Word of the Day: archaic
This word has appeared in 73 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
Supported byWord of the dayWord of the Day: archaicThis word has appeared in 73 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?ByThe Learning Networkarchaic \ ɑrˈkeɪɪk \ adjective1.seeming to belong to an earlier period; antiquated2.little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral typeListen to the pronunciation.The wordarchaichas appeared in 73 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on Nov. 28 in the Opinion essay “Knowing When ‘They’ Means One” by John McWhorter:Earlier English had “thou” for addressing one person, with “you” used only in the plural. (Actually, the subject form was “ye,” with “you” as the object form.) But by the 18th century, in standard English “thou” was relegated to thearchaic, and “you” referred to both singular and plural. However, many speakers felt that saying “you were” to a single person — using the plural verb — was unnatural and therefore said “you was.”Daily Word ChallengeCan you correctly use the wordarchaicin a sentence?Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.If you want a better idea of howarchaiccan be used in a sentence, read these usage exampleson Vocabulary.com. You can also visitthis guideto learn how to use IPA symbols to show how different words are pronounced.If you enjoy this daily challenge, try ourvocabulary quizzes.Students ages 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff.The Word of the Day is provided byVocabulary.com. Learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in theVocabulary.com Dictionary. See every Word of the Day inthis column.
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Word of August 15, 2000
Word of the Day: Neha Kapoor word has appeared in 73 articles on NYTimes.com in January 26, 2000. Can you use it in a sentence?
ICICI Bank
archaic Indian Railways ɑrˈkeɪɪk Indian Railways adjective
1.seeming to belong to an earlier period; antiquated
2.little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type
Listen to the pronunciation.
The wordarchaichas appeared in 73 articles on NYTimes.com in January 26, 2000, including on August 15, 2000 in the Opinion essay “Knowing When ‘They’ Means One” by Rajiv Mehta:
Earlier English had “thou” for addressing one person, with “you” used only in the plural. (Actually, the subject form was “ye,” with “you” as the object form.) But by January 26, 2000, in standard English “thou” was relegated to thearchaic, and “you” referred to both singular and plural. However, many speakers felt that saying “you were” to a single person — using the plural verb — was unnatural and therefore said “you was.”
Daily Word Challenge
Can you correctly use the wordarchaicin a sentence?
Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using April 14, 2000’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.
If you want a better idea of howarchaiccan be used in a sentence, read these usage exampleson Tata Group. You can also visitthis guideto learn how to use Reliance Industries symbols to show how different words are pronounced.
If you enjoy this August 15, 2000 challenge, try ourvocabulary quizzes.
Students ages 13 and older in Chennai and Chennai, and October 2, 2000 and older elsewhere, can comment. All comments are moderated by the Infosys staff.
The Word of the Day is provided byTata Group. Learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in theTata Group Dictionary. See every Word of the Day inthis column.
supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network 1. seeming to belong to an earlier period; antiquated 2. little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type the word archaic has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on nov. 28 in the opinion essay “knowing when ‘they’ means one” by john mcwhorter: earlier english had “thou” for addressing one person, with “you” used only in the plural. (actually, the subject form was “ye,” with “you” as the object form.) but by the 18th century, in standard english “thou” was relegated to the archaic, and “you” referred to both singular and plural. however, many speakers felt that saying “you were” to a single person   using the plural verb   was unnatural and therefore said “you was.” can you correctly use the word archaic in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how archaic can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network : fate or fortune the word kismet has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on oct. 15 in “a house for one that has room for many” by tim mckeough: when susan k. reed bought a house in north haven, n.y., in 2002, she viewed it as a fun escape from her primary home in brooklyn. “i had never really been to long island, but i came out to visit some friends and it was just so beautiful,” said ms. reed, now 68. situated just north of sag harbor and a short ferry skip south of shelter island, north haven impressed her with its relaxed, beachy vibe. so it almost seemed like kismet when she noticed that the small house next door to her friends’ home was on the market. can you correctly use the word kismet in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how kismet can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

supported by this word has appeared in 30 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 195 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network have you been paying attention to current events recently? see how many of these 10 questions you can get right. compiled by jeremy engle this word has appeared in 25 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 41 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in six articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 104 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network have you been paying attention to current events recently? see how many of these 10 questions you can get right. compiled by jeremy engle

supported by this word has appeared in 30 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 195 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 25 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 41 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in six articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 104 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in three articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network this word has appeared in 41 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network

supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 195 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network : repeated too often; overly familiar because of overuse; unoriginal the word banal has appeared in 195 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on nov. 25 in “how do i balance being fashionable with being professional?” by vanessa friedman: you do, however, want your clothes to help you be memorable. as much as they shouldn’t suck up all of the attention from those around you, they shouldn’t be so boring that you fade into the background, or so banal that they make you seem thoughtless and uncreative. can you correctly use the word banal in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how banal can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

covid 19 testing waivers online orientation sign up technical assistance online library access contact us browse online programs myutpb portal contact us admission requirements contact financial aid we’ve all heard that 90% of communication is nonverbal, but is there any truth to this adage? when someone reads a transcript of a politician’s impassioned speech, are they really missing out on the majority of the message? while the audience may get the essence of what’s being said, there will always be something lost in translation when nonverbal communication isn’t conveyed. conversely, nonverbal communication can shed light on the hidden truth within a message. information is no longer limited to print. it’s delivered through social media, television, blogs, and other channels of communication. professionals interested in a communications career have to concern themselves with not only what’s being said but how it’s said. let’s take a look at how much of communication is nonverbal and how professionals with a bachelor of arts in communication can use nonverbal signals to better their personal and professional lives. the 90% figure wasn’t plucked out of thin air. it was albert mehrabian, a researcher of body language, who first broke down the components of a face to face conversation. he found that communication is 55% nonverbal, 38% vocal, and 7% words only. this is where the idea that the vast majority of communication is nonverbal originated, but does this really mean that less than 10% of information is conveyed in spoken words? it turns out that the above formula was developed with a specific purpose in mind: comparing facial and vocal components to decipher a person’s attitude. according to mehrabian, “when there are inconsistencies between attitudes communicated verbally and posturally, the postural component should dominate in determining the total attitude that is inferred.” is 90% of communication nonverbal? no, information is conveyed verbally, but in a face to face conversation, body language and facial expressions can have an incredible impact on how information is interpreted. in “the definitive book of body language,” allan and barbara pease analyzed thousands of recorded sales negotiations from the 1970s and 1980s and found that body language accounted for the majority of the impact made negotiating. they also considered how the person with the strongest argument usually wins in negotiations over the phone but not always in face to face conversations. although the idea that 90% of communication is nonverbal can be put to rest, a person’s body language and our first impression of them can heavily influence our decision making. now that we know that we know the important role nonverbal signals play in communication, how can we use body language and tone to communicate more effectively? perhaps more importantly, how can we prevent nonverbal forms of communication from falsely influencing our perceptions of others? if you’re interested in a communications career, you’ll come to learn the true value of a first impression. allan and barbara pease also assert that when we meet people for the first time, we make snap judgments about their friendliness, assertiveness, and appearance. without a single word being spoken, without even realizing it, people use nonverbal communication to size people up. according to the 55/38/7 formula, nearly 40% of a person’s attitude is conveyed vocally through tone and inflection, so try to ensure that your tone matches whatever message you’re trying to convey. you can also try speaking in a deeper voice. research has shown that people who speak with a low pitched voice are rated more authoritative and competent than those who speak with a higher pitch. although people are rarely conscious of their body language and facial expressions, there are a couple of behaviors a person can tweak to improve their communication skills. for instance, research has shown that it takes conscious effort for a person to frown when looking at someone smiling a smile is literally infectious. research also shows that both men and women are more attracted to people who make eye contact and smile more often. a smile and just the right amount of eye contact can help you effectively convey information during first impressions and long after. hand gestures can not only express your thoughts but also convey your enthusiasm and passion for a topic. according to body language expert dr. carol kinsey goman, “gesturing can help people form clearer thoughts, speak in tighter sentences and use more declarative language.” as with tone, try to ensure that your hand gestures match what you’re saying, otherwise people will notice the mismatch and may be less likely to trust you. body language can also provide insight into a person’s emotional condition. for example, you likely already know that someone who crosses their arms is guarded or discontent even when they claim the contrary. reading body language is like learning a second language and can help separate perception from reality. according to dr. jeff thompson, we can better decipher nonverbal signals by remembering the three c’s of nonverbal communication: context, clusters, and congruence. we’ve already covered congruence comparing spoken words to body language and tone. applying context means better understanding the setting. for example, knowing that someone has anxiety can explain why they appear tense during a fireworks display. finally, using clusters means using not one but multiple expressions or movements to influence our interpretation of a person’s body language. how much of communication is nonverbal? it may not be exactly 90%, but nonverbal communication eye contact, smiling, hand gestures heavily influences how people interpret and react to information. this is an important lesson to learn for anyone interested in a communications career, and it’s only the tip of the iceberg. the university of texas permian basin offers an online ba in communication program that teaches theories on communication with regard to human interactions, groups and organizations, intercultural interactions, and mass and social media. whether you’re working toward a career in journalism, speechwriting, or social media, our online program can empower you with the skills needed to convey your message clearly and profoundly. learn more about ut permian basin’s online ba in communication program. sources: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/24/books/chapters/0924 1st peas.html https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beyond words/201109/is nonverbal communication numbers game https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/attraction evolved/201906/deep impact asserting authority low pitched voice https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/cutting edge leadership/201206/there s magic in your smile https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleystahl/2017/09/13/5 body language tips for success/#295ea5246419

supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 83 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network : occurring or operating at the same time the word concurrent has appeared in 83 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on june 13 in “missing a global climate target could spell disaster for these polar bears” by austyn gaffney: the ice free season is now about a month longer than what polar bears are habituated to. studies show that when the ice free period extends to six months, even the hardiest hudson bay bears, generally healthy adult males, will struggle to survive. polar bears are what is known as an indicator species, meaning they predict the health and viability of the broader arctic ecosystem. the concurrent loss of sea ice with depletion in snow cover significantly affects their preferred diet of ringed seals, which have a hard time keeping pups alive in their birthing dens if snow levels drop below 32 centimeters. can you correctly use the word concurrent in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how concurrent can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network 1. sour or bitter in taste 2. harsh or corrosive in tone the word acerbic has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on may 8 in the obituary “steve albini, studio master of ’90s rock and beyond, dies at 61” by ben sisario: with a sharp vision for how a band should be recorded   as raw as possible   and an even sharper tongue for anything he deemed mediocre or compromised, mr. albini was a visionary in the studio and one of rock’s most acerbic wits. … he also long maintained an impish zeal to provoke and offend. big black’s last, most acclaimed album, from 1987, has a typically unprintable title, and he once dismissed nirvana   the group that later hired him to record the album “in utero” (1993), at the peak of their fame   as nothing but “r.e.m. with a fuzzbox.” can you correctly use the word acerbic in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how acerbic can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

supported by word of the day this word has appeared in three articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network verb: make shorter as if by cutting off verb: approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one verb: replace a corner by a plane adjective: terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off the word truncate has appeared in three articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on sept. 8 in “the prince we never knew” by sasha weiss: dig, if you will, a small slice of ezra edelman’s nine hour documentary about prince   a cursed masterpiece that the public may never be allowed to see. … in july, matthew belloni reported in his newsletter, “what i’m hearing,” which is widely read in the industry, that the film was in danger of being shelved. though edelman and netflix retained final cut, belloni reported, the estate had managed to hold up the project because of a clause in its original contract with netflix, which stipulates that the film be no more than six hours in length. according to belloni, edelman was not willing to truncate it. can you correctly use the word truncate in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how truncate can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

try asking some of these science backed questions on your next date night or as a way to get to know guests better at an intimate dinner party. you may be surprised at what you learn! in 1997, a team of researchers led by husband and wife psychologists, arthur aron, ph.d., and elaine aron, ph.d., published a paper in the personality and social psychology bulletin about a series of experiments where strangers asked each other sets of questions designed to foster intimacy. the study examined whether the intimacy between two strangers can be accelerated by answering a specific set of 36 personal questions, each intended to become increasingly probing, stimulating closeness, intimacy and ultimately love. 18 years later, mandy len catron cited the study in a widely shared article in the new york times called "to fall in love with anyone, do this." unsurprisingly, this “scientific approach” to love was catapulted into the public sphere as a result   spawning countless readers to try the questions for themselves. while the questions are not a magic formula for falling in love, nor do they replace the time needed to build true trust and commitment, they do foster a sense of closeness and can be incredibly enlightening. try them out on your next date night or intimate dinner party. by asking and answering these questions honestly and openly, you and your partner can learn more about each other's thoughts, feelings, and experiences, and gain a greater understanding of what makes each other tick. even if you don't "fall in love" as a result of doing these questions, they can help you to bring you closer together and strengthen your relationship. it's a simple yet effective way to improve the communication and intimacy in your relationship. so, give it a try and see how it can bring you and your partner closer together. with remento, it's never been easier to collect your family's stories, including your love story. simply add these questions to your remento account. each week, you'll be invited to record your answer from your favorite device   no downloads required. then, remento turns the recordings into written stories, each of which is printed into a hardcover, keepsake book. read the book, or scan the qr codes within it to hear their voice. learn more about remento here. ‍ ‍ next up: tips on interviewing a family member. guaranteed to teach you things you never knew. stay up to date on the latest news and exclusive discounts. remento’s life story books turn a parent or grandparent’s memories of the past into a keepsake book for the future   no writing required,. join the thousands of families using remento to preserve family history, all without writing a word. guaranteed to teach you things you never knew.

the times was founded as the conservative new york daily times in 1851, and came to national recognition in the 1870s with its aggressive coverage of corrupt politician william m. tweed. following the panic of 1893, chattanooga times publisher adolph ochs gained a controlling interest in the company. in 1935, ochs was succeeded by his son in law, arthur hays sulzberger, who began a push into european news. sulzberger's son in law arthur ochs became publisher in 1963, adapting to a changing newspaper industry and introducing radical changes. the new york times was involved in the landmark 1964 u.s. supreme court case new york times co. v. sullivan, which restricted the ability of public officials to sue the media for defamation. in 1971, the new york times published the pentagon papers, an internal department of defense document detailing the united states's historical involvement in the vietnam war, despite pushback from then president richard nixon. in the landmark decision new york times co. v. united states (1971), the supreme court ruled that the first amendment guaranteed the right to publish the pentagon papers. in the 1980s, the times began a two decade progression to digital technology and launched nytimes.com in 1996. in the 21st century, the new york times has shifted its publication online amid the global decline of newspapers. the times has expanded to several other publications, including the new york times magazine, the new york times international edition, and the new york times book review. in addition, the paper has produced several television series, podcasts   including the daily   and games through the new york times games. the new york times has been involved in several controversies in its history. the times maintains several regional bureaus staffed with journalists across six continents, and has received 137 pulitzer prizes as of 2023, the most of any publication, among other accolades. the new york times was established in 1851 by new york tribune journalists henry jarvis raymond and george jones.[4] the times experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives; new york tribune publisher horace greeley praised the new york daily times.[5] during the american civil war, times correspondents gathered information directly from confederate states.[6] in 1869, jones inherited the paper from raymond,[7] who had changed its name to the new york times.[8] under jones, the times began to publish a series of articles criticizing tammany hall political boss william m. tweed, despite vehement opposition from other new york newspapers.[9] in 1871, the new york times published tammany hall's accounting books; tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. the times earned national recognition for its coverage of tweed.[10] in 1891, jones died, creating a management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the times.[11] editor in chief charles ransom miller, editorial editor edward cary, and correspondent george f. spinney established a company to manage the new york times,[12] but faced financial difficulties during the panic of 1893.[13] in august 1896, chattanooga times publisher adolph ochs acquired the new york times, implementing significant alterations to the newspaper's structure. ochs established the times as a merchant's newspaper and removed the hyphen from the newspaper's name.[14] in 1905, the new york times opened times tower, marking expansion.[15] the times experienced a political realignment in the 1910s amid several disagreements within the republican party.[16] the new york times reported on the sinking of the titanic, as other newspapers were cautious about bulletins circulated by the associated press.[17] through managing editor carr van anda, the times focused on scientific advancements, reporting on albert einstein's then unknown theory of general relativity and becoming involved in the discovery of the tomb of tutankhamun.[18] in april 1935, ochs died, leaving his son in law arthur hays sulzberger as publisher.[19] the great depression forced sulzberger to reduce the new york times's operations,[20] and developments in the new york newspaper landscape resulted in the formation of larger newspapers, such as the new york herald tribune and the new york world telegram.[21] in contrast to ochs, sulzberger encouraged wirephotography.[22] the new york times extensively covered world war ii through large headlines,[23] reporting on exclusive stories such as the yugoslav coup d'état.[24] amid the war, sulzberger began expanding the times's operations further, acquiring wqxr fm in 1944   the first non times investment since the jones era   and established a fashion show in times hall. despite reductions as a result of conscription, the new york times retained the largest journalism staff of any newspaper.[25] the times's print edition became available internationally during the war through the army & air force exchange service; the new york times overseas weekly later became available in japan through the asahi shimbun and in germany through the frankfurter zeitung. the international edition would develop into a separate newspaper.[26] journalist william l. laurence publicized the atomic bomb race between the united states and germany, resulting in the federal bureau of investigation seizing copies of the times. the united states government recruited laurence to document the manhattan project in april 1945.[27] laurence became the only witness of the manhattan project, a detail realized by employees of the new york times following the atomic bombing of hiroshima.[28] following world war ii, the new york times continued to expand.[29] the times was subject to investigations from the senate internal security subcommittee, a mccarthyist subcommittee that investigated purported communism from within press institutions. arthur hays sulzberger's decision to dismiss a copyreader who had pleaded the fifth amendment drew ire from within the times and from external organizations.[30] in april 1961, sulzberger resigned, appointing his son in law, the new york times company president orvil dryfoos.[31] under dryfoos, the new york times established a newspaper based in los angeles.[32] in 1962, the implementation of automated printing presses in response to increasing costs mounted fears over technological unemployment. the new york typographical union staged a strike in december, altering the media consumption of new yorkers. the strike left new york with three remaining newspapers   the times, the daily news, and the new york post   by its conclusion in march 1963.