None
None
3 idx 3 uy * -psuSissB U 39 q SBq 4Bq4 13qio Xub J 3AO 3DU3.i3j3.id pspiDsp 3144 44 9 Al 3 04 34124 lS 3 q 4011 op 3 ay ‘qB!SS 3 j/\[ 43349 i 433 .id 3 q 4 jo xppvxvyp 3144 1441AY 3DUBp.I0D9B UI X44OI4AY SI 41 Xq psXSAUOD B 3 pi 3 q 4 SB PUB ‘rn .134 3144 JO 33 .iSj 433 d S1144 04 p 34 D 3 fqo sq ubd qoiq.YY XSotojiqd 491.14s jo puno.iS 3144 no ‘u9q4 ‘Suiq40*u si 3.19144’sy ( x - 93 S 7 SVMOUO ‘SlUOUIIg) UOIIBUS1S343 SUIAip 3 q 4 UIOJJ p 3 AU 3 p 3 .IB ‘ 9 .m 4 di.i 9 g JO S3UIBU .isdoid 3144 44B XjJB 3 U UI ‘yo pUB p SU 014 •BIUUIJ34 3144 412144 ua\ou>[ 443 ay si 41 puB 1 K UlU ouiAip 3144 JO 4 U 3 lu 2 b.ij b SB L! -191101 oqi JO U 014 .I 9 SUI 3144 3 SluSo 93 J 3AY qBJBg pUB UlBqBJqy JO S 3 U.IBU 3144 111 ‘snqx *AY3jq3jj ui ssuibu .i3do.id jo 11014911.14s *uo9 3144 ui U 0 UUU 09 3 J 0 UI si 3uiq40u qsiqAY UBq4 i p3pusddB 3 jb l yvnoip£ ‘ s L!I,L! P-ioay 3144 jo SJ34494 3144 JO OAY4 4BIJ4 ssoddns XbIU SAY ‘pSDUUOUUB 32 BUOSJ 3 d 3144 JO J 349 BJBq 9 3 UIAip 3 q 4 JO U0I4BIU -44UI UB J 49 S 41 43.IOAY 3144 UI X 9 AU 09 04 31 U |4 3 UIBS 3144 4B PUB ‘q qsinSuiisip 04 ‘3JOj3.i3q4 ‘J343J0 uj •4001 3U1BS 3144 uiojj 'sppvy 1441AY pspunoj -U09 3q 4qSlUI 41 SB ‘U01499UU09 SII 44 UI P3UIB43.1 sq 40 U P 4 U 0 AY UI.IOJ 3144 4 Bq 4 493 dx 3 04 34qB -uosBS.i 3q sdBqjsd piiioay 4j = yo ‘l,L!sj34494XjB4U3ui34ddns 3144 .ioj 4 uuo 99 B 04113144 3 ABq 9 AV ’po-UBduiiun jjodiui 3 AissBd 3144 ssab 34 qsiqAY l ppxispp ?ip ‘ppysv dip -io -ioj SS 39 -ojd siq4 Xq uiB4qo s^v Joj <^UU ‘U^LC JOJ uuc aoj UO^U .ioj <^L! ‘GS\-ioj q,, SB ‘SUI 4 T.IAY 3144 Ui 4U0 S 44 BJ 4uq ‘.194494 Suip999.id 3141 04 43AYOA S 41 S4IUI3.1 X 4110 4011 X 4 BJ 114411 S qB3AY 3 q 4 SSBJ9 Siq 4 JO S 43 JOAY UJ -4UBUIUIOp3jd SI 3SU3S SAISSBd 9144 " 149114 AY UI 4U94BAinb3 S41 JO si S1144 joj uuoj 4 Bidi 9 i 4 .iBd 34 Budo.iddB 3 qx ,tof-pdoiw] dip ‘pdMSdp 'dip si 4-iodiui 3iu4 S41 4 i 2 qi os *,dxinbdx ‘ydds ‘ysv o; iuo.ij si uopBAi.isp 34BUI14 -lS 34 3144 AY 3 IA JllO UJ 'UI.I 34 9 q 4 .IOJ UlSlJO J 3 q 40 UB 4 S 9 S 3 llS 04 9.in4U3A 3 AY S 39 UB 4 SU 1119.119 3 S 3 q 4 IIJ •pssodo-ld SIS923X9 3144 04 Sui4XI099B S9JIllb -3J XtsnoiAqo qoiqAA ‘ 3 SU 3 S daipv ub jo pB94Sui dfLISdVtf B SI UUOJ SII44 JO 9I4SIJ349B.lBq9 4BU1S1.TO 3144 4B144 UIB4.I39 SI 41 19'x ‘’943 ‘c!CJL m0J J cUaiu ‘C^ 2 L UIOJJ 'cuaiL ‘CLL lu o.ij CkUU SB ‘l 00 - 1 I^iaqiuj B IUOJJ SUOI 4 BAI. 13 P SII0S04BUB JO ‘uOl 4 B 43 jd.I 34 UI Siqj JO S 34 B 90 ApB 3144 Xq ‘p 39 lippB 9 .IB S3{dlUBX3 4 BJ 9 A 3 S qSnoq4 puB ‘siq4 UIOJJ 3 S.I 3 Aip X44014AY SI ‘.I 9 A 3 AYOq ‘uuoj 4BH49B sqx 'yvpysviu CI^^L! sq XpBuuou XqilOAY *p.TOAY SU44 UI ‘q 9 iqAY pUB ‘U0ISS3.ldx3 JO UUOJ 34 BijdojddB UB SBq AY3jq3H 3141 qojqAY JOJ B94q UB i 39B3d oUippffd jo Suisnvd jo 4U144 si uoi4B43.idj34 -ui pssodo.id 9144 Xq psXsAuoo Bspi sqx ’suuoj jo X304BUB 3144 Xq P3UIB4SUS X44U3i9yjns 4011 si 41 112144 ‘iu.134 9 q 4 JO 9 SU 3 S Siq4 04 1101499fqo ub si 41 4441s { *39B3X JO 39UUX , SI SUOj4BUIUIOU3p SuiUAYO.19 3S0qAY JO 3110 ‘qBlSS3J\[ 3qi JO J349BJBq9 P3SI4B9.1 puB p34Bdl9I4UB 3144 IJ 4 IAY 4UB4UOD9B 3SU3S B SI SiqX •99B9X jo joqiny 4129.10 jo ‘.i3Si44iubuBJx ‘JOjBsyp -BJ 04 4U34BAinb3 41 S3>4BUI puB 'ddVd# dq 0 f l pdx 0 / ‘pfLdinb ‘^c^L! Iooj 3q4 04 LUJ 34 3144 S39B.i4 qsiqAY 4Bq4 SI ‘41 pssnodss 3 ABq qoiqAY ssuibu psqsinSuix -Sip JO 3 llSo 4 B 4 B 9 3144 IUOJJ 4XIB SS 3 U 4 y 91SUI.14UI S 41 uiojj qjoq ‘jqSpAY 3 .ioui jbj jo uoqisodxs ub 4113 • 4 I 99 U 09 3 pilJ 9 Siq4 JO JllOABJ UI S 3 A 43 S -UI 3144 P 3440 .IU 3 9 ABq s.i 3 q 40 PUB ‘3443^*1 ‘(uoiqp 3 4S.iy ui) J 344111 UU 3 S 0 >J ‘uoiuiuy ‘u.ioqq 9 ig[ ‘uqosjspusj^ ‘J 3 II 3 X 13 j^ ’ 4 U 31 UOCU B JOJ X.i 03 q 4 3 q 4 UIB 4 J 34 -U 3 P4IIOI4S S 3 I 444 BIAU 4 31 lliqqB ^4 Xq p 34 BH 4 BJUl 4011 puuu Xub 4Bq4 Suisudjns si 41 iuqi ‘Xosqdojd 3144 JO 3U04 4 B.I 3 U 3 S 3144 q 4 !AY Suid 93 q JO 4110 X4.134411 OS SI 4J -X 444 B 904 34 qB.l 3 piSUOOUI UB 149ns 04 UO4SII44B ub Xq p34diu.i34Ui sq P411014S uoi43ip3.id jo UIB14 pipusjds B q 9 HS 412141 34 qBAp 9 U 09 X 439. 8, 9) that Solomon, after his father’s death, made Shimei a prisoner at large in Jerusalem (1 Kings ii. 36, 37). Three years after he broke his parole by leaving Jerusalem in pursuit of some runaway slaves, and was, on his return, put to death by order of the king (1 Kings ii. 39-46).