None
None
lS54< sustained except dining tlie time of tlie Mutiny ; and this ttniYillmg- ness of Mr. Cobden and tlie Manchester School to take an interest in the details of Indian government had much to answer for with respect to any despotic faults of the Indian administration. Mr. Oobden’s statement, that we should get as much trade with India if it were not in our possession, might be compared with the act of the Manchester School in insisting upon the repeal of the import duties upon their cotton goods, in preference to a relief of the Indian population from the salt-tax, so injurious to the health of man and beast — an act, too, which, as they were recently told, was likely to have the effect of shutting up the Bombay mills and destroying a native industry* General Sn OEPEUE CAVENAGH, K.C.S.I., proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman, observing that Lord Stanley for several years past — indeed, from the very commencement of the Association — had taken a lively interest in its welfare * Many years ago his lordship visited the East, and made himself thoroughly acquainted with the people, mix- ing with them as few Emopeans had ever done, and thus obtaining their confidence. The feeling of sympathy thus excited led Lord Stanley on his return to take an interest in Indian affairs in Parliament, as well as in the proceedings of that Association ; and his imesence on that occa- sion, together ivith the words he had addressed to them, was sufficient evidence that that interest was in no way relaxed, and that his sympathies were still elicited by any movement connected with the welfare of the peoxffe'of India. (Hear, hear.) MIEZA PEEB BUKHSH seconded the motion, -saying that he felt Lord Stanley was a thorough friend of the Indian people, and one who was always jprepared to take their part when any injustice was offered them. The motion was imanimously carried, and briefiy aclmowledged by Lord STANLEY, and the proceedings closed. The foUowing explanation ffom Mr. W. Pirie Duff was sent to the Secretary for x:)ublication. N.B. — ^Had the state of my health, and x^articularly of my voice, admitted of my remaining to the close of the discussion on the 31 st May, it would have been my xffeasing duty to have seconded General Cavenagh’s vote of thanks to Lord Stanley of ^ Aldeiiey for his kind- ness in xmesiding. I would particularly have exxmessed my waim personal acknowledgments to the noble Lord for his kindness to me in the matter^ as I should also have done to Mr* Phie Gordon, who, INDIAJS! TRADE AED FINAEOE. 255 wlien my voice failed me, most readily came to my help, and read the palmer for me. I wish now to note one or two points in the discussion. Mr. Elliot’s views in regard to future famines have been anticipated in the body of my pa}per. In regard to the more serious reflection he has passed on the possible exhaustion of the Indian soil, I am sorry I cannot speak from personal knowledge. Mr. Elliot speaks with the authority of an expert, and his opinion is entitled to great weight. He certainly does not exaggerate the importance of the subject, and it is to be hoped the Government of India will persistently endeavour to encourage the fullest development of a more remunerative system of cultivation of the land than is at present found in almost every part of India. Mr. Martin Wood was somewhat unfortunate in the remark he made, that, in combating Mr. Cobden’s views, I had set myself to slay the slain.” Had Mr, Wood done me the justice to have read my paper beforehand, or to have listened to it when read by Mr. Piiie Gordon, he would have seen I emphasized the remark that Mr. Cobdeifls views were peculiarly dangerous, not because they were held by Mr. Cobden in 1857, but because they have been reproduced, a quarter of a century later, with the imprimatur of one of the most powerful of living English writers, Mr. John Morley. Mr. Wood is quite at liberty to retain his own opinion ; I equally claim for myself the same liberty; and I cannot reckon it at all super- “ fluous ” to endeavour to meet in argument, especially when I appeal to facts, so doughty a champion as Mr. Morley. I cordially sympathize with the sentiments of Mirza Peer Bukhsh; and it is because I believe the great majority of English offioei's — civil and military — in India are eager and anxious to *‘do justice and to love mercy” in their great work of administering so vast an empire, that I ask for them, at the hands of their countrymen at home, a loyal and generous sympathy and support. Mr. Eogors, in h.is able and temperate remarks, so completely answered the fanfaronade of Mr. Dadysett, that I may be excused referring farther to the latter speaker. In conclusion, I have only to add, how sensible I am of the kind consideration I met with from nearly all who took part in the discussion, and my great regret that, owing- to an acute attack of bronchitis (which compelled me to go abroad immediately after the reading of the paper), I was quite unable to do that justice to my subject which the members of the Association were entitled to look for. The paper is now completed, but it has been judged undeshable to publish, meanwhile, more than was actually read, which was a mere section of what I had prepared, and was submitted to the meeting only because of its being complete in itself. On another occasion I 256 J^'AST INDIA ASSOOIATION iiiixy Ltave tlie pleasure of reacliug my remarks oii tlie present state of Indian trade and finance, and the prospects of both in the fiitni-e. W. P. D. Oakfield Lodge, Denmark Hill, July 20, 1882. 