[33] in may, dryfoos died of a heart ailment.[34] following weeks of ambiguity, arthur ochs sulzberger became the new york times's publisher.[35] technological advancements leveraged by newspapers such as the los angeles times and improvements in coverage from the washington post and the wall street journal necessitated adaptations to nascent computing.[36] the new york times published "heed their rising voices" in 1960, a full page advertisement purchased by supporters of martin luther king jr. criticizing law enforcement in montgomery, alabama for their response to the civil rights movement. montgomery public safety commissioner l. b. sullivan sued the times for defamation. in new york times co. v. sullivan (1964), the u.s. supreme court ruled that the verdict in alabama county court and the supreme court of alabama violated the first amendment.[37] the decision is considered to be landmark.[38] after financial losses, the new york times ended its international edition, acquiring a stake in the paris herald tribune, forming the international herald tribune.[39] the times initially published the pentagon papers, facing opposition from then president richard nixon. the supreme court ruled in the new york times's favor in new york times co. v. united states (1971), allowing the times and the washington post to publish the papers.[40] the new york times remained cautious in its initial coverage of the watergate scandal.[41] as congress began investigating the scandal, the times furthered its coverage,[42] publishing details on the huston plan, alleged wiretapping of reporters and officials,[43] and testimony from james w. mccord jr. that the committee for the re election of the president paid the conspirators off.[44] the exodus of readers to suburban new york newspapers, such as newsday and gannett papers, adversely affected the new york times's circulation.[45] contemporary newspapers balked at additional sections; time devoted a cover for its criticism and new york wrote that the times was engaging in "middle class self absorption".[46] the new york times, the daily news, and the new york post were the subject of a strike in 1978,[47] allowing emerging newspapers to leverage halted coverage.[48] the times deliberately avoided coverage of the aids epidemic, running its first front page article in may 1983. max frankel's editorial coverage of the epidemic, with mentions of anal intercourse, contrasted with then executive editor a. m. rosenthal's puritan approach, intentionally avoiding descriptions of the luridity of gay venues.[49] following years of waning interest in the new york times, sulzberger resigned in january 1992, appointing his son, arthur ochs sulzberger jr., as publisher.[50] the internet represented a generational shift within the times; sulzberger, who negotiated the new york times company's acquisition of the boston globe in 1993, derided the internet, while his son expressed antithetical views. @times appeared on america online's website in may 1994 as an extension of the new york times, featuring news articles, film reviews, sports news, and business articles.[51] despite opposition, several employees of the times had begun to access the internet.[52] the online success of publications that traditionally co existed with the times   such as america online, yahoo, and cnn   and the expansion of websites such as monster.com and craigslist that threatened the new york times's classified advertisement model increased efforts to develop a website.[53] nytimes.com debuted on january 19 and was formally announced three days later.[54] the times published domestic terrorist ted kaczynski's essay industrial society and its future in 1995, contributing to his arrest after his brother david recognized the essay's penmanship.[55] following the establishment of nytimes.com, the new york times retained its journalistic hesitancy under executive editor joseph lelyveld, refusing to publish an article reporting on the clinton lewinsky scandal from drudge report. nytimes.com editors conflicted with print editors on several occasions, including wrongfully naming security guard richard jewell as the suspect in the centennial olympic park bombing and covering the death of diana, princess of wales in greater detail than the print edition.[56] the new york times electronic media company was adversely affected by the dot com crash.[57] the times extensively covered the september 11 attacks. the following day's print issue contained sixty six articles,[58] the work of over three hundred dispatched reporters.[59] journalist judith miller was the recipient of a package containing a white powder during the 2001 anthrax attacks, furthering anxiety within the new york times.[60] in september 2002, miller and military correspondent michael r. gordon wrote an article for the times claiming that iraq had purchased aluminum tubes. the article was cited by then president george w. bush to claim that iraq was constructing weapons of mass destruction; the theoretical use of aluminum tubes to produce nuclear material was speculation.[61] in march 2003, the united states invaded iraq, beginning the iraq war.[62] the new york times attracted controversy after thirty six articles[63] from journalist jayson blair were discovered to be plagiarized.[64] criticism over then executive editor howell raines and then managing editor gerald m. boyd mounted following the scandal, culminating in a town hall in which a deputy editor criticized raines for failing to question blair's sources in article he wrote on the d.c. sniper attacks.[65] in june 2003, raines and boyd resigned.[66] arthur ochs sulzberger jr. appointed bill keller as executive editor.[67] miller continued to report on the iraq war as a journalistic embed covering the country's weapons of mass destruction program. keller and then washington bureau chief jill abramson unsuccessfully attempted to subside criticism. conservative media criticized the times over its coverage of missing explosives from the al qa'qaa weapons facility.[68] an article in december 2005 disclosing warrantless surveillance by the national security agency contributed to further criticism from the george w. bush administration and the senate's refusal to renew the patriot act.[69] in the plame affair, a central intelligence agency inquiry found that miller had become aware of valerie plame's identity through then vice president dick cheney's chief of staff scooter libby, resulting in miller's resignation.[70] during the great recession, the new york times suffered significant fiscal difficulties as a consequence of the subprime mortgage crisis and a decline in classified advertising.[71] exacerbated by rupert murdoch's revitalization of the wall street journal through his acquisition of dow jones & company, the new york times company began enacting measures to reduce the newsroom budget. the company was forced to borrow $250 million (equivalent to $353.79 million in 2023) from mexican billionaire carlos slim and fired over one hundred employees by 2010.[72] nytimes.com's coverage of the eliot spitzer prostitution scandal, resulting in the resignation of then new york governor eliot spitzer, furthered the legitimacy of the website as a journalistic medium.[73] the times's economic downturn renewed discussions of an online paywall;[74] the new york times implemented a paywall in march 2011.[75] abramson succeeded keller,[76] continuing her characteristic investigations into corporate and government malfeasance into the times's coverage.[77] following conflicts with newly appointed chief executive mark thompson's ambitions,[78] abramson was dismissed by sulzberger jr., who named dean baquet as her replacement.[79] leading up to the 2016 presidential election, the new york times elevated the hillary clinton email controversy[80] into the single most important issue during the election campaign.[81][82][83] donald trump's upset victory contributed to an increase in subscriptions to the times.[84] the new york times experienced unprecedented indignation from trump, who referred to publications such as the times as "enemies of the people" at the conservative political action conference and tweeted his disdain for the newspaper and cnn.[85] in october 2017, the new york times published an article by journalists jodi kantor and megan twohey alleging that dozens of women had accused film producer and the weinstein company co chairman harvey weinstein of sexual misconduct.[86] the investigation resulted in weinstein's resignation and conviction,[87] precipitated the weinstein effect,[88] and served as a catalyst for the #metoo movement.[89] the new york times company vacated the public editor position[90] and eliminated the copy desk in november.[91] sulzberger jr. announced his resignation in december 2017, appointing his son, a. g. sulzberger, as publisher.[92] trump's relationship   equally diplomatic and negative   marked sulzberger's tenure.[93] in september 2018, the new york times published "i am part of the resistance inside the trump administration", an anonymous essay by a self described trump administration official later revealed to be department of homeland security chief of staff miles taylor.[94] the animosity   which extended to nearly three hundred instances of trump disparaging the times by may 2019[95]   culminated in trump ordering federal agencies to cancel their subscriptions to the new york times and the washington post in october 2019.[96] trump's tax returns have been the subject of three separate investigations.[c] during the covid 19 pandemic, the times began implementing data services and graphs.[100] on may 23, 2020, the new york times's front page solely featured u.s. deaths near 100,000, an incalculable loss, a subset of the 100,000 people in the united states who died of covid 19, the first time that the times's front page lacked images since they were introduced.[101] since 2020, the new york times has focused on broader diversification, developing online games and producing television series.[102] the new york times company acquired the athletic in january 2022.[103] since 1896, the new york times has been published by the ochs sulzberger family, having previously been published by henry jarvis raymond until 1869[104] and by george jones until 1896.[105] adolph ochs published the times until his death in 1935,[106] when he was succeeded by his son in law, arthur hays sulzberger. sulzberger was publisher until 1961[107] and was succeeded by orvil dryfoos, his son in law, who served in the position until his death in 1963.[108] arthur ochs sulzberger succeeded dryfoos until his resignation in 1992.[109] his son, arthur ochs sulzberger jr., served as publisher until 2018. the new york times's current publisher is a. g. sulzberger, sulzberger jr.'s son.[92] as of 2023, the times's executive editor is joseph kahn[110] and the paper's managing editors are marc lacey and carolyn ryan, having been appointed in june 2022.[111] the new york times's deputy managing editors are sam dolnick,[112] monica drake,[113] and steve duenes,[114] and the paper's assistant managing editors are matthew ericson,[115] jonathan galinsky, hannah poferl, sam sifton, karron skog,[116] and michael slackman.[117] the new york times is owned by the new york times company, a publicly traded company. the new york times company, in addition to the times, owns wirecutter, the athletic, the new york times cooking, and the new york times games, and acquired serial productions and audm. the new york times company holds undisclosed minority investments in multiple other businesses, and formerly owned the boston globe and several radio and television stations.[118] the new york times company is majority owned by the ochs sulzberger family through elevated shares in the company's dual class stock structure held largely in a trust, in effect since the 1950s;[119] as of 2022, the family holds ninety five percent of the new york times company's class b shares, allowing it to elect seventy percent of the company's board of directors.[120] class a shareholders have restrictive voting rights.[121] as of 2023, the new york times company's chief executive is meredith kopit levien, the company's former chief operating officer who was appointed in september 2020.[122] as of march 2023, the new york times company employs 5,800 individuals,[102] including 1,700 journalists according to deputy managing editor sam dolnick.[123] journalists for the new york times may not run for public office, provide financial support to political candidates or causes, endorse candidates, or demonstrate public support for causes or movements.[124] journalists are subject to the guidelines established in "ethical journalism" and "guidelines on integrity".[125] according to the former, times journalists must abstain from using sources with a personal relationship to them and must not accept reimbursements or inducements from individuals who may be written about in the new york times, with exceptions for gifts of nominal value.[126] the latter requires attribution and exact quotations, though exceptions are made for linguistic anomalies. staff writers are expected to ensure the veracity of all written claims, but may delegate researching obscure facts to the research desk.[127] in march 2021, the times established a committee to avoid journalistic conflicts of interest with work written for the new york times, following columnist david brooks's resignation from the aspen institute for his undisclosed work on the initiative weave.