—J. K. SHIMRON ; 2 i//ao uv ; Alex. SefjLpibv, and 'Lop.epwv; Semerori), one of the ancient cities of Canaan, whose king joined with Jabin, king of Hazor, in the attempt to resist the conquests of Joshua (Josh. xi. 1). The position of the city is not stated ; it can only be inferred that it was situated somewhere in the north of Palestine. It is, however, in all probability the same place which, as is stated in Josh. xix. 15, was allotted to Zebulun, and is grouped with Idalah and Bethlehem. The site of Bethlehem is known. It is about six miles west of Nazareth. Guided by the Vatican MS. of the Septuagint, we might identify Shimron with the village of Similnieh , which stands about two miles south-east of Bethlehem. Under its Greek name, Simo?iias , it is mentioned in the Life of Josephus as a village of Galilee ( Vita, 24). The position, as well as the name, favours the identity; and the same view is taken by the Jewish Rabbins (See Ges. Thes. 1445). In Josh. xii. 20 the king of Shimron-Meron flfcOD Alex. 'Afxapihv; Semeron) is men¬ tioned among those conquered by the Israelites. Probably the same city is meant. According to the tradition, however, existing among the Jews of Safed, Shimron-Meron is identical with the sacred village of Meiron, where the tombs of the Rabbis Hillel and Shammai are still preserved and hon¬ oured (Wilson, Lands of the Bible , ii. 313). Re¬ land maintains, on the other hand, that Shimron and Shimron-meron are identical, and, according to the Talmudical writers, are now represented by Semunieh [Pal. p. 1017). On the whole, this seems more probable.—J. L. P. SHINAR ; Sept. 2 evaap, 'Zevvaaf>), the district of country in which were the cities of Babel (Babylon), Erech (Orchoi), Calneh (probably Nif- fer), and Accad. It was a level country, where ‘ they had brick for stone, and slime [bitumen] used they for mortar’ (Gen. xi. 2, 3). These facts identify it with the district afterwards known as Babylonia, of which Shinar was probably the primitive name. Of the name itself no satisfac¬ tory explanation has been given [Babylonia].— W. L. A. SHIP. In few things is there greater danger of modem associations misleading the reader of the Scriptures than in regard to the subject of the pre¬ sent article. To an Englishman a ship calls up the idea of * the wooden walls of old England,’ which have so long withstood the ‘ battle and the breeze,’ and done so much to spread the fame and the in¬ fluence of the British nation throughout the world. But both the ships and the navigation of the ancients, even of the most maritime states, were as dissimilar as things of the same kind can well be to the realities which the terms now represent. Navi¬ gation confined itself to coasting; or if necessity, foul weather, or chance drove a vessel from the land, a regard to safety urged the commander to a speedy return, for he had no guide but such as the stars might afford under skies with which he was but imperfectly acquainted. And ships, whether designed for commercial or warlike purposes, were small in size and frail in structure, if our immense piles of oak and iron be taken as the objects of comparison. The Jews cannot be said to have been a sea¬ faring people; yet their position on the map of the world is such -as to lead us to feel that they could not have been ignorant of ships and the busi¬ ness which relates thereunto. Phoenicia, the north¬ western part of Palestine, was unquestionably among, if not at the head of the earliest cultivators of maritime affairs. Then the Holy Land itself lay with one side coasting a sea which was anciently the great highway of navigation, and the centre of social and commercial 'enterprise. Within its own borders it had a navigable lake. The Nile, with which river the fathers of the nation had become acquainted in their bondage, was another great thoroughfare for ships. And the Red Sea itself, which conducted towards the remote east, was at no great distance even from the capital of the land. Then at different points in its long line of sea-coast there were harbours of no mean repute. Let the reader call to mind Tyre and Sidon in Phoenicia, and Acre (Acco) and Jaffa (Joppa) in Palestine. Yet the decidedly agricultural bearing of the Israelitish constitution checked such a development •of power, activity, and wealth, as these favourable opportunities might have called forth on behalf of seafaring pursuits. There can, however, be no doubt that the arts of shipbuilding and of naviga¬ tion came to Greece and Italy from the East, and immediately from the Levant; whence we may justifiably infer that these arts, so far as they were cultivated in Palestine, were there in a higher state of perfection, at an early period at least, than in the more western parts of the world (Ezek. xxvii. ; Strabo, lib. xvi. ; Comenz, De Nave Tyrid). In the early periods of their history the Israelites themselves would partake to a small extent of this skill and of its advantages, since it was only by de¬ grees that they gained possession of the entire land, and for a long time were obliged to give up the sovereignty of very much of their seabord to the Philistines and other hostile tribes. The earliest history of Palestinian ships lies in impenetrable darkness, so far as individual facts are concerned. In Gen. xlix. 13 there is, however, a prophecy, the fulfilment of which would connect the Israelites with shipping at an early period : ‘ Zebulun shall dwell at the haven of the sea, and he shall be for a haven of ships, and his border shall be unto Zidon’ (comp. Deut. xxxiii. 