257 An Englishman in India. PAPEE BY E. J. KHOEY, Esq., Bakrister-at-Law, BEAD AT A MEETING HELD IN DOUGHTY HALL, 14, BEDFOBD BOW, ON MONDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE SCth, 1882. SIE EICHAED TEMPLE, Bart., G.O.SJ., President of the Association, in the Chair, A meeting of the members of the East India Association, and others interested in the affairs of India, was held in Doughty Hall, in the rear of the Association’s Chambers, 14, Bedford Eow, on Monday afternoon, June 26th, 1882, the occasion being the delivery of an address by E. J. Khory, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, on An Englishman in India.” Sir Eichard Temple, Bart., G.C.S.I., President of the Association, occupied the chair : and amongst those present were the following : Sir Henry Eicketts, K.O.S.I. ; the Dowager Lady Havelock ; Major- General G. Burn ; Major-General E. W. Lowry, O.B.; Colonel E. M. Macdonald; Captain W. W. Boss; Mr. Edward B. Eastwick, O.B., and Mrs, Eastwick; Eaja Eampal Singh; Eev. James Long; Dr. A^hicent Ambler ; Surgeon - General Balfour ; Inspector- General of Hospitals Abraham Goodall ; Dr. Pearson Nash ; Mr. Abdul Ali ; Mr. Hamid Ali ; Mr. C. W. Arathoon ; Mr. George Bain ; Mr. G. N. Banerjee ; Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Barns ; Mrs. Matthew Bloxam ; Mr, S. B. Broacha ; Mr. J. Algernon Brown ; Mr. Neville Bruce ; Mr. A. Ohatteijea ; Mr. 0. J. Cooper ; Miss Cooper ; Mr. M. D. Dadysett ; Mrs. A. Davey ; Miss Davey ; Mr. H. B. Doctor ; Mr. A. A. Douglas ; Miss Emily Eddes ; Mr. George Elliott (Barrister-at-Law) ; Mr. and Mrs. G. L. Phipps Eyre ; Miss Eyre ; Miss B. Eyre ; Miss M. Eyre ; Mrs. M. Fischer ; Miss Fothergill ; Mr. H. W. Freeland ; Mr. N. B. Gandevia ; Mr. P. Pirie Gordon; Mr. H, A. Gray; Mr. James Greenwood (Barrister-at-Law); Mr. G. B. Havelock; Mr. Syed Mohammed Hasson; Mr. A. Hebron (Banister-at-Law) ; Mr, James Heywood, F.E.S. ; Mr. James Hutton; Mr. E. Jennings ; Mr. J. B. Knight, G.I.E., and Mrs. Knight; Mr. J. G. Langley; Mr. 0. A, Lawson (of Madras) ; Mr. C. E. Lindsay ; Mr. M. Abdool Majid ; Mr. 258 EAST INDIA ASSOCIATION E. Garnet Man; Miss E. A. Manning; Mr. Francis Matlicw ; Mr. Y/illiam McGiiffin ; Mr. J. N. Mitra ; Mr. Narendra Nallia Mitra ; Mrs. Orr ; Miss Palmer ; Mr. A. H. Pradlian ; Mr. M. Eafigue ; Miss Kawlins; Mr. A. R. ScoWe, Q.O.; Mr. A, K. Setlnia; Mr. Jolin Sliaw (Madras) ; Mr. Shivanath Sinlia ; Mrs. John Stevens ; Mr. George Temple ; Mr. H. Thompson ; Mr. AVilliani Trant ; Mr. Hamed Ullah ; Mrs. Whitworth; Mr. W. Martin Wood; Miss Worthington; Mr. W. Hamilton Burn (Secretary). The PRESIDENT, in opening the proceedings, said he would at once proceed %o business by calhng upon Mr. E. J. Khory to read a paper on a subject of which due notice had been given — yiz,, '' An Englishman in India.” He was sure that, in hearing this title, the meeting would be reminded of the old dictum that it is well that we should see oiuselves as others see us. (Hear, hear.) Mr. E. J. KHORY then delivered the following address: — Sir Richard Temple, Ladies and Gentlemen, — An Englishman in India is an object of peculiar interest, and the subject of unceasing comment. Dread and affection, indignation and admira- tion, hatred and attraction alternately centre in him. His fair skin, his dignified appearance, his penetrating glance, and, above all, his tenacity of ptnpose, all go to make him a most conspicuous figure. The task of depicting the prominent features in his character as displayed by him in his military and civil capacities, and in his business and social relations, is too arduous a one to be loroperly done justice to. hlowever, the pictiue attemiDted to be drawn in this paper will perhaps serve oiu present piupose, and wiU be applicable to an Englishman all over India. We first propose to review the career of an Englishman in his military capacity. When dressed fully in his scarlet martial attire, with all its golden and silver accompani- ments, when armed cap-4-pie in the splendour of his ghtteiing weapons, and when adorned and embellished with the noble badges of honours won and victories achieved, he appears a denizen of some better land to an Indian eye. A military organization worked on scientific principles, frequent display of warhke pomp^ strict military disciplhie, and grand reviews of fine-sized English soldiers bring conviction home to an ignorant Indian mind that there is not a siirgle nation on the siuface of the earth which could cope with the English soldiers in military prowess. The superiority of an English soldier over an equally well-disciplined Native one in strength, stature, energy, pluck, and agility is invariably acknowledged. To an English AN ENGLISHMAN IN INDIA. 