Cidaridz of the Oolites. Be ERS XIV. New British Zoophytes. XV. Anatomy of Pholas crispata. XVI. Structure of Thalassicolla. XVII. Animals causing the Luminosity of the Sea.~—Rhizochilus anti- pathicus—Ammonites Braikenridgii—Vermetus subcancel- latus. - Ann. Mag. Nat Hist. S.2.Vol.8-PLL. ’ J Bastre sec. THE ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, [SECOND SERIES. ] S© .sesseessvepeevess DEY litora spargite muscum, Naiades, et circdm vitreos considite fontes : Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores : Floribus et pictum, diva, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” N. Partheniit Giannettasii Ec). 1, No. 43. JULY 1851. I,—Report upon the Researches of Prof. MULLER into the Anatomy and Development of the Kchmoderms. By Tuomas H. Hux- LEY, F.R.S. “I [With a Plate. | . Muuuer, Jonann. Ueber die Larven und die Metamorphose der Ophiuren. Transactions of the Berlin Academy, 1846. . MUctier, Jonann. Ueber die Larven und die Metamorphose der Echinodermen. Jbid. 1848. . Muutuser, Jonann. Ueber die Larven und die Metamorphose der Holothurien und Asterien. Ibid. 1849-50. . MULLER, JOHANN. Anatomische Studien iiber die Echinodermen. Miiller’s Archiv, 1850, Heft i. . Muuuer, JoHann. Berichtigung und Nachtrag zu den anatomis- chen Studien iiber die Echinodermen. Jdid. Heft iui. . Mvuutier, Jonann. Fortsetzung der Untersuchungen iiber die Metamorphose der Echinodermen. Ibid. Heft v. MUuter, JoHANN. Ueber die Ophiuren-larven des Adriatischen Meeres. Ibid. 1851. Heft i. WE purpose in the present article to give some account of the results at which the illustrious author of the works whose titles are prefixed has arrived, in the course of a series of elaborate and patiently conducted researches in one of the most remark- able and most obscure provinces of zoological and physiological science. It is a province too in which Professor Miller is at Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 2. Vol. viii. F3 2 Prof. Miller on the Anatomy and Development once Columbus and Cortez. The discoverer—he has gleaned all its riches. For it so happens that Sars, the only investigator who preceded him in the study of the development of the Echi- noderms, had not the good fortune to meet with instances of the ordinary course of development, but only with a case, excep- tional among the Echinoderms, but differing less from the em- bryogenic phenomena of other animals. Nor are we indebted to the Professor for a widening of our embryological knowledge alone.- A more exact knowledge of development involved’ the necessity for, and at the same time furnished the key to, a more accurate idea of the adult structure of the Echinoderms. The ordinary Echinoderms sufficiently try the patience of the anatomist; and any one who has ever endeavoured to dissect a Ho- lothuria, must recollect the feeling of despair with which he re- garded the knotted, glairy, eviscerated mass, which was too often the reward of all his care and caution. _Undaunted by the great practical difficulties, however, Prof. Miller has entered into these complementary investigations (which are contained in the fourth and fifth treatises of the foregoing list) ; the errors, difficulties, and contradictions which formerly infested the subject have been cleared up and rectified, and the structure of the Ophiuride, Asteride, Echinide, and Holothuriadz is now capable of being reduced to broad general propositions. Without by any means claiming for the celebrated Berlin physiologist the merit of dis- covering facts of organization, due to Tiedemann, to Valentin, to Krohn and others, it yet cannot be denied, that under his hands these facts have first assumed their due importance, and become moulded into a consistent whole. Under his authority, then, without always caring to indicate the original sources of infor- ' mation, we shall give the following summary of some points of the organization of the Ophiuride, Asteridee, Echinide and Ho- lothuriad, as preliminary, and indeed. necessary, to a proper comprehension of their genetic phenomena. It is not, however, necessary for our present purpose to enter upon the anatomy of any other systems of organs than the water- vascular system, the blood-vascular system, and the nervous system. In all the families cited, the fundamental part of these three “systems consists of three distinct rings, surrounding the ceso- phagus; the blood-vascular rmg les mnermost, the water-vas- cular ring next, the nervous ring outermost. _. The dlood-vascular ring, besides the branches which it gives ioff, is always connected with two vessels which run along oppo- ssite sides of the intestine (Holothuria); and in Asteride and Echinide there is a distinct tubular heart which connects the vas- of the Kehinoderms. 