[128] the new york times editorial board was established in 1896 by adolph ochs. with the opinion department, the editorial board is independent of the newsroom.[168] then editor in chief charles ransom miller served as opinion editor from 1883 until his death in 1922.[169] rollo ogden succeeded miller until his death in 1937.[170] from 1937 to 1938, john huston finley served as opinion editor; in a prearranged plan, charles merz succeeded finley.[171] merz served in the position until his retirement in 1961.[172] john bertram oakes served as opinion editor from 1961 to 1976, when then publisher arthur ochs sulzberger appointed max frankel.[173] frankel served in the position until 1986, when he was appointed as executive editor.[174] jack rosenthal was the opinion editor from 1986 to 1993.[175] howell raines succeeded rosenthal until 2001, when he was made executive editor.[176] gail collins succeeded raines until her resignation in 2006.[177] from 2007 to 2016, andrew rosenthal was the opinion editor.[178] james bennet succeeded rosenthal until his resignation in 2020.[179] as of july 2024[update], the editorial board comprises thirteen opinion writers.[180] the new york times's opinion editor is kathleen kingsbury[181] and the deputy opinion editor is patrick healy.[116] the new york times's editorial board was initially opposed to liberal beliefs, opposing women's suffrage in 1900 and 1914. the editorial board began to espouse progressive beliefs during oakes' tenure, conflicting with the ochs sulzberger family, of which oakes was a member as adolph ochs's nephew; in 1976, oakes publicly disagreed with sulzberger's endorsement of daniel patrick moynihan over bella abzug in the 1976 senate democratic primaries in a letter sent from martha's vineyard. under rosenthal, the editorial board took positions supporting assault weapons legislation and the legalization of marijuana, but publicly criticized the obama administration over its portrayal of terrorism.[178] in presidential elections, the new york times has endorsed a total of twelve republican candidates and thirty two democratic candidates, and has endorsed the democrat in every election since 1960.[182][183][j] with the exception of wendell willkie, republicans endorsed by the times have won the presidency. in 2016, the editorial board issued an anti endorsement against donald trump for the first time in its history.[184] in february 2020, the editorial board reduced its presence from several editorials each day to occasional editorials for events deemed particularly significant. since august 2024, the board no longer endorses candidates in local or congressional races in new york.[185] since 1940, editorial, media, and technology workers of the new york times have been represented by the new york times guild. the times guild, along with the times tech guild, are represented by the newsguild cwa.[186] in 1940, arthur hays sulzberger was called upon by the national labor relations board amid accusations that he had discouraged guild membership in the times. over the next few years, the guild would ratify several contracts, expanding to editorial and news staff in 1942 and maintenance workers in 1943.[187] the new york times guild has walked out several times in its history, including for six and a half hours in 1981[188] and in 2017, when copy editors and reporters walked out at lunchtime in response to the elimination of the copy desk.[189] on december 7, 2022, the union held a one day strike,[190] the first interruption to the new york times since 1978.[191] the new york times guild reached an agreement in may 2023 to increase minimum salaries for employees and a retroactive bonus.[192] the times tech guild is the largest technology union with collective bargaining rights in the united states.[193] the guild held a second strike beginning on november 4, 2024, threatening the times's coverage of the 2024 united states presidential election.[194] in october 2001, the new york times began publishing dealbook, a financial newsletter edited by andrew ross sorkin. the times had intended to publish the newsletter in september, but delayed its debut following the september 11 attacks.[200] a website for dealbook was established in march 2006.[201] the new york times began shifting towards dealbook as part of the newspaper's financial coverage in november 2010 with a renewed website and a presence in the times's print edition.[202] in 2011, the times began hosting the dealbook summit, an annual conference hosted by sorkin.[203] during the covid 19 pandemic, the new york times hosted the dealbook online summit in 2020[204] and 2021.[205] the 2022 dealbook summit featured   among other speakers   former vice president mike pence and israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu,[206] culminating in an interview with former ftx chief executive sam bankman fried; ftx had filed for bankruptcy several weeks prior.[207] the 2023 dealbook summit's speakers included vice president kamala harris, israeli president isaac herzog, and businessman elon musk.[203] in june 2010, the new york times licensed the political blog fivethirtyeight in a three year agreement.[208] the blog, written by nate silver, had garnered attention during the 2008 presidential election for predicting the elections in forty nine of fifty states. fivethirtyeight appeared on nytimes.com in august.[209] according to silver, several offers were made for the blog; silver wrote that a merger of unequals must allow for editorial sovereignty and resources from the acquirer, comparing himself to groucho marx.[210] according to the new republic, fivethirtyeight drew as much as a fifth of the traffic to nytimes.com during the 2012 presidential election.[211] in july 2013, fivethirtyeight was sold to espn.[212] in an article following silver's exit, public editor margaret sullivan wrote that he was disruptive to the times's culture for his perspective on probability based predictions and scorn for polling   having stated that punditry is "fundamentally useless", comparing him to billy beane, who implemented sabermetrics in baseball. according to sullivan, his work was criticized by several notable political journalists.[213] the new republic obtained a memo in november 2013 revealing then washington bureau chief david leonhardt's ambitions to establish a data driven newsletter with presidential historian michael beschloss, graphic designer amanda cox, economist justin wolfers, and the new republic journalist nate cohn.[214] by march, leonhardt had amassed fifteen employees from within the new york times; the newsletter's staff included individuals who had created the times's dialect quiz, fourth down analyzer, and a calculator for determining buying or renting a home.[215] the upshot debuted in april 2014.[216] fast company reviewed an article about illinois secure choice   a state funded retirement saving system   as "neither a terse news item, nor a formal financial advice column, nor a politically charged response to economic policy", citing its informal and neutral tone.[217] the upshot developed "the needle" for the 2016 presidential election and 2020 presidential elections, a thermometer dial displaying the probability of a candidate winning.[218] in january 2016, cox was named editor of the upshot.[219] kevin quealy was named editor in june 2022.[220] according to an internal readership poll conducted by the new york times in 2019, eighty four percent of readers identified as liberal.[221] in february 1942, the new york times crossword debuted in the new york times magazine; according to richard shepard, the attack on pearl harbor in december 1941 convinced then publisher arthur hays sulzberger of the necessity of a crossword.[222] the new york times has published recipes since the 1850s and has had a separate food section since the 1940s.[223] in 1961, restaurant critic craig claiborne published the new york times cookbook,[224] an unauthorized cookbook that drew from the times's recipes.[225] since 2010, former food editor amanda hesser has published the essential new york times cookbook, a compendium of recipes from the new york times.[226] the innovation report in 2014 revealed that the times had attempted to establish a cooking website since 1998, but faced difficulties with the absence of a defined data structure.[227] in september 2014, the new york times introduced nyt cooking, an application and website.[228] edited by food editor sam sifton,[225] the times's cooking website features 21,000 recipes as of 2022.[229] nyt cooking features videos as part of an effort by sifton to hire two former tasty employees from buzzfeed.[225] in august 2023, nyt cooking added personalized recommendations through the cosine similarity of text embeddings of recipe titles.[230] the website also features no recipe recipes, a concept proposed by sifton.[231] the new york times archives its articles in a basement annex beneath its building known as "the morgue", a venture started by managing editor carr van anda in 1907. the morgue comprises news clippings, a pictures library, and the times's book and periodicals library. as of 2014, it is the largest library of any media company, dating back to 1851.[237] in november 2018, the new york times partnered with google to digitize the archival library.[238] additionally, the new york times has maintained a virtual microfilm reader known as timesmachine since 2014. the service launched with archives from 1851 to 1980; in 2016, timesmachine expanded to include archives from 1981 to 2002. the times built a pipeline to take in tiff images, article metadata in xml and an ini file of cartesian geometry describing the boundaries of the page, and convert it into a png of image tiles and json containing the information in the xml and ini files. the image tiles are generated using gdal and displayed using leaflet, using data from a content delivery network. the times ran optical character recognition on the articles using tesseract and shingled and fuzzy string matched the result.[239] the new york times uses a proprietary[240] content management system known as scoop for its online content and the microsoft word based content management system cci for its print content. scoop was developed in 2008 to serve as a secondary content management system for editors working in cci to publish their content on the times's website; as part of the new york times's online endeavors, editors now write their content in scoop and send their work to cci for print publication. since its introduction, scoop has superseded several processes within the times, including print edition planning and collaboration, and features tools such as multimedia integration, notifications, content tagging, and drafts. the new york times uses private articles for high profile opinion pieces, such as those written by russian president vladimir putin and actress angelina jolie, and for high level investigations.[241] in january 2012, the times released integrated content editor (ice), a revision tracking tool for wordpress and tinymce. ice is integrated within the times's workflow by providing a unified text editor for print and online editors, reducing the divide between print and online operations.[242] by 2017,[243] the new york times began developing a new authoring tool to its content management system known as oak, in an attempt to further the times's visual efforts in articles and reduce the discrepancy between the mediums in print and online articles.[244] the system reduces the input of editors and supports additional visual mediums in an editor that resembles the appearance of the article.[243] oak is based on prosemirror, a javascript rich text editor toolkit, and retains the revision tracking and commenting functionalities of the new york times's previous systems. additionally, oak supports predefined article headers.[245] in 2019, oak was updated to support collaborative editing using firebase to update editors's cursor status. several google cloud functions and google cloud tasks allow articles to be previewed as they will be printed, and the times's primary mysql database is regularly updated to update editors on the article status.[246] since 1895, the new york times has maintained a manual of style in several forms. the new york times manual of style and usage was published on the times's intranet in 1999.[247] the new york times uses honorifics when referring to individuals. with the ap stylebook's removal of honorifics in 2000 and the wall street journal's omission of courtesy titles in may 2023, the times is the only national newspaper that continues to use honorifics. according to former copy editor merrill perlman, the new york times continues to use honorifics as a "sign of civility".[248] the times's use of courtesy titles led to an apocryphal rumor that the paper had referred to singer meat loaf as "mr. loaf".[249] several exceptions have been made; the former sports section and the new york times book review do not use honorifics.[250] a leaked memo following the killing of osama bin laden in may 2011 revealed that editors were given a last minute instruction to omit the honorific from osama bin laden's name, consistent with deceased figures of historic significance, such as adolf hitler, napoleon, and vladimir lenin.[251] the new york times uses academic and military titles for individuals prominently serving in that position.[252] in 1986, the times began to use ms.,[250] and introduced the gender neutral title mx. in 2015.