19; Josh. xix. 10, seq.) : words which seem more fitly to describe the posi¬ tion of Asher in the actual division of the land. These local advantages, however, could have been only partially improved, since we find Hiram, king of Tyre, acting as carrier by sea for Solomon, engaging to convey in floats to Joppa the timber cut in Lebanon for the temple, and leaving to the SHIP 839 SHIP Hebrew prince the duty of transporting the wood from the coast to Jerusalem. And when, after having conquered Elath and Ezion-geber on the further arm of the Red Sea, Solomon proceeded to convert them into naval stations for his own pur¬ poses, he was still, whatever he did himself, in¬ debted to Hiram for ‘ shipmen that had knowledge of the sea’ (i Kings ix. 26 ; x. 22). The effort, however, to form and keep a navy in connection with the East was not lastingly successful; it soon began to decline, and Jehoshaphat failed when at a later day he tried to give new life and energy to the enterprise (1 Kings xxii. 49, 50). In the time of the Maccabees Joppa was a Jewish seaport (1 Maccab. xiv. 5). Herod the Great availed himself of the opportunities naturally af¬ forded to form a more capacious port at Ctesarea (Joseph. De Bell. Jud. iii. 9. 3). Nevertheless no purely Jewish trade by sea was hence even now called into being. Caesarea was the place whence Paul embarked in order to proceed as a prisoner to Rome (Acts xxvii. 2). His voyage on that occa¬ sion, as described most graphically in the Acts of the Apostles (ch. xxvii. xxviii.), if it requires some knowledge of ancient maritime affairs in order to be rightly understood, affords also rich and valuable materials towards a history of the subject, and might, we feel convinced, be so treated as of itself to supply many irresistible evidences of the certainty of the events therein recorded, and, by warrantable inferences, of the credibility of the evangelical history in general. No one but an eyewitness could have written the minute, exact, true, and graphic account which these two chapters give. The reader of the N. T. is well aware how fre¬ quently he finds himself with the Saviour on the romantic shores of the sea of Gennesareth. There Jesus is seen, now addressing the people from on board a vessel, tt\oiop (Matt. xiii. 2 ; Luke v. 3) ; now sailing up and down the lake (Matt. viii. 23 ; ix. 1 ; xiv. 13 ; John vi. 17). Some of his earliest disciples were proprietors of barks which sailed on this inland sea (Matt. iv. 21 ; John xxi. 3 ; Luke v. 3). These ‘ ships’ were indeed small. Josephus designates the ships here employed by the term aKdfpTj. They were not, however, mere boats. They carried their anchor with them (De Bell. Jtid. iii. 10. 1 ; Vit. xxxiii.) There was too a kind of vessel larger than this, called o^eoi'a by Josephus, who narrates a sea-fight which took place on the lake, conducted on the part of the Romans by Vespasian himself (De Bell. Jud. iii. 10. 9). It 477. Ancient Ship of the largest kind. thus appears that the lake was not contemptible, nor its vessels mean ; and those should hence learn to qualify their language who represent the Galilean fishermen as of the poorest class. The vessels connected with Biblical history were for the most part ships of burden, almost indeed exclusively so, at least within the period of known historical facts, though in a remote antiquity the Phoenician states can hardly fail to have supported a navy for warlike, as it is known they did for predatory purposes. This peculiarity, however, of the Biblical ships exonerates the writer from enter¬ ing into the general subject of the construction of ancient ships and their several sub-divisions. A good general summary on that head may be found in Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman A nti- quities , p. 875, seq. A few details respecting chiefly ships of burden may be of service to the Scriptural student. In a ship of this kind was Paul conveyed to Italy. They (naves onerarias) were, for the pur¬ poses to which they were destined, rounder and deeper than ships of war, and sometimes of great capacity. In consequence of their bulk, and when laden, of their weight, they were impelled by sails rather than by oars. On the prow stood the insignia from which the ship was named, and by which it was known. These in Acts (xxviii. 