3 eular ring round the esophagus with another vascular ring sur- rounding the anus, from which branches pass to the ovaria, &e. Branches are given off from the principal blood-vascular ring towards the ambulacra, and in the Holothuriadz it appears very probable that these branches accompany and indeed inclose the nerves. ‘ The blood-vascular system is everywhere totally unconnected with the water-vascular system. The water-vascular system, whose real disposition it is of great importance to understand, with reference to embryonic states, lies, it has been said, superficial to the blood-vascular system. It forms a ring, which lies close to the integument of the mouth in the Ophiuride and Asteride, surrounds the oesophagus at the base of the lantern in Echinide, and encircles it beneath and at some distance from the calcareous ring in the Holothuriade. From this ring a series of vesicles, varying in number from four (Ophiura) to a hundred (Cladolabes peruanus), depend. These are the Polian vesicles; they open into the water-vascular ring, and appear to be in some way connected with the distri- bution of fluid through the water-vascular system. Connected also with the circular water-vascular ring is the famous sand-canal, of which one or more are found in all the families enumerated. In most there is only one sand-canal, but in some Asteride there are several, and in Synapta serpentina there are a great number. The sand-canal is a membranous tube having calcareous par- ticles imbedded in its parietes, which are sometimes (Holothu- riadee) pierced by distinct apertures. Now the extremity of the sand-canal may be either adherent to some part of the parietes of the animal, as in Ophiuride, As- teride, Echinide, or it may hang loose in the abdominal cavity, as in the Holothuriade. In the former case the spot to which it adheres is either entire (Ophiura), or perforated by many aper- tures which communicate with the interior of the canal (Aste- ride, Echinidz), in which case it forms the “ madreporic plate.” But in all cases it is important to recollect that the sand-canal is nothing more than a part of the water-vascular system in which a calcareous deposit has taken place. Besides all these appendages the circular water-vessel is con- nected with five vessels, the water-canals, which supply the ten- tacles and feet and run down the sides of the body in the ambu- lacral spaces. The nervous ring is formed by a simple cord without gan- elionic enlargements, encircling the cesophagus superficial to the water-vascular ring, and giving off five cords which run with, but superficial to, the water-vascular canals in the ambulacral spaces. 1* 4 Prof. Miller on the Anatomy and Development The position of the water-vascular canals and of the nervous cords is apparently different in the Asteridee from what it is m the Echinide, inasmuch as in the former these organs are out- side the bony skeleton, in the latter mmside it ; but this apparent difference arises only from a differenee in the mode of develop- ment of the ambulacral plates. The ambulacral plates in the Asteride, between which the ca- nals lead from the ampulle to the feet, are homologous with the ambulacral plates in the Echinide through which they pass. But in the Asteride the ambulacral plates develope internal processes which unite above, or internal to, the water-vascular eanals and nerves, while in the Echinide the ambulacral plates unite below or external to the water-vascular canals and nerves. In the Echinide, the only parts that represent the internal processes of the Asteridze are the “ auriculee”—arched processes which give attachment to the suspensor muscles of the lantern, and under which the vessels and nerves pass. In the Ophiuridz both internal and external processes of the ambulacral plates exist, and the vessels and nerves are contained in a complete bony canal. In the Holothuriade the arrangement of parts is as in the Echinide. The ring, composed of ten to fifteen bony pieces, encircling the cesophagus, is not homologous with any part of the skeleton of the Echinide, but with the lantern or masticatory apparatus. Five of these pieces are always either notched (as in the Holothuriade) or pierced (as in the Synapte) for the passage of the water-vessels and nerves, and these pieces correspond homo- logically with an equal number of calcareous pieces of the lantern of the Echinide (falces of Valentin) which