The Encyclopaedia Britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature
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By +E i of Nd {1 on 7; mes 4 \ it me p - iy : P » : ‘a - a 1 { : ie , . fi iy ie ean ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND GENERAL LITERATURE. Sten Ob ae. Gt) ee CIN. (AMERICAN REPRINT.) VOLUME XV. PHILADELPHIA: Pee Nes POD DARD & CO. Ci RO a Ve ake. Aids) bil ae Sl! La ae” Ne 1 s © Ln ce , s > Entered, according to Act of Congres, inthe year 1688, by | J. M. STODDART & CO, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. —. vf le I RT 2 ~ CR) A) 0 A a a eee CoE ECo, ze ; WwW + 2, 4 ve 1 * 7 ts ea La ‘ “n ae ae 2 — ee i ae : ' en rae rt = et j - i ¢ " a, ; ae q } % a | = Neo ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. LOO. ee (formerly called LANTERLOO), a round game of cards. Loo may be played by any number of per- sons ; from five to seven makes the best game. ‘ Three- card loo’’ is the game usually played. A pack of fifty-two cards is required. The players being seated, the pack is shuftled and a card dealt face upwards to each. The player to whom a knave falls has the first deal, the player to his left deals next, and so on in rota- tion. player is entitled to a deal, ie., the game should not be abandoned till it returns to the orginal dealer ; but, if there isa loo in the last deal ofa round, the game continues till there is a hand without a loo. pack is cut to the dealer, who deals three cards to each player and an extra hand called miss. -The dealer turns up the top of the undealt cards for trumps. The dealer is sometimes permitted to deal the cards in any order he pleases; but the best rule is to require that the cards be dealt one at a time in rotation, as at whist. During the deal each player contributes to the pool a a gal led agreed upon, the dealer contributing dow The unit for a single stake should be divisi- ble by three without a remainder, e.g., three counters | or three pence. The players are bound to put in the stake before the deal is completed ; sometimes a penalty | is enforced for neglect. The deal being completed and the pool formed, each player in rotation, beginning from the dealer's left, looks at his cards, and declares whether he will play, resign, or take miss. If the former, he says “‘I play.’’ If he takes miss he places his cards face downwards in the middle of the table, and takes up the extra hand. If he resigns, he simi- = ae Vis cards face downwards in the middle of e table. If miss is taken, the subsequent players only have the option of playing or resigning. A player who takes miss must play. Those who have declared 0 play, and the one—if there is one—who has taken Ey : tak miss, then play one card each in rotation, beginning the dealer's left, the cards thus played constitut- ing a trick, The trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, or, if trumped, by the highest trump, the cards ranking as at whist. The winner of the trick leads to the next, and so on, until the hand is played out. The cards remain face upwards in front of the persons playing them. Rules of Play—If the leader holdsace of trumps he must lead it a king, iface is turned up). If the leader has two trumps he must lead one of them, and if one is ace (or king, ace being turned up) he must lead it. With this exception the leader is not bound to lead his highest trump if more than two declare to play ; but if there are only two declared players the leader with more than one trump must lead the | highest. Except with trumps as above stated he may lead any card he chooses. The subsequent players must head the trick if able,and must follow suit if able. Holding none of the suit led, they must head the trick with a trump, if able. Otherwise they may play any card they | please. The winner ofthe first trick is subject to the rules already stated respecting the lead, and in addition he must lead a trump if able (called trump after trick). When the hand has been played out, the winners of the tricks divide the pool, each receiving one-third of the | amount for each trick. If only one declared to play, the dealer plays miss either for himself or for the pool, If he plays for the pool he must declare before seeing miss that he does not play for himself. Any tricks he may win, when playing for the pool, remain there as an addition to the next pool. If each declared player wins at least one trick it isa single, i. e., a fresh pool is made as already described; but if one of the declared players fails to make a trick he is looed. Then, only the player who is looed contributes to | the next pool, together with the dealer, who puts in a sin- | gle stake. If more than