Description of the American electro magnetic telegraph: now in operation between the cities of Washington and Baltimore, illustrated by fourteen wood engravings
Vail, Alfred
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N ) ELECTRO MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH: * eed sa iepesen-tcn te : eitaioten iidtadatait aubaee ehe ee LeS Gea ne BAW Hi Fh A wht of PidhibiurancRugadun ee eee as = en i NOW IN OPERATION BETWEEN THE CITIES OF i i? Sie 4 Sti 4 | ; 7 2 WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE. Hh iy Hi | : : ILLUSTRATED BY FOURTEEN WOOD ENGRAVINGS. i toe et a ge, ES an FY Dell Habib tree HHH eho Mometetr = Paes rarer meee i-9 WR eatin: "2p BY ALFRED VAIL, Reine 228 = Fe ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT OF ELEC. MAG. TEL. =telinth oniedial sh artyeti ni leech asd beth eee ee een oot aol Sewn hea a es rere errs rere ote echo Ahhh bcbneteisndeicseecteh-ude Teen arma k oratane WASHINGTON: PRINTED BY J. & G. S. GIDEON. 1845. _ Leech HORE e etbtet fey hess. We otnatn tn he eee +5 omebsireet net hal detonetebelietta z vt Rim a. 2 peeeteecy Se :. Ben eS isthiti uHIG aipinidi 1 e ae / ~ + Te Te iy ah? ae THE ELECTRO MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. SHAN WM ae anh PAu dAsiotead ad ere aer Te thin hah aha THE GALVANIC BATTERY. Tue galvanic battery, the generator of that subtle fluid, which performs so important a part in the operation of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph, is as various in its form and arrangement, as the variety of purposes to which it is applied. ‘They all, however, involve the same principle. It is not our design here to describe the various modes of constructing it, but to confine our remarks more immediately to that used for the Telegraph. The effects produced by the galvanic fluid upon the metallic bodies, iron and steel, exciting in them the power of attraction or magnetism, its decomposing effects upon liquids, resolving them into their simple elements, its effects upon the animal system, in producing a spasmodic and sudden irritation, are generally well known. But of the character of the fluid itself, its own essence or substance, we know nothing. In some of its phenomena, it resembles the electricity of the heavens; both find a conductor in the metals; both exhibit a spark, and both are capable of producing shocks, or when applied, cause the animal system to be sensible to them. Again, in other of its phenomena it is totally unlike it. The galvanic fluid is essentially necessary in producing the electro magnet; while the electricity of the heavens, or as it is generally termed, machine electricity, has no such power for practical purposes. The former is more dense, so to speak, and more easily confined to its conductors, while the latter becomes dissipated and lost in the atmosphere long before it has reached the opposite extremity of a long conductor. The former is continuous in its supply; while the latter is at irregular intervals. The former always needs a continuous conductor; while the latter will pass from one metallic conductor to another without that connection. The latter would not subserve the purposes required in the working of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph, and as it is neither essential nor antagonistical, its presence upon the galvanic conductors or wires, at the same time those wires are being used for telegraphic communication, does no way interrupt or confuse its operation; and its presence is only known from the suddenness of its discharge at long intervals. Intervals, accompanied by a bright spark, with a loud crack, like that of a coachman’s whip. The most simple mode of developing the galvanic fluid is in the following manner: if a common glass tumbler is two-thirds filled with dilute muriatic acid, and a piece of bright zinc, five inches long and one inch wide, immersed in the liquid, at one of its ends, slight action will be discovered upon it. If a slip of copper be then taken, of the same dimensions, and one end immersed in the liquid, but separated from that portion of the zinc immersed, and not permitted to touch it; and the two projecting ends of the zinc and copper, above the liquid be brought in contact, an active decomposition of the muriatic acid will appear. While the two outer ends are in contact, there is that current formed in the metallic plates, which is termed galvanic. If the contact is broken, the action ceases; if it is again renewed, the action is recommenced. Another very simple experiment, and within the power of everyone to demonstrate for themselves, is that of applying a piece of zinc to the underside of the tongue, and to the upperside, a silver coin, and then by bringing their projecting ends in contact, a sensible and curious effect is experienced upon the tongue. It is a feeble galvanic shock, and is proof of the presence of that fluid termed galvanic. We will now proceed to describe the battery used for telegraphic purposes; the same in principle, but in arrangement more complicated, and far more powerful, than those in common use. Two distinct acids are employed; two metals and two vessels. Each part will be described