259 soldier, then, the vast and diverse communities, different in race and religion, many of ‘which have no bone lost between them, alternately look up for support and safety. An instance in point happened at the late Mooltan riots between Hindus and Mahomedans, when soldiers of neither community could be employed without danger. To the Native mind, an English soldier is a compound of a lamb and a bxill-dog. He is mild in manners, childlike m simplicity, and amenable to reason when sober. But when intoxicated, no bull, however ferocious, is more unmanageable. Like chaff’ before a gust of wind, a host of terror- stricken Natives fly before him. The Native police, redoubtable in the cases of Natives, take pretty good care to make themselves scarce at the sight of an Enghsh warrior running amuck. If our valiant devotee to Bacchus happen, by accident or for frolic, to enter a street inhabited by the effete races of the South, the doors of the houses, which are always left open during the day, are closed in his face, and the street of bustle is turned into a scene of dead silence, where our hero roams wild and alone. But his drunken pranks are received differently by the proud and hardy warrior races of the North. Blow is returned for blow, and sometimes these mad holiday pranks end in scenes of bloodshed. Eortimately, such occurrences are rare, and kept by officers under strong curb. An English warrior in command presents two different phases of character. One is very commendable, while the other is deserving of censure. He is wise by experience, tempered by age, and tamed by hardships in his boisterous career. He thoroughly understands the meaais and appliances which help to keep intact the rule of his great nation over people alien m manners, customs, religion, and s^’^mpathy. He well grasps the aims and }purposes of his employers. He knows well how to preserve a vast country from danger, and how to keep its varied population in peace and harmony. Hence his treatment follows his diagnosis. He tries his best to attach the soldiers under his com- mand to their English rulers, and to create regard and respect for the government under which they serve. Invariably, the Native soldiers are fond of then superior officers, like faithful dogs. But the cry is now and then against an upstart subordinate military officer. He is young, he is imperious, he is conceited. He is, unfortunately, ignorant of the people, their nature and their ieelings. His mouth is very often teem- ing -with unpleasant expressions. It is on his lips that the word “ nigger ” is uppermost. It is he who, when riding in a high dogcart, sweeps the crowds on either side with a long whip, to give his horse an unimpeded career. A mild Hindu grumbles, a fanatic Mahomedan looks indignant at this treatment, and in rare instances some take the retaliating law in their own liands, while others 260 EAST INDIA ASSOCIATION invoke the assistance of the law ; but it no less leaves a festering sore behind. Happily, the superior officers always lend a ready ear to complaints of this kind from the party aggrieved, and do adequate justice. Many of these subordinate officers live from hand to mouth. The billiard- room, the race-coiu’se, and the rich living soon drain their scanty purses ; they often incur heavy debts. Some, thus running a desperate race in life, bring themselves into pecuniary straits. To avoid the pressing de- mands of their creditors, who are Natives, and to escape the rigour of the law, they have sometimes to leave the comiiiy mcofjnito and in disgrace. Blit the instances of the kind are rare, and are often the offsprings of idleness and ennni. Military officers in higher ranks are not more remarkable for their high soldierly qualities than their adaptability to high civil, diplomatic, and administrative appointments. Sir* Thomas Munro and Lord Napier, for instance, have filled the -very responsible posts of Governors, and have ably administered large provinces under their rule. Colonel G. B. Malleson had been entrusted with the dis- charge of onerous duties in a Native State, and Colonel E. M. Mac- donald was very creditably spoken of as administrating with ability and dexterity a large public educational department. We now turn to the second head of om* subject — an English- man in his civil capacity. The Civilians may be taken as the fulcrum on which the lever of the British Government in Lidia moves. Civil Servants fill the posts from Sub-assistant Collectors and Assistant Magistrates to Judges of the High Court, and Governors of large provinces and presidencies. At the top of all the Civilians presides the Governor-General. Fancy his authority, and the extent to which that authority is directed ! He is