one player is looed, each has to | contribute. At wulimited loo each player looed has to put in | the amount there was in the pool. But it is generally agreed to limit the loo, so that it shall not exceed a certain | fixed sum. Thus, at eighteen-penny loo, the loo is gener- ally limited to halfa guinea. If there is less than the limit in the pool the payment is regulated as before; but if there is more than the limit, the loo is the fixed sum agreed on. The game is sometimes varied by forces, ¢. e., by compel- ling every one to play, either whenever there is no loo the previous deal (@ single), or whenever clubs are trumps (clud law). When there is a force no miss is dealt. Irish loo is played by allowing declared players to exchange some or all of their cards for cards dealt from the top of the pack. There is no miss, and it is not compulsory to lead a tramp with two trumps, unless there are only two declared play- ers. At five-card loo each player has five cards instead of three and a single stake should be divisible by five. Pam (knave of clubs) ranks as the highest trump, whatever suit is turned up. There is no miss, and cards may be ex- | changed as at Irish loo. If ace of trumps is led, the leader says “Pam be civil,” when the holder of that card must pass the trick if he can do so without revoking. A flush (five cards of the same suit, or four with Pam) loos the board, | ae. the holder receives the amount of aloo from every one, and the hand is not played. A trump flush takes pre- cedence of flushes in other suits. If more than one flush is held, or if Pam is held, the holder is exempted from pay- ment. As between two flushes which do not take prece- dence, the elder hand wins. Declaring to Play, and Playing (three-card loo).—Play on two trumps. The first to declare should play on an honor in trumps and an ace in plain suits. Play also on king of | trumps; but some players throw up king of trumps single unless with it another king or a guarded queen is held. Also play on one trump with two other cards as high as | queens; some players throw up this hand. Holding a 3 4 LOOCHOO—LOPEZ. trump and two aces, lead the trump if three others declare to play ; but otherwise lead an ace. Do not play ona hand without a trump; except, play on any cards that give a reasonable chance of a trick, or take miss, if the amount in the pool is considerable, and the loo is limited. If the number of players is less than five, or if several throw up, weaker hands may be played ; on the other side, if several have declared to play, only a very strong hand should be risked. If there are only three left in, all others having thrown up, miss should be taken, but not when there are more than two to follow the player whose turn it is to de- clare. Laws of Loo.—These vary greatly, and should be agreed on before commencing to play. The ordinary rules, which loo the player for nearly every error, are yery bad. The following are based on the laws of the late Blenheim Club. 1. First knave deals. 2. Each player has a right to shuffle, 3. The player to the dealer’s right cuts the pack. 4. The dealer must deliver the cards, one by one, in rotation, as at whist, and must deal one card for miss at the end of each round; he must turn up the top card of the undealt cards for trumps. 5. If the dealer deals without having the pack cut, or shuffles after it is cut, or deals except as pro- vided in law 4, or deals two cards together and then deals a third without rectifying the error, or exposes a card, or deals too many cards, he forfeits a single to the pool, and deals again.! 6. The player to the left of the dealer deals next. Ifa player deals out of turn, he may be stopped before the trump card is turned, otherwise the deal stands good, and the,player to his left deals next. 7. Players must declare to play in rotation, beginning to the dealer’s left. A player looking at his cards before his turn forfeits a single to the pool. 8. A player who declares before his turn, or who exposes a card, forfeits a single to the pool, and must throw up his hand.? 9. If a declared player ex- poses a card before his turn to play, or plays out of turn, or before all have declared, or detaches a card so that it can be named by any other declared player, or revokes, he must leave in the pool any tricks he may make, and for- feit four times the amount of a single. If he makes no trick he is looed, and there is no further penalty. 