None
C ' -5 control ot infectious diseases 857 Comments on Table Showing Methods op Handling the Common Inpectious Diseases, London, Canada Experiment and experience indicate that certain changes are advisable, particu- larly in the length of isolation and in the currently accepted periods assigned as incubation periods. Up to date, the following changes have been made in the prac- tice of the London (Can.) Health Department without evil results. z. First line, fourth colunm, measles — change 3 weeks to zi days for "dean" cases {Le,, without sore throat, nose bleed, bad ears, etc.); but in cases showing sore throat, nose bleed, bad ears, etc., use 18 days. 3. No restrictions are now placed on immunes unless associating with actual patients, except in diphtheria (where immunity is not considered); and in scarlet fever (children excluded from school, if patient remains at home) ; and in small-< pox which conforms to regulations for scarlet fever. 3. First line, seventh colunm, mumps — change 4 weeks to 3 weeks in uncompli- cated cases. German measles change 3 weeks to i week in all cases. 4. Third column, scarlet fever — "after 5 da3rs" is in practice interpreted as "on the sixth day after," and so in all other similar instances: thus measles, "after 14 days" means "on the fifteenth day after." 5. Non-immune contacts in typhoid should be observed to a date 21 days beyond last exposure instead of 14; in chickenpox for 18 days instead of 16; in mumps 25 days instead of 21 j in German measles 16 days instead of 14. 6. Much time may be saved non-inunune contacts by careful calculation of the really necessary period of observation: thus, illustrated, for measles (incubation period uniform, 10 days to prodromes; 4 days more to rash); and for mumps (incubation period variable, 14 days to 25 days to prodromes; M ^ z <i&y more to enlargement of parotids, etc.). Illustration: -Measles. If a non-immune is exposed to measles July z to 4 inclusive, he may develop prodromes at any time between July iz and Z4 (inclusive), the rash following from July Z5 to z8 (inclusive). Hence he may go about his business safely up to July 10; come under observation July zz to July z8 inclusive, and if nothing has developed be released July zq. Mumps: If a non-immune is exposed to mumps July z to 4, he may develop prodromes at any time from July zs to July 29, the enlargement of the parotids ap- i> pearing a half day to a day later. Hence he may go about his business safely up to July Z4; come under observation to July 30; and if nothing has developed, be dis- charged July 3Z. Similar calculations may be made for the other diseases, always providing the period of exposure is definitely known. DlSINTECTION Two systems of disinfection have been long recognized, concurrent and terminal. The former concerns the daily, hourly attention to, and disinfection of, everything coming in contact with the patient. 858 lOCSOBIOLOGY OF DISEASES OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS especially with his discharges and all that they may contaminate. The latter concerns the final disinfection of the patient's room, per- haps of the whole house, occupied by him during the attack, after the recovery of the patient. Very much undue emphasis has been given to terminal disinfection. Large ezpenditvures are made for this purpose and great faith placed in it, unfortunately to the exclusion of attention to, and reliance on, the infinitely more useful and logical concurrent disinfection, which, properly done, ought almost wholly to displace it. Terminal disinfection should be done following tuberculosis of the lungs, anthrax and plague; in tuberculosis because of the great numbers and wide distribution of the bacteria thrown out by the patient, especially the careless patient; in anthrax because of the existence of resistant spores possibly attached to furniture, etc.; in plague because of the intense virulence of the organism and its tendency, like anthrax, to infect directly through the skin. In the ordinary diseases of the temperate zone, however, terminal disinfection cannot for a moment take the place of concurrent disinfection and is unnecessary if the former be properly carried out. METHODS OF DISINFECTION CoNCXTSRENT DisiNTBCTiON. — The disinfection of infected dischaiig^es, and of everything coming into contact with the dischaiges, whether the discharges be of the nose,, mouth, bladder, or bowel, and whether the things which come into con- tact with the discharges be utensils, clothing, hands, furniture, etc., should be done at once, as soon as the .discharges appear, or the articles, hands, etc., become contaminated. Bladder and bowel discharges deposited directly in proper sewer-connected toilet-bowls require no disinfectant treatment; but the seat, door-knobs, toilet paper rack, flush pull and so on, which the discharges may reach, directly or through the patient's hands, should receive disinfection every time the toilet is used by such a patient. Where bed-pans or urinals are used and then emptied into such a toilet- bowl, disinfection should be done of the hands of the attendant who enq>ties the pan, of the whole pan itself, and of any part of seat or bowl (not reached by the flush) contaminated by splash or dribbles from the bed-pan or uiinaL Where outdoor toilets or indoor toilets not connected with a sewer are in use the discharges must always be disinfected — preferably by half-filling the bed-pan or urinal, before use, with a saturated solution of milk of lime (unslaked lime, in water, to saturation — cool and pour off the liquid parts) into which the discharges are received. Where such toilets are used by the patient directly, an abundant layer of powdered unslacked lime should cover the discharges as soon as they are de- CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 859 posited. Such layer should be an inch deep. Precautions regarding the seats, door- knobs, hands, etc., should be followed as above described. The difficulty in en- forcing these precautions makes fly-screening a better plan. Soiled bed clothing or other clothing, handkerchiefs, etc., may be rolled up and placed directly in boiling water; but if some interval must elapse before they can be boiled, they should be put directly into 5 per cent carbolic add solution, 01 o.i of i per cent bichloride of mercury solution or other disinfectant of similar killing power for at least half an hour. Thereafter they may be handled as uninfected dotliing. Eating utensils after use should go directly into boiling water for several minutes and then be washed in the ordinary way. Spoons used for medicine, to3rB, ther- mometers; etc., which it may be