The history of England, from the earliest times to the death of George II. By Dr. Goldsmith. 1787: Vol 2
Goldsmith, Oliver
N - V) C * "2 Ws - „ * 4 7 — » © +4 . : 44 +, x n 4 Lbs LPT ay 18 IK TORY 8 4 s ” : * * . p + "x * * * 7 : ; R md. * — " * 1 |; ; * | 8 2x3. * - * 1 * ＋. 1 * 4 N I Tn DT TONES 7 A w<. 4 o * — x" a». 5 : % Foy © in Fradte FR the tines : wp 1 fs 5 in ee 1 5 W «= - .. * 6 »R t 2 rus KY \ © 4 2 * E 7 8 Abbe Ka e ne WA implanted by the aſiduity of his father; but he wanted the more solid advantages, which were to be of his own fortnation, 2 Food hear, and a found understanding.” The seeming he had, if it may deserve that appellation, ſervel only to inflame His pride; "but not controul his vicious affections; Nie love of his: ſodject broke out in their fiattery, and this Was abotber meteor to lead him aſtray. His vast wealth, in stead of rehieving the ad or n _ his HENRY VIE, his power, only contributed to supply his de- baucheries, or gratify the rapacity HENRY VIE, his power, only contributed to supply his de- baucheries, or gratify the rapacity HENRY VIE, Of the ministers of his pleasures. But it had been happy for his people if his faults had rested here; he was a tyrant; humanity takes the alarm at his cruelties; and however fortunate some of his measures might prove in the event, no good man but must revolt at his motives, and the means he took for their accomplishment. The first action which showed that the present reign was to be very different from the former, was the punishment of Emperson and Dudley, who were obnoxious to the populace for having been the ready instruments of the late King's rapacity. They were immediately cited before the council, in order to answer for their conduct; but Emperson, in his defense, alleging that so far from deserving censure for his past conduct, he was confident his actions rather merited reward and approbation. The strict execution of the law was the crime of which he and Dudley were accused; although these laws had been established by the voluntary consent of the people; notwithstanding all their expositions, Emperson and Dudley were sent to the Tower, and soon after brought to their trial. As the strict discharge of their duty, in executing the laws, could not be altered, the council ordered the execution of their duty to be performed. Wann, 23 rr 3 ng, DISD — — — = = —— — 8 oe I I —— bn tend Ee ee — — — © IT * — : 3 r 2. he OTE —2— 5 EIS - F *? 1 Sat 2m. 5 err” 322 Nothing could be more improbable and unwise. compliance with popular clamour, was followed by another still more detrimental to the will, although still more pleasing to the people. Julius the Second was at that time pope, and ambition; but his chief resentment was leveled against Lewis, king of France, who was from which he hoped, by his intrigues, to redress such advantages as were most likely, inflame their ambition, in case they fell upon Lewis on their respective quarters; while he acknowledged against them as a crime, to gratify the people with their punishment, they were accused of having entered into a conspiracy against the present king; and of intentions to serve, by force, the administration of government; reported than such a charge; nevertheless, the jury were so far infected its popular prejudice, and that they gave a verdict against them; and they were both executed, some time we, by a warrant from the king. This measure, betrayed an unjust war, had filled all Europe with his intrigues and possession of some valuable provinces of Italy. For this purpose he entered into a treaty with Ferdinand, king of Spain, and Henry of England; to each of whom he undertook to find himself to find him employment. HENRY VIII. Jalary, Henry, who had no other motives but the glory of the expedition, and the hopes of receiving the title of the Most Christian King, which the pope assured him would soon be assured from Lewis, to be conferred upon him, readily undertook to defend his cause; and his parliament being summoned, as readily granted, he a purpose so much troubled by the people. The spirit of chivalry and foreign conquest was not yet quite extinguished in England; the Kingdom of France still an object they detested to possess, and Henry, in compliance with their wishes, gave him that he intended striking for the crown. It was in vain that one of his old prudent counselors objected, that conquest on the continent would only drain the kingdom, without sacrificing it; and that England, from its situation, was not fitted to enjoy extensive empire; the young king, deaf to all remonstrances, and burning with military ardour, resolved to undertake the war. The marquis of Dorchester first sent over, with a large body of forces, Fontarabia, to assist the operations of Ferdinand; but that faithless and crafty monarch, no intentions of effectually securing their support. empts, wherefore they were obliged to return me without effect. MISTORY OF ENGLAND, A considerable fleet was equipped, sometime after to annoy the enemy