cover in the termina- tions of the radial water-canals in the circular canal. Every Echinoderm commences its existence as an oval ciliated body like an infusory animalcule, without organs or distinction of parts. In some genera, such as Asteracanthion and Echinaster, it appears from the observations of Sars, Agassiz and Desor, that such a germ as this developes at one part one, three, or four short processes or peduncles, by which it is enabled to adhere to other bodies ; among these Prof. Miller thinks he has discovered an aperture. The remainder of the germ gradually enlarges and assumes the form of a starfish. The feet appear on its under side whence the peduncle or peduncles proceed. The latter become smaller, and eventually appear as mere processes on one side of the mouth of the young starfish, finally vanishing altogether. Now in these larve, their inner structure and the mode in of the Echinoderms. 5 which the disc of the starfish is developed do not appear to have been clearly made out, so that points of comparison with the embryological phenomena to be described subsequently are want- ing. One thing however appears evident, viz. that, as in the other forms, the axis of the starfish is oblique to the axis of the larva from which it proceeds. The larvee whose development has been observed by Prof. Miil- ler are widely different. These larve may be reduced to two kinds: Ist, those of the Ophiuride and Echinide (fig. 1, 2, 3); 2nd, those of the Aste- ride and Holothuriade (fig. 4, 5, 6, 7). 1. The larve of the Ophiuride and Echinide are somewhat hemispherical bodies, having one edge of their truncated. side prolonged into a single flat and wide process, which carries the mouth and cesophagus. On the hemispherical portion—not at the extremity, but on the side opposite to that which is prolonged into the wide process—is a circular anus. The cesophagus leads from the mouth, which looks in the same direction as the anus, and opens into a glo- bular stomach placed in the hemispherical portion of the larva ; a short intestine runs from this at right angles with the direction of the cesophagus to the anus. The extremity to which the mouth is turned may be consider ed anterior, the anal side inferior, and it is this position which the animal has in swimming*. In this general description of the form of the larvee, however, some most important and characteristic features have been omitted. These are, the caleareous rods which form a sort of in- ternal skeleton or framework, and the ciliated fringe which is the organ of locomotion. The rods are four, eight or more in number ; they run for- wards, diverging from the most convex or posterior portion of the hemispherical part of the larva, and still clothed by the substance of the larva, form processes of a considerable length: some of them pass through the margins of the hemispherical part of the larva, some run through and support the buccal prolongation +. The ciliated fringe is a sort of ridge, thickly covered with large cilia (which however do not exhibit the wheel motion), which forms the edge of the flat anterior side of the hemispherical part of the larva and of the buccal prolongation. It therefore passes above the mouth and before the anus, completely encircling the * These determinations of anterior and posterior, &c. are altogether dif- ferent from those of Prof. Miller. The mode of description adopted by the latter is quite accidental, and we have changed it to make the general homologies more clear. Tt See the figure given in the ‘ Annals,’ ante, vol. xix. 6 Prof. Miiller on the Anatomy and Development body in an oblique manner. It is continued forwards on one side and back on the other, upon the processes of the calcareous rods, and thereby attains a great length and complicated appear- ance, but fundamentally its relations are such as have been de- scribed. In some of these larvee Prof. Miiller considers that he has detected, in front of and above the mouth, a rudimentary nervous system, consisting of two little ganglia connected by a commissure, whence branches proceed *. We have described the structure common to all the larve of this division; there are certain peculiarities in some, however, which are deserving of notice. Thus in some Eehinus-larvee three long processes containing calcareous rods are developed from the convex posterior extremity of the larva (fig. 3). In other Echinus-larvee (fig. 2) these do not exist, but four little prominences, richly ciliated, are developed on the hemi- spherical portion just where the long processes leave it. These are the “ epaulettes” of Miller. In Ophiurid-larvee the convex side of the larva bears a circlet of cilia (fig. 1). 