American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge
Ripley, George, 1802-1880. ed | Dana, Charles A. (Charles Anderson), 1819-1897, ed
•^>:^ %z t ai^ mMp'S' ^ Cj<C.:.,:,^ ,, : < c ^C »-''^- ^1 ^^^ '^:^i C7 C^CiCC: ■'>. .«r4fc. >^'*<* ■ -«^a^-.^^ "^■yk V^. «?><' ^^'■*<r ;-^4-^^ 4V,'^,' - -^irr^' ia^. *»',JV; ,.#• Gainesville Public Library Associati( Regulations in Relation to the Retention of Boo 1. Each member of the Association may withdraw one volume, the same ten days, with the privilege of renewing for ten days long-er 2. A fine of two cents per day shall be imposed for the detentio book beyond the limited time; and if a book be not returned within thr it stiallbe deemed lost, and the borrower shall, in addition to his I its value. 3. Should any book be returned injured, or marked hy pencil or the boi'rower shalTpay for the injury or replace the book, as the Lil mittee may direct; and if a booK belontjing to a set be lost, the boii pay the full value of the set, and may take the remaining volumes. 4. No membei- shall be permitted to receive a book from the Li he shall have jiaid all sums due from him to the Association. 5. Members of the Association are earnestly requested not to lo books to persons who are not members. G. No Reference Book is to be taken from the Library. a mntijt. No. ^^. <icc c CS_C -^ ^^2- C^-^ CCC' <:i!«r EAST FLA Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/americancyGlopaeOOripl THE J\MERICA]N^ CYCLOPAEDIA INDEX. EAST FLA. SEf'-'lNARY LIBRARY. GENERAL AND ANALYTICAL INDEX TO THE AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA. BY The Rev. T. J. CON ANT. D. D., ASSISTED EY HIS PAruiITER, BLANDIJ^A CONANT. EAST FLA. SEWSiNARY LIBRARY. NEW YORK: D APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. L0:ND0X: 16 LITTLE BEITAK. 1883. COPYRIGHT ET D. APPLETOX AND COMPANY, 1878. EAST FLA. SE^;INA:]YL!BRAi?V■. TO THE READER. The Index should be first consulted when information is sought on any subject. The inquirer will thus find whether what he seeks is contained in some leading article, or in several scattered through different volumes, or is incidentally given in connection with another subject. The plan of the Index is as follows : All names of persons or objects in connection with which any information is given, and would naturally be sought in that connection, are entered alphabetically, the titles of leading articles being distinguished by small capitals, and other en- tries by italics. Of articles of much length the leading divisions are entered, to facilitate icferenee. When there are two or more names, or more than one mode of spelling the name, of the same person or object, each is entered in its alphabetical order. All pictorial representations of objects described are entered by name in their pi-oper connection, with the abbreviation (ill.) or (view) annexed. They are also entered separately, where this is deemed necessarj' or convenient for ready reference. In the references to the Cyclopn?dia, the first numeral (Roman) refers to the volume, the second and third (Arabic) respectively to the page and column, and the letters, a, b, c, to the first, second, or third part of the column. E. g. : " Cotton- rcood, tree, XIII. 711, 2 c (ill.)," means that what is said of it may be found, with an illustration, in the 13th volume, page 711, lower third of the 2d column. The space at or near the meeting of two divisions is denoted by two letters combined (ab, or be), and a special reference to two or more by the separate letters ; as, "J!/y;-^« communis (botany), XII. 112, 1 be (ill.);" "Sheikh [sh.aik], Bed- ouin chief, II. 4.30, 2 b, c ; " " Pomfret, countess floifarfer of, contributions to the Arundelian marbles, I. 798, 2 a, b, e." * When, in a series of entries from different articles under one title, the number of the volume is omitted, the reference is to the one last given. * In the multitude of such references there may be some few errors. The reader will please look for the rtfcrence in the other column, or another part of the column, if not found in the one given. vi TO THE READEK. The pronunciation of foreign proper names, and of other words which seem to require it, has been added in brackets by Mr. Francis A. Teall, whose system of notation is subjoined. The work has passed thi-ough the press under his supervis- ion ; and to his familiarity with the contents of the Cycloi^aedia, his ready memorj-, and excellent judgment, it is greatly indebted for its accuracy and completeness. The Index has also to some extent been made a snjjplement to the Cyclopoedia by additional information parenthetically inserted. Thus, where a person noticed in it has died since its close, the year of his death is generally noted. Where one has attained to higher office, or met with any great change of fortune, that fact is usually indicated. In many instances persons of some prominence are only inci- dentally mentioned in the Cyclopaedia, in connection with the topics with which their names are associated. Genei-ally, where biographical notices of such persons could be found, the briefest possible statement of the leading facts has been inserted ; often the dates of birth and death alone are given, where nothing more appeared to be essential. Occasionally a discrepancy will be observed between an entry in the Index and the place referred to in the Cyclopaedia. In such case the former is to be under- stood as a correction. The innumerable causes and sources of error, familiar to all who have had to do with so immense an undertaking as the construction of a cyclopaedia, make it impossible that some should not escape detection in its prog- ress. They will generally be found trifling in form, though sometimes large in effect, such as the accidental change of a single letter converting one word into another. The collating from different articles of passages relating to the same topic has in a few instances prominently disclosed another source of discrepancies which, unexplained, have the appearance of errors resulting from carelessness. In