separately, and then the whole, as put together ready for use. First. A glass tumbler of the ordinary size is used, or about three inches high and two inches and three quarters in diameter. Second. The zinc cylinder, made of the purest zinc, and cast in an iron  eee sins Eien iris iene aes Cr ae re LAP G Reo PEM mea hahaenenell chet UK or, zy “td one 2 i see area US ar es ee rr rs ABAD Hh be AON IQ A phowd Aye A tensdinabe danandictental tthe hee owen chet Heaton ieliadts niet nh oh’? vechooumnbaioes: m ntigntrdine eames Sites } ¢ tang tad fast oot eb F of | | | +333; yg! Ans B 4a 5535 "5 4 It is three inches high, and two inches in diameter. The shell I is three-eighths of an inch in thickness. D is an opening in the cylinder, parallel with its axis, and is of no other use than to aid in the operation of casting them, and facilitating the access of the fluid to the interior. A A represents the body of the cylinder. B is a projecting arm, first rising vertically from the shell, and then projecting horizontally one and three-quarters of an inch. To this arm, at C, is soldered a platinum plate of the thickness of tin foil, and hanging vertically from the arm B, as seen at O, and of the form as shown in the figure. Third. The porous cup. To avoid an erroneous impression in the use of the term porous, it will suffice to state, that it is a cup of the form represented by figure 2, made of the same materials as stone-ware, and baked without being glazed. A represents the rim surrounding the top. From the underside of the rim to the bottom, it is three inches long, and one and one-quarter in diameter. The rim projects one-quarter of an inch, and the shell of the cup is one-eighth of an inch thick. These several parts are placed together thus. The porous cup, fig. 2, is set in the hollow of the zinc cylinder, fig. 1, represented by H, with the rim of the cup resting upon the top of the zinc at I. The zinc cylinder is then placed in the glass tumbler. The whole is represented in figure 3. Si eeert Sse 2 2 2°6: It is now in a condition to receive the acids, which are two: first, pure nitric acid, and second, sulphuric acid, diluted in the proportion of one part of sulphuric acid to twelve of water. First fill the porous cup with the nitric acid, to within one-quarter of an inch of the top; then fill the glass with the diluted sulphuric acid, till it reaches to a level with the nitric acid in the porous cup. One glass of the battery is now ready for use, and as all the other members of the battery are similarly constructed, (there being many or few, as circumstances require,) and are to be prepared and filled with their appropriate acids in the same manner, the above description will suffice. There remains, however, some further explanation in regard to the extremities of the series of glasses, that is, the mode of connecting the zinc of the first glass with the wire leading from it, and also the mode of connecting the platinum of the last glass with the wire leading from that end of the series of glasses. Figure 4 represents their arrangement. The glasses being all separately supplied with their acids, and otherwise prepared, they are put together upon a table, A A, perfectly dry, and made of hard wood. The first member of the series has soldered to its zinc arm a strip of copper, C, which, extending downward, has its end, previously brightened and amalgamated, immersed in a cup of mercury at N. The cup being permanently secured to the table. Then the second glass is taken, and the platinum, B, at the end of the zinc arm, is gently let fall into the porous cup, so that it shall be in the centre of the cup, and reaching down as far as its length, when the glass rests upon the table. The third glass is then taken and placed in the same manner, and so on to the last. The last glass has, in its porous cup, the platinum plate, D, soldered to a strip of copper, E, which is so constructed as to turn at the top, and admit of the easy introduction of the platinum into the porous cup, while the other pieces are also used. HAM Hopsayetinn HAM Hopsayetinn ME a oh WH eet othe ip hl WER iteete hoe tog can cea Prorvessiom M1 Ar aad Heb EP are oe t= bi ip Pita it drat taf et pitts Pete ih) 5 Pedidua Mapes bubd eenneee — ws BEE PDD a MAPA iaticNolh-Y Mh i et or-are riba tre SH UE sbimlh AN tenth Hh ofl oti nst nid ede fy ao faut ichelienidibithalh setanenss aires atria halle svtean rial ables ae NF Seat Be arora ue i =~ ye vee _— aed terden tel nitranngy sinebeo adhe PME AY Sham ote Ae Rrcken tet theatres fh ty tiny re Bee h aBl OE eR 08 em ty rte or rk om Re mS iar Ter eb P ah eth ee AO  of asphaltum, beeswax, resin and linseed oil. It is now in a condition to be extended upon the poles. That portion of the wire of which the helices are made is only saturated with shellac. THE ELECTRO MAGNET. The electro magnet is the basis upon which the whole invention rests in its present construction; without it, it would entirely fail. As it is of so much importance, a detailed account will be given of the construction of the electro magnet, as used for telegraphic purposes. A bar of soft iron, of the purest and best quality, is taken and made into the form