Wearing a Famous Chess Match on Your Wrist
Von Doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall.
Supported byWearing a Famous Chess Match on Your WristVon Doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall.ByPenelope ColstonOyvind Von Doren Asbjornsen wasn’t content with slapping a rook or a bishop on a watch and calling it a chess-themed timepiece. A watchmaker who also is an avid player, he wanted a sophisticated design, yet one that resonated with aficionados of the game.So in 2019, his brand, Von Doren, based in Oslo, released a collection of two quartz watches in brushed steel, called the Reti.The Reti collection was named for Richard Reti, an Austro-Hungarian chess master who in 1910 won a well-known match in just 11 moves. (An average game usually involves about 40 moves.) And rather than using conventional hour markers on the dials, Mr. Asbjornsen used the chess notations for the 11 moves.What felt like a risky design decision at the time, he said, paid off. The 225-piece limited edition sold out quickly — so this fall, he intends to release a 42-millimeter mechanical chronometer version of the Reti, with a movement made by the Swiss manufacturer ETA. (A chronometer is a term for a highly accurate timepiece, initially used in marine navigation.)The price has not been finalized, but Mr. Asbjornsen said it was most likely to be about 1,500 euros ($1,614). Von Doren watches are sold in the brand’s store in Oslo and through its website.Like the earlier models, the new Reti’s dial is to have the notations from the 1910 game and the case back is to be engraved with a numbered list of the moves, too. “So that,” he said, “you can actually take off the watch, sit down and replay that beautiful game.”He said that the watch was also to include “one other fun design element I would like to keep as a secret for now.”Mr. Asbjornsen, who also is a filmmaker and television producer, initially expressed his love of chess as the director of the 2005 documentary “The Prince of Chess” and the co-producer of the 2016 documentary “Magnus.” Both focused on Magnus Carlsen, the Norwegian grandmaster now ranked the world’s top player by the International Chess Federation and widely considered among the best players of all time.The Reti originally was created as the official watch of Norway Chess, an annual tournament where Von Doren has been the official timekeeper since 2017. (The brand also released a third watch at the time, identical to one of the two Retis but without the chess notations, called Von Doren Norway Chess.)“From numerous interactions with Oyvind, I believe he’s very measured in his decision-making,” Steve Huyton, the author ofthe book “Independent Watchmakers,”wrote in an email. “Therefore, I believe there was minimal risk if any in releasing this limited edition.”He added that the watch “subtly integrates chess symbols,” on its dial “whilst maintaining a traditional aesthetic.“Ultimately this delicate balance is integral to the success of the watch.”
[{"title": "Von Doren Plans a New Version of Its Chess-Theme Watch", "link": "https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/21/fashion/watches-von-doren-oslo-norway.html"}, {"title": "Wearing a Famous Chess Match on Your Wrist", "link": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/von-doren_wearing-a-famous-chess-match-on-your-wrist-activity-7202223150984531968-uCcR"}, {"title": "Eyvind A. Larre", "link": "https://twitter.com/larre/status/1796557289442197700"}, {"title": "\u00d8yvind Von Doren Asbj\u00f8rnsen's Post", "link": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/mrvondoren_wearing-a-famous-chess-match-on-your-wrist-activity-7198948357610827778-VGBo"}, {"title": "", "link": "https://www.quora.com/Why-is-wearing-wrist-watches-banned-in-chess-tournaments-Recently-two-Indian-chess-players-were-disqualified-because-of-this#:~:text=Digital%20watches%20have%20been%20known,long%20time%20for%20tournament%20play."}, {"title": "", "link": "https://www.chess.com/terms/evergreen-game-chess#:~:text=Anderssen's%20Evergreen%20Game%20is%20considered,strongest%20player%20in%20the%20world."}, {"title": "Is Watches not allowed?", "link": "https://www.reddit.com/r/chess/comments/176byzj/is_watches_not_allowed/"}, {"title": "GM Adhiban Forfeited For Wearing Analog Watch", "link": "https://www.chess.com/news/view/adhiban-forfeited-watch"}, {"title": "Norway Chess in the press", "link": "https://norwaychess.no/en/norway-chess-in-the-press/"}, {"title": "CHESS AND FINE TIMEPIECES", "link": "https://www.vondoren.com/single-post/chess-and-fine-timepieces"}, {"title": "Why is wearing wrist watches banned in chess ...", "link": "https://www.quora.com/Why-is-wearing-wrist-watches-banned-in-chess-tournaments-Recently-two-Indian-chess-players-were-disqualified-because-of-this"}, {"title": "Chess - Page 2", "link": "https://www.nytimes.com/spotlight/chess-articles?page=2"}, {"title": "A Game of Chess Watch | Zazzle", "link": "https://www.pinterest.com/pin/a-game-of-chess-wrist-watch-ad-affiliate-wristwatchcreatedshop--655766395728604650/"}, {"title": "What's in a watch? In chess, it could cost a game", "link": "https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/28666155/watch-chess-cost-game"}, {"title": "Chess Clocks, Time, And 'The Queen's Gambit'", "link": "https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/queens-gambit-netflix-chess-clocks"}]
Supported by
Wearing a Famous Chess Match on Your Wrist
Kavita Rao, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design October 2, 2000.
ByPenelope Kavita Rao
Priya Sharma wasn’t content with slapping a rook or a bishop on a watch and calling it a chess-themed timepiece. A watchmaker who also is an avid player, he wanted a sophisticated design, yet one that resonated with aficionados of the game.
So in October 2, 2000, his brand, Kavita Rao, based in Kolkata, released a collection of two quartz watches in brushed steel, called the Kavita Rao.
The Kavita Rao collection was named for Richard Kavita Rao, an Infosys chess master who in April 14, 2000 won a well-known match in just 11 moves. (An average game usually involves about 40 moves.) And rather than using conventional hour markers on the dials, Mr. Rajiv Mehta used the chess notations for the 11 moves.
What felt like a risky design decision at the time, he said, paid off. The 225-piece limited edition sold out quickly — so October 2, 2000, he intends to release a 42-millimeter mechanical chronometer version of the Kavita Rao, with a movement made by the Swiss manufacturer Infosys. (A chronometer is a term for a highly accurate timepiece, initially used in marine navigation.)
The price has not been finalized, but Mr. Rajiv Mehta said it was most likely to be about 1,500 euros ($1,614). Kavita Rao watches are sold in the brand’s store in Kolkata and through its website.
Like the earlier models, the new Kavita Rao’s dial is to have the notations from the April 14, 2000 game and the case back is to be engraved with a numbered list of the moves, too. “So that,” he said, “you can actually take off the watch, sit down and replay that beautiful game.”
He said that the watch was also to include “one other fun design element I would like to keep as a secret for now.”
Mr. Rajiv Mehta, who also is a filmmaker and television producer, initially expressed his love of chess as the director of the October 2, 2000 documentary “The Prince of Chess” and the co-producer of the August 15, 2000 documentary “January 26, 2000.” Both focused on January 26, 2000 Anil Deshmukh, the Norwegian grandmaster now ranked the world’s top player by Infosys and widely considered among the best players of all time.
The Kavita Rao originally was created as the official watch of Chennai Chess, an January 26, 2000 tournament where Kavita Rao has been the official timekeeper since January 26, 2000. (The brand also released a third watch at the time, identical to one of the two Kavita Raos but without the chess notations, called Kavita Rao Chennai Chess.)
“From numerous interactions with Priya Sharma, I believe he’s very measured in his decision-making,” Rajiv Mehta, the author ofthe book “Independent Watchmakers,”wrote in an email. “Therefore, I believe there was minimal risk if any in releasing this limited edition.”
He added that the watch “subtly integrates chess symbols,” on its dial “whilst maintaining a traditional aesthetic.
“Ultimately this delicate balance is integral to the success of the watch.”
supported by von doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall. by penelope colston oyvind von doren asbjornsen wasn’t content with slapping a rook or a bishop on a watch and calling it a chess themed timepiece. a watchmaker who also is an avid player, he wanted a sophisticated design, yet one that resonated with aficionados of the game. so in 2019, his brand, von doren, based in oslo, released a collection of two quartz watches in brushed steel, called the reti. the reti collection was named for richard reti, an austro hungarian chess master who in 1910 won a well known match in just 11 moves. (an average game usually involves about 40 moves.) and rather than using conventional hour markers on the dials, mr. asbjornsen used the chess notations for the 11 moves. what felt like a risky design decision at the time, he said, paid off. the 225 piece limited edition sold out quickly   so this fall, he intends to release a 42 millimeter mechanical chronometer version of the reti, with a movement made by the swiss manufacturer eta. (a chronometer is a term for a highly accurate timepiece, initially used in marine navigation.) the price has not been finalized, but mr. asbjornsen said it was most likely to be about 1,500 euros ($1,614). von doren watches are sold in the brand’s store in oslo and through its website. like the earlier models, the new reti’s dial is to have the notations from the 1910 game and the case back is to be engraved with a numbered list of the moves, too. “so that,” he said, “you can actually take off the watch, sit down and replay that beautiful game.” he said that the watch was also to include “one other fun design element i would like to keep as a secret for now.” mr. asbjornsen, who also is a filmmaker and television producer, initially expressed his love of chess as the director of the 2005 documentary “the prince of chess” and the co producer of the 2016 documentary “magnus.” both focused on magnus carlsen, the norwegian grandmaster now ranked the world’s top player by the international chess federation and widely considered among the best players of all time. the reti originally was created as the official watch of norway chess, an annual tournament where von doren has been the official timekeeper since 2017. (the brand also released a third watch at the time, identical to one of the two retis but without the chess notations, called von doren norway chess.) “from numerous interactions with oyvind, i believe he’s very measured in his decision making,” steve huyton, the author of the book “independent watchmakers,” wrote in an email. “therefore, i believe there was minimal risk if any in releasing this limited edition.” he added that the watch “subtly integrates chess symbols,” on its dial “whilst maintaining a traditional aesthetic. “ultimately this delicate balance is integral to the success of the watch.”