the article on engraving a celebrated German artist is mentioned as Christian Friedrich von Miiller, who in the special article uj)on his father (Johann Gotthard) and him- self is called Johann Friedrich Wilhelm. In seeking an explanation of this, it was found that precisely the same difference exists in the corresponding articles of Mej'er's E^onversations-Lexikon, of later date than the Cyclopaedia articles; while in Pierer's Universal-Z,exikon he is called " Christian (Job.) Friedrich TTilhelm." Again, in the article on Agra, it is said that the Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jehan as a mausoleum for himself and his wife Noor Mahal ; while in that on India Nourmahal (the same name in another form) appears as the wife of his father .Tebanghir. A search showed that the lai'ge universal gazetteers, which the writer of the former article naturally followed, contain the statement there given ; but the writer on India followed more accurate historical authorities. In the Index, under N'oor Mahal, the true version is succinctly given. TO THE UEADEi;. KEY TO PRONUNCIATIOK 1. a, e, i, 6, u, S, 6, i, 6, i. — tho ordinary English long and short sounds of the vowels, as in mate, mete, mite, mote, mute, hat, bet, hit, hot, hut. Most of these murks are sparingly usuil, as in general the position of the vowel sufficiently indicates its proper sound. 2. k — Italian a, as in far, father, but frequently shorter. 3. 6 — German ", occurring also in Hungarian, Swedish, and Danish {»). It represents tho diphthong oc, and its sound has no equivalent in English. It is an intimate blending of tho sounds of (i in mate or e in met and u in hut. Its long and short sounds may be approximately represented thus, tho small letter in each case indicating the subordinate element : g°tih'-teh, Goetlio ; te"p'-lits, Toplitz (with which the form Teplitz is interchangeable). The French and Dutch eu approaches the sound of 6, but is very nearly represented by u or uh. •i. 00 — representing tho u of most other languages, the French ou, the Dutch oe, and the Portuguese and Swedish o final — is most commonly short, as in hoolc ; but in certain positions, easily determined by the ear, as at the end of an accented syllable, it is long, as in woo. 5. ow — representing au in other languages (except French), ou in Dutch, ao in Portuguese, and approximately ao in Spanish and aou in French — is pronounced like ow in cow and on in out. 6. ii — German and Hungarian u, French w, and Danish and Swedish y. These are usually so nearly alike in sound that they are represented by the same character ; there is no corre- sponding sound in English. The German iX stands for the diphthong ve (formerly id), and its pronunciation is a close union of the sounds of u in mute and i in hit or e in mete ; thus: muil'-lcr. Mailer; bue'-lo, Billow. It sometimes runs almost wholly into the second element (i or e). The French ii, however, invariably approaches the sound indicated in the first exam- ple ; but it is more simple; and may perhaps be said to consist of tho first part of the diph- thongal sound of the English ii, as in mute — that is, with the sound stopped before the full enunciation of the final oo element of that letter. 7. a"', ii"", 6°^, u°% (fee. — French and Portuguese nasal vowels. The '^ is small to indicate that it represents no actual sound, but simply the mode of uttering the vowel. This may be illustrated by pronouncin;; hang, song, rung without toucliing the soft palate with the upper part of the tongue, thus producing the nasal effect without the distinct sound of ng. 8. ch — representing the Spanish ch, German tsch, Hungarian a, the cz of some Slavic lan- guages, the Italian c before e and i, &c. — sounds like ch in church. 9. 'h, "h — German guttural ch, Spanish j and g (before e or /), and (sometimes) x, &c. Tliis sound consists in the pronunciation of h in the throat (the organs being nearly closed) as a true consonant rather than as a mere breathing. The roughenins or rasping effect thereby produced is indicated by the small ' and ", the former after ii, e, i. 0, it. An, eu, I, &c. (where the sound approaches that of sh, but must be carefully distinguished from it by keeping the lower part of tho tongue depressed), the latter in an initial syllable or after a, o, v, au. In German g final is also guttural, but in hurg and some similar terminal syllables it has been deemed pre- ferable to leave it unmarked. 10. gh. — The h is added to show that the g is hard, as in get. In certain cases h is omitted, but when used in pronunciation g is always hard. 11. ly, ny, py, &c. — In these combinations the two letters are to be sounded together in one breath, like Ii m folio, ni in union, &c. 12. th — the sharp sound of th, as in thin, representing the Spanish c before e or i, z, itc. (In Spanish America c and z generally have the sound of sharp s.) 13. th — the flat sound of th, as in thi), representing the Spanish d, &c. 14. y' — the liquid element in many French and Hungarian terminal syllables, constituting an indistinct, vanishing sound of y, in combination with that of the preceding vowel or conso- nant. 15. Titles of which the pronunciation is not given are to be pronounced either according viii TO THE RE.VDER. to the marking of a precedinij; title of the same or similar form, or to the most obvioua English analogy. Accentuation. — Only the primary syllabic accent of words is marked, as, -where a secon- dary accent is required, the ear is nearly always a sufficient guide to its proper position when the former is known. Sometimes the pronunciation of Greek and Latin names and technological terras is indicated by an accent alone. It may be well to remark that in these every vowel or diphthong makes a separate syllable ; as Eyloh'atea (hl-lob'-a-teez). In French words and names no accentuation is indicated, since in that language it is not determinate, but depends upon the exigencies of utterance. Thus a word of several syllables, when making part of a sentence, may, under differing circumstances, liave