exactly in the position of a great potentate, sitting in one of the capital cities of one of the great countries of Europe, and sending his orders to other countries of the Continent. Who is, then, fit to occupy such a high position ? He must be a man of vast pohtical experience, extreme foresight, mature judgment, and intellect of a very high order. One hasty stroke of his pen against the interest of the subject- races will be dkastrous to the strength and stability of the empire ; one serious political blunder will be likely to launch him into an expensive and hazardous war with some border nation — a war not very easy to end, and not dignified to retreat without injuring the prestige of the English rule. Looking at the great responsibilities they are under, they are not paid very highly. They are rare and very valuable commodities, in the shape of talents, expeidence, and judgment, in the political market. Many political economists and the so-called Indian patriots are for abolishing this high office altogether, 261 A.y jsyoLZAiiJiJX Lv invia, and xDuiting the Governors of tlie different Presidencies in immediate communication witli the Secretary of State for India. The effect of such a change, if ever attempted, would be to split the Indian Empire into three or four kingdoms, and make the ruler of each responsible, instead of one head. Moreover, the greater part of the subject races, which look up to the Governor-General as the great Empress, whose nods are commands, whose words are laws, and whose presence in India is justice, would hardly reconcile itself to such a change. Leaving historians to paint in dull or vivid colours the conduct and deeds of men like Lord Bentinck, Lord Canning, and Lord Lawrence, we know enough of them to justify our remarks that they were persons most deserving to occupy the high post, and they did an amount of good to India. In the course of the last twenty years, the names of Lord Mayo, Lord Northbrook, Lord Lytton, and Lord Kipon have attracted our attention. No Viceroy was more beloved and resj^ec- ted for his eminent qualities of the heart and head, for the energy, im- partiality, and devotedness with which he discharged his arduous duties, and no Governor- General was more lamented, and his noble family more sympathized with after his assassination, than Lord Mayo. Again, as a distinguished financier, and as one who exerted his best, and did eminent services to India by relieving thousands of people from the jaws of death at the time of the Bengal famine, we cannot but honour and admire Lord Northbrook. What is more gratifying and cheering than to hear, now-a-days, from time to time, from India, of the meritorious and x)raiseworthy acts of justice done by the present benevolent and kind-hearted Viceroy, Lord Eipon, full of admirable catholic virtues ? How can benighted India afford. to lose the lustre of such brilliant stars ? The Lieutenant-Governors and the Governors engage our next attention. Subordinate to the Viceroy in authority^ and in some res}pects controlled by him, they are independent in their own provinces, and often display superior qualifications and knack for governmg subject races. Borne of these men have been and are extremely popular with the people, by them constant hard work for the good of their subjects. Others, like Indian Nabobs, pass theii- days and months in the salubrious and hilly climes, leaving the adminis- trative and tiresome part of the work to their councillors, in whose hands they play like dolls. Such men hardly force a word of applause from the mouth of the people when they leave India. Among the Lieutenant-Governors whose names are mentioned witla fondness, esteem, and respect, the most prominent are Sir William Muir, Sir George Campbell, and Sir Ashley Eden. Sir Charles Trevelyan’s name was on the tip of everybody’s tongue all over India, although 262 EAST INDIA A8S0GIATI0N he was the Governor of the Madi’as Presidency only. And why ? Becaixse, with a spirit of independence, he boldly pointed out the defects of the English administration in India ; because he persuaded, advised, and almost led others by his good example how to treat the subject race ; because he tried by every good act to endear himself to a large poxiion of the i^eople of India who had the good fortune to be governed by him. In the Bombay Presidency, the names of the Governors that everybody is most familiar with are those of Sir Bartle Prere, Sir Seymour Fitzgerald, Sir Eichard Temple, and Sir James Fergusson. Very often the failme or success of a ruler in India depends upon Ids councillors. These advisers have tolerably good experience of Indian matters, but they are not always free from bias and prejudice. A Viceroy or a Governor, if not thoroughly conversant with the affairs in India, has to shape his conduct according to the advice of his councillors, If the advisers are not intimately acquainted with the AN maillSMMAN IN INDIA, 2(33 \vaiitsj feelings, and ojpinious of those who are left under the