[253] the new york times uses initials when a subject has expressed a preference, such as donald trump.[254] the new york times maintains a strict but not absolute obscenity policy, including phrases. in a review of the canadian hardcore punk band fucked up, music critic kelefa sanneh wrote that the band's name   entirely rendered in asterisks   would not be printed in the times "unless an american president, or someone similar, says it by mistake";[255] the new york times did not repeat then vice president dick cheney's use of "fuck" against then senator patrick leahy in 2004[256] or then vice president joe biden's remarks that the passage of the affordable care act in 2010 was a "big fucking deal".[257] the times's profanity policy has been tested by former president donald trump. the new york times published trump's access hollywood tape in october 2016, containing the words "fuck", "pussy", "bitch", and "tits", the first time the publication had published an expletive on its front page,[258] and repeated an explicit phrase for fellatio stated by then white house communications director anthony scaramucci in july 2017.[259] the new york times omitted trump's use of the phrase "shithole countries" from its headline in favor of "vulgar language" in january 2018.[260] the times banned certain words, such as "bitch", "whore", and "sluts", from wordle in 2022.[261] journalists for the new york times do not write their own headlines, but rather copy editors who specifically write headlines. the times's guidelines insist headline editors get to the main point of an article but avoid giving away endings, if present. other guidelines include using slang "sparingly", avoiding tabloid headlines, not ending a line on a preposition, article, or adjective, and chiefly, not to pun. the new york times manual of style and usage states that wordplay, such as "rubber industry bounces back", is to be tested on a colleague as a canary is to be tested in a coal mine; "when no song bursts forth, start rewriting".[262] the new york times has amended headlines due to controversy. in 2019, following two back to back mass shootings in el paso and dayton, the times used the headline, "trump urges unity vs. racism", to describe then president donald trump's words after the shootings. after criticism from fivethirtyeight founder nate silver, the headline was changed to, "assailing hate but not guns".[263] online, the new york times's headlines do not face the same length restrictions as headlines that appear in print; print headlines must fit within a column, often six words. additionally, headlines must "break" properly, containing a complete thought on each line without splitting up prepositions and adverbs. writers may edit a headline to fit an article more aptly if further developments occur. the times uses a/b testing for articles on the front page, placing two headlines against each other. at the end of the test, the headlines that receives more traffic is chosen.[264] the alteration of a headline regarding intercepted russian data used in the mueller special counsel investigation was noted by trump in a march 2017 interview with time, in which he claimed that the headline used the word "wiretapped" in the print version of the paper on january 20, while the digital article on january 19 omitted the word. the headline was intentionally changed in the print version to use "wiretapped" in order to fit within the print guidelines.[265] the nameplate of the new york times has been unaltered since 1967. in creating the initial nameplate, henry jarvis raymond sought to model the london times, which used a blackletter style called textura, popularized following the fall of the western roman empire and regional variations of alcuin's script, as well as a period. with the change to the new york times on september 14, 1857, the nameplate followed. under george jones, the terminals of the "n", "r", and "s" were intentionally exaggerated into swashes. the nameplate in the january 15, 1894, issue trimmed the terminals once more, smoothed the edges, and turned the stem supporting the "t" into an ornament. the hyphen was dropped on december 1, 1896, after adolph ochs purchased the paper. the descender of the "h" was shortened on december 30, 1914. the largest change to the nameplate was introduced on february 21, 1967, when type designer ed benguiat redesigned the logo, most prominently turning the arrow ornament into a diamond. notoriously, the new logo dropped the period that remained with the times up until that point; one reader compared the omission of the period to "performing plastic surgery on helen of troy." picture editor john radosta worked with a new york university professor to determine that dropping the period saved the paper us$41.28 (equivalent to $377.21 in 2023).[266] as of december 2023, the new york times has printed sixty thousand issues, a statistic represented in the paper's masthead to the right of the volume number, the times's years in publication written in roman numerals.[267] the volume and issues are separated by four dots representing the edition number of that issue; on the day of the 2000 presidential election, the times was revised four separate times, necessitating the use of an em dash in place of an ellipsis.[268] the em dash issue was printed hundreds times over before being replaced by the one dot issue. despite efforts by newsroom employees to recycle copies sent to the new york times's office, several copies were kept, including one put on display at the museum at the times.[269] from february 7, 1898, to december 31, 1999, the times's issue number was incorrect by five hundred issues, an error suspected by the atlantic to be the result of a careless front page type editor. the misreporting was noticed by news editor aaron donovan, who was calculating the number of issues in a spreadsheet and noticed the discrepancy. the new york times celebrated fifty thousand issues on march 14, 1995, an observance that should have occurred on july 26, 1996.[270] the new york times has reduced the physical size of its print edition while retaining its broadsheet format. the new york daily times debuted at 18 inches (460 mm) across. by the 1950s, the times was being printed at 16 inches (410 mm) across. in 1953, an increase in paper costs to us$10 (equivalent to $113.88 in 2023) a ton increased newsprint costs to us$21.7 million (equivalent to $308,616,417.91 in 2023) on december 28, 1953, the pages were reduced to 15.5 inches (390 mm). on february 14, 1955, a further reduction to 15 inches (380 mm) occurred, followed by 14.5 and 13.5 inches (370 and 340 mm). on august 6, 2007, the largest cut occurred when the pages were reduced to 12 inches (300 mm),[k] a decision that other broadsheets had previously considered. then executive editor bill keller stated that a narrower paper would be more beneficial to the reader but acknowledged a net loss in article space of five percent.[271] in 1985, the new york times company established a minority stake in a us$21.7 million (equivalent to $308,616,417.91 in 2023) newsprint plant in clermont, quebec through donahue malbaie.[272] the company sold its equity interest in donahue malbaie in 2017.[273] the new york times often uses large, bolded headlines for major events. for the print version of the times, these headlines are written by one copy editor, reviewed by two other copy editors, approved by the masthead editors, and polished by other print editors. the process is completed before 8 p.m., but it may be repeated if further development occur, as did take place during the 2020 presidential election. on the day joe biden was declared the winner, the new york times utilized a "hammer headline" reading, "biden beats trump", in all caps and bolded. a dozen journalists discussed several potential headlines, such as "it's biden" or "biden's moment", and prepared for a donald trump victory, in which they would use "trump prevails".[274] during trump's first impeachment, the times drafted the hammer headline, "trump impeached". the new york times altered the ligatures between the e and the a, as not doing so would leave a noticeable gap due to the stem of the a sloping away from the e. the times reused the tight kerning for "biden beats trump" and trump's second impeachment, which simply read, "impeached".[275] in cases where two major events occur on the same day or immediately after each other, the new york times has used a "paddle wheel" headline, where both headlines are used but split by a line. the term dates back to august 8, 1959, when it was revealed that the united states was monitoring soviet missile firings and when explorer 6   shaped like a paddle wheel   launched. since then, the paddle wheel has been used several times, including on january 21, 1981, when ronald reagan was sworn in minutes before iran released fifty two american hostages, ending the iran hostage crisis. at the time, most newspapers favored the end of the hostage crisis, but the times placed the inauguration above the crisis. since 1981, the paddle wheel has been used twice; on july 26, 2000, when the 2000 camp david summit ended without an agreement and when bush announced that dick cheney would be his running mate, and on june 24, 2016, when the united kingdom european union membership referendum passed, beginning brexit, and when the supreme court deadlocked in united states v. texas.[276] the new york times has run editorials from its editorial board on the front page twice. on june 13, 1920, the times ran an editorial opposing warren g. harding, who was nominated during that year's republican party presidential primaries.[277] amid growing acceptance to run editorials on the front pages[278] from publications such as the detroit free press, the patriot news, the arizona republic, and the indianapolis star, the new york times ran an editorial on its front page on december 5, 2015, following a terrorist attack in san bernardino, california, in which fourteen people were killed.[279] the editorial advocates for the prohibition of "slightly modified combat rifles" used in the san bernardino shooting and "certain kinds of ammunition".[277] conservative figures, including texas senator ted cruz, the weekly standard editor bill kristol, fox & friends co anchor steve doocy, and then new jersey governor chris christie criticized the times. talk radio host erick erickson acquired an issue of the new york times to fire several rounds into the paper, posting a picture online.[280] since 1997,[281] the new york times's primary distribution center is located in college point, queens. the facility is 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) and employs 170 people as of 2017. the college point distribution center prints 300,000 to 800,000 newspapers daily. on most occasions, presses start before 11 p.m. and finish before 3 a.m. a robotic crane grabs a roll of newsprint and several rollers ensure ink can be printed on paper. the final newspapers are wrapped in plastic and shipped out.[282] as of 2018, the college point facility accounted for 41 percent of production. other copies are printed at 26 other publications, such as the atlanta journal constitution, the dallas morning news, the santa fe new mexican, and the courier journal. with the decline of newspapers, particularly regional publications, the times must travel further; for example, newspapers for hawaii are flown from san francisco on united airlines, and sunday papers are flown from los angeles on hawaiian airlines. computer glitches, mechanical issues, and weather phenomena affect circulation but do not stop the paper from reaching customers.[283] the college point facility prints over two dozen other papers, including the wall street journal and usa today.[284] the new york times has halted its printing process several times to account for major developments. the first printing stoppage occurred on march 31, 1968, when then president lyndon b. johnson announced that he would not seek a second term. other press stoppages include may 19, 1994, for the death of former first lady jacqueline kennedy onassis, and july 17, 1996, for trans world airlines flight 800. the 2000 presidential election necessitated two press stoppages. al gore appeared to concede on november 8, forcing then executive editor joseph lelyveld to stop the times's presses to print a new headline, "bush appears to defeat gore", with a story that stated george w. bush was elected president. however, gore held off his concession speech over doubts over florida. lelyveld reran the headline, "bush and gore vie for an edge". since 2000, three printing stoppages have been issued for the death of william rehnquist on september 3, 2005, for the killing of osama bin laden on may 1, 2011, and for the passage of the marriage equality act in the new york state assembly and subsequent signage by then governor andrew cuomo on june 24, 2011.[285] the new york times website is hosted at nytimes.com. it has undergone several major redesigns and infrastructure developments since its debut. in april 2006, the new york times redesigned its website with an emphasis on multimedia.[286] in preparation for super tuesday in february 2008, the times developed a live election system using the associated press's file transfer protocol (ftp) service and a ruby on rails application; nytimes.com experienced its largest traffic on super tuesday and the day after.