each syllable alternately accentuated, or possibly none of them, each being spoken with equal force, and the whole stress of the sen- tence placed upon the culminating word. When spoken singly, however, or in connection with another language, some accent is inevitable ; and this usually falls upon the last syllable when it ends in a consonantal or a strong vowel sound, and is preceded by sj-llables ending in similar or weaker sounds. In other cases euphony generally requires that the accent shall be placed at one or two (rarely if ever more) removes from the end. But on whichever syllable it falls, all the others must be distinctly (however rapidly) enunciated, the slurring of unem- phatic syllables, common in English and other lang-uages of strong accent, being inadmissible in French. Division into Syllables. — In respelling words for pronunciation, deviations from the rules of division in foreign languages have frequently been rendered necessary by the requirement* of English analogy. S£l\^!N,A,.rLiBRARr'. GENERAL INDEX THE AMERICAN CYCLOPiEDIA. A, a letter, I. 1. Sounds of, 1 b. Cicero's dislike of, ib. As a numeral, ib. Domini- cal letter, 1 c. In logic, ih. In ancient in- scriptions, ib. On medals and coins, ib. In medical prescriptions, 2 a. On bills of ex- change, ib. Chemical abbreviation, ib. In the musical scale, ib. A A [;'i], name of several rivers, I. 1. AaJimcs I. (or Amasis), Egyptian king, I. 3S6, 2 c. AAcnE^' [iV-''hen] : see Aix-la-Chapelle, I. 223. Aachen-Munich fire insurance com- pany, ib. ; savings bank, ib. Aalbokg [awl'-borg], seaport, I. 1. Aalen [A'-len], town, I. 2. Aali Pasea [:V-l6 pa-sh:V], Turkish statesman, 1.2. Aalst [Mst] : see Aelst. Aalten [al'-ten], town, I. 2. Aab, or Aare [;ir, a'-reh], river, I. 2. Aaeau [iV-row], town, I. 2 ; peace of, ib. Aard-taek [ard'-vark], animal, I. 3 (ill.). Aaed-wolf [ard'-woolf], animal, I. 3 (ill.). Aare: see Aae. Aaegau [ar'-gow], canton, I. 3. AAnnrus [or'-hooce], seaport, I. 4. Aaron- [a'-run], first Hebrew high priest, I. 4. Physician of the 7th century, and first who mentions the smallpox, ib. Aaron's rod, a plant, 5IV. 751, 2 a. Aaesexs, Frans van [ar'-sence], diplomatist, 1.4. Aasen, Ivar Andreas [av.-'-sen]. philologist, 1. 4. 1 ABBAS I. Aasvar [awce'-vair], islands, I. 4. Ab, Hebrew month, I. 4. Adab'deii, or Ababdie, African tribes, I. 4. Ab'aco, Great, an island, I. 4. As'Acrs, in architecture, I. 5 ; I. 656, 1 c. Cupboard, ib. Templar's staff, ib. Calcula- ting machine, ib. Abad [a-bdd'], name of Moorish kings, I. 5. Abad'don : see Apollton. Ab'adite dynasty, end of, I. 5, 2 a. Abadites, Arab natives of Oman, XII. 625, 2 a. Ab'aka KnAN, Mongol king, I. 5. Ab'ana, river, I. 5 ; II. 295, 1 a ; V. 651, 2 b. Abaij-couet, Charles Xavier Joseph d' [da- ba°«-koor], minister of Louis XVI., I. 5. Abaxo, Pietro d' [da'-ba-no], philosopher, I. 5. Abae'banel : see Abeavaxel. Abae'ca, .Joaquin, Spanish bishop, 1. 5. Abaeim', mountain, I. 5. Abascal', Jos6 Fernando, Spanish statesman, 1.5. Abas' inum, Pvoman town, I. 20, 2 a (Abexs- beeo). Abate'ment, in law: see Disseisin. Abate- ment of a legacy, X. 317, 1 a. Abattoir [ab-a-twiir'], for the Xcw York mar- ket, IX. 611, 1 c. Abafzit, Firmin [a-ho-ze], theologian, I. 6. Abbadie, Jacques [a-ba-dO], theologian. I. 6. Antoine Thomson and Arnaud Michel d' [da-ba-de], explorers, 1 b. Abbas' I., the Great, shah of Persia, I. 6. 2 ABBA SALAMA ABEGG Abba Salama (Andraos), bishop of Abyssinia, I. 48, 2 b. Abbas' ben Abd-el-Mot'talib, uncle of Mo- hammed, I. 6. See Abbassides. Abbas Mirza [meer'-za], Persian prince and warrior, I. 6. Abbas Pasha [pa-sha'], viceroy of Egypt, I. 7 ; VI. 767, 1 b. Abbassides [ab'-bas-sids], caliphs of the third Mohammedan dynasty, I. 7. Its founder, ii. Its last caliph, 1 c. Abbatucci [a-ba-ta-se ; Ital. ab-ba-toot'-che], Jacques Pierre, French general, 1. 7. Charles, 1 c. Jacques Pierre Charles, diplomatist, 2 a. AVbaye aux homnies [a-ba o ztim], church, now church of St. Iltienne, III. 539, 2 c. Aibaye aux femmes [o fam], church, now church of Saint Trinity, III. 5.39, 2 c. Ablaycs des savants [a-ba da sa-va"=], sinecures for scholars, &c., I. 7, 2 c. Abbe [a-ba], French for abbot, I. 7. Abb^s commendataires [a-ba kuh-ma°^-da-tair], 2 c. Alle de la Tour [dtih la toor], pseudonyme, IV. 322, 2 be. Abbeoku'ta, or Abeakutah, city, I. 7. Gov- ernment, 8, 1 b. Religion, 1 c. Christian missions, ih. Opposition to slavery, ii. Ab'bess, I. 8. Abbeville [a-buh-veel or ab-veel], town, I. 8. Ab'beville, county, I. 8. AVbey, as distinguished from a priory, &c., XI. 734, 1 c. '■^ Alley of Bataille:^'' see Hastings, VIII. 507, 2 a. Alley ofKonei, X. 47, 2 b. Its literary trea- sures, il. Abbo Cee'ntts, or Ahbon the Crooked, I. 8. Abbo Flokiacen'sis, or Abbon of Fleury, I. 8. Abbot, title, I. 8. Abbot, Abiel, D. D., I. 8. Abbot, Benjamin, LL. D., I. 9. Abbot, Charles, Lord Colchester, I. 9. Abbot, George, archbishop, I. 9. Abbot, Gorham Dummer, LL. D., teacher and author, I. 9. pied 1874.) Abbot, Samuel, merchant, patron of Andover seminary, I. 9. Allot female academy, I. 481, 1 c. Allot Gerald, builder of the Devil's bridge, VI. 67, 1 a. Allot Joachim, religious enthusiast, alluded to, n. 478, 2 b. Allot of unreason, at an English Christmas, IV. 551, 2 a. Abbotsfoed, seat of Sir 'Walter Scott, I. 9 (ill.) ; XIV. 708, 2 a. Abbots-Laxglet, parish, I. 10. Abbott, family of American writers. Jacob, I. 10. John Stephens Cabot, 2 a (died 1877). Gorham D.: see Abbot. Benjamin Vaughan, 2 b. Austin, 2 c. Lyman, il. Edward, II, 1 b. Abbott, Charles, Lord Tenterden, I. 11 ; II. 533, 2 c. Abbreviations, I. 11. Abd, initial word in Semitic proper names, I. 12. Ald-allaJi, meaning of, I. 12, 2 a. Abdal'lah ben Abd-el-Mot'talib, father of Mohammed, I. 12. Abd ALLAH ben Zobaie', I. 12. Aldallali iln Tasim, founder of a Moslem dy- nasty, I. 345, 2b; its overthrow, 2 c. Ald-el- Caala, name of the iirst caliph, I. 41, 1 c (Abubeke). Abd-el-Halim [-ha-leem*], Egyptian prince, I. 13. Abd-el-Hamld [-ha-meed'], adopted name of a French traveller, I. 13. Abd-el-Eadeb [-ka'-der], Arab emir, soldier, and writer, I. 13. Abd-el-Wahab [-wa-hab'], founder of a Mos- lem sect, I. 14. Abde'ea, ancient city, I. 14. Ald-er-Rali'man, meaning of, I. 12, 2 a. Abdeerahman L, caliph of Cordova, I. 14. Abdeeeahman, sultan of Morocco, I. 14. Af- ghan poet, 163, 1 a. Al'diah, Samuel hen, Jewish soldier and poet, VIIL 595, 2 a. Ab'dias, supposititious author, I. 14. Abdica'tion, of a throne, I. 15 ; memorable examples of it, il. Abdo'men, I. 15. Abdominal typJius, in German writers, VII. 167, 2 ab. Abdul-Aziz [ab-dool-a-zeez'], Turkish sultan, L 16 ; XVL 59, 1 ab. (Deposed May 30, 1876 ; died soon afterward.) Abdul-Medjid [-med-jeed'], Turkish sultan, I. 16. Abeceda'rians, fanatic sect of religionists, 1. 