#include <aten/src/ATen/Context.h>
#include <c10/core/DeviceType.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/autograd.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/edge.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/function.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/generated/variable_factories.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/profiler.h>
#include <torch/csrc/autograd/variable.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/api/compilation_unit.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/codegen/fuser/interface.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/frontend/error_report.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/ir/ir.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/custom_operator.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/graph_executor.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/jit_exception.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/logging.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/operator.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/print_handler.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/profiling_record.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/vararg_functions.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/serialization/pickle.h>

#include <ATen/ExpandUtils.h>
#include <ATen/Parallel.h>
#include <ATen/WrapDimUtils.h>
#include <ATen/core/Dict.h>
#include <ATen/core/ivalue.h>
#include <c10/core/thread_pool.h>
#include <c10/util/SmallVector.h>
#include <c10/util/math_compat.h>
#include <c10/util/string_utils.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <cctype>
#include <cmath>
#include <exception>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <ostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

namespace torch {
namespace jit {

namespace {

template <class T>
c10::List<T> make_result_list(const TypePtr& elemType) {
  return c10::List<T>();
}
template <>
c10::impl::GenericList make_result_list<IValue>(const TypePtr& elemType) {
  return c10::impl::GenericList(elemType);
}

int noop(Stack& n) {
  return 0;
}

c10::AliasAnalysisKind aliasAnalysisFromSchema() {
  return c10::AliasAnalysisKind::FROM_SCHEMA;
}

c10::AliasAnalysisKind aliasAnalysisConservative() {
  return c10::AliasAnalysisKind::CONSERVATIVE;
}

c10::AliasAnalysisKind aliasAnalysisSpecialCase() {
  return c10::AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE;
}

// using the rules from python_arg_parser FunctionParameter::check
// tensor cannot have grad set, tensor must be 0 dim,
// and if the dest is an int the source must be integral type
void checkImplicitTensorToNum(at::Tensor t, bool toInt) {
  if (autograd::as_variable_ref(t).requires_grad()) {
    throw std::runtime_error(
        "Cannot input a tensor that requires grad as a scalar argument");
  }
  if (t.sizes().size() != 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error(
        "Cannot input a tensor of dimension other than 0 as a scalar argument");
  }
  if (toInt && !isIntegralType(t.scalar_type(), /*includeBool=*/false)) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "Cannot input a tensor of type " << t.scalar_type()
       << " as an integral argument";
    throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
  }
}

// Convert the tensor pointed to by \p data to a nested list. \p dim is the
// number of dimensions in the tensor and \p cur_dim is the dimension being
// processed by the current invocation. \p ty is the expected output IR type of
// the operation. \p sizes and \p strides are the sizes and strides of the
// tensor operand and \p element_size is the size in bytes of one tensor
// element.
IValue tensorToListRecursive(
    char* data,
    int64_t cur_dim,
    int64_t num_tensor_dims,
    TypePtr ty,
    at::IntArrayRef sizes,
    at::IntArrayRef strides,
    size_t element_size) {
  // If ty is a ListType, get the element type.
  if (auto list_type = ty->cast<ListType>()) {
    ty = list_type->getElementType();
  } else {
    // If the output type is a scalar, read and push one scalar of
    // the right type onto the stack.
    if (ty == IntType::get()) {
      int64_t scalar = *(int64_t*)data;
      return IValue(scalar);
    } else if (ty == FloatType::get()) {
      double scalar = *(double*)data;
      return IValue(scalar);
    } else if (ty == BoolType::get()) {
      bool scalar = *(bool*)data;
      return IValue(scalar);
    } else {
      TORCH_CHECK(
          false,
          ty->python_str(),
          " is not one of the supported types for tolist: int, float, bool");
    }
  }

  // Make the result list consisting of elements of type ty. Since this
  // invocation is processing dimension cur_dim, there will be sizes[cur_dim]
  // output elements.
  auto result = c10::impl::GenericList(ty);
  result.reserve(sizes[cur_dim]);

  // Since ty was a list type, tensorToListRecursive needs to be called
  // recursively on each slice of the tensor in the current dimension.
  for (int64_t i = 0, e = sizes[cur_dim]; i < e; ++i) {
    auto inner_result = tensorToListRecursive(
        data, cur_dim + 1, num_tensor_dims, ty, sizes, strides, element_size);

    if (inner_result.isList()) {
      result.emplace_back(inner_result.toList());
    } else if (inner_result.isDouble()) {
      result.emplace_back(inner_result.toDouble());
    } else if (inner_result.isInt()) {
      result.emplace_back(inner_result.toInt());
    } else if (inner_result.isBool()) {
      result.emplace_back(inner_result.toBool());
    } else {
      TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT("Unknown return type for tensorToListRecursive");
    }

    data += strides[cur_dim] * element_size;
  }

  return result;
}

static int64_t floordiv(int64_t a, int64_t b) {
  if (b == 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error("division by 0");
  }
  if ((a > 0) == (b > 0)) {
    // simple case, both have same sign
    return a / b;
  } else {
    // in python division rounds down, it doesn't not truncate like in c++
    auto r = lldiv(a, b);
    return (r.rem) ? r.quot - 1 : r.quot;
  }
}
void checkDoubleInRange(double a) {
  if (std::isnan(a) || std::isinf(a) ||
      a > double(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) ||
      a < double(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min())) {
    throw c10::Error(
        "Cannot convert float " + c10::to_string(a) + " to integer", "");
    return;
  }
}
static int64_t floor(double a) {
  checkDoubleInRange(a);
  return std::floor(a);
}
static int64_t ceil(double a) {
  checkDoubleInRange(a);
  return std::ceil(a);
}

static int64_t gcd(int64_t a, int64_t b) {
  while (b != 0) {
    int64_t r = a % b;
    a = b;
    b = r;
  }
  // in python gcd returns non-negative values
  return std::abs(a);
}

int64_t partProduct(int n, int m) {
  if (m <= (n + 1))
    return (int64_t)n;
  if (m == (n + 2))
    return (int64_t)n * m;
  int k = (n + m) / 2;
  if ((k & 1) != 1)
    k = k - 1;
  return partProduct(n, k) * partProduct(k + 2, m);
}

void loop(int n, int64_t& p, int64_t& r) {
  if (n <= 2)
    return;
  loop(n / 2, p, r);
  p = p * partProduct(n / 2 + 1 + ((n / 2) & 1), n - 1 + (n & 1));
  r = r * p;
}

int nminussumofbits(int v) {
  long w = (long)v;
  w -= (0xaaaaaaaa & w) >> 1;
  w = (w & 0x33333333) + ((w >> 2) & 0x33333333);
  w = (w + (w >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f;
  w += w >> 8;
  w += w >> 16;
  return v - (int)(w & 0xff);
}

int64_t factorial(int n) {
  if (n < 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error("factorial() not defined for negative values");
  }
  int64_t p = 1, r = 1;
  loop(n, p, r);
  return r << nminussumofbits(n);
}
static const double degToRad = std::acos(-1.0) / 180.0;
static const double radToDeg = 180.0 / std::acos(-1.0);
double degrees(double x) {
  return x * radToDeg;
}
double radians(double x) {
  return x * degToRad;
}

// reference function THPVariable_to in python_variable_methods.cpp
static at::Tensor to_dispatch(
    at::Tensor self,
    c10::optional<at::Device> device,
    c10::optional<at::ScalarType> scalarType,
    bool non_blocking,
    bool copy) {
  if (device && device->is_cuda()) {
    at::globalContext().lazyInitCUDA();
  }
  if (!device && !scalarType && !copy) {
    return self;
  } else if (!device) {
    return self.to(*scalarType, non_blocking, copy);
  } else if (!scalarType) {
    return self.to(*device, non_blocking, copy);
  } else {
    return self.to(*device, *scalarType, non_blocking, copy);
  }
}

// Convert an python index (which may be negative) into an index usable for a
// C++ container
int64_t normalizeIndex(int64_t idx, int64_t list_size) {
  if (idx < 0) {
    // Handle negative indexing
    idx = list_size + idx;
  }
  return idx;
}