inconvenient or impossible to put into boiling water, should be immersed in 5 per cent carbolic add or o.i per cent bichloride solution for half an hour, then washed. These solutions may be used also for the hands and a large bowl of one or both of them (carefully labelled, and out of reach of children, etc.) should be constantly ready; into this the patient's and attendant's hands should be dipped after every contamination. Discharges from the nose and mouth should be collected on paper or rags and burned at once. If inconvenient to bum them, they should be dropped into carbolic or bichloride solutions as above, and disposed of as harmless after a half-hour's soaking. It is difficult to specify every form of contact to be guarded against by disin- fection, but the foregoing are the chief ones to watch for, and the principles given should be widely and intdligently applied — ^remembering always that the dis- charges contain the danger. TEKiiXNAL Disinsection. — Sulphur disinfection (4 pounds burned for every 1,000 cubic feet of space, in the presence of steam sufficient to saturate the atmos- phere} is effective for disease bacteria — also for roaches, bedbugs, etc., and for mice, rats, etc. But it injures fabrics by bleaching them, and metals by tarnishing them. Formaldehyde vapor is now used in its place for disinfection; but flies, bedbugs, etc., are not successfully exterminated thus. The most recent approved method for use in the disinfection of houses is the Minnesota State Board of Health potassium permanganate formaldehyde method. For each 1,000 cubic feet of space the following should be used: / Potassium permanganate (crystals) 11 ounces Solution formaldehyde (U. S. P. 1900) iz ounces Water 9 ounces Directions for use: Prepare the room to be disinfected by sealing all cracks, windows, ventilators, etc , and all the doors but the one for exit, with wet newspaper strips; open all blankets, drawers, etc.; separate and open up all books, dothing, etc., in the room. Have wet strips of paper in readiness to seal the last door when the disinfection has been started and the operator has left the room. The windows should be left unlatched so that they may be opened from the outside after the disinfection is completed. 86o MICROBIOLOGY OF DISEASES OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS Use a metal pail with lapped (not soldered) seams, or an earthenware receptade, holding not less than fourteen (14) quarts, in which to mix the above ingredients. Place the receptacle on bricks standing in a pan of water, but the receptacle should not touch the water. Place the 11 ounces of potassium permanganate in the receptade, distributing it evenly over the bottom. Mix the formaldeh3rde (xx ounces) and the water (9 ounces), and pour this mixture over the potassium permanganate in the receptade. This done, the operator should leave the room as quickly as possible, sealing the door behind him with the wet strips of paper prepared in advance for this purpose. The directions above apply to the disinfection of a room containing x,ooo cubic feet or less. If a room contains more than x,ooo cubic feet of space, use one of the above disinfecting outfits for each 1,000 cubic feet or fraction thereof. Do not attempt to use a double charge in a container of even double capadty. In disinfecting a whole house, begin with the most distant room and having mixed the potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, and water in the proper re- ceptade, dose the door of the room and seal it at once as directed above. Proceed in this way in the disinfection of all the rooms. Leave the seak unbroken ^n the window and doors for six hours, after which the rooms should be opened up and thoroughly aired. The temperature of the room at the time of disinfection should not be bdow yo^F. No paper, cotton, doth, wood, or other combustible material should be in or near the disinfecting outfit for fear of fire, and no flame should be permitted in the room near the disinfecting outfit. Carmage OF Infection by Biological Agents The transmission of yellow fever and malaria by mosquitoes, in the course of which the parasite causing the disease must undergo a whole series of developmental changes before the mosquito can become infective, is now well understood. But the mechanical carriage of infec- tious material by flies from privy vaults or bed pans or even mucous membranes or open wounds to food and drink or to other mucous membranes or woimds has not been very long established. That t3^hoid fever and dysentery have many times occurred in epidemic form chiefly by the carriage of the infective agents by flres the writer firmly believes as the result of personal investigation, as well as from the reports of others. Similar mechanical carriage of infection on the outside of the body has been attributed to rats, dogs, cats, even to cows and horses. This must not be confused with the dissemination of certain diseases by horses actually sick with the disease (glanders) or CONTROL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 86 1 canying the germs in their intestines (tetanus), by cows actually sick of tuberculosis, or by other similar instances of disease derived directly from preceding cases or carriers in the lower animals. Another class of cases where lower animals convey disease by biting, and yet act merely mechanically is instanced by the septicemia some- times arising from bites of well animals (rats, snakes, mosquitoes, etc.)) the bite acting merely to admit to the tissues pathogenic forms acci- dentally present in the animal's mouth or on the skin of the bitten person. These must be distinguished from cases where the animal transmits thus a disease from which it is itself sufiFering (as when a rabid dog spreads rabies by biting other animals or man) and from true poisoning by injection of animal products at the time of biting (as done by poisonous snakes, mosquitoes, etc.)- INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS BiOLBTTi, Frederic T., 59, 506, 538, 551 Buchanan, R. E., 347, 450 Dorset, M., 116, 778, 784, 803, 804, 806, 807, 81 1, 812, 820, 821 Edwards, S. P., 350, 457 PiDLAR. Edward, 730, 734, 736. 740, 741, 744, 747, 760, 764. 770, 771. 774. 776, 785, 789. 792, 798 Prost, W. D., 77 GUILLIERMOND, A., 13, 40, 6I, 88 Harris, N. MacL., 785 Harrison, F. C, i, 254, 750, 756, 766 Hastings, E. G., 378, 408, 420 Hill, H. W., 801, 850 King, Walter E., 560, 575, 805 Lipman, Jacob G., 289 MacNeal, W. J., 47 If 479. 488, 758, 813. 814 McCampbbll, E. p., 659, 684 nortbrup, z., 632. Phelps, Earle B., 274. Rahn, Otto, 141 Rettgbr, L. p., 754 Reynolds, M. H., 727, 731, 733, 738, 757.767.772.779,787.819 Sackbtt, Walter G., 588 Stocking, W. H., 364, 438 Thom, Charles, 12, 36, 633, 724, 725. 