2. The second form of larvee has no internal calcareous skeleton. It falls into two subdivisions : (a.) the form of the Holothuriade, and (d.) the form of the Asteride. a. These larvee, the Auricularia of Miller (fig. 6 & 7), are at first bean-shaped, convex on the dorsal side, concave on the ventral side. An irregular transverse fissure answers to the hilum of the bean, and in this the mouth is placed. The margins of the fissure are edged by a ciliated fringe exactly similar to that of the former kind of larvee. The anus opens on the ventral sur- face of the larva, behind the fringe, the posterior portion of which runs between it and the mouth. The fringe forms a continuous circle, the anterior part of which is bent back to form the ante- rior margin of the fissure in which the mouth lies. In the course of its growth the margins of the larva and the corresponding parts of the fringe are thrown into numerous late- ral processes which give it a scolloped appearance. The disposition of the intestine, stomach, &c. is as in the first kind of larvee. As the larva increases in size and becomes more elongated in form, the primary fringe becomes replaced by a number of ciliated rings which encircle the now cylindrical body of the larva (fig. 7). b. The Asterid-larve.—The Bipinnaria (fig. 4), which is the commoner form of Asterid-larva, closely resembles Auricularia in its young condition, except that there is a distinct ciliated circle developed upon the surface of the larva in front of the mouth. * In the Pluteus from Heligoland, but not in other larve. — of the Echinoderms. 7 Instead therefore of the anterior boundary of the fissure of the mouth being formed as in Awricularia by the recurved anterior part of the “ ciliated fringe,” it is formed by the poste- rior part of a distinct band of cilia.. It is particularly to be observed that this “ band,” like the extra band in the Ophiura-larva, does not encircle the body—it is alto- gether in front of and above the mouth. The position of the anus is as in Auricularia. A variety of the Asterid-larva, described by Prof. Miiller under the name of Tor- naria, resembles this condition of Bipinnaria, but subsequently adds a ciliated ring like one of those of Auricularia, which encircles the body near the anal end* (fig. 5). Bipinnaria increases greatly in size, attaining the length of an inch or more, chiefly by the increase of the anterior part of the body. This assumes a very extraordinary form, both the “band” and the “fringe ” throwing out long processes on each side to the number of half a dozen, and at the anterior extremity they form two fin-like expansions placed one above the other. Another Asterid-larva, Brachiolaria (Diag. V.), resembles Br- pinaaria in general form, but developes three processes anteriorly between the anterior part of the ciliated “ fringe” and the ante- rior ciliated ‘ band.” These are all the forms of Echinoderm-larve enumerated by Prof. Miller. Complicated as they seem to be at first sight, it seems to us that they may all be readily reduced to one very simple hypothetical type ; having an elongated form, traversed by a straight intestine, with the mouth at one extremity and the anus at the other, and girded by a circular ciliated fringe ; just like the larvee of some Annelids (fig. 9). Supposing such to be the typical form of the Echinoderm- larva, the specific variations are readily derived from it by simple laws of growth. Let the region before the ciliated fringe be called the pre-trochal region, the region behind the fringe be called the post-trochal region. Then the Echinoderm-larvee would appear to be characterized by a disproportionate development: of the dorsal post-trochal re- gion (Diag. I.) whereby the anus is thrust downwards, and the dorsal part of the ciliated fringe downwards and forwards; pro- cesses are then developed from the ciliated fringe as previously described. As in the Annelid-larvee patches of cilia are frequently deve- loped elsewhere than in the principal circle, e. g. on the sides of the * If Prof. Miller’s conjecture, that his ‘ wurmformige Larve”’ (Larven und Metamorphose der Holothurien und Asterien, p. 27) is a further stage of development of Tornaria, be correct, it Ais assumes a still more worm-like shape, and more closely. resembles a.Holothurid-larva. 