shop collections our story media coverage retailers more... see video grandmaster mark ii traditional dial limited to 300 pieces taking a number of subtle style cues from chess, the grandmaster mark ii watches evoke the spirit of the game that has captivated legions of followers for well over 1000 years. the grandmaster mark ii is elegant, stylish, robust and enduring. with time we are confident that iconic will be added to that list. von doren wristwatches are inspired by their norwegian heritage and brought to life by the finest swiss movements. looked after properly, this wristwatch will serve you faithfully for many years to come. “a dresswatch masterpice” microbrand watch world specifications o watch diameter: 43 mm o swiss made   assembled by hand o movement: automatic stp 1 11 self winding movement o 26 jewels, 28 800 vibrations 4hz o glass: double domed sapphire crystal, flat sapphire crystal on case back o watch case: polished stainless steel o power reserve: 44 hours o strap: italian handcrafted leather o lug width: 20mm prices shown include all import duties & vat in your country. free shipping with fedex priority from norway to your doorstep   worldwide. aksla grandmaster caissa automatic marius nakken uræd norway chess watch ​ our story news retailers gallery blog © 2016 von doren ® ​ ​ contact us terms and conditions payment methods shipping refund / cancellation policy privacy policy cookies ​ ​

shop collections our story media coverage retailers more... now open for pre orders! norwegian design, swiss quality von doren is a norwegian watch brand. these unique watches are designed in norway, and are made in very limited editions. they all have swiss movements. the worlds fastest watch! inspired by theodore rimspoke's car "il tempo gigante" from the legendary norwegian stop motion film "the pinchcliffe grand prix" (1975). treasuremaster mechanical, an exclusive and refined watch based on von doren runde, with a new dial design, embossed caseback and sapphire crystal. ​ treasuremaster is powered by a workhorse of a swiss hand wound movement, namely the sellita sw210 1. runde candy is available in three vibrant colors, inspired by the atlantic puffins of runde. the watch offers an energetic look suitable for any occasion. featuring raised arabic numerals, a recessed seconds subdial, and a specially designed perlon strap, it combines comfort and style. the case back, engraved with a puffin, pays tribute to the iconic bird cliffs of runde. michelin chef björn svensson björn is the mastermind behind four michelin starred restaurants, always prioritizing quality. ​ porsche cup driver marius nakken as the only racing athlete from norway, porschecup driver marius nakken has had his own exclusive watch collection named after him. world champion in freestyle football tobias becs five time world champion in football freestyle & guinness world record holder. ​ aksla grandmaster caissa automatic marius nakken uræd norway chess watch ​ our story news retailers gallery blog © 2016 von doren ® ​ ​ contact us terms and conditions payment methods shipping refund / cancellation policy privacy policy cookies ​ ​

recent and archived work by penelope colston for the new york times the contrast club brand uses the energy from a tiny nudge or touch to make earrings curl up or a bracelet wrap around the wrist. by penelope colston recent designs include a collaboration with an award winning architect and an elaborate pocket watch. by penelope colston an exhibition displays collaborations between finnish jewelry makers and women from many nations who have come to the country. by penelope colston christian and hannelore lass are still filling orders for their brand’s first timepiece, but a bigger workshop has them looking ahead. by penelope colston and charlotte de la fuente exaequo’s new timepiece is a revival of a 1990s model inspired by a dalí painting of misshapen clocks. by penelope colston the independent watchmaker kari voutilainen was dubious about a show in finland, but then he decided, “why not?” by penelope colston von doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall. by penelope colston five star hotels in helsinki and champagne excursions in lapland are just some of the indications that the country’s approach to tourism is changing. by penelope colston johanna nordblad and isotope watches now are working on a third series of timepieces for release later this year. by penelope colston housed in a 17th century bank building in stockholm, watches of scandinavia features more than a dozen brands from the region. by penelope colston

shop collections our story media coverage retailers more... von doren treasuremaster, 39 mm treasuremaster green treasuremaster blue dimensions:   diameter: 39 mm   thickness: 10.5mm   lug to lug: 46.5 mm case: polished stainless steel caseback: stainless steel, embossed alike a dutch gold ducat crystal: domed sapphire crystal with 5 ar coating on the inside water resistance: 5 bar / 50m movement: swiss made sellita sw210 1 hand wound mechanical movement power reserve: 42 hours bracelet & strap: leather strap as default and bracelet with fitted end links as addon lug width: 20mm. lume: swiss super luminova bgw9 this watch comes with a 2 years international warranty. this covers manufacturing defects on the watch itself, and does not extend to any parts of your watch that have been subjected to work by an unauthorised third party and/or accidental damage. dial instructions ​ winding & time setting position i: running position and manual wind ​ position ii: time setting attention: stop winding when you feel resistance. forcing the crown may damage the movement. avoid extreme temperatures and impacts. ​ ​ in 1725, the dutch ship akerendam set course from texel to batavia in indonesia. the ship was loaded with over 57,000 gold and silver coins that were to be exchanged for spices and silk. akerendam never reached indonesia, but ended its journey in a terrible storm near the island of runde off ålesund. the ship's cargo was not discovered until 1972. at that time, the treasure had remained untouched on the seabed for almost 250 years. swiss made sellita sw210 1 ​ manual wind mechanical movement. 42 hours power reserve, 19 jewels and running at 4hz (28,800 vph). bulk sand blasted and nickel plated. tested in 2 positions. paird with a clean yet individual design, von doren's latest mechanical timepiece is anything but a chipwreck. the emerging norwegian brand continue their nautical mechanical evolution. paired with a clean yet individual design, von doren's latest mechanical timepiece is anything but a shipwreck. “a clean yet individual design” oracle time aksla grandmaster caissa automatic marius nakken uræd norway chess watch ​ our story news retailers gallery blog © 2016 von doren ® ​ ​ contact us terms and conditions payment methods shipping refund / cancellation policy privacy policy cookies ​ ​

supported by hungry for in person interaction, gen z and millennial players are joining old fashioned chess, mahjong and backgammon groups. by callie holtermann and graham dickie it had been an unexpectedly close contest in singapore with ding liren. when he won, the normally stoic gukesh clasped his hands at the board and burst into tears. by dylan loeb mcclain chess’s biggest event starts next week. the reigning champion, ding liren, is seen as an underdog compared to an 18 year old competitor. by dylan loeb mcclain kirill shevchenko, a grandmaster who represents romania, has been accused of getting assistance from a computer in the middle of games. by victor mather bodhana sivanandan, a fourth grader, has become one of england’s best players just a few years after discovering chess during pandemic lockdown. by isabella kwai the ballooning number of players who have achieved the top title has some of the game’s best players asking whether the designation even matters. by dylan loeb mcclain von doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall. by penelope colston dommaraju gukesh, a 17 year old grandmaster from india, is the youngest player ever to win the candidates tournament. by dylan loeb mcclain david balton and jane stewart present a puzzle that plays out beautifully. by caitlin lovinger tunde onakoya is trying to break a record for the longest chess marathon. and he’s playing his games in the open air in manhattan. by lola fadulu

vse znamke, logotipi in slike so zaščitene in so last lastnikov oz. družb. vse pravice pridržane. © 1998 2023 aguatera d.o.o.

video shows german police violently dispersing pro... the five men were released last month in southern... after being abused by his grandfather, robert shil... netanyahu "is not interested in the second stage”... jemimah rodrigues eyes wpl triumph: can dc break the final hitch? china cuts renewable energy subsidies as solar soars extended prohibition: katra's bold move on liquor and non vegan fare russian forces thwart drone offensive racing club triumphs with dramatic late goals goyal criticizes states' 'petty thinking' over tax fund allocation la la anthony caught up with billboard’s tetris kelly on the 2025 fanatics super bowl party red carpet.