RegisterOperators reg(
    {Operator(
         "prim::rangelist(int n) -> int[]",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           int64_t n;
           pop(stack, n);
           c10::List<int64_t> elems;
           elems.reserve(n);
           for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             elems.push_back(i);
           }
           push(stack, std::move(elems));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::IntImplicit(Tensor a) -> int",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           checkImplicitTensorToNum(a, /*to int*/ true);
           push(stack, a.item<int64_t>());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::FloatImplicit(Tensor a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           checkImplicitTensorToNum(a, /*to int*/ false);
           push(stack, a.item<double>());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::ScalarImplicit(Tensor a) -> Scalar",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           checkImplicitTensorToNum(a, /*to int*/ false);
           push(stack, a.item());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::NumToTensor.Scalar(Scalar a) -> Tensor",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Scalar s;
           pop(stack, s);
           push(stack, at::scalar_to_tensor(s));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     // note: this op needs to share a name with the Scalar -> Tensor conversion
     // because all _to_tensor conversion have to have the same operator namet
     Operator(
         "prim::NumToTensor.bool(bool a) -> Tensor",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           bool b;
           pop(stack, b);
           push(stack, at::scalar_to_tensor(b));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Bool.Tensor(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.is_nonzero());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Bool.int(int a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           int64_t i;
           pop(stack, i);
           push(stack, (bool)i);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Bool.float(float a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           double d;
           pop(stack, d);
           push(stack, (bool)d);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Float.Tensor(Tensor a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.item<double>());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Float.Scalar(Scalar a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           IValue scalar;
           pop(stack, scalar);
           if (scalar.isDouble()) {
             push(stack, std::move(scalar));
           } else {
             push(stack, static_cast<double>(scalar.toInt()));
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Float.int(int a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           int64_t i;
           pop(stack, i);
           push(stack, (float)i);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Float.bool(bool a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           bool b;
           pop(stack, b);
           push(stack, (float)b);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::Float.str(str a) -> float",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto s = pop(stack).toString();
           std::string::size_type sz;
           double b = c10::stod(s->string(), &sz);
           if (sz == s->string().size()) {
             push(stack, b);
           } else {
             throw std::runtime_error(
                 "float() only accepts a string of single float number");
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::str(t elem) -> str",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           std::stringstream ss;
           ss << pop(stack);
           push(stack, ss.str());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::device(str a) -> Device",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           push(stack, c10::Device(pop(stack).toStringRef()));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     // reference function parse_to_conversion in python_arg_parsing.h
     Operator(
         "aten::to.prim_Device(Tensor(a) self, Device? device, int? dtype=None, bool non_blocking=False, bool copy=False) -> Tensor(a|b)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           bool non_blocking;
           bool copy;
           pop(stack, non_blocking, copy);
           c10::optional<at::ScalarType> scalarType =
               pop(stack).toOptional<at::ScalarType>();
           c10::optional<c10::Device> device =
               pop(stack).toOptional<c10::Device>();
           at::Tensor self = pop(stack).toTensor();
           push(
               stack,
               to_dispatch(self, device, scalarType, non_blocking, copy));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::to.prim_dtype(Tensor(a) self, int? dtype=None, bool non_blocking=False, bool copy=False) -> Tensor(a|b)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           bool non_blocking;
           bool copy;
           pop(stack, non_blocking, copy);
           c10::optional<at::ScalarType> scalarType =
               pop(stack).toOptional<at::ScalarType>();
           c10::optional<c10::Device> device = c10::nullopt;
           at::Tensor self = pop(stack).toTensor();
           push(
               stack,
               to_dispatch(self, device, scalarType, non_blocking, copy));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::to.prim_other(Tensor(a) self, bool non_blocking=False, bool copy=False) -> Tensor(a|b)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor self;
           bool non_blocking;
           bool copy;
           pop(stack, self, non_blocking, copy);
           c10::optional<c10::Device> device = c10::nullopt;
           c10::optional<at::ScalarType> scalarType = c10::nullopt;
           push(
               stack,
               to_dispatch(self, device, scalarType, non_blocking, copy));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::eq(Device a, Device b) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto a = pop(stack).toDevice();
           auto b = pop(stack).toDevice();
           push(stack, a == b);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::device(Tensor a) -> Device",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           push(stack, pop(stack).toTensor().device());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::dtype(Tensor a) -> int",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, static_cast<int64_t>(a.scalar_type()));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::requires_grad(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.requires_grad());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::grad(Tensor a) -> Tensor(*)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.grad());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::data(Tensor(a) a) -> Tensor(a)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, autograd::Variable(a).variable_data());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::is_cuda(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.is_cuda());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::is_sparse(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.is_sparse());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::is_mkldnn(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.is_mkldnn());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::is_quantized(Tensor a) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.is_quantized());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::name(Tensor a) -> str?",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           if (a.name() == "") {
             push(stack, IValue());
           } else {
             push(stack, a.name());
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::layout(Tensor a) -> int",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.layout());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::cpu(Tensor(a) self) -> Tensor(a|b)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.cpu());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::type(Device self) -> str",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto d = pop(stack);
           push(
               stack,
               DeviceTypeName(d.toDevice().type(), /* lower_case=*/true));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::index(Device self) -> int?",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto d = pop(stack).toDevice();
           if (d.has_index()) {
             push(stack, d.index());
           } else {
             push(stack, IValue());
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         // TODO return generator object when torchscript supports RNG
         // first-class
         "aten::manual_seed(int seed) -> ()",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::manual_seed(pop(stack).toInt());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::cuda(Tensor(a) self) -> Tensor(a|b)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a;
           pop(stack, a);
           push(stack, a.cuda());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::requires_grad_(Tensor(a!) self, bool _requires_grad=True) -> Tensor(a!)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           bool _requires_grad = pop(stack).toBool();
           at::Tensor self = pop(stack).toTensor();
           self.requires_grad_(_requires_grad);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisConservative()),
     Operator(
         "prim::AutogradZero() -> Tensor",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           stack.emplace_back(at::Tensor());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "prim::BroadcastSizes(...) -> int[]",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto num_inputs = pop(stack).toInt();
           std::vector<int64_t> size;
           size.reserve(8);
           for (auto i = 0; i < num_inputs; ++i) {
             size =
                 at::infer_size(size, peek(stack, i, num_inputs).toIntVector());
           }
           drop(stack, num_inputs);
           push(stack, IValue(std::move(size)));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         prim::ChunkSizes,
         [](const Node* node) -> Operation {
           int64_t raw_dim = node->i(attr::dim);
           int64_t chunks = node->i(attr::chunks);
           return [raw_dim, chunks](Stack& stack) {
             c10::List<int64_t> shape = pop(stack).toIntList();
             c10::List<int64_t> regular_shape = shape.copy();
             c10::List<int64_t> last_shape = shape.copy();
             int64_t dim = at::maybe_wrap_dim(raw_dim, shape.size());
             TORCH_CHECK(
                 dim < (int64_t)regular_shape.size(),
                 "Dimension out of range for chunk");
             int64_t split_size = (regular_shape[dim] + chunks - 1) / chunks;
             regular_shape[dim] = split_size;
             if (shape[dim] % chunks == 0) {
               last_shape[dim] = split_size;
             } else {
               int64_t num_splits = std::max<int64_t>(
                   (shape[dim] + split_size - 1) / split_size, 1);
               last_shape[dim] =
                   split_size - (split_size * num_splits - shape[dim]);
               AT_ASSERT(last_shape[dim] >= 0);
             }
             push(stack, std::move(regular_shape));
             push(stack, std::move(last_shape));
             return 0;
           };
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "aten::warn(str message, int stacklevel=2) -> ()",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           TORCH_CHECK(
               false, "warn is implemented directly in the interpreter");
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

     Operator(
         "onnx::Reshape(Tensor input, Tensor shape) -> Tensor",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor input, shape;
           pop(stack, input, shape);
           shape = shape.contiguous();
           AT_ASSERT(shape.ndimension() == 1);
           at::IntArrayRef shape_list(shape.data_ptr<int64_t>(), shape.size(0));
           push(stack, input.reshape(shape_list));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "onnx::Shape(Tensor t) -> Tensor",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto t = pop(stack).toTensor();
           at::IntArrayRef sizes = t.sizes();
           auto sizes_tensor = torch::empty(
               {static_cast<int64_t>(sizes.size())}, at::dtype(at::kLong));
           auto accessor = sizes_tensor.accessor<int64_t, 1>();
           for (size_t i = 0; i < sizes.size(); ++i) {
             accessor[i] = sizes[i];
           }
           stack.emplace_back(sizes_tensor);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "prim::AutogradAnyNonZero(...) -> bool",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto num_inputs = pop(stack).toInt();
           bool result = false;
           for (const IValue& v : last(stack, num_inputs)) {
             if (v.isTensor()) {
               if (v.toTensor().defined()) {
                 result = true;
                 break;
               }
             } else if (v.isTensorList()) {
               for (const at::Tensor& t : v.toTensorVector()) {
                 if (t.defined()) {
                   result = true;
                 }
               }
               if (result) {
                 break;
               }
             } else {
               TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(false);
             }
           }
           drop(stack, num_inputs);
           stack.emplace_back(result);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::AutogradAdd(Any a, Any b) -> Any",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           at::Tensor a, b;
           pop(stack, a, b);
           if (!a.defined() && !b.defined()) {
             // undef + undef == undef
             stack.emplace_back(a);
           } else if (!a.defined()) {
             stack.emplace_back(b);
           } else if (!b.defined()) {
             stack.emplace_back(a);
           } else {
             stack.emplace_back(a + b);
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "aten::_grad_sum_to_size(Tensor(a) self, int[]? size) -> Tensor(a)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           IValue self, size;
           pop(stack, self, size);
           if (size.isNone()) {
             push(stack, std::move(self));
           } else {
             push(stack, at::sum_to(self.toTensor(), size.toIntVector()));
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::_size_if_not_equal(int[] self_size, int[] other_size) -> int[]?",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           IValue self_size, other_size;
           pop(stack, self_size, other_size);
           auto s = self_size.toIntVector();
           auto o = other_size.toIntVector();
           if (s == o) {
             push(stack, IValue());
           } else {
             push(stack, s);
           }
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         // note the compiler knows to type TupleIndex more accurately than it
         // is listed here.
         "prim::TupleIndex(Any tup, int i) -> Any",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           int64_t index = pop(stack).toInt();
           auto tuple = pop(stack).toTuple();
           auto norm_index = normalizeIndex(index, tuple->elements().size());
           if (norm_index < 0 ||
               norm_index > static_cast<int64_t>(tuple->elements().size())) {
             throw std::out_of_range("Tuple list index out of range");
           }
           stack.emplace_back(tuple->elements()[norm_index]);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "prim::TupleUnpack(Any tup) -> ...",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           tupleUnpack(stack);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         prim::tolist,
         // This operator has to be unschematized because the return type
         // depends on the type hint and input. The implementation of this
         // operator below is intended to be as close to the Python
         // implementation in torch/csrc/utils/tensor_list.cpp as possible.
         [](const Node* node) -> Operation {
           return [](Stack& stack) {
             int elem_ty_val;
             int dim_val;
             at::Tensor t;

             pop(stack, elem_ty_val);
             pop(stack, dim_val);
             pop(stack, t);

             // If the Tensor is not on the CPU, transfer it.
             if (!t.device().is_cpu()) {
               t = t.cpu();
             }

             // Rebuild the output type using elem_ty_val and dim_val. Start
             // with the element type corresponding to elem_ty_val.
             TypePtr out_ty;
             if (elem_ty_val == 0) {
               out_ty = IntType::get();
             } else if (elem_ty_val == 1) {
               out_ty = FloatType::get();
             } else if (elem_ty_val == 2) {
               out_ty = BoolType::get();
             } else {
               TORCH_CHECK(
                   false,
                   "Unsupported element type for tolist; only int, float and bool are supported");
             }

             // Check that type of the Tensor matches that of the annotation.
             TORCH_CHECK(
                 tryScalarTypeFromJitType(out_ty) == t.scalar_type(),
                 "Output annotation element type and runtime tensor element type must match for tolist()")

             // Check that the dimension of the Tensor matches that of the
             // annotation.
             TORCH_CHECK(
                 dim_val == t.dim(),
                 "Output annotation list dimension and runtime tensor dimension must match for tolist()")