10. If the leader holds ace of trumps and does not lead it (or king, ace being turned up), or if he holds two trumps and does not lead one, or the highest of two or more trumps when there are only two declared players (unless his cards are sequence cards or cards of equal value), or if a player does not head the trick when able, or if he does not lead trump after trick (if he holds a trump), heis liable to the same penalty as in law 9.3 11. H. J. LOOCHOO. See Lew-cunw Isuanps. LOOM. See Wravinea. LOOM, or Loon (Icelandic Zdémr), a name applied to water-birds of three distinct Families, all remark- able for their clumsy gait on land.* The first of them is the Colymbide, to which the term DrvmEr (q.v.) is nowadays usually restricted in books; the second the Podicipedidee, or GREBES (see vol. xi. p. 72); and the third the Alcide, The form Loon is most com- monly used both in the British Islands and in North America for all the species of the genus Colymbus, or Hudytes according to some ornithologists, frequently with the prefix Sprat, indicating the kind of fish on which they are supposed to prey; though it is the local name of the Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cris- tatus) wherever that bird is sufficiently well known to have one; and, as appears from Grew (Mus. Reg. Soc., p. 69), it was formerly given to the Little Grebe or Dabchick (P. fluviatilis or minor) as well. The other form Loom seems more confined in its 1 The law which loos a player for misdealing is atrocious, and should always be opposed. 2 Porfeits of a single go to increase the pool already formed, and see note to Jaw 5. 8 Tricks left in the pool and fines under laws 9 and 10 go to the next pool and not to the pool already formed. Many players in- flict the penalty of a loo for the offences named in laws 9 and 10; but the rule above, as played at the Blenheim, is the best. ‘ The word also takes the form ‘ Lumme” (fide Montagu), and, as Professor Skeat observes, is probably connected with lame. The signification of loon, a clumsy fellow, and metaphorically a simpleton, is obvious to any one who has seen the attempt of the birds to which the name is given to walk. application to the north, and is said by Mr. T. Ed- monston (tym. Gloss. Shetl. and Orkn. Dialect, p. 67) to be the proper name in Shetland of Co- lymbus septentrionalis ;° but it has come into common use among Arctic seamen as the name of the spe- cies of Guillemot (Alea arra or bruennichi) which in thousands throng the cliffs of far northern Jands, from whose (hence called) ‘‘loomeries’’ they obtain a considerable stock of wholesome food, while the writer believes he has heard the word locally applied to the RAZORBILL (9.0. ). ~ (A. N,) LOPE DE VEGA. See Vuaa Carpro. LOPEZ, Cartos Antonio (1790-1862), a Para- guayan ruler of great ability, born at Asuncion, No- vember 4, 1790, was educated in the ecclesiastical seminary of that city, and by his ability attracted the hostility of the dictator, Francia, in consequence of which he was forced to keep in hiding for several years. He acquired, however, by study, so unusual a knowl- edge of law and governmental affairs, that, on Francia’s death in 1840, he soon acquired an almost undisputed control of the Paraguayan state, which he maintained uninterruptedly until his own death in 1862. He was successively secretary of the ruling military junta (1840 —41), one of the two consuls (1841-44), and president with dictatorial powers (1844-1862) by successive elec- tions for ten and three years, and in 1857 again for ten years, with power to nominate his own successor. Though nominally a president acting under a republi- can constitution, he ruled despotically, the congress assembling only rarely and on his call, and then only to ratify his decrees. His government was in general directed with wise energy towards developing the material resources and strengthening the military power of the country. His jealousy of foreign approach seve- ral times involved him in diplomatic disputes with Brazil, England, and the United States, which nearly resulted in war, but each time he extricated himself by skilful evasions. Paraguay rapidly advanced under his firm and, on the whole, patriotic administration. He died September 10, 1862. LOPEZ, Francisco SoLnano (1826-1870), eldest son of Carlos Antonio Lopez above noticed, was born near Asuncion, Paraguay, July 24, 1826. During his boyhood his father was in hiding, and in consequence his education was wholly neglected. Soon after his father’s accession to the presidency, Francisco, then in his nineteenth year, was made commander-in-chief of the Paraguayan army, during the spasmodic hostilities then prevailing with the Argentine Republic. After receiving successively the highest offices of the state, he was sent in 1853 as minister to England, France, and Italy, to ratify formally treaties made with these powers the previous year. He spent a year and a half in