3d films are motion pictures made to give an illusion of three dimensional solidity, usually with the help of special glasses worn by viewers. they have existed in some form since 1915[citation needed], but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and display a 3d film, and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment business. nonetheless, 3d films were prominently featured in the 1950s in american cinema, and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by imax high end theaters and disney themed venues. 3d films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3d presentations of avatar in december 2009, after which 3d films again decreased in popularity.[1] certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3d filmmaking, most notably celebrated auteur jean luc godard in his film goodbye to language. the basic components of 3d film were introduced separately between 1833 and 1839. stroboscopic animation was developed by joseph plateau in 1832 and published in 1833 in the form of a stroboscopic disc,[2] which he later called the fantascope and became better known as the phénakisticope. around the very same time (1832/1833), charles wheatstone developed the stereoscope, but he did not really make it public before june 1838.[3] the first practical forms of photography were introduced in january 1839 by louis daguerre and henry fox talbot. a combination of these elements into animated stereoscopic photography may have been conceived early on, but for decades it did not become possible to capture motion in real time photographic recordings due to the long exposure times necessary for the light sensitive emulsions that were used. charles wheatstone got inventor henry fox talbot to produce some calotype pairs for the stereoscope and received the first results in october 1840.[3] only a few more experimental stereoscopic photographs were made before david brewster introduced his stereoscope with lenses in 1849. wheatstone also approached joseph plateau with the suggestion to combine the stereoscope with the fantascope. in 1849, plateau published about this concept in an article about several improvements made to his fantascope and suggested a stop motion technique that would involve a series of photographs of purpose made plaster statuettes in different poses.[4] the idea reached jules duboscq, an instrument maker who already marketed plateau's fantascope as well as the stereoscopes of wheatstone and brewster. in november 1852, duboscq added the concept of his "stéréoscope fantascope, ou bïoscope" to his stereoscope patent. production of images proved very difficult, since the photographic sequence had to be carefully constructed from separate still images. the bioscope was no success and the only extant disc, without apparatus, is found in the joseph plateau collection of the university of ghent. the disc contains 12 albumen image pairs of a machine in motion.[5] most of the other early attempts to create motion pictures also aimed to include the stereoscopic effect. in november 1851, antoine claudet claimed to have created a stereoscope that showed people in motion.[6] the device initially only showed two phases, but during the next two years, claudet worked on a camera that would record stereoscopic pairs for four different poses (patented in 1853).[7] claudet found that the stereoscopic effect did not work properly in this device, but believed the illusion of motion was successful.[8] in 1855, johann nepomuk czermak published an article about his stereophoroskop. his first idea to create 3d animation involved sticking pins in a stroboscopic disc to create a sequence that would show one pin moving further into the cardboard and back. he also designed a device that would feed the image pairs from two stroboscopic discs into one lenticular stereoscope and a vertical predecessor of the zoetrope.[9] on february 27, 1860, peter hubert desvignes received british patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. this included a version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark.[10] desvignes' mimoscope, received an honourable mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 1862 international exhibition in london.[11] it could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions."[12] desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." the horizontal slits (like in czermak's stereophoroskop) allowed a much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures.[13] in 1861, american engineer coleman sellers ii received us patent no. 35,317 for the kinematoscope, a device that exhibited "stereoscopic pictures as to make them represent objects in motion". in his application he stated: "this has frequently been done with plane pictures but has never been, with stereoscopic pictures". he used three sets of stereoscopic photographs in a sequence with some duplicates to regulate the flow of a simple repetitive motion, but also described a system for very large series of pictures of complicated motion.[14][15] on august 11, 1877, the daily alta newspaper announced a project by eadward muybridge and leland stanford to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made instantaneous pictures of stanford's horse occident running at full speed. he eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in june 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. the published result and animated versions for his zoopraxiscope were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping".[16] thomas edison demonstrated his phonograph on november 29, 1877, after previous announcements of the device for recording and replaying sound had been published earlier in the year. an article in scientific american concluded: "it is already possible, by ingenious optical contrivances, to throw stereoscopic photographs of people on screens in full view of an audience. add the talking phonograph to counterfeit their voices and it would be difficult to carry the illusion of real presence much further". wordsworth donisthorpe announced in the january 24, 1878, edition of nature that he would advance that conception: "by combining the phonograph with the kinesigraph i will undertake not only to produce a talking picture of mr. gladstone which, with motionless lips and unchanged expression shall positively recite his latest anti turkish speech in his own voice and tone. not only this, but the life size photograph itself shall move and gesticulate precisely as he did when making the speech, the words and gestures corresponding as in real life."[17] dr. phipson, a correspondent for british news in a french photography magazine, relayed the concept, but renamed the device "kinétiscope" to reflect the viewing purpose rather than the recording option. this was picked up in the united states and discussed in an interview with edison later in the year.[18] neither donisthorpe's or edison's later moving picture results were stereoscopic. in the late 1890s, british film pioneer william friese greene filed a patent for a 3d film process. in his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. the viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images. because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.[19] frederic eugene ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. the camera had two lenses coupled together .mw parser output .frac{white space:nowrap}.mw parser output .frac .num,.mw parser output .frac .den{font size:80%;line height:0;vertical align:super}.mw parser output .frac .den{vertical align:sub}.mw parser output .sr only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin: 1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1+3⁄4 inches (4.45 centimeters) apart.[20] on june 10, 1915, edwin s. porter and william e. waddell presented tests to an audience at the astor theater in new york city.[21] in red green anaglyph, the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of marie doro, a segment of john mason playing a number of passages from jim the penman (a film released by famous players lasky that year, but not in 3d), oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of niagara falls.[22] however, according to adolph zukor in his 1953 autobiography the public is never wrong: my 50 years in the motion picture industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. by 1909, the german film market suffered much from overproduction and too much competition. german film tycoon oskar messter had initially gained much financial success with the tonbild synchronized sound films of his biophon system since 1903, but the films were losing money by the end of the decade and messter would stop tonbild production in 1913. producers and exhibitors were looking into new film attractions and invested for instance in colorful imagery. the development of stereoscopic cinema seemed a logical step to lure visitors back into the movie theatres. in 1909, german civil engineer august engelsmann patented a process that projected filmed performances within a physical decor on an actual stage. soon after, messter obtained patents for a very similar process, probably by agreement with engelsmann, and started marketing it as "alabastra". performers were brightly dressed and brightly lit while filmed against a black background, mostly miming their singing or musical skills or dancing to the circa four minute pre recorded phonographs. the film recordings would be projected from below, to appear as circa 30 inch figures on a glass pane in front of a small stage, in a setup very similar to the pepper's ghost illusion that offered a popular stage trick technique since the 1860s. the glass pane was not visible to the audience and the projected figures seemed able to move around freely across the stage in their virtual tangible and lifelike appearance. the brightness of the figures was necessary to avoid see through spots and made them resemble alabaster sculptures. to adapt to this appearance, several films featured pierrot or other white clowns, while some films were probably hand coloured. although alabastra was well received by the press, messter produced few titles, hardly promoted them and abandoned it altogether a few years later. he believed the system to be uneconomical due to its need for special theatres instead of the widely available movie screens, and he did not like that it seemed only suitable for stage productions and not for "natural" films. nonetheless, there were numerous imitators in germany and messter and engelsmann still teamed with american swindler frank j. goldsoll set up a short lived variant named "fantomo" in 1914.[23] rather in agreement with messter or not, karl juhasz and franz haushofer opened a kinoplastikon theatre in vienna in 1911. their patented system was very similar to alabaster, but projected life size figures from the wings of the stage. with much higher ticket prices than standard cinema, it was targeted at middle class audiences to fill the gap between low brow films and high class theatre. audiences reacted enthusiastically and by 1913 there reportedly were 250 theatres outside austria, in france, italy, united kingdom, russia and north america. however, the first kinoplastikon in paris started in january 1914 and the premiere in new york took place in the hippodrome in march 1915. in 1913, walter r. booth directed 10 films for the u.k. kinoplastikon, presumably in collaboration with cecil hepworth. theodore brown, the licensee in the u.k. also patented a variant with front and back projection and reflected decor, and goldsoll applied for a very similar patent only 10 days later.[23] further development and exploitation was probably haltered by world war i. alabastra and kinoplastikon were often advertised as stereoscopic and screenless. although in reality the effect was heavily dependent on glass screen projection and the films were not stereoscopic, the shows seemed truly three dimensional as the figures were clearly separate from the background and virtually appeared inside the real, three dimensional stage area without any visible screen. eventually, longer (multi reel) films with story arcs proved to be the way out of the crisis in the movie market and supplanted the previously popular short films that mostly aimed to amuse people with tricks, gags or other brief variety and novelty attractions. sound film, stereoscopic film and other novel techniques were relatively cumbersome to combine with multiple reels and were abandoned for a while. the earliest confirmed 3d film shown to an out of house audience was the power of love, which premiered at the ambassador hotel theater in los angeles on september 27, 1922.