             // Wrap out_ty in a ListType dim times.
             for (int i = 0; i < dim_val; ++i) {
               out_ty = ListType::create(out_ty);
             }

             int64_t dim = t.dim();
             auto sizes = t.sizes();
             auto strides = t.strides();
             size_t element_size = t.element_size();
             char* data = (char*)t.data_ptr();
             auto result = tensorToListRecursive(
                 data, 0, dim, out_ty, sizes, strides, element_size);
             push(stack, std::move(result));
             return 0;
           };
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         prim::ConstantChunk,
         [](const Node* node) -> Operation {
           int64_t chunks = node->i(attr::chunks);
           int64_t dim = node->i(attr::dim);
           auto outputs_used = fmap(node->outputs(), [](const Value* v) {
             return v->uses().size() > 0;
           });
           return [=](Stack& stack) {
             RECORD_FUNCTION("chunk", last(stack, 1));

             at::Tensor t;
             pop(stack, t);
             auto result = at::chunk(t, chunks, dim);
             stack.insert(
                 stack.end(),
                 std::make_move_iterator(result.begin()),
                 std::make_move_iterator(result.end()));
             // NB: Chunk can sometimes return a smaller number of outputs.
             int64_t num_results = result.size();
             if (num_results != chunks) {
               if (num_results > chunks) {
                 TORCH_CHECK(
                     num_results == chunks,
                     "Expected chunk to return ",
                     chunks,
                     " outputs, but got ",
                     num_results);
               }
               for (int64_t i = num_results; i < chunks; ++i) {
                 TORCH_CHECK(
                     !outputs_used[i],
                     "Expected chunk to return at least ",
                     chunks,
                     " outputs, but got only ",
                     num_results);
                 // We know that the output is unused, so it's ok to push
                 // anything on the stack.
                 stack.emplace_back();
               }
             }
             return 0;
           };
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "aten::dict() -> Dict(str, Tensor)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto dict =
               c10::impl::GenericDict(StringType::get(), TensorType::get());
           push(stack, dict);
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "aten::_unwrap_optional(t(a)? optional) -> t(a)",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           auto val = pop(stack);
           TORCH_CHECK(!val.isNone(), "Unwrapping null optional");
           push(stack, std::move(val));
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     // This op is no longer generated, but old models use it instead of
     // unchecked_cast, so we keep it here so it gets handled correctly.
     Operator(
         "prim::unchecked_unwrap_optional(t(a)? optional) -> t(a)",
         noop,
         aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
     Operator(
         "prim::unchecked_cast(t x) -> t",
         noop,
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "aten::wait(Future(t) self) -> t",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           TORCH_CHECK(
               false, "wait is implemented directly in the interpreter");
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase()),
     Operator(
         "prim::Uninitialized() -> Any",
         [](Stack& stack) {
           push(stack, IValue::uninitialized());
           return 0;
         },
         aliasAnalysisSpecialCase())});

// define implementations for primitive number ops
#define DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(aten_op, int_op, float_op, int_result, float_result) \
  Operator(                                                                    \
      #aten_op ".int(int a, int b) -> " #int_result,                           \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                                       \
        int64_t a, b;                                                          \
        pop(stack, a, b);                                                      \
        push(stack, int_op);                                                   \
        return 0;                                                              \
      },                                                                       \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                              \
      Operator(                                                                \
          #aten_op ".float(float a, float b) -> " #float_result,               \
          [](Stack& stack) {                                                   \
            double a, b;                                                       \
            pop(stack, a, b);                                                  \
            push(stack, float_op);                                             \
            return 0;                                                          \
          },                                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, result)             \
  Operator(                                                  \
      #aten_op ".int_float(int a, float b) -> " #result,     \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                     \
        int64_t a;                                           \
        double b;                                            \
        pop(stack, a, b);                                    \
        push(stack, op);                                     \
        return 0;                                            \
      },                                                     \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                            \
      Operator(                                              \
          #aten_op ".float_int(float a, int b) -> " #result, \
          [](Stack& stack) {                                 \
            double a;                                        \
            int64_t b;                                       \
            pop(stack, a, b);                                \
            push(stack, op);                                 \
            return 0;                                        \
          },                                                 \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_INT_OP(aten_op, op)                          \
  Operator(                                                 \
      #aten_op "(int a, int b) -> int",                     \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                    \
        int64_t a, b;                                       \
        pop(stack, a, b);                                   \
        push(stack, op); /* NOLINT(hicpp-signed-bitwise) */ \
        return 0;                                           \
      },                                                    \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_STR_CMP_OP(aten_op, op)     \
  Operator(                                \
      #aten_op "(str a, str b) -> bool",   \
      [](Stack& stack) {                   \
        auto b = pop(stack).toStringRef(); \
        auto a = pop(stack).toStringRef(); \
        push(stack, op);                   \
        return 0;                          \
      },                                   \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

// define a primitive op over Scalar operands.
// it's necessary to register this overload following
// int/float variations to avoid trapping Scalar args
// in unintended implicit conversions
#define DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(aten_op, int_op, float_op, result) \
  Operator(                                                        \
      #aten_op "(Scalar a, Scalar b) -> " #result,                 \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                           \
        IValue x, y;                                               \
        pop(stack, x, y);                                          \
        if (x.isDouble()) {                                        \
          if (y.isDouble()) {                                      \
            double a = x.toDouble();                               \
            double b = y.toDouble();                               \
            push(stack, float_op);                                 \
          } else {                                                 \
            double a = x.toDouble();                               \
            int64_t b = y.toInt();                                 \
            push(stack, float_op);                                 \
          }                                                        \
        } else {                                                   \
          if (y.isDouble()) {                                      \
            int64_t a = x.toInt();                                 \
            double b = y.toDouble();                               \
            push(stack, float_op);                                 \
          } else {                                                 \
            int64_t a = x.toInt();                                 \
            int64_t b = y.toInt();                                 \
            push(stack, int_op);                                   \
          }                                                        \
        }                                                          \
        return 0;                                                  \
      },                                                           \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_BINARY_OP(aten_op, op)             \
  DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(aten_op, op, op, int, float), \
      DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, float),    \
      DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(aten_op, op, op, Scalar)

#define DEFINE_BINARY_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op)         \
  DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(aten_op, op, op, float, float), \
      DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, float),      \
      DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(aten_op, op, op, float)

#define DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten_op, op)             \
  DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(aten_op, op, op, bool, bool),     \
      DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, bool),         \
      DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(aten_op, op, op, bool), \
      DEFINE_STR_CMP_OP(aten_op, op)

#define DEFINE_UNARY_INT_OP(aten_op, op, result) \
  Operator(                                      \
      #aten_op ".int(int a) -> " #result,        \
      [](Stack& stack) {                         \
        int64_t a;                               \
        pop(stack, a);                           \
        push(stack, op);                         \
        return 0;                                \
      },                                         \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_UNARY_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, result) \
  Operator(                                        \
      #aten_op ".float(float a) -> " #result,      \
      [](Stack& stack) {                           \
        double a;                                  \
        pop(stack, a);                             \
        push(stack, op);                           \
        return 0;                                  \
      },                                           \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

#define DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten_op, op, int_result, float_result) \
  DEFINE_UNARY_INT_OP(aten_op, op, int_result),                \
      DEFINE_UNARY_FLOAT_OP(aten_op, op, float_result),        \
      Operator(                                                \
          #aten_op ".Scalar(Scalar a) -> Scalar",              \
          [](Stack& stack) {                                   \
            IValue x;                                          \
            pop(stack, x);                                     \
            if (x.isDouble()) {                                \
              double a = x.toDouble();                         \
              push(stack, static_cast<float_result>(op));      \
            } else {                                           \
              int64_t a = x.toInt();                           \
              push(stack, static_cast<int_result>(op));        \
            }                                                  \
            return 0;                                          \
          },                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema())
#define DEFINE_BOOL_OP(aten_op, op)        \
  Operator(                                \
      #aten_op "(bool a, bool b) -> bool", \
      [](Stack& stack) {                   \
        bool a, b;                         \
        pop(stack, a, b);                  \
        push(stack, op);                   \
        return 0;                          \
      },                                   \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

// Equivalent to list.at(idx)
template <typename T>
T getItem(const c10::List<T>& list, int64_t idx) {
  const int64_t list_size = list.size();
  const int64_t normalized_idx = normalizeIndex(idx, list_size);
  if (normalized_idx < 0 || normalized_idx >= list_size) {
    throw std::out_of_range("list index out of range");
  }
  return list.get(normalized_idx);
}

template <typename T>
void setItem(const c10::List<T>& list, int64_t idx, T&& value) {
  const int64_t list_size = list.size();
  const int64_t normalized_idx = normalizeIndex(idx, list_size);
  if (normalized_idx < 0 || normalized_idx >= list_size) {
    throw std::out_of_range("list index out of range");
  }
  list.set(normalized_idx, std::move(value));
}

template <typename T>
int listAppend(Stack& stack) {
  T el = pop(stack).to<T>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  list.push_back(std::move(el));
  push(stack, std::move(list));

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listReverse(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  std::reverse(list.begin(), list.end());

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int minList(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  size_t min_size = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < min_size; i++) {
    if (a[i] == b[i]) {
      continue;
    }

    push(stack, a[i] < b[i] ? a : b);
    return 0;
  }

  push(stack, b.size() < a.size() ? b : a);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int maxList(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  size_t min_size = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < min_size; i++) {
    if (a[i] == b[i]) {
      continue;
    }

    push(stack, a[i] > b[i] ? a : b);
    return 0;
  }

  push(stack, b.size() > a.size() ? b : a);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listPopImpl(Stack& stack, const char* empty_message) {
  int64_t idx = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  const int64_t list_size = list.size();
  const int64_t normalized_idx = normalizeIndex(idx, list_size);

  if (list_size == 0) {
    AT_ERROR(empty_message);
  }

  push(stack, getItem(list, idx));
  list.erase(list.begin() + normalized_idx);

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listPop(Stack& stack) {
  return listPopImpl<T>(stack, "pop from empty list");
}

template <typename T>
int listClear(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  list.clear();
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listDelete(Stack& stack) {
  listPopImpl<T>(stack, "pop index out of range");
  pop(stack);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listInsert(Stack& stack) {
  T elem = pop(stack).to<T>();
  int64_t idx = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  const int64_t list_size = list.size();
  const int64_t normalized_idx = normalizeIndex(idx, list_size);

  if (normalized_idx < 0 || normalized_idx >= list_size) {
    if (normalized_idx < 0) {
      list.insert(list.begin(), elem);
    } else {
      list.push_back(elem);
    }
  } else {
    list.insert(list.begin() + normalized_idx, elem);
  }