by sea, and the command entrusted to Sir Edward Howard; who, after scouring the Channel for some time, preferred himself before the Fleet, where the French navy lay, and challenged them to combat. As the French were unequal to the enemy, they determined to wait for a reinforcement. ment, which they expected under the command of Prejeant de Bidoux, from the Mediterranean. But in this the gallant Howard was resolved to dispound a 3 and, upon the appearance of Prejeant with six gallies, who had time to take refuge behind some batteries, which were planted on the rocks that lay on each side him; he boldly rowed up with two gallies, followed by barges filled with officers of distinction. Upon coming up to Prejeant's ship, he immediately fastened upon it, and leaped on board, followed by one Carroz a Spanish cavalier, and seventeen Englishmen. The cable, meanwhile, which fastened both ships together, was cut by the enemy, and the admiral was thus let in the hands of the French; but as he continued to fight with great gallantry, he was pushed over board by their ships, and perished in the sea. Upon this misfortune the fleet retired from before Breck, and the French navy, for a while, kept possession of the sea. This flight repulsed only served to inflame the king's ardour to take revenge upon the enemy; and he soon after sent a body of eight thousand men to Calais, under the command of the Earl of Shrewsbury; and another body of six thousand followed shortly after, under the conduct of Lord Herbert. He prepared to follow himself with the main body and rear, and arrived at Calais, attended by numbers of the English nobility. But he soon had an attendant, who did him still more honour. This was no less a personage than Maximilian, emperor of Germany, who had stipulated to assist him with eight thousand men; but being unable to perform his engagements, joined the English army with some German and French soldiers, who were useful in giving an example of discipline to Henry's new levied soldiers. He even enlisted himself in the English service, wore the cross of St. George, and received pay, 2 hundred crowns a-day, as one of Henry's subjects and Captains. Henry being now at the head of a formidable army, fifty thousand strong, it was supposed that France must fall a victim to his ambition. But that kingdom was not threatened. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. by him alone; the Swiſs, on another Quarter with twenty-five thousand men, were Prepared. ing to invade K while Ferdinand of Arragon, whom no treaties could bind, was only waiting for a convenient opportunity of attack on his side to advantage. Never was the French marched in so distracted a situation; but the errors of his assailants procured its safety. The Swils entered into a treaty with Tremouille the French general, who gave them their out terms, satisfied that his master would reinforce them all, as not having given him any powers "treat; Ferdinand continued to remain quiet spectator, vainly waiting for some effectual blow to be struck by his allies; and Henry Tpen: his time in the siege of towns, which could neither secure his conquests, nor advance; his reputation. The first of these were Terouenne, a little town situated on the frontiers of Picardy, which kept him employed for more than a month, although the garrison scarce amounted to a thousand men. The besieged, after some time, falling short of provisions, a very bold and desperate attempt was made to defend them, which was attended with success. French captain, whose name was often led up a lad of eighteen hundred men, each of whom carried a bag of gunpowder, and two of whom carried a bag of gunpowder. quarters of bacon behind him. With this small force he made a fierce and unexpected irruption into the English camp; and, mounting all resistance, advanced to the ditch of the town, where each horseman threw down his burden. Then immediately returning up—on the gallop, they were again so fortunate as to break through the English, without any great loss in the undertaking. But the party of horse that was sent to cover the retreat, was not so successful. commanded by the boldest and braveest captains of the French army, yet, on sight of the English, they were seized with such an unaccountable panic, that they immediately fled, and had many of their best officers taken prisoners. This action was called by the French the battle of Guinegate, from the place where it was fought; but by the English the battle of the Spurs, as the French, upon that day, made more use of their spurs than their swords, to procure safety. After this victory, which might have been followed with very important consequences, had the victors marched forward to Paris, Henry sat down to make sure of the little town, which had made such an obstinate resistance. Though this body of troops was and found himself, when it was obliged to surrender, matter of a place, which neither recom. penaged the blood, nor the that were expended in the