A dictionary of chemistry and the allied branches of other sciences
Watts, Henry, 1815-1884
p > '**!• >8.' *' i *: • • V ’ Y »^.!Y^r‘V Y:,;*(V\;*i\\'VV-.‘V^v:'r>:^*^;*VfTwu*^ .?* $ V ^ * V- •i £;>;~: >’**•• V »r . V • ■-. V- -' w. • *.v j v.y ?• wy V v. \v - s. • vj V ’x »;-V r / V>~ i V /. V ,- ,-~ V-.: - v v«f r WvnrWv^ f; « *>iVV'V*- .’j- /, V^. .’ «fcyu* >V\^r fc! . **- ;• W JQ-V y"3 vW •.£■< -■*•; wy : W-.n'W.r yv^Y--'Y' t Med K1950 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/b28117530_0003 A DICTIONARY OF CHEMISTRY. vol. m. LONDON: PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODK AND CO., NEW-STREET SQtJAEN AND PARLIAMENT STREET A DICTIONARY OF CHEMISTRY AND THE ALLIED BRANCHES OF OTHER SCIENCES. HENRY WATTS, B. A., F. C. S. EDITOR OF ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY.* ASSISTED BY EMINENT CONTRIBUTORS. IN FIVE VOLUMES. VOL. III. HiEMAPHEIN — MYSORIN. LONDON : LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 1871. The rlQht of trnmlntion is rerervcd. n^zl] WELLCOME INSTITUTE LIBI'TY Coll. welMOmec Call No. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. EDMUND ATKINSON, Ph.D. F.C.S. Professor of Chemistry at the Eoyal Military College, Sandhurst. FRANCIS T. CONINGTON, M.A. F.C.S. (the late) Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Examiner in Natural Science at that University ; Author of a ‘ Handbook of Chemical Analysis.’ WILLIAM DITTMAR, Esq. Principal Assistant in the Chemical Laboratory of the University of Edinburgh. FREDERICK FIELD, F.R.S. F.R.S.E. (lately) Professor of Chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital. GEORGE C. FOSTER, B.A. F.C.S. Professor of Physics at University College, London. MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D. Lecturer on Practical Physiology and Histology at University College, London. EDWARD FRANKLAND, Ph.D. F.R.S. Foreign Secretary of the Chemical Society ; Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and at the Royal School of Mines. FREDERICK GUTHRIE, Ph.D. F.C.S. Professor of Chemistry at the Royal College, Mauritius. M. L’ABBE A. HAMY, Paris. MICHAEL HANHART, Esq. Lithographer. A. W. HOFMANN, LL.D. F.R.S. V.P.C.S. Professor of Chemistry at the University of Berlin. WILLIAM S. JEVONS, M.A. Cobdeu Professor of Political Economy at Owens College, Manchester ; (lately) Gold Assayer in the Sydney Royal Mint. CHARLES E. LONG, Esq. F.C.S. (the late) Analytical Chemist. WILLIAM ODLING, M.B. F.R.S. Secretary to the Chemical Society, and Professor of Chemistry at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Author of a * Manual of Chemistry.’ BENJAMIN H. PAUL, Ph.D. F.C.S. Consulting Chemist. THOMAS RICHARDSON, Ph.D. F.R.S. &c. (the late) Reader in Chemistry at the University of Durham. HENRY E. ROSCOE, Ph.D. F.R.S. F.C.S. Professor of Chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. WILLIAM J. RUSSELL, Ph.D. F.C.S. Of University College, London. J. A. WANKLYN, F.R.S.E. F.C.S. Professor of Chemistry at the London Institution. C. GREVILLE WILLIAMS, F.R.S. Author of a ‘ Handbook of Chemical Manipulation.’ ARTHUR WINCKLER WILLS, Esq. Analytical and Manufacturing Chemist, Wolverhampton. (W. W.) *** Articles communicated by the several contributors are signed with thoir initals ; articles taken from Use's Dictionary of Chemistry (fourth edition, 1831) are signed with the letter U ; those which have no signature are by the Editor. DICTIONARY OF CHEMISTRY. H. HJEIWCAPHEIKT. Blood-brown. (Simon, Medicin. Chem. i. 328; Handw. d. Chem. 2te. Aufl. ii. [2] 157.) A brovvn substance, probably a product of the decom- position of haematin, obtained from blood by the following process : — Dried blood is repeatedly exhausted with boiling water, warm ether, and lastly with alcohol contain- ing sulphuric acid, and the latter solution, after supersaturation with ammonia, is evaporated to dryness. The residue is exhausted with alcoholic ammonia, the solution is again evaporated to dryness, and the residue is exhausted with ether, and then repeatedly with water, in which the hsemaphein dissolves. To free it from still admixed haematin, it is dried, dissolved in boiling alcohol, separated again by evapo- ration, then dissolved in cold alcohol, and the alcohol is evaporated. The product thus obtained is a brown mass difficult to pulverise, soluble with brown-red colour in cold alcohol, less soluble in water and in ether. It does not melt when heated, but burns with a bright flame, without leaving any ash. The solution in dilute alcohol forms brown precipitates with lead, copper, mercurous and silver salts. Sanson obtained a body of similar colour to the above by treating blood successively with alcohol and water. HJEMAtein-. C16H120*, or Cl6H‘°05. (Erdmann, Ann. Ch. Pharm. xliv. 294.— Hesse, ibid. cix. 232.) — A substance produced from haematoxylin by abstraction of 2 at. hydrogen, a change which takes place by the action of oxygen under the influence of alkalis. The best mode of preparing it is to sprinkle about 20 grms. of haematoxylin in a basin with sufficient ammonia to dissolve it, stirring continually, and warming the liquid gently as long as the hsematoxylin remains in excess. It must now be exposed to the air, and ammonia added from time to time by small quantities, so that the liquid may always smell of it, care being however taken not to add too much ammonia, as it would cause decomposition. The liquid after a little while assumes a dark red colour, appearing almost black when viewed in a stratum of moderate depth. It then contains bsemateate of ammonium, and on being slightly supersaturated with acetic acid, deposits haematein in the form of a bulky brown-red mass, like ferric hydrate, which by drying acquires a deep green colour and metallic lustre : its powder in thin layers, exhibits a red colour. Huematein dissolves slowly in cold, more readily in boiling water. On quickly evaporating a solution prepared at the boiling heat, it becomes covered with shining green scales, which