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listRemove(Stack& stack) {
  T elem = pop(stack).to<T>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  auto pos = std::find(list.begin(), list.end(), elem);

  if (pos != list.end()) {
    list.erase(pos);
  } else {
    AT_ERROR("list.remove(x): x not in list");
  }

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listMin(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  size_t list_size = list.size();
  if (list_size == 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error("min() arg is an empty sequence");
  }

  T min_elem = list[0];
  for (size_t i = 1; i < list_size; ++i) {
    T elem = list[i];
    min_elem = elem < min_elem ? elem : min_elem;
  }

  stack.push_back(min_elem);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listMax(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  size_t list_size = list.size();
  if (list_size == 0) {
    throw std::runtime_error("max() arg is an empty sequence");
  }

  T max_elem = list[0];
  for (size_t i = 1; i < list_size; ++i) {
    T elem = list[i];
    max_elem = elem > max_elem ? elem : max_elem;
  }

  stack.push_back(max_elem);
  return 0;
}

template <>
int listRemove<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor elem = pop(stack).to<at::Tensor>();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();

  auto pos = std::find_if(list.begin(), list.end(), [&](const at::Tensor& b) {
    const auto cmp_result = elem.eq(b);
    return cmp_result.is_nonzero();
  });

  if (pos != list.end()) {
    list.erase(pos);
  } else {
    AT_ERROR("list.remove(x): x not in list");
  }

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listIndex(Stack& stack) {
  T elem = pop(stack).to<T>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  auto pos = std::find(list.begin(), list.end(), elem);

  if (pos != list.end()) {
    push(stack, static_cast<int64_t>(std::distance(list.begin(), pos)));
  } else {
    AT_ERROR("'", elem, "' is not in list");
  }

  return 0;
}

template <>
int listIndex<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor elem = pop(stack).to<at::Tensor>();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();

  auto pos =
      std::find_if(list.begin(), list.end(), [elem](const at::Tensor& b) {
        const auto cmp_result = elem.eq(b);
        return cmp_result.is_nonzero();
      });

  if (pos != list.end()) {
    push(stack, static_cast<int64_t>(std::distance(list.begin(), pos)));
  } else {
    AT_ERROR("'", elem, "' is not in list");
  }

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listCount(Stack& stack) {
  T elem = pop(stack).to<T>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  const int64_t count = std::count(list.begin(), list.end(), elem);
  push(stack, count);

  return 0;
}

template <>
int listCount<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor elem = pop(stack).to<at::Tensor>();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();

  const int64_t count =
      std::count_if(list.begin(), list.end(), [&](const at::Tensor& b) {
        const auto cmp_result = elem.eq(b);
        return cmp_result.is_nonzero();
      });
  push(stack, count);

  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listExtend(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  a.reserve(a.size() + b.size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i) {
    a.push_back(b.get(i));
  }
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listCopy(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  push(stack, list.copy());
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listSelect(Stack& stack) {
  int64_t idx = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  auto element = getItem(list, idx);
  push(stack, std::move(element));
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listLen(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  const int64_t size = a.size();
  push(stack, size);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listEq(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  push(stack, a == b);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listNe(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  push(stack, a != b);
  return 0;
}

inline bool tensor_list_equal(
    const c10::List<at::Tensor>& a,
    const c10::List<at::Tensor>& b) {
  if (a.size() != b.size()) {
    return false;
  }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i) {
    at::Tensor a_element = a[i];
    at::Tensor b_element = b[i];
    // This preserves Python's semantics, which uses eq() to compare two
    // elements, then passes the result to bool().
    // see: https://docs.python.org/3.4/reference/datamodel.html#object.__ge__
    const auto cmp_result = a_element.eq(b_element);
    if (!cmp_result.is_nonzero()) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

// Specialization for at::Tensor, since it doesn't define operator==
template <>
int listEq<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<at::Tensor> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();
  push(stack, tensor_list_equal(a, b));
  return 0;
}

// Specialization for at::Tensor, since it doesn't define operator==
template <>
int listNe<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<at::Tensor> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<at::Tensor>>();
  push(stack, !tensor_list_equal(a, b));
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listList(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  push(stack, a.copy());
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listContains(Stack& stack) {
  auto key = pop(stack).to<T>();
  auto list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  for (const T& item : list) {
    if (item == key) {
      push(stack, true);
      return 0;
    }
  }
  push(stack, false);
  return 0;
}

template <class T>
int listAdd(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  c10::List<T> ret = make_result_list<T>(a.elementType());

  if (a.use_count() == 1) {
    ret = std::move(a);
  } else {
    ret = a.copy();
  }

  ret.append(std::move(b));

  push(stack, std::move(ret));
  return 0;
}

template <class T>
int listInplaceAdd(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> b = pop(stack).to<List<T>>();
  c10::List<T> a = pop(stack).to<List<T>>();
  a.append(std::move(b));
  push(stack, std::move(a));
  return 0;
}

template <class T>
int listMulIntLeftInPlace(Stack& stack) {
  int64_t n = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  if (n <= 0) {
    list.clear();
  } else if (n > 1) {
    size_t list_size = list.size();
    for (auto i = 1; i < n; i++) {
      for (size_t j = 0; j < list_size; j++) {
        list.push_back(list.get(j));
      }
    }
  }

  push(stack, std::move(list));
  return 0;
}

template <class T>
int listMulIntLeft(Stack& stack) {
  int64_t n = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  c10::List<T> ret = make_result_list<T>(list.elementType());
  const auto size = list.size() * n;
  ret.reserve(size);

  for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (T e : list) {
      ret.push_back(std::move(e));
    }
  }

  push(stack, std::move(ret));
  return 0;
}

template <class T>
int listMulIntRight(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  int64_t n = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();

  c10::List<T> ret = make_result_list<T>(list.elementType());
  const auto size = list.size() * n;
  ret.reserve(size);

  for (auto i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (T e : list) {
      ret.push_back(std::move(e));
    }
  }

  push(stack, std::move(ret));
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listSlice(Stack& stack) {
  int64_t step = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  int64_t end = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  int64_t start = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  const int64_t list_size = list.size();

  // clamp start and end to the bounds of the list
  const auto normalized_start =
      std::max((int64_t)0, normalizeIndex(start, list_size));
  const auto normalized_end =
      std::min(list_size, normalizeIndex(end, list_size));

  c10::List<T> sliced_list = make_result_list<T>(list.elementType());
  if (normalized_end <= normalized_start) {
    // early exit if the slice is trivially empty
    push(stack, std::move(sliced_list));
    return 0;
  }

  sliced_list.reserve(normalized_end - normalized_start);

  for (auto i = normalized_start; i < normalized_end;) {
    sliced_list.push_back(list.get(i));
    i += step;
  }

  push(stack, std::move(sliced_list));
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listSort(Stack& stack) {
  bool reverse = pop(stack).toBool();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  std::sort(list.begin(), list.end(), [reverse](const T& a, const T& b) {
    // FBCode errors without this check - "strict weak ordering"
    // TODO: remove when possible, since it just slows down
    // sorting and doesn't do anything useful
    if (a == b) {
      return false;
    }
    return (a < b) != reverse;
  });
  return 0;
}

// Specialization for at::Tensor
template <>
int listSort<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  bool reverse = pop(stack).toBool();
  c10::List<at::Tensor> list = pop(stack).toTensorList();
  std::sort(
      list.begin(),
      list.end(),
      [reverse](const at::Tensor& a, const at::Tensor& b) -> bool {
        // "strict weak ordering" issue - see other sort
        if (a.getIntrusivePtr() == b.getIntrusivePtr()) {
          return false;
        }
        return (a.lt(b).is_nonzero()) ^ reverse;
      });
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listCopyAndSort(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();
  auto list_copied = list.copy();
  std::sort(list_copied.begin(), list_copied.end(), [](const T& a, const T& b) {
    // "strict weak ordering" issue - see other sort
    if (a == b) {
      return false;
    }
    return a < b;
  });
  push(stack, list_copied);
  return 0;
}

// Specialization for at::Tensor
template <>
int listCopyAndSort<at::Tensor>(Stack& stack) {
  c10::List<at::Tensor> list = pop(stack).toTensorList();
  auto list_copied = list.copy();
  std::sort(
      list_copied.begin(),
      list_copied.end(),
      [](const at::Tensor& a, const at::Tensor& b) {
        return a.lt(b).is_nonzero();
      });
  push(stack, list_copied);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int listSetItem(Stack& stack) {
  T value = pop(stack).to<T>();
  int64_t idx = pop(stack).to<int64_t>();
  c10::List<T> list = pop(stack).to<c10::List<T>>();

  setItem(list, idx, std::move(value));

  push(stack, std::move(list));
  return 0;
}

int dictSetItem(Stack& stack) {
  auto value = pop(stack);
  auto idx = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  dict.insert_or_assign(std::move(idx), std::move(value));
  return 0;
}

int dictLen(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  push(stack, int64_t(dict.size()));
  return 0;
}

int dictValues(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto values = c10::impl::GenericList(dict.valueType());
  const auto& order = iterationOrder(dict);
  values.reserve(order.size());
  for (const auto& p : order) {
    values.emplace_back(p.second);
  }
  push(stack, values);
  return 0;
}

int dictKeys(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto keys = c10::impl::GenericList(dict.keyType());
  const auto& order = iterationOrder(dict);
  keys.reserve(order.size());
  for (const auto& p : order) {
    keys.emplace_back(p.first);
  }
  push(stack, keys);
  return 0;
}

int dictIndex(Stack& stack) {
  auto key = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto value = dict.find(key);
  if (value == dict.end()) {
    AT_ERROR("KeyError: ", key);
  }
  push(stack, value->value());
  return 0;
}

template <bool has_default>
int dictGet(Stack& stack) {
  IValue default_value;
  if (has_default) {
    default_value = pop(stack);
  }
  auto key = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto value = dict.find(key);
  if (value == dict.end()) {
    push(stack, std::move(default_value));
  } else {
    push(stack, value->value());
  }
  return 0;
}