siege. From one error Henry went on to another. He was persuaded to lay siege to Tournay, a great and rich city of Flanders, which at that time was in possession of the French. This siege, though it took up little time, yet served to retard the great object, which was the conquest of France; and Henry, hearing that the Swiss were returned home, and being elated with his trifling successes, resolved to transport his army back to England, where his flattery was put to the torture, to make him happy in the glory of his ridiculous expedition. A truce was concluded soon after between the two kingdoms; and Henry continued to diffipate, in more peaceful follies, those immense sums, which had been amassed by his predecessor for very different purposes. The success which, during his foreign expedition, attended his arms in the North of England, was much more important and decisive. A war having been declared between the English and Scots, who ever took the opportunity to fall on when their neighbours were embroiled with France; the king of that country summoned out the whole force of his kingdom; and having passed out the whole force of his kingdom, he was now compelled to retire. Zurückzüge der Tweeden wurde der body of fifty thousand men, ravaged the parts of Northumberland, which lay along the banks of that river. But as his forces were numerous and the country barren, he soon. began to want proviſions; ſo that many of his men deſerted, and returned to their native coun- y. In the mean time the earl of Surry, at the head of twenty-ſix thouſand men, ap- rroached the Scots, who were encamped. on ; riſing ground, near the hills of Chevior. The river Till ran between both armies, and rrevented an engagement; wherefore the earl Jof Surry ſent a herald to the Scots camp, challenging the enemy to deſcend into the plain, which lay to the ſouth, and there to try - their valour on equal ground. This offer not being accepted, he made a feint, as if he in- tended marching away towards Berwick, which putting the Scots in motion to annoy his rear, he took advantage of a great ſmoke, cauſed by the firing their huts, and paſſed the little river, which had hitherto: prevented the engagement. Both armies now perceived that | 2 combat wag inevitable: they prepared for the onſet with great compoſure and regularity. A The N divided their army into two lines; lord —— ä Sony —AWB ———˖ ˙ rr — ons — — FF 330 tuoſity, until the Highlanders, being galled by! the Engliſh artillery, broke in ſword in hand fought with the mot forward of the nobility, | hinder line could not advance in time to {ul | tain them, ſo that a body of Engliſh inter. cepted their retreat. James being thus almoſt HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Lord Howard led the main body of the army; Sir Edmund Howard the right side, and Sir Marmaduke Constable the left; Mr. Earl of Surrey himself commanded the army; and Sir Edward Stanley, to the right and for the left. The Scots, on the other hand, presented three divisions to the enemy; the middle made a division, commanded by the king himself, the earl of Huntley, and the left by the earl of Huntley, and the left by the earl of Bothwell, made a body of reserve. Lord Huntley began the onset, charging the division of Lord Howard with an artillery, that it was immediately put to destruction. But this division was so supported by Lord Dacres, that the men rallied, and the battle became general. Bothwell fought a long time with incredible impetuosity upon the main body, commanded by the call of Surry; and at the head of the James. They attacked with such velocity, that the enemy had to retreat. rounded by the enemy refused to quit the field, while it was yet in his power; but, alighting from his horse, formed his little body into which, and in this posture, fought with such desperate courage, as restored the enemy. The English therefore were again obliged to have recourse to their artillery and arrows, which made a terrible barack; but night, separating the combatants, it was not till the day following that lord Howard perceived that he had joined a great and glorious victory. The English had lost no persons of note, but the whole flower of the Scots nobility were fallen. In battle, ten thousand of the common men were cut off, and a body, supposed to be that of the king, was sent to London, where it remained unburied, as a sentence of excommunication till remained against James, for having argued with France against the Holy See. However, the populace of Scotland still continued to think their king alive; and it was given out among them that he had scarcely gone  which hisanguine and impetuous temper was inclined. He was the son of a Private gentleman, and not of a butcher, as is commonly common. He was sent to Oxford so early, that he was called the boy He rose by degrees, upon quit. bachelor. In the college, from one preferment to another, till he was made rector of Lymington by the marquis of Dorchester, whose children he had instructed. He