726 Todd, J. L.. 13, 120, 144, 608, 822 Tyzzer, E. E., 13, 120, 144, 608, 822 863 ^ INDEX OF SUBJECTS ABSCESSES, 741 Acanthocystis aculeata, 28, 29 Accumulation of organic acids in soil, 319 Acetic acid, 155 bacteria, 538 fermentation, 165 Achorion schoenleinii, 727 Achromatic spindle, 28 Acid producing bacteria in milk, 378 Acidity of soil, 298 causes of, 299 • influence of. 299 range of, 298 Acridians, 642 ActinobaciUosis, 730 Actinomyces, 36, 304, 730 albus, 304, 305 bovis, 108, 727, 733 chromogens, 304, 305 Actinomycosis, 727 AMes (stegomyia) calopsis, 821 Aeration, of milk, 386 of soil, 233, 293 Aerobes, 94 Aerobic activities in soil, 294 African tick fever, 845 Agglutination, stages of, 717 tests, 585 Agglutinins, 714 CO-, 714 distribution in blood, 715 inherited, 715 normal, 714 production of, 714 structure of, 716 substances concerned in, 715 suspensions for, 585 tests for, 585 55 Agglutinogen, 715 Agglutinoids, 716 Agitation, influence of, 229 Air, 247 carrier of contagion, 252, 664 contamination of milk, 374 determination of microArganisms in, 249 disease organisms in, 252 entrance of microArganisms into, 248 fermentation organisms in, 253 freeing from bacteria, 253 kinds of microArganisms in, 247, 248, 251 in milk-house, 374 number of microArganisms in, 249, 250 occurrence of microArganisms in, 248 of stable, 374, 375 subsidence of microArganisms in, 249 Air-borne infection, 252, 664 Alcohol, distilled, 533 enzymes of, 200 fermentation of, 164, 506 food, 153 in milk, 399 as preservative, 486 raw materials for, 533, 534 sources of, 533 Aleuria cerea, 44 AlgsB in soil, 305 Allorhina nitida, 635 Altemaria, 55, 303 Aluminum in soil, 362 Amboceptor, 706 American foul broody 646 86s 866 INDEX Amidase, 201 Amino-acetic acid, 170 Amino-adds as food, 151 Amitosis, 34 bacteria, 88 molds, 43 protozoa, 125 yeasts, 64 Ammonia, mechanism of, 323 production of, 322 Ammonification, climatic conditions, efficiency, 326 efficiency of species, 326 food, 150 formation, 172 influenced by, 326 number of species involved, 325 oxidation, 146, 174 soil conditions, 325 species involved, 325 transformation, 323 Amoeba, 131 buccaHs, 497, 498 coli, 502, 504, 822 diplomitotica, 31 dysenteriffi 503, 504, 822 froschi, 31 limax, 24 meleagridis, 824 mucicola, 31, 32 polypodia, 27, 125 proteus, 144 tetragena, 661 terricola, 307 vespertilio, 121 See entamoeba also. Amoebic dysentery, 822 Amygdalin fermentation, 197 Amylase, 194 Amylobacter, 315 Amyloplastids, 20 AnaboUsm, 189 theory of, 204 Anaerobes, 157 facultative, 157 Anaerobes, obligate, 157 Anaerobic activities in soil, 173, 294 tank, 286 wine, 512 Analysis of milk, 403 of water, 265 Anaphase, 28 Anaphylaxis, 684 Anaplasmosis, 842 Animal carriers of disease, 667 Anisogomy, fertilization, 128 Antagonisms, 362 Antheridium, 38 Anthrax, common, 750 symptomatic, 787 vaccine, 570 Antiamboceptors, 706 Antiantibodies, 707 Antibacterial substances, 571 Antibiosis, 243 Antibody formation, 683, 698 Anticomplement, 707 Antidiphtheritic serum, 576 Antidysenteric serum, 581 Antigens, 587, 698 Antigonococdc serum, 580 Antirabic serum, 581 Antipredpitation, 719 Antiseptics, 232 Antistreptocoodc serum, 580 Antitoxin, discussion of, 699 for diphtheria, 576 manufacture of, 575 mechanism, 702 natural, 694 neutralisation by toxin, 702 occurrence of, 698 origin of, 698 for tetanus, 579 units of, 703 Archoplasm, 16 Arctia caja, 643 Arenicola ecaudata, 652 Aromatic substances, 177 Arrack, 72 Arsine, 175 INDEX 867 Ascomycetes, 38, 40, 44, 45, 59 Ascospores, germination, 70 sporulation, 69 Ascus, 38 Asiatic cholera, 798 vaccine, 573 AspergiUus, 39. 41, 44, 47, 53, 59. 507, 724, 731 candidus, 54 flavus, 55, 724 fumigatus, 47, 54, 724 glaucus. 53, 54 herbariorum, 53 nidulans, 54, 724 niger, 45, 53, 163, 199, 201, 203, 230, 303, 314. 318 ochraceus, 16. 55 oryzflD, 54. I99. 532 repens, 53 wentii, 54 Aster, 28 Autogamy, 128 Autolysis, 201 Autolytic enzymes, 168 Autoprecipitins, 718, 719 Autotrophic organisms, 151 Azo-bacteria, 314 Azotobacter, 151, 314, 340, 342, 343, 353 agJHs, 341 beyerincki, 342, 343 chrodcoccum, 341, 343 vinelandi, 341, 343 vitreum, 342 woodstownii, 342 BABESIA, 136, 838 bigemina, 661, 839 Bacillary white diarrhoea of chicks, 754 Bacillus acetigenus, 540 acridiorum, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641,642,643,649 a&'ogenes, (See Bact.) 165, 216, 410 afirogenes capsulatus (Bact. wel- chii), 500, 501, 503, 660, 663 Bacillus alvei, 94, 99, loi amethystinus, 256 amylobacter, 149, 151, 161, 166, 278, 340, 342, 558 amylovorus, 597, 600 amylozyma, 160 anthrads symptomatici(chauvei) , 103, 565, 575, 787 aquatilis, 256 aroide«B, 623 asterosporus, 94, 99, 100, loi atrosepticus, 620 aurantiacus, 256 avensB, 595 bifidus, 500, 501, 503 botulinus, 166, 491, 492, 493, 494. 575.663,671,704 bronchisepticus, 573 buccalis maximus, 4, 497 bfltschlii, 92, 93, 95, 96, loi butyricus, 278 cacosmus, 766 cajaB, 643, 644 caratovorus, 623 carotarum, 212 caucasicus, 444 chanchroides mallis, 692 choleras suis, 325, 810 drculans, 255 cloacesB, 256 coeruleus, 256 coli, 151, 155, 165, 173, 208, 222, 242, 245, 257, 266, 325, 340, 342. 343. 395, 410, 492, 494, 499. 500, 501, 503, 620, 672 coli in water, 257 coli aerogenes, 382, 412, 422, 423 424, 432 coli communis, 257, 379, 573 coli communis verus, 257 communior, 257 cyripedii, 621 danicus, 341 delphini, 614 denitrificans, 334 diphtheria columbarum, 767 868 INDEX Bacillus diphtheria gallinanun, 767 enteritidis, 491, 492, 503, 716 enteritidis sporogenes, 257, 266 eransquinii, 633 flezilis, 96 fluorescens, 169, 172, 208, 318 fluorescens aureus, 255 fluorescens crassus, 255 fluorescens liquefaciens, 255, 326 fluorescens longus, 255 • fluorescens non-liquefadens, 255 fluorescens putidus, 326 fluorescens tenuis, 255 fulvus, 256 fusiformis, 497, 498 gortyna, 633 graphitosis, 645 hyadntht septicus, 624 indicus, 256 indigogenus, 557 industrius, 540 janthinus, 176, 256, 325, 326 lactimorbi, 785 lactis viscosus, 341, 397, 398 larva, 646, 648 lathyri, 601 leptosporus, 84 liquefadens, 255 lividus, 256 malabarensis, 341 maximus, 497 megaterimn, 84, 90, 94, 99, 256, 325 melolonths, 649 melonis, 625 mesentericus, 310 mesentericus fuscus, 256 mesentericus ruber, 256 mesenterictis vulgatus, 256, 325, 326 methanicus (oligocarbophilus), 317 methylicus, 319 (proteus) mirabiUs, 256 mycoides, 17, 27, 90, 94, 99, 199, 251. 256, 310. 325. 326, 327 Bacillus necrophorus, 784 nitrator, 329 ochraceus, 256 oedematis nudigni (edematis), 501, 502, 785 oleracesB, 622 oligocarbophilus, 317 omeliansld, 278 oxydans, 540 paracoli, 716 paralacticus, 445 paratyphosus, 491^ 492, 494, 622 (Clostridium) pasteurianus, 318. 