I'm trying to get a sense of the similarities between languages in syntax. How similar are Python, jQuery and C? I started programming in Actionscript 3 and then moved on to Javascript , then went on and learned Prototype, and then I started using jQuery and found that the syntax is very different. So is jQuery more like C and Python?
For jQuery, the answer is pretty simple: jQuery isn't a language, therefore it doesn't have syntax.
For Python and C, the answer from a high-level point of view is also very simple: Python's syntax is directly inspired by C's syntax. (Or more precisely, both Python's and C's syntax are inspired by ALGOL's syntax.) There is really only one significant difference from a high-level point of view: C uses opening and closing curly braces to delimit blocks, Python uses indentation.
Otherwise, the two high-level syntaxes are almost the same: both have unary and binary operators, even with similar precedence (unline Smalltalk, for example, which doesn't have operators), both distinguish between statements and expressions (unlike Ruby, for example, which doesn't have statements), both use semicolons between statements (although technically, the semicolon is a statement terminator in C and a statement separator in Python), both use similar syntax for numeric literals and string literals as well as array/list indexing.
There are a couple of syntactic differences related to the different semantics: in Python, variables are untyped (only objects are typed), so there is no type annotation syntax for variable declarations (in fact, there is no syntax for variable declarations at all). There is syntax for type annotations of function parameters and function return values, but in Python the types come after the parameter name, and the type annotations are optional. With variables being untyped, the concept of type casting doesn't make sense, so there is no syntax for that. Neither is there any pointer-related syntax, since Python doesn't have those.
Python has a couple more literals than C: lists, sets, dictionaries, in particular. However, they follow in the C tradition: in C, an array is declared and indexed using square brackets, so Python uses square brackets for array literals.
How similar are Python, jQuery, C syntax wise?