had not long resided at this living, when one of the justices of the peace put him in the stocks for being drunk, and raising disturbances at a neighbouring fair. This disgrace, however, did not retard his promotion; for he was recommended as chaplain to Henry the Seventh; and being employed by that monarch in a secret negotiation respecting his intended marriage with Margaret of Savoy, he acquitted himself to that king's satisfaction, and obtained the prize both of diligence and dexterity. That prince having given him a commission to Maximilian, who at that time resided at Bruſſels, was surprised in less than three days after to see Wolsey present himself before him; and, supposing that he had been delinquent, began to reprove his delay. Wolsey, however, surprised him with assurance that he was just returned from Bruſſels, and had successfully fulfilled all his majesty's commands. His dispatch on that occasion procured him the deanery of Lincoln, and in This situation it was that he was introduced by Fox, bishop of Winchester, to the young king's notice, in hopes that he would have Nutz to supplant the earl of Surrey, who was favourite at that time; and in this Fox was not out in his conjectures. Presently after being introduced at court, he was made a privy counselor; and as such, had frequent opportunities of ingratiating himself with the young King, as he appeared at once complying. ſubmiſfive, and enterpriſing. | Wolſey uſed every art to ſuit himſelf to the royal tetnpe; he ſung, laughed, and danced with every li. bertine of the court; neither his own years, which were near forty, nor his character of; clergyman, were any reſtraint upon him, tended to check, by ill-timed ſeverities, the gaiety of his companions. To ſuch a ven and vicious monarch as Henry, qualities gf this nature were highly pleaſing; and Wolſey was ſoon acknowledged as his chief favourite, and to him were entriifled the chief admini. ſtration of affairs. The pevple began to ſee with indignation the new favourite's mean con. | deſcenſions to the king, and his arrogance to themſelves. They had long regarded the vi. cious haughtineſs, and the unbecoming ſplen- dour of the clergy, with envy and deteſtation; and Wolſey's greatneſs ſerved to bring a ney odium upon that body, already too much the | object of the pcople's diſlike, - His character being now placed in a more conf picuous point of light, daily began to manifeſt itſelf the more, Inſatiable in his scquiſitions, but ſtill more magnificent in his expence; of extenſive capa- city, but itill more unbounded in enterprize; ambitious of power, but ſtill more defi rous of _ glory; inſinuating, engaging, perſuaſive, and a 3 HENRY VIII. other times 10 y, elevated, and command ug; haughty . to his equals, but affable to his dependents ; oppreſſive to the people, but wheral to his friends; more generous than. Orateful; formed to take the ascendancy in every manner, but vain enough not to cover his superiority. He had been advanced soon to the bishopric of Lincoln; but this he afterwards resigned, on being promoted to the archbishopric of York. Upon the capture of Tournay, he had been promoted to the see of that place; but besides, he got possession at very low rates of the revenues of Bath, Worcester, and Hereford, and was considered a considerable share of their profits. Besides many other churches, he was allowed to increase, by the means that his great influence over the king, was desirous of engaging him in his interests, and created a bishopric, bishopric filled by Italians, who were allowed to reside abroad, and who were glad to compound for this indulgence, but parting with, to unite with the see of York, first that of Durham, next that of Winchester; and his were taken to satisfy it. The pope, observing him a cardinal. His train consisted of eight hundred servants, of whom many were knights and gentlemen; Some, even of the nobility, put their children. into his family as a place of education; and whoever was distinguished by any art of science, paid court to the cardinal, and were often liberally rewarded. He was the first clergyman in England who wore gold, not only on his habit, but also on his faddles and the trappings of his horses. Befides these various distinctions, the pope soon after conferred upon him that of legate, during thus to make him instrumental in draining the kingdom of money, upon pretence of employing it in a war against the Turks, but in reality with a view to fill his own coffers. In this he so well served the court of Rome, that sometime after the post of legate was conferred upon him for life; and he now united in his person the promotions of legate, cardinal, archbishop, and prime minister. Soon after, Warham, chancellor, and archbishop of Canterbury, a man of a very moderate temper, chose rather to retire from public employment than maintain an unequal contest with the haughty cardinal Wolsey instantly seized on the chancellor's, and exercised the duties of that employment with great