11) are called Trapd.arifj.ov , ‘ sign,’ which it appears consisted in this case of figures of Castor and Pol¬ lux—lucida sidera—brilliant constellations, aus¬ picious to navigators (Horat. Od. i. 3; Liv. xxxvii. 92 ; Tac. Ajiji. vi. 34 ; Ovid. Tnsl. i. 10. 1). Each ship was provided with a boat, intended in the case of peril to facilitate escape, SHIP 840 SHISHAIC iTKd(pr) (Acts xxvii. 16, 30, 32 ; Cic. De Invent. ii. 51) ; and several anchors (Acts xxvii. 29, 40; Coes. Civ. i. 25) ; also a plumb-line for sounding (Acts xxvii. 28 ; Isidor. Orig. xix. 4). Among the sails one bore the name of aprefxuv, trans¬ lated in Acts xxvii. 40,. by 4 mainsail; ’ but pos¬ sibly the word may rather mean what is now termed the ‘topsail’ {Schol. ad Juven. xii. 68). In great danger it was customary to gird the vessel with cables, in order to prevent her from falling to pieces under the force of wind and sea (Acts xxvii. 17 ; Polyb. xxvii. 3. 3 ; Athen. v. 204; Hor. Od. i. 14. 6). The various expedients that were em¬ ployed in order to prevent shipwreck are described to the eye in the passage in the Acts. First, the vessel was lightened by throwing overboard all lumber, luggage, and everything that could be spared. The term employed by Luke is aKev'f) (xxvii. 19), one of a very wide signification, which the words we have just employed do not, we think, more than equal. If the peril grew more imminent, the freight was sacrificed (xxvii. 38). When hope or endurance had come to a period, recourse was had to the boat, or efforts were made to reach the shore on spars or rafts (xxvii. 38, 44). The cap¬ tain was denominated vaiJKXvjpos (xxvii. 11), steers¬ man, though he was a different person from him who had the actual charge of the helm, who bore the name of Kv( 3 epvr)TT]s, which is the root of our word ‘governor’ (Lat. gubernator, helmsman). The dangers of the ocean to sailors on board such ships as these were, and in the then ignorance of navigation, caused sailing to be restricted to the months of spring, summer, and autumn ; winter was avoided. To the Romans the sea was opened in March and closed in November (Coes. Bell. Gall. iv. 36 ; v. 23 ; Philo, Opp. iv. 548 ; Acts xxvii. 9) ; and ships which towards the end of the year were still at sea earnestly sought a harbour in which to pass the winter (Acts xxvii. 12). Schlozer, Vers, einer Allg. Geschichte d. Handels u. d. Schiffart in den alt. Zeiten , Rostock 1760; La Marine des Anciens Peuples , par Le Roy, Paris 1777; Berghaus, Gesch. d. Schiffarlskunde 1792; Benedict, Vers. e. Gesch. d. Schiff. u. d. Handel bei den Alten , 1809 ; Howell, On the War Galleys of the Ancients; A. Jal, Archeologie Navale, Paris 1840; Bockh, Urkunden iiber das Seewesen des At- tischen Staates; Smith, Voyage and Shipv reck of St. Paul) Lond. 1848, 2d ed. 1856.—J. R. B. SHIPHRAH. [Puah.] SHISHAIC (p$>^; Sept. ZovoaKlpi), a king of Egypt contemporary with Jeroboam, to whom he gave an asylum when he fled from Solomon (1 Kings xi. 40). This was indicative of his politic disposition to encourage the weakening of the neighbouring kingdom, the growth of which under David and Solomon was probably regarded by the kings of Egypt with some alarm. After Jeroboam had become king of Israel, and probably at his suggestion, Shishak invaded the kingdom of Judah, B.c. 971, at the head of an immense army; and after having taken the fortified places, advanced against Jerusalem. Satisfied with the submission of Rehoboam, and with the immense spoils of the Temple, the king of Egypt withdrew without im¬ posing any onerous conditions upon the humbled grandson of David (1 Kings xiv. 25, 26 ; 2 Chron. xii. 2-9). Shishak has been identified as the first king of the 22d or Diospolitan dynasty, the Seson- chis of profane history. His name has been found on the Egyptian monuments in the form of She- shonk. He is said to have been of Ethiopian origin, and it is supposed that, with the support of the military caste, he dethroned the Pharaoh who gave his daughter to Solomon (1 Kings iii. 1). In the palace-temple of Karnak there still exists a large bas-relief representing Sesonchis, who bears to the feet of three great Theban gods the chiefs of vanquished nations. To each figure is attached an oval, indicating the town or district which he re¬ presents. One of the figures, with a pointed beard and a physiognomy which some decide to be Jew¬ ish, bears on his oval characters which M. Cham- pollion interprets Yooda Melchi , or ‘kingdom of Judah,’ a name whose component letters agree with the hieroglyphics, though Sir J. G. Wilkinson and others think that the place it holds is not sufficiently marked to satisfy the scruples of a rigid sceptic. It is well to observe that this figure has not, as some have hastily conceived, been alleged to repre¬ sent the king, but to personify the kingdom of Judah (Champollion, Systeme Hieroglyph, p. 205 ; Rosellini, Monumenti Storici , i. 85 ; Wilkinson. Anc. Egypt, i. 37 ; Cory, Chronological Inquiry t p. 5) [Chronology].