rule of their presidents in Council, and if they are not personally interested in the welfare of the people of India, their acts of legislation carry with them disaffection and discord. The Native members of the Council have no particular inffuence over their x^residonts. They are always in a minority, and are expected to sit as pux)pets. As xmident, imx)artia], and inde^Dendent advisei’s of the Viceroys and the Governors, the names of the Hon. Mr. Tucker, the Hon. Mr. Gibbs, the Hon. Mr. Eogers, the Hon. Mr. Hope, Sir Barrow Ellis, and Sir Arthur Hobhouse are . Next to Councillors, the agents of the Viceroys form an important body. Their arduous duty is to try their best to cement the ties of fiiendshix) between the Native Princes and Chiefs and the English Government. They have to fish hi troubled waters, and carry on intercourse, with great delicacy, tact, and consider- ation, with persons not possessed of English education, English refine- ment, and English cultme. Among these Political Agents who have given both sides satisfaction in discharge of their very onerous duties, wo can mention, for exam]ile, the well-known names of Sir Henry Daly, Colonel Barr, Mr. P. S. Melville, of Baroda, Mr. J. B. Peile, of Kattywar, and others. The Collectors occupy the next position to Governors of Presi- dencies. The area of the country under the rule of a collector is not small. His power seems unlimited, his acts are occasionally considered high- handed, and his decisions as a judge, although now and then not over- erudite and hasty, are strictly binding until reversed on appeaL Impeifect knowledge of the vernacular dialects, and of the just principles of law, often leads him to commit blunders in the adminis- tration of justice. But, fortunately, the peoxfie of India have acquhed full confidence in the High Courts. A baffled plaintiff, a defeated defendant in the Comt below, and a suspected felon, aU look upon this high tribunal for even-handed justice. However, now and then w^e meet with an exx)ression of ox)inion in several parts of India that those only who are ax^pointed directly from England to act as Judges of the High Courts can administer impartial justice, that the indepen- dence of those appointed by the local Government is in a great measme taken away, for though their judgments are imx^artial and honest as between private suitors, yet the same could not be said of them when one of the party to the suit is Government. Such an opinion seems totally unfounded when we look at the integrity, abihty, and independence, for instance, of Judges ax)pointed by the Government of Bombay from time to time. Such men, by them long practice at the Indian bar, are much better mformed of the different tenures of land, and of the habits and feelings of the x^eoxffe, than those coming out fr’csh from England. BAST INDIA ASSOGIATIOK 26 i The condition of the police in India ought not to escape, our notice. As a rule, the police in every country is an obnoxious body. An effi- cient staff in this department is very useful in preserving order, detect- ing crimes, and suppressing notorious gangs of thieves and malefactors. Sometimes it is -converted into a dreadful engine of oppression, injustice, torture, and terror. He who rules over this notorious department ought, therefore, to be a man of great ability, pluck, and experience. Unfor- tunately, the heads of such departments in India are not generally well fitted for their posts. They often lack coolness, judgment, and experi- ence. They generally become odious by their ill-treatment of the Natives. They have no experience, or are too haughty to use it, in the manage- ment of Native crowds. They are generally wanting in that essential quality — suaviier in modo. The Native gentlemen whom without a cause they insult and even ill-treat, may be persons commanding great respect among their people, may be Government officials in high posts, perhaps higher than their omi, English subordinates in this department soon follow the example of theii’ headstrong leaders. Such treatment leaves bitter rancour behind quite in disproportion to the cause of it. With all these shortcomings, the English portion of the police has intuitive administrative faculties. In times of real danger, when the Native police proves itself quite incompetent to meet it, the presence of English police officers inspires confidence in the inhabitants. The persons into whose immediate contact the young Indian comes are those Englishmen who have the conduct of the educational depart- ment in India. These are the men who teach the young ideas how to shoot. Let it he said to the credit of these gentlemen, that they always treat their pupils with kindness and consideration. With fond, memory, many a young man looks back to his school and college days, where he received the blessings of an English education from meu who had gone through splendid careers at the Oxford and Cambridge Universities. A large part of the young Natives of India has ever