// If the key is in the dict, return it. Else set it to the default value and
// return that.
int dictSetDefault(Stack& stack) {
  auto default_value = pop(stack);
  auto key = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto value = dict.find(key);
  if (value == dict.end()) {
    dict.insert(key, default_value);
    push(stack, std::move(default_value));
  } else {
    push(stack, value->value());
  }
  return 0;
}

template <bool has_default>
int dictPop(Stack& stack) {
  IValue default_value;
  if (has_default) {
    default_value = pop(stack);
  }
  auto key = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto iter = dict.find(key);
  if (iter == dict.end()) {
    if (has_default) {
      push(stack, default_value);
    } else {
      AT_ERROR("KeyError: ", key);
    }
  } else {
    // note: before erase
    push(stack, iter->value());
    auto erase_count = dict.erase(key);
    TORCH_CHECK(
        erase_count == 1, "Expected to erase 1 item, found ", erase_count);
  }
  return 0;
}

int dictDelete(Stack& stack) {
  dictPop<false>(stack);
  // pop pushes an item on the stack but delete does not, so get rid of it
  pop(stack);
  return 0;
}

int dictPopItem(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  if (dict.size() == 0) {
    AT_ERROR("popitem(): dictionary is empty");
  }
  auto item = iterationOrder(dict).at(0);
  auto erase_count = dict.erase(item.first);
  TORCH_CHECK(
      erase_count == 1, "Expected to erase 1 item, found ", erase_count);

  IValue tuple = c10::ivalue::Tuple::create({item.first, item.second});
  push(stack, tuple);
  return 0;
}

int dictContains(Stack& stack) {
  auto key = pop(stack);
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  push(stack, dict.contains(key));
  return 0;
}

int dictClear(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  dict.clear();
  return 0;
}

int dictUpdate(Stack& stack) {
  auto to_add = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();

  for (const auto& item : to_add) {
    dict.insert(item.key(), item.value());
  }
  return 0;
}

int dictItems(Stack& stack) {
  auto dict = pop(stack).toGenericDict();
  auto key_type = dict.keyType();
  auto value_type = dict.valueType();
  auto items =
      c10::impl::GenericList(TupleType::create({key_type, value_type}));
  items.reserve(dict.size());
  for (const auto& item : iterationOrder(dict)) {
    items.emplace_back(c10::ivalue::Tuple::create({item.first, item.second}));
  }
  push(stack, std::move(items));
  return 0;
}

int dictCopy(Stack& stack) {
  push(stack, pop(stack).toGenericDict().copy());
  return 0;
}

int dictConstructFromList(Stack& stack) {
  auto input_list = pop(stack);
  auto list = input_list.toList();
  auto tup_type = list.elementType()->expect<TupleType>();
  auto dict = c10::impl::GenericDict(
      tup_type->elements().at(0), tup_type->elements().at(1));
  dict.reserve(list.size());
  for (IValue input : list) {
    const auto tup = input.toTuple()->elements();
    dict.insert_or_assign(tup[0], tup[1]);
  }
  push(stack, dict);
  return 0;
}

template <typename T>
int hashValue(Stack& stack) {
  auto value = pop(stack);
  auto hash = std::hash<T>()(value.to<T>());
  push(stack, int64_t(hash));
  return 0;
}

RegisterOperators reg2({

#define DEFINE_STRING_OP(op_name, string_op, result) \
  Operator(                                          \
      #op_name "(str a, str b) ->" #result,          \
      [](Stack& stack) {                             \
        auto b = pop(stack).toStringRef();           \
        auto a = pop(stack).toStringRef();           \
        push(stack, string_op);                      \
        return 0;                                    \
      },                                             \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    DEFINE_STRING_OP(aten::eq, a == b, bool),
    DEFINE_STRING_OP(aten::ne, a != b, bool),
    DEFINE_STRING_OP(aten::add, a + b, str),
#undef DEFINE_STRING_OP
    Operator(
        "aten::len.str(str s) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto string = pop(stack).toStringRef();
          push(stack, static_cast<int64_t>(string.size()));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    // tensor length op (size of 1st dimension)
    Operator(
        "aten::len.Tensor(Tensor t) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          at::Tensor t = pop(stack).toTensor();
          if (t.dim() == 0) {
            AT_ERROR("len() of a 0-d tensor");
          }
          push(stack, t.sizes()[0]);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__getitem__.str(str s, int index) -> str",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto index = pop(stack).toInt();
          auto string = pop(stack).toStringRef();
          auto norm_index = normalizeIndex(index, string.size());
          char c = string.at(norm_index);
          push(stack, std::string(&c, 1));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::list(str t) -> str[]",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto str = pop(stack).toStringRef();
          c10::List<std::string> chars;
          chars.reserve(str.size());
          for (auto c : str) {
            chars.push_back(std::string(1, c));
          }
          push(stack, std::move(chars));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

// these ops are generic over the list element type.
#define CREATE_GENERIC_LIST_OPS(decl_type, value_type)                              \
  Operator(                                                                         \
      "aten::select." decl_type "(" decl_type                                       \
      "[](a) list, int idx) -> " decl_type "(*)",                                   \
      listSelect<value_type>,                                                       \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                                   \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::__getitem__." decl_type "(" decl_type                              \
          "[](a) list, int idx) -> " decl_type "(*)",                               \
          listSelect<value_type>,                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::append." decl_type "(" decl_type "[](a!) self, " decl_type         \
          "(c -> *) el) -> " decl_type "[](a!)",                                    \
          listAppend<value_type>,                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::reverse." decl_type "(" decl_type "[](a!) self) -> ()",            \
          listReverse<value_type>,                                                  \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::extend." decl_type "(" decl_type "[](a!) self, " decl_type         \
          " [] other) -> ()",                                                       \
          listExtend<value_type>,                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::copy." decl_type "(" decl_type                                     \
          "[](a) self)"                                                             \
          " -> " decl_type "[]",                                                    \
          listCopy<value_type>,                                                     \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::_set_item." decl_type "(" decl_type                                \
          "[](a!) l, int idx, " decl_type "(b -> *) el) -> " decl_type              \
          "[](a!)",                                                                 \
          listSetItem<value_type>,                                                  \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::clear." decl_type "( " decl_type "[](a!) self) -> ()",             \
          listClear<value_type>,                                                    \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::Delete." decl_type "( " decl_type                                  \
          "[](a!) self, int idx) -> ()",                                            \
          listDelete<value_type>,                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::insert." decl_type "( " decl_type                                  \
          "[](a!) self, int idx,                                                    \
          " decl_type "(b -> *) el) -> ()",                                         \
          listInsert<value_type>,                                                   \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::pop." decl_type "(" decl_type                                      \
          "[](a!) self, int idx=-1)                                                 \
        -> " decl_type "(*)",                                                       \
          listPop<value_type>,                                                      \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::len." decl_type "(" decl_type "[] a) -> int",                      \
          listLen<value_type>,                                                      \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::add." decl_type "(" decl_type "[] a, " decl_type                   \
          "[] b) -> " decl_type "[]",                                               \
          listAdd<value_type>,                                                      \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::add_." decl_type "(" decl_type "[](a!) self, " decl_type           \
          "[] b) -> " decl_type "[]",                                               \
          listInplaceAdd<value_type>,                                               \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::slice." decl_type "(" decl_type                                    \
          "[] l, int start, int end=9223372036854775807, int step=1) -> " decl_type \
          "[]",                                                                     \
          listSlice<value_type>,                                                    \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::list." decl_type "(" decl_type "[] l) -> " decl_type "[]",         \
          listList<value_type>,                                                     \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::mul.left_" decl_type "(" decl_type                                 \
          "[] l, int n) -> " decl_type "[]",                                        \
          listMulIntLeft<value_type>,                                               \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::mul.right_(int n, " decl_type "[] l) -> " decl_type "[]",          \
          listMulIntRight<value_type>,                                              \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                               \
      Operator(                                                                     \
          "aten::mul_." decl_type "(" decl_type                                     \
          "[](a!) l, int n) -> " decl_type "[](a!)",                                \
          listMulIntLeftInPlace<value_type>,                                        \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    CREATE_GENERIC_LIST_OPS("t", IValue),

// these ops have a specialized implementation for the list element type
#define CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS(decl_type, value_type) \
  Operator(                                                \
      "aten::remove." decl_type "(" decl_type              \
      "[](a!) self,                                                           \
        " decl_type " el) -> ()",                          \
      listRemove<value_type>,                              \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                          \
      Operator(                                            \
          "aten::index." decl_type "(" decl_type           \
          "[] self,                                                               \
        " decl_type " el) -> int",                         \
          listIndex<value_type>,                           \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                      \
      Operator(                                            \
          "aten::count." decl_type "(" decl_type           \
          "[] self,                                                               \
        " decl_type " el) -> int",                         \
          listCount<value_type>,                           \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS("int", int64_t)
        CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS("float", double)
            CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS("bool", bool)
                CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS("Tensor", at::Tensor)

// these ops are not defined for Tensor
#define CREATE_COMPARATOR_LIST_OPS_SPECIALIZED(decl_type, value_type)         \
  Operator(                                                                   \
      "prim::min." decl_type "(" decl_type "[] l, " decl_type                 \
      "[] r) -> " decl_type "[]",                                             \
      minList<value_type>,                                                    \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                             \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "prim::max." decl_type "(" decl_type "[] l, " decl_type             \
          "[] r) -> " decl_type "[]",                                         \
          maxList<value_type>,                                                \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "prim::min.self_" decl_type "(" decl_type "[] self) -> " decl_type, \
          listMin<value_type>,                                                \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "prim::max.self_" decl_type "(" decl_type "[] self) -> " decl_type, \
          listMax<value_type>,                                                \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
                    CREATE_COMPARATOR_LIST_OPS_SPECIALIZED("int", int64_t)
                        CREATE_COMPARATOR_LIST_OPS_SPECIALIZED("float", double)
                            CREATE_COMPARATOR_LIST_OPS_SPECIALIZED("bool", bool)

    // TODO: remove once tests that rely on
    // https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/24856
    // behavior have been fixed
    Operator(
        "aten::append(str[](a!) self, str? el) -> str[](a!)",
        listAppend<std::string>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