340, 342 phytophthorus, 619 pluton, 649, 651 pneumoniflB (See micrococcus.) prodigiosus, 77, 169, 172, 176, 177, I99» 222. 228, 255 proteus, 172 punctatus, 255 putrificus, 173 pyrameis. 633 radicosus, 90, 94, 99, loi radiobacter, 341 rubefadens, 256 ruber, 255 rubescens, 256 rudensis, 433 ruminatus, 341 saccobrinchi, 96 septicus insectonim, 651, 652 simplex, 341 solanacearum (See pseudomas.) solanisaprus, 620, 631 spirogyra, 97 sporonema, 93, 94 subtilis, 78, 84, 208, 228, 244, 251. 256, 310, 325, 326, 501 stalphureus, 280 synxanthus, 4 tetani, 166, 562, 659, 663, 789 tracheiphilus, 627 tracheitis, 645, 646 ti^mesc^OS, 310, 326 INDEX 869 Bacillus typhosus, X03, 165, 228, 258, 489, 491, 503, 504, 562, 660, 662, 671, 673, 675, 679. 687, 692. 696, 705, 714, 716, 717, 718. 747» 792 in water, 258 violaceus, 176, 199, 256 vascularum, 631 (proteus) vulgaris, 256, 325, 326, 491, 492, 494, 501, 503 zenkeri, 256 zopfii, 256 Bacteria (See microorganisms), 38, 77 cell, aggregates, 84, 85 capsule, 100, loi cycle, 97 cytoplasm, 87, 88 flagella, 80, 102 nucleus, 87, 88 sheath, loi wall, 100 classification of, 108, 109 cultivation of, 115 cycle, 97 form-types, 77 gradations, 77 involution, 78, 79 higher, 105 lower, 77 metachromatic granules, 99 motion, 79 brownian, 80 character, 80 organs of, 80 rate, 81 vital, 80 pathogenic, 659, 724 polar bodies, 83, 127 relationship, 114 reproduction, 81 spore, 82 vegetative, 81 reserved products, 99 size, 79 weight of, 150 Bacterial disease of the gut epithe- lium, 652 of June beetle larva, 634 of locusts, 637 enteritis, chronic, 757 matter, availability of, 336 substance in soil, 265 oxidation, 281 vaccines, 571 Bactericidal substances, 232, 704 Bacterins, 571. 573, 574 Bacteriolysins, 704 Bacteriopurpurin, 88, 177 Bacterium abortus, 758 aceti, 78, 539, 54© afirogenes, 165, 216, 410 anthrads, 86, 90, 199, 208, 227, 233, 503, 562, 570, 705, 707, 750 arenicols, 652 bovisepticum, 772 bulgaricum, 216, 379, 383. 427. 430, 445, 446, 502 butyricum, 228 capsulatum, 102 chlorinum, 88 cholersB gallinarum, 750 diphtherisB, 78, 99, 499, 562, 662, 663, 679. 690, 704, 747. 760 dysenteria, 403, 503, 696, 714, 718, 764 gammari, 89- 90 influenzae, 663, 690, 692, 747, 770 katzsngianum, 539, 540, lactis acidi, 164, 244, 367, 379, 380, 395, 397, 410, 411, 413, 417, 423. 425, 429. 430, 445; 446 lactis aftrogenes, 258, 379. 395 lepra, 660, 774 lineola, 103 ludwigii, 214 mallei, 585, 767 malvacearum (See ps.)* michiganense, 602 mori (See ps.) 870 INDEX Bacterium murisepticiun, 779 pasteurianum, 78 pertussis, 573 pestis. 503, 562, 669, 670. 673. 675, 718. 771. 776 phosphoreum, 215 pneumonia, 102 pruni, (See ps.). pseudodiphtheriflo, 227, 707 puUonim, 754 rhusiopathisB suis, 778 savastanoi, 608 teutlium, 626 tuberculosis, 78, 99, 100, 385, 403, 503, 582, 584. 663, 665, 671, 672, 678. 685, 694» 747. 779 tumefadens, (See ps.). urea, 279 vermiforme, 72 viride, 88 welchii, 500, 501, 503, 660, 663 xylinum, 539, 540 Balantidium coli, 844 Barber's itch, 726 Bartonella bacilliformis, 841 Basal grain, 25 stem rot of potatoes, 619 Basidio mycetes, 39 Basidium, 39 Beer, after-treatment of, 528 bacteria of, 526 brewing of, 525 composition of, 524 diseases of, 529 enzymes of, 525 fermentation of, 527 grains used in, 524 kinds of, 524 malting, 525 raw materials of, 524 wort, 525 yeasts of, 524 Beef, dried, 456 Beet, sugar, tuberculosis, 61 1 Beggiatoa alba, 91, 112 Benzoic acid as preservative, 486 Binary division, 125 Binuclearity of cells, 18 Biological factors influencing origin and formation of soil, 354 relations of nitrogen-fixation, 339 Bitter milk, 398 Black leg of potatoes, 619 vaccine, 565 rot of cabbage, 617 Blepharoplast, 25 Blight of alfalfa, 590 of beans (bacteriosis), 592 clovers, 601 lettuce, 593 mulberry, 594 oats (blade), 595 pear, 597 peas, 595 tomato, 602 walnut, 602 Blood-forming organs, action of microorganisms on, 681 Bodo ovatus, 307 Boils, 741 Boric acid as preservative, 484 Botryomyces equi, 773 Botryomycosis, 733 Botrytis cinerea, 507, 508 Brandy, 533 Bread, 552, 553 bacteria of, 552, 553 dough of, 552, 553 fermentation, 552 French, 553 leavened, 553 salt rising, 553 sponge for, 553 yeasts of, 552 Brown rot of orchids, 621 Bryodrilus ehlersi, 89 Bubonic plague, 776 vaccine, 574 Budding, 27 Bud rot of cocoanut, 620 Butter, canned, 441 decomposition of, 417 INDEX 871 Butter fermentation, 417 flavor of, 409, 416 -milk, 446 pathogenic bacteria in, 419 preserved, 482 refrigeration, 476 sour-cream, 408 sweet-cream, 408 types of, 408 Butyric fermentation, 166 in wine, 515 CADAVERIN, 171 Calcium in soil, 354, 356 Callose, 23, 46 Caloptenus, 642 Calothrix pulvinata, 17 Camembert cheese, 436 Canine distemper, 803 Canker of citrus, 612 Canned foods, biological changes, 461 butter, 441 cheese, 441 chemical changes in, 460 com, 466 detection of changes, 469 fish, 465 fruit, 466 meats, 465 microbial changes, 469 peas, 466 physical changes, 459 spoliation of, 469 vegetables, 466 Canning, 467 cleanliness in, 467 heat required for, 467 home, 468 receptacles for, 467 water supplied for, 467 Canning of foods, commercial impor- tance, 459 dietetic importance, 458 economic importance, 458 health importance, 458 historical resume, 457 Carbohydrates, for energy, 153 for food, 151 Carbon cycle, 183 dioxide, fermentation in soil, 294 mono3dde, oxidation, 317 Carbon-nitrogen ratio in soil, 321 oxidation, 294, 313 Carchesium polypinum, 19 Carotin bodies, 177 Carriers of disease, air, 252, 664 animal, 667 food, 490, 491 human, 667 of infection, 664, 667 milk, 400 water, 665 Cattle plague, 803 Cauliflower rot, 622 Cell, 15 composition, 148 contents, 149 membranes, 100 moisture, 148 reproduction, 27 structure, 15 wall, 46, 100 Cellulase, 194, 195 Cellulose, 167, 277, 315 Centriole, 16 -nucleolus, 17 Centrodesmose, 25, 26 Centrosome, 16 Cercomonas, 133 Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 736 Certified milk, Boston, 368 Brooklyn, 368 Chicago, 369 New York, 368 Chalara, 223 Channels of infection, 659 Cheddar cheese, 434 Cheese, abnormal, 432 acid-curd, 420 bitter, 433 Camembert, 436 canned, 441 873 INDEX Cheese, Cheddar, 434 colored, 433 Emmenthaler, 434 flavor of, 430 gassy, 432 Gorgonzola, 436 kinds of, 434 moldy, 433 poisoning, 493 proteolysis of, 428 putrefaction of, 429 putrid, 433 rennet-curd, 420 ripening of, 427 Roquefort, 436 Stilton, 436 Swiss, 434 theories of ripening, 426 types of, 420 Chemical changes instituted by organ- isms, 158 nature of food poisons, 495 relations of nitrogen fixation, 339 Chemical preservation of foods, 479 after-storage changes, 480 of butter, 482 of fish, 480 of fruits, 482 influence on food, 479 of meats, 480 storage, 