Europe, and succeeded in purchasing large quanti- ties of arms and military supplies, together with several steamers, and organized a project for building a rail- road and establishing a French colony in Paraguay. He also formed the acquaintance of Madame Lynch, an Irish adventuress of many talents and popular qualities, who became his mistress, and snout influ- enced his later ambitious schemes. Returning to Paraguay, he became in 1855 minister of war, and on his father’s death in 1862 at once assumed the reins of government as vice-president, in accordance with a provision of his father’s will, and called a congress, by which he was chosen president for ten years. He had long cherished ambitious designs, and now set himself to enlarge the army, and purchase in Hurope large quantities of military stores. In 1864 he began open ag- gression on Brazil by demanding, in his self-styled capa- city of ‘* protector of the equilibrium of the La Plata,” that Brazil should abandon her armed interference in a revolutionary struggle then in progress in Uruguay. No attention being paid to his demand, he treacher- ously seized a Brazilian merchant steamer in the har- - 5 Dunn and Saxby, however, agreein giving “ Rain-Goose” as the name of this species in Shetland. LORCA—LORETO. bor of Asuncion, and threw into prison the Brazilian oe of the province of Matto Grosso who was on oard. In the following month (December, 1864) he dispatched a force to invade Matto Grosso, which seized and sacked its capital Cuyab4, and took posses- sion of the province and its diamond mines. Lopez _ next sought to send an army to the relief of the Uru- guayan president Aguirro against the revolutionary aspirant Flores, who was supported by Brazilian troops. The refusal of the Argentine president, Mitre, to allow this force to cross the intervening pro- vince of Corrientes, was seized upon by Lopez as an occasion for war with the Argentine Republic. A congress, hastily summoned and composed of his own nominees, bestowed upon Lopez the title of mar- shal, with extraordinary war powers, and on April 13, 1865, he declared war, at the same time seizing two Argentine war vessels in the bay of Corrientes, and on the next day occupied the town of Corrientes, institu- ted a provisional government of his Argentine parti- sans, and summarily announced the annexation to Paraguay of the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios. Meantime the party of lores had been success- ful in Uruguay, and that state on April 18 united with the Argentine Republic in a declaration of war on Paraguay, the news of the treacherous proceedings of Lopez haying then but just reached Buenos Ayres. On May Ist esi joined these two states in a secret alliance, which stipulated that they should unitedly rosecute the war ‘until the existing government of araguay should be overthrown,” and ‘‘ until no arms or elements of war should be left to it.’ This agree- ment was literally carried out. The war which ensued, lasted until April 1, 1870, was on the largest scale of any that South America had experienced, and was carried on with great stub- bornness and with altering fortunes, though with a steadily increasing tide of disasters to Lopez (see PAR- AGUAY). In 1868, when the allies were pressing him hard before the various strongholds still remaining to him in Paraguay, his mind, naturally suspicious and revengeful, led him to conceive that a conspiracy had been formed against his life in his own eapital and by his chief adherents. His bloodthirsty rage knew. no bounds. In a short time several hundred of the chief Paraguayan citizens were seized and executed by his order, including his brothers and brothers-in-law, cab- inet ministers, judges, prefects, military officers of the highest grade, the bishops and priests, and nine-tenths of the civil officers, together with more than two hun- dred foreigners, among them several members of the different diplomatic lezations. Lopez was at last driven with a mere handful of troops to the northern frontier of Paraguay, where, on April 1, 1870, he was surprised by a Brazilian force and killed as he was; endeavoring to escape by swim- ming the river Aquidaban. His ill-starred ambition had in a few years reduced Paraguay from the pros- perity which it had enjoyed under his father to a condition of hopeless weakness, and it has since remained a virtual dependency of Brazil. LORCA, a town of Spain, in the province of Murcia, on the right side of the Sangonera (here called the Guadalentin), by which it is separated from the suburb or quarter of San Cristobal. It is situated about 88 miles west from Cartagena, and 37 south- west from Murcia, at the foot of the Sierra