#undef CREATE_GENERIC_LIST_OPS
#undef CREATE_COMPARATOR_LIST_OPS_SPECIALIZED
#undef CREATE_SPECIALIZED_LIST_OPS

    // `listContains<T>` is not implemented for non-primitive types
    // TODO: Add List[bool] once .to<c10::List<bool>> doesn't throw an error
    Operator(
        "aten::__contains__.int(int[] l, int item) -> bool",
        listContains<int64_t>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__contains__.float(float[] l, float item) -> bool",
        listContains<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__contains__.str(str[] l, str item) -> bool",
        listContains<std::string>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sort.int(int[](a!) self, bool reverse=False) -> ()",
        listSort<int64_t>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sort.float(float[](a!) self, bool reverse=False) -> ()",
        listSort<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sort.Tensor(Tensor[](a!) self, bool reverse=False) -> ()",
        listSort<at::Tensor>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sort.bool(bool[](a!) self, bool reverse=False) -> ()",
        listSort<bool>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sorted.int(int[](a) input) -> (int[])",
        listCopyAndSort<int64_t>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sorted.float(float[](a) input) -> (float[])",
        listCopyAndSort<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sorted.Tensor(Tensor[](a) input) -> (Tensor[])",
        listCopyAndSort<at::Tensor>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sorted.bool(bool[](a) input) -> (bool[])",
        listCopyAndSort<bool>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    Operator(
        "aten::eq.int_list(int[] a, int[] b) -> bool",
        listEq<int64_t>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::eq.float_list(float[] a, float[] b) -> bool",
        listEq<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::eq.Tensor_list(Tensor[] a, Tensor[] b) -> bool",
        listEq<at::Tensor>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::eq.bool_list(bool[] a, bool[] b) -> bool",
        listEq<bool>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ne.int_list(int[] a, int[] b) -> bool",
        listNe<int64_t>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ne.float_list(float[] a, float[] b) -> bool",
        listNe<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ne.Tensor_list(Tensor[] a, Tensor[] b) -> bool",
        listNe<at::Tensor>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ne.bool_list(bool[] a, bool[] b) -> bool",
        listNe<bool>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

#define DEFINE_CONVERT_BASE_OP(op_name, prefix, char_op) \
  Operator(                                              \
      #op_name "(int i) -> str",                         \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                 \
        auto i = pop(stack).toInt();                     \
        std::stringstream ss;                            \
        if (i < 0) {                                     \
          ss << "-";                                     \
          i = -i;                                        \
        }                                                \
        ss << "0" << prefix << char_op << i;             \
        push(stack, ss.str());                           \
        return 0;                                        \
      },                                                 \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    DEFINE_CONVERT_BASE_OP(aten::hex, "x", std::hex),
    DEFINE_CONVERT_BASE_OP(aten::oct, "o", std::oct),

    Operator(
        "aten::bin(int i) -> str",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto i = pop(stack).toInt();
          std::stringstream ss;
          if (i == 0) {
            push(stack, "0b0");
          } else {
            if (i < 0) {
              ss << "-";
              i = -i;
            }
            std::string str = std::bitset<8 * sizeof(i)>(i).to_string();
            str.erase(0, std::min(str.find_first_not_of('0'), str.size() - 1));
            ss << "0b" << str;
            push(stack, ss.str());
          }
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    // TODO: deprecate this in favor of aten::getelem
    Operator(
        "prim::StringIndex(str string, int index) -> str",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto index = pop(stack).toInt();
          auto string = pop(stack).toStringRef();
          auto norm_index = normalizeIndex(index, string.size());
          char c = string.at(norm_index);
          push(stack, std::string(&c, 1));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ord(str string) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto string = pop(stack).toStringRef();
          TORCH_CHECK(
              string.size() == 1,
              "String for ord() must be 1 character, found ",
              string.size());
          uint8_t ord = string.at(0);
          push(stack, int64_t(ord));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::chr(int i) -> str",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          auto i = pop(stack).toInt();
          std::stringstream ss;
          TORCH_CHECK(
              i >= 0 && i < 1114111,
              "chr() arg not in range(0x110000), found ",
              i);
          char c = i;
          ss << c;
          push(stack, ss.str());
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
#define CREATE_COPY_OP(other_type, c_type)                                 \
  Operator(                                                                \
      "aten::copy_(Tensor(a!) self, " #other_type " other) -> Tensor(a!)", \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                                   \
        at::Tensor t;                                                      \
        c_type other;                                                      \
        pop(stack, t, other);                                              \
        std::move(t) = other; /* NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move) */        \
        push(stack, std::move(t)); /* NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move) */   \
        return 0;                                                          \
      },                                                                   \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    CREATE_COPY_OP(Tensor, at::Tensor),
    CREATE_COPY_OP(int, int64_t),
    CREATE_COPY_OP(float, double),
#undef CREATE_COPY_OP

    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(aten::add, a + b),
    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(aten::sub, a - b),
    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(aten::mul, a* b),

    // int ** int produces a float, because negative exponents produce float
    // results
    DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(
        aten::pow,
        static_cast<double>(pow(a, b)),
        static_cast<double>(pow(a, b)),
        float,
        float),
    DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten::pow, pow(a, b), float),
    DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(
        aten::pow,
        static_cast<double>(pow(a, b)),
        static_cast<double>(pow(a, b)),
        float),

    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(aten::pow, pow(a, b)),
    // min and max are in prim:: because there is a difference between
    // the python builtin 'min' and 'torch.min'
    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(prim::min, a < b ? a : b),
    DEFINE_BINARY_OP(prim::max, a > b ? a : b),

    // Pass in two ops for handling int and float separately as % in C++ only
    // works for int The modulus calculation is different between C++ and Python
    // (on negative), we preserve the python behavior as it's more common and
    // match python syntax, hence the conversion.
    DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(
        aten::remainder,
        (b + (a % b)) % b,
        fmod((b + fmod(a, b)), b),
        int,
        float),
    DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten::remainder, fmod((b + fmod(a, b)), b), float),
    DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(
        aten::remainder,
        (b + (a % b)) % b,
        fmod((b + fmod(a, b)), b),
        Scalar),

    DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(
        aten::floordiv,
        floordiv(a, b),
        std::floor(a / b),
        int,
        float),
    DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten::floordiv, std::floor(a / b), float),
    DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(
        aten::floordiv,
        floordiv(a, b),
        std::floor(a / b),
        Scalar),

    // NB: This is the python truediv operation
    DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(
        aten::div,
        static_cast<double>(a) / static_cast<double>(b),
        a / b,
        float,
        float),
    DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(
        aten::div,
        static_cast<double>(a) / static_cast<double>(b),
        a / b,
        float),

    // only used in loop unrolling, not exposed to end users
    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__round_to_zero_floordiv, a / b),

    // only used internally in range() translation
    Operator(
        "aten::__range_length(int lo, int hi, int step) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          int64_t lo, hi, step;
          pop(stack, lo, hi, step);
          // error handling when step_val = 0 during runtime
          if (step == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("range() arg 3 must not be zero");
          }
          if (step > 0 && lo < hi)
            push(stack, 1 + (hi - 1 - lo) / step);
          else if (step < 0 && lo > hi)
            push(stack, 1 + (lo - 1 - hi) / (0 - step));
          else
            push(stack, 0);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__derive_index(int index, int start, int step) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          int64_t index, start, step;
          pop(stack, index, start, step);
          push(stack, start + index * step);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__and__, a& b),
    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__or__, a | b),
    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__xor__, a ^ b),
    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__lshift__, a << b),
    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::__rshift__, a >> b),

    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::floor, floor(a), int, int),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::ceil, ceil(a), int, int),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::round, std::round(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::log, std::log(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_BINARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::log, std::log(a) / std::log(b)),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::log1p, std::log1p(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::log10, std::log10(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::exp, std::exp(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::sqrt, std::sqrt(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::acos, std::acos(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::asin, std::asin(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::atan, std::atan(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_BINARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::atan2, std::atan2(a, b)),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::cos, std::cos(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::sin, std::sin(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::tan, std::tan(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::asinh, std::asinh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::atanh, std::atanh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::acosh, std::acosh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::sinh, std::sinh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::cosh, std::cosh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::tanh, std::tanh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::degrees, degrees(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::radians, radians(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_BINARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::fmod, std::fmod(a, b)),
    DEFINE_UNARY_INT_OP(aten::factorial, factorial(a), int),
    DEFINE_UNARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::isnan, std::isnan(a), bool),
    DEFINE_UNARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::isfinite, std::isfinite(a), bool),
    DEFINE_UNARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::isinf, std::isinf(a), bool),
    Operator(
        "aten::modf(float a) -> (float, float)",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          double a;
          pop(stack, a);
          double b, c;
          b = modf(a, &c);
          push(stack, b, c);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::frexp(float a) -> (float, int)",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          double a;
          pop(stack, a);
          double m;
          int e;
          m = std::frexp(a, &e);
          push(stack, m, e);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::ldexp(float x, int i) -> float",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          double a;
          int64_t b;
          pop(stack, a, b);
          push(stack, std::ldexp(a, b));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    DEFINE_BINARY_FLOAT_OP(aten::mathremainder, std::remainder(a, b)),

    // TODO: move abs to aten namespace because it's schematized!
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(prim::abs, std::abs(a), int, float),
    Operator(
        "prim::abs(Tensor x) -> Tensor",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          at::Tensor x;
          pop(stack, x);
          push(stack, x.abs());
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    DEFINE_INT_OP(aten::gcd, gcd(a, b)),

    DEFINE_GENERIC_OP(
        aten::copysign,
        std::copysign(a, b),
        std::copysign(a, b),
        float,
        float),
    DEFINE_INT_FLOAT_OP(aten::copysign, std::copysign(a, b), float),
    DEFINE_SCALAR_BINARY_OP(
        aten::copysign,
        std::copysign(a, b),
        std::copysign(a, b),
        float),

    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::gamma, std::tgamma(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::erf, std::erf(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::erfc, std::erfc(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::expm1, std::expm1(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::fabs, std::fabs(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::lgamma, std::lgamma(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::asinh, std::asinh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::atanh, std::atanh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::cosh, std::cosh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::sinh, std::sinh(a), float, float),
    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::tanh, std::tanh(a), float, float),