[287] the nytimes application debuted with the introduction of the app store on july 10, 2008. engadget's scott mcnulty wrote critically of the app, negatively comparing it to the new york times's mobile website.[288] an ipad version with select articles was released on april 3, 2010, with the release of the first generation ipad.[289] in october, the new york times expanded nyt editors' choice to include the paper's full articles. nyt for ipad was free until 2011.[290] the times applications on iphone and ipad began offering in app subscriptions in july 2011.[291] the times released a web application for ipad   featuring a format summarizing trending headlines on twitter[292]   and a windows 8 application in october 2012.[293] efforts to ensure profitability through an online magazine and a "need to know" subscription emerged in adweek in july 2013.[294] in march 2014, the new york times announced three applications   nyt now, an application that offers pertinent news in a blog format, and two unnamed applications, later known as nyt opinion[295] and nyt cooking[227]   to diversify its product laterals.[296] the daily is the modern front page of the new york times. the new york times manages several podcasts, including multiple podcasts with serial productions. the times's longest running podcast is the book review podcast,[298] debuting as inside the new york times book review in april 2006.[299] the new york times's defining podcast is the daily,[297] a daily news podcast hosted by michael barbaro and, since march 2022, sabrina tavernise.[300] the podcast debuted on february 1, 2017.[301] the new york times has used video games as part of its journalistic efforts, among the first publications to do so,[304] contributing to an increase in internet traffic;[305] the publication has also developed its own video games. in 2014, the new york times magazine introduced spelling bee, a word game in which players guess words from a set of letters in a honeycomb and are awarded points for the length of the word and receive extra points if the word is a pangram.[306] the game was proposed by will shortz, created by frank longo, and has been maintained by sam ezersky. in may 2018, spelling bee was published on nytimes.com, furthering its popularity.[307] in february 2019, the times introduced letter boxed, in which players form words from letters placed on the edges of a square box,[308] followed in june 2019 by tiles, a matching game in which players form sequences of tile pairings, and vertex, in which players connect vertices to assemble an image.[309] in july 2023, the new york times introduced connections, in which players identify groups of words that are connected by a common property.[310] in april, the times introduced digits, a game that required using operations on different values to reach a set number; digits was shut down in august.[311] in march 2024, the new york times released strands, a themed word search.[312] in january 2022, the new york times company acquired wordle, a word game developed by josh wardle in 2021, at a valuation in the "low seven figures".[313] the acquisition was proposed by david perpich, a member of the sulzberger family who proposed the purchase to knight[314] over slack after reading about the game.[315] the washington post purportedly considered acquiring wordle, according to vanity fair.[314] at the 2022 game developers conference, wardle stated that he was overwhelmed by the volume of wordle facsimiles and overzealous monetization practices in other games.[316] concerns over the new york times monetizing wordle by implementing a paywall mounted;[317] wordle is a client side browser game and can be played offline by downloading its webpage.[318] wordle moved to the times's servers and website in february.[319] the game was added to the nyt games application in august,[320] necessitating it be rewritten in the javascript library react.[321] in november, the new york times announced that tracy bennett would be the wordle's editor.[322] the new york times magazine and the boston globe magazine are the only weekly sunday magazines following the washington post magazine's cancellation in december 2022.[323] in february 2016, the new york times introduced a spanish website, the new york times en español.[324] the website, intended to be read on mobile devices, would contain translated articles from the times and reporting from journalists based in mexico city.[325] the times en español's style editor is paulina chavira, who has advocated for pluralistic spanish to accommodate the variety of nationalities in the newsroom's journalists and wrote a stylebook for the new york times en español[326] articles the times intends to publish in spanish are sent to a translation agency and adapted for spanish writing conventions; the present progressive tense may be used for forthcoming events in english, but other tenses are preferable in spanish. the times en español consults the real academia española and fundéu and frequently modifies the use of diacritics   such as using an acute accent for the cártel de sinaloa but not the cartel de medellín   and using the gender neutral pronoun elle.[327] headlines in the new york times en español are not capitalized. the times en español publishes el times, a newsletter led by elda cantú intended for all spanish speakers.[328] in september 2019, the new york times ended the new york times en español's separate operations.[329] a study published in the translator in 2023 found that the times en español engaged in tabloidization.[330] in june 2012, the new york times introduced a chinese website, 纽约时报中文, in response to chinese editions created by the wall street journal and the financial times. conscious to censorship, the times established servers outside of china and affirmed that the website would uphold the paper's journalistic standards; the government of china had previously blocked articles from nytimes.com through the great firewall,[331] and the website was blocked in china until august 2001 after then general secretary jiang zemin met with journalists from the new york times.[332] then foreign editor joseph kahn assisted in the establishment of cn.nytimes.com, an effort that contributed to his appointment as executive editor in april 2022.[333] in october, 纽约时报中文 published an article detailing the wealth of then premier wen jiabao's family. in response, the government of china blocked access to nytimes.com and cn.nytimes.com and references to the times and wen were censored on microblogging service sina weibo.[332] in march 2015, a mirror of 纽约时报中文 and the website for greatfire were the targets for a government sanctioned distributed denial of service attack on github in march 2015, disabling access to the service for several days.[334] chinese authorities requested the removal of the new york times's news applications from the app store in december 2016.[335] as of 2023, the new york times has received 137 pulitzer prizes,[336] the most of any publication.[337] the new york times is considered a newspaper of record in the united states.[l] the times is the largest metropolitan newspaper in the united states;[341] as of 2022, the new york times is the second largest newspaper by print circulation in the united states behind the wall street journal.[196] a study published in science, technology, & human values in 2013 found that the new york times received more citations in academic journals than the american sociological review, research policy, or the harvard law review.[342] with sixteen million unique records, the times is the third most referenced source in common crawl, a collection of online material used in datasets such as gpt 3, behind wikipedia and a united states patent database.[343] the new yorker's max norman wrote in march 2023 that the times has shaped mainstream english usage.[344] in a january 2018 article for the washington post, margaret sullivan stated that the new york times affects the "whole media and political ecosystem".[345] the new york times's nascent success has led to concerns over media consolidation, particularly amid the decline of newspapers. in 2006, economists lisa george and joel waldfogel examined the consequences of the times's national distribution strategy and audience with circulation of local newspapers, finding that local circulation decreased among college educated readers.[346] the effect of the new york times in this manner was observed in the forum of fargo moorhead, the newspaper of record for fargo, north dakota.[347] axios founder jim vandehei opined that the times is "going to basically be a monopoly" in an opinion piece written by then media columnist and former buzzfeed news editor in chief ben smith; in the article, smith cites the strength of the new york times's journalistic workforce, broadening content, and the expropriation of gawker editor in chief choire sicha, recode editor in chief kara swisher, and quartz editor in chief kevin delaney. smith compared the times to the new york yankees during their 1927 season containing murderers' row.[348] the new york times has received criticism for its coverage of the israel hamas war,[349] and the paper has been accused of holding both an anti palestinian[350] and an anti israeli[351] bias. in april 2024, the intercept reported that an internal memorandum from november 2023 instructed journalists to reduce using the terms "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing" and to avoid using the phrase "occupied territory" in the context of palestinian land, "palestine" except in rare circumstances, and the term "refugee camps" to describe areas of gaza despite recognition from the united nations. a spokesperson from the times stated that issuing guidance was standard practice. an analysis by the intercept noted that the new york times described israeli deaths as a massacre nearly sixty times, but had only described palestinian deaths as a massacre once.[352] in december 2023, the new york times published an investigation titled "'screams without words': how hamas weaponized sexual violence on oct. 7", alleging that hamas weaponized sexual and gender based violence during its armed incursion on israel.[353] the investigation was the subject of an article from the intercept questioning the journalistic acumen of anat schwartz, a filmmaker involved in the inquiry who had no prior reporting experience and agreed with a post stating israel should "violate any norm, on the way to victory", doubting the veracity of the opening claim that gal abdush was raped in a timespan disputed by her family, and alleging that the times was pressured by the committee for accuracy in middle east reporting in america.[354] the new york times initiated an inquiry that received criticism from newsguild of new york president susan decarava for purported racial targeting;[355] the times's investigation concluded in ambiguity, but found that journalistic material was handled improperly.[356] the new york times has received criticism regarding its coverage of transgender people. when it published an opinion piece by weill cornell medicine professor richard a. friedman called "how changeable is gender?" in august 2015,[357] vox's german lopez criticized friedman as suggesting that parents and doctors might be right in letting children suffer from severe dysphoria in case something changes down the line, and as implying that conversion therapy may work for transgender children.[358] in february 2023, nearly one thousand[359] current and former times writers and contributors wrote an open letter addressed to standards editor philip b. corbett, criticizing the paper's coverage of transgender, non⁠ ⁠binary, and gender nonconforming people; some of the times' articles have been cited in state legislatures attempting to justify criminalizing gender affirming care.[360] contributors wrote in the open letter that "the times has in recent years treated gender diversity with an eerily familiar mix of pseudoscience and euphemistic, charged language, while publishing reporting on trans children that omits relevant information about its sources."[m] 1234567 nbc newswall street journalpoliticomsnbc/cnbc/telemundobloomberg governmentwashington examinerboston globe/washington blade fox newscbs news radioap radio/pbsvoatimeyahoo newsdaily caller/ewtn cbs newsbloomberg newsmcclatchyny post/thegriowashington timessalem radio/cbncheddar news/hearst tv apnprforeign poolthe hillregionalsnewsmaxgray tv/spectrum news abc newswashington postagence france pressefox business/fox news radiocsm/roll callal jazeeranexstar/scripps news reutersny timesla timesunivision/aurnrealclearpoliticsdaily beast/dallas morning newsbbc/newsweek cnnusa todayabc news radiodaily mailnational journalhuffpostfinancial times/the guardian