8 Prof. Miiller on the Anatomy and Development body, at the bases of the feet, &c., so in the Echimoderms, ciliated elevations and circles (not encircling the body), and even long processes (Echinus, Brachiolaria), are davelopel upon other parts of the body of the larva than the “ ciliated fringe.” In the Pchini and Ophiuride these additional parts are deve- loped in the post-trochal region (Diag. I. II. III.) ; in the Aste- ride they are as invariably developed in the pre-trochal region (Diag. IV. V. VI). The ciliated circle of the Ophiurid-larva on the dorsal side of the post-trochal region answers precisely to the ciliated “ band” on the dorsal side of the pre-trochal region of the Asterid-larva. We have ventured here to give a general view of the Echino- derm-larve different from that put forth by Professor Miiller himself, who, we would with all deference suggest, loses sight of the real position of the ciliated fringe in its apparent bilaterality. Speaking of the ciliated fringe he says, “ We may name this cir- cular ciliated fringe (Wimper-schnur), to distinguish it from such as encircle the body transversely, the bilateral ciliated fringe” (Metam. d. Holothurien u. Asterien, p. 35). We maintain that this “ bilateral ” fringe itself does, in truth, encircle the body transversely, however distorted it may have become, and the reader is referred to the diagrams for a demon- stration of the truth of this position. A strong confirmation of this opinion is afforded by the struc- ture of the larva of Stpunculus described by Max. Miller (Mill. Archiv, 1850, v.). (Fig. 8.) In this remarkable larva there is a single cven band of strong cilia which encircles the anterior part of the animal, and _ evidently represents the “ciliated fringe” of the other Echino- derm-larve. Except that the intestine is bent upon itself, it agrees precisely with our hypothetical type of the Echinoderm- larva. | : The Echinoderm-larva, we repeat, may be considered as an Annelid-larva, which has become distorted by the excessive deve- lopment of the dorsal part of its post-trochal region*, Out of these larve, all of which have a strictly bilateral sym- metry, the more or less radiate adult Echinoderms are developed by a process which is a sort of internal gemmation. Now the result of this process is twofold; either the new * The only other animals which possess a larva at all resembling that of the Echinoderms and Annelids are certain Trematoda (see Miiller, Ueber eine eigenthumliche Wurmlarve aus der Classe d. Turbellarien, Mill. Arch. 1850). Here it would appear that by an excessive development of the pre-trochal region, the ciliated fringe has the concavity of its bend posterior ; but the difficulty, from the absence of an anus, of determining the real axis of the body, renders this determination doubtful. of the Echinoderms. 9 structure ultimately throws off more or less of the larva in which it was developed, or it unites with the larva to form the adult animal, no part being thrown off. The former is the case in the Ophiuridee, Echinide and Aste- rid, for the most part—the latter in the Holothuriade. The latter process, as the simpler, shall be described first. A portion of the dorsal integument of the larva becomes as it were thrust inwards (fig. 10.) towards one or other side of the stomach, as a tube terminated by an enlarged globular extremity, whose cavity communicates with the exterior and is ciliated internally. The vesicle which terminates this “internal bud ” now sends forth processes so as to form a sort of “ rosette,” which lies close to and above the stomach. The “ rosette ” becomes a circular canal (the circular canal of the water-vascular system), from which ceca are given off ante- riorly to form the tentacles, posteriorly to the parietes, in which they become the water-canals. The former mouth of the larva is obliterated, and a new one is formed in the centre of the circular canal and its tentacular appendages. ‘This is the permanent mouth of the Holothuria, which is therefore a new structure formed upon the dorsum of the larva. In the meanwhile, vesicles, the Vesiculee Poliane, are deve- loped from the circular canal, and a deposit of calcareous matter - takes place round a portion of the tubular canal, from whose spherical extremity the water-vascular system -has been formed. That portion of the tubular canal which lies between the dorsal parietes and the calcareous deposition dies away, and the re- mainder hangs freely from the circular canal of the water-vas- cular system as the “ sand-canal.” The process in the Echinide, Asteridze, and Ophiuridee is es- sentially the same ; only, as in these the old body is to be more or less completely discarded, the development of the water-vascular system is attended, part