abilities and impartiality. The duke of Norfolk finding the king's treasures exhausted, and his taste for expense ill continuing, was glad to resign his office of treasurer; and retire from court. Fox, bishop of Winchester, who had first been instrumental in Wolsey's rise; withdrew himself in diocesan. guest; the duke of Suffolk also went home with a resolution to remain private, whilst Wolsey availed himself of their discontents; and filled up their places by his creatures, or his personal austerity; Theſe were vast stretches of power; and yet the churchman was still in fact at a state of state; He procured a bull from the pope, empowering him to make knights and counts, to give degrees in arts, law, physic, and divinity; and to grant all sorts of dispensations. So much pride and power could not avoid giving high offence to the nobility, yet none dared vent their indignation, so greatly were they in terror of his vindictive temper. In order to divert their envy from his inordinate exaltation; he soon entered into correspondence with Francis the First, of France, who had taken many methods to work upon his vanity, and at last succeeded. In consequence of that monarch's wishes, Henry was persuaded by the cardinal to deliver up Tournay once more to the French; and he was agreed to an interview with that monarch. This expensive congress was held between the king and the king, near Calais; within the English pale, in compliment to Henry for crog; the two monarchs, after saluting each other in the most cordial manner, retired into a tent erected for the purpose, where Henry proceeded to read the articles of their intended alliance. As he began to read, the first words of it, "I, Henry, king," he stopped a moment; and then, "subjoined only England," without adding France, The uſu ſtyle of English monarchs. Francis remarked this delicacy, and expressed his approbation by 2 smile. Nothing could exceed the magnificence of the nobility of both courts on this occasion. Many of them involved themselves in large debts; and the penalty of a life was scarce sufficient to reimburse the extravagance of. Besides, there was a great deal of money in the hands of the king. ber of their guards counted on both sides; every step was carefully adjusted; they passed each other in the middle point between both places, when they went to visit their queens; and at the same instant that Henry entered Ardres, Francis put himself into the hands of the English at Guines. But Francis, who was considered as the first restorer of true polite- gels into Europe, put an end to this low and liberal method of conversing. Taking one with him two gentlemen and a page, he ode directly into Guines, crying out to the English guards, that they were their prisoners, and desiring to be carried to their master, Henry was not a little astonished at the appearance of Francis, and taking him in his arms, "My brother, said he, you have here given me the most agreeable surprise; you have shown me the full confidence I may place in you; I surrender myself your prisoner from this moment." He then took from his neck a collar of pearls of great value, and putting it on Francis, begged him to wear it for the sake of his prisoner. Francis agreed; and giving him a bracelet of double the value of the former. Inſtified on his wearing it in turn, Henry went the next day to Ardres, without guards or attendants; and confidence being now sufficiently established between the monarchs, they employed the rest of the time in feats and tournaments. Some months before a defiance had been lent by the two kings to each other's court, and through all the chief cities of Europe, importing, that Henry and Francis, with fourteen A. P. 1526, 3¹⁰ of Francis. They were both at that time the most comely personages of their age, and prized themselves or their expertise in the military exercises. The ladies were the judges in the arts, was willing to gratify Henry's vanity by alloy. TORY OF ENGLAND. The men, now all gorgeously apphrelied, entered the lists on horseback, Francis surrounding with Henry's guards, and Henry with those feats of chivalry; and they put an end to the encounter whenever they thought proper. It is supposed that the army French monarch, King Henry, had him to enjoy a petty preeminence in the top parishes. He ran a tilt against Monsieur de Montmorency, whom he disliked at the second encounter. He engaged Menficur de Montmorency, whom, however, he could not throw down from the saddle. He fought at faulchion with a French nobleman, who presented him with a courser, in token of submission... But the empty splendor of splendor were not sufficient to appear. The jealousy of the nobles at home, or quiet the murmurs of the people. Among the guests, the duke of Buckingham, the son of him who lost his life in the reign of William II. Richard the Third, was the foremost to complain. plain, He had often been heard to treat the cardinal's pride and profession with just contempt; and carrying his resentment