to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to their kind rulers for mental culture and moral training of a superior kind. Many rising young men in Bombay, with pride and exultation, pronounce the name of that very distinguished scholar, Sir Alexander Grant, Bart,, who now fills the highly honoured chair of the Principal of the Edinburgh University. Bombay had been fortunate to secure his eminent services as a Pro- fessor and Principal of the Elphinstone College, and, lastly, as a Director of the Public Listruotion of the Presidency. Under him, young men in Bombay first imderstood and mastered the sound principles of logic, and took an insight into the Baconian philosophy. After liiin, under a very painstaking and distinguished Oxonian, Mr. K. M. Ohatfield, IN INDIA. 265 wHo is now the Director of the Pubho Listriiction, the Native students made a very favourable progress in Latin, logic, and the English tongue. The Elphinstone College now boasts of having such an able and learned man as Mr. W. Wordsworth. Many other equally eminent names can be cited as regards their services in different parts of India. We now come to the muoh-talked-of class of Civilians. People in India find a great difference between a Civilian of days gone by and a Civilian of the present age. The former had the real interest of the people of India at heart ; the latter is found more or less devoid of that interest. The former always showed an anxiety to be familiar with the habits, customs, feehngs, opinion, and languages of the subject people ; while the latter cares very little or not at all to follow in the footsteps of his worthy predecessors. Formerly, the communication between India and England being not so easy as it is now, on account of the facility offered by the overland routes, the then Civilian had no other alternative than making India his home for many years, and, consequently, was obliged to treat the people of India with kindness, indulgence, and familiarity ; but the Civilian of the i^resent day, while staying in India, always longs for his home, his Mends at home, and his people. Under such circumstances, what sympathy and intimacy can the people of Lidia expect from him 9 Of the present Civilians, the younger portion has made itself particularly odious. This part is composed of very young men who come out fresh from England, and hold somewhat responsible posts of magistrates and assistant magistrates. Stuffed with an amount of book learning, they are sadly wanting in the practical experience of the world. They are impetuous, haughty, and conceited. Their glaring defects are very often depicted in then* true colours by many noble-minded EngKsh- men who often come across them and minutely watch their con- duct. Dr. age and force of intellectual and moral cliaracter — ^pedants and charlatans, in whose hands the splendid patriarchate of India — the ‘^ Indian Civil Service — must degenerate into a cruel, inefficient, and * ‘ corrupt bureaucracy, into which, as I maintain, it is akeady begin- ning to degenerate before our eyes.’' Lord Hobart, as Governor of Madras, about ten years ago, declared at a public gathering thus : About the intercourse of our public service, and especially of the “ more subordinate members of it, with the Natives of this country, there still lingers that which is, of all things, the most senseless, the most groundless, and the most impolitic — a tone of superiority and contempt." Dr. G. W. Leitner, who was for many years Principal of the Government College, Lahore, says : An imxmovenient in the rela- tions of the two races had been expected by the institution of the competitive Civil Service, but this expectation has not been fulfilled. “ The xnesent Civilians who govern India as a great monop)oly practi- cally, if not intentionally, for the exploitation of their own body, and who so surround the Governor- General that truth cannot always reach him, are, as a rule, more inaccessible than the officers to “ whom the government of India was formerly committed. They go out there too young to be safely entrusted with power We should not send boys to rule over India, but men (lawyers, “ scientific men, c^c.) who have laiown something of the difficulties" of ‘‘ the struggle for existence in -England, and who can appreciate the rights of their fellow-crea times beyond their evanescent recollection “ of theories learnt at school.” Now, only kom the knowledge of several instances of abuse of authority by young Civilians, whose acts are condemned alike by the Natives and many Englishmen in power, the people of India ought not to be hasty in attributing to the administrative system the gross perversion and miscarriage of justice that occur, but to the individual caprice and haughtiness of some of this notorious class of young Civilians. We now xu’oceed to the third heading of our subject — Englishmen in their business relations with the people of India. In this class wo can place merchants, traders, missionaries, medical men, and lawyers, &o. Of these