— J. K. SHITTAI-I 841 SHOHAM SHITTAH {r\m) and SHITTIM occur in several passages of Exodus, and indicate the kind of wood which was employed in making various parts of the tabernacle while the Israelites were wandering in the wilderness. It is mentioned also as forming part of the offerings, as in Exod. xxv. 5, ‘rams’ skins dyed red, and badgers’ skins, and shittim wood and in xxxv. 7, 24. In Is. xli. 19 it is mentioned as a tree worthy of planting. According to some it was some valuable foreign wood. But there does not appear any proof that shit¬ tim was an imported wood, and it is more probable that it was the wood of a tree of the desert. Ro- senmiiller (after Celsius, ii. p. 499) says : ‘ The He¬ brew name, which is properly shintah , was formed from the Egyptian word shant , the double t being substituted for the nt , for the sake of sound and an easier pronunciation.’ The Arabs also call it kart or karatz, written also kharad. The Arabs pronounce the Egyptian name sont. This is a tree of the genus Acacia , found both in Egypt and in the deserts of Arabia (Prosper Alpinus, De Plantis AEgypti, p. 6). ‘The acacia tree,’ says Dr. Shaw, ‘ being by much the largest and most common tree in these deserts (Arabia Petrsea), we have some reason to conjecture that the shittim wood was the wood of the acacia, especially as its flowers are of an excellent smell, for the shittah tree is, in Is. xli. 19, joined with the myrtle and other fragrant shrubs.’ Mr. Kitto says : ‘ The required species is found in either the Acacia gimmifera , or in the A. Seyel , or rather in both. They both grow abundantly in the valleys of that region in which the Israelites wandered for forty years, and both supply products which must have rendered them of much value to the Israelites. We think the probability is, that the A. Seyel supplied the shittim wood, if indeed the name did not denote acacia wood in general. This tree grows from fifteen to twenty feet in height.’ Robinson and Smith fre¬ quently mention the Seyel as occurring in the same situations, It is very probable therefore that it yielded the shittim wood of Scripture, — J. F. R. SHITTIM (DW'n, The Acacias; Sept. 2ar- relv), the place where the Israelites encamped for the last time before they crossed the Jordan (Num. xxv. 1 ; comp. Micah vi. 5), and from which Joshua sent spies to spy the land as far as Jericho (Josh, ii. 1). It was in the Arboth of Moab, at the foot of the mountain-range Abarim, and immediately under Nebo and opposite to Jericho (Deut. xxxii. 49). Plence it is to be looked for near the point where the Wady Hesban enters the plains of Moab, probably to the south of this wady. According to Josephus (Antic/, iv. 8. 1) the town of Abila was afterwards built on the site of Shittim, 60 stadia from the Jordan (Keil, Comment, on Josh. p. 79). The full name seems to have been Abel Hashshittim (which see).—W, L. A. SHITTIM, Valley of, mentioned in Joel iii. 18. It must certainly have been west of the Jor¬ dan, and probably in the neighbourhood of Jerusa¬ lem, although the particular vale cannot now be distinguished. The name is probably to be re¬ garded as an appellative—‘acacia vale’ denoting, perhaps, as that tree delights in a dry soil, an arid, unfruitful vale. SHOA(yi$; Sept. 2 ovl; Alex. %ov 8 ). [Koa.] SHOE. [Sandal.] SHOHAM (DH^), a precious stone mentioned in Gen. ii. 12 ; Exod, xxviii. 9; xxxv. 9-27; Job xxviii. 16; Ezek. xxviii. 13. That it is really un¬ known is evinced by the variety of opinions which have been hazarded concerning it. In the two last texts the Sept, makes it the beryl (pTjpijWiov), and is followed by the Vulgate. Josephus also gives it the same name (Antiq. iii. 7. 5). This is a great weight of authority ; and whether the beryl be the shoham or not, it is a Scriptural stone by virtue of the mention of it in Rev. xxi. 20. There is no doubt that the stone which we call beryl is the substance to which the ancients gave the same name. It is of a pale sea-green colour, inclining sometimes to water blue, and sometimes to yellow. In its crystallised form it exhibits sexagonal co¬ lumns striped longitudinally. The shoham fur¬ nished the shoulder-pieces in the breastplate of the high-priest, on each of which six names were en¬ graven ; and for this purpose the stalky beryl, con¬ sisting of long, stout, hexagonal pieces, was pecu¬ liarly suited. Beryls are found, but not often, in collections of ancient gems. In Gen. ii. 12 the shoham is named as the product of Havilah ; in Job xxviii, 16 it is mentioned as a stone of great value, being classed with the sapphire and the gold of Ophir; in Ezek. xxviii. 