passu, by that of a mass of cells from which the new body is to be formed. We cannot do better than adduce in illustration Prof. Miiller’s description of the development of the Echinoderm in the Asterid- larva Bipinnaria (Fortsetzung der Untersuchungen iiber die Me- tamorphose d. Echinodermen, Miill. Archiv, 1850). In larvee which are not 0°15 of a line in length, the dorsal pore and the tube which proceeds from it are perceptible. It passes into a longish sac, in which, as in the tube, there is a ciliary motion. The sac. lies behind, at the side of the cesophagus (Diag. IX.). Seon after the appearance of these parts, a hyaline mass, in which 10 Prof. Miiller on the Anatomy and Development very small cells are imbedded, is seen lying like a mantle upon the dorsal side of the stomach. The sac becomes developed into a rosette of five ceca, the first foundation of the water-vascular system. The mantle-like mass curves over and covers in the stomach and foundation of the tentacles like a cap, widely open below. The dorsal pore becomes invested by it, and it extends round the anus ; but the cesophagus remains outside it (Diag. XI.). A crest or elevation now appears on the mantle-like mass, and runs obliquely over it in a curved line, whose ends become even- tually united. It then forms the margin of the starfish. What lies beneath this thickened margin belongs to the dor- sum of the starfish, what lies above it to its ventral surface. The young starfish now attains a diameter of 4th of a line, becomes slightly pentagonal, and retains only a narrow connexion with the Bipinnaria. The digestive canal, and with it the rosette-like rudiment of the water-vascular system, becomes turned so as to present the latter towards the ventral surface of the starfish, at that point where its mouth is subsequently formed. The tube which con- nected the rosette with the pore, which is now imbedded in the dorsal surface of the starfish, receives a calcareous deposit and becomes the sand-canal, while the “ pore ” is converted into the madreporic plate. | The cesophagus of the larva is obliterated, whilst its rectum projects as an anal tube subcentrally from the dorsal surface of the starfish (Diag. XIII.). The slightest touch now separates the starfish from the larva in which it was developed ; the former sinks to the bottom and creeps by the aid of its newly-developed feet ; the latter swims about as before for some time, but eventually perishes. In the Echinide the process is essentially the same. An in- ternal diverticulum of the integument of the larva is formed, but from a somewhat different spot*, namely in front of the ciliated fringe and on one side. It is connected with a vesicle which lies close against the oesophagus, and from which the water-vascular system is developed. At this place the shell of the Echinus subsequently makes its * Tt is remarkable that in the Asterid-larve, while the development of accessory ciliary processes, &c. takes place in the pre-trochal dorsal region, the bud of the Echinoderm is developed from the post-trochal region. In the Echinus-larvee we have just the reverse—the bud is developed from the pre-trochal region (‘‘ below the lateral arch of the ciliated band,” Miiller), while the processes, &¢c., as we have seen, are developed from the post- trochal region.. The Ophiure appear to present the same relations as the Echinide, though Prof. Miiller has not been able to make out the point with certainty. of the Echinoderms. 11 appearance as a circular disc, which gradually envelopes the stomach, and developes tentacles and spines. A new anus is formed as well as a new cesophagus, in the young sea-urchin. The development of the Ophiuridz has not been traced so far back as that of the other groups. The dorsal pore and tube have not been observed; but the development of the “ rosette” and its accompanying mass of cells into the Echinoderm takes place as in the Asteride. The observations of Dr. Busch (Mill. Arch. 1849) have shown that the larva of Comatula very early assumes the form of the Holothurid-larva with ciliated rings, but its internal structure and the development of the Echinoderm are not understood. To sum up, in Prof. Miiller’s words, the variations of the me- tamorphosis of Echinoderms :— “1, The change of the bilateral larva into the Echinoderm takes place when the larva yet remains an embryo, and is uni- versally covered with cilia, without a ciliated fringe. A part of the body of the larva takes on the form of the Echinoderm ; the rest is absorbed by the latter. (A part of the Asteride, Echi- naster, Asteracanthion, Sars.) “2. The