del Cafio. The principal buildings are the collegiate church of San Patricio, with a Corinthian fagade, and the parish church of Santa Maria, in the Gothic style. The principal manufactures are soda, saltpetre, gunpowder, and cloth: the trade, apart from that which these articles involve, is insignificant. The population of the municipality was 52,934 in 1877. Lorea (Arab. Lurka) is the Eliocroca of the Itin. Ant., and ' probably also the Ilorci of Pliny (iii. 3). It was the key of Murcia during the Moorish wars, and was frequently taken and retaken. On April 30, 1802, it suffered severely — 5 by the bursting of the reservoir known as the Pantano de Puentes, in which the waters of the Guadalentin were stored for purposes of irrigation; the Barrio de San Cristo- bal was completely ruined, and more than six hundred persons perished in the disaster. In 1810 itsuffered greatly from the French. LORENZO MARQUES, or Lourenco Marques, the chief place, and indeed the only European settle- ment, in the district of its own name in the Portu- guese province of Mozambique in Southeastern Africa, 1s situated on Delagoa Bay, at the mouth of the Lorenzo Marques or English River, in 25° 58” 8. lat. and 32° 30’ K. long. At the time of Mr. Ers- kine’s visit in 1871 it was a poor place, with narrow streets, fairly good flat-roofed houses, grass huts, de- cayed forts, and rusty cannon, inclosed by a wall 6 feet high recently erected and protected by bastions at intervals. In 1878 Governor Castelho returned the white population of all the district (whose area is esti- mated at 210,000 square miles) as 458, and the natives as from 50,000 to 80,000. A commission sent by the Government in 1876 to drain the marshy land near the settlement, to plant the blue gum-tree, and to build a hospital and church, only partly accomplished its task, and other commissions have succeeded it. In 1878-79 a survey was taken for a railway from Lorenzo Marques to the Transvaal (see Bol. da Soc. de Geogr. de Lisboa, 1880), and the completion of this enter- prise will make the settlement (which already pos- sesses the best harbor on the African coast between the Cape and Zanzibar), a place of considerable im- portance. It became a regular port of call for steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company in 1879, and for those of the Donald Currie line in 1880. Since 1879 it is also a station on the telegraph line be- tween Aden and South Africa. Both Germany and Eng- land maintain consular agents in the settlement. See DeLaGoa BAY, vol. vii. p. 36; and Lobo de Bulhaes, Les Colonies Portugaises (Lisbon, 1878). LORETO, a city in the province and circondario of Ancona, Italy, is situated some 15 miles by rail southwest from Ancona on the Ancona-Foggia railway, 16 miles northeast from Macerata, and 3 from the sea. It lies upon the right bank of the Musone, at some distance from the railway station, on a hill-side commanding splendid views from the Apennines to the Adriatic. The city itself consists of little more than one long narrow street, lined with booths for the sale of rosaries, medals, crucifixes and similar objects, the manufacture of which is the sole industry of the place. The population in 1871 was only 1241; but, when the suburbs Montereale, Porta Marina, and Casette are included, the population is given as 4755, that of the commune being 8083. The number of pil- erims is said to amount to about 500,000 annually. The principal buildings, occupying the four sides of the piazza, are the college of the Jesuits, the Palazzo Apostolico (designed by Bramante), and the architect- urally insignificant cathedral church of the Holy House (Chiesa della Casa Santa). The handsome facade of the church was erected under Sixtus V., who fortified Loreto and gave it the privileges of a town (1586); his colossal statue stands in the middle of the flight of steps in front. Over the principal doorway is a life-size bronze statue of the Virgin and Child by Girolamo Lombardo; the three superb bronze doors executed under Paul We (1605-21) are also by Lombardo, his sons, and his pupils. The richly deco- rated campanile, by Vanvitelli, is of great height ; the principal bell, presented by Leo X. in 1516, weighs 11 tons. The interior of the church has mosaics by Domenichino and Guido Reni, a beautiful bronze font and other works of art; but the chief object of interest is the Holy House itself, which occupies a central lace. Itiga plain brick building, measuring 28 feet Fy 123, and 133 feet in height ; it has a door on the north side and a window on the west; and a niche contains 6 LORIENT—LORRAINE. a small black image of the Virgin and Child, in Lebanon cedar, and richly adorned