# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import absolute_import
import numpy as np
import functools
import warnings

from .. import backend as K
from .. import activations
from .. import initializers
from .. import regularizers
from .. import constraints
from ..engine import Layer
from ..engine import InputSpec
from ..utils.generic_utils import has_arg

# Legacy support.
from ..legacy.layers import Recurrent
from ..legacy import interfaces


class StackedRNNCells(Layer):
    """Wrapper allowing a stack of RNN cells to behave as a single cell.

    # Arguments:
        cells: List of RNN cell instances.
    """

    def __init__(self, cells, **kwargs):
        for cell in cells:
            if not hasattr(cell, 'call'):
                raise ValueError('All cells must have a `call` method. '
                                 'received cells:', cells)
            if not hasattr(cell, 'state_size'):
                raise ValueError('All cells must have a '
                                 '`state_size` attribute. '
                                 'received cells:', cells)
        self.cells = cells
        super(StackedRNNCells, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    @property
    def state_size(self):
        # States are a flat list
        # in reverse order of the cell stack.
        # This allows to preserve the requirement
        # `stack.state_size[0] == output_dim`.
        # e.g. states of a 2-layer LSTM would be
        # `[h2, c2, h1, c1]`
        # (assuming one LSTM has states [h, c])
        state_size = []
        for cell in self.cells[::-1]:
            if hasattr(cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                state_size += list(cell.state_size)
            else:
                state_size.append(cell.state_size)
        return tuple(state_size)

    def call(self, inputs, states, **kwargs):
        # Recover per-cell states.
        nested_states = []
        for cell in self.cells[::-1]:
            if hasattr(cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                nested_states.append(states[:len(cell.state_size)])
                states = states[len(cell.state_size):]
            else:
                nested_states.append([states[0]])
                states = states[1:]
        nested_states = nested_states[::-1]

        # Call the cells in order and store the returned states.
        new_nested_states = []
        for cell, states in zip(self.cells, nested_states):
            inputs, states = cell.call(inputs, states, **kwargs)
            new_nested_states.append(states)

        # Format the new states as a flat list
        # in reverse cell order.
        states = []
        for cell_states in new_nested_states[::-1]:
            states += cell_states
        return inputs, states

    def build(self, input_shape):
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                cell.build(input_shape)
            if hasattr(cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                output_dim = cell.state_size[0]
            else:
                output_dim = cell.state_size
            input_shape = (input_shape[0], input_shape[1], output_dim)
        self.built = True

    def get_config(self):
        cells = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            cells.append({'class_name': cell.__class__.__name__,
                          'config': cell.get_config()})
        config = {'cells': cells}
        base_config = super(StackedRNNCells, self).get_config()
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config, custom_objects=None):
        from . import deserialize as deserialize_layer
        cells = []
        for cell_config in config.pop('cells'):
            cells.append(deserialize_layer(cell_config,
                                           custom_objects=custom_objects))
        return cls(cells, **config)

    @property
    def trainable_weights(self):
        if not self.trainable:
            return []
        weights = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                weights += cell.trainable_weights
        return weights

    @property
    def non_trainable_weights(self):
        weights = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                weights += cell.non_trainable_weights
        if not self.trainable:
            trainable_weights = []
            for cell in self.cells:
                if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                    trainable_weights += cell.trainable_weights
            return trainable_weights + weights
        return weights

    def get_weights(self):
        """Retrieves the weights of the model.

        # Returns
            A flat list of Numpy arrays.
        """
        weights = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                weights += cell.weights
        return K.batch_get_value(weights)

    def set_weights(self, weights):
        """Sets the weights of the model.

        # Arguments
            weights: A list of Numpy arrays with shapes and types matching
                the output of `model.get_weights()`.
        """
        tuples = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                num_param = len(cell.weights)
                weights = weights[:num_param]
                for sw, w in zip(cell.weights, weights):
                    tuples.append((sw, w))
                weights = weights[num_param:]
        K.batch_set_value(tuples)

    @property
    def losses(self):
        losses = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                cell_losses = cell.losses
                losses += cell_losses
        return losses

    def get_losses_for(self, inputs=None):
        losses = []
        for cell in self.cells:
            if isinstance(cell, Layer):
                cell_losses = cell.get_losses_for(inputs)
                losses += cell_losses
        return losses


class RNN(Layer):
    """Base class for recurrent layers.

    # Arguments
        cell: A RNN cell instance. A RNN cell is a class that has:
            - a `call(input_at_t, states_at_t)` method, returning
                `(output_at_t, states_at_t_plus_1)`.
            - a `state_size` attribute. This can be a single integer
                (single state) in which case it is
                the size of the recurrent state
                (which should be the same as the size of the cell output).
                This can also be a list/tuple of integers
                (one size per state). In this case, the first entry
                (`state_size[0]`) should be the same as
                the size of the cell output.
            It is also possible for `cell` to be a list of RNN cell instances,
            in which cases the cells get stacked on after the other in the RNN,
            implementing an efficient stacked RNN.
        return_sequences: Boolean. Whether to return the last output.
            in the output sequence, or the full sequence.
        return_state: Boolean. Whether to return the last state
            in addition to the output.
        go_backwards: Boolean (default False).
            If True, process the input sequence backwards and return the
            reversed sequence.
        stateful: Boolean (default False). If True, the last state
            for each sample at index i in a batch will be used as initial
            state for the sample of index i in the following batch.
        unroll: Boolean (default False).
            If True, the network will be unrolled,
            else a symbolic loop will be used.
            Unrolling can speed-up a RNN,
            although it tends to be more memory-intensive.
            Unrolling is only suitable for short sequences.
        input_dim: dimensionality of the input (integer).
            This argument (or alternatively, the keyword argument `input_shape`)
            is required when using this layer as the first layer in a model.
        input_length: Length of input sequences, to be specified
            when it is constant.
            This argument is required if you are going to connect
            `Flatten` then `Dense` layers upstream
            (without it, the shape of the dense outputs cannot be computed).
            Note that if the recurrent layer is not the first layer
            in your model, you would need to specify the input length
            at the level of the first layer
            (e.g. via the `input_shape` argument)

    # Input shapes
        3D tensor with shape `(batch_size, timesteps, input_dim)`,
        (Optional) 2D tensors with shape `(batch_size, output_dim)`.

    # Output shape
        - if `return_state`: a list of tensors. The first tensor is
            the output. The remaining tensors are the last states,
            each with shape `(batch_size, units)`.
        - if `return_sequences`: 3D tensor with shape
            `(batch_size, timesteps, units)`.
        - else, 2D tensor with shape `(batch_size, units)`.

    # Masking
        This layer supports masking for input data with a variable number
        of timesteps. To introduce masks to your data,
        use an [Embedding](embeddings.md) layer with the `mask_zero` parameter
        set to `True`.

    # Note on using statefulness in RNNs
        You can set RNN layers to be 'stateful', which means that the states
        computed for the samples in one batch will be reused as initial states
        for the samples in the next batch. This assumes a one-to-one mapping
        between samples in different successive batches.

        To enable statefulness:
            - specify `stateful=True` in the layer constructor.
            - specify a fixed batch size for your model, by passing
                if sequential model:
                  `batch_input_shape=(...)` to the first layer in your model.
                else for functional model with 1 or more Input layers:
                  `batch_shape=(...)` to all the first layers in your model.
                This is the expected shape of your inputs
                *including the batch size*.
                It should be a tuple of integers, e.g. `(32, 10, 100)`.
            - specify `shuffle=False` when calling fit().

        To reset the states of your model, call `.reset_states()` on either
        a specific layer, or on your entire model.

    # Note on specifying the initial state of RNNs
        You can specify the initial state of RNN layers symbolically by
        calling them with the keyword argument `initial_state`. The value of
        `initial_state` should be a tensor or list of tensors representing
        the initial state of the RNN layer.

        You can specify the initial state of RNN layers numerically by
        calling `reset_states` with the keyword argument `states`. The value of
        `states` should be a numpy array or list of numpy arrays representing
        the initial state of the RNN layer.

    # Examples

    ```python
    # First, let's define a RNN Cell, as a layer subclass.

    class MinimalRNNCell(keras.layers.Layer):

        def __init__(self, units, **kwargs):
            self.units = units
            self.state_size = units
            super(MinimalRNNCell, self).__init__(**kwargs)

        def build(self, input_shape):
            self.kernel = self.add_weight(shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
                                          initializer='uniform',
                                          name='kernel')
            self.recurrent_kernel = self.add_weight(
                shape=(self.units, self.units),
                initializer='uniform',
                name='recurrent_kernel')
            self.built = True

        def call(self, inputs, states):
            prev_output = states[0]
            h = K.dot(inputs, self.kernel)
            output = h + K.dot(prev_output, self.recurrent_kernel)
            return output, [output]

    # Let's use this cell in a RNN layer:

    cell = MinimalRNNCell(32)
    x = keras.Input((None, 5))
    layer = RNN(cell)
    y = layer(x)

    # Here's how to use the cell to build a stacked RNN:

    cells = [MinimalRNNCell(32), MinimalRNNCell(64)]
    x = keras.Input((None, 5))
    layer = RNN(cells)
    y = layer(x)
    ```
    """

    def __init__(self, cell,
                 return_sequences=False,
                 return_state=False,
                 go_backwards=False,
                 stateful=False,
                 unroll=False,
                 **kwargs):
        if isinstance(cell, (list, tuple)):
            cell = StackedRNNCells(cell)
        if not hasattr(cell, 'call'):
            raise ValueError('`cell` should have a `call` method. '
                             'The RNN was passed:', cell)
        if not hasattr(cell, 'state_size'):
            raise ValueError('The RNN cell should have '
                             'an attribute `state_size` '
                             '(tuple of integers, '
                             'one integer per RNN state).')
        super(RNN, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.cell = cell
        self.return_sequences = return_sequences
        self.return_state = return_state
        self.go_backwards = go_backwards
        self.stateful = stateful
        self.unroll = unroll

        self.supports_masking = True
        self.input_spec = [InputSpec(ndim=3)]
        if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
            self.state_spec = [InputSpec(shape=(None, dim))
                               for dim in self.cell.state_size]
        else:
            self.state_spec = InputSpec(shape=(None, self.cell.state_size))
        self._states = None

    @property
    def states(self):
        if self._states is None:
            if isinstance(self.cell.state_size, int):
                num_states = 1
            else:
                num_states = len(self.cell.state_size)
            return [None for _ in range(num_states)]
        return self._states

    @states.setter
    def states(self, states):
        self._states = states

    def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
        if isinstance(input_shape, list):
            input_shape = input_shape[0]

        if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
            output_dim = self.cell.state_size[0]
        else:
            output_dim = self.cell.state_size

        if self.return_sequences:
            output_shape = (input_shape[0], input_shape[1], output_dim)
        else:
            output_shape = (input_shape[0], output_dim)

        if self.return_state:
            state_shape = [(input_shape[0], output_dim) for _ in self.states]
            return [output_shape] + state_shape
        else:
            return output_shape

    def compute_mask(self, inputs, mask):
        if isinstance(mask, list):
            mask = mask[0]
        output_mask = mask if self.return_sequences else None
        if self.return_state:
            state_mask = [None for _ in self.states]
            return [output_mask] + state_mask
        else:
            return output_mask

    def build(self, input_shape):
        if isinstance(input_shape, list):
            input_shape = input_shape[0]

        batch_size = input_shape[0] if self.stateful else None
        input_dim = input_shape[-1]
        self.input_spec[0] = InputSpec(shape=(batch_size, None, input_dim))

        if self.stateful:
            self.reset_states()

        if isinstance(self.cell, Layer):
            step_input_shape = (input_shape[0],) + input_shape[2:]
            self.cell.build(step_input_shape)

    def get_initial_state(self, inputs):
        # build an all-zero tensor of shape (samples, output_dim)
        initial_state = K.zeros_like(inputs)  # (samples, timesteps, input_dim)
        initial_state = K.sum(initial_state, axis=(1, 2))  # (samples,)
        initial_state = K.expand_dims(initial_state)  # (samples, 1)
        if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
            return [K.tile(initial_state, [1, dim])
                    for dim in self.cell.state_size]
        else:
            return [K.tile(initial_state, [1, self.cell.state_size])]

    def __call__(self, inputs, initial_state=None, **kwargs):
        # If there are multiple inputs, then
        # they should be the main input and `initial_state`
        # e.g. when loading model from file
        if isinstance(inputs, (list, tuple)) and len(inputs) > 1 and initial_state is None:
            initial_state = inputs[1:]
            inputs = inputs[0]