perhaps to an improper length, some low informers took care that Welsey should be apprized of ill. The substance of his impeachment was, that he had consulted a fortune-teller concerning making him self-popular. This was but the late king; but he was brought to a trial, to preside at this solemn procedure. He was condemned to die, as a traitor, by a jury, consistency. Twelve barons. When the sentence was pronounced, the prosecutor could not contain his indignation. "For my life, I think it not worth petitioning for; may God forgive you, and pity me." He was soon after executed on Tower-hill. During his succession to the crown, and had affected With a weak pretext to take away the life of a nobleman, Where father had died in defense of his son, was created lord high steward, King of a duke, a marquis, even earls, and Dounced against him, and the high steward Came to mention the word traitor, the unhappy My lords, cried he to the judges, I am no W_ raiſed, provided he had the enjoyment of it; By this time, all the immense treasures of The late king were quite exhausted on empty, Pageants, guilty pleasures, or vain treaties and Expenditures. But the King relied on Wolfe, alone for replenishing his coffers; and no person could be fitter for the purpose. His first care was to get a large sum of money from The people, under the title of a benevolence, Which, added to its being extorted, the mortification of being considered as a free visit, Henry little minded the manner of its being However, his minister met with some opposition in his attempts to levy these extorted contributions. In the first place, having exhausted considerable subsidy from the clergy, he next addressed himself to the house of commons; but they only granted him half the supplies he demanded. Wolsey was at first highly of. fended at their parſimony, and desired to be heard in the house; but as this would have destroyed the very forty and constitution of that august body, they replied, that none could be permitted to sit and argue there, but such as had been elected members. This was the first attempt made in this reign, to render the king master of the debates in parliament. The first payment of the king's money was made by Henry, who, on the other hand, had been greatly improved upon his plans soon after. A treaty with France, which threatened to bring for new supplies, or at least he made this the pretext of his demands. But as indulged in his wishes, he followed the advice out of commissions to all the counties of England for levying four shillings in the pound upon the clergy, and three shillings and four pence either of benevolence or loan. This unwarlike insurrection threatened to enfue. Henry had the prudence to stop short in that way of benevolence. But the spirit of opposition, once rouged, was not so easily quitted; the citizens of London hesitated on the demand of Wolsey, and resolved to make use of his perogative alone for that purpose. He issued from the laity, nor did he attempt to cover the violence of the measure, by giving it the name ranting, the parliament was quickly opened by the people; they were unwilling to submit to impositions unknown till now; and dangerous path into which he had entered; and declared, by circular letters to all the counties, that what was demanded was only misdirected; and in some parts of the country, instructions were actually begun, which were suppressed by the duke of Suffolk. These impositions, which were first advised by Wolsey, not he began to lose a line of his favor with the king; and this displeasure was still more increased by the complaints of happily, happily, and with the king. The clergy, who accused him of extortion, Henry repraved Wolsey, in severe terms, which rendered him more cautious and art. As an instance of his cunning, having built a noble palace, called York-place, at Westminster, for his own use, fearing now the general censure against him, he ful for the future. Made a present at it to the king, assuring him, that from the first he intended it as an offer to Thus Wolsey's impunity only served to pave the way to greater extortions. The pride of this prelate was great; but his riches were still greater. In OY Re have a pretext for amassing such sums, he undertook to found two new colleges in Oxford, for which he received every use grants from the pope and the king. To execute this favorable scheme, he obtained a liberty of improving several monasteries, and converting their revenues to the benefit of his new foundation. Whatever might have been the pope's inducement to grant him these privileges, nothing was in it. He was content with the grant of the king's revenues, and the king was not to be content with the grant of the king's revenues. Henry VIII, however, could not be more fatal to the pontiff's interests; for Henry was thus himself taught to perform with impunity. Uitherto the administration of all affairs was carried on by Walsey; for the king was the cardinal undertook to keep him ignoble, that