    Operator(
        "aten::isnan(float a) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          double a;
          pop(stack, a);
          push(stack, std::isnan(a));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::ne, a != b),
    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::eq, a == b),
    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::lt, a < b),
    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::gt, a > b),
    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::le, a <= b),
    DEFINE_COMPARISON_OP(aten::ge, a >= b),
    DEFINE_BOOL_OP(aten::__and__, a&& b),
    DEFINE_BOOL_OP(aten::__or__, a || b),
    DEFINE_BOOL_OP(aten::__xor__, a != b),

    DEFINE_UNARY_OP(aten::neg, -a, int, float),
    Operator(
        "aten::__not__(bool self) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          push(stack, !pop(stack).toBool());
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__is__(t1 self, t2 obj) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          IValue self, obj;
          pop(stack, self, obj);
          push(stack, self.isSameIdentity(obj));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__isnot__(t1 self, t2 obj) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          IValue self, obj;
          pop(stack, self, obj);
          push(stack, !self.isSameIdentity(obj));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::_tensor_to_list(Tensor self) -> int[]",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          at::Tensor t;
          pop(stack, t);
          c10::List<int64_t> elems;
          elems.reserve(t.size(0));
          for (int i = 0; i < t.size(0); i++) {
            elems.push_back(*t[i].data_ptr<int32_t>());
          }
          push(stack, std::move(elems));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::_list_to_tensor(int[] self) -> Tensor",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          c10::List<int64_t> l = pop(stack).toIntList();
          auto t = torch::empty(
              {static_cast<int64_t>(l.size())}, at::dtype(at::kInt));
          for (size_t i = 0; i < l.size(); i++) {
            t[i] = l.get(i);
          }
          push(stack, std::move(t));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::all.int(int[] self) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          c10::List<int64_t> l = pop(stack).toIntList();
          for (const auto& elem : l) {
            if (!elem) {
              push(stack, false);
              return 0;
            }
          }
          push(stack, true);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::all.float(float[] self) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          c10::List<double> l = pop(stack).toDoubleList();
          for (const auto& elem : l) {
            if (!elem) {
              push(stack, false);
              return 0;
            }
          }
          push(stack, true);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::all.bool(bool[] self) -> bool",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          c10::List<bool> l = pop(stack).toBoolList();
          for (const auto& elem : l) {
            if (!elem) {
              push(stack, false);
              return 0;
            }
          }
          push(stack, true);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
#define CREATE_DICT_OPS(key_type)                                             \
  Operator(                                                                   \
      "aten::len.Dict(Dict(" key_type ", t) self) -> int",                    \
      dictLen,                                                                \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                             \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::keys(Dict(" key_type ", t) self) -> " key_type "[](*)",      \
          dictKeys,                                                           \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::values(Dict(" key_type ", t) self) -> t[](*)",               \
          dictValues,                                                         \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::__getitem__.Dict(Dict(" key_type ", t) self, " key_type      \
          " key) -> t(*)",                                                    \
          dictIndex,                                                          \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::get(Dict(" key_type ", t) self, " key_type " key) -> t(*)?", \
          dictGet<false>,                                                     \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::get(Dict(" key_type ", t) self, " key_type                   \
          " key, t default_value) -> t(*)",                                   \
          dictGet<true>,                                                      \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::setdefault(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self, " key_type        \
          "(b -> *) key, t(c -> *) default_value) -> t(*)",                   \
          dictSetDefault,                                                     \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::Delete.Dict(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self, " key_type       \
          " key) -> ()",                                                      \
          dictDelete,                                                         \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::pop.Dict(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self, " key_type          \
          " key) -> t(*)",                                                    \
          dictPop<false>,                                                     \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::pop.Dict_default(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self, " key_type  \
          " key, t default_value) -> t(*)",                                   \
          dictPop<true>,                                                      \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::popitem(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self) -> ((" key_type      \
          ", t))",                                                            \
          dictPopItem,                                                        \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::clear(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self) -> ()",                \
          dictClear,                                                          \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::update(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) self, Dict(" key_type       \
          ", t)(a!) to_add) -> ()",                                           \
          dictUpdate,                                                         \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::items(Dict(" key_type ", t) self) -> ((" key_type ", t)[])", \
          dictItems,                                                          \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::copy.Dict(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a) self) -> Dict(" key_type  \
          ", t)",                                                             \
          dictCopy,                                                           \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::__contains__(Dict(" key_type ", t) dict, " key_type          \
          " key) -> bool",                                                    \
          dictContains,                                                       \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::_set_item(Dict(" key_type ", t)(a!) l, " key_type            \
          "(b -> *) idx, t(c -> *) v) -> ()",                                 \
          dictSetItem,                                                        \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),                                         \
      Operator(                                                               \
          "aten::dict((" key_type ", tVal)[] inputs) -> Dict(" key_type       \
          ", tVal)",                                                          \
          dictConstructFromList,                                              \
          aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    CREATE_DICT_OPS("str"),
    CREATE_DICT_OPS("int"),
    CREATE_DICT_OPS("float"),
    CREATE_DICT_OPS("Tensor"),
#undef CREATE_DICT_OPS

    Operator(
        "aten::divmod.int(int x, int y) -> (int, int)",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          int64_t a, b;
          lldiv_t divresult = {};
          pop(stack, a, b);
          if (b == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error(
                "ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero");
          }
          divresult = lldiv(a, b);
          if (divresult.rem && (a < 0) != (b < 0)) {
            divresult.quot -= 1;
            divresult.rem += b;
          }
          push(
              stack,
              static_cast<int64_t>(divresult.quot),
              static_cast<int64_t>(divresult.rem));
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::divmod.float(float x, float y) -> (float, float)",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          double a, b;
          pop(stack, a, b);
          if (b == 0) {
            throw std::runtime_error("ZeroDivisionError: float divmod()");
          }
          double rem = fmod(a, b);
          if (rem && (a < 0) != (b < 0)) {
            rem += b;
          }
          push(stack, (a - rem) / b, rem);
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "prim::id(AnyClassType? x) -> int",
        [](Stack& stack) {
          IValue a;
          pop(stack, a);
          if (a.isNone()) {
            push(stack, 0);
          } else {
            push(stack, reinterpret_cast<int64_t>(a.internalToPointer()));
          }
          return 0;
        },
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

#define DEFINE_DIVMOD_MIXED_OP(type_a, type_b)                           \
  Operator(                                                              \
      "aten::divmod(" #type_a " x," #type_b " y) -> (float, float)",     \
      [](Stack& stack) {                                                 \
        type_a a;                                                        \
        type_b b;                                                        \
        pop(stack, a, b);                                                \
        if (b == 0) {                                                    \
          throw std::runtime_error("ZeroDivisionError: float divmod()"); \
        }                                                                \
        double quot = floor(a / b);                                      \
        double rem = a - (quot * b);                                     \
        push(stack, quot, rem);                                          \
        return 0;                                                        \
      },                                                                 \
      aliasAnalysisFromSchema())

    DEFINE_DIVMOD_MIXED_OP(int, float),
    DEFINE_DIVMOD_MIXED_OP(float, int),

#undef DEFINE_DIVMOD_MIXED_OP
    Operator(
        "aten::hash(str t) -> int",
        hashValue<std::string>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::hash(int t) -> int",
        hashValue<int>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::hash(float t) -> int",
        hashValue<double>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
});

bool simpleClassTypeArg(const Argument& arg, const ClassTypePtr& type) {
  return arg.type() == type && !arg.kwarg_only() && !arg.default_value();
}

Function* checkSortSchema(const c10::TypePtr& list_element_type) {
  std::stringstream error_str;
  if (auto class_type = list_element_type->cast<ClassType>()) {
    if (auto method = class_type->getMethod("__lt__")) {
      const auto& lt_schema = method->getSchema();
      const auto& schema_args = lt_schema.arguments();
      bool error =
          (schema_args.size() != 2 ||
           !simpleClassTypeArg(schema_args[0], class_type) ||
           !simpleClassTypeArg(schema_args[1], class_type) ||
           lt_schema.returns().size() != 1 ||
           lt_schema.returns()[0].type() != BoolType::get());
      if (!error) {
        return method;
      }
    }
    error_str << "To sort a list of " << class_type->python_str()
              << " it must define a "
              << "__lt__ method with two inputs of type "
              << class_type->python_str() << " that "
              << "returns a bool";
  } else {
    error_str << "To sort a list of " << list_element_type->python_str()
              << " must be of Tensors, ints, floats, bools or "
              << "a User Defined Class that defines the __lt__ compare method"
              << ", got list of " << list_element_type->python_str() << "\n";
  }
  throw std::runtime_error(error_str.str());
}

template <bool has_reverse_arg, bool copy_return_list>
int sort_op(Stack& stack) {
  bool reverse = has_reverse_arg ? pop(stack).toBool() : false;
  auto g_list = pop(stack).toList();
  if (copy_return_list) {
    g_list = g_list.copy();
  }
  Stack sort_stack;
  Function* lt_func = nullptr;
  std::sort(
      g_list.begin(),
      g_list.end(),
      [reverse, &sort_stack, &lt_func](IValue a, IValue b) -> bool {
        // "strict weak ordering" issue - see other sort
        if (a.isSameIdentity(b)) {
          return false;
        }
        if (!lt_func) {
          lt_func = checkSortSchema(a.type());
        }
        sort_stack.push_back(a);
        sort_stack.push_back(b);
        lt_func->run(sort_stack);
        return pop(sort_stack).toBool() != reverse;
      });
  if (copy_return_list) {
    push(stack, g_list);
  }
  return 0;
}

// NB: this must be registered after the other aten::sort operators
RegisterOperators regSort({
    Operator(
        "aten::sorted(t[](a) self) -> (t[])",
        sort_op</*has_reverse_arg*/ false, /*copy_return_list*/ true>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::sort(t[](a!) self, bool reverse=False) -> ()",
        sort_op</*has_reverse_arg*/ true, /*copy_return_list*/ false>,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
});

// reference: _output_size in torch/nn/functional.py
// size can be none, int or intlist
// scale_factors can be none, float, or floatlist
std::vector<int64_t> _output_size(
    const at::Tensor& input,
    size_t dim,
    const IValue& size,
    const IValue& scale_factors) {
  if (!size.isNone()) {
    if (size.isInt()) {
      std::vector<int64_t> repeated(dim, size.toInt());
      return repeated;
    } else {
      return size.toIntVector();
    }
  }
  std::vector<double> scale_repeated;
  if (scale_factors.isDouble()) {
    scale_repeated = std::vector<double>(dim, scale_factors.toDouble());
  } else {
    scale_repeated = scale_factors.toDoubleVector();
  }
  std::vector<int64_t> ret;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; ++i) {
    ret.push_back(std::floor(input.size(i + 2) * scale_repeated[i]));
  }
  return ret;
}