presented in figure. Sets ee 4, 5, which consists of four parts, viz. A F and A F are the two legs or prongs of the magnet, of a rounded form, and bent at the top, approaching each other towards the centre, where the ends of each prong, without touching, turn up, and present flat, smooth and clean surfaces, level with each other at F F. The other end of these prongs or legs is turned smaller than the body, on the end of which is a screw and nut, C C. These ends pass through a plate of iron, B, of the same quality, at I and I, until they rest upon the plate at the shoulder produced by turning them smaller. They are then both permanently secured to the plate, B, by the nuts, C C, and the whole becomes as one piece. This arrangement is made for the purpose of putting on the coils or taking them off with facility. The form most common for electro magnets is that of the horse-shoe; and is simply a bar of iron bent in that form. E represents a small flat plate of soft iron, sufficiently large to cover the faces of the two prongs, F' and F', presenting on its underside a surface clean and smooth, and parallel with the faces, F and F'. The coils or helices of wire, which surround the prongs, A A, necessary to complete the electro magnet, consist of many turns of wire, first running side by side, covering the form upon which the spiral is made, until the desired length of the coil is obtained; the wire is then turned back, and wound upon the first spiral, covering it, until the other end of the coil is reached, where the winding began; then again mounting upon the second spiral, covers it, and in the same manner it is wound back and forth, until the required size of the coil is attained. The coil is wound upon a form of the size (or a little larger) of the legs of the magnet, and when the coil is completed, the form is taken out, leaving an opening in the centre, B, into which the prongs may freely pass. Figure 6 represents a coil constructed in the manner described. A and A are The term magnet, here, is synonymously used with the iron for the magnet, as the simple iron is not a magnet, except when subjected to the action of the battery through the helices of wire around it. It would confuse the reader, if this distinction be not kept in view. Permanent magnets are those which retain their magnetism when once they are charged. They are always made of steel, and usually bent in the form of a horse-shoe. Sometimes they are of a OPEN Hh, DEH ibis tibeuitdh nae he N29 Bataan Hae nacn ones Fo tg MY nb Phere meh new Hela, i? be WP sterivcn RO Han hed ee Te Wo eee aA teahinelymneiod rab are Mubriioeatiesn a meta Beak at fo tee Oh pastes teedetadealie tous Ek Le ee ee = PAu aids nude ok a. oe oon RRR chetnyati<be dad H-Badewatetcen a” pra ad yt Sohascn tr ro rs Pegaso aphe () aed a Sohascn tr ro rs Pegaso  out from the coils. The one proceeds from the centre of the coil, and the other from the outside. C and C are circular wooden heads, on each end of the coil, and fastened to it by binding wire, running from one head to the other, around the coil. The wire used in constructing it, as heretofore mentioned, is covered in the same manner as bonnet wire, and saturated or varnished with gum shellac. This preparation is necessary, in order to prevent a metallic contact of the wires with each other. Such a contact of some of the wires with others encircling the iron prong, would either weaken or altogether destroy the effect intended by their many turns. If the wires were bare, instead of being covered, the galvanic fluid, when applied to the two ends, A and A, instead of passing through the whole length of the wire in the coil as its conductor, would pass laterally through it as a mass of copper, in the shortest direction it could take, or this reason, they require a careful and most perfect insulation. Two coils are thus prepared for each magnet, one for each prong, A and A, figure 5. Figure 7 exhibits a view of the magnet; figure 5, with its two coils, H and H, placed upon the prongs. Those parts of the magnet, not concealed by the coils, are lettered as in figure 5, and correspond with its description. P represents the wire connecting the coil H with H, and A and A the ends of the wires leaving the coils. We now proceed to explain the manner by which the magnet is secured upon a frame, and the arrangement of the armature, H, figure 7, upon a lever, so that the motion peculiar for telegraphic writing may be shown. Single plate of that form, and others are constructed with many plates, side by side, fastened together so as to present a compact magnet of the same form. They are distinguished from the fact, that the soft iron of the latter depends upon the influence of the galvanic fluid for its magnetism, and retains it only so long as the soft iron is under its influence, while the former, when once submitted to the influence of the galvanic fluid, retains its magnetism permanently. Figure 8 exhibits, in perspective, a view of the electro magnet and the pen lever, in a condition to show the effect of the galvanic battery upon the prongs of the magnet, F and F, and the armature, D, and the movement of the pen lever to which the electro magnet is secured. A bolt, upon the end of which is a head or shoulder, passes through the centre of the upright block, C, and between the coils, H and H, and also through the brass brace, O, projecting a little beyond it, with a screw cut upon its end. The thumb-nut, P, fitted to it, is then put on, and the whole firmly held by screwing the thumb-nut as far as possible. F and F are the faces of the iron prongs, as shown in figure 7, presenting their flat surface to the armature, D. L is the pen lever, suspended upon steel points, as its axis, which passes through its side at X, and soldered to it. Each end of this steel centre is tapered so as to form a sharp and delicate point or pivot. E is a screw, passing through the side of the brass standard, G, and presenting at its end a sunken centre, the reverse of the steel pivot point at X. There is also another screw, similar to E, passing through the other side of the standard at G’, with a sunken centre in its end. By the extremities of these two screws, to which the tempered ends of the steel centre is fitted, the Pen lever is suspended, so as delicately to move up and down, as shown by the direction of the arrow. The brass standard, G, is secured to the upright block, C. D is the armature, soldered to the end of the brass pen lever, L, separated from the faces of the magnet, F' and EF, about the eighth of an inch. W is a yoke, secured to the he eshte h Somensie »' re ant is ree Leb tmrenpsucner. werte atin etm any aes 64h annie attomane ent ‘ ee eee zy Hoth of PA ebe| esta Pre: £32 f ent Wehner a: Uetheetnetn Wlimucaoe cuca rei te Betton are rarers arte a etn at: — ” Deets a eee eH A Ae Wwa)) wf Soar atetshathet trie: Ho tsasea te ye Pad x sa ae fa ae women 4 pilrcnisay) Eres iat ected So ery ey nes pies AAW AEM seo et “Hh ny age strege= Hl se Reb a oh bra: Reet th 8) mth tba: nH eit eee ee: ARE te ha gy ot wey POH oven ne Doth th atl ebege, yA eH By ahaha Gh Hb rc ah aot aye lh NG othe ate oe inety ats Mine ray Serie + Sree La, <0 e CAL TEE) PPR 1m hte there on ores - Wabenn dr hennauiinsrt ant RRURM RE ert - sa year al i: nh bhatt feabelainal es st ee “ Oat tee 5 wuea nd AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS Serve Ave Rate The Lever by a screw, and which admits through its lower part the steel wire spring, M M, for the purpose of bringing down the lever when not acted upon by the electro magnet. The spring is secured to a brass standard at the top, represented by N. R represents the three steel points of the pen, which mark upon the paper the telegraphic characters; each of which strikes into its own appropriate groove in the steel roller, S. T'and Tare the flanges of the steel roller, S, and which confine the paper as it passes between the pen points, R, and the steel roller, S, described more fully hereafter. J and 1 are two screws in the horizontal cross bar attached to the standard, G, and are used for the purpose of adjusting and limiting the pen lever in its movement upward and downward; the one to prevent the pen points from striking too deeply into the paper and tearing it, and the other to prevent the armature from receding too far from the faces of the electro magnet, and beyond its attraction, when it is a magnet. K is the connecting wire of the two coils. Having explained this arrangement of the electro magnet, the pen lever, and the battery; the effect of the latter upon the former will now be described. Let one of the wires from the coils, figure 8, for instance, be extended so far, that it can conveniently and securely be connected with the mercury cup, N, figure 4, of that pole of the battery. Then take the wire 6, figure 8, and extend it also to a convenient length, so as to be freely handled, and connect it with the mercury cup, P, figure 4, of the other pole of the battery. It will be found at the instant the connection is made, that the lever, L, figure 8, will fly up in the direction of the arrow at W. The iron prongs in the centre of the coils, H and H, which were before perfectly free from any attractive power, have now become powerfully magnetic by the inductive influence of the galvanic current following the circuitous tums of the wire around the iron, so that now the electro magnet is capable of sustaining twenty or twenty-five pounds weight. This magnetic power concentrated in the faces of the electro magnet, F and F, attracts to it the armature or small iron, D, drawing the pen lever down on that side of its axis, and producing a reverse motion on the other side at L. Now take out the wire 6 from the mercury cup, and in an instant its magnetism is gone, and the lever, L, falls by the action of the spring, M. If the circuit is closed a second time, the lever again flies up; and if immediately broken, falls. In this manner it will continue to operate in perfect obedience to the closing or breaking of the circuit. If the circuit This is closed and broken in rapid succession, the lever obeys and exhibits a constant and rapid vibration. If the circuit is closed and then broken after a short interval, the lever will remain up the same. 2 = 9sF The length of time, the circuit is closed, and falls upon its being broken. Whatever may be the time the