13 it appears as a valuable article of commerce. In Gen. ii. 12 the Sept, renders the word, which it elsewhere gives as the beryl, by \L 6 os 6 7 rpaoLvos, or the ‘ chrysoprasus,’ according to its etymology, * leek-green stone but as the ancients did not nicely distinguish between stones of similar quality and colour, it is probable that the beryl is still intended by the translator in this text. The chrysoprasus (xpoabirpaaos) is, however, a Scrip¬ tural stone, being named in Rev. xxi. 20. It is, as the name imports, of a greenish golden colour, like a leek— i.c. usually apple-green—passing into a grass-green (Plin. Hist. Nat. xxvii. 20, 21). Luther, relying upon the authority of some ancient versions, makes the shoham to. have been 3 H 2 SHOR 842 SHU’AL the onyx, an interpretation which Braun, Michaelis, Eichhorn, and others support on etymological grounds. This, indeed, is the stone usually given for the Shoham in Hebrew lexicons* and is the one which the A. V. has also adopted.—-J. K. SHOR a generic word denoting an animal of the bovine species, whether male or female, young or old. It is sometimes used collectively of several animals (Gen. xxxii. 6; i Sam. xxii. 19 ; 2 Sam. xv. 3), but generally it is used of only one (Exod. xxi. 28, 29, 37 ; xxii. 8, 9 ; xxxiv. 19 ; Lev. vii. 23 ; xxii. 27 ; xxvii. 26'; Num. xxii. 4 ; Neh. v. 18 ; Job vi. 5 ; xxi. 10; Is. i. 3). It is used metaphorically of a chief or leader (Deut. xxXiii. 17). A singular use of it occurs Gen. xlix. 6, where ac¬ cording to some it stands for men of valour or strength ; blit the rendering in the margin of the A. V. (‘ they houghed oxen*) is probably the true one : while they slew the men they disabled the cattle, at least such as they did not care to chive off as spoil (xxxiv. 28). [Baqar.]—W. L. A. SHOSHANNIM. [Psalms; Shushan.] SHU’AL. tyw and jackal (?), are both somewhat arbitrarily interpreted by the word ‘ fox; ’ although that denomination is not uniformly em¬ ployed in different texts (Judg. xv. 4; Neh. iv. 3 ; xi. 27 ; Ps. lxiii. 10 ; Cant. ii. 15 ; Lam. v. 18; Ezek. xiii. 4). Fox is thus applied to two oi* more species, though only strictly applicable in a syste¬ matic view to Taaleb , which is the Arabic name of a wild canine, probably the Syrian fox— Vulpes Tkdleb or Taaleb of modern zoologists—and the only genuine species indigenous in Palestine. Fox is again the translation of a\w7 njt, in Matt. viii. 20 ; Luke ix. 58 ; xiii. 32 : but here also the word in the original texts may apply generically to several species rather than "to one only. We have no proof that shu'al denotes exclusively the fox, and that iyim and Hasselquist’s little foxes refer solely to jackals ; particularly as these animals were, if really known, not abundant in Western Asia, even during the first century of the Roman empire; for they are but little noticed by the Greek writers and sportsmen who resided where now they are heard and seen every evening; these [ authorities offering no remark on the most pro¬ minent characteristic of the species—namely, the chorus of howlings lasting all night—a habit so intolerable that it is the invariable theme of all the Semitic writers since the Hegira whenever they mention the jackal. We may therefore infer that shu'al is a general denomination, and that ijim , if the etymology be just, is derived from howling or barking, and may designate the jackal, though more probably it includes also those wild Canicbe which have a similar habit. Vulpes Taaleb, or Taleb , the Syrian fox, is of the size of an English cur fox, and similarly formed ; but the ears are wider and longer, the fur in general ochry-rufous above, and whitish beneath : there is a faint black ring towards the tip of the tail, and the back of the ears are sooty, with bright fulvous edges. The species burrows, is silent and solitary, extends eastward into Southern Persia, and is said to be found in Natolia. Ehrenberg’s two species of Taleb (one of which he takes to be the Amt bis of ancient Egypt, and Geoffrey’s Canis Niioticus , the Abou Hossein of the Arabs) are nearly allied to or varieties of the species, but residing in Egypt, and further to the same south, where it seems they do not burrow. The Syrian Taleb is reputed to be veiy destructive in the vineyards, or rather a plunderer of ripe grapes; but he is certainly less so than the jackal, whose