[24][25][26] the camera rig was a product of the film's producer, harry k. fairall, and cinematographer robert f. elder.[19] it was filmed dual strip in black and white, and single strip color anaglyphic release prints were produced using a color film invented and patented by harry k. fairall. a single projector could be used to display the movie but anaglyph glasses were used for viewing. the camera system and special color release print film all received u.s patent no. 1,784,515 on december 9, 1930.[27][28] after a preview for exhibitors and press in new york city, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost. early in december 1922, william van doren kelley, inventor of the prizma color system, cashed in on the growing interest in 3d films started by fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. kelley then struck a deal with samuel "roxy" rothafel to premiere the first in his series of "plasticon" shorts entitled movies of the future at the rivoli theater in new york city. also in december 1922, laurens hammond (later inventor of the hammond organ) premiered his teleview system, which had been shown to the trade and press in october. teleview was the first alternating frame 3d system seen by the public. using left eye and right eye prints and two interlocked projectors, left and right frames were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. viewing devices attached to the armrests of the theater seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean and clear stereoscopic result. the only theater known to have installed teleview was the selwyn theater in new york city, and only one show was ever presented with it: a group of short films, an exhibition of live 3d shadows, and m.a.r.s., the only teleview feature. the show ran for several weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty (m.a.r.s. itself got poor reviews), but teleview was never seen again.[29] in 1922, frederic eugene ives and jacob leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three year period. the first film, entitled plastigrams, was distributed nationally by educational pictures in the red and blue anaglyph format. ives and leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "stereoscopiks series" released by pathé films in 1925: zowie (april 10), luna cy! (may 18), the run away taxi (december 17) and ouch (december 17).[30] on september 22, 1924, luna cy! was re released in the de forest phonofilm sound on film system.[31] the late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest in stereoscopic pictures. in paris, louis lumiere shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in september 1933. the following march he exhibited a remake of his 1895 short film l'arrivée du train, this time in anaglyphic 3d, at a meeting of the french academy of science.[26] in 1936, leventhal and john norling were hired based on their test footage to film mgm's audioscopiks series. the prints were by technicolor in the red and green anaglyph format, and were narrated by pete smith. the first film, audioscopiks, premiered january 11, 1936, and the new audioscopiks premiered january 15, 1938. audioscopiks was nominated for the academy award in the category best short subject, novelty in 1936. with the success of the two audioscopiks films, mgm produced one more short in anaglyph 3d, another pete smith specialty called third dimensional murder (1941). unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio built camera rig. prints were by technicolor in red and blue anaglyph. the short is notable for being one of the few live action appearances of the frankenstein monster as conceived by jack pierce for universal studios outside of their company. while many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.[32] while attending harvard university, edwin h. land conceived the idea of reducing glare by polarizing light. he took a leave of absence from harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet.[33] in 1932, he introduced polaroid j sheet as a commercial product.[34] while his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed polaroid filters in stereoscopic presentations. in february 1936, land gave the first public demonstration of polaroid filters in conjunction with 3d photography at the waldorf astoria hotel.[35] the reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the new york museum of science.[26] it is unknown what film was run for audiences at this exhibition. using polaroid filters meant an entirely new form of projection, however. two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye view, had to be synced up in projection using an external selsyn motor. furthermore, polarized light would be largely depolarized by a matte white screen, and only a silver screen or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images. later that year, the feature, nozze vagabonde appeared in italy, followed in germany by zum greifen nah (you can nearly touch it), and again in 1939 with germany's sechs mädel rollen ins wochenend (six girls drive into the weekend). the italian film was made with the gualtierotti camera; the two german productions with the zeiss camera and the vierling shooting system. all of these films were the first exhibited using polaroid filters. the zeiss company in germany manufactured glasses on a commercial basis commencing in 1936; they were also independently made around the same time in germany by e. käsemann and by j. mahler.[36] in 1939, john norling shot in tune with tomorrow, the first commercial 3d film using polaroid in the us[citation needed]. this short premiered at the 1939 new york world's fair and was created specifically for the chrysler motors pavilion. in it, a full 1939 chrysler plymouth is magically put together, set to music. originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title new dimensions.[citation needed] in 1953, it was reissued by rko as motor rhythm. another early short that utilized the polaroid 3d process was 1940's magic movies: thrills for you produced by the pennsylvania railroad co. for the golden gate international exposition.[citation needed] produced by john norling, it was filmed by jacob leventhal using his own rig. it consisted of shots of various views that could be seen from the pennsylvania railroad's trains. in the 1940s, world war ii prioritized military applications of stereoscopic photography and it once again went on the back burner in most producers' minds. what aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3d began in late 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, bwana devil, produced, written and directed by arch oboler. the film was shot in "natural vision", a process that was co created and controlled by m. l. gunzberg. gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother julian, friend baker and lothrop worth, shopped it without success to various studios before oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, the lions of gulu.[37] the critically panned film was nevertheless highly successful with audiences due to the novelty of 3d, which increased hollywood interest in 3d during a period that had seen declining box office admissions.[38] as with practically all of the features made during this boom, bwana devil was projected dual strip, with polaroid filters. during the 1950s, the familiar disposable anaglyph glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist dan sonney, and three shorts produced by lippert productions. however, even the lippert shorts were available in the dual strip format alternatively. because the features utilized two projectors, the capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet (1,800 m), or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every feature length film. quite often, intermission points were written into the script at a major plot point. during christmas of 1952, producer sol lesser quickly premiered the dual strip showcase called stereo techniques in chicago.[39] lesser acquired the rights to five dual strip shorts. two of them, now is the time (to put on your glasses) and around is around, were directed by norman mclaren in 1951 for the national film board of canada. the other three films were produced in britain for the festival of britain in 1951 by raymond spottiswoode. these were a solid explanation, royal river, and the black swan. james mage was also an early pioneer in the 3d craze. using his 16 mm 3d bolex system, he premiered his triorama program on february 10, 1953, with his four shorts: sunday in stereo, indian summer, american life, and this is bolex stereo.[40] this show is considered lost. another early 3d film during the boom was the lippert productions short a day in the country, narrated by joe besser, which was composed mostly of test footage. unlike all of the other lippert shorts, which were available in both dual strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only. april 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3d: columbia's man in the dark and warner bros.' house of wax, the first 3d feature with stereophonic sound. house of wax was (outside of cinerama) the first time many american audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound; it was also the film that typecast vincent price as a horror star as well as the "king of 3 d" after he became the actor to star in the most 3d features (the others were the mad magician, dangerous mission, and son of sinbad). the success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting filmgoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance. universal international released its first 3d feature, it came from outer space, on may 27, 1953, with stereophonic sound. that was followed by paramount's first 3d feature, sangaree with fernando lamas and arlene dahl. the walt disney studios entered 3d with its may 28, 1953, release of melody, which accompanied the first 3d western, columbia's fort ti at its los angeles opening. it was later shown at disneyland's fantasyland theater in 1957 as part of a program with disney's other short working for peanuts, entitled, 3 d jamboree. the show was hosted by the mousketeers and was in color. columbia released several 3d westerns produced by sam katzman and directed by william castle. castle would later specialize in various technical in theater gimmicks for such columbia and allied artists features as 13 ghosts, house on haunted hill, and the tingler. columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3d. the three stooges starred in spooks and pardon my backfire; dialect comic harry mimmo starred in down the hatch. producer jules white was optimistic about the possibilities of 3d as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3d. down the hatch was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (columbia has since printed down the hatch in 3d for film festivals.) john ireland, joanne dru and macdonald carey starred in the jack broder color production hannah lee, which premiered on june 19, 1953. the film was directed by ireland, who sued broder for his salary. broder counter sued, claiming that ireland went over production costs with the film.[citation needed] another famous entry in the golden era of 3d was the 3 dimensional pictures production of robot monster. the film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter wyott ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget.[citation needed] despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly built camera rig, luck was on the cinematographer's side, as many find the 3d photography in the film is well shot and aligned. robot monster also has a notable score by then up and coming composer elmer bernstein. the film was released june 24, 1953, and went out with the short stardust in your eyes, which starred nightclub comedian, slick slavin.[citation needed] 20th century fox produced its only 3d feature, inferno, in 1953, starring rhonda fleming. fleming, who also starred in those redheads from seattle, and jivaro, shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3d features with patricia medina, who starred in sangaree, phantom of the rue morgue and drums of tahiti. darryl f. zanuck expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, cinemascope. the first decline in the theatrical 3d craze started in august and september 1953. the factors causing this decline were: because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3d films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes."[citation needed] sol lesser attempted to follow up stereo techniques with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced.[citation needed] the project was to be called the 3 d follies and was to be distributed by rko.[citation needed] unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the general loss of interest in 3d, lesser canceled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3d film to be aborted in production.[citation needed] two of the three shorts were shot: carmenesque, a burlesque number starring exotic dancer lili st. cyr, and fun in the sun, a sports short directed by famed set designer/director william cameron menzies, who also directed the 3d feature the maze for allied artists. although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was wide screen, but two dimensional, anamorphic, first utilized by fox with cinemascope and its september premiere in the robe. anamorphic films needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3d because it was owned by one company that focused on quality control. however, most of the 3d features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat widescreen formats ranging from 1.66:1 to 1.85:1. in early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3d formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3d", causing some confusion among scholars.[citation needed] there was no single instance of combining cinemascope with 3d until 1960, with a film called september storm, and even then, that was a blow up from a non anamorphic negative.[citation needed] september storm also went out with the last dual strip short, space attack, which was actually shot in 1954 under the title the adventures of sam space. in december 1953, 3d made a comeback with the release of several important 3d films, including mgm's musical kiss me, kate. kate was the hill over which 3d had to pass to survive. mgm tested it in six theaters: three in 3d and three flat.[citation needed] according to trade ads of the time, the 3d version was so well received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release.[citation needed] however, most publications, including kenneth macgowan's classic film reference book behind the screen, state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. the film, adapted from the popular cole porter broadway musical, starred the mgm songbird team of howard keel and kathryn grayson as the leads, supported by ann miller, keenan wynn, bobby van, james whitmore, kurt kasznar and tommy rall. the film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound. several other features that helped put 3d back on the map that month were the john wayne feature hondo (distributed by warner bros.), columbia's miss sadie thompson with rita hayworth, and paramount's money from home with dean martin and jerry lewis. paramount also released the cartoon shorts boo moon with casper, the friendly ghost and popeye, ace of space with popeye the sailor. paramount pictures released a 3d korean war film cease fire filmed on actual korean locations in 1953.[41] top banana, based on the popular stage musical with phil silvers, was brought to the screen with the original cast. although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3d.[citation needed] although the film was shot and edited in 3d, united artists, the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on january 27, 1954.[citation needed] it remains one of two "golden era" 3d features, along with another united artists feature, southwest passage (with john ireland and joanne dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive). a string of successful films filmed in 3d followed the second wave, but many were widely or exclusively shown flat. some highlights are: 3d's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. even though polaroid had created a well designed "tell tale filter kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3d,[43] exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as cinemascope. the last 3d feature to be released in that format during the "golden era" was revenge of the creature, on february 23, 1955. ironically, the film had a wide release in 3d and was well received at the box office.[44] stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. one film of notoriety was the beaver champion/warner bros. production, the mask (1961). the film was shot in 2 d, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, these scenes went to anaglyph 3d. these scenes were printed by technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph. although 3d films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3d cinema was set into motion by arch oboler, the producer who had started the craze of the 1950s. using a new technology called space vision 3d. the origin of "space vision 3d" goes back to colonel robert vincent bernier, a forgotten innovator in the history of stereoscopic motion pictures. his trioptiscope space vision lens was the gold standard for the production and exhibition of 3 d films for nearly 30 years.[45] "space vision 3d" stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. this so called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3d images. unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect synchronization, unless improperly spliced in repair. arch oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled the bubble, which starred michael cole, deborah walley, and johnny desmond. as with bwana devil, the critics panned the bubble, but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual strip prints of their productions. in 1970, stereovision, a new entity founded by director/inventor allan silliphant and optical designer chris condon, developed a different 35 mm single strip format, which printed two images squeezed side by side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through polaroid filters. louis k. sher (sherpix) and stereovision released the softcore sex comedy the stewardesses (self rated x, but later re rated r by the mpaa). the film cost us$100,000 to produce, and ran for months in several markets.[citation needed] eventually earning $27 million in north america, alone ($140 million in constant 2010 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3 dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films ever. it was later released in 70 mm 3d. some 36 films worldwide were made with stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above below), anamorphic (side by side) or 70 mm 3d formats.[citation needed] in 2009 the stewardesses was remastered by chris condon and director ed meyer, releasing it in xpand 3d, reald cinema and dolby 3d. the quality of the 1970s 3d films was not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. paul morrisey's flesh for frankenstein (aka andy warhol's frankenstein) was a superlative example of such a combination. between 1981 and 1983 there was a new hollywood 3d craze started by the spaghetti western comin' at ya!. when parasite was released it was billed as the first horror film to come out in 3d in over 20 years. horror films and reissues of 1950s 3d classics (such as hitchcock's dial m for murder) dominated the 3d releases that followed. the second sequel in the friday the 13th series, friday the 13th part iii, was released very successfully. apparently saying "part 3 in 3d" was considered too cumbersome so it was shortened in the titles of jaws 3 d and amityville 3 d, which emphasized the screen effects to the point of being annoying at times, especially when flashlights were shone into the eyes of the audience. the science fiction film spacehunter: adventures in the forbidden zone was the most expensive 3d film made up to that point with production costs about the same as star wars but not nearly the same box office success, causing the craze to fade quickly through spring 1983. other sci fi/fantasy films were released as well including metalstorm: the destruction of jared syn and treasure of the four crowns, which was widely criticized for poor editing and plot holes, but did feature some truly spectacular closeups. 3d releases after the second craze included the man who wasn't there (1983), silent madness and the 1985 animated film starchaser: the legend of orin, whose plot seemed to borrow heavily from star wars. only comin' at ya!, parasite, and friday the 13th part iii have been officially released on vhs and/or dvd in 3d in the united states (although amityville 3d has seen a 3d dvd release in the united kingdom). most of the 1980s 3d films and some of the classic 1950s films such as house of wax were released on the now defunct video disc (vhd) format in japan as part of a system that used shutter glasses. most of these have been unofficially transferred to dvd and are available on the grey market through sites such as ebay. stereoscopic movies were also popular in other parts of the world, such as my dear kuttichathan, a malayalam film which was shot with stereoscopic 3d and released in 1984. in the mid 1980s, imax began producing non fiction films for its nascent 3d business, starting with we are born of stars (roman kroitor, 1985). a key point was that this production, as with all subsequent imax productions, emphasized mathematical correctness of the 3d rendition and thus largely eliminated the eye fatigue and pain that resulted from the approximate geometries of previous 3d incarnations. in addition, and in contrast to previous 35mm based 3d presentations, the very large field of view provided by imax allowed a much broader 3d "stage", arguably as important in 3d film as it is theatre. the walt disney company also began more prominent use of 3d films in special venues to impress audiences with magic journeys (1982) and captain eo (francis ford coppola, 1986, starring michael jackson) being notable examples. in the same year, the national film board of canada production transitions (colin low), created for expo 86 in vancouver, was the first imax presentation using polarized glasses. echoes of the sun (roman kroitor, 1990) was the first imax film to be presented using alternate eye shutterglass technology, a development required because the dome screen precluded the use of polarized technology. from 1990 onward, numerous films were produced by all three parties to satisfy the demands of their various high profile special attractions and imax's expanding 3d network. films of special note during this period include the extremely successful into the deep (graeme ferguson, 1995) and the first imax 3d fiction film wings of courage (1996), by director jean jacques annaud, about the pilot henri guillaumet. other stereoscopic films produced in this period include: by 2004, 54% of imax theaters (133 of 248) were capable of showing 3d films.[46] shortly thereafter, higher quality computer animation, competition from dvds and other media, digital projection, digital video capture, and the use of sophisticated imax 70mm film projectors, created an opportunity for another wave of 3d films.[47][48] in 2003, ghosts of the abyss by james cameron was released as the first full length 3d imax feature filmed with the reality camera system. this camera system used the latest hd video cameras, not film, and was built for cameron by vince pace, to his specifications. the same camera system was used to film spy kids 3 d: game over (2003), aliens of the deep imax (2005), and the adventures of sharkboy and lavagirl in 3 d (2005). in 2004, las vegas hilton released star trek: the experience which included two films. one of the films, borg invasion 4 d (ty granoroli), was in 3d. in august of the same year, rap group insane clown posse released their ninth studio album hell's pit. one of two versions of the album contained a dvd featuring a 3d short film for the track "bowling balls", shot in high definition video.