with jewels. St. Luke is alleged to have been the sculptor; its workmanship suggests the latter half of the 15th century. Around the Santa Casa is a lofty marble screen, designed by Bramante, and executed under Popes Leo X., Clement VIL. and Paul III, by Andrea Sansovino, Girolamo Lombardo, Bandinelli, Guglielmo della Porta, and others. The four sides represent the Annunciation, the Nativity, the Arrival of the Santa Casa at Loreto, and the Nativity of the Virgin respectively. The treasury of the church contains a large variety of rich and curious votive offerings. The legend of the Holy House, by which Loreto became what has been not inappropriately called the Christian Mecea, seems to have sprung up, how is not exactly known, at the close of the crusading period. It is briefly referred to in the Italia Illustrata of Flavius Blondus, secretary to Popes Eugenius IV., Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and Pius II. (0b. 1464); it is to be read in all its fulness in the “Redemptoris mundi Matris Ecclesiz Lauretanz historia,” by a certain Teremannus, contained in the Opera Omnia (1576) of Baptista Mantuanus. According to this narrative the house at Nazareth in which Mary had been born and brought up, had received the annunciation, and had lived during the childhood of Jesus and after His ascension, was converted into a church by the apostles, and worship con- tinued to be held in it until the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem. Threatened with destruction by the Turks, it was carried by angels through the air and deposited (1291) in the first instance on a hill at Tersato in Dalmatia (some miles inland from Zengg) where an appearance of the Virgin and numerous miraculous cures attested its sacred- ness, Which was confirmed by investigations made at Naza- reth by messengers from the governor of Dalmatia, In 1294 the angels carried it across the Adriatic to a wood near Recanati; from this wood (lauretum), or from the name of its proprietrix (Laureta), the chapel derived the name which it still retains (‘“‘sacellum gloriose Virginis in Laureto”). From this spot it was afterwards (1295) re- moved to the present hill, one other slight adjustment being required to fix it in its actual site. Bulls in favor of the shrine at Loreto were issued by Sixtus IV. in 1491 and by Julius II. in 1507, the last alluding to the translation of the house with some caution (“ut pie creditur et fama est’’). The recognition of the sanctuary by subsequent pontiffs has already been alluded to. In the end of the 17th century Innocent XII. appointed a “‘missa cum officio proprio” for the feast of the Translation of the Holy House, and the Festum Translationis Almee Domus Lauretanze B. M. V. is still enjoined in the Spanish Breviary asa ‘ duplex majus” (December10). In the sixth lesson it is stated that “the house in which the Virgin was born, having been consecrated to the divine mysteries, was by the ministry of angels removed from the power of the infidels first to Dalamatia and afterwards to the Lauretan field during the pontificate of Celestine V. That it is the identical house in which the Word was made flesh and dwelt among men is attested by papal documents, by the veneration of all the world, by continued miracles, and by the grace of heavenly blessings.” LORIENT, capital of an arrondissement in the de- partment of Monbihan’ and of one of the five mari- time prefectures of France, a military port and fortified place, stands on the right bank of the Scorff, at its confluence with the Blavet, in 47° 45’ N. lat. and 3° 31’ W. long., on the railway line from Nantes to Brest, at a distance of 117 miles from the former and 111 from the latter. The town, which is modern and regularly built, contains no buildings of special archi- tectural or antiquarian interest; it derives all its im- ortance from its naval establishments lining the right ank of the river, which include sail-making works, cooperages, and shops of all kinds of ship carpentry. The rope-walk forms a parallelogram more than 1000 feet in length by 100 broad. The foundries, fitting shops, and smiths’ shops are on an equally ex- tensive scale, the forges numbering eighty-four. Of the graving docks the largest is 509 feet in length, acon 98 in breadth, and more than 26 feet in depth below low-water mark. The Prée, an area of 40 acres reclaimed from the sea, contains boat- building yards, steam saw-mills, and wood stores; a floating bridge 900 feet long connects it with the ship- building establishments of Caudan, which occupy the peninsula formed by the confluence of the Scorff and the Blayvet. Apart from its naval constructions, in which Lorient holds the first