        # If `initial_state` is specified,
        # and if it a Keras tensor,
        # then add it to the inputs and temporarily
        # modify the input spec to include the state.
        if initial_state is None:
            return super(RNN, self).__call__(inputs, **kwargs)

        if not isinstance(initial_state, (list, tuple)):
            initial_state = [initial_state]

        is_keras_tensor = hasattr(initial_state[0], '_keras_history')
        for tensor in initial_state:
            if hasattr(tensor, '_keras_history') != is_keras_tensor:
                raise ValueError('The initial state of an RNN layer cannot be'
                                 ' specified with a mix of Keras tensors and'
                                 ' non-Keras tensors')

        if is_keras_tensor:
            # Compute the full input spec, including state
            input_spec = self.input_spec
            state_spec = self.state_spec
            if not isinstance(input_spec, list):
                input_spec = [input_spec]
            if not isinstance(state_spec, list):
                state_spec = [state_spec]
            self.input_spec = input_spec + state_spec

            # Compute the full inputs, including state
            inputs = [inputs] + list(initial_state)

            # Perform the call
            output = super(RNN, self).__call__(inputs, **kwargs)

            # Restore original input spec
            self.input_spec = input_spec
            return output
        else:
            kwargs['initial_state'] = initial_state
            return super(RNN, self).__call__(inputs, **kwargs)

    def call(self, inputs, mask=None, training=None, initial_state=None):
        # input shape: `(samples, time (padded with zeros), input_dim)`
        # note that the .build() method of subclasses MUST define
        # self.input_spec and self.state_spec with complete input shapes.
        if isinstance(inputs, list):
            initial_state = inputs[1:]
            inputs = inputs[0]
        elif initial_state is not None:
            pass
        elif self.stateful:
            initial_state = self.states
        else:
            initial_state = self.get_initial_state(inputs)

        if isinstance(mask, list):
            mask = mask[0]

        if len(initial_state) != len(self.states):
            raise ValueError('Layer has ' + str(len(self.states)) +
                             ' states but was passed ' +
                             str(len(initial_state)) +
                             ' initial states.')
        input_shape = K.int_shape(inputs)
        timesteps = input_shape[1]
        if self.unroll and timesteps in [None, 1]:
            raise ValueError('Cannot unroll a RNN if the '
                             'time dimension is undefined or equal to 1. \n'
                             '- If using a Sequential model, '
                             'specify the time dimension by passing '
                             'an `input_shape` or `batch_input_shape` '
                             'argument to your first layer. If your '
                             'first layer is an Embedding, you can '
                             'also use the `input_length` argument.\n'
                             '- If using the functional API, specify '
                             'the time dimension by passing a `shape` '
                             'or `batch_shape` argument to your Input layer.')

        if has_arg(self.cell.call, 'training'):
            step = functools.partial(self.cell.call, training=training)
        else:
            step = self.cell.call
        last_output, outputs, states = K.rnn(step,
                                             inputs,
                                             initial_state,
                                             go_backwards=self.go_backwards,
                                             mask=mask,
                                             unroll=self.unroll,
                                             input_length=timesteps)
        if self.stateful:
            updates = []
            for i in range(len(states)):
                updates.append((self.states[i], states[i]))
            self.add_update(updates, inputs)

        if self.return_sequences:
            output = outputs
        else:
            output = last_output

        # Properly set learning phase
        if getattr(last_output, '_uses_learning_phase', False):
            output._uses_learning_phase = True

        if self.return_state:
            if not isinstance(states, (list, tuple)):
                states = [states]
            else:
                states = list(states)
            return [output] + states
        else:
            return output

    def reset_states(self, states=None):
        if not self.stateful:
            raise AttributeError('Layer must be stateful.')
        batch_size = self.input_spec[0].shape[0]
        if not batch_size:
            raise ValueError('If a RNN is stateful, it needs to know '
                             'its batch size. Specify the batch size '
                             'of your input tensors: \n'
                             '- If using a Sequential model, '
                             'specify the batch size by passing '
                             'a `batch_input_shape` '
                             'argument to your first layer.\n'
                             '- If using the functional API, specify '
                             'the time dimension by passing a '
                             '`batch_shape` argument to your Input layer.')
        # initialize state if None
        if self.states[0] is None:
            if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                self.states = [K.zeros((batch_size, dim))
                               for dim in self.cell.state_size]
            else:
                self.states = [K.zeros((batch_size, self.cell.state_size))]
        elif states is None:
            if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                for state, dim in zip(self.states, self.cell.state_size):
                    K.set_value(state, np.zeros((batch_size, dim)))
            else:
                K.set_value(self.states[0],
                            np.zeros((batch_size, self.cell.state_size)))
        else:
            if not isinstance(states, (list, tuple)):
                states = [states]
            if len(states) != len(self.states):
                raise ValueError('Layer ' + self.name + ' expects ' +
                                 str(len(self.states)) + ' states, '
                                 'but it received ' + str(len(states)) +
                                 ' state values. Input received: ' +
                                 str(states))
            for index, (value, state) in enumerate(zip(states, self.states)):
                if hasattr(self.cell.state_size, '__len__'):
                    dim = self.cell.state_size[index]
                else:
                    dim = self.cell.state_size
                if value.shape != (batch_size, dim):
                    raise ValueError('State ' + str(index) +
                                     ' is incompatible with layer ' +
                                     self.name + ': expected shape=' +
                                     str((batch_size, dim)) +
                                     ', found shape=' + str(value.shape))
                # TODO: consider batch calls to `set_value`.
                K.set_value(state, value)

    def get_config(self):
        config = {'return_sequences': self.return_sequences,
                  'return_state': self.return_state,
                  'go_backwards': self.go_backwards,
                  'stateful': self.stateful,
                  'unroll': self.unroll}
        cell_config = self.cell.get_config()
        config['cell'] = {'class_name': self.cell.__class__.__name__,
                          'config': cell_config}
        base_config = super(RNN, self).get_config()
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config, custom_objects=None):
        from . import deserialize as deserialize_layer
        cell = deserialize_layer(config.pop('cell'),
                                 custom_objects=custom_objects)
        return cls(cell, **config)

    @property
    def trainable_weights(self):
        if isinstance(self.cell, Layer):
            return self.cell.trainable_weights
        return []

    @property
    def non_trainable_weights(self):
        if isinstance(self.cell, Layer):
            return self.cell.non_trainable_weights
        return []

    @property
    def losses(self):
        if isinstance(self.cell, Layer):
            return self.cell.losses
        return []

    def get_losses_for(self, inputs=None):
        if isinstance(self.cell, Layer):
            cell_losses = self.cell.get_losses_for(inputs)
            return cell_losses + super(RNN, self).get_losses_for(inputs)
        return super(RNN, self).get_losses_for(inputs)


class SimpleRNNCell(Layer):
    """Cell class for SimpleRNN.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
    """

    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 **kwargs):
        super(SimpleRNNCell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.units = units
        self.activation = activations.get(activation)
        self.use_bias = use_bias

        self.kernel_initializer = initializers.get(kernel_initializer)
        self.recurrent_initializer = initializers.get(recurrent_initializer)
        self.bias_initializer = initializers.get(bias_initializer)

        self.kernel_regularizer = regularizers.get(kernel_regularizer)
        self.recurrent_regularizer = regularizers.get(recurrent_regularizer)
        self.bias_regularizer = regularizers.get(bias_regularizer)

        self.kernel_constraint = constraints.get(kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_constraint = constraints.get(recurrent_constraint)
        self.bias_constraint = constraints.get(bias_constraint)

        self.dropout = min(1., max(0., dropout))
        self.recurrent_dropout = min(1., max(0., recurrent_dropout))
        self.state_size = self.units
        self._dropout_mask = None
        self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def build(self, input_shape):
        self.kernel = self.add_weight(shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
                                      name='kernel',
                                      initializer=self.kernel_initializer,
                                      regularizer=self.kernel_regularizer,
                                      constraint=self.kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_kernel = self.add_weight(
            shape=(self.units, self.units),
            name='recurrent_kernel',
            initializer=self.recurrent_initializer,
            regularizer=self.recurrent_regularizer,
            constraint=self.recurrent_constraint)
        if self.use_bias:
            self.bias = self.add_weight(shape=(self.units,),
                                        name='bias',
                                        initializer=self.bias_initializer,
                                        regularizer=self.bias_regularizer,
                                        constraint=self.bias_constraint)
        else:
            self.bias = None
        self.built = True

    def _generate_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.squeeze(inputs[:, 0:1, :], axis=1))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._dropout_mask = K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
        else:
            self._dropout_mask = None

    def _generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.recurrent_dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.reshape(inputs[:, 0, 0], (-1, 1)))
            ones = K.tile(ones, (1, self.units))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
        else:
            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def call(self, inputs, states, training=None):
        prev_output = states[0]
        dp_mask = self._dropout_mask
        rec_dp_mask = self._recurrent_dropout_mask

        if dp_mask is not None:
            h = K.dot(inputs * dp_mask, self.kernel)
        else:
            h = K.dot(inputs, self.kernel)
        if self.bias is not None:
            h = K.bias_add(h, self.bias)

        if rec_dp_mask is not None:
            prev_output *= rec_dp_mask
        output = h + K.dot(prev_output, self.recurrent_kernel)
        if self.activation is not None:
            output = self.activation(output)

        # Properly set learning phase on output tensor.
        if 0 < self.dropout + self.recurrent_dropout:
            if training is None:
                output._uses_learning_phase = True
        return output, [output]


class SimpleRNN(RNN):
    """Fully-connected RNN where the output is to be fed back to input.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
    """

    @interfaces.legacy_recurrent_support
    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 activity_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 **kwargs):
        if 'implementation' in kwargs:
            kwargs.pop('implementation')
            warnings.warn('The `implementation` argument '
                          'in `SimpleRNN` has been deprecated. '
                          'Please remove it from your layer call.')
        if K.backend() == 'cntk':
            if not kwargs.get('unroll') and (dropout > 0 or recurrent_dropout > 0):
                warnings.warn(
                    'RNN dropout is not supported with the CNTK backend '
                    'when using dynamic RNNs (i.e. non-unrolled). '
                    'You can either set `unroll=True`, '
                    'set `dropout` and `recurrent_dropout` to 0, '
                    'or use a different backend.')
                dropout = 0.
                recurrent_dropout = 0.

        cell = SimpleRNNCell(units,
                             activation=activation,
                             use_bias=use_bias,
                             kernel_initializer=kernel_initializer,
                             recurrent_initializer=recurrent_initializer,
                             bias_initializer=bias_initializer,
                             kernel_regularizer=kernel_regularizer,
                             recurrent_regularizer=recurrent_regularizer,
                             bias_regularizer=bias_regularizer,
                             kernel_constraint=kernel_constraint,
                             recurrent_constraint=recurrent_constraint,
                             bias_constraint=bias_constraint,
                             dropout=dropout,
                             recurrent_dropout=recurrent_dropout)
        super(SimpleRNN, self).__init__(cell, **kwargs)
        self.activity_regularizer = regularizers.get(activity_regularizer)

    def call(self, inputs, mask=None, training=None, initial_state=None):
        self.cell._generate_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        self.cell._generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        return super(SimpleRNN, self).call(inputs,
                                           mask=mask,
                                           training=training,
                                           initial_state=initial_state)

    @property
    def units(self):
        return self.cell.units

    @property
    def activation(self):
        return self.cell.activation

    @property
    def use_bias(self):
        return self.cell.use_bias

    @property
    def kernel_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_initializer

    @property
    def recurrent_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_initializer

    @property
    def bias_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_initializer

    @property
    def kernel_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_regularizer

    @property
    def recurrent_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_regularizer

    @property
    def bias_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_regularizer

    @property
    def kernel_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_constraint

    @property
    def recurrent_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_constraint

    @property
    def bias_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.bias_constraint

    @property
    def dropout(self):
        return self.cell.dropout

    @property
    def recurrent_dropout(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_dropout

    def get_config(self):
        config = {'units': self.units,
                  'activation': activations.serialize(self.activation),
                  'use_bias': self.use_bias,
                  'kernel_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.kernel_initializer),
                  'recurrent_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.recurrent_initializer),
                  'bias_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.bias_initializer),
                  'kernel_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.kernel_regularizer),
                  'recurrent_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.recurrent_regularizer),
                  'bias_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.bias_regularizer),
                  'activity_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.activity_regularizer),
                  'kernel_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.kernel_constraint),
                  'recurrent_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.recurrent_constraint),
                  'bias_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.bias_constraint),
                  'dropout': self.dropout,
                  'recurrent_dropout': self.recurrent_dropout}
        base_config = super(SimpleRNN, self).get_config()
        del base_config['cell']
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        if 'implementation' in config:
            config.pop('implementation')
        return cls(**config)


class GRUCell(Layer):
    """Cell class for the GRU layer.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        recurrent_activation: Activation function to use
            for the recurrent step
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
        implementation: Implementation mode, either 1 or 2.
    """

    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 recurrent_activation='hard_sigmoid',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 implementation=1,
                 **kwargs):
        super(GRUCell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.units = units
        self.activation = activations.get(activation)
        self.recurrent_activation = activations.get(recurrent_activation)
        self.use_bias = use_bias

        self.kernel_initializer = initializers.get(kernel_initializer)
        self.recurrent_initializer = initializers.get(recurrent_initializer)
        self.bias_initializer = initializers.get(bias_initializer)

        self.kernel_regularizer = regularizers.get(kernel_regularizer)
        self.recurrent_regularizer = regularizers.get(recurrent_regularizer)
        self.bias_regularizer = regularizers.get(bias_regularizer)

        self.kernel_constraint = constraints.get(kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_constraint = constraints.get(recurrent_constraint)
        self.bias_constraint = constraints.get(bias_constraint)

        self.dropout = min(1., max(0., dropout))
        self.recurrent_dropout = min(1., max(0., recurrent_dropout))
        self.implementation = implementation
        self.state_size = self.units
        self._dropout_mask = None
        self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def build(self, input_shape):
        input_dim = input_shape[-1]
        self.kernel = self.add_weight(shape=(input_dim, self.units * 3),
                                      name='kernel',
                                      initializer=self.kernel_initializer,
                                      regularizer=self.kernel_regularizer,
                                      constraint=self.kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_kernel = self.add_weight(
            shape=(self.units, self.units * 3),
            name='recurrent_kernel',
            initializer=self.recurrent_initializer,
            regularizer=self.recurrent_regularizer,
            constraint=self.recurrent_constraint)

        if self.use_bias:
            self.bias = self.add_weight(shape=(self.units * 3,),
                                        name='bias',
                                        initializer=self.bias_initializer,
                                        regularizer=self.bias_regularizer,
                                        constraint=self.bias_constraint)
        else:
            self.bias = None

        self.kernel_z = self.kernel[:, :self.units]
        self.recurrent_kernel_z = self.recurrent_kernel[:, :self.units]
        self.kernel_r = self.kernel[:, self.units: self.units * 2]
        self.recurrent_kernel_r = self.recurrent_kernel[:,
                                                        self.units:
                                                        self.units * 2]
        self.kernel_h = self.kernel[:, self.units * 2:]
        self.recurrent_kernel_h = self.recurrent_kernel[:, self.units * 2:]

        if self.use_bias:
            self.bias_z = self.bias[:self.units]
            self.bias_r = self.bias[self.units: self.units * 2]
            self.bias_h = self.bias[self.units * 2:]
        else:
            self.bias_z = None
            self.bias_r = None
            self.bias_h = None
        self.built = True

    def _generate_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.squeeze(inputs[:, 0:1, :], axis=1))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._dropout_mask = [K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
                for _ in range(3)]
        else:
            self._dropout_mask = None

    def _generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.recurrent_dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.reshape(inputs[:, 0, 0], (-1, 1)))
            ones = K.tile(ones, (1, self.units))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = [K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
                for _ in range(3)]
        else:
            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def call(self, inputs, states, training=None):
        h_tm1 = states[0]  # previous memory

        # dropout matrices for input units
        dp_mask = self._dropout_mask
        # dropout matrices for recurrent units
        rec_dp_mask = self._recurrent_dropout_mask

        if self.implementation == 1:
            if 0. < self.dropout < 1.:
                inputs_z = inputs * dp_mask[0]
                inputs_r = inputs * dp_mask[1]
                inputs_h = inputs * dp_mask[2]
            else:
                inputs_z = inputs
                inputs_r = inputs
                inputs_h = inputs
            x_z = K.dot(inputs_z, self.kernel_z)
            x_r = K.dot(inputs_r, self.kernel_r)
            x_h = K.dot(inputs_h, self.kernel_h)
            if self.use_bias:
                x_z = K.bias_add(x_z, self.bias_z)
                x_r = K.bias_add(x_r, self.bias_r)
                x_h = K.bias_add(x_h, self.bias_h)

            if 0. < self.recurrent_dropout < 1.:
                h_tm1_z = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[0]
                h_tm1_r = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[1]
                h_tm1_h = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[2]
            else:
                h_tm1_z = h_tm1
                h_tm1_r = h_tm1
                h_tm1_h = h_tm1
            z = self.recurrent_activation(x_z + K.dot(h_tm1_z,
                                                      self.recurrent_kernel_z))
            r = self.recurrent_activation(x_r + K.dot(h_tm1_r,
                                                      self.recurrent_kernel_r))

            hh = self.activation(x_h + K.dot(r * h_tm1_h,
                                             self.recurrent_kernel_h))
        else:
            if 0. < self.dropout < 1.:
                inputs *= dp_mask[0]
            matrix_x = K.dot(inputs, self.kernel)
            if self.use_bias:
                matrix_x = K.bias_add(matrix_x, self.bias)
            if 0. < self.recurrent_dropout < 1.:
                h_tm1 *= rec_dp_mask[0]
            matrix_inner = K.dot(h_tm1,
                                 self.recurrent_kernel[:, :2 * self.units])

            x_z = matrix_x[:, :self.units]
            x_r = matrix_x[:, self.units: 2 * self.units]
            recurrent_z = matrix_inner[:, :self.units]
            recurrent_r = matrix_inner[:, self.units: 2 * self.units]

            z = self.recurrent_activation(x_z + recurrent_z)
            r = self.recurrent_activation(x_r + recurrent_r)

            x_h = matrix_x[:, 2 * self.units:]
            recurrent_h = K.dot(r * h_tm1,
                                self.recurrent_kernel[:, 2 * self.units:])
            hh = self.activation(x_h + recurrent_h)
        h = z * h_tm1 + (1 - z) * hh
        if 0 < self.dropout + self.recurrent_dropout:
            if training is None:
                h._uses_learning_phase = True
        return h, [h]


class GRU(RNN):
    """Gated Recurrent Unit - Cho et al. 2014.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        recurrent_activation: Activation function to use
            for the recurrent step
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
        implementation: Implementation mode, either 1 or 2.

    # References
        - [On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches](https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1259)
        - [Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling](http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.3555v1)
        - [A Theoretically Grounded Application of Dropout in Recurrent Neural Networks](http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05287)
    """

    @interfaces.legacy_recurrent_support
    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 recurrent_activation='hard_sigmoid',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 activity_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 implementation=1,
                 **kwargs):
        if implementation == 0:
            warnings.warn('`implementation=0` has been deprecated, '
                          'and now defaults to `implementation=1`.'
                          'Please update your layer call.')
        if K.backend() == 'cntk':
            if not kwargs.get('unroll') and (dropout > 0 or recurrent_dropout > 0):
                warnings.warn(
                    'RNN dropout is not supported with the CNTK backend '
                    'when using dynamic RNNs (i.e. non-unrolled). '
                    'You can either set `unroll=True`, '
                    'set `dropout` and `recurrent_dropout` to 0, '
                    'or use a different backend.')
                dropout = 0.
                recurrent_dropout = 0.

        cell = GRUCell(units,
                       activation=activation,
                       recurrent_activation=recurrent_activation,
                       use_bias=use_bias,
                       kernel_initializer=kernel_initializer,
                       recurrent_initializer=recurrent_initializer,
                       bias_initializer=bias_initializer,
                       kernel_regularizer=kernel_regularizer,
                       recurrent_regularizer=recurrent_regularizer,
                       bias_regularizer=bias_regularizer,
                       kernel_constraint=kernel_constraint,
                       recurrent_constraint=recurrent_constraint,
                       bias_constraint=bias_constraint,
                       dropout=dropout,
                       recurrent_dropout=recurrent_dropout,
                       implementation=implementation)
        super(GRU, self).__init__(cell, **kwargs)
        self.activity_regularizer = regularizers.get(activity_regularizer)

    def call(self, inputs, mask=None, training=None, initial_state=None):
        self.cell._generate_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        self.cell._generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        return super(GRU, self).call(inputs,
                                     mask=mask,
                                     training=training,
                                     initial_state=initial_state)

    @property
    def units(self):
        return self.cell.units

    @property
    def activation(self):
        return self.cell.activation

    @property
    def recurrent_activation(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_activation

    @property
    def use_bias(self):
        return self.cell.use_bias

    @property
    def kernel_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_initializer

    @property
    def recurrent_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_initializer

    @property
    def bias_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_initializer

    @property
    def kernel_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_regularizer

    @property
    def recurrent_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_regularizer

    @property
    def bias_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_regularizer

    @property
    def kernel_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_constraint

    @property
    def recurrent_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_constraint

    @property
    def bias_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.bias_constraint

    @property
    def dropout(self):
        return self.cell.dropout

    @property
    def recurrent_dropout(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_dropout

    @property
    def implementation(self):
        return self.cell.implementation

    def get_config(self):
        config = {'units': self.units,
                  'activation': activations.serialize(self.activation),
                  'recurrent_activation': activations.serialize(self.recurrent_activation),
                  'use_bias': self.use_bias,
                  'kernel_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.kernel_initializer),
                  'recurrent_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.recurrent_initializer),
                  'bias_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.bias_initializer),
                  'kernel_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.kernel_regularizer),
                  'recurrent_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.recurrent_regularizer),
                  'bias_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.bias_regularizer),
                  'activity_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.activity_regularizer),
                  'kernel_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.kernel_constraint),
                  'recurrent_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.recurrent_constraint),
                  'bias_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.bias_constraint),
                  'dropout': self.dropout,
                  'recurrent_dropout': self.recurrent_dropout,
                  'implementation': self.implementation}
        base_config = super(GRU, self).get_config()
        del base_config['cell']
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        if 'implementation' in config and config['implementation'] == 0:
            config['implementation'] = 1
        return cls(**config)


class LSTMCell(Layer):
    """Cell class for the LSTM layer.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        recurrent_activation: Activation function to use
            for the recurrent step
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        unit_forget_bias: Boolean.
            If True, add 1 to the bias of the forget gate at initialization.
            Setting it to true will also force `bias_initializer="zeros"`.
            This is recommended in [Jozefowicz et al.](http://www.jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v37/jozefowicz15.pdf)
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
        implementation: Implementation mode, either 1 or 2.
    """

    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 recurrent_activation='hard_sigmoid',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 unit_forget_bias=True,
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 implementation=1,
                 **kwargs):
        super(LSTMCell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.units = units
        self.activation = activations.get(activation)
        self.recurrent_activation = activations.get(recurrent_activation)
        self.use_bias = use_bias

        self.kernel_initializer = initializers.get(kernel_initializer)
        self.recurrent_initializer = initializers.get(recurrent_initializer)
        self.bias_initializer = initializers.get(bias_initializer)
        self.unit_forget_bias = unit_forget_bias

        self.kernel_regularizer = regularizers.get(kernel_regularizer)
        self.recurrent_regularizer = regularizers.get(recurrent_regularizer)
        self.bias_regularizer = regularizers.get(bias_regularizer)

        self.kernel_constraint = constraints.get(kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_constraint = constraints.get(recurrent_constraint)
        self.bias_constraint = constraints.get(bias_constraint)

        self.dropout = min(1., max(0., dropout))
        self.recurrent_dropout = min(1., max(0., recurrent_dropout))
        self.implementation = implementation
        self.state_size = (self.units, self.units)
        self._dropout_mask = None
        self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def build(self, input_shape):
        input_dim = input_shape[-1]
        self.kernel = self.add_weight(shape=(input_dim, self.units * 4),
                                      name='kernel',
                                      initializer=self.kernel_initializer,
                                      regularizer=self.kernel_regularizer,
                                      constraint=self.kernel_constraint)
        self.recurrent_kernel = self.add_weight(
            shape=(self.units, self.units * 4),
            name='recurrent_kernel',
            initializer=self.recurrent_initializer,
            regularizer=self.recurrent_regularizer,
            constraint=self.recurrent_constraint)

        if self.use_bias:
            if self.unit_forget_bias:
                def bias_initializer(shape, *args, **kwargs):
                    return K.concatenate([
                        self.bias_initializer((self.units,), *args, **kwargs),
                        initializers.Ones()((self.units,), *args, **kwargs),
                        self.bias_initializer((self.units * 2,), *args, **kwargs),
                    ])
            else:
                bias_initializer = self.bias_initializer
            self.bias = self.add_weight(shape=(self.units * 4,),
                                        name='bias',
                                        initializer=bias_initializer,
                                        regularizer=self.bias_regularizer,
                                        constraint=self.bias_constraint)
        else:
            self.bias = None

        self.kernel_i = self.kernel[:, :self.units]
        self.kernel_f = self.kernel[:, self.units: self.units * 2]
        self.kernel_c = self.kernel[:, self.units * 2: self.units * 3]
        self.kernel_o = self.kernel[:, self.units * 3:]

        self.recurrent_kernel_i = self.recurrent_kernel[:, :self.units]
        self.recurrent_kernel_f = self.recurrent_kernel[:, self.units: self.units * 2]
        self.recurrent_kernel_c = self.recurrent_kernel[:, self.units * 2: self.units * 3]
        self.recurrent_kernel_o = self.recurrent_kernel[:, self.units * 3:]

        if self.use_bias:
            self.bias_i = self.bias[:self.units]
            self.bias_f = self.bias[self.units: self.units * 2]
            self.bias_c = self.bias[self.units * 2: self.units * 3]
            self.bias_o = self.bias[self.units * 3:]
        else:
            self.bias_i = None
            self.bias_f = None
            self.bias_c = None
            self.bias_o = None
        self.built = True

    def _generate_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.squeeze(inputs[:, 0:1, :], axis=1))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._dropout_mask = [K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
                for _ in range(4)]
        else:
            self._dropout_mask = None

    def _generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(self, inputs, training=None):
        if 0 < self.recurrent_dropout < 1:
            ones = K.ones_like(K.reshape(inputs[:, 0, 0], (-1, 1)))
            ones = K.tile(ones, (1, self.units))

            def dropped_inputs():
                return K.dropout(ones, self.dropout)

            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = [K.in_train_phase(
                dropped_inputs,
                ones,
                training=training)
                for _ in range(4)]
        else:
            self._recurrent_dropout_mask = None

    def call(self, inputs, states, training=None):
        # dropout matrices for input units
        dp_mask = self._dropout_mask
        # dropout matrices for recurrent units
        rec_dp_mask = self._recurrent_dropout_mask

        h_tm1 = states[0]  # previous memory state
        c_tm1 = states[1]  # previous carry state

        if self.implementation == 1:
            if 0 < self.dropout < 1.:
                inputs_i = inputs * dp_mask[0]
                inputs_f = inputs * dp_mask[1]
                inputs_c = inputs * dp_mask[2]
                inputs_o = inputs * dp_mask[3]
            else:
                inputs_i = inputs
                inputs_f = inputs
                inputs_c = inputs
                inputs_o = inputs
            x_i = K.dot(inputs_i, self.kernel_i) + self.bias_i
            x_f = K.dot(inputs_f, self.kernel_f) + self.bias_f
            x_c = K.dot(inputs_c, self.kernel_c) + self.bias_c
            x_o = K.dot(inputs_o, self.kernel_o) + self.bias_o

            if 0 < self.recurrent_dropout < 1.:
                h_tm1_i = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[0]
                h_tm1_f = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[1]
                h_tm1_c = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[2]
                h_tm1_o = h_tm1 * rec_dp_mask[3]
            else:
                h_tm1_i = h_tm1
                h_tm1_f = h_tm1
                h_tm1_c = h_tm1
                h_tm1_o = h_tm1
            i = self.recurrent_activation(x_i + K.dot(h_tm1_i,
                                                      self.recurrent_kernel_i))
            f = self.recurrent_activation(x_f + K.dot(h_tm1_f,
                                                      self.recurrent_kernel_f))
            c = f * c_tm1 + i * self.activation(x_c + K.dot(h_tm1_c,
                                                            self.recurrent_kernel_c))
            o = self.recurrent_activation(x_o + K.dot(h_tm1_o,
                                                      self.recurrent_kernel_o))
        else:
            if 0. < self.dropout < 1.:
                inputs *= dp_mask[0]
            z = K.dot(inputs, self.kernel)
            if 0. < self.recurrent_dropout < 1.:
                h_tm1 *= rec_dp_mask[0]
            z += K.dot(h_tm1, self.recurrent_kernel)
            if self.use_bias:
                z = K.bias_add(z, self.bias)

            z0 = z[:, :self.units]
            z1 = z[:, self.units: 2 * self.units]
            z2 = z[:, 2 * self.units: 3 * self.units]
            z3 = z[:, 3 * self.units:]

            i = self.recurrent_activation(z0)
            f = self.recurrent_activation(z1)
            c = f * c_tm1 + i * self.activation(z2)
            o = self.recurrent_activation(z3)

        h = o * self.activation(c)
        if 0 < self.dropout + self.recurrent_dropout:
            if training is None:
                h._uses_learning_phase = True
        return h, [h, c]


class LSTM(RNN):
    """Long-Short Term Memory layer - Hochreiter 1997.

    # Arguments
        units: Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
        activation: Activation function to use
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
            If you pass None, no activation is applied
            (ie. "linear" activation: `a(x) = x`).
        recurrent_activation: Activation function to use
            for the recurrent step
            (see [activations](../activations.md)).
        use_bias: Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
        kernel_initializer: Initializer for the `kernel` weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        recurrent_initializer: Initializer for the `recurrent_kernel`
            weights matrix,
            used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        bias_initializer: Initializer for the bias vector
            (see [initializers](../initializers.md)).
        unit_forget_bias: Boolean.
            If True, add 1 to the bias of the forget gate at initialization.
            Setting it to true will also force `bias_initializer="zeros"`.
            This is recommended in [Jozefowicz et al.](http://www.jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v37/jozefowicz15.pdf)
        kernel_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        recurrent_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        bias_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to the bias vector
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        activity_regularizer: Regularizer function applied to
            the output of the layer (its "activation").
            (see [regularizer](../regularizers.md)).
        kernel_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        recurrent_constraint: Constraint function applied to
            the `recurrent_kernel` weights matrix
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        bias_constraint: Constraint function applied to the bias vector
            (see [constraints](../constraints.md)).
        dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the inputs.
        recurrent_dropout: Float between 0 and 1.
            Fraction of the units to drop for
            the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
        implementation: Implementation mode, either 1 or 2.

    # References
        - [Long short-term memory](http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf) (original 1997 paper)
        - [Learning to forget: Continual prediction with LSTM](http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/089976600300015015)
        - [Supervised sequence labeling with recurrent neural networks](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~graves/preprint.pdf)
        - [A Theoretically Grounded Application of Dropout in Recurrent Neural Networks](http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.05287)
    """

    @interfaces.legacy_recurrent_support
    def __init__(self, units,
                 activation='tanh',
                 recurrent_activation='hard_sigmoid',
                 use_bias=True,
                 kernel_initializer='glorot_uniform',
                 recurrent_initializer='orthogonal',
                 bias_initializer='zeros',
                 unit_forget_bias=True,
                 kernel_regularizer=None,
                 recurrent_regularizer=None,
                 bias_regularizer=None,
                 activity_regularizer=None,
                 kernel_constraint=None,
                 recurrent_constraint=None,
                 bias_constraint=None,
                 dropout=0.,
                 recurrent_dropout=0.,
                 implementation=1,
                 **kwargs):
        if implementation == 0:
            warnings.warn('`implementation=0` has been deprecated, '
                          'and now defaults to `implementation=1`.'
                          'Please update your layer call.')
        if K.backend() == 'cntk':
            if not kwargs.get('unroll') and (dropout > 0 or recurrent_dropout > 0):
                warnings.warn(
                    'RNN dropout is not supported with the CNTK backend '
                    'when using dynamic RNNs (i.e. non-unrolled). '
                    'You can either set `unroll=True`, '
                    'set `dropout` and `recurrent_dropout` to 0, '
                    'or use a different backend.')
                dropout = 0.
                recurrent_dropout = 0.

        cell = LSTMCell(units,
                        activation=activation,
                        recurrent_activation=recurrent_activation,
                        use_bias=use_bias,
                        kernel_initializer=kernel_initializer,
                        recurrent_initializer=recurrent_initializer,
                        unit_forget_bias=unit_forget_bias,
                        bias_initializer=bias_initializer,
                        kernel_regularizer=kernel_regularizer,
                        recurrent_regularizer=recurrent_regularizer,
                        bias_regularizer=bias_regularizer,
                        kernel_constraint=kernel_constraint,
                        recurrent_constraint=recurrent_constraint,
                        bias_constraint=bias_constraint,
                        dropout=dropout,
                        recurrent_dropout=recurrent_dropout,
                        implementation=implementation)
        super(LSTM, self).__init__(cell, **kwargs)
        self.activity_regularizer = regularizers.get(activity_regularizer)

    def call(self, inputs, mask=None, training=None, initial_state=None):
        self.cell._generate_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        self.cell._generate_recurrent_dropout_mask(inputs, training=training)
        return super(LSTM, self).call(inputs,
                                      mask=mask,
                                      training=training,
                                      initial_state=initial_state)

    @property
    def units(self):
        return self.cell.units

    @property
    def activation(self):
        return self.cell.activation

    @property
    def recurrent_activation(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_activation

    @property
    def use_bias(self):
        return self.cell.use_bias

    @property
    def kernel_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_initializer

    @property
    def recurrent_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_initializer

    @property
    def bias_initializer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_initializer

    @property
    def unit_forget_bias(self):
        return self.cell.unit_forget_bias

    @property
    def kernel_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_regularizer

    @property
    def recurrent_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_regularizer

    @property
    def bias_regularizer(self):
        return self.cell.bias_regularizer

    @property
    def kernel_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.kernel_constraint

    @property
    def recurrent_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_constraint

    @property
    def bias_constraint(self):
        return self.cell.bias_constraint

    @property
    def dropout(self):
        return self.cell.dropout

    @property
    def recurrent_dropout(self):
        return self.cell.recurrent_dropout

    @property
    def implementation(self):
        return self.cell.implementation

    def get_config(self):
        config = {'units': self.units,
                  'activation': activations.serialize(self.activation),
                  'recurrent_activation': activations.serialize(self.recurrent_activation),
                  'use_bias': self.use_bias,
                  'kernel_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.kernel_initializer),
                  'recurrent_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.recurrent_initializer),
                  'bias_initializer': initializers.serialize(self.bias_initializer),
                  'unit_forget_bias': self.unit_forget_bias,
                  'kernel_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.kernel_regularizer),
                  'recurrent_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.recurrent_regularizer),
                  'bias_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.bias_regularizer),
                  'activity_regularizer': regularizers.serialize(self.activity_regularizer),
                  'kernel_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.kernel_constraint),
                  'recurrent_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.recurrent_constraint),
                  'bias_constraint': constraints.serialize(self.bias_constraint),
                  'dropout': self.dropout,
                  'recurrent_dropout': self.recurrent_dropout,
                  'implementation': self.implementation}
        base_config = super(LSTM, self).get_config()
        del base_config['cell']
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))

    @classmethod
    def from_config(cls, config):
        if 'implementation' in config and config['implementation'] == 0:
            config['implementation'] = 1
        return cls(**config)