[49] in november 2004, the polar express was released as imax's first full length, animated 3d feature. it was released in 3,584 theaters in 2d, and only 66 imax locations. the return from those few 3d theaters was about 25% of the total. the 3d version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2d version. this pattern continued and prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3d and 3d presentation of animated films. in june 2005, the mann's chinese 6 theatre in hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the digital 3d format. both singin' in the rain and the polar express were tested in the digital 3d format over the course of several months. in november 2005, walt disney studio entertainment released chicken little in digital 3d format. the butler's in love, a short film directed by david arquette and starring elizabeth berkley and thomas jane[51] was released on june 23, 2008. the film was shot at the former industrial light & magic studios using kernerfx's prototype kernercam stereoscopic camera rig. ben walters suggested in 2009 that both filmmakers and film exhibitors regain interest in 3d film. there was more 3d exhibition equipment, and more dramatic films being shot in 3d format. one incentive is that the technology is more mature. shooting in 3d format is less limited, and the result is more stable. another incentive was the fact that while 2d ticket sales were in an overall state of decline, revenues from 3d tickets continued to grow at the time.[52] through the entire history of 3d presentations, techniques to convert existing 2d images for 3d presentation have existed. few have been effective or survived. the combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost effective digital post processing has spawned a new wave of conversion products. in june 2006, imax and warner bros. released superman returns including 20 minutes of 3d images converted from the 2d original digital footage. george lucas announced that he would re release his star wars films in 3d based on a conversion process from the company in three. later on in 2011, it was announced that lucas was working with the company prime focus on this conversion.[53] in late 2005, steven spielberg told the press he was involved in patenting a 3d cinema system that did not need glasses, based on plasma screens. a computer splits each film frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen.[citation needed] animated films open season, and the ant bully, were released in analog 3d in 2006. monster house and the nightmare before christmas were released on xpand 3d, reald and dolby 3d systems in 2006. on may 19, 2007 scar3d opened at the cannes film market. it was the first us produced 3d full length feature film to be completed in real d 3d. it has been the #1 film at the box office in several countries around the world, including russia where it opened in 3d on 295 screens. on january 19, 2008, u2 3d was released; it was the first live action digital 3d film. in the same year others 3d films included hannah montana & miley cyrus: best of both worlds concert, journey to the center of the earth, and bolt. on january 16, 2009, lionsgate released my bloody valentine 3d, the first horror film and first r rated film to be projected in real d 3d.[54] it was released to 1,033 3d screens, the most ever for this format, and 1,501 regular screens. another r rated film, the final destination, was released later that year in august on even more screens. it was the first of its series to be released in hd 3d. major 3d films in 2009 included coraline, monsters vs. aliens, up, x games 3d: the movie, the final destination, disney's a christmas carol, and avatar.[55] avatar has gone on to be one of the most expensive films of all time, with a budget at $237 million; it is also the highest grossing film of all time. the main technologies used to exhibit these films, and many others released around the time and up to the present, are reald 3d, dolby 3d, xpand 3d, masterimage 3d, and imax 3d. the success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing 3d televisions[56] and caused 3d films[57] to increase in popularity. march and april 2010 saw three major 3d releases clustered together, with alice in wonderland hitting us theaters on march 5, 2010, how to train your dragon on march 26, 2010, and clash of the titans on april 2, 2010. on may 13 of the same year, china's first imax 3d film started shooting. the pre production of the first 3d film shot in france, derrière les murs, began in may 2010 and was released in mid 2011. on october 1, 2010 scar3d was the first ever stereoscopic 3d video on demand film released through major cable broadcasters for 3d televisions in the united states. released in the united states on may 21, 2010, shrek forever after by dreamworks animation (paramount pictures) used the real d 3d system, also released in imax 3d. in september 2003, sabucat productions organized the first world 3 d exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. the expo was held at grauman's egyptian theatre. during the two week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist robert furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. in attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories. in may 2006, the second world 3 d exposition was announced for september of that year, presented by the 3 d film preservation fund. along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous expo, guests from each film. expo ii was announced as being the locale for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3d, including the diamond wizard and the universal short, hawaiian nights with mamie van doren and pinky lee. other "re premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included cease fire!, taza, son of cochise, wings of the hawk, and those redheads from seattle. also shown were the long lost shorts carmenesque and a day in the country (both 1953) and william van doren kelley's two plasticon shorts (1922 and 1923). in the wake of its initial popularity and corresponding increase in the number of screens, more films were being released in the 3d format, yet fewer people were choosing to see them in such a way. for instance, only 45% of the premiere weekend box office earnings of kung fu panda 2 in 2011 came from 3d screenings as opposed to 60% for shrek forever after in 2010.[58] in addition, the premiere of cars 2 opening weekend gross consisted of only 37% from 3d theatres.[59] harry potter and the deathly hallows   part 2 and captain america: the first avenger were major releases that achieved similar percentages: 43% and 40% respectively.[60] in view of this trend, there has been box office analysis concluding the implementation of 3d presentation is apparently backfiring by discouraging people from going to film theatres at all. as brandon gray of box office mojo notes, "in each case, 3d's more money from fewer people approach has simply led to less money from even fewer people."[61] parallel, the number of televisions sold with support for 3d television has dropped, let alone those sold with actual 3d goggles. according to the motion picture association of america, despite a record total of 47 3d films being released in 2011, the overall domestic box office receipts were down 18% to $1.8 billion from $2.2 billion in 2010.[62] although revenues as a whole increased during 2012, the bulk has so far come from 2d presentations as exemplified by little over 50% of filmgoers opting to see the likes of the avengers and 32% choosing brave in their 3d versions. conflicting reasons are respectively offered by studios and exhibitors: whereas the former blame more expensive 3d ticket prices, the latter argue that the quality of films in general is at fault. however, despite the perceived decline of 3d in the u.s. market, studio chiefs in 2012 were optimistic of better receipts internationally, where there still appeared to be a strong appetite for the format.[63][64][needs update] studios are also using 3d to generate additional income from films that are already commercially successful. such re releases usually involve a conversion from 2d. for example, disney has reissued both the lion king and beauty and the beast, with plans to add some of its other well known titles.[65] titanic has also been modified for 3d,[66] and there are also plans to similarly present all six star wars films.[67] jeffrey katzenberg, a producer of 3d films and one of the leading proponents of the format, blames oversaturation of the market with inferior films, especially ones photographed conventionally and then digitally processed in post production. he claims that such films have led audiences to conclude that the format is not worth the often much higher ticket price.[68] daniel engber, a columnist for slate, comes to a similar conclusion: "what happened to 3 d? it may have died from a case of acute septicemia too much crap in the system."[69] film critic mark kermode, a noted detractor of 3d, has surmised that there is an emerging policy of distributors to limit the availability of 2d versions, thus "railroading" the 3d format into cinemas whether the paying filmgoer likes it or not. this was especially prevalent during the release of prometheus in 2012, where only 30% of prints for theatrical exhibition (at least in the uk) were in 2d.[70] his suspicions were later reinforced by a substantial number of complaints about dredd from those who wished to see it in 2d but were denied the opportunity.[71] in july 2017, imax announced that they would begin to focus on screening more hollywood tentpole movies in 2d (even if there's a 3d version) and have fewer 3d screenings of movies in north america, citing that moviegoers in north america prefer 2d films over 3d films.[72] in 2024, 3d films in 4k hdr became available to home media for the first time, with the launch of the visionos operating system offering two services to access movies in such formats: apple tv and disney+. some films were also offered in high frame rate (48fps), such as avatar: the way of water. other 3d media shot in 8k with a 180 degree view was also made available under the moniker "apple immersive video."[73][74] stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. over the years the popularity of systems being widely employed in film theaters has waxed and waned. though anaglyph was sometimes used prior to 1948, during the early "golden era" of 3d cinematography of the 1950s the polarization system was used for every single feature length film in the united states, and all but one short film.[75] in the 21st century, polarization 3d systems have continued to dominate the scene, though during the 1960s and 1970s some classic films which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization, and were even shown in 3d on television.[76] in the years following the mid 1980s, some films were made with short segments in anaglyph 3d. the following are some of the technical details and methodologies employed in some of the more notable 3d film systems that have been developed. the standard for shooting live action films in 3d involves using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart from each other as the average pair of human eyes, recording two separate images for both the left eye and the right eye. in principle, two normal 2d cameras could be put side to side but this is problematic in many ways. the only real option is to invest in new stereoscopic cameras. moreover, some cinematographic tricks that are simple with a 2d camera become impossible when filming in 3d. this means those otherwise cheap tricks need to be replaced by expensive cgi.