480 of vegetables, 482 Chemicals, influence upon organisms, 270, 393 Chemotaxis, 230, 231 Chemotropism, 230, 231 Chicken cholera, 756 pest, 803 pox, 801 Chitin, 148 Chlamydospore, 37 Chlamydothrix hyalina, no Chlamydozoa, 136 Chlorophyl, function of, 141 Chloroplastids, 20 Cholera, Asiatic, 798 Cholera, chicken, 756 hog, 807 Chondriosomes, 19 Chondrium, 42 Chromatic reduction, 35, 127 Chromatin, 16, 122 grains, 16, 122 Chromatium okenii, 91, 92, 103, 104 Chromidium, 18, 123 structure, 18, 19, 20, 42, 44, 46, 62, 63 Chromogens, 175 Chromophorous bacteria, 176 Chromoplastids, 20 Chromoporous bacteria, 176 Chromosomes, 28, 127 Cider, 530 composition of, 530 microorganisms of, 531 Cilia, 124 Citric fermentation, 164 Citromyces, 164 Citrus canker, 612 Cladospbrium, 55 herbarum, 55 Cladothrix dichotoma, 112, 256 Claviceps purpurea, 494 Climatic influences on soil, 295 Clostridium americanum, 342 Coagglutinins, 714 Coagulating basins, 268 Cocci in milk, 384 Coccidiosis, 833, 834 Coccidium, 134 avium, 834 ctmiculi, 135 hominis, 503 schubergii, 18, 126 Cocoanut rot, 620 Coenocytes, 40 Cold as preservative, 471 Coleosporium senecionis, 29 Colpidium colpoda, 307 Colpoda cucullus, 307 Colymbetes fuscus, 644 Commensals, 130 moEx 873 Complement, 706 deflection of, 708 deviation of, 707 fixation of, 709 Complementoid, 706 Complementophile, 706 Composition of cell, 148 cell contents, 148 wall, 148 moisture, 148 Composition (mechanical) of soil, 293 Compressed yeast, 551 Concentrated milk, 439 Condensed milk, 438, 463 sweetened, 438 unsweetened, 437 Conidiophore, 37 Conidium, 37 Conjugation, 128 Conjunctiva, 692 Contact infection, 668 Contagious abortion, 758 bovine pleuro-pneumonia, 804 Contents, ziii Control of infectious diseases, 850 practice of, 852 principles of, 850 Copper in soil, 362 Copra, dried, 455 Coprecipitin, 720 Copula, 128 Copulation, 128 Com, canned, 466 sterilization, 466 Cow, body, 376 cleanliness, 377 individuality, 375 Cowpox, 805 Cream, cultures for ripening, 415 ice, 447 microdrganisms in, 416 pasteurized, 415 raw, 415 ripening (spontaneous and con- trolled), 411 Crenothriz, 107, 108 polyspora, 107, 108 Cresol, 237 Crithidia, 132 Crown gall, 605 Cucumber, angular leaf -spot, 613 Cultures, commercial, 413 pure, 415 in beer, 528 in oleomargarine, 416 in pasteurized eream, 415 in raw cream, 415 in vinegar, 543 in wine, 518 Curd, add, 351 manipulation of, 426 rennet, 425 Curdling of milk, 425 acid, 420 rennin, 420 Curing by chemical preservation, 479 Cutaneous orifices, 688 CyanophycesB, 17, 21, 22, 24, 30, 92, 95 nuclei of, 17 Cybister laterimarginalis, 644 Cycle of development, 97, 128 Cysts, 37 Cytase, 194. S^S Cytology, 15 bacteria, 87 elements of, 15 molds, 40 protozoa, 123 yeasts, 61 Cytolysins, 704, 709 Cytoplasm, 18, 42, 122 appearance, 18 properties, 18 Cytotoxins, 705, 709 DAIRY, microorganisms of, 265 Decomposition of butter, 417 of insoluble food, 189 of organic matter, 315 of urea, 146, 279 Delhi boil, 826 874 INDEX Dematium, 41, 44, 57 pullulans, 57 Dengue, 806 Denitrificatioii, 333 environmental relationships, 335 experimental study, 333 Dermatomycosis, 726 Desiccation, 211, 450 Deviation of complement, 707 Dextrose fermentation, 142, 163 Diastase, 190, 194, 195 Digestive tract, 496 microdrganisms, 496, 499, 500 study of, 496 Dilution, influence on organisms in water, 264 Diphtheria, antitoxin, 576 fowl, 756 human, 766 manufacture of antitoxin, 575 toxin, 576 unit of antitoxin, 503 Direct division of cell, 34 Dirt in milk, 399 Disaccharide fermentation, 163 Diseases, animal carriers of, 667 contagious, 660 control of, 850 human carriers of, 667 * infectious, 659, 724 non-inheritance, 685 of insects (below), 632 American foul brood, 646 bacterial disease of the gut epithelium, 652 European foul brood, 649 flacherii (silkworm), 635 graphitosis, 645 of the June beetle larvae, 634 of locusts, 637 pebrine, 656 sacbrood, 653 septicaemia, of caterpillar, 643 of cockchafer, 649 of larvae of Lamellicomia, 65 1 wilt disease of gypsy moth, 654 Diseases of man and animals (below), 659. 724 abscesses, 741 actinobacillosis, 730 actinomycosis, 727 African tick fever, 845 amoebic dysentery, 822 anthrax, 750 Asiatic cholera, 798 bacillary white diarrhoea of chicks, 754 balantidium enteritis, 844 barbers' itch, 726 boils, 741 botryomycosis, 733 canine distemper, 803 cattle plague, 803 cerebro-spinal meningitis, 736 chicken cholera, 756 pest, 803 pox, 801 cholera, Asiatic, 798 chicken, 756 hog, 807 chronic bacterial enteritis, 753 coccidiosis, 833, 834 contagious abortion, 758 contagious bovine pleuro- pneu- monia, 804 cowpox, 805 Delhi boil, 826 dengue, 806 dermatbmycoses, 726 diphtheria, fowl, 756 human, 766 dourine, 832 Dukes disease, 801 dysentery, amodbic, 822 bacillary, 764 East coast fever, 841 entero-hepatitis of turkeys, 824 erysipelas, 744 favus, 727 foot- and-mouth disease, 807 foot-rot of sheep, 784 foul brood of bees, 846 INDEX 87S Diseases of man and animals (below), fowl diphtheria, 756 German measles, 801 glanders, 767 gonorrhoea, 734 hemorrhagic septicaemia, 772 herpes tonsurans, 726 hog cholera, 807 horsepox, 805 sickness, 811 human tr^anosomiases, 831 infantile paralysis, 811 infectious mastitis, 738 influenza, 770 kala azar, 825, 826 leishmaniasis, 825, 826 leprosy, 774 louping ill, 812 lyssa, 814 malaria, 834 malignant oedema, 785 Malta fever, 746 measles, 801 milk sickness, 785 in milk, 385, 401 mumps, 801 mycetoma, 730 mycotic lymphangitis, 731 Oroya fever, 8di osteomyelitis, 741 pebrine, 656 pellagra, 495, 813 plague, 776 pneumomycoses, 724 pneumonia, 747 puerperal septicaemia, 744 pyaemia, 741 pyorrhoea aveolaris, 498 rabies, 841 red water, 839 relapsing fever, 847 ring worm, 726 scarlet fever, 801 septicaemia, general, 744 hemorrhagic, 777 puerperal, 744 Diseases of man and animals (below), sheep-pox, 805 sleeping sickness, 827 smallpox. Enteritis, chronic bacillary, 757 Entero-hepatitis of turkeys, 824 Entomogenous fungi, 58, 634 Entomophthoracese, 58, 633 Enzymes, 178, 190 alcoholase, 194, 200 amidase, 194, 201 amylase, 194 casease, 427 cellulase, 194 classification of, 194 coagulating, 194 cytase, 194, 525 diastase, 190, 194; 195, 525 emvilsin, 191, 194, 196 endo- 194, 195, 196 enzymes of yeast, 525 erepsin, 194, 201 energy liberated by, 200 ereptase, 190, 191, 194, 197 exo-, 194 hydrolizing, 195 intdase, 194 invertase, 190, 191, 194, 195, 200 katalase, 194, 202 lactacidase, 194, 200 lactase, 194, I95f 200 lipase, 190, 196, 200 maltase, 194, 195, 200 nuclease, 194 oxidase, 194, 198, 200 oxidase of vinegar, 194, 202 oxidizing, 202 pepsiu, J90, 194, 198, 200, 525 Enzymes, peroxidase, 194, 202 properties of, 191 proteases, 194, 196 proteolytic, 194, 196, 201 upon