17. A'Beoket, Gilbert Abbott, humorist, I. 17. Abeel', David, D. D., clergyman, I. 17. Abecg, Julius Friedrich Heinrich [a'-beg], ju- rist, I. 17. ABEL ABRAVANEL A'bel, second son of Adam, I. 17. Abelites, a sect, ib. Au'elaed, or Ab'ailard, Pierre [Fr. Jl-ba-lar], philosopher, I. 17. Abiilard and St. Bernard, II. 573, 3 c. On miracles, XI. 02-5, 1 b. His school at Melun, I. 17, 2 c ; XI. 375, 2 a. See Heloise. Abel de Pujol, Alexandre Denis [a-bel dtili pu-zhtil], painter, I. 17. Adrienno Marie Louise Grandpierro Deverzy, 2 b. Ahdc\ tree, XIIL 712, 2 b (ill.). A'belites, Abe'lians, Abelo'nians, or Abcl'- onites, sect, I. 19. Abelmos' clius : see Okea. Aben', Aven, Ebn, Ibn, Arabic patronymic prc- fi.'i, L 19. Abenaquis [ab-o-na'-kecz], or Abnakis, Indian tribes, 1. 19. Their language, 20, 1 a; XIIL 2 a (Pexobscots). Abexcekea'ges, Moorish family, I. 20. Abesdbero [a'-bent-bairg], mountain, I. 20. Asylum for cretins, ib. See Ceetixs. Aeen Ezea, or Abraham ben Meir ben Ezra, Jewish scholar, I. 20. Abexsberg [a'-bence-bairg], town, I. 20. Aber-Eondey : see Beeoknook, borough, III. 242, 1 c. Abeebeothwick [ab-er-broth'-ick] : see An- beoath. Aberbrothock, ib. Ab'eeceombie, James, general, I. 20. Abeeceoxibie, John, physician, I. 20. Abeeceombt, Sir Ralph, general, I. 20. Abeedaee', town, I. 21. Abeedeen', New, I. 21 (iU.). Marischal col- lege, 1 c. University of Aberdeen, 2 c— Old, 22, 1 a. King's college, ib. Abeedeejj, Earls of, I. 22. Abeedeen'shiee, county, I. 22. Abebdetln-e [a-ber'-de-vine], bird, I. 23. An'EEjrETHT, John, surgeon, I. 23. Abeeea'tion, I. 23. Aberration of light, ib. (ill.) ; discovered. III. 181, 1 c. Aberration in optical instruments, I. 24, 1 be (ill.). ABEETST'wiTn, seaport town, I. 24. Abeyance [a-ba'-ance], law term, I. 24. Ab'gar (or Abgarus), king of Armenia, I. 724, 1 a ; reputed letter to Jesus, ib. and 2 b. Abiad', Bahr el : see Kile. ABi'AinAE, Ilobrow high priest, I. 2.j. A'bib, Hebrew month, I. 25. Aoicn, Wilhelm nermann [a'-bWi], naturalist, L 25. Abm [a'-be-eez], (botany), fir, VII. 207, 2 be. A. balsamea, 208, 1 a (ill.), and other spe- cies.—Spruce, XV. 290, 2 1)0. A. nigra, 2 c (ill.) ; A. exoelsa, 291, 2 c (111.), and other species. A. Canadensis (for hedges), VIII. 004, 2 c ; 030, 2 a. ABiJi'ELEcir, Philistine king, 1. 2.". Hebrew king, ib. Abinoee, James, lord [ab'-in-jer], lawyer, I. 25. Ab'ington, Frances, actress, I. 25. Aliogenuts, XIV. 235, 3 be ; their assertions opposed by experiments, Hi. Abipo'nes, Indian tribe, I. 20. Abjuea'tiox, Oath of, I. 20. Abkua'sia, or Abchasia, I. 20. Ablu'tion, religious, I. 20. Ab'nee, Hebi'ew ■warrior, I. 20. Abo (Swed. Abo, o'-bo), city, I. 27. Peace of, ib. Abo-Bjoexeborg [o-bo-bydr'-neh-borg], Fin- land, I. 27. Abolitionists (a political party), I. 105, 1 a. See Slaveey. Abolla: see Avola. Aboma'sum, digestive cavity of ruminant ani- mals, XIV. 707, 2 c. Abomey [a-bo-ma'], capital of Dahomey, I. 27. Aboeigine3 [ab-o-rij'-e-neez] : see Ameeioas IXDIANS. Aboetiox, in criminal law, I. 20. In obstetrics, XIL 509, 1 be. ABOtTKiE [a-boo-keer'J, Egyptian port, I. 30. Battle of, ib. ; XII. 220, 1 c. About, Edmond [a-boo], author, I. 30. Aboyne castle [a-boin'], I. 23, 1 a. Abeacadab'ea, magical word, I. 30 ; X. 847, 1 a. A'beahaji : see Hebrews, VIII. 582, 3 b. AbraJiam, heights of: see "Wolfe, XVI. 097, 1 0. Called plains of Abraham, XIV. 139, 1 c ; 140, 1 b ; 143, 1 c ; XVL 153, 2 c. Abraham a Saxcta Clara, preacher, I. 31. Abramis brama (ichthyology). III. 240, 2 a; ill., Ic. Abranchia (order of amphibia), I. 435, 2 c. Abeantes [a-bra°^'-tes], Portuguese town, I. 31. AbeaxtJ:s [a-bra°^-tACc], Andoche Junot, duke of, soldier, I. 31. Laure Permon Junot, duchess of, 2 b. Napoleon Andoche Junot, duke of, 32, 1 c. Adolphe Alfred Michel Junot, duke of, 1 c. Josephine Junot d', 1 e. Constance Junot d", 2 a. Abrav'axel, Abrabanel, or Abarb.inel, Isaac ben Judah, Jewish author, I. 32. Leone, ABRAXAS ACADIA Abrax'as, mystical worJ, I. 32 ; U. 364, 1 a. Abrolhos [a-bro'-lyoce], islets, III. 218, 1 o ; 225, 2 ab; 226, 1 a. Abrolhos whale fish- ery, 767, 2 be. Abeuzzo, or the Abnizzi [a-broot'-so, -se], Ap- ennine provinces, I. 33. Abruzzo Citeriore, 1 ab. Abruzzo Ulteriore I., 1 b. Abruzzo Ulteriore II., 1 o. Ab'salom, son of King David, I. 33. Absalon, or Axel, statesman, soldier, and ec- clesiastic, I. 38. Abscess, I. 33. Mistaken for aneurism, 491, 2 b. In inflammation, IX. 276, 2 b. Spinal, psoas, and lumbar abscess, XV. 268, 2 ab. Ahsck'sa, in analytic geometry, I. 456, 1 a. Ab'sinth, or "Wormvrood, I. 34. Absinthe [Fr. ab-sa°H], I. 34, 1 b. Efifects on the animal system, ib. Abainthine [ab-sin'-thin], I. 34, 1 b. Ab'solon, John, painter, I. 34. Ab'soldte, in philosophy, I. 34 ; XIII. 442, 1 be, ff. See Fichte, and Hegel. Absolu'tiox, in the Eoman Catholic church, T. 35, XIV. 393, 2 b ; in the Episcopal and Lutheran churches, I. 35, 1 b. Absoep'tiox, I. 35. Absorption of gases by solids and liquids, 37, 2 a. Absorption of heat, 38, 1 a. Absorption of light, 1 o. Ab- sorption spectrum, 2 ab (ill.). Absorption, in digestion, VI. 104, 2 a. Absorption bands, in the spectrum, I. 38, 2 b. Ab'stixexce, from food, I. 39. Effects and result of prolonged abstinence, 2 c. Abstinence, religious, distinguished from fast- ing, VII. 93, 1 b. Abstinence, Total : see Total Abstinence. Abstrich [ap'-stri'h], in smelting, X. 260, 1 c. Abt, Franz [apt], composer, I. 41. Abfbekb [a-boo-bekr"], first caliph, I. 41. His tomb, XI. 353, 1 a. Abu Eanifah : see Hanifah. Abul Abbas as-Saffeh [a'-bool ab-bas' as-saf- fa], founder of the third Moslem dynasty, I. 7, 1 b (Abbassides). Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel, Spanish rabbi, author of the cabalistic bible. III. 521, 1 c. Abul-Casim [a'-bool ka-seem'] : see ALBrcA- SIS. Abul Fad, vizier and writer, I. 226, 1 a. Abulfaea'gius, or Abulfaraj, Mar Gregorius, Syriac and Arabic writer, I. 41. Abulfaraj [a-bool-fa-raj'] : see Abulfaeagius. Abulfeda, Ismail ibn Ali [a-hool-fed'-a], Mos- lem prince and writer, I. 41. Abul Hassan [a'-bool has-san']: see Judaii, Ilallevi. Abuna salamah [a-boo'-na sa-la-ma'], title of the bishop of Abyssinia, 1. 45, 2 c ; V. 331, 1 a ; Vni. 97, 1 a. Abu Sambul [d'-boo sam-bool'] : see Ipsambix. Abu Seid of Sera] [s5-eed'], hero of the Maka- inat, VIII. 462, 2 c. Abu Sheiie [shair] : see Bushire. Abusimbel : see Ipsajibcl. Abd Teiiam [ta-mam'], Arabic poet, I. 41. Abt 'DOS, city of Asia Minor, I. 41. City of Upper Egypt, 42, 1 ab'; bass-relief at (ill.), ib. ; tablet of, ib. Ab'tla, I. 42 ; IV. 218, 2 ab. See Calpe, and VIII. 679, 2 c. Abtssin'ia, I. 42. Population, 2 c. Physical geography, ib. Agriculture, 44, 1 be. Ge- ology, 1 c. Animals, 2 e. Vegetation, 45, 1 c. Political divisions, ib. Inhabitants, 2 a. History, 2 b. View near Magdala (ill.), 43. Hill fort (ill.), 44. Abyssinian warriors (ill.), 46. Burning of Magdala (ill.), 47.— Lan- guages, VL 750, 2 c ; 752, 2 b. Abyssinian Ceuecii, I. 48. Catholic and Prot- estant missionaries, 2 a. Doctrines and dis- sensions, 2 b. Orders in church govern- ment, 49, 1 a. Version of the Bible, 1 be. Abzug [ap'-tsoog], in smelting, X. 260, 1 c. Aca'cia, genus of plants, I. 49. A. Xilotica and other species, 2 a. Leaf of (ill.), X. 265, 2 c. Gum from it, VIII. 320, 2 ab. Three- horned, 795, 1 c ; as a hedge plant, 604, 2 b. Australian acacias, X. 266, 1 be. Acacia catecMi, IV. 105, 2 a (01.). Acacius, an Arian, V. 619, 1 c, 2 a. Aeade'mia, where Plato taught: see Gymnas- tics, VIII. 351, 2 a. For the locality, see Academy, I. 49, 2 b (Ceramicus), and the gate and road leading to it on the jilan of Athens, IL 60. Academ'ic school, L 49, 2 c; VIII. 214, 2 a. Academie frangaise [a-ka-da-me fra°^-Saiz], I. 50, 2 c. Its French dictionary, ib. Acad'emists (Platonists), I. 49, 2 be. Acad'emt, I. 49. Learned academies : Italian, 50, 1 c ; French, 2 c ; Spanish, 52, 1 b ; Por- tuguese, 1 c; German, ib.; Swiss, 2 a Belgic, ib. ; Dutch, 2 b ; Scandinavian, ib. Russian, 53, 1 a; British and Irish, 1 b Turkish, 2 a; Australian, ib.; Asiatic, ! J. American, 2 b ; South American, 54, 1 a. Aca'dia, or Acadie [ak-a-de], peninsula of Nova Scotia, L 54 ; XIL 278, 2 b. ACiU^EPU^ ACHERUSIA AcALE'pn.E, I. ui. Ac'ak-pUs : see IIydboids, IX. lU, 2 ab. A'canth family, fossil reptiles, VII. 614, 2 c. Acaii'thia lectiila'ria, insect, VI. 690, 2 c. AcantJiiiis (ichtliyology), VI. 183, 1 be. A. Amerieanus, 1 c ; ill., 2 a. Acantbias of Europe, 2 ab. Acantlioci-'ph'ida, hooked worms, VI. 008, 1 a. AcanOiocot'ltis, III. 420, 2 c. A. Virginianus, 427, 1 b (ill.). A. variabilis or Groonlaudi- cus, 1 0 ; ill., 2 a. Acanthoptery'giom (in ichthyology), I. 64, 2 c. Acan'thl's, plant, I. 54. Coriutbian capital suggested by it, 2 ab. A. mollis, 2 o. (ill.). Acan'thjlk, genns of swifts (ornithology), XV. 520, 1 b. AcAPcxco [a-k;i-pool'-ko], town, I. 54. Acari'asis, cutaneous disease, VI. 695, 2 b. Acari'na, mites, VI. 694, 2 ab ; XI. 079, 2 a. Acarna'xia, province, I. 55. Ac'akus, insect, I. 55. See Epizoa, VI. 094, 2 be. A. scabiei, IX. 469, 2 ab (ill.). A. domesticus and A. destructor, XL 079, 2 be. xVcas'tus, mythical, I. 55. Ao'cAD, ancient city, I. 55 ; IV. 230, 2 a. Accademia Platonica, Pontaniana, I. 50, 1 b. Accadians, XII. 117, 1 a. Aecadian mythol- ogy, a. ; dialect, XVI. 43, 1 ab. Accelera'tion, I. 55. Acceleration of the moon, 2 b. Acceleration of the stars, 56, 1 a. Accep'tance, in commerce, I. 50. Acceptance siqyra protest, XIV. 31, 2 e, 32, 1 a. See Feauds, Statute of, VII. 447, 1 a. Accepted, on a bill of exchange or a draft, I. 57, 1 a. AccEs'sop.T (to a felony), I. 58. Accessory plume (of a feather), VII. 104, 1 be (ill.). Accip'itcr (ornithology), VIII. 530. A. nisus, XV. 231, 1 a. Acclimatirifffecer (Liberia), X. 397, 2 b. Acclima'tion, or Acclimatization, I. 59. Ac- climation, 1 b. Acclimatization, 2 b. Accolade [ak-ko-lad'], ceremony in conferring knighthood, IV. 496, 2 ab. Accol'ti, Benedetto, Itahan lawyer, I. 00. Ac'coMACK, county, I. 00. Accor'dion-, L 00 ; XIV. 242, 1 c, 2 b. Ac'cEA, Africa, I. 60. Ac'cEiNGToy, town, I. 00. Accuba'tion, table posture, I. GO (ill.). AccrM [ak'-koom], Friedrich, chemist, I. 61. Accumulator (of a dredging machine), VI. 257, Ace, in playing cards, IIL 783, 2 c. Acel'da.ma, L 01 ; IX. 012, 2 b. AcepJi'ala, headless molhisks, XL 721, 1 c. AcEPnAL'ocvsT, animal parasite, I. 01 ; VI. 063, 2 c. Aceptli'alous fii'tiia, XL 705, 1 b. Acepjhalous mollmlcs, eyes of, VII. 48, 1 c. A'cer (botany), XL 137, 2 b. A. saccharinuni, sugar maple, 138 2 ab (ill.); A. pseudo-pla- tanus, sycamore maple, 140, 1 a (ill.); A. oampestro, common European maple, 2 a (ill.) ; and other species. Acerates [as-e-ril'-teez], (botany), XL 540, 2 ab. Acetate of aluminum, I. 309, 1 a. A. of ethyl, 205, 2 a. AcETATts [as'-e-taits], I. 01. Acet'io Acid, L 01 ; 205, 2 a. Acetone, I. 01, 2 a ; 02, 1 a. Acetones : see Ketones. Acet'tlese, a gas, I. 02 ; VII. 037, 2 c. AcnjEAN League [a-ke'-an], 1.02. See Greece, VIII. 200, 1 b. Acojj'ass, a division of the IXellenic race, I. 03. AcnjiMENES [a-kem'-e-neez], first of the Aohaj- menidsB, L 03 ; XIll. 321, 2 c. Persian sa- trap, L 63, 1 0. Achfemen' idee, Persian dynasty, I. 03, 1 c ; XIIL 144, 2 a. Achceme'nius (=Persicus), I. 63, 1 c. Achaia [a-ka'-ya], a division of the Pelopon- nesus, I. 63. Achalzik: see AKHALXZiKn. AcTiamoth [ak'-a-moth], in the Gnostic cos- mogony, VIII. 53, 1 a. AcHAED, Franz Karl [a-sliar], philosopher and chemist, I. 63. AcnARD, Louis Am6d6e Eugene, novelist, I. 03. Achates {a-ka'-teez], companion of .lEneas, I. 63. Fidus Achates, proverbial, ib. A river, 2 b. AcHEEN [a-oheen'], independent sovereignty in Sumatra, I. 03. Acheirotopeton [a-ki-ro-top'-e-ton], a painting, X. 183, 1 ab. AcnELOus [ak-e-lo'-us], classic river, I. 04. Achelous, river god, allusion to, I. 263, 2 b. AcnESBAcn [:V-'hen-bu,''h], Andreas, painter, I. 64. Oswald, painter, 1 b. Acheron [ak'-e-ron], name of several rivers, I. 64. The river of the lower world, 1 be; put for that region itself, ih. AcHEEu'siA, name of lakes supposed to be con- nected with the lower world,^. 