the most kind-hearted, lenient, polite, and indulgent to the people of India are the missionaries. As they recognize no dis- tinction of creed or caste, the Natives, though not taking kindly to their mission, have learnt to apx)reciate their good and noble nature. Those Natives of India who can hardly see any redeeming quality in the character and conduct of their rulers are heard to say that England can boast of some good men, and these good men are the missionaries. ENGLISHMAN IN INDIA, 267 The lawyers that eome out to India to earn their living are found to he civil and gentle, and they are doubtless compelled to be so, unless tliey choose to starve by display of their temper. India lias proved a luxuriant held for reaping plentiful harvests even to those who never held a single brief for months and even years together in England. Those members of the legal profession that return to England after some years with a splendid fortune are some of the leading men in the bar, and more particularly the Advocate- G-enerals. Mr. A. E. Scoble and Mr. J. D. Mayne, the late Advocate-G-enerals of Bombay and Madras, and Mr. Marriot, who at present leads the bar in Bombay, have, besides amassing a plethora of wealth, won by their sweet manners and consideration for their clients’ feelings golden opinions of all those Native litigants wlio happened to conic in their way. An Englishman in the medical profession is thought a great deal of by the Natives. In complicated cases, and when the patient is on the verge of death, when the skill of Native medical men can proceed no fui-ther, the extreme anxiety of a Native family is to send for an English doctor. His arrival is looked upon as that of some angel descending from above to revive or xirotect a life almost extinct. The family circle gathers round him, and- with breathless silence watches him examining the dying patient. If he pronounces the case hopeful, they shower bless- ings on him ; but if his opuiion is adverse, they burst into tears. The English merchants in India are very affable to come into con- tact with. Devoid of this quality, they ai*e likely to fare worse. Night and day, they have to deal with Natives as merchants, traders, and brokers. Almost all English firms depend upon a wealthy and influential Native broker to supply them with capital, and advise them as to the stabiUty of the people dealt with. Often English merchants act in partnership with Natives. The Native clerks of English merchants enjoy the happy privilege of being well paid and khidly treated. The majority of these English masters have won the esteem and even affection of tlieir Native subordinates. Such conduct on the part of the Englisli merchants is not without its due advantages. They enjoy a prosperous life as long as they are in India, and many of them retire with sufficient wealth to pass the rest of then’ life comfortably in England. It is interesting to wafcoh the conduct of an English tradesman in India. He does not seem to care for Native customers. If at all he serves them, it is with a show of condescension on his part. Educated Natives are often vexed to find distinctions made hi hotels, restaurants, and hair-cuttuig saloons between English and Native customers, klany narrow-minded 268 EAST IKDI A ASSOCIATION, and Yain-glorions European ladies and gentlemen deem it a contami- nation to deal witli a Native trader. In order to put them off their guard, Native shopkeepers who deal in English goods have to assume English names and decorate the shops in English style. The most useful occupation for an Englishman in India is that of a p)ublic journalist. In this line he can devote his time, energy, and intelligence both to the benefit of his country and for the good of India, No class is more sensitive than that of educated Natives. They have begun to understand the princi])les and policy of public journals. It is mostly through the medium, and by the agency of this class, that the views and conduct of the rulers are made known to the rest of the population in India. Listead of following the advantageous policy of moderation and impartiality, some English journals in India con- stantly depreciate the merits and mahciously expose the defects of the subject race. It is not difficult to picture the effect of conduct like the above displayed by such English public writers. The latent disaffec- tion which made itself prominent in the painful massacre of 1857, the deep-rooted antipathy of the bigoted Moslems to the ruling race, the half-slumbering cancer of hidden jealousy eating the very heart’s core of the aggrieved Hindu, the eagle eye of the intriguing Eussian watchmg with avidity his tempting prey from beyond the cloud-top- ping hiUs of hardy Oabul, are perhaps less dangerous and far less detrimental to the interest of British India than the mischievous tendency always displayed by English joimials of the above-mentioned stamp and character. Social intercourse between the rulers and the ruled is an oft- repeated tale. However, it