ravages are carried on in troops and with less fear of man. None of the explanations which we have seen of the controverted passage in Judg. xv. 4, 5, re¬ lative to the shu ) alim } foxes, jackals, or other can¬ ines, which Samson employed to set fire to the corn of the Philistines, is altogether satisfactory to our mind. First, taking Dr. Kennicott’s pro¬ posed explanation of the case by changing to thus reading ‘sheaves’ instead of * foxes,’ and translating “Dt ‘ends’ instead of ‘tails,’ the meaning then would be, that Samson merely con¬ nected by bands or ends three hundred shocks of corn, already reaped, and thus burned the whole. We admit that this, at first view, appears a rational explanation; but it should be observed that three hundred shocks of corn would not make two stacks, and therefore the result would be quite inadequate, considered as a punishment or act of vengeance upon the Philistine population, then predominant over the greater part of Palestine : and if we take shocks to mean corn-stacks, then it may be asked how* and foi what object, were, three hundred corn-stacks brought together in one place from a surface of country at least equal to Yorkshire? The task, in that hilly region, would have occupied all the cattle and vehicles for several months; and then the corn could not have been threshed out without making the whole population travel repeatedly, in order finally to reload the grain and take it to their threshing-floors. Reverting to the interpretation of foxes burning the harvest by means of firebrands attached to their tails, the case is borne out by Ovid (Fasti, iv. 681)— * Cur igitur missse junctis ardentia telis Terga ferunt vulpes’— And again in the fable of Apthonius, quoted by Merrick ; but not, as is alleged, by the brick with a bas-relief representing a man driving two foxes with fire fastened to their tails, which was found twenty-eight feet below the present surface of Lon¬ don ; because tiles of similar character and execu¬ tion have been dug up in other parts of England, some representing the history of Susanna and the elders, and others the four Evangelists, and there¬ fore all derived from Biblical, not pagan sources. Commentators, following the reading of the Sep- tuagint, have with common consent adopted the in¬ terpretation, that two foxes were tied together by their tails with a firebrand between them. Now this does not appear to have been the practice of SHUAL, LAND OF 843 SHUNAMMITE the Romans, nor does it occur in the fable of Apthonius. We understand the text to mean that each fox had a separate brand ; and most naturally so ; for it may be questioned whether two united would run in the same direction. They would assuredly pull counter to each other, and ultimately fight most fiercely; whereas there can be no doubt that every canine would run, with fire attached to its tail, not from choice but necessity, through -standing corn, if the field lay in the direc¬ tion of the animal’s burrow; for foxes and jackals, when chased, run direct to their holes, and sports¬ men well know the necessity of stopping up those of the fox while the animal is abroad, or there is no chance of a chase. We therefore submit that by the words rendered ‘tail to tail 1 we should understand the end of the firebrand attached to the extremity of the tail. Finally, as the operation of tying three hundred brands to as many fierce and irascible animals could not be effected in one day by a single man, nor produce the result in¬ tended if done in one place, it seems more probable that the name of Samson, as the chief director of the act, is employed to represent the whole party who effected his intentions in different places at the same time, and thereby insured that general conflagration of the harvest which was the signal of open resistance on the part of Israel to the long- endured oppression of the Philistine people. These observations, though by no means sufficiently an¬ swering all the objections, are the best we can offer on a difficult question, which could not be passed over altogether without notice [Keleb ; Zeeb]. —C. H. S. SHUAL, Land of ; yrj 'SioydX ; terra Sual). When describing the routes taken by the Philistine spoilers who went forth from the gar¬ rison at Michmash, the sacred writer says : ‘ One company turned unto the way of Ophrah, unto the land of Shual’ (i Sam. xiii 17). Ophrah, as has been seen [Ophrah], is probably identical with Taiyibeh, a village about six miles north-east of Bethel. The land of Shual, therefore, doubtless lay in that region. It is a wild mountainous district, a maze of rocky hill-tops, intersected by deep ravines which run down into the Jordan valley. The name appears to have been forgotten. The word Shual signifies ‘fox’ or ‘jackal;’ and both these animals abound amid the rocks of this dis¬ trict. Jackals are especially numerous; and the writer has more than once been kept awake for hours in his tent by their bowlings.