sink to the bottom and are gradually replaced by others. Some- times also the solution solidifies in a gelatinous mass, which yields micaceous laminae when suspended in water. Haematein likewise dissolves in alcohol and very sparingly in ether. It dissolves with red-brown colour in the mineral acids, less easily in acetic acid. Sulphydric acid decolorises it, but does not convert it into hsematoxylin. Jt is carbonised by heat. Haematein unites readily with bases. Potash dissolves it, forming a blue solution, which turns brown on exposure to the air. Ammonia dissolves it with a fine purple colour, which likewise turns brown in the air. Vol. III. B 2 IJ7E MATIN. The last-mentioned solution contains haemateate of ammonium, which is like- wise formed when a solution of lisematoxylin in ammonia is exposed to the air. The salt deposited by gradual evaporation is a dark violet, granular powder, which, when examined by the microscope, appears to be composed of transparent, violet, four- sided prisms. It contains, according to Erdmann’s analysis, 56'26 per cent. C, 5*17 H, and 6 72 N (mean), whence Gerhardt (Trait'e, iv. 303) deduced the formula C^H'^NIPy-O6 (57-o C, 5-4 H, and 8 3 N). Hesse, by leaving the solution to stand for two or three days in a cool place, obtained crystals in which he found 51-87 C, 5-78 H, and 3*55 N (mean), agreeing nearly with the formula ClliH9(NHJ)05.4H20, which requires 51'75 C, 5-66 H, and 3-77 N. Haemateate of ammonium dissolves readily in water and alcohol. The alcoholic solutionis red-brown, but becomes purple on addition of water. The salt gives off water and ammonia at 100° C. and must therefore be dried over sulphuric acid at ordinary temperatures; even then it sometimes decomposes. Over sulphuric acid in vacuo, it gives off all its ammonia and leaves hsematein (Erdmann). According to Hesse, it gives off all its water and ammonia at 130° C., leaving hsematein as a very hygroscopic powder, having a blackish violet colour with green iridescence. Hsematein thus obtained contains, according to Hesse’s analysis, 67‘66 per cent, carbon, and 350 hydrogen, agreeing nearly with the formula C!6H10O5, which requires 68'08 C and 3'54 H. Erdmann found in his hsematein 62-66 per cent. C and 4- 16 H (mean), whence he deduced the formula Gerkardt (Traite, iv. 302) proposed the formula Cl6Hl206, which, however, does not agree very well with Erd- mann’s analyses, requiring 64'0 per cent. C and 4’0 H. Hesse suggests that Erdmann’s C16HI0OG hsematein may be a dibasic acid, jp j O2, and the product, CI6H'°05, obtained by himself, the corresponding anhydride ; on this supposition, the two ammonium-salts above mentioned are, perhaps, "* and p NH '| t)*.3H20. The solution of hsemateate of ammonium forms coloured precipitates with many metallic salts : with acetate of lead it produces a deep blue precipitate ; with sulphate of copper, violet-blue ; with protochloride of tin, violet ; with iron-alum, black. With chloride of barium it forms a dark purple liquid, which becomes brown on exposure to the air. It reduces nitrate of silver, but has no action on mercuric chloride. Accord- ing to Hesse, it forms with chloride of barium, chloride of calcium, and especially with chloride of sodium, precipitates of various colours ; no precipitate with hypo- sulphite of sodium ; with acid sulphite of ammonium, a gelatinous precipitate, which disappears on boiling. H-ZEMATICT or HJEIVEATOSIN. The red colouring matter of the blood-cor- puscles. (See EnooD, i. 607.) Lehmann (Coinpt. rend. xl. 385) first showed that it may be obtained in the crystalline state. It. Schwarz (Zeitschr. f. die ges. Naturwis- sench. xi. 225) prepares it in this state by submitting the comminuted clot of ox-blood, freed as much as possible from scrum, to pressure, and agitating the expressed liquid by small portions with a saturated solution of oxalic acid, with addition of alcohol and a large quantity of ether. The clear dark brown solution, decanted after a few minutes and left to stand for some weeks over chloride of calcium, deposits the hsematin in small black nodules made up of cubes, which may be freed from admixed oxalate of calcium by means of dilute hydrochloric acid. Less distinct crystals may be obtained by leaving the ethereal solution to evaporate freely ; but the quantity is always small. A solution of hsematin obtained as above from horse-blood, yielded, on standing, small rush-shaped or spindle-shaped crystals, red-brown by transmitted light. Haematin may be obtained in the amorphous state by distilling off about a third of the ether from the solution, and mixing the residue with a large quantity of water. The black flocks thus precipitated are washed with water by decantation ; then boiled with strong acetic acid, to free them from albuminous compounds, as long as the liquid is rendered turbid by ferrocyanide of potassium ; and, lastly, the precipitate is boiled with water, alcohol, and ether in succession, and then again treated with water. The crystallised com- pound may be subjected to the same treatment without undergoing any alteration. Hsematin thus prepared is tasteless and inodorous, insoluble in water, cold alcohol, and ether ; partially (?) soluble in hot alcohol, easily in acidulated alcohol, whenco it is precipitated by water. The solution in acidulated alcohol is decolorised by peroxide of lead. Hsematin likewise dissolves easily in slightly alkaline liquids, but not in strong sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. Silver, lead, and copper-salts form precipitates in the ammoniacal solution. Haematin, when burnt, leaves a residue of ferric oxide mixed with small quantities of caleic phosphate. The following analyses of hsematin by Schwarz, give results not differing greatly from those formerly obtained by Mulder (whence the latter deduced the formula C22H22FeN301), but agreeing better with the formula C-’-’IF-EehT'Ob HiEM ATIN ONE — HiEM ATOIDIN. 3 Schwarz. Mulder. ( Crystallised Calculation. Amorphous. from horse- f blood. c23 . . .. 66-35 64-12 63-89 64-03 65-58 H-2 .... 5-28 5-31 5-28 5-60 5-30 Fe . . .. 6-73 6-36 , , 6-73 N3 .. .. 10-10 1019 # 10-17 10-54 O3 . . .. 11-54 11-00 11-85 Phosphate of> Q-no calcium ) ' ‘ 100-00 100-00 100-00 When an alcoholic solution of crystallised haematin is boiled with nitric acid, the whole of the nitrogen of the hsematin is removed, and a non-azotised acid is formed, together with a substance which reduces cupric oxide in alkaline solution, and fer- ments with yeast, yielding alcohol and carbonic acid. The name hamatin is sometimes also used as a synonyme of Bjematoxylot. HiSMATIltONE. A red glass known to the ancients, and used for mosaics, ornamental vases, &c. ; it is mentioned by Pliny, and occurs pretty frequently among the ruins of Pompeii. Its colour is a fine red, intermediate between red lead and vermilion. It is opaque, harder than common glass, takes a fine polish, has a con- choi'dal fracture, and a specific gravity of 3-5. The red colour, which is due to red oxide of copper, is completely destroyed by fusion, and cannot be restored by any addi- tion whatever. The fused mass has a greenish black colour, which reducing agents merely convert into a muddy brown-red. Haematinone contains no tin, and no colour- ing substance except cuprous oxide. This antique glass may be exactly imitated by the following process, discovered by Pettenkofer (Dingl. pol. J. cxlv. 122): — 100 pts. of silica, 11 lime, 1 magnesia, 33 litharge, and 50 carbonate of soda, are fused together, and to the clear white glass thus produced are added 25 pts. of scale oxide of copper, somewhat later 2 pts. of scale oxide of iron, and, lastly, a small quantity of charcoal. On leaving the fused mass to cool slowly, a liver-coloured glass is obtained, which, when further heated (for 6 to 1 2 hours) till it softens, is converted into haematinone of a splendid red colour, in conse- quence of the separation of a red cuprous compound within its mass. A more fusible glass, made by melting together 100 pts. silica, 10 lime, 0-5 mag- nesia, 40 litharge, 60 carbonate of soda, 30 scale oxide of copper, 2 alumina, and 3 scale oxide of iron, exhibits, after once slow cooling in the air-furnace, a great number of red points, diffused through a yellowish vitreous mass ; on cutting and polishing this glass, the red points appear as beautiful tufts of needle-shaped crystals. When part of the silica in haematinone is replaced by boric anhydride (by adding borax to the melted mass), a dark-coloured, dichroitic, crystalline compound is obtained, called astralite (i. 429). Pettenkofer is of opinion that the same crystalline cuprous compound (whether pure cuprous oxide, or more probably cuprous silicate) which imparts the red colour to haematinone, constitutes likewise the crystalline spangles contained in aventurin glass (i. 477), which in fact he has produced by fusing haematinone with a quantity of iron filings, sufficient to reduce about half the copper contained in it to the metallic state (the metal then settling down in the form of a regulus, and leaving a deep greenish black, scarcely transparent glass above), heating this glass for some time to the tempe- rature at which it softens, and then leaving it to cool very slowly. ( Jahresb. d. Chem. i. 1061; ix. 798.) HEMATITE. Native sesquioxide of iron. (See Ikon, oxides of.) HffiM ATO-CRYSTAL1IW, A crystalline substanco obtained from blood (i. 606). It has the composition of the albuminoids, and if quite pure would probably be colourless, but it has never yet been obtained perfectly free from hoematin. HJEMATO-Gl.OBUl.irj. Syn. with Hajmato-cbystai-i.in. HJXMATOISIN. A crystalline substance often found in extravasated blood (i. 607). It appears to be produced by the decomposition of hoematin ; but the nature of the transformation has not been exactly mado out. According to Yerdeil and Dollfus (Compt. rend. xxx. 306), crystals resembling hmmatoi’din maybe obtained from ox-blood by filtering it after coagulation by heat; evaporating the solution to a syrup, and mixing it with alcohol; strongly concentrating the liquid filtered from the resulting precipitate; and mixing it, when cold, with dilute sulphuric acid. Fat globules then separate on the surface of the liquid, and somotimes red crystals re- sembling haematoidin. n 2 4 HiEM AT0S1N - HEMATOXYLIN. Robin (Oompt. rend. xli. 506) found a considerable quantity of hsematoi'din in an hepatic cyst, forming hard, brittle prisms of 118° and 62°, and of a bright, orange- red colour. According to Valentiner (Jahresb. d. Chem. 1859, p. 656), gall-stones, bile, and the livers of persons affected with jaundice, yield, when treated with chloro- form, a crystalline substance differing from all previously known ingredients of bile, and agreeing in all respects with haematoidin. H-ZEWrATOSIKT. See HiEMATIN. HtciKATOXYLiN, also called Hematin. ClcII,406. (Chevreul, Ann. Chim. lxxx. 128. — Golfier-Besseyre, Ann. Ch. Phys. [2] lxx. 272. — Erdmann, Ann. Ch. Pharm. xliv. 292. — Leblanc, Traiti de Chimie de Dumas, viii. 102. — 0. Hesse, J. pr. Chem. lxxv. 218 ; Ann. Ch. Pharm. cix. 332.) — A crystalline substance con- tained in logwood ( Hcematoxylon Campechiawum ), and the source of the colouring properties of that well-known dye. In the pure state, however, it has little or no colour, but is converted into a colouring matter under the influence of alkalis and oxygen. It is prepared by leaving the commercial extract of logwood — previously mixed with quartz-sand to prevent agglomeration — in contact with 5 or 6 times its volume of ether (not anhydrous) for several days, agitating from time to time ; then decanting the brownish-yellow solution ; distilling off the ether ; mixing the syrupy residue with water ; and leaving it to itself in a loosely covered vessel. If no water were added, the liquid would simply dry up to a gummy mass ; but, if a sufficient quantity of water is present, the hsematoxylin crystallises in the course of a few days. The crystals are washed with water and freed from adhering mother-liquor by pressure between filtering paper. The mother-liquor mixed with the wash-water yields another crop of crystals by spontaneous evaporation. A kilogramme of logwood treated several times with ether yields from 100 to 120 grms. of hsematoxylin. (Erdmann.) Hsematoxylin thus prepared has more or less of a yellow colour, but by recrystal- lisation from water containing a little sulphite of ammonium, it may be obtained in colourless crystals. (Hesse.) Hsematoxylin forms two kinds of crystals containing respectively 3 and 1 at. water. The trihydrated crystals, C16HI406.3H20, obtained as above, belong to the dimetric system. Ordinary combination ooPco . P, with Poo subordinate. Length of principal axis = 0'63 (nearly). Angle of the terminal edges of the primitive octohedron, P = 124°. The crystals are transparent, generally very brilliant, and sometimes of considerable length. They give off their water (15T per cent.) in vacuo at ordinary temperatures. The monohydrate , CI6Hl40G.H20 (containing 5-6 water), is obtained by leaving a solution supersaturated at mean temperature to stand for some time, in crystals of considerable size, with smooth and sometimes curved faces, and consisting, according to a preliminary determination by Naumann, of hemihedral trimetric combinations, p oP . - . mPco . The same hydrate is obtained in granular crystals, by pouring a Jj solution of hsematoxylin, supersaturated at the boiling heat, into a cold vessel con- taining a small quantity of solution of acid sulphite of ammonium. (Hesse.) Dehydrated hsematoxylin contains, according to Erdmann’s analyses, -63T7 — 63 66 per cent, carbon, and 4 65 — 4-70 hydrogen, whence Erdmann deduced the formula 6"°//1,015. Gerhard t, however ( Traite, iv. 299), suggested the more probable formula, C"Hl40», which requires 63'5 per cent. C, 4-5 H, and 31-9 O. Hsematoxylin dissolves slowly and sparingly in cold water, easily in alcohol and ether (Erdmann). It dissolves in a saturated solution of borax more easily than in pure water, forming a neutral or slightly acid liquid, which exhibits a bluish fluorescence, and from which the borax is not precipitated by alcohol. This solution, mixed with hydrochloric, acetic, or sulphuric acid, solidifies to a dense mass, in which granular crystals of monohydrated hsematoxylin quickly form ; but on addition of solution of chloride of sodium, -potassium, or ammonium, ferrocyanide of potassium, or acid sulphite of ammonium, it deposits hsematoxylin as a white amorphous mass. When acid sul- phite of ammonium is added by drops to the same solution, hsematoxylin is at first deposited in the form of an amorphous gummy precipitate, which re-dissolves on boiling the liquid, and reappears on cooling; but on continuing the addition of the acid sulphite to the syrupy liquid, a point is at length attained at which the amorphous hsematoxylin disappears, and crystals of hsematoxylin are soon afterwards obtained. When amor- phous hrematoxylin is dissolved in boiling water, and a drop of hydrochloric acid added to the solution, crystals of haematoxylin, generally the monohydrate, are soon deposited. Hesse.) Hsematoxylin dissolves abundantly in a warm solution of hyposulphite of sodium, forming a purple liquid, which deposits amorphous haematoxylin on cooling. It dis- HJEMIN — HAIR 6olves with some difficulty in solution of chloride of sodium, more easily in a saturated solution of chloride of barium (this solution at first depositing crystals of the trihydrate, which gradually give place to those of the monohydrate), very abundantly in solution of ordinary phosphate of sodium, forming a liquid which behaves like the solution of haematoxylin in borax above mentioned, excepting that it exhibits a basic reaction. (Hesse.) Hcematoxylin has a strongly saccharine taste, like that of liquorice, very persistent, and without astringence or bitterness. Its solutions turn the plane of polarisation to the right. It reduces cupric oxide in an alcoholic solution containing alkali. An aqueous solution of haematoxylin is not altered by contact with pure air or oxygen gas ; but if the slightest trace of ammonia is present in the air, the liquid acquires a yel- lowish red colour, arising from the formation of hsemateate of ammonium ; probably thus : C1BHH06 + 0 + NH3 = C16H9(NH4)05 + 2H20. Haematoxylin melts in its water of crystallisation when moderately heated, and is completely carbonised at higher temperatures. Chlorine converts it into an uncrystal- lisable mass. With nitric acid it forms oxalic acid. Sulphuric and hydrochloric acids have but little action upon it. With bases, haematoxylin forms compounds which, on exposure to the air, are con- verted into haemateates. Baryta-ivater, added to a solution of haematoxylin freed from air by boiling, forms a white precipitate which soon turns blue if the air has access to it. Potash imparts to the solution a violet colour, quickly changing to purple and brown. With acetate of lead, neutral or basic, the solution yields a white precipitate, which quickly turns blue ; with cupric acetate or sulphate, a greenish grey precipitate, which soon becomes dark blue with a coppery lustre. Bichloride of tin forms a rose- coloured precipitate, which does not change colour. Iron alum forms, after a while, a slight blackish violet precipitate. Common alum colours the solution light red, but does not produce a precipitate. Chloride of barium first colours the liquid red, and then forms a red precipitate. The solution of haematoxylin quickly reduces nitrate of silver and chloride of gold. HffiMIW. A crystallised, intensely red substance, which may he prepared from blood in various ways, but is difficult to obtain in the pure state, and has therefore not been analysed. The crystals are obtained immediately on mixing blood, either fresh or boiled, with strong acetic acid. No crystals are formed, however, when blood coagu- lated by boiling is first washed with water and then treated with acetic acid (Teich- mann, Pfeufer and Henle’s Zeitschr. f. rat. Medicin, iii. 357; viii. 141). According to Krauss (Jahresb. d. Chem. 1861, p. 792), human blood may be distinguished with certainty from that of the ox, sheep, pig, mouse, or poultry, by the characters of the hsemin-crystals obtained from it. HAPEErjORDITE. Oligoclase from Hafrefjord, in Iceland. HAIDIN GERITE. A hydrated arsenate of calcium, 2Ca2HAs04.3H20, sup- posed to be from Baden or Joachimsthal, associated with pharmacolite. Occurs in minute crystals belonging to the trimetric system, mostly congregated in botryo'idal forms and drusy crusts. Specific gravity 2 -8 48. Hardness 1-5 to 2-5. Lustre vitreous. Colour white. Streak white. Transparent or translucent. Sectile ; their laminae slightly flexible. (Dana, ii. 413.) Crystals having the form and composition of haidingerite may be produced artificially by digesting carbonate of calcium at ordinary temperatures with excess of aqueous arsenic acid. (Debray, Ann. Ch. Phys. [3] lxi. 419.) HAIR. Hair consists of a cylindrical tube clothed with minute scales, having their points directed towards the free extremity. The tube is filled with an oil, which gives the colour to the hair ; in white hair this oil is colourless. In the normal state hair is insensible, strongly electric, and a bad conductor of heat In contact with the air, it swells and absorbs moisture, but does not putrefy. Chlorine first bleaches and then converts it into a resinous matter resembling turpentine. Hair is insoluble in water. Heated with water in a sealed tube, it is decomposed, with liberation of sulphydric acid. A similar decomposition takes place with aqueous potash. Nitric acid turns it yellow, forming oxalic acid, sulphuric acid, and a peculiar bitter substance. Hydrochloric and sulphuric acids dissolve it, forming rose- coloured rolutions. Alkalis dissolve it. Many salts and metallic oxides, and likowise certain organic substances, change the colour of red or white hair to black. A solution of nitrate of silver in ether, or the same salt mixed with lard, oil, slaked lime, or pyrogallic acid is commonly used for blackening hair. Hair, when heated, becomes hard, swells and emits an odour of burnt horn, and in the open air, takes fire, burns with a bright flume, and leaves a residue of charcoal. By dry distillation it yields oily and ammoniacal products. 6 HAIR- SALT — HARDNESS. According to Yon Laer, human hair contains 49-8 per cent, carbon, 6p4 hydrogen, 171 nitrogen, 6-0 sulphur, and 26-7 oxygen. It leaves by calcination from 0'32 to 1-85 per cent, of ash, consisting of 0T7 to 0-93 soluble matter, 0'658 to 0'390 oxide of iron, and O'OOO to 0 528 earthy salts. (Pelouze et Frem y, Traite, vi. 244.) HAIR-SALT. A term applied to native sulphate of aluminium, A1'(S04)*.9H20, and to iron-alum, APFe (S0')'-.12H20, these salts sometimes occurring in delicate fibrous masses. (See Alum and Sulphates.) HALLITB. Basic sulphate of aluminium, 2(Al'Os.SOs).3HO. (Syn. with Websteeite.) HALLOlfSXTE or HALLOYTE. A hydrated silicate of aluminium contain ing a larger proportion of water than ordinary clay, which it otherwise resembles. After drying in the air at ordinary temperatures, it retains nearly 2H20, but by drying in the kiln, the proportion of water is reduced to nearly that of common clay, viz. Al'CYSiO’ + IUO. It occurs in white, soft, smooth masses, with conchoi'dal waxy fracture, adhering to the tongue, opaque or translucent at the edges only. When immersed in water, it does not fall to pieces but becomes more translucent. It is readily decomposed by sulphuric acid. The following are analyses : — Berthier. Boussinganlt. a 1. a 2. b 1 b 2. c 1. c 2. Alumina . 35-49 32-4 39-06 34-0. . 39-4 35 Silica. . 4775 43-6 44-94 39-5. . 44-9 40 Water. . 16-76 23 0 16-00 26-5. . 157 25 100-00 99-0 100 00 100-0 1000 100 Oswald. Dufrenoy. Alumina . 35-00. . 33-66 32-45 Silica ... . 40-25. . 40-66 43-10 Water ... . 24-25. . 24-83 22-30 Magnesia . •. . 0'25. 170 99-75 9915 99‘55 a, from Housscha, near Bayonne; (1) kiln-dried; (2) air-dried ; — b, from Anglena, near Liege; (1) kiln-dried; (2) air-dried; — c, from Guateque, in New Granada; (1) dried at 100° C. ; (2) air-dried ; this specimen contained a trace of sal-ammoniac ; — d, from Upper Silesia, containing a trace of manganese ; — e, from La Youth ; — f, from Thiviers. (Gm. iii. 417.) HALOGEH. The electro-negative radicle of a haloi'd-salt. HALOID SALTS, Berzelius applied this term to salts consisting of a metal united with an electro-negative radicle, viz. chlorides, bromides, iodides, cyanides, See., designating by the term, Amphid-salts, those which were supposed to result from the union of two binary compounds containing a common element, viz. the oxygen- salts, sulphur- salts, selenium-salts, and tellurium-salts. The distinction between these two classes of salts is no longer retained, but the term haloid is still occasionally applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, fluorides, and cyanides. HALOTRICHINE. A silky iron-alum, from the Solfatara, near Naples. (See Sulphates). HALOTRICHITE. A name applied sometimes to native iron-alum, sometimes to native hydrated sulphate of aluminium. (See Sulphates.) HAMATHIOHIC ACID. An acid produced by the action of sulphuric acid on euxanthic acid. Its composition has not been exactly determined. The barium- salt contains 31 -4 per cent, baryta; the lead-salt, 61-6 to 62-4 oxide of lead. (See Euxanthic Acid, ii. 610.) HAMPSHIRITE. (See STEATITE.) HARDNESS OP MINERALS. A harder body is distinguished from a softer, either by attempting to scratch one with the other, or by trying each with a file. To give a definite character to tho results thus obtained, Mohs introduced a scale of hardness, consisting of ten minerals, gradually increasing in hardness from 1 to 10, viz. : 1. Talc : common laminated, light-green variety. 2. Gypsum: a crystallised variety. 3. Calc-spar ; transparent variety. 4. Fluor-spar : crystalline variety. 5. Apatite .- transparent variety. 7 HARMALA - HARMALINE. 5-5 Scapolite: crystalline variety. 6. Felspar: (orthoelase) ; white cleavable variety. 7. Quartz : transparent. 8. Topaz: transparent. 9. Sapphire : cleavable varieties. 10. Diamond. The hardness of any given mineral may be determined by attempting to scratch it with some of the above minerals, or by trying to scratch a smooth surface of the suc- cessive members of the scale with a sharp corner of the substance to be examined ; thus, if it scratches fluor-spar and is scratched by apatite, the hardness is between 4 and 5. Or again, the relative hardness of a mineral may be determined by abrading one of its edges with a file. If the file abrades the mineral under trial with the same ease as fluor-spar, and produces an equal depth of abrasion with the same force, the hardness is said to be 4. If the mineral is abraded more easily than fluor-spar, but less easily than apatite, the hardness may be 4 -25 or 4-5. In making these comparative trials, care must be taken to apply the file to edges of equal obtuseness. That part also of the specimen should be selected which has not been altered by exposure, and has the highest degree of transparency and compactness of structure. The pressure for determination should be rather heavy, and the file should be passed three or four times over the specimen. Certain varieties of some minerals give a low degree of hardness under the file, owing either to impurities or imperfect aggregations of particles, whilst they scratch a harder species, showing that the particles are hard, but loosely aggregated ; this peculiarity is exhibited by certain varieties of chiastolite, spinel, and sapphire. Many minerals— kyanite and mica, for example — present different degrees of hard- ness on dissimilar faces. This inequality, like difference of colour, lustre, &c., in the faces, is confined to those primary forms which are developed upon unlike axes. (Dana, i. 180.) HARMALA, ALKALOIDS OF. (Gerh. iv. 9.— Handw. d. Chem. iii. 769.)— The seeds of the Peganum Harmala, a plant growing abundantly on the steppes of Southern Russia, especially in the Crimea, contain two organic bases called barma- line and harmine, probably in the form of phosphates; they are found in the seed- coating, not in the kernel. To obtain these alkaloids, the pulverised seeds are exhausted in a percolating apparatus with water acidulated with acetic or sulphuric acid; and the brownish yellow extract, which contains the bases in the form of acetates, together with earthy phosphates, colouring matter, &c., is mixed with a solution of common salt, whereupon the hydrochlorates of the alkaloids, which are insoluble in that liquid, are precipitated together with colouring matter. Nitrate of sodium may also he used instead of the chloride, provided care be taken that the extract of the seeds does not contain free sulphuric acid, as the nitric acid which would then be liberated might decompose the alkaloids. The precipitate is collected on a filter, and washed with brine until the whole of the mother-liquor is removed ; then dissolved on the filter with cold water, which leaves part of the colouring matter undissolved. The solution, treated with animal charcoal, and then at a temperature of 50° to 60° C. with am- monia added by small portions, yields the alkaloids in the pure shite, nearly the whole of the harmine being thrown down before the harmaline begins to separate. As soon as the latter body makes its appearance, — which may be known by examining the precipitate from time to time with the microscope, harmine crystallising in needles, while harmaline forms leafy scales, — the solution must be filtered hot, and the harma- line precipitated from it by ammonia. The seeds contain about 4 per cent, of alkaloids, of which one-third consists of harmine, and two-thirds of harmaline. harmala RES. The seeds of harmala contain also a red colouring matter, which may be extracted by digesting them with alcohol for 8 — 14 days. It is insoluble in water, easily soluble in ether, and dissolves in all proportions in absolute aleohol. It unites with acids, forming red salts, and dyes wool or silk mordanted with acetate or sulphate of alumina, from the lightest rose-colour to the deepest scarlet. The colours do not, however, appear to he very fast. (Gm. xvi. 119.) harmaline. C1,H14N*0. — Discovered by Gobel in 1837 (Ann. Ch. Pharm. xxxviii. 363); afterwards more minutely examined by Pritzsche {ibid. lxiv. 360; lxviii. 351, 355; lxxii. 306; lxxxviii. 327). It is colourless when pure; if it has a yellowish or brownish tint, it may be purified by suspending it in water, adding acetic acid in sufficient quantity to dissolve it, filtering to separate colouring matter, then precipitating with chloride or nitrate of sodium, or hydrochloric acid, washing the pre- cipitate on a filter with a dilute solution of the reagent employed, dissolving it in tepid 8 IIARMALINE. water, treating the solution with animal charcoal till it exhibits a light yellow colour, and precipitating by caustic potash. Harmaline crystallised from alcohol forms octahedrons belonging to the trimetric system, modified by the faces coPco, cofoo , and Pco . Patio of the vertical to the horizontal axes, 1 : 1-804 : 1-415. Angles of the terminal edges in P = 116° 34' and 131° 18'; of the lateral edges in the same = 83° 54'. It is sparingly soluble in water and ether, moderately soluble in cold alcohol, and very freely in boiling alcohol. It has a faint bitter taste ; and colours the saliva yellow. Harmaline, when heated, melts, gives off white vapours and becomes carbonised. Heated in a tube, it yields a white mealy sublimate. Oxidising agents, under certain circumstances, convert it into a red colouring matter, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. By some oxidising agents, however, harmaline is converted into harmine by loss of 2 at. of hydrogen ; this change takes place when the acid chromate of harmaline is heated to 120° C., or when harmaline is heated with hydrochloric acid and alcohol, to which a little nitric acid is added. When nitrate of harmaline is heated with alco- holic hydrochloric acid, the harmaline is converted into harmine. Harmaliue, boiled with excess oinitric acid, yields, first, nitroharmaline, then, by longer boiling, n i t r o- harmine : with boiling nitromuriatic acid, it forms chloroni troharmine. The salts of harmaline are yellow, have a bitter taste, and are for the most part easily soluble and crystallisable. The acetate is obtained by spontaneous evaporation of a solution of harmaline in acetic acid, in the form of a syrup which becomes crystalline after a while. A solution of the acetate, mixed with acid carbonate of potassium, yields acid carbonate of harma- line, in the form of a precipitate composed of fine needles. The neutral alkaline carbo- nates either form no precipitate with the salts ef harmaline, or merely throw down the base. The neutral chromate is a sparingly soluble, yellow, crystalline salt, which may be obtained by adding acetate of harmaline drop by drop to a solution of neutral chromate of potassium, saturated in the cold, filtering from the precipitate of harmaline first produced, and adding more acetate of harmaline to the filtrate. The acid chromate, 2Cl3H’4N-0.1P0.2Cr'-’03, is produced by adding acid chromate of potassium to a dilute solution of harmaline, and separates immediately in oily drops, which, after a while, become crystalline. When heated to 120° C., it is rapidly decomposed, yielding a sub- limate of harmine and leaving a dark-coloured residue containing chromium. The hydrochlorate, C13HHN30.HC1.2H20, forms long prismatic needles containing 12-3 per cent, water of crystallisation. It is moderately soluble in water and in alcohol. The chloroplatinate, CI3H‘ 4N2O.HCl.PtCl2, is a yellow precipitate. The hydrocyanate forms a peculiar alkali. The hydroferrocyanate is a brick-red crystalline powder ; the hydroferricyanate forms long dark green prisms. The sulpho- cyanate forms silky needles, sparingly soluble in cold, more soluble in boiling water. Nitrate of harmaline, obtained by precipitating the acetate with dilute nitric acid or nitrate of ammonium, forms needles sparingly soluble in pure water, and almost inso- luble in water containing nitric acid. Oxalates. — When aqueous oxalic acid is boiled with excess of harmaline, crystals of the neutral salt separate on cooling; and oxalic acid, added to the solution of these crystals, precipitates the acid oxalate of harmaline. Sulphates. — By digesting dilute sulphuric acid with excess of harmaline, and evapo- rating the filtrate, the neutral sulphate is obtained as a yellow resin, which, when left over oil of vitriol, changes to a radio-crystalline mass. Sulphite. — The solution of harmaline in aqueous sulphuric acid dries up to a yellow resin, exhibiting no traces of crystallisation. Sulphydrate. — By mixing concentrated solutions of sulphydrate of ammonium and acetate of harmaline, slender prisms are obtained which quickly decompose on exposure to the air, after separation of the mother-liquor. Hydrocyan-harmaline, C"IIl4N30 = C13HHN2O.ITCy, is a base containing the elements of harmaline and hydrocyanic acid. It is obtained by dissolving harmaline in dilute boiling hydrocyanic acid and filtering hot, being then deposited in crystals on cooling; or by pouring a solution of cyanide of potassium into a solution of a salt of harmaline, or caustic potash into a solution of a salt of harmaline previously mixed with hydrocyanic acid. From aqueous solutions it is deposited in amorphous flocks, 'which give off hydrocyanic acid when dried in the air; the decomposition may, however, be prevented by dissolving the powder, while yet moist, in hot alcohol. If it still contains harmaline, it may be purified by suspending it in water and adding acetic acid, which readily dissolves the harmaline, but exerts little or no action on the hydrocyan-harmaline. This base, when pure, forms thin rhombo'klnl tables, which, when dry, undergo no alteration by exposure to the air, or in vacuo, or even at 100° C. At a higher tern- II ARM ALINE. 9 perature, or -when boiled with water or alcohol, it is resolved into harmaline and hydro- cyanic acid. Suspended in water and boiled with a large excess of nitric acid, it is decomposed, giving off red vapours, and yielding a purple solution which deposits non- crystalline grains of a fine red colour, changed to green by ammonia. Hydrocyan- harmaline, heated with hydrochloric acid and chloride of potassium, yields a resinous product. The salts of hydrocyan-harmaline are even less stable than those of har- maline. The base does not appear to combine with all acids. The hydrochlorate, Cl3H,4N2O.CyH.HCl, is a crystalline powder composed of small octahedrons with a rhombic base and secondary faces, whereas hydrochlorate of harmaline, when examined by the microscope, appears like an aggregation of long yellow prisms. The nitrate and sulphate are also crystalline. Nitroharmaline. Cl3H13N303== C13H13(N02)N20. Chrysoharmine.— This body, which is derived from harmaline by the substitution of 1 at. nitryl, NO-, for 1 at. hydrogen, may be prepared : — 1. By suspending 1 pt. of harmaline in 6 or 8 pts. of alcohol of 80 per cent., adding 2 pts. of strong sulphuric acid, and, when the solution is complete, 2 pts. of moderately concentrated nitric acid ; heating the mixture on the water-bath ; and as soon as the reaction, which is very brisk, is over, cooling it quickly to prevent secondary decompositions. The liquid then deposits sulphate of nitrohar- maline, which is to be washed with alcohol containing sulphuric acid, then dissolved in warm water, and precipitated by dilute potash or ammonia. If the nitroharmaline thus precipitated contains harmine or undecomposed harmaline, it may be freed there- from by means of sulphurous acid, which forms a sparingly soluble salt with nitro- harmaline, but very soluble salts with the other two bases. — 2. By a process exactly similar to that which will be hereafter described for the preparation of nitroharmine, excepting that the nitric acid used must be weaker, viz. of specific gravity 1*12 instead of 1-40. Nitroharmaline, precipitated from its salts by an alkali, is an orange-coloured powder composed of microscopic prisms ; larger crystals are deposited from the alcoholic solu- tion. It is but sparingly soluble in cold water, to which, however, it imparts a yellow colour ; boiling water dissolves it much more freely. It is more soluble in alcohol than harmine or harmaline ; sparingly soluble in cold ether, more soluble in hot ether. It dissolves in oils, both fixed and volatile ; also in hot rock-oil. It melts at 120° C. Heated with ammoniacal salts it decomposes them, expelling the ammonia. Nitric acid converts it into nitroharmine. The salts of nitroharmaline are yellow. The hydrochlorate, C13H13(N02) N'-O.HCl, crystallises in small prisms ; its solution, mixed with dichloride of platinum, yields the cldoroplatinate, C 1 3 It 1 3( N 0 - ) N 2 0 . 1 1 G 1 . P t C l2, as a yellow precipitate, which ultimately assumes the form of minute prisms. The nitrate crystallises in yellow needles, rather sparingly soluble in water, espe- cially if it contains a little nitric acid. A perfectly neutral solution of this salt, mixed with ammoniacal nitrate of silver, yields a yellowish red floeculent precipitate, consist- ing of argento-nitroharmaline, Cl3H12Ag(N02)N20.H20. A compound of nitroharmaline with nitrate of silver is obtained in light yellow crystalline flakes on mixing an alcoholic solution of nitroharmaline with nitrate of silver. The neutral sulphate is obtained as a crystalline precipitate on saturating a solution of the acetate with sulphate of ammonium. The acid sulphate, Cl3H13(N02)N20.H:,S0l, is produced by dissolving the base in excess of sulphuric acid, mixed with alcohol, or by dissolving it in strong sulphuric acid, and pouring the solution, drop by drop, into cold water. It is a pale yellow crystalline powder, nearly insoluble in cold water. The sulphite is very little soluble in cold water, especially if acidulated with sulphu- rous acid. The acetate is soluble ; the oxalate erystallisable. The hydroferrocyanate is a yellow crystalline precipitate. The hydroferricyanate separates in oily drops, which solidify, after a while, to a crystalline powder. The sulphocyanate forms sparingly soluble microscopic needles. Hydrocy ano-nitroharmaline, C13Hl3(N02)N20 CyH, is obtained by dissolving nitroharmaline in a hot alcoholic solution of hydrocyanic acid ; also, by leaving a con- centrated solution of acetate of nitroharmaline, mixed with hydrocyanic acid, to evapo- rate ; or by adding ammonia to a salt of nitroharmaline containing hydrocyanic acid. It forms slender yellow needles, which give off the odour of ammonia when moist, but are permanent when dry. By boiling with water, it is resolved into nitroharmaline and hydrocyanic acid. Decomposed also by strong ammonia or potash. It dissolves in strong sulphuric acid, and the solution, poured into a small quantify of water, yields needles, apparently consisting of an insoluble sulphate. 10 II ARMINE. HARMINE. Cl3IIl2N20. (Fritzsche, loc. cit., p. 7.)— This alkali, which con- tains 2 at. H less than harmaline, may be obtained either directly from the seeds of Peganum harmala, in the manner already described, or as a product of the oxidation of harmaline. Acid chromate of harmaline, heated to 120° 0., decomposes suddenly with evolution of heat, and produces harmine, part of which volatilises and condenses on the sides of the vessel. A better process is to heat harmaline with a mixture of equal parts of hydrochloric acid and alcohol, to which a little nitric acid is added. The conversion of the harmaline is complete soon after the liquid begins to boil, and on cooling, hydrochlorate of harmaline is abundantly deposited in slender needles. The so- lution of this salt, decomposed by ammonia, yields the base. Harmine forms rhomboidal prisms of 124:° 18', and 55° 42', nearly insoluble in water, very sparingly soluble, at ordinary temperatures, in alcohol and in ether. It is a weaker base than harmaline ; nevertheless it expels ammonia from its salts at the boiling heat. The salts of harmine are colourless, and mostly crystalline; their solutions have a yellow tint when concentrated, bluish when dilute. Alkalis and alkaline car- bonates decompose them, precipitating the base. The acid chromate, 2C13H12N20.H20.2Cr203, is always formed on mixing an acid solution of harmaline with a soluble chromate. It is decomposed by heat, yielding a peculiar base. The hydrochlorate, C’3H12N20.HC1, forms needles containing 12-38 per cent, water, which they give off at 100° C. From alcohol, the salt is deposited in the anhydrous state. The chloroplatinate, C13H12N2O.HCl.PtCl2, is a floceulent precipitate, becoming crystalline when heated. The chloromcrcurate is deposited as a curdy precipitate from cold solutions, and crystalline from hot solutions. The hydrobromate and hydriodatc resemble the hydrochlorate. The hydrofcrrocyanatc and hydroferricyanate are obtained as yellow precipitates. The nitrate forms yellow needles, sparingly soluble in cold water, still less in water acidulated with nitric acid. The neutral oxalate is a crystalline precipitate. The acid oxalate, C13Hl2N20.C2H204. H20 forms radiating needles, containing 5 67 per cent, water, which they give off at 100° C. The neutral sulphate, 2C13HI2N20.H2S0'.2H20, obtained by dissolving an excess of harmine in dilute sulphuric acid and evaporating, forms concentrically grouped needles containing 657 per cent, of water. The acid sulphate, C13H12N80.H2S04, obtained by adding excess of sulphuric acid to a solution of harmaline in boiling alcohol, forms crystals similar in form, but anhydrous. The sulphocyanate is obtained by precipitation in yellow needles. Substitution-derivatives of Harmine. 