04. Chasm 6 ACHERY ACPvOLEINE in Bithynia, poetical entrance to tLe lower regions, ih. AcHEET, Dom Jean Lnc d' [dS-sbfi-re], learned Benedictine monk, I. C-i. Aclieta [a-ke'-ta], (entomology), V. 480, 2 c. A. domestica, ib.\ A. campestris, 481, 1 ab; A. abbreviata, 2 a ; A. nigra, 2 ab ; A. vit- tata, 2 c. (Ills.) Acliild BecJiil, alchemist, I. 261, 1 b. Achillea [ak-il-le'-a], (botany), XVI. 772, 1 b (iU.). A. rosea, 2 a; A. ptarmica, ib.; A. tomentosa, ib. ; A. millefolium, ib. AchiVleos Dro'mos, in the Taurida, XV. 585, 2 b. Achilles, or Acbilleus [a-kil'-leez, -luce], hero of the Iliad, I. 64. See Poltxena. Achilles Tatius, astronomer, I. 65. A -n-riter of romance, ib. Achilles, iron-clad ship, 15. 383, 1 a ; 386, 1 c (iU.). AoHMET [a'h'-met] : see Ahmed. Achmetha [ak'-me-tha or ak-me'-tha], a Median royal residence (Ezra vi. 2), VI. 385, 1 b, AcHiiiM : see Ekhmim. Achorion SchcBnleinii [a-ko'-re-on sken-li'-ne-i] : see.EpiPHTTES, VI. 689, 1 b (ill.). Achroite [ak'-ro-ite], mineral, XV. 823, 1 be. AoHEOMATio Lens [ak-ro-mat'-ik], I. 65 (IDs.). Achter Kol [a'h'-ter], name given to New Jer- sey by its Dutch captors, XII. 311, 1 b. Achtyrlca: see Ae:htteka. Acid [as'-id], I. 66. Acids, XII. 476, 1 a; XIV. 583, 2a. Action upon vegetable colors, 1 c, 2 a, and IX. 250, 1 c. Acid process, in tanning, X. 274, 1 b. Aeidim'etry, I. 322, 1 c (Alkalisietet). Acidom'eter, IX. 125, 1 b. Acil'ius Gla'bbio, Manius, Eoman general and consul, I. 66. Acin'aces, ancient weapons, I. 734, 2 b. Aci'ni, in the tissue of the liver, X. 537, 1 b (ill.). Acipen'ser (ichthyology), XV. 431, 2 b. A. sturio, ib. (iU.); A. oxyrhynchus, 432, 1 b; and other species. Aoi Eealb [a'-che ra-a'-la], seaport, I. 66. A'cis, mythical, I. 66. A river, ib. Aok'eemanx, Eonrad Ernst, comedian, I. C6. Sophie Charlotte, 2 o. Dorothea, ib. Char- lotte, ih. Ao'land, John Dyke, British major, I. 66. Lady Harriet, 67, 1 a. Henry Wentworth, M. D., 67, 1 b. Aolin'io Line, magnetic equator, I. 07 (ill.). Acoe'metje, a fanatic order of monks, I. 67 ; discountenanced by church fathers and coun- cils, XI. 729, 1 b (MoxACHisM). Acolhuacan [a-kole-wa-kan'], kingdom of, XI. 472, 2 a. Acolhuis [a-kole-wees'], a people of Mexico, XI. 472, 1 c. Ac'oLYTE, in the Eoman Catholic church, I. 07. AcoMA [a-ko'-ma], village, I. 67. AcoxoAGTTA [a-konc-ka'-gwa], province, I. 67. A peak of the Andes, 2 c ; 476, 1 be. Aconel'la, alkaloid, I. 68, 2 a. Ao'ox"iTE, poisonous plant, I. 08. Mistaken for horseradish, 2 b; VIII. 830, 2 c. M:edi- cal use of, I. 68, 2 b. Eemedies for its poison, 2 c. AcoinTE, Winter, plant, I. 68. Aconite poisoning, remedies for, I. 68, 2 c. AcoxiTiA [ak-o-nish'-a] : see Aconite. Aconi'tum (botany), I. 08, 1 ab. A. napeUus (monkshood), ib. (ill.). A. lycoctonum, ib. A. ferox, ib. Ac'orus cal'amus, reed used as a pen. III. 565, 2 b (ill.). AcosTA [a-koce'-ta], Jos6 de, Spanish writer, I. 69. Uriel, Jewish writer, 1 a. Joaquin, historian, 1 c. Acoustic nerre, Helmholtz's theory of its ex- citation, VIII. 624, 1 ab. AooirsTics [a-koos'-tiks], I. 09 ; laws of, with illustrations. Application of to architec- ture, I. 72, 1 c. Acoutado, island, discovery of, and occasion of the name, VII. 604, 2 c. AcQFAVivA, Claudio de [ak-kwa-ve'-va], a gen- eral of the Jesuits, I. 72. ACQUAVIVA DELLE EoXTI, tOWn, I. 72. AcQO [ak'-kwe], town, I. 72. A'cEE, measure of land, I. 72. AcEE, or St. Jean d'Acre [sa°* zha°^ dakr'], seaport, I. 72 ; view of, 73. AcEELius, Israel [a-kra'-le-oos], clergyman, I. 73. Acris (zoology), XV. 854, 2 c. A. gryllus. Sa- vannah cricket, 855, 1 a. AcEOCEKAu'xiA, mountain peak in Epirus, I. 73. Acroccraunian mountains, IV. 208, 2 c. Acrocorin'thus, mountain fortress, V. 352, 2 b ; 353, 1 ab. Ac'rogcns (botany), a division of cryptogamons plants, X. 408, 1 c. Acroleinc [a-kro'-le-in] : see Glyceeine, VIII. 47, 2 c. AOROLITII ADAMS Ac'rolith, in statuary, SIII. 388, 1 a. AoROi>'oLi8, I. 72. Of Athens, II. 54, 1 c, 2 a ; view of, 01 ; ground plan of, ih. ; its edifice's, 02, 1 a, 04, 1 b. Ac'rospirc (of malt). III. 258, 1 a, b, c; 2 c. Acryd'ium (entomology), X. 570, 2 b ; 571, 1 a. Act : see Bill. Act of the 2'urti/ (in distinction from " act of the law"), I. 313, 2 a. Act of supremacy (English), powers conferred by it, VI. 023, 1 a. Act of wiiformity, to enforce observance of the Anglican church service, VI. 139, 1 c. New act of uniformity, ib. Ac'ta Diuk'na, in ancient Rome, I. 73; 187, 2 c. Acta Dispiitationis S. ArcJielai, XI. 106, 2 c. Acta Ekudito'eum, I. 74 ; XIII. 296, 2 b. Acta Marty rum, I. 74, 1 b (Acta Saxctorum). Acta Saxcto'bum, Acta Martyrum, Martyrol- ogy, I. 74. See Bollaxd, III. 1 b. Actm'a spica'ta, cohosh, or black snakeroot, V. 22, 2 c (ill.). Actje'on, mythical, I. 74; IV. 614, 1 c. Actmon (mollusk), XI. 722, 2 c. Ae'tia, festival, XII. 436, 2 b. Ao'tian Games, Roman, I. 74. Actina'ria (polyps), XIII. 689, 2 ab. Actin'ia, marine animals, I. 74. A. Jordaica, 75, 2 a. Fringed actinia, ih. (ills., 74). Actinic rays, X. 440, 2 a. See Actinism. Ac'tixism, property of the solar rays, I. 73 ; iU., 76. Actinocri'nus (fossil animal), VI. 593, 1 b (ill.). Ac'tinoids (polyps), XIII. 689, 2 b. Actin'olite, mineral, VIII. 821, 1 b. Actinom'etek, for measuring the heat of the solar rays, I. 76. Actin'o2}hrys, animalcule, I. 513, 2 b. Ac'tiox, in law, I. 70. Cause of, 2 c ; civil, 77, 1 a ; criminal, ih. \ against a sovereign, 1 c. Action (of piano), XIII. 490, 2 c; English, rieyel, or direct, 489, 1 ab. Actit'urus Bartra'mim, sandpiper, bird, XIII. 619, 1 c (ill.). Actioi [ak'-te-um], I. 77 ; naval battle at, ih. Actius, surname of Apollo, I. 74, 2 a. Ao'ton, Sir .John Francis Edward, Neapolitan prime minister, I. 77 ; erroneously called Jo- seph, ih. (see IV. 14, 1 b). Charles J. Ed- ward, 78, 1 a. Joseph Edward, ih. George, rear admiral, ih. Ferdinand R. E., ih. Sir John Emeric Edward Dalberg- Acton, 1 b. Ac'tox Bue'nell, English statute, I. 78. Actor, plaintiff nndcr Roman law, IX. 722, 1 b. .