was to put an end to this minister's extravagant power. One of the most extraordinary and important revolutions that ever employed the attention of man, was now ripe for execution. This was not a change in the government of the pope, but a change in the government of the pope. The Reformation; to have an idea of the rise of which, it will be proper to take a cursory view of the state of the church at that time, and observe by what seemingly contradictory means Providence produces the most happy events. The church of Rome had now, for more than a thousand years, been corrupting the ancient simplicity of the gospel, and converting into a temporality the Kingdom of another. contented to lose, in the embraces of his miseries, all the complaints of his subjects; and, in order to continue his own uncontrolled authority, But now a period was approaching. The popes had been frequently seen at the head of their own armies, fighting for only added the crime of tyranny too. The inferior clergy, both popish and Protestant, had forgetting in cruelty and detestable maxims of state, all the pretended sanctity of their characters. The cardinals, relates, and dignitaries of the church, lived in envied splendor, were served like voluptuous princes, and some of them were found to possess eight or nine bishops at once. Wherever the church governed, it exerted that power with cruelty; so that to their luxuries were unsuitable. As for the ignorant writers, they exclaim boring their abundance and diffolute morals. They publicly kissed the children, and bequeathed to their illegitimate children whatever they were able to save from their pleasures, or extort from the poor. There is still to be seen a will made by a bishop of Cambridge, in which he sets aside a certain sum for the bastards he has. had already, and they had already, and they had already, the blessing of God, he may yet happen to have. In many parts of England and Germany, the people obliged their prick to have concubines; so that the laity might preserve their wives with greater security; while at the same time, the poor laborious peasant and artisan saw all the fruits of their soil, not to clothe and maintain their own little families. miles, but to pamper men, who inulted them with lectures to which their example appeared a flat contradiction. But the vices of the clergy were not greater than their ignorance; few of them knew the meaning of their Latin muss. Their sagacity was chiefly employed in finding out witches, and exhaling the possessed; but what most increased the hatred of the people against them was the selling pardons and the lobe for sin, at certain stated prices. A deacon, or subdeacon, who committed murder, was absolved from his crime, and allowed to possess three benefices upon paying twenty crowns. A bishop or abbot might commit murder for about ten pounds of our money. Every crime had its stated value; and abscations were given for sins not already committed, but such should be committed hereafter. The wise of the people looked with silent detestation on these impositions; and the ignorant themselves, whom fortune seemed to have formed for slavery, began to open their eyes to such glaring absurdities. 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'4 way . al 7 ) 7 } i A! 1 F 3 47 8 al 41% 4 % *1.4 4 | ff A 8.5 f 4 101 4 448% 8 ; ol: 4 {. I 14 nm 6 l. 1 e j n a 14.210 1 Ty i4 4 8.4: 1 e 4 F. 1 n 4 : (834/45. $ nr i. 0 flies, e. T ; | (++ 1 ' 1 yy : *. b, iN ' ; $134 2247 = 1 er eee i 4.08 1 „ ! 'L 4; \ | FRAY 18. | 1 us >: + 4 £ * H ' LB 1 147˙ Ne. : J fl + BY Fo T4 . | 14 } i; | : . 19 T7 1 1 | | 4 ; % ap i] | 3 28 if 64 gh 41 124 1! =_— * 1 1 [ : 19 | f q 8 \ 1 J 1 4 j 44 A. D. 15 19. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. vented, began to make them resist that power, which was originally founded on deceit. [Ic the Tenth was at that time pope, and eagerly | employed in building the church of St. Peter at Rome, In order to procure money for carrying on that expensive undertaking, he gave a commission for selling indulgencies, a practice that had been often tried before. These were to free the purchaser from the pains of purgatory; and they would serve even to one's friends, if purchased with that intention. There were everywhere shops opened, where they were to be sold; but in general they were to be had at taverns, brothels, and gam. Ingenuity, and from this trust had derived both profit and consideration; but the pope's ministry supposing that they had found out illicit methods of securing the money, transferred this lucrative employment from them to the Dominicans. Martin Luther, professor in the university of Württemberg, was an Augustine monk, and one of those who rejected this transfer of the sale of indulgencies from one order to another. He began to show his indignation by preaching against their efficacy; and being naturally of a fiery temper, and provoked by the advice of the pope, he was also employed in Saxony to preach the indulgences. 