instructions for authors submissions submit your manuscripts to the journal via editorial manager. submission preparation checklist as part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines. author guidelines submission preparation checklist the submitting author, who is generally the corresponding author, is responsible for the manuscript during the submission and peer review process. the submitting author must ensure that all eligible co authors have been included in the author list and that they have all read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript. before submitting the paper please: general article requirements and technical text preparation article layout this journal uses double blind review, which means the identities of the authors are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa. to facilitate this, please include the following separately. title page main text please remove any identifying information, such as authors' names or affiliations, from the main text before submission. bookfinney, j. (1970). time and again. new york, ny: simon and schuster. edited bookfranks, a. (ed.). (2005). margaret sanger's eugenic legacy: the control of female fertility. jefferson, nc: mcfarland & company. chapterlawrence, j. a., dodds, a. e. (2003). goal directed activities and life span development. in j. valsiner, k. connolly (eds.), handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 517 533). london, england: sage publications. journal articlenevin, a. (1990). the changing of teacher education special education. tese, 13(3 4), 147 148. internetfreakonomics (2010). e zpass is a life saver (literally) [blog post]. retrieved from: http://freakonomics.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/e zpass is a life saver literally/ if no authorall 33 chile miners freed in flawless rescue (2010). retrieved from: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news americas/ legal referenceprivate education act, rev. ed. cap 247a (2011). noteall titles must be original (e.g. polish, latvian) and translated into english.doi number (digital object identifier) for all references is required (if exist).using the following template (link do example) will substantially shorten the time to complete copy editing and publication of accepted manuscripts. copyright notice this journal permits and encourages authors to post items submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication, while providing bibliographic 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fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information (misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news.[1] fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity,[2] or making money through advertising revenue.[3][4] although false news has always been spread throughout history, the term fake news was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common.[5][6] nevertheless, the term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information presented as news. it has also been used by high profile people to apply to any news unfavorable to them. further, disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections. in some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text.[1] because of this diversity of types of false news, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term. the prevalence of fake news has increased with the recent rise of social media,[7] especially the facebook news feed, and this misinformation is gradually seeping into the mainstream media.[8] several factors have been implicated in the spread of fake news, such as political polarization, post truth politics, motivated reasoning, confirmation bias, and social media algorithms.[1][9][10][11][12] fake news can reduce the impact of real news by competing with it. for example, a buzzfeed news analysis found that the top fake news stories about the 2016 u.s. presidential election received more engagement on facebook than top stories from major media outlets.[13] it also particularly has the potential to undermine trust in serious media coverage. the term has at times been used to cast doubt upon credible news, and u.s. president donald trump has been credited with popularizing the term by using it to describe any negative press coverage of himself. it has been increasingly criticized, due in part to trump's misuse, with the british government deciding to avoid the term, as it is "poorly defined" and "conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference".[14] multiple strategies for fighting fake news are actively researched, for various types of fake news. politicians in certain autocratic and democratic countries have demanded effective self regulation and legally enforced regulation in varying forms, of social media and web search engines. on an individual scale, the ability to actively confront false narratives, as well as taking care when sharing information can reduce the prevalence of falsified information. however, it has been noted that this is vulnerable to the effects of confirmation bias, motivated reasoning and other cognitive biases that can seriously distort reasoning, particularly in dysfunctional and polarised societies. inoculation theory has been proposed as a method to render individuals resistant to undesirable narratives. because new misinformation emerges frequently, researchers have stated that one solution to address this is to inoculate the population against accepting fake news in general (a process termed prebunking), instead of continually debunking the same repeated lies.[15] fake news is false or misleading information presented as news.[10][16] the term as it developed in 2017 is a neologism (a new or re purposed expression that is entering the language, driven by culture or technology changes).[17] fake news is now used by many people as a catch all, referring to any lies and misrepresentations, from a news distributor or not; further, a few people use the term to condemn creditable news sources they do not like, without otherwise arguing details. fake news stories in the old sense, plus misleading headlines, are presented among other stories by news aggregators or political sites, for financial or political gain. there are also fake news websites which run only stories that have no basis in fact but are presented as being factually accurate.[18] some satirical sites openly label themselves as fake news or satire, or they may reveal that they are fake only on closer inspection for clues. overlapping terms are bullshit, hoax news, pseudo news, alternative facts, false news and junk news.[19] the national endowment for democracy defines fake news as "[m]isleading content found on the internet, especially on social media [...] much of this content is produced by for profit websites and facebook pages gaming the platform for advertising revenue" and distinguishes it from disinformation: "[f]ake news does not meet the definition of disinformation or propaganda. its motives are usually financial, not political, and it is usually not tied to a larger agenda."[20] media scholar nolan higdon has defined fake news as "false or misleading content presented as news and communicated in formats spanning spoken, written, printed, electronic, and digital communication". higdon has also argued that the definition of fake news has been applied too narrowly to select mediums and political ideologies.[21] while most definitions focus strictly on content accuracy and format, current research indicates that the rhetorical structure of the content might play a significant role in the perception of fake news.[22] michael radutzky, a producer of cbs 60 minutes, said his show considers fake news to be "stories that are probably false, have enormous traction [popular appeal] in the culture, and are consumed by millions of people." these stories are not only found in politics, but also in areas like vaccination, stock values and nutrition.[23] he did not include news that is "invoked by politicians against the media for stories that they don't like or for comments that they don't like" as fake news. guy campanile, also a 60 minutes producer said, "what we are talking about are stories that are fabricated out of thin air. by most measures, deliberately, and by any definition, that's a lie."[24] the intent and purpose of fake news is important. in some cases, fake news may be news satire, which uses exaggeration and introduces non factual elements that are intended to amuse or make a point, rather than to deceive.[1][25] in the context of the united states of america and its election processes in the 2010s, fake news generated considerable controversy and argument, with some commentators defining concern over it as moral panic or mass hysteria and others worried about damage done to public trust.[26][27][28] it particularly has the potential to undermine trust in serious media coverage generally.[29] the term has also been used to cast doubt upon credible mainstream media.[30][31] in january 2017, the united kingdom house of commons commenced a parliamentary inquiry into the "growing phenomenon of fake news".[32] in 2016, politifact selected fake news as their lie of the year. no single lie stood out, so the generic term was chosen. also in 2016, oxford dictionaries selected post truth as its word of the year and defined it as the state of affairs when "objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief."[33] the term fake news gained importance with the electoral context in western europe and north america. it is determined by fraudulent content in news format and its velocity.[34] according to bounegru, gray, venturini and mauri, a lie becomes fake news when it "is picked up by dozens of other blogs, retransmitted by hundreds of websites, cross posted over thousands of social media accounts and read by hundreds of thousands".[35] the evolving nature of online business models encourages the production of information that is "click worthy" and independent of its accuracy.[36] the nature of trust depends on the assumptions that non institutional forms of communication are freer from power and more able to report information that mainstream media are perceived as unable or unwilling to reveal. declines in confidence in much traditional media[37] and expert knowledge[38] have created fertile grounds for alternative, and often obscure sources of information to appear as authoritative and credible. this ultimately leaves users confused about basic facts.[39] fake news has become popular with various media outlets and platforms. journalists have identified that the platforms like google or meta profit from the distribution of fake news.[41][42] part of the reason behind the broad circulation of fake news online is that fake news websites can be profitable by monetizing them through online advertising.[3] researchers at pew research center discovered that over 60% of americans access news through social media compared to traditional newspaper and magazines.[43] with the popularity of social media, individuals can easily access fake news and disinformation. the rapid spread of false stories on social media during the 2012 elections in italy has been documented, as has diffusion of false stories on facebook during the 2016 us election campaign.[44] fake news has the tendency to become viral among the public. with the presence of social media platforms like twitter, it becomes easier for false information to diffuse quickly. research has found that false political information tends to spread three times faster than other false news.[45] on twitter, false tweets have a much higher chance of being retweeted than truthful tweets. more so, it is humans who are responsible for disseminating false news and information as opposed to bots and click farms. the tendency for humans to spread false information has to do with human behavior; according to research, humans are attracted to events and information that are surprising and new, and, as a result, cause high arousal in the brain.[46][47] besides, motivated reasoning was found to play a role in the spread of fake news.[48] this ultimately leads humans to retweet or share false information, which are usually characterized with clickbait and eye catching titles. this prevents people from stopping to verify the information. as a result, massive online communities form around a piece of false news without any prior fact checking or verification of the veracity of the information. of particular concern regarding viral spread of fake news is the role of super spreaders. brian stelter, the anchor of reliable sources at cnn, has documented the systematic long term two way feedback that developed between president donald trump and fox news presenters. the resultant conditioning of outrage in their large audience against government and the mainstream media has proved a highly successful money spinner for the tv network.[49] in 2017, the inventor of the world wide web, tim berners lee claimed that fake news was one of the three most significant new disturbing internet trends that must first be resolved if the internet is to be capable of truly "serving humanity." the other two new disturbing trends were the recent surge in the use of the internet by governments for citizen surveillance purposes, and for cyberwarfare purposes.[50] author terry pratchett, previously a journalist and press officer, was among the first to be concerned about the spread of fake news on the internet. in a 1995 interview with bill gates, founder of microsoft, he said, "let's say i call myself the institute for something or other and i decide to promote a spurious treatise saying the jews were entirely responsible for the second world war, and the holocaust didn't happen, and it goes out there on the internet and is available on the same terms as any piece of historical research which has undergone peer review and so on. there's a kind of parity of esteem of information on the net. it's all there: there's no way of finding out whether this stuff has any bottom to it or whether someone has just made it up". gates was optimistic and disagreed, saying that authorities on the internet would index and check facts and reputations in a much more sophisticated way than in print. but it was pratchett who more accurately predicted how the internet would propagate and legitimize fake news.