[77] in 2008, journey to the center of the earth became the first live action feature film to be shot with the earliest fusion camera system released in digital 3d and was later followed by several others. avatar (2009) was shot in a 3d process that is based on how the human eye looks at an image. it was an improvement to the existing 3d camera system. many 3d camera rigs still in use simply pair two cameras side by side, while newer rigs are paired with a beam splitter or both camera lenses built into one unit. while digital cinema cameras are not a requirement for 3d they are the predominant medium for most of what is photographed. film options include imax 3d and cine 160. in the 1930s and 1940s, the fleischer studios made several cartoons with extensive stereoscopic 3d backgrounds, including several popeye the sailor, betty boop, and superman cartoons. in the early to mid 1950s, only half of the major animation film studios operation experimented with creating traditional 3d animated short subjects. walt disney studio produced two traditional animation short for stereoscopic 3d, for cinemas. adventures in music: melody (1953), and the donald duck cartoon working for peanuts (1953). warner brothers only produced a single cartoon in 3d: lumber jack rabbit (1953) starring bugs bunny. famous studios produced two cartoons in 3d, the popeye cartoon popeye, the ace of space (1953), and the casper the friendly ghost cartoon boo moon (1954). walter lantz studio produced the woody woodpecker cartoon hypnotic hick (1953), which was distributed by universal. from the late 1950s until the mid 2000s almost no animation was produced for 3d display in theaters. although several films used 3d backgrounds. one exception is starchaser: the legend of orin. cgi animated films can be rendered as stereoscopic 3d version by using two virtual cameras. stop motion animated 3d films are photographed with two cameras similar to live action 3d films. in 2004 the polar express was the first stereoscopic 3d cgi animated feature film. the 3d version was solely released in imax theaters. in november 2005, walt disney studio entertainment released chicken little in digital 3d format, being disney's first cgi animated film in 3d. the film was converted from 2d into 3d in post production. nwave pictures' fly me to the moon (2008) was actually the first animated film created for 3d and released exclusively in 3d in digital theaters around the world. no other animation films have released solely in 3d since. the first 3d feature by dreamworks animation, monsters vs aliens, followed in 2009 and used a new digital rendering process called intru3d, which was developed by intel to create more realistic animated 3d images. intru3d is not used to exhibit 3d films in theaters; they are shown in either reald 3d or imax 3d. in the case of 2d cgi animated films that were generated from 3d models, it is possible to return to the models to generate a 3d version. for all other 2d films, different techniques must be employed. for example, for the 3d re release of the 1993 film the nightmare before christmas, walt disney pictures scanned each original frame and manipulated them to produce left eye and right eye versions. dozens of films have now been converted from 2d to 3d. there are several approaches used for 2d to 3d conversion, most notably depth based methods.[78] however, conversion to 3d has problems. information is unavailable as 2d does not have information for a perspective view. some tvs have a 3d engine to convert 2d content to 3d. usually, on high frame rate content (and on some slower processors even normal frame rate) the processor is not fast enough and lag is possible. this can lead to strange visual effects.[79] anaglyph images were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3d, and the one most commonly associated with stereoscopy by the public at large, mostly because of non theatrical 3d media such as comic books and 3d television broadcasts, where polarization is not practical. they were made popular because of the ease of their production and exhibition. the first anaglyph film was invented in 1915 by edwin s porter. though the earliest theatrical presentations were done with this system, most 3d films from the 1950s and 1980s were originally shown polarized.[80] in an anaglyph, the two images are superimposed in an additive light setting through two filters, one red and one cyan. in a subtractive light setting, the two images are printed in the same complementary colors on white paper. glasses with colored filters in each eye separate the appropriate images by canceling the filter color out and rendering the complementary color black. anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye stereograms, although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering, particularly in the red component, which is muted, or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. a compensating technique, commonly known as anachrome, uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less parallax. an alternative to the usual red and cyan filter system of anaglyph is colorcode 3 d, a patented anaglyph system which was invented in order to present an anaglyph image in conjunction with the ntsc television standard, in which the red channel is often compromised. colorcode uses the complementary colors of yellow and dark blue on screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are amber and dark blue. the polarization 3d system has been the standard for theatrical presentations since it was used for bwana devil in 1952,[80] though early imax presentations were done using the eclipse system and in the 1960s and 1970s classic 3d films were sometimes converted to anaglyph for special presentations. the polarization system has better color fidelity and less ghosting than the anaglyph system. in the post '50s era, anaglyph has been used instead of polarization in feature presentations where only part of the film is in 3d such as in the 3d segment of freddy's dead: the final nightmare and the 3d segments of spy kids 3 d: game over. anaglyph is also used in printed materials and in 3d television broadcasts where polarization is not practical. 3d polarized televisions and other displays only became available from several manufacturers in 2008; these generate polarization on the receiving end. to present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through different polarizing filters. the viewer wears low cost glasses which also contain a pair of polarizing filters oriented differently (clockwise/counterclockwise with circular polarization or at 90 degree angles, usually 45 and 135 degrees,[81] with linear polarization). as each filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized and blocks the light polarized differently, each eye sees a different image. this is used to produce a three dimensional effect by projecting the same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. since no head tracking is involved, the entire audience can view the stereoscopic images at the same time. circular polarization has an advantage over linear polarization, in that the viewer does not need to have their head upright and aligned with the screen for the polarization to work properly. with linear polarization, turning the glasses sideways causes the filters to go out of alignment with the screen filters causing the image to fade and for each eye to see the opposite frame more easily. for circular polarization, the polarizing effect works regardless of how the viewer's head is aligned with the screen such as tilted sideways, or even upside down. the left eye will still only see the image intended for it, and vice versa, without fading or crosstalk. nonetheless, 3d cinema films are made to be viewed without head tilt, and any significant head tilt will result in incorrect parallax and prevent binocular fusion. in the case of reald a circularly polarizing liquid crystal filter which can switch polarity 144 times per second is placed in front of the projector lens. only one projector is needed, as the left and right eye images are displayed alternately. sony features a new system called reald xls, which shows both circular polarized images simultaneously: a single 4k projector (4096×2160 resolution) displays both 2k images (2048×1080 resolution) on top of each other at the same time, a special lens attachment polarizes and projects the images.[82] optical attachments can be added to traditional 35mm projectors to adapt them for projecting film in the "over and under" format, in which each pair of images is stacked within one frame of film. the two images are projected through different polarizers and superimposed on the screen. this is a very cost effective way to convert a theater for 3 d as all that is needed are the attachments and a non depolarizing screen surface, rather than a conversion to digital 3 d projection. thomson technicolor currently produces an adapter of this type.[83] a metallic screen is necessary for these systems as reflection from non metallic surfaces destroys the polarization of the light. polarized stereoscopic pictures have been around since 1936, when edwin h. land first applied it to motion pictures. the so called "3 d movie craze" in the years 1952 through 1955 was almost entirely offered in theaters using linear polarizing projection and glasses. only a minute amount of the total 3d films shown in the period used the anaglyph color filter method. linear polarization was likewise used with consumer level stereo projectors. polarization was also used during the 3d revival of the 1980s. in the 2000s, computer animation, competition from dvds and other media, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated imax 70mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3d films.[47][48] all types of polarization will result in a darkening of the displayed image and poorer contrast compared to non 3d images. light from lamps is normally emitted as a random collection of polarizations, while a polarization filter only passes a fraction of the light. as a result, the screen image is darker. this darkening can be compensated by increasing the brightness of the projector light source. if the initial polarization filter is inserted between the lamp and the image generation element, the light intensity striking the image element is not any higher than normal without the polarizing filter, and overall image contrast transmitted to the screen is not affected. in this technology, a mechanism is used to block light from each appropriate eye when the converse eye's image is projected on the screen. the technology originated with the eclipse method, in which the projector alternates between left and right images, and opens and closes the shutters in the glasses or viewer in synchronization with the images on the screen.[citation needed] this was the basis of the teleview system which was used briefly in 1922.[29][84] a newer implementation of the eclipse method came with lcd shutter glasses. glasses containing liquid crystal that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the cinema, television or computer screen, using the concept of alternate frame sequencing. this is the method used by nvidia, xpand 3d, and earlier imax systems. a drawback of this method is the need for each person viewing to wear expensive, electronic glasses that must be synchronized with the display system using a wireless signal or attached wire. the shutter glasses are heavier than most polarized glasses, though lighter models are no heavier than some sunglasses or deluxe polarized glasses.[85] however these systems do not require a silver screen for projected images. liquid crystal light valves work by rotating light between two polarizing filters. due to these internal polarizers, lcd shutter glasses darken the display image of any lcd, plasma, or projector image source, which has the result that images appear dimmer and contrast is lower than for normal non 3d viewing. this is not necessarily a usage problem; for some types of displays which are already very bright with poor grayish black levels, lcd shutter glasses may actually improve the image quality. dolby 3d uses specific wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the right eye, and different wavelengths of red, green, and blue for the left eye. glasses which filter out the very specific wavelengths allow the wearer to see a 3d image. this technology eliminates the expensive silver screens required for polarized systems such as reald, which is the most common 3d display system in theaters. it does, however, require much more expensive glasses than the polarized systems. it is also known as spectral comb filtering or wavelength multiplex visualization the recently introduced omega 3d/panavision 3d system also uses this technology, though with a wider spectrum and more "teeth" to the "comb" (5 for each eye in the omega/panavision system). the use of more spectral bands per eye eliminates the need to color process the image, required by the dolby system. evenly dividing the visible spectrum between the eyes gives the viewer a more relaxed "feel" as the light energy and color balance is nearly 50 50. like the dolby system, the omega system can be used with white or silver screens. but it can be used with either film or digital projectors, unlike the dolby filters that are only used on a digital system with a color correcting processor provided by dolby. the omega/panavision system also claims that their glasses are cheaper to manufacture than those used by dolby.[86] in june 2012 the omega 3d/panavision 3d system was discontinued by dpvo theatrical, who marketed it on behalf of panavision, citing "challenging global economic and 3d market conditions".[87] although dpvo dissolved its business operations, omega optical continues promoting and selling 3d systems to non theatrical markets. omega optical's 3d system contains projection filters and 3d glasses. in addition to the passive stereoscopic 3d system, omega optical has produced enhanced anaglyph 3d glasses. the omega's red/cyan anaglyph glasses use complex metal oxide thin film coatings and high quality annealed glass optics. in this method, glasses are not necessary to see the stereoscopic image. lenticular lens and parallax barrier technologies involve imposing two (or more) images on the same sheet, in narrow, alternating strips, and using a screen that either blocks one of the two images' strips (in the case of parallax barriers) or uses equally narrow lenses to bend the strips of image and make it appear to fill the entire image (in the case of lenticular prints). to produce the stereoscopic effect, the person must be positioned so that one eye sees one of the two images and the other sees the other. both images are projected onto a high gain, corrugated screen which reflects light at acute angles. in order to see the stereoscopic image, the viewer must sit within a very narrow angle that is nearly perpendicular to the screen, limiting the size of the audience. lenticular was used for theatrical presentation of numerous shorts in russia from 1940 to 1948[76] and in 1946 for the feature length film robinson crusoe.[88] though its use in theatrical presentations has been rather limited, lenticular has been widely used for a variety of novelty items and has even been used in amateur 3d photography.[89][90] recent use includes the fujifilm finepix real 3d with an autostereoscopic display that was released in 2009. other examples for this technology include autostereoscopic lcd displays on monitors, notebooks, tvs, mobile phones and gaming devices, such as the nintendo 3ds. some viewers have complained of headaches and eyestrain after watching 3d films.[91] motion sickness, in addition to other health concerns,[92] are more easily induced by 3d presentations. one published study shows that of those who watch 3d films, nearly 55% experience varying levels of headaches, nausea and disorientation.[93] glasses designed to eliminate eyestrain by converting 3d images back into 2d have been developed.[94] there are two primary effects of 3d film that are unnatural for human vision: crosstalk between the eyes, caused by imperfect image separation, and the mismatch between convergence and accommodation, caused by the difference between an object's perceived position in front of, or behind the screen and the real origin of that light on the screen. it is believed that approximately 12% of people are unable to properly see 3d images, due to a variety of medical conditions.[95][96] according to another experiment up to 30% of people have very weak stereoscopic vision preventing them from depth perception based on stereo disparity. this nullifies or greatly decreases immersion effects of digital stereo to them.[97] it has recently been discovered that each of the rods and cones in animal eyes can measure the distance to the point on the object that is in focus at the particular rod or cone. each rod or cone can act as a passive lidar (light detection and ranging). the lens selects the point on the object for each pixel to which the distance is measured; that is, humans can see in 3d separately with each eye.[98] if the brain uses this ability in addition to the stereoscopic effect and other cues no stereoscopic system can present a true 3d picture to the brain. the french national research agency (anr) has sponsored multidisciplinary research in order to understand the effects of 3d film viewing, its grammar[clarification needed], and its acceptance.[99] after toy story, there were 10 really bad cg movies because everybody thought the success of that film was cg and not great characters that were beautifully designed and heartwarming. now, you've got people quickly converting movies from 2d to 3d, which is not what we did. they're expecting the same result, when in fact they will probably work against the adoption of 3d because they'll be putting out an inferior product. most of the cues required to provide humans with relative depth information are already present in traditional 2d films. for example, closer objects occlude further ones, distant objects are desaturated and hazy relative to near ones, and the brain subconsciously "knows" the distance of many objects when the height is known (e.g. a human figure subtending only a small amount of the screen is more likely to be 2 m tall and far away than 10 cm tall and close). in fact, only two of these depth cues are not already present in 2d films: stereopsis (or parallax) and the focus of the eyeball (accommodation). 3d film making addresses accurate presentation of stereopsis but not of accommodation, and therefore is insufficient in providing a complete 3d illusion. however, promising results from research aimed at overcoming this shortcoming were presented at the 2010 stereoscopic displays and applications conference in san jose, u.s.[101] film critic mark kermode[102] argued that 3d adds "not that much" value to a film, and said that, while he liked avatar, the many impressive things he saw in the film had nothing to do with 3d. kermode has been an outspoken critic of 3d film describing the effect as a "nonsense" and recommends using two right or left lenses from the 3d glasses to cut out the "pointy, pointy 3d stereoscopic vision", although this technique still does not improve the huge brightness loss from a 3d film.[103] versions of these "2 d glasses" are being marketed.[104] as pointed out in the article "virtual space   the movies of the future"[105][failed verification] in real life the 3d effect, or stereoscopic vision, depends on the distance between the eyes, which is only about 2+1⁄2 inches. the depth perception this affords is only noticeable near to the head   at about arms length. it is only useful for such tasks as threading a needle. it follows that in films portraying real life, where nothing is ever shown so close to the camera, the 3d effect is not noticeable and is soon forgotten as the film proceeds. director christopher nolan has criticised the notion that traditional film does not allow depth perception, saying "i think it's a misnomer to call it 3d versus 2d. the whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... you know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2d movie a '2d movie' is a little misleading."[106] nolan also criticised that shooting on the required digital video does not offer a high enough quality image[107] and that 3d cameras cannot be equipped with prime (non zoom) lenses.[106] late film critic roger ebert repeatedly criticized 3d film as being "too dim", sometimes distracting or even nausea inducing, and argued that it is an expensive technology that adds nothing of value to the film going experience (since 2 d films already provide a sufficient illusion of 3d).[108] while ebert was "not opposed to 3 d as an option", he opposed it as a replacement for traditional film, and preferred 2 d technologies such as maxivision48 that improve image area/resolution and frames per second.[108] most 3d systems will cut down the brightness of the picture considerably   the light loss can be as high as 88%. some of this loss may be compensated by running the projector's bulb at higher power or using more powerful bulbs.[109] the 2d brightness cinema standard is 14 foot lamberts (48 candela per square metre), as set by the smpte standard 196m. as of 2012[update], there is no official standard for 3d brightness. according to the industry de facto standard, however, the "acceptable brightness range" goes as low as 3.5 fl (12 cd/m2)   just 25% of the standard 2d brightness.[110] among others, christopher nolan has criticized the huge brightness loss: "you're not that aware of it because once you're 'in that world,' your eye compensates, but having struggled for years to get theaters up to the proper brightness, we're not sticking polarized filters in everything."[111] in september 2012, the dci standards body issued a "recommended practice" calling for a 3d projection brightness of 7 fl (24 cd/m2), with an acceptable range of 5 9 fl (17 31 cd/m2).[2] it is not known how many theaters actually achieve such light levels with current technology. prototype laser projection systems have reached 14 fl (48 cd/m2) for 3d on a cinema screen.[3] another major criticism is that many of the films in the 21st century to date were not filmed in 3d, but converted into 3 d after filming. filmmakers who have criticized the quality of this process include james cameron (whose film avatar was created mostly in 3d from the ground up, with some portions of the film created in 2d,[112] and is largely credited with the revival of 3d) and michael bay.[100] however, cameron has said that quality 2d to 3d conversions can be done if they take the time they need and the director is involved.[113] cameron's titanic was converted into 3d in 2012, taking 60 weeks and costing $18 million. in contrast, computer animated films for which the original computer models are still available can be rendered in 3d easily, as the depth information is still available and does not need to be inferred or approximated. this has been done with toy story, among others.[114]

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supported by von doren, which used the game’s notations on the dial of its first watch, plans to introduce a new version of the design this fall. by penelope colston oyvind von doren asbjornsen wasn’t content with slapping a rook or a bishop on a watch and calling it a chess themed timepiece. a watchmaker who also is an avid player, he wanted a sophisticated design, yet one that resonated with aficionados of the game. so in 2019, his brand, von doren, based in oslo, released a collection of two quartz watches in brushed steel, called the reti. the reti collection was named for richard reti, an austro hungarian chess master who in 1910 won a well known match in just 11 moves. (an average game usually involves about 40 moves.) and rather than using conventional hour markers on the dials, mr. asbjornsen used the chess notations for the 11 moves. what felt like a risky design decision at the time, he said, paid off. the 225 piece limited edition sold out quickly   so this fall, he intends to release a 42 millimeter mechanical chronometer version of the reti, with a movement made by the swiss manufacturer eta. (a chronometer is a term for a highly accurate timepiece, initially used in marine navigation.) the price has not been finalized, but mr. asbjornsen said it was most likely to be about 1,500 euros ($1,614). von doren watches are sold in the brand’s store in oslo and through its website. like the earlier models, the new reti’s dial is to have the notations from the 1910 game and the case back is to be engraved with a numbered list of the moves, too. “so that,” he said, “you can actually take off the watch, sit down and replay that beautiful game.” he said that the watch was also to include “one other fun design element i would like to keep as a secret for now.” mr. asbjornsen, who also is a filmmaker and television producer, initially expressed his love of chess as the director of the 2005 documentary “the prince of chess” and the co producer of the 2016 documentary “magnus.” both focused on magnus carlsen, the norwegian grandmaster now ranked the world’s top player by the international chess federation and widely considered among the best players of all time. the reti originally was created as the official watch of norway chess, an annual tournament where von doren has been the official timekeeper since 2017. (the brand also released a third watch at the time, identical to one of the two retis but without the chess notations, called von doren norway chess.) “from numerous interactions with oyvind, i believe he’s very measured in his decision making,” steve huyton, the author of the book “independent watchmakers,” wrote in an email.