change of the bilateral larva into the Echinoderm takes place when the larva is perfectly organized ; that is, pos- sesses digestive organs and a special ciliated fringe. The Echi- noderm is constructed within the Pluteus like a picture upon its canvass, a piece of embroidery in its frame, and then takes up into itself the digestive organs of the larva. Hereupon the rest of the larva vanishes * (Ophiura, Echinus), or is thrown off (Bz- pinnaria). “3. The larva changes twice. The first time it passes out of the bilateral type with lateral-ciliated fringe to the radial type, and receives instead of the previous ciliated fringe, new locomotive larval organs, the ciliated rings. Out of this pupa-condition the Echinoderm is developed without any part being cast. off (Holo- thuria, some Asteride). “If we call embryonic type the condition in which the animal leaves the egg, and when the internal organs are not yet deve- loped, we have four stages or types—the embryonic type, the larval type, the pupa type, and the Echinoderm type. The animal may pass from either of the first three forms into the Echinoderm, or may run through them all.” (Larven u. Metam. d. Holoth. u. Asterien, p. 33.) : Furthermore it may be stated that the nature of the change * It seems questionable how far the integument of the larva over the Echinoderm can be said to vanish, when it is remembered that the pedi- cellarize are developed thereon while the Echinoderm is still quite rudi- mentary: 12 Prof. Miller on the Anatomy and Development here called development of the Echinoderm, is, that a process of the integument of the larva grows inwards and lays the foun- dation of the future water-vascular system, on which the other organs of the Echinoderm, whether nervous, vascular or tegu- mentary, are in a manner modelled *. It is of very great importance to remember this fact in consi- dering the homologies of the parts of the Echinoderms. If the larva of the Echinoderm pursued its normal course of development, it is obvious that its nervous system, for instance, would be homologous in form and position with that of other Annulose forms. There would be a ring with cerebral ganglia round the cesophagus and a chain of ganglia proceeding there- from, if the nervous system were of the type of the Annelids. Or if it resembled that of the Trematoda, there would be an cesophageal ring with two opposite ganglia, from which a cord would proceed on each side of the body. But the nervous system of the adult Echinoderm can be reduced to neither of these types ; it consists invariably in the Ophiuride, Asteride, Echinide, and Holothuriade, of a circular or pentagonal cord surrounding the esophagus (of the Echinoderm) without distinct ganglia. From this five cords proceed, in a perfectly radiate manner, following the course of the water-canals. The study of development renders the reason of this discre- pancy obvious. The cesophagus of the Echmoderm is not ho- mologouswith the cesophagus of the larva, nor with the cesophagus of an Annelid, and therefore the nervous ring of the Echinoderm is not homologous with the nervous ring of the Annelid. Indeed, since the mouth of the Echinoderm answers homologically to an aperture in the dorsal wall of the stomach of the larva, and since the nervous system of the Echinoderm follows exactly in its form the form of the water-vascular system of the Echinoderm, which is essentially a process of the dorsal integument of the larva, we might be tempted to conclude that the nervous system of the Echinoderm is homologous, not with the ordinary gan- glionic chain of an Annelid, but with that elaborate system of dorsal-proboscidean nerves which M. Quatrefages has detected and described in the latter. The fact that these nerves supply eye-spots would indeed pre- sent some difficulties in the way of this hypothesis, if this system of nerves in the Annelida is truly stomatogastric. But in the first place it has not been shown so to be; and in the second place, the existence of well-organized eyes ‘supplied by nerves from the ordinary ventral ganglia in each segment of Poly- * Hitherto we have chiefly quoted Prof. Miiller, but for what follows we must be considered alone responsible, unless direct mention be made to the contrary. of the Echinoderms. 13 ophthalmus, would lead us to hesitate in drawing any very strict conclusions from position and structure to function, in the ner- vous system of these animals *. Yet one word upon the bearing of the facts of development now made known, on the affinities of the various groups of KEchi- noderms. 