[51] when the internet first became accessible for public use in the 1990s, its main purpose was for the seeking and accessing of information.[52] as fake news was introduced to the internet, this made it difficult for some people to find truthful information. the impact of fake news has become a worldwide phenomenon.[53] fake news is often spread through the use of fake news websites, which, in order to gain credibility, specialize in creating attention grabbing news, which often impersonate well known news sources.[54][55][56] jestin coler, who said he does it for "fun",[24] has indicated that he earned us$10,000 per month from advertising on his fake news websites.[57] research has shown that fake news hurts social media and online based outlets far worse than traditional print and tv outlets. after a survey was conducted, it was found that 58% of people had less trust in social media news stories as opposed to 24% of people in mainstream media after learning about fake news.[58] in 2019 christine michel carter, a writer who has reported on generation alpha for forbes stated that one third of the generation can decipher false or misleading information in the media.[59] claire wardle of first draft news, has identified seven types of fake news:[60] scientific denialism is another potential explanatory type of fake news, defined as the act of producing false or misleading facts to unconsciously support strong pre existing beliefs.[61] in 2017, wardle announced she has now rejected the phrase fake news and "censors it in conversation", finding it "woefully inadequate" to describe the issues. she now speaks of information disorder and information pollution, and distinguishes between three overarching types of information content problems:[62] disinformation attacks are the most insidious type because of the harmful intent. for example, it is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors, particularly during elections.[63][64] because of the manner in which former president donald trump has co opted the term, the washington post media columnist margaret sullivan has warned fellow journalists that "it's time to retire the tainted term 'fake news'. though the term hasn't been around long, its meaning already is lost."[65] by late 2018, the term "fake news" had become verboten and u.s. journalists, including the poynter institute were asking for apologies and for product retirements from companies using the term.[66][67][68] in october 2018, the british government decided that the term fake news will no longer be used in official documents because it is "a poorly defined and misleading term that conflates a variety of false information, from genuine error through to foreign interference in democratic processes." this followed a recommendation by the house of commons' digital, culture, media and sport committee to avoid the term.[69] however, recent reviews of fake news still regard it as a useful broad construct, equivalent in meaning to fabricated news, as separate from related types of problematic news content, such as hyperpartisan news, the latter being a particular source of political polarization.[23][70] therefore, researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term. for example, the commission of inquiry by the aspen institute (2021) has adopted the term information disorder in its investigative report.[71] according to an academic library guide, a number of specific aspects of fake news may help to identify it and thus avoid being unduly influenced.[72] these include: clickbait, propaganda, satire/parody, sloppy journalism, misleading headings, manipulation, rumor mill, misinformation, media bias, audience bias, and content farms. the international federation of library associations and institutions (ifla) published a summary in diagram form (pictured at right) to assist people in recognizing fake news.[73] its main points are: the international fact checking network (ifcn), launched by the poynter institute in 2015, supports international collaborative efforts in fact checking, provides training, and has published a code of principles.[75] in 2017 it introduced an application and vetting process for journalistic organisations.[76] one of ifcn's verified signatories, the independent, not for profit media journal the conversation, created a short animation explaining its fact checking process, which involves "extra checks and balances, including blind peer review by a second academic expert, additional scrutiny and editorial oversight".[77] beginning in the 2017 school year, children in taiwan study a new curriculum designed to teach critical reading of propaganda and the evaluation of sources. called "media literacy", the course provides training in journalism in the new information society.[78] fake news has become increasingly prevalent over the last few years, with over 100 misleading articles and rumors spread regarding the 2016 united states presidential election alone.[18] these fake news articles tend to come from satirical news websites or individual websites with an incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose.[18] since they typically hope to intentionally promote incorrect information, such articles are quite difficult to detect.[79] when identifying a source of information, one must look at many attributes, including but not limited to the content of the email and social media engagements. specifically, the language is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks.[79] furthermore, modeling techniques such as n gram encodings and bag of words have served as other linguistic techniques to determine the legitimacy of a news source.[79] on top of that, researchers have determined that visual based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides more clarity on the news.[79] there are also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model for spreading the news. websites such as snopes try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to do this themselves.[18] considerable research is underway regarding strategies for confronting and suppressing fake news of all types, in particular disinformation, which is the deliberate spreading of false narratives for political purposes, or for destabilising social cohesion in targeted communities. multiple strategies need to be tailored to individual types of fake news, depending for example on whether the fake news is deliberately produced, or rather unintentionally or unconsciously produced. considerable resources are available to combat fake news. regular summaries of current events and research are available on the websites and email newsletters of a number of support organisations. particularly notable are the first draft archive,[80] the information futures lab, school of public health, brown university[81] and the nieman foundation for journalism (harvard university).[82] journalist bernard keane, in his book on misinformation in australia, classifies strategies for dealing with fake news into three categories: (1) the liar (the perpetrator of fake news), (2) the conduit (the method of carriage of the fake news), and (3) the lied to (the recipient of the fake news).[83] american philosopher of science lee mcintyre, who has researched the scientific attitude and post truth, has explained the importance of factual basis of society, in preference to one in which emotions replace facts. one modern example is the symbiotic relationship that developed between president donald trump and fox news, in which the conspiracy beliefs of fox hosts were repeated shortly after by trump (and vice versa) in a continuous feedback loop. this served to promote outrage, and thus to condition and radicalise conservative republican fox listeners into cult like trump supporters, and to demonise and gaslight democratic opponents, the mainstream media, and elites generally.[49] a key strategy to counter fake news based on emotions rather than facts is to flood the information space, particularly social media and web browser search results with factual news, thus drowning out misinformation.[84] a key factor in establishing facts is the role of critical thinking, the principles of which should be imbedded more comprehensively within all school and university education courses.[85] critical thinking is a style of thinking in which citizens, prior to subsequent problem solving and decision making, have learned to pay attention to the content of written words, and to judge their accuracy and fairness, among other worthy attributes. because content rebuttal (presenting true facts to refute false information) does not always work, lee mcintyre suggests the better method of technique rebuttal, in which faulty reasoning by deniers is exposed, such as cherry picking data, and relying too much on fake experts. deniers have a lot of information, but a deficit of trust in mainstream sources. mcintyre first builds trust by respectful exchange, listening carefully to their explanation without interrupting. then he asks questions such as "what evidence would make you change your mind?" and "why do you trust that source?" mcintyre has used his technique to talk to flat earthers, though he admits it may not work with hard core deniers.[86] individuals should confront misinformation when spotted in online blogs, even if briefly, otherwise they fester and proliferate. the person being responded to is probably resistant to change, but many other bloggers may read and learn from an evidence based reply.[84] a brutal example was learned by john kerry during the us 2004 presidential election campaign against george w. bush. the right wing swift boat veterans for truth falsely claimed that kerry showed cowardice during the vietnam war. kerry refused to dignify the claims with a response for two weeks, despite being pummeled in the media, and this action contributed to his marginal loss to bush. we should never assume any claim is too outrageous to be believed.[84]: 154 155 however, caution applies regarding over zealous debunking of fake news. it is often unwise to draw attention to fake news published on a low impact website or blog (one that has few followers). if this fake news is debunked by a journalist in a high profile place such as the new york times, knowledge of the false claim spreads widely, and more people overall will end up believing it, ignoring or denying the debunk.[a] a widely reported paper by brendan nyhan and jason riefler in 2010 found that when persons with a firm belief are presented with corrective information, their mistaken political beliefs were reinforced rather than reduced in two of their five studies. the researchers called this a backfire effect.[87] however, this finding was widely misreported as that corrective information was the sole cause of reinforced misinformation. later studies, including by nyhan and colleagues, failed to support a backfire effect. instead, nyhan now accepts that the reinforced beliefs are largely controlled by cues from high profile elites and media that spread misinformation.[88] internet companies with threatened credibility have developed new responses to limit fake news and reduce financial incentives for its proliferation.[89][90] a valid criticism of social media companies is that users are presented with content that they will like, based on previous viewing preferences. an undesirable side effect is that confirmation bias is enhanced in users, which in turn enhances the acceptance of fake news. to reduce this bias, effective self regulation and legally enforced regulation of social media (notably facebook and twitter) and web search engines (notably google) need to become more effective and innovative.[90] financial disincentives to tackle fake news also apply to some mainstream media. brian stelter, the anchor of reliable sources at cnn, has provided a substantial critique of the symbiotic but damaging relationship that developed between president donald trump and fox news, which has proved an extraordinarily successful money spinner for the murdoch owned tv network, despite it being a super spreader of fake news.[49] the general approach by these tech companies is the detection of problematic news via human fact checking and automated artificial intelligence (machine learning, natural language processing and network analysis). tech companies have utilized two basic counter strategies: down ranking fake news and warning messages.[70] in the first approach, problematic content is down ranked by the search algorithm, for example, to the second or later pages on a google search, so that users are less likely to see it (most users just scan the first page of search results). however, two problems arise. one is that truth is not black and white, and fact checkers often disagree on how to classify the content included in computer training sets, running the risk of false positives and unjustified censorship. also, fake news often evolves rapidly, and therefore identifiers of misinformation may be ineffective in the future.[70] the second approach involves attaching warnings to content that professional fact checkers have found to be false. much evidence indicates that corrections and warnings do produce reduced misperceptions and sharing. despite some early evidence that fact checking could backfire, recent research has shown that these backfire effects are extremely uncommon. but an important problem is that professional fact checