What are the pros and cons of importing a Python module and/or function inside of a function, with respect to efficiency of speed and of memory?
Does it re-import every time the function is run, or perhaps just once at the beginning whether or not the function is run?
The very first time you import goo from anywhere (inside or outside a function), goo.py (or other importable form) is loaded and sys.modules['goo'] is set to the module object thus built.  Any future import within the same run of the program (again, whether inside or outside a function) just look up sys.modules['goo'] and bind it to barename goo in the appropriate scope.  The dict lookup and name binding are very fast operations.
Assuming the very first import gets totally amortized over the program's run anyway, having the "appropriate scope" be module-level means each use of goo.this, goo.that, etc, is two dict lookups -- one for goo and one for the attribute name.  Having it be "function level" pays one extra local-variable setting per run of the function (even faster than the dictionary lookup part!) but saves one dict lookup (exchanging it for a local-variable lookup, blazingly fast) for each goo.this (etc) access, basically halving the time such lookups take.
We're talking about a few nanoseconds one way or another, so it's hardly a worthwhile optimization.  The one potentially substantial advantage of having the import within a function is when that function may well not be needed at all in a given run of the program, e.g., that function deals with errors, anomalies, and rare situations in general; if that's the case, any run that does not need the functionality will not even perform the import (and that's a saving of microseconds, not just nanoseconds), only runs that do need the functionality will pay the (modest but measurable) price.
It's still an optimization that's only worthwhile in pretty extreme situations, and there are many others I would consider before trying to squeeze out microseconds in this way.
In Python, what happens when you import inside of a function?