^Ic^' of 1089 and 1701, limiting the succcs.sion of the Englisli crown, II. 640, 2 ab ; terms of, VII. 703, 1 c. Acts of the Apostles, one of the books of the New Testament, I. 78. Acts of Pilate (apocryph,al), VIII. 122, 2 c. Actual energy: see Coekelatiox of Fokces, V. 379, 2 be. Actuaries' tahle, X. 429, 2. Acuco [a-koo'-ko], old Indian town, I. 07, 2 a (Acoma). Acumin'cum, Roman fortress, XIII. 301, 1 a. AcuSA, Cristob.al do [da u-koon'-ya], mission- ary, I. 79. Ac'iipressure (in amputation), I. 442, 1 c. Ao'upunctuee, I. 79. Infanticide by, 1 c. Afvin, the [as'-vin], Indian divinities, IX. 223, 2 c. Acvius 'of the Hindoo Vedas, VII. 03, 1 b. A'da, county, I. 79. Adair', name of three counties, I. 79. Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist, I. 79. Adal', or Adel, Africa, I. 79. Ad'albert, or Aldebert, bishop and mission- ary, I. 80. Saint, 1 b. Archbishop, 1 c. Adalbert, Heinrich Wilhelm, prince, I. 80. Adalia, or Sattalieh [a-da'-le-a, sat-ta'-le-Ch], seaport, I. 80. Adam, the first man, I. 80. Adam, Adolphe Charles [3-du"^J, composer, I. 80. Adam, Albreoht, painter, I. 80. Adam, Alexander, teacher and grammarian, I. 81. Adam of Bremex, missionary, I. 81. Adam de la IIalle [a-dii"' diili la al], trou- vfire, I. 81. Adama [a-d,a-ma'], aFoolah chieftain, I. 81, 2 a. Adamantine candles [ad-a-man'-tin], substiince of, 11. 313, 2 b. Adamawa [a-da-ma'-wa], a country of Africa, 1.81. Adam Fitz Adam, pseudonyme: see Moore, Edward. Ad'amites, fanatical sect, I. 81 ; XV. 140, 1 ab. Adams, name of eight counties, I. 81. Adams, township, I. 82. Adams, Almn: see Express, VII. 40, 2 b. Adams, Charles Baker, chemist and zoologist, I. 82. Adams, Charles Francis, statesman, I. S2. Dis- sents from views of the whig party, 83, 1 ADAMS ADHED be ; candidate of the fi-ee-soil party for vice president, ib. ; minister to England, 2 a ; member of the Genevan board of arbi- trators, 2 c. Charles Francis, jr., 84, 1 b. Adams, Edwin, actor, I. 84. (Died 1878.) Adams, Hannah, American writer, I. 84. Adams, Eenry Broolcs, 84, 1 c. Adams, Br. Isaac, introduction of electropla- ting in nickel, VII. 601, 1 b ; plating bath, ib. Adams, John, second president of the United States, I. 84. His participation in the colo- nial struggles, 8S-87 ; in the struggle for independence, 88, 89. Appointed minister to England, 2 c. Chosen vice president, 90, 1 c ; reelected, 2 c. Elected president, 91, 1 c ; his administration, 91-93. Incidents of his retirement from office, 94, ff. Eeli- gious views, 96, 1 b; advocates religious freedom and equality', 1 c. Publication of the Cunningham correspondence, 2 o. Char- acterization, 96, 2 a, 97, 1 a. Adams, John (Alexander Smith), mutineer, I. 97. Adams, John, LL. D., teacher and philanthro- pist, I. 98. Adams, John Couch, astronomer, I. 9S ; X. 378, 2 c. Adams, John Quincy, sixth president of the United States, I. 98. Appointed by Wash- ington minister to the Hague, 99, 1 c. Sep- arates from the federal party, 2 be. Charges the federal leaders with treasonable de- signs, 100, 1 c. Minister to Russia, 2 c. Appointed with others to negotiate a peace with England, 101, 1 b. Secretary of state, 1 c. Defence of Gen. Jackson, 2 ab. Mis- souri compromise, cabinet history of it, 2 c. Canvass for Monroe's successor in the presidency, 102, 1 c. Elected president, 2 be; coalition against him, 103, 1 a; charge of bargain and corruption, 1 c ; IV. 654, 1 e. Jefferson's opinion of Jackson as a president, I. 102, 2 c. His congressional career, 104, 2 a. His defeat of the proposed vote of cen- sure, 105, 1 c. Comparison of father and son, 106, 1 a. Adams, John Quincy, son of Charles Francis, I. 83, 2 e. Adams, Nehemiah, D. D., clergyman, I. 106. Adams, Samuel, revolutionary patriot, I. 106. Adams, "William, D. D., clergyman, I. 110. Adams, William T. (Oliver Optic), I. 110. Adams and Clay, charge of bargain and cor- ruption, I. 103, 1 c ; IV. 654, 1 c. Adani's Bridge, between Ceylon and the main- land, XIV. 195, 2 be. Adam's Peak, or Hamazel, mountain, I. 110; IV. 219 (ill.). Adana [a-da'-na], town, I. 110. Adansox, Michel [a-da°^-so°'], naturalist, I. 111. Adanso'nia, gouty stem tree, in Australia, XV. 190, 2 b. Adansonia digitata, tree in Africa, II. 289, 2 e (ill.). A'dar, Hebrew month, I. 111. Adar, in Babj-lonian mythology, XII. 118, 1 a. Adari : see Harae. Adarlcon, or darkemon, a coin mentioned in Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah (in the He- brew), V. 686, 2 b (iU.). Ad'da, river, I. 111. Addax, cervine antelope, I. 545, 2 b. A. naso- maculatus (ill), ih. Adder : see Viper. Adder, European viper, XVI. 307, 2 e. Puff adder, 368, 2 ab. Adder, counting machine, I. 5, 1 b. Addefs tongue, fern, VII. 151, 1 ab (ill.). Ad'dixgtox, county, I. 111. Addington, Anthony, physician and medical writer, I. Ill, 2 a. Addisgton, Henry, Lord Sidmouth, statesman, I. 111. Henry Unwin, diplomatist, 2 c. Ad'dison, county, I. 111. Addison, Joseph, English author, I. 112. Adel' : see Adai. Adelaae, Adelaer, or Adeler [a'-deh-lar, -ler], naval officer, I. 113. Ad'elaide, city, I. 113. Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, princess of Orleans, (Fr. Adelaide, a-d5-lide), I. 113. Adelaide, Saint, queen and empress, I. 113. See Oino L, XII. 729, 2 a. Adelantado [Sp. a-rta-lan-ta'-f/ioj, provincial governor, XVI. 759, 2 b. Adelar'di family, referred to, VL 739, 2 ab. Adelsberg [a'-delce-bairg], Austrian town, I. 114. Celebrated caverns in its vi»inity, ib. Adeluxg, Johann Christoph [a'-dfih-loong], lexicographer, I. 114. Friedrich von, phi- lologist, 2 b. Ademption (of a legacy), X. 316, 2 a. Aden [a'-den], seaport town, I. 114. Adeexo [d-dair'-no], town of Sicily, I. 115. Adet, Pierre Auguste [a-dii], chemist and poli- tician, I. 115. Adhed, fourteenth and last caliph of the Fati- mite dynasty, VII. 94, 2 ab. ADUERBAL ADULTERATION Aahcr'hal, king of Niimidia, IX. 708, 2 a. Adue'siox, I. 115. Distinguished from cohe- sion, ih., and V. 20, 2 ab. Of solids to sol- ids, I. 115, 1 c. PrcchtTs adliesion balance (ill.), 2 a. Adhesion of liquids to solids, 110, la; of liquids to liquids, 1 c; of gases to solids, 2 a; of gases to liquids, 2 c; of gases to gases, 117, 2 a. 'Water bellows, 116, 2 c; II. 740, 2 be. Ailian'tum (fern), A'll. 150, 2 a. A. pedatum, maiden-hair (ill.), ib. Adiaphoris'tic controversy in the Lutheran church, X. 733, 1 b. See llELANcnTnoN, XI. 306, 2 a. Adige [:i-dC-'-ju], river, I. 117. Adipoceee', I. 117. Petrifaction so called, 118, 1 a. Ad'h'ose Substances, I. 118. Adipose Tissue, I. 119. Adiron'dack Moitntaixs, I. 120 (map) ; 589, 3 b ; XII. 354, 3 e, ff. View from Placid lake (ill.), I. 121. Tillage of, 122, 1 a. Ad'it, passage into mines, I. 122 ; XI. 571, 1 c. AiJiti [a-de'-tc], a Hindoo divinity, IX. 223, 2 b. Adityas [a-deet'-yas], Hindoo divinities, VII. 63, 1 b ; IX. 223, 2 b. Ad'jutaxt, military officer, I. 122. Adjutant BiED : s«o Marabou. j4(/j^((s', divisions of the Koran, X. 45, 1 a.- Adler : see Aquila, Kaspar. Adleebep.g [ild'-ler-bairg], Vladimir Fedoro- vitch, count, I. 123. Adlerberg II., Alexan- der, count, 1 c. Adlerberg III., Nicholas, 2 a. Adlerceeutz, KarlJohan [ad'-ler-kroits], count, I. 123. Adleespaeee, Georg, count [ad'-ler-spar-rgh], I. 123. Karl August, count, 2 c. Adme'tus, mythical, I. 123. Admlnistra'tion, in distinction from cabinet, III. 525, 1 c. Admin'isteator : see Executoe. Ad'mieal, naval officer, I. 124. Vice admiral, 1 b. Lord high admiral, 1 c. General ad- miral (Russian navy), 2 a. Admirals (British), red, white, and blue, I. 124, 1 c. Ad'miealtt, I. 124. In England, 2 a. In France, 125, 2 c. In Ireland, 126, 1 a. In the Ignited States, 1 ab ; 127, 2 c. Admiralty anchor, I. 466, 1 a. Admiealtt Islands, I. 128. Admonition, ecclesiastical, I. 128. Admon'itor (.Jesuit), IX. 627, 2 ab. Ad'nate (anther), in botany, I. 547, 2 a. Ado'be Houses, I. 128. Adoles'cence, first period of adult life, I. 181, la. Adolph ofKassau (Count Adulpljus), archbish- op, sacking of Mentz and dispersion of Faust's printers by, VII. 97, 1 c. See Peint- iNG, XIII. 846, 2 b. Adol'phus, John, advocate and author, I. 128. John Leycester, barrister, 129, 1 a. Adolpiius Feederick, king of Sweden, I. 129. Adolphus of Nassau, German sovereign, L 129. Adona'i, in the reading of the Hebrew Scrip- tures, I. 129 ; IX. 600, 1 a. Ado'nia, feasts, I. 129. Typical significance of, ib. Ado'nis, mythical, I. 129. See XII. 118, 1 c. Adonis, ancient name of a river, XIII. 452, 1 c. Legend connected with it, ih. Adoptia'ni, Christian sect, I. 130. Adopting act, referred to, XIII. 812, 2 b. Adoption (of another's child), I. 130. Adoration, in the observance of Good Friday, VIIL 101, 1 c. Adoration perpetuelle [a-do-ra-sc-o"^ pfdr-pa- tii-el], a religious order, V. 215, '2 b. Adour [a-door], river of France, I. 130. Ad'owa, Abyssinian town, I. 130. Adrami'tm, Arabian tribe, VIIL 370, 1 a. Adeaste'a, goddess, I. 131. Adeas'tus, legendary king, I. 131. Adeia [a'-dre-a], Italian town, I. 131 ; 338, 2 a. A'deian, city, I. 131. Adrian college, 1 c. Adrian : see Hadeian. Adeian, name of several popes, I. 131. Nicho- las Breakspear, Adrian IV., 2 ab. Boeijens, Adrian VI., 2 c. Adeiano'ple, city, I. 132. Adriansz, Jacob [a'-dre-ince] : sec ITetius (In- dex). Adeiat'ic Sea, 1. 132 ; XI. 354, 1 c. Espousal of by the doge of Venice, instituted, I. 279, 2 a. See III. 376, 2 b ; XVL 298, 1 c, 299, 2 b. Ad'ris: see Eavee, XIV. 218, 1 be. Adrogation, I. 130, 1 c (Adoption). Adrume'tum : see Hadeumetum. Adula'ria, phosphorescence of, XIII. 402, 1 c. Adul'lam, in ancient Palestine, I. 132. Cave of, ib. Adultera'tion, I. 132. See Mtrru, XII. 112, 1 a ; Pickles, XIIL 499, 1 c, 2 a. Adultera- tion of honey, VIII. 794, 1 b ; of malt liquors, III. 262, 2 1*; of sherry wine, XV. 224, 1 b, ff. (Spain, Wines of). 10 ADULTERY AEEroES Adul'teet, I. 134. In civil cases, 1 a. The criminal ofience, 136, 2 c. Adultery act (of 1650), I. 136, 1 c. Advaxcejient of Science, Associations for the, I. 137. Ad'vent, in the church calendar, I. 137. Adventiats: see Second Adventists. '■'■Adventurer " periodical, VIII. 531, 1 be. Advertisement [ad-ver'-tiz-ment], public noti- fication, I. 137. ''Advertiser, Daily,'" of Boston, VIII. 390, 2 a. Advertising (newspaper), rates of, I. 139, 1 c; sums paid for it annually, 2 a, b, c. Advertising agencies, 1. 138, 2 c ; first in Ameri- ca, 139, 1 b. Ad'vooate : see Lattyee. Advocate General: see Pensionaet, Grand. Advocates, French, qualifications and privileges of, VIII. 307, 1 b. Adweatus Dei, 1.140,1 a (Advocatus Diaboli). Advoca'tus Diab'oli, in the Eoman Catholic church, I. 139; III. 716, 2 b. Advow'son, in English law, I. 140. jE, abbreviation, 511. 535, 2 b. yEacides [e-as'-e-deez], I. 64, 2 a (Achilles). ^'aous, mythical, I. 140 ; 5IV. 284, 2 b. JEcas'tor, a Eoman lady's oath, IV. 88, 1 b. /Ecid'ium (fungus), referred to, VII. 532, 2 c. M'depol, a form of oath among Romans, IV. 88, 1 b. JSde'sim, nephew of Meropius of Tyre, I. 48, lb. JEdic'ula, apartment for the Eoman household lares, X. 171, 1 b. ^DiLES [e'-diles], Eoman, I. 140. yE'Dci, or Hedui, I. 140; III. 157, 2 b. JEga'hrum : see Oabea. JE6.E0N [e-je'-on] : see Beiareus. /Egjeus, legendary king, I. 140. jEge'an Sea: see Archipelago, and Mediter- ranean Sea. jEge'ria, moth, VIII. 532, 2 a; 533, 2 b (iU.). ^giale'a, I. 63, 1 c (Achaia). jEgiali'tis (ornithology), IX. 831, 1 c (ill.). jE'gilops ota'ta (botany), XVI. 586, 1 b. jEgi'na, or Egina, ishmd, I. 140. JEgi'ne'tan seuljitures, I. 141, 1 a (^-Egina). jEgi'othus (ornithology), X. 512, 1 b. M. li- narius, 2 a (ill.). M. eanesoens, 2 c. JEgir [a'-gher], Scandinavian deity, referred to, VI. 400, 1 a. 