—J. L. P. SPIUCKFORD, Samuel, D.D. Of the time and place of his birth we have not been able to find any record. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and was successively curate of Shel- thon, Norfolk, prebendary of Canterbury, and rector of All-Hallows, Lombard Street, London. He died in 1754. He wrote The Sacred and Pro - phone History of the World connected , from the creation of the zoo rid to the dissolution of the Assyrian Empire. Of this work, which was designed to complete that of Prideaux, only four volumes ap¬ peared, bringing down the history to the death of Joshua. It is a work of solid learning, though inferior to that of Prideaux.—W. L. A. SHUHITE, The (*Wn, The Shuchite ), a de¬ signation of Bildad, one of the friends of Job (Job ii. 11, etc.) It is probably a patronymic from mt?, Shuach , one of the sons of Abraham by Keturah. In the Peutinger Tables the district immediately above Babylonia is called Sohene; and the Assyrian inscriptions mention a powerful tribe, the Tsuchi, located above Hit on both sides the Euphrates. In these names we have probably traces of the Shuchites. Some, however, think that the Sawccda which Ptolemy (v. 14) places eastward of Batanea is more probably their representative.—W. L. A. SHULAMITE, The (nnjfatfn), the name given to a person in the Song of Solomon. Whether this is a proper name, Shidammilh , or an ethnic designation, and whether it is used of the heroine of the song or of some other, are points to be dis¬ cussed elsewhere. [Solomon, Song of.] — t SPIUMlM (D S DW) occurs only once in Scrip¬ ture (Num. xi. 5), where it is translated garlick in the A. V. There can be no doubt of its being correctly so translated, as the Arabic (thorn) still signifies a species of garlic, which is culti¬ vated and esteemed throughout Eastern countries. Ancient authors mention that garlic was cultivated in Egypt. Plerodotus enumerates it as one of the substances upon which a large sum (1600 talents) 483. Shallot. (Allium Ascalonicum.) was spent for feeding labourers employed in build¬ ing the pyramids; so also Pliny, who, moreover, states that it was so highly esteemed, that ‘ allium cepasque inter Deos in jurejurando habuere olim ZEgyptii.’ The species considered to have been thus cultivated in Egypt is Allium Ascalonicum , which is the most common in Eastern countries, and obtains its specific name from having been brought into Europe from Ascalon. It is now usually known in the kitchen-garden by the name of ‘eschalot’ or ‘shallot,’ and is too common to require a fuller notice.—J. F. R. SliUNAMMITE, The (TVE^'fl ; Sept, Sw/xcu/ms), one resident in Shunem ; applied to Abishag (1 Kings L 3, 15 ; ii. 17, 21, 22), and to the hostess of Elijah (2 Kings iv. 12, 25, 36). As the modern name of Shunem is Solam, it has been suggested that Shunammite and Shulammite are identical (see Gesenius and Furst on the word).— W. L. A. SIIUNEM 844 SHUSHAN SHUNEM (D 3 ^; Sept. Sowcfyi), a town of the tribe of Issachar (Josh. xix. 18), where the Philistines encamped before Saul’s last battle (i Sam. xxviii. 4), and to which belonged Abishag, the last wife of David (1 Kings i. 3), and ‘the Shunammite woman’ with whom Elisha lodged (2 Kings iv. 8-37 ; viii. 1-6). Eusebius and Jerome describe it as, in their day, a village, lying five Roman miles from Mount Tabor towards the south. They call it Sulem (2 ov'Krjpi). ft has of late years been recognised in a village called Solam, three miles and a half north of Zerin (Jezreel), which is a small place on the slope of a hill, where nothing occurs to denote an ancient site (Elliot, ii. 378 ; Schubert, iii. 165 ; Robinson, iii. 169, 170). -J. K. SHUPHAN. [Shuppim.] SHUPPIM is mentioned (1) in 1 Chron. vii. 12 (D£)^*; 2a7r0f^ ; Alex. 2 acpelpi ; Sepham ) as one of the two ‘children of Ir.’ If, as is likely, this Ir be the same as the ‘ Iri’ of ver. 7, the son of Bela, Shuppim was the great-grandson of the patriarch Benjamin. There is no good reason for identifying the subject of this article with the Muppim of Gen. xjvi. 21, or Shephuphan (Jess correctly Shuphan) of Num. xxvi. 39, and Shephuphan of 1 Chron. viii. 5, as we have shown elsewhere [Muppim] ; so that the difficulty of assigning to Benjamin a de¬ scendant of the third generation at the time of his removal with Jacob into Egypt is avoided in this instance. (2.) Shuppim (D'&$; 'Za.ircpiv; Alex. 2 e<p<pelju ; Sap/ian) is mentioned again in I Chron. 