// return true if v is a real float
// and false if it is an integer
bool _is_floating_value(double v) {
  return std::floor(v) != v;
}

// reference: interpolate in torch/nn/functional.py
// size can be none, int or intlist
// scale_factors can be none, float, or floatlist
at::Tensor interpolate(
    const at::Tensor& input,
    const IValue& size,
    const IValue& scale_factors,
    const std::string& mode,
    c10::optional<bool> align_corners,
    c10::optional<bool> recompute_scale_factor) {
  if ((mode == "nearest" || mode == "area")) {
    if (align_corners != c10::nullopt) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "align_corners option can only be set with the "
          "interpolating modes: linear | bilinear | bicubic | trilinear");
    }
  } else {
    if (align_corners == c10::nullopt) {
      TORCH_WARN(
          "Default upsampling behavior when mode=",
          mode,
          " is changed "
          "to align_corners=False since 0.4.0. Please specify align_corners=True "
          "if the old behavior is desired. See the documentation of nn.Upsample for details");
      align_corners = false;
    }
  }

  double scale_factors_1 = -1.0;
  double scale_factors_2 = -1.0;
  double scale_factors_3 = -1.0;

  if (!scale_factors.isNone() && recompute_scale_factor == c10::nullopt) {
    recompute_scale_factor = true;
    bool warn_recompute_scale_factor = false;

    if (scale_factors.isDouble()) {
      // only warn when the scales have floating values since
      // the result for ints is the same with/without recompute_scale_factor
      if (_is_floating_value(scale_factors.toDouble())) {
        warn_recompute_scale_factor = true;
      }
    } else if (scale_factors.isDoubleList()) {
      auto scale_factors_list = scale_factors.toDoubleList();

      for (const auto& scales : scale_factors_list) {
        // only warn when the scales have floating values since
        // the result for ints is the same with/without recompute_scale_factor
        if (_is_floating_value(scales)) {
          warn_recompute_scale_factor = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    if (warn_recompute_scale_factor) {
      TORCH_WARN(
          "The default behavior for interpolate/upsample with float scale_factor will change "
          "in 1.5.0 to align with other frameworks/libraries, and use scale_factor directly, "
          "instead of relying on the computed output size. "
          "If you wish to keep the old behavior, please set recompute_scale_factor=True. "
          "See the documentation of nn.Upsample for details.");
    }
  }

  if (recompute_scale_factor == false) {
    if (scale_factors.isDouble()) {
      scale_factors_1 = scale_factors.toDouble();
      scale_factors_2 = scale_factors.toDouble();
      scale_factors_3 = scale_factors.toDouble();
    } else if (scale_factors.isDoubleList()) {
      auto scale_factors_list = scale_factors.toDoubleList();
      scale_factors_1 = scale_factors_list[0];
      if (scale_factors_list.size() >= 2) {
        scale_factors_2 = scale_factors_list[1];
        if (scale_factors_list.size() >= 3) {
          scale_factors_3 = scale_factors_list[2];
        }
      }
    }
  }

  const auto dim1d = 3;
  const auto dim2d = 4;
  const auto dim3d = 5;

  auto input_dim = input.dim();
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "nearest")
    return at::upsample_nearest1d(
        input, _output_size(input, 1, size, scale_factors), scale_factors_1);
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "nearest")
    return at::upsample_nearest2d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 2, size, scale_factors),
        scale_factors_1,
        scale_factors_2);
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "nearest")
    return at::upsample_nearest3d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 3, size, scale_factors),
        scale_factors_1,
        scale_factors_2,
        scale_factors_3);
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "area")
    return at::adaptive_avg_pool1d(
        input, _output_size(input, 1, size, scale_factors));
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "area")
    return at::adaptive_avg_pool2d(
        input, _output_size(input, 2, size, scale_factors));
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "area")
    return at::adaptive_avg_pool3d(
        input, _output_size(input, 3, size, scale_factors));
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "linear")
    return at::upsample_linear1d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 1, size, scale_factors),
        *align_corners,
        scale_factors_1);
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "bilinear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 3D input, but bilinear mode needs 4D input");
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "bicubic")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 3D input, but bicubic mode needs 4D input");
  if (input_dim == dim1d && mode == "trilinear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 3D input, but trilinear mode needs 5D input");
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "linear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 4D input, but linear mode needs 3D input");
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "bilinear")
    return at::upsample_bilinear2d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 2, size, scale_factors),
        *align_corners,
        scale_factors_1,
        scale_factors_2);
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "bicubic")
    return at::upsample_bicubic2d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 2, size, scale_factors),
        *align_corners,
        scale_factors_1,
        scale_factors_2);
  if (input_dim == dim2d && mode == "trilinear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 4D input, but trilinear mode needs 5D input");
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "linear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 5D input, but linear mode needs 3D input");
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "bilinear")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 5D input, but bilinear mode needs 4D input");
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "bicubic")
    throw std::runtime_error("Got 5D input, but bicubic mode needs 4D input");
  if (input_dim == dim3d && mode == "trilinear")
    return at::upsample_trilinear3d(
        input,
        _output_size(input, 3, size, scale_factors),
        *align_corners,
        scale_factors_1,
        scale_factors_2,
        scale_factors_3);

  AT_ERROR(
      "Input Error: Only 3D, 4D and 5D input Tensors supported",
      " (got ",
      input_dim,
      "D) for the modes: nearest | linear | bilinear | trilinear",
      " (got ",
      mode,
      ") ");
}

int interpolate_op(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor input;
  IValue size;
  IValue scale_factors;
  std::string mode;
  IValue align_corners;
  IValue recompute_scale_factor;
  pop(stack,
      input,
      size,
      scale_factors,
      mode,
      align_corners,
      recompute_scale_factor);
  at::Tensor res = interpolate(
      input,
      size,
      scale_factors,
      mode,
      align_corners.toOptional<bool>(),
      recompute_scale_factor.toOptional<bool>());
  push(stack, std::move(res));
  return 0;
}

// interpolate takes in float & float[] for scale factor
// upsample takes in int & int[], so convert the ints to floats before
// passing on to the interpolate op
IValue convert_scale_factor_to_double(const IValue& int_ivalue) {
  IValue scale_factor_double;
  if (int_ivalue.isInt()) {
    scale_factor_double = static_cast<double>(int_ivalue.toInt());
  } else if (int_ivalue.isIntList()) {
    auto int_list = int_ivalue.toIntVector();
    std::vector<double> double_vec(int_list.begin(), int_list.end());
    scale_factor_double = double_vec;
  } else if (int_ivalue.isNone()) {
    return IValue();
  } else {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "Expecting optional int or int list arg for scale factor, got"
       << int_ivalue;
    throw std::runtime_error(ss.str());
  }
  return scale_factor_double;
}

int upsample_nearest_op(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor input;
  IValue size;
  IValue scale_factor_int;
  pop(stack, input, size, scale_factor_int);
  IValue scale_factor_double = convert_scale_factor_to_double(scale_factor_int);
  at::Tensor res = interpolate(
      input, size, scale_factor_double, "nearest", c10::nullopt, c10::nullopt);
  push(stack, std::move(res));
  return 0;
}

int upsample_op(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor input;
  IValue size;
  IValue scale_factor_int;
  std::string mode;
  IValue align_corners;
  pop(stack, input, size, scale_factor_int, mode, align_corners);
  IValue scale_factor_double = convert_scale_factor_to_double(scale_factor_int);
  at::Tensor res = interpolate(
      input,
      size,
      scale_factor_double,
      mode,
      align_corners.toOptional<bool>(),
      c10::nullopt);
  push(stack, std::move(res));
  return 0;
}

int upsample_bilinear_op(Stack& stack) {
  at::Tensor input;
  IValue size;
  IValue scale_factor_int;
  pop(stack, input, size, scale_factor_int);
  IValue scale_factor_double = convert_scale_factor_to_double(scale_factor_int);
  at::Tensor res = interpolate(
      input, size, scale_factor_double, "bilinear", true, c10::nullopt);
  push(stack, std::move(res));
  return 0;
}

// These ops are no longer generated, but remain here for BC
RegisterOperators reg3({
    Operator(
        "aten::__interpolate.scale_list(Tensor input, int? size = None, float[]? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None, bool? recompute_scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        interpolate_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__interpolate.size_list_scale_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, float[]? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None, bool? recompute_scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        interpolate_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__interpolate(Tensor input, int? size = None, float? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None, bool? recompute_scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        interpolate_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__interpolate.size_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, float? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None, bool? recompute_scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        interpolate_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_nearest(Tensor input, int? size = None, int? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_nearest_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_nearest.size_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, int? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_nearest_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample(Tensor input, int? size = None, int? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample.size_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, int? scale_factor = None, str mode = 'nearest', bool? align_corners = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_bilinear(Tensor input, int? size = None, int? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_bilinear_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_bilinear.size_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, int? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_bilinear_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_bilinear(Tensor input, int? size = None, int[]? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_bilinear_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),
    Operator(
        "aten::__upsample_bilinear.size_list(Tensor input, int[]? size = None, int[]? scale_factor = None) -> Tensor",
        upsample_bilinear_op,
        aliasAnalysisFromSchema()),

});

at::Tensor leaky_relu(const at::Tensor& tensor, double scalar) {
  return at::leaky_relu(tensor, scalar);
}
at::Tensor cat(const c10::List<at::Tensor>& tensors) {
  return at::cat(tensors.vec());
}

std::string get_first(const c10::List<c10::List<std::string>>& strings) {
  return strings.get(0).get(0);
}

static auto reg4 =
    torch::RegisterOperators()
        .op("_test::leaky_relu(Tensor self, float v=0.01) -> Tensor",
            &leaky_relu)
        .op("_test::cat(Tensor[] inputs) -> Tensor", &cat)
        .op("_test::get_first", &get_first);
} // namespace
} // namespace jit
} // namespace torch