by no means loses its interest and import- ance. An Englishman, while acting in the several capacities we have mentioned above, may be familiar with a Native of India, yet if he happen ever to come across him in social circles he acts as a stranger to him. Much to the annoyance and dislike of their English guests, many good-hearted and prudent Goveriior-Generals and G-overiiors invite Natives of rank and distinction to their breakfast-tables and State balls ; but the complaint is, that they betray ridiculous ignor- ance of the rules and etiq^uette of society. Enjoying the privilege of attending State balls without the ladies of then* families, they not only do not freely join in the entertainment, but stand like statues in the corners watching. It is true, that with the exception of very few edu- cated Indian families, Englishmen in India will be unable to find the Natives and their families fit companions for them for a long time to oome ; but, then, they have a graceful duty to perform, and a patron- izing pai‘t to play. They ought not to abandon t]ie Natives to AN- EmLISmiAN m [NDLL 269 tlieir sad lot. Forbearance, kindness, and indulgence will make tbe Natives work in the right direction, in order to be able to adapt themselves to English manners and etiquette. Englishmen ought to root out the painful idea that they have to freely mingle in familiar intercourse with people under their rule. They ought always to keep in mind that they do not go to India to govern its people with a high hand, but to teach, reform, aaid enlighten the governed races. The Natives are sufficiently educated now to feel their own position. The aversion of Englishmen to mingle with the Natives attracts our attention more prominently in the interior of India than in capital cities. At Smat (a town about 100 miles from Bombay) the Natives are x^revented from taking a drive on the road leading to the band-stand, -which is set apart exclusively for the enjoyment of the Europeans. At Broach (a town near Surat) the Natives are debarred from taking advantage of the xDublic pavilion erected on the banks of the Nerbudda river for the recreation of the English inhabitants. They enter into competition with the Parsees for this national and very popular game ; they treat the latter very civilly on the field, and after the sport is over, whatever may be its result, ffeely entertain them at their tables. On several occasions attempts have been made by Englishmen, who either lived in some corner of India, or who knew almost nothing about India, to make the English people in England believe that Native ladies are not at aU fit to bear company of English ladies. Such sweeping remarks are certainly unjustifiable. In fact, Native ladies have distinguished themselves in the battle-fields, in politics, in 270 UAST INDIA ASSOCIATION public enterprise, and for tbe promotion of works of science and art. How can such women be unfit companions for English ladies ? In the present generation Native ladies have reaped the benefits of English education and English refinement, have come as far as England, have wiitten books in their own languages, and one or two have married educated Englishmen. Such women cannot be put down as undeserv- ing the companionship of English ladies. But, fortunately, English ladies appreciate their Indian sisters better than English gentlemen. The most praiseworthy instances are Lady Lawi'ence, Lady Napier, Lady Ettick, Lady Hobart, Lady Hobliouse, Lady Frere, the late lamented Lady Fergusson, Mrs. Phear, Miss Baring, Miss Temple, and the late very widely-known Miss Carpenter. While coming across the Hindus, English ladies and gentlemen do often express them dislike to, and even abhorrence at, a particular part of then* di’ess. It is the reputed Hindu dhotee, a p)iece of cloth tied round his waist, extending as far as his ankle, and leaving his calves bare. Educated Hindus, when they go out, very wisely put on English trousers ; but on a hot summer day a Hindu, no matter how refined his manners may be in public, moves about in his family in no other dress than his dliotee. It is no wonder, then, that an Englishman cannot reconcile himself to a sight hke this. A few years ago, a young educated Hindu, holding a high Government post in Bombay, came out of his house with only this miserable piece of cloth on his body, and began to discuss the law with the Police Commissioner himself, who attempted to put a stop to the firing of crackers in the front garden of the house, contrary to Government orders. Dressed as he was in this delectable dliotee, the Police Com- missioner took him either to be the servant of the family or some loafing, impertinent fellow, and at once caused him to be arrested. His estimable dhotee w’’as declared to be the cause of his disgrace. With reference to friendly intercourse between the rulers and the ruled, we can hardly find better sentiments, couched in effective wnrds, than those expressed by the great Oriental scholar, Sir Monier Williams. 