rank in France, it has an jm- yortant place in the manufacture of marine artillery. -rivate industry is also engaged in engine-making.. The trade in fresh fish and sardines within the arron- dissement reaches an annual value of 35 millions of frances. South from the town, also on the Scorff, is the harbor, which comprises a dry dock and a wet dock, measuring about 1650 feet by 200. The roadstead, formed by the estuary of the Blavet, is accessible to vessels of the largest size; the entrance, 3 or 4 miles south from Lorient, which is defended by numerous forts, is marked on the east by the peninsula of Gavre (an artillery practising ground) and the fortified town of Port Louis; on.the west are the fort of Loqueltas, and, higher up, the battery of Kernevel. In the mid- dle of the channel is the granite rock of St. Michel, occupied by a powder magazine. Opposite it, on the right bank of the Blavet, is the mouth of the river Ter, with fish and oyster-breeding establishments, from which 10 millions of oysters are annually obtained. Above Lorient on the Scorff, here spanned by a sus- pension bridge, is Kerantrech, a pretty village sur- rounded by numerous country houses. The population of Lorient in 1876 was 35,165, including 6360 of the military and official class. Lorient has taken the place of Port Louis as the port of the Blavet. The latter stands on the site of an ancient hamlet which was fortified during the wars of the League and handed over by Mercceur to the Spaniards. After the treaty of Vervins it was restored to France, and it received its name of Port Louis under Richelieu. Some Breton merchants trading with the Indies had established them- selves first at Port Louis, but in 1628 they built their ware- houses on the other bank. The Compagnie des Indes, created in 1664, took possession of these, giving them the name of Lorient. In 1745 the company, then at the acme of its prosperity, owned thirty-five ships of the largest class and many others of considerable size. The failure of the attempt of the English under Lestock against Lorient is still commemorated by the inhabitants by an annual pro- cession on the first Sunday of October. The decadence of the company dates from 1753. In 1782 the town was acquired by purchase by Louis XVI., on the bankruptey of its former owners the Rohan-Guéméné family. LORRAINE (LoraarinaiA, LoTHRINGEN) is geo- graphically the extensive Austrasian portion of the realm allotted by the partition treaty of Verdun in August, 843, to the emperor Lothair [., and inherited by his second son, King Lothair II., 855-869, from whose days the name Regnum Lotharii first arose. This border-land between the realms of the Hastern and Western Franks in its original extent took in most of the Frisian lowlands between the mouths of the Rhine and the Kms, and a strip of the right shore of the Rhine to within a few miles of Bonn. In the neigh- borhood of Bingen it receded from the left shore of the river so as to exclude the dioceses of Worms and Spires, but to admit a certain connection with Alsace. Towards the west it included nearly the whole territory which is watered by the rivers Moselle and Meuse, and spread over the dioceses of Cologne, Treves, Metz, ‘Toul, Verdun, Liége, and Cambrai. Hence this arti- ficial realm embraced, broadly speaking, “almost all modern Holland and Belgium (with the exception of Flanders), part of the Prussian Rhine provinces, and what is still called Lorraine, partly French and partly German, divided, however, from Alsace ae the Palatinate by the natural frontier line of the Vosges and the Haardt mountains. - Its inhabitants were soon called Hlotharii, Lotharienses, Lotharingt. Lotha- ringia, as the designation of the country, hardly appears before the middle of the 10th century. p to this time Lorraine had belonged alternately to the eastern and the western kingdom ever since Louis the German and Charles the Bald divided the realm of LORRAINE. Lothair II. more ethnographically by the treaty of Meersen, August 8, 870. After the deposition in 887 of the emperor Charles ITI., who for a short time ap- peared at the head of the three reunited realms, the country still remained distinet, though the invasions of the Northmen and feudal disintegration creeping in from the west vied to tear it to pieces. Yet She em- _peror Arnulf after his success against the Scandina- vians, restored some order, and made his son Zwente- bulch king over that part of the empire in 894. But he never overcame the difficulties inherent in a country peopled by Franks, Burgundians, Almains, Frisians, and Scandinavians, speaking various Romance and Teutonic dialects, the western group being evidently attracted by