albumin, egg, fibrin, gelatin, milk, serum, 199 pyocyanase, 244 raffinase, 194 reducing, 194, 202 reductases, 194, 202 rennet, 191, 199 reversibility of, 205 steapsin, 194, 196 thrombase, 194, 199 trypsin, 194, 198, 200 tyrosinase, 194 urease, 194, 200, 201 zymases, 194, 200 zymatic, 194 Epidemics from milk, 401 Epiplasm, 27, 44, 67 Epithelial tissues, action of micro- organisms on, 682 Epitoxoid, 704 Equations of fermentations, 158 Equatorial plates, 28 Erepsin, 201 Ereptase, 190, 194, 198 Erysipelas, 744 Erythrocytes, action of microorgan- isms on, 682 Eubacteria, 77 Euglena splendens, 31 viridis, 21 European foul brood, 649 Exhaustion theory of immunity, 721 Extracellular fermentation, 189 FACTORY refuse (canning), dis- posal of, 469 Facultative aerobes, 157 anaerobes, 157 parasites, 660 saprophytes, 46 Fat, fermentation, 168, 197, 278, 318 butter, 408 878 INDEX Pat, food, 151, 153 milk, 264, 408 sewage, 278 soil, 318 as food, 151, 153 Pavus, 727 Peces, microorganisms of, 500 Peeding influencing milk, 374, 375 Permentation, abnormal in milk, 396 acetic, 165, 512 alcoholic, 159, 164, 518 distilled, 536 of amygdalin, 197 beer, 527 bread, 552 of butter, 160, 166, 417 butter-miUc, 446 butyric, 166, 515 of canned food, 469 carbon dioxide, 142 of cellulose, 167, 277, 303, 315 of cheese, 427 of cider, 530 citric, 164 curdled milk, add, 395 sweet, 397, 425 of dextrose, 142, 163 of disaccharides, 163 energy of, 200 equations of, 158 extracellular, 189 of fats, 168, 197, 278, 318 of flax, 557 formaldehyde, 238, 486 ginger beer, 533 glycerin, 169 hippurric add, 173 hydrogen, 150 hydromel, 531 indigo, 557 intracellular, 189 kepfir, 443 koji, 532 kumiss, 442 lactic, 153, 160, 164, 165, 512 of lactose, 164 Permentation, leben, 444 of mannit, 514 mead, 531 mechanism of, 189 methane, 150 Mexican pulque, 532 of milk, 396 molds of, 47 tncto, 532 organic matter, 315 perry, 530 pombe, 533 of protein, 276, 320 proteolytic, 169, 197, 276, 320 ragi, 537 rice beer, 532 of saccharose, 163 sake, 532 sauer kraut, 554 of sewage, 276 of starch, 166, 195, 317 in starch manufacture, 555 of sugar, 153, 155, 163, 317, 555 in sugar manufacture, 555 tanning, 558 tobacco, 556 of urea, 173, 279 vinegar, 542 waxes, 318 wine, 506 yahourth, 445 Pilms in yeast, 76 Pilterable organisms, 116 Pilters, life in, 287 porous, 269 sand, 269 * sewage, 285 Piltration of water, 267, 268, 269 Pinger-and-toes, 608 Pish, canned, 465 dried, 456 poisoning, 491 preserved, 480 refrigerated, 473 sterilization, 465 Pixatton of complement, 709 INDEX 879 Placherie (silk-worm), 635 Plagella, 102, 124 bacteria, 102 protozoa, 124 structure, 102, 124 Flagellata, 24, 25, 130. 131, 824 Flavor of butter, abnormal, 417 control of, 413 cultures for, 415 kinds of bacteria in cream, 410 number of bacteria in cream, 410 Flax fermentation, 557 Fluorescent pigment, 175 Food, alteration by heat, 459 amount required for bacteria, 153 appearance changes by heat, 459 assimilation, 297 biological changes of, 461 canning of, 467 changes in 460 changes in dried, 450 chemical change by heat, 460 desiccation of, 450 digestibility changes by heat, 460 drying of, 450 energy, 141, 152, 189 evaporation of, 450 for growth, 150 infection, 469 influence on organisms in water, 263 mechanical disintegration by heat, 460 microbial changes in, 461 of microdrganisms, 150 milk as, 264 mineral, 152 nitrogenous, 151 amino-adds, 151 ammonia, 151 nitrates, 151 nitrogen (free), 151 proteins, 151 urea, 151 non-nitrogenous, 151, 153 alcohols, 153 Pood, non-nitrogenous, carbohy- drates, 151, 153 fats, 151, 153 hydrogen, 152, 153 methane, 152, 153 organic adds, 153 oxygen, 152 normal fauna of, 461 flora of, 461 nutritive value of chemically pre- served, 482 palatabiHty changes by heat, 460 pasteurizaton of, 461 physical changes by heat, 459 plant, assimilation of, 297 poisoning, 488, 491 preserved by chemicals, 479 by drying, 450 by heat, 457 by refrigeration, 471 required, amount, 149 sterilization of, 464 vital disorganization of, 661 yeast as, 553 Foot-and-mouth-disease, 807 Foot rot of sheep, 784 Formaldehyde, 238, 486 Formation of soil, 354 Fonnic add, 485 Foul brood of bees, 646 Fowl diphtheria, 756 Framboesia, 848 Frozen milk, 218, 446 Fruits, canned, 466 Fungi imperf ecti, 33 in soil, 302 Fusarium, 55 GALACTIMA succosa, 33 Galleria melonella, 633 Gametes, 34, 128 Gammarus zschokkd, 89 Gelatin, drying, 456 Gemma, 37 Gemmulation, 27, 125 Genito-urinary tract, 692 88o INDEX Geotaxis, 229 German measles, 801 Germination of ascospores, 70 Ginger beer, 72 Glanders, 767 Glaucoma piriformis, 19 Glossina palpalis, 839 Glycogen, 149 Gonorrhoea, 734 serum for, 580 Gorgonzola cheese, 436 Gortyna ochracea, 633 Grapes, yeast on» 515 Graphitosis, 645 Gravity, influence of, 227, 228 Gregarins, 134 Growth, inhibition of, 232 stimulation of, 230 Guaranteed milk, 364 GymnoascesB, 59 HAIL, microorganisms in, 261 Haplosporidia, 136 Haptophile receptors, 700 Haptophore group, 700 Heat as preservative, 270, 457 Heat production, 187 Heliotaxis, 224 Heliotropism, 224 Hemogregarinae, 136 Hemolysins, 704 HemoOpsonins, 713 Hemoproteus, 834 Hemorrhagic septicsamia, 772 Hemosporidia, 135, 834 Hepatozodn, 136 pemidosum, 136 Herpes tonsurans, 726 Herpetomonas (Leishmania), 132,825 donovani, 825, 844 funmculosa (tropica), 848 muscse-domesticae, 131 Heterogamy, 34 Heterotrophic organisms, 15 Higher bacteria, 105 Hippuric acid, 173 Histoplasma capsulatum, 136 History of microbiology, i of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixa- tion, 339 of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation, 343 Hog cholera, 807 Holophytic organisms, 145 Holozoic organisms, 144 Hormodendron, 55 Horse pox, 805 sickness, 811 Human carriers, 667 Hydrogen, fermentation, 150 asfood, 152, 153 oxidation, 294, 317 peroxide, 239 production, 315 sulphide, 358 Hydromel, 531 Hypha, 36 Hyposulphite oxidation, 146 ICE CREAM, 447 poisoning, 493 Immunity, acquired, 589, 687, 697 active, 589, 697 agents of, 676 definition of, 684 exhaustion theory of, 721 familial, 688 general, 684 individual, 688 natural, 687 noxious retention theory of, 721 passive, 589, 697 phagocytic theory of, 722 plants, 589 racial, 687 side chain theory of, 721 substances, 676 theories of, 721 Imperfect fungi, 39 Index, opsonic, 712 percentage, 712 phagocytic, 712 INDEX 88l Indigo, 557 Indirect division of cell, 28 Indol, 170 Infantile paralysis, 811 Infection, air-borne, 664 animal carriers of, 667 avenues of, 669, 674 carriers of, 667 cause of, 675 channels of, 659 contact, 663 defined, 659 droplet, 665 dust, 665 factors influencing, 624 food, 490, 666 human carriers, 667 manner of entering body, 664 milk-borne, 400, 666 number of organisms involved in, 674 resistance against, 675 routes of, 669 soil, 666 sources of, 664 variations of, 672 virulence of, 674 water-borne, 665 Infectious mastitis, 738 Inflammatory processes, 693 Influenza, 770 Infusoria, 136, 843 Inheritance of disease, 685 Inspected milk, 367 Intestines, 496 methods of study, 504 microorganisms of, 256, 499 protection by, 691 Intracellular fermentation, 189 Introduction, vii, ix Inulase, 194 Invertase, 190, 191, 194, 195, 200 Invisible organisms, 116 determination of, 119 evidences of, 118 lodococcus, 497 s6 lodoooccus magnus, 497 parvus, 497 vaginatus, 497 lodo-iodide solution, 45 Iron in soil. 361 Isogamy, 34, 128 fertilization, 128 Isopredpitin, 718 JAM, 455 JeUies, 455 KALA azar, 825, 826 Karyokinesis, 28 bactma, 87, 88 molds, 43 protozoa, 127 yeasts, 66 KaryoBome, 17 Katabolism, 189 theory of, 204 Katalase, 202 Kepfir, 443 Kinetonudeus, 18, 132 Koji, 532 Kumiss, 442 LABOULBENIALES, 724 Lacnostema, 634, 635 Lactaddase, 200 Lactase, 194, 196, 200 Lactic, bacteria, 378 fermentation, 164, 165 beer, 526 milk, 378 pickles, 554 wine, 512 Lakes, microorganisms in, 262 Lamblia, 133, 499 intestinalis, 133, 134 Lamellicomia, 651 Laverania malariac, 135 Leaf-spot of cucumbers, 613 of larkspur, 614 of plum and peach, 614 of sugar beets, 615 882 INDEX Leben, 444 Leishmania, donovani, 131, 825 tropica, 848 Leishmaniasis, 825, 826 Leprosy. 774 Leptothrix, 36 buccalis, 497 Lettuce blight, 593 Leudn, 170 Leucocytes, action on micro6rgan- isms, 612 Leucocytes in milk, 404 Leucocytotoxins, 710 Leucocytozodn lovati, 27 Leucoplastids, 20 Light, heUotaids, 224 heUotropism, 224 influence of, 222 upon organisms in water, 363 phototaxis, 224 phototropism, 224 production, 188 radium rays, 225 X-rays, 225 Lime in soil, 314, 354 Linin, 123 Lipase, 194, 197, 200 Locomotion, 24, 124 Louping ill, 812 Luetin, 586 Lungs, 691 Lysinogen, 705 Lysins, bacterio-, 704 cyto-, 704 hemo-, 704 structure of, 706 Lyssa, 814 MACROGAMETES, 128 Macronucleus, 18 Magnesium in soil, 354, 356 Malaria, 834 Malignant edema, 785 Mallein, 585 Malta fever, 740 Maltase, 194, 196, 200 Manganese in soil, 362 Mannitic, bacteria, 514 fermentation, 514 Market milk, 366 Mead, 531 Measles, common, 801 German, 801 Meat, canned, 465 jerked, 456 poisoning, 491 preserved, 480 refrigeration, 473 sterilization, 465 Mechanical effects, influence of, 227 Media, beer as, 524 influence of physical structure, 181 must as culture, 506 soil as culture, 290 wine as culture, 506 Melolontha vulgaris, 643, 649 Membrane, 23 bacterial, loi cell, 46, 100 imdulating, 25, 124 Meningitis, cerebro-spina], 736 epidemic, 736 Merosotts. 126 Mesomitosis, 34, 127 Metatnosis, 242 Metabolism, action of microdrgan- isms on, 189 mechanism of, 189 and microorganisms, 141 phyacal products of, 187 products (^, 158 inprotOEoa, 143 theory of, 204 Metachromatic corpuscles, 20, 88 l>c^cteria, 88, 99 molds, 43 protozoa, 146 yeasts, 61 Metamitofiis, 30 Metaphase, 28 Methane, fermentation, 150 INDEX 883 Methane as food, 152, 153 oxidation, 317 production, 315 Methods of studying bacteria in soil, 311 Mfthyl-guanidin, 171 Mexican pulque, 532 Microbiology, of air, 247 of alcohol^ 506 <i*stilled, 533 products, 506 of antisera, 575 of beer, 524 of bread, 552 of butter, 408 of cheese, 420 of cider, 530 of compressed yeast, 557 of dairy (various) products, 438 of diseases of insects, 632 of food poisoning, 488 of foods preserved by chemicals, 479 by cold, 471 by drying, 450 by heat, 457 of ginger beer, 533 history of, I of human and animal diseases, 659. 734 of hydromel, 531 of immunity, 684 of indigo, 557 of mead, 531 of milk, 264 of perry, 530 of plant diseases, 588 of pombe, 533 of retting, 557 of rice beer, 532 of sake, 532 scope of, II sera, 575 of sewage, 274 of soil, 289 of starch, 555 Microbiology of sugar, 555 of susceptibility, 684 of tanning, 558 of tobacco, 556 of vaccines, 560 of vegetables (pickles, sauer- kraut, etc.), 554 of vinegar, 538 of water, 254 of wine, 506 Micrococcus aquatilis, 256 candicans, 256 coronatus, 256 epidermidus albus, 743 gonorrhoea, 573, 670, 671, 692, 734 intracellularis var. meningitidis, 663, 670, 690, 736 melitensis, 740 nigiofaciens, 634 nivalis, 256 pneumonie, 573 progrediens, 118 pyogenes, 733 pyogenes var. albus, 573, 688, 690, 743 pyogenes var. aureus, 199, 227, 497. 573, 672. 682, 688, 690,. 714. 733, 740, 747 pyogenes var. citreus, 573, 743 Microgametes, 128 Microglena punctifera, 21 Micronudeus, 18 Microdrganisms, acetic in^vinegar, 538 in wine, 51 1 acid-forming in milk, 378 aerobic, in soil, 157, 294 in wine, 511 air, 247, 252, 257 algs in soil, 305 anaerobic, in sewage, 157, 286 in soil, 294 in wine, 512 autotrophic, 151 B. ooli in water, 257 B. coli-aerogenes in milk, 382 884 INDEX Micro6rgani8in8, B. ooli, enteritidis sporogenes in water, 257 typhosus in milk, 401 in water, 258 bacteria, in beer, 526 in bread, 552, 553 on grapes, 515 in productive soil, 309 in soil, 309 in unproductive soil, 309 Bact. bulgaricum in milk, 379, 383 lactis acidi in milk, 367, 379, 380 lactid addi in udder, 371 lactis aerogenes in water, 258 in body of soimd individuals, 663 butyric in wine, 515 of dieese, 420 chromophorous bacteria, 176 chromoporous bacteria, 176 of cider, 530 classes in water, 255 oocd in milk, 384 complexity in sewage, 275 cosmopolitan saprophytes, 46 of cream, 410 decrease in water, 263 determination in air, 249 development in milk, 386 in digestive tract, 496 of diseases, 660 dissemination of pathogenic, 678 in dust of stable, 374, 377 effect on animal body, 680 elimination from body, 678 energy supply of, 145 entrance to air, 248 facultative anaerobes, 157 in feces, 500 in feed for cattle, 374, 375 food of, 148 food required for, 149 in foods, 450, 461, 471., 479, 49© general reactions on body, 680 on grs^es, 507 MicroOrgaaisms in hail, 261 heterotrophic, 151 higher bacteria, 105 increase in water, 263 infusoria, 843 in intestines, 499 invisible, 116 kinds in air, 251, 252, 257 in beer, 524 in cream, 410 in milk, 265 in sewage, 274 in soil, 289, 302 in water, 255 in wine, 511 lactic in milk, 378 in wine, 512 in lakes, 262 local reactions in body, 680 mannitic in wine, 514 methods of study in soil, 311 Microspira comma in water, 258 in milk, 265 certified milk, 367 milk pail, 377 special milk, 367 in moisture, 207 molds of fermentation, 47 on grapes, 507 in soils, 302 morphological groups in soil, 310 in mouth, 496 nitric, 329 nitrous, 329 numbers in air, 249, 250 in cream, 410 in milk, 378 in soil, 308 nutrition of, 141 obligate anaerobes, 157 of oxidation, 153 parachrome bacteria, 176 parasitic, 47, 670 pathogenic, 282, 660 in butter, 419 in milk, 385, 401 INDEX 88s Micro6rganisms, period of incubation in body, 680 physiologiotl