They had lower mortality rates from the influenza pandemic. But their economies also appeared to fare better.
They had lower mortality rates from the influenza pandemic. But their economies also appeared to fare better.
U.S. Economy
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Cities That Went All In on Social Distancing in 1918 Emerged Stronger for It
ByEmily BadgerandQuoctrung BuiApril 3, 2020
They had lower mortality rates from the influenza pandemic. But their economies also appeared to fare better.
Cities That Had More Aggressive Interventions Tended to Have Higher Employment Growth
Growth in Manufacturing Employment 1914 to 1919
+120%
Seattle
Oakland
100
Omaha
Portland
+80
Los Angeles
+60
Indianapolis
Syracuse
Birmingham
Spokane
Toledo
San Francisco
Columbus
Denver
Cleveland
+40
Rochester
Grand Rapids
Buffalo
Newark
Kansas City
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Dayton
St. Louis
Baltimore
Nashville
Chicago
+20
New Haven
Washington
Louisville
New Orleans
Pittsburgh
Boston
St. Paul
New York
Philadelphia
Cincinnati
Lowell
Fall River
shorter interventions
Longer interventions
Growth in Manufacturing Employment 1914 to 1919
+120%
Seattle
Oakland
100
Omaha
Portland
+80
Los Angeles
+60
Indianapolis
Syracuse
Birmingham
Spokane
Toledo
San Francisco
Columbus
Denver
Cleveland
+40
Rochester
Grand Rapids
Buffalo
Newark
Kansas City
Milwaukee
Minneapolis
Dayton
St. Louis
Baltimore
Nashville
Chicago
+20
Washington
Louisville
New Orleans
Pittsburgh
Boston
New York
St. Paul
Philadelphia
Cincinnati
Lowell
Fall River
shorter interventions
Longer interventions
Growth in mfg. Employment 1914 to 1919
Seattle
+120%
Oakland
100
Omaha
Portland
+80
Los Angeles
+60
Syracuse
Spokane
Toledo
San Francisco
+40
Denver
Cleveland
Buffalo
Kansas City
Minneapolis
Chicago
St. Louis
+20
New Orleans
Louisville
Pittsburgh
St. Paul
New York
Philadelphia
Cincinnati
Fall River
Longer
interventions
shorter
interventions
As the first local influenza deaths were counted in the fall of 1918, officials in Minneapolis moved quickly — more aggressivelythan even state health officials thought was wise— and shut down the city. They closed schools, churches, theaters and pool halls, effective midnight on Oct. 12.
Across the Mississippi River, St. Paul remained largely open into November, with its leaders confident they had the epidemic under control. Fully three weeks after Minneapolis — with The St. Paul Pioneer Presspleading “In Heaven’s Name Do Something!” — St. Paul ordered sweeping closures, too.
Both cities, relative to the worst-hit parts of the country, escaped steep death tolls. But the mortality rate in Minneapolis was considerably lower than in St. Paul. And as researchers today look back on those  interventions, it appears the economy in Minneapolis emerged stronger, too.
The comparison between the Twin Cities is instructive today not just for what it tells us about the health benefits of social distancing, but also for what it says about any economic costs that come with it.
In 1918, cities that committed earlier and longer to interventions like banning public gatherings and closing schools didn’t fare worse for disrupting their economies for longer. Many of those cities actually had relatively larger gains in manufacturing employment, manufacturing output and bank assets in 1919 and into the next few years, according toa new studyfrom researchers at the Federal Reserve and M.I.T. This is particularly clear among Western cities that had more time to prepare for a pandemic that hit the East Coast first.
For cities with the most aggressive interventions, there’s no trade-off apparent in this data between saving lives and hurting the economy.
“If anything, these places do better,” said Emil Verner, an economist at M.I.T., who wrote the paper with Sergio Correia and Stephan Luck of the Fed.
The reasons this would be true aren’t particularly hard to understand. But the same logic has been questioned today by elected officials and commentators who fear that social distancing in response to the coronavirus may not be worth the costs in shuttered businesses and unprecedented unemployment rolls.
“The pandemic itself is just so destructive to the economy, so any policy that you can use that directly mitigates the severity of the pandemic can actually be beneficial for the economy,” Mr. Verner said. Stricter interventions “actually make it safer for economic activity to resume, and they mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic itself on mortality.”
This second point was particularly important in 1918, because that pandemic devastated prime-working-age adults.
“It was a very gendered economy where the breadwinners were almost exclusively men,” said Howard Markel, who directs theCenter for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan. “The fewer men that died who could then go and pursue their work once it ended meant that those families were better off than those that lost that breadwinner, who would then become potentially destitute.”
Mr. Markel and a separate team of researchers previouslycompiled the historical recordsthat tell us today how cities reacted to the 1918 influenza, and how many deaths were counted as it wore on. Their earlier work showed that cities that adopted interventions early, held them in place longer and layered them together — for instance, closing schools, banning public gatherings and isolating sick residents — were more successful managing the epidemicand reducing fatalities.
The new research by Mr. Verner and colleagues adds economic data to that record. Of course, some cities had stronger economies going into the pandemic, or were affected disproportionately by economic shocks that had little to do with the influenza outbreak. West Coast cities, for instance, were more affected by agricultural booms and busts around the end of World War I. But the underlying pattern the researchers found, shown above, held even when they took into account economic and demographic differences between cities.
One simpler way to see this is to compare cities like Minneapolis and St. Paul that are geographically close and were relatively similar in other ways at the time. On the West Coast, even as cities had more time to prepare, Los Angelesdeclared a state of emergencyand banned all public gatherings early on, while San Francisco focused instead onurging residents to wear masks in public, which proved ineffective. Pittsburghdelayed closing its schoolslonger than other Eastern industrial cities like Cleveland, and it fared worse.
Between similar cities, places with longer-running interventions had lower mortality
Those same cities also had higher employment gains
In local news accounts at the time compiled by Mr. Markel and colleagues, there are plenty of examples of business owners who objected to the closings, even lobbying to roll them back. In Atlanta, theaters and movie houses complained of their losses, as did retailers in Columbus, Ohio. Cleveland hotels lost an estimated $200,000. In Philadelphia, saloons claimed they lost $350,000.
But there’s less evidence that people were worried about lasting economic damage from those public health measures, as some Americans are today, including, at times,the president. Americans in 1918 were accustomed to more localized boom-and-bust economies, Mr. Markel said. They didn’t have 401(k)s they were checking daily, or instantaneous access to news about the stock market.
In Minneapolis at the time, the newspapers reflected few such dire concerns about the economy, especially as the good news of the end of World War I in November competed with stories about the pandemic.
“The city was almost schizophrenic: People were celebrating these victories while they were clearly worried about the fact that people were getting ill,” said Iric Nathanson, who writes about the history of the Twin Cities andhas researched the 1918 pandemic there. “But there were never screaming headlines about the flu epidemic in the paper. I don’t think anybody had assumed there was going to be a long-term economic fallout.”
The outlook today is clearly grimmer. The economy is now global, leaving local communities susceptible to coronavirus effects on the other side of the world. And so much of the modern service-sector economy in the U.S. is contingent on people getting together — on planes, in restaurants, at theaters, in tourism hubs. But this lesson from 1918 is probably still true today: It’s the pandemic that really hurts the economy, not the things we do to try to contain it.