the growth of a Hrench, the eastern by that of a German nationality. King Zwentebulch quarrelled with certain powerful lords, offended mor- | tally the bishops, especially that of Treves, and finally | lost his life in battle on the 13th August, 900. In the days of Louis the Child, the last of the eastern Caro- | idied in 994. count of Haspengau, Hennegau, or Hainault, who | lings, there rose to ducal dignity Reginar Long-neck, owned a number of fiefs and monasteries in the diocese of Liége. He found it profitable to adhere to Charles, king of the Western Franks, especially after Louis's death in 911. His son Gisilbert from 915 began to rule the Lotharingians likewise in opposition to Conrad I. and Henry I., who were the successors of Louis the Child, with the exception, however, of Alsace and the Frisian districts, which now separated, definitively to remain with the German Pietom By the treaty of Bonn (921) the Lotharingian duchy was ceded for- mally to France, until Henry I., profiting by the dis- union between Charles the Simple and his rivals, sub- | dued Gisilbert and his dominion (925), and about 928 returned it to him with the hand of his daughter as a member of the German kingdom, though rather more | Its western frontier | independent than other duchies. om appears to have extended up to the Dutch Zea- ands. Henry’s son, the great Otto I., when his brother re- belled in conjunction with Eberhard and Gisilbert, the dukes of Franconia and Lotharingia, beat and anni- hilated these two vassals (939), and secured the latter country by a treaty with the French king Louis LV., who married Gisilbert’s widow, entrusting it consecu- tively to his brother Henry, to a Duke Otto, and from 944 to Conrad the Red, his son-in-law. Chiefly with the help of the Lotharingians he invaded France in order to reinstate the king, who had been dethroned by his proud vassals. Bus a few years later, when Liudulf, the son of King Otto and the English Edith, and Duke Conrad, discontented with certain measures, rose against their father and lord, the ever-restless spirit of the Lotharingians broke out into new com- motions. The stern king, however, suppressed them, removed both his son and his son-in-law from their offices, and appointed his youngest brother, the learned and statesmanlike Brun, archbishop of Cologne and chancellor of the realm, to be also duke, or, as he is culled, archduke of Lotharingia. Brun snatched what was still left of demesne lands and some wealthy ab- beys like St. Maximine near Treves from the rapacious nobles, who had entirely converted the offices of counts and other functionaries into hereditary property. He presided over their diets, enforced the public peace, and defended with their assistance the frontier lands of Germany against the pernicious influence of the death struggle fought between the last Carolings of Laon and the dukes of Paris. Quelling the insurrections of a younger Reginar in the lower or ripuarian regions, he ad- mitted a faithful Count Frederick, who possessed much land in the Ardennes, at Verdun, and at Bar, to ducal dignity. Although the emperor, after Brun’s early death, October 10, 965, took the border-land into his own hands, he connived, as it appears, at the begin- ning of a final division between an upper and a lower duchy,—leaving the first to Frederick and his descen- | 7 dants, while the other, administered by a Duke Gott- frid, was again disturbed by a third Reginar and his brother Lambert of Louvain. When Otto IT. actually restored their fiefs to them in 976, he nevertheless granted the lower duchy to Charles, a son of the Car- oling Louis IV., and his own aunt Gerberga. Between powerful vassals and encroaching neigh- bors the imperial delegate in the lower duchy could only be a still more powerful seigneur. But Duke Charles became the captive of the bishop of Laon, and His son, Duke Otto, dying childless (1004), left two sisters married to the counts of Louvain and Namur. Between 1012 and 1023 appears Duke | Gottfrid L., son of a count of Verdun, and supporter of the emperor Henry II., who, fighting his way against the counts of Louvain, Namur, Luxemburg, and Hol- land, is succeeded by his brother Gozelo I-, hitherto margrave of Antwerp, who since 1033, with the em- peror’s permission, ruled also Upper Lorraine, and Aciuaden the frontier bravely against the incursions of Count Odo of Blois, the adversary of Conrad IT. At his death (1046) the upper duchy went to his second son Gottfrid, while the eldest, Gozelo IL., sueceeded in the lower, until he died childless (1046). But Gott- frid LL. (the Bearded), an energetic but untrustworthy vassal, rebelled twice in alliance with King Henry I. 