group in soil, 310 physiology of, 141 propionic, 512 proteoljrtic in milk, 385 prototrophic, 151 protozoa in soil, 305 pseudo-yeast, on grapes, 509 putrefaction in sewage, 276 in rain, 260 in rivers, 262 in sea water, 262 in sewage, 274, 275 sewage streptococci, 257 sUme-forming in wine, 512 in snow, 261 soil bacteria in water, 256 sources in milk, 369 in stomach, 499 subsidence in air, 249 typical forms in sewage, 275 in udder of cow, 369 in upland waters, 262 in water, 254, 262 in wells, 261 in wine, 511 yeasts of beer, 524 of bread, 552 compressed, 551 on grapes, 508 of vinegar, 538 of wine, 506 Microspira aestuarii, 360 comma, 103, 199, 228, 258, 573, 660, 692, 705, 714, 718, 798 Microsporidia, 136, 843 Milk, acid bacteria and health of, 400 add curdling of, 378 add forming bacteria in, 378 aeration of, 386 air contamination, 374 alcoholic, 399 analysis of, 403 B. coli aerogenes in, 382 Bact. bulgaricum in, 379, 383 Milk, Bact. lactis addiin, 367, 379, 380, 395, 397 bitter, 398 Boston certified, 368 common, 366 butter-, 446 centrifugal separation of,^389 certified, 367 Boston, 368 Brooklyn, 368 Chicago, 368 New Yrok City, 368 changes due to organisms, 265 chemicalsin diecking bacteria, 393 Chicago certified, 368 common, 366 coed in, 384 common, 365 Boston, 366 Chicago, 366 Connecticut dties, 366 - Ithaca, 366 Montdair, 366 Rochester, 366 condensed, 438, 463 concentrated, 439 powdered, 441 sweetened, 438 unsweetened, 439 contamination of, 375, 386 curdling by add, 395 by rennin, 425 devdopment of bacteria in, 386 dirt in, 399 disease carrier, 400 diseases, epidemics, 401 non-epidemic, 402 drinks, 441 butter-milk, 446 kepfir, 443 kumiss, 442 leben, 444 yahourth, 445 dust, influence of, 374, 377 feeding, influence on germ con- tent, 374, 375 886 INDEX Milk, fermentation (abnormal) of, 396 as food, 264 frozen, 446 germicidal action, 394 guaranteed, 367 house, 374 inspected, 367 Ithaca, 366 leucocytes in, 404 market, 366 microbial content of, 265 microscopic method of analyses, 404 milker in relation to, 374 Montdair (N. J.), 366 neutral bacteria, 385, 401 New York certified, 368 odors, 264 pail, 377 pasteurization of, 391 pltthogenic bacteria in, 385, 401 periods of change, 394 plating method of analysis, 404 poisonous, 493 powdered, 441, 456 proteolytic bacteria in, 385 proteolytic changes in, 385 quality for cheese making, 421 refrigeration, 476 ripening of, 424 Rochester, 402 ropy. 397 selected, 367 sickness, 785 slimy. 397 sources of organisms in, 369 special, 367 standards of, 404 straining of, 386 sweet, curdling of, 397 taints, 264 temperature, influence on germ content, 390 tests for quality, 423 utensils for, 375 Milk, value of standards and analy- ses, 406 water supply in rdation to, 375 Msp. comma in water, 258 Milk-borne diseases, 400, 666 Milker in relation to milk, 274 Milk-house, air of, 374 Milk-sickness, 785 Mineral food in soil, 152, 300 Mineralization of organic matter in soil, 295 Mitochondria, 18 granular, 19 in molds, 42 in protozoa, 19 rod-shaped, 19 thread-shaped, 19 in yeasts, 62 Mitosis, 28 Moisture, 207 content of micro6rganisms, 148 influence of, 207 in soil, 209 Molasses, 455 fermentation of, 534 Molds, in disease, 724 of fermentation, 47 on grapes, 507 in soil, 302 structure, 40 Monas, 133 Monas termo, 26 Monilia, 57 Candida, 57 Morphological groups of bacteria in soil, 310 Morphology, bacteria, 77 molds, 36 protozoa, 120 yeasts, 60 Motility, bacteria, 79 protozoa, 124 spirochsetae, 124 Moto, 532 Mouth, 496 microorganisms. 496 INDEX 887 Mouth, protection by, 690 Mucor, 22, 40, 42, 43, 48, 507, 558 drcinelloides, 41, 49 javanicus, 49 mucedo, 48 oryzflB, 72, 535, 537 plumbeus, 49 racemosus, 48 rouxii, 49, 535 Mumps, 801 Must of grapes, 507 Mutual influeaces, 241 Mycelium, 36 Mycetoma, 730 Mycetozoa, 121 Mycoderma, 74 aceti, 539 vini, 75 Mycorrhiza, 304 Mycotic lymphangitis, 731 Myonemes, 124 Myxobolus pfeifferi, 13 Myxosporidia, 136 NASAL cavity, 690 Neurin, 171 Neutral bacteria in milk, 385, 401 Nipa cinerea, 644 Nitrate disappearance, 332 as food, 151 reduction, 174, 279, 333 in sewage, 279 in soil, 333 transformation, 322 Nitrification, accumulation of ni- trates, 327, 332 of ammonia, 332 disappearance of nitrates, 332 environmental relations, 329, 332 experimental study, 327 nitric bacteria, 329 nitrous bacteria, 329 Nitrite reduction, 174, 279, 333 in sewage, 279 in Sou, 333 Nitrogen, addition to soil, 303, 314 Nitrogen cycle, 185 Nitrogen fixation (atmospheric), 303, 339 aerobic species, 340 anaerobic spedes, 340 ' biological relations, 339 chemical relations, 339 cultures for inoculation, 352 development of organisms, 346 energy relations, 342 entrance of organisms, 346 environmental relations, 348 inoculations, methods of, 350, 352 mechanism, 348 physiological efficiency, 347 resistance of plants to, 347 specialization of organisms, 348 symbiotic, history of, 343 symbiotic (non), history of, 339 theories of, 338 variations of, 348 Nitromonas, 146, 329 Nitrosomonas, 146, 281, 329 Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, 339 aerobic species, 340 anaerobic species, 340 energy relations, 342 history of, 339 Normal precipitins, 718 Nosema bombyds, 656 Notonecta glauca, 644 Noxious retention theory of immunity 721 Nudease, 194 Nuddn, 16 Nucleolus, 16 Nucleoplasm, 15 Nucleus, 15, 122 bacteria, 87, 91 bi-, 131 diffuse, 17, 91 division, 28 fluid, 15 forms, 17 molds, 42 protozoa, 129 888 INDEX Nttdeus reproduction, 28 reprodttctive, 18 structure, 15 value, 16 vegetative, 18 yeasts, 61 Number of bacteria, in air, 350 in butter, 410 in cream, 410 in milk, 378 in sewage, 274, 275 in soil, 308 in water, 255 Nutrition of micro^anisms, 141 OBLIGATE aerobes, 157 anaerobes, 157 parasites, 660 saprophytes, 660 Odors in milk, 264 Oidium, 56 albicans, 496, 725 lactis, 56, 167, 216, 227, 242, 396, 429, 437 Oleomargarine, cultures for, 416 Olive knot, 608 06mycetes, 38 Opsonic index, 712 Opsonins, 572, 711 hemo-, 713 index of, 712 Opsonogens, 711 Oroya fever, 841 Orchids, brown rot, 621 Organella, 123 Organic adds, as food, 153 in soil, 319 Organic matter, in soil, 300 Origin of carbohydrates in soil, 315 fats in soils, 318 80U, 354 waxes in soil, 318 Omithodoros moubata, 845 Osdllaria, 108 Osmotic pressure, 207 Osteomyelitis, 741 Outlines of plant groups, 12 of protozoal groups, 13 Oxidase, 194, 202, 508 of vinegar, 194, 200 Oxidation, of acetic add, 168 alcohol, 155, 167, 168 of ammonia, 146, 174 bacteria, 281 of carbon, 151, 313 of carbon monoxide, 317 of hydrogen, 317 of hydrogen sulphide, 358 of hyposulphite, 146 influence on 6rganisms in water, 264 of methane, 317 of nitrites, 146, 174, 327, 329 of nitrogen, 313, 339, 343 rate in carbon, 313 in sdl, 294