circuit is broken, the lever will remain up for the same length of time, and whatever may be the time it continues broken, the lever will remain down for the same time. Suppose the magnet is separated at the distance of one mile from the battery; upon manipulating at the battery, at that distance, in the manner just described, the same vibratory motion is produced in all its varieties, as when they were removed only a short distance. Separate them 10 miles, and still the same mysterious fluid is obedient to the pleasure of the operator in producing the desired motion of the pen lever. If they were separated at distances of 100 or 1000 or 100,000 miles apart, the lever would doubtless obey the manipulations of the operator, as readily as if only distant a few feet. Here is exhibited the principle upon which Morse’s Electro Magnetic Telegraph is based, and which gives to the several portions of the civilized world the power of holding instantaneous communication with each other, with a rapidity far beyond what has ever before been attained. As the above explanation is given only in reference to the power of the electro magnet, when connected with the battery, and to show the movements of the pen lever, we shall speak of the arrangement of the wires for extended lines hereafter. Having now explained the electro magnet and its operation through the agency of the battery, we will proceed to describe those various parts of the register, by which the electro magnet is made subservient to the transmission of intelligence from one distant point to another. Figure 9 represents, in perspective, the whole of the register, as also the key or correspondent. The electro magnet, H and H, and the pen lever, L, which have just been described under figure 8, need not be recapitulated here. The letters used in figure 8, represent the same parts of the electro magnet in this figure. The brass frame containing the clockwork, or rather wheel work, of the instrument, is seen at 5 and 5. The whole purpose of the clockwork is to draw the paper, 2 2, under the steel roller, S, and over the pen, R, at an uniform rate. There is also an arrangement in connection with the wheel work, by means of which the clockwork is put in motion and stopped at the pleasure of the operator at the distant station. How this is done will now be explained. The paper used for telegraphic writing is first manufactured by the paper making machine in one long continuous sheet, of any length, about three feet and a half in width, and is compactly folded up as it is made, upon a wooden cylinder. It is then put into a lathe and marked off in equal divisions of one and a half inches in width; a knife is applied to one division at a time, and as the roll of paper revolves, the knife cuts through the entire coil until it reaches the wooden center. This furnishes a coil ready for the register, and is about fifteen inches in diameter. The whole roll of paper furnishes, in this way, about twenty-eight small rolls prepared for use. FERS Rog Ise SPs res Eeaegt3 yeaa Com AN Ny open - meets 5 hsfubad ahd Mr iar ee Sern wwe NEES ESR | GLE oak irs Outline, the two rollers which grasp the paper, 2 and 2. The roller is connected with the train by a cog wheel upon it. It is not so connected; but is pressed hard upon it by means of springs upon the ends of the axle; it represents the grooved steel roller beneath which the paper, 2 and 2, is seen to pass. Directly under the steel roller is one of the steel pen points at R, upon the end of the pen lever; a part of which only is shown. Thus far the description given of the clockwork, relates to those parts, by the agency of which the pen is supplied with paper. We now proceed to explain that part connected with the clock and pen lever, by which the clock is set in motion or stopped at the option of the distant operator. In figure 9, at R’, is seen a small pulley upon the barrel shaft of the clockwork; at Q, is another pulley, but larger. From the pulley, R’, is a cord, or SERDRS SS SE DsE J te oo oe & Tere * De ereerreseeres ie spe iehed kethon deserters anaes mhebesenn Caverns awe fiehatn Sete etry Beet Nett em eaar rs Homer mee : Dudes alae => PEM MER med), AD A ot ty, AN a fede HS Eas ake Ahpengho relish Mata ofoee oy RG an ath hetmretetlkniwciy torte tte moon Lue ers eee a rs a lie-bath panne dpe A: Chel) le ted Eoverater pe gr shaved lta dd Magee ih tte tenth -statict hie Wee Hemtetettn Ate eres rarer rae aide het at A WHS Hp aD) WM Sat te eter cr ake. Ae Nara eB en HS rf =r iad ANE a opheetbok Hele Pema a Pineal baie VAG eeebed squid: Be ted ins treba lies alniaag Fe ot ss eco Pet athe ipl chem gy, Reet dy eh Ab oabn oth HN Ai ee ae oS a er ers i a We er rdechebran Leia erate oR wid thasnd hieg ieee A, primer ani HAs OH ak ey \munmekeweucHeune Tt hea et vety hee uit esha Mian atdcet ie or Tees poet Sad mo Seat Seater tceae Cou - ope noes etter cep beh Hes Lshatihedehidean toh Laat lah sched Ted eel - ma ts = Bb. 14 band, 10, proceeding to pulley, Q, and then returning under it to pulley,R’, making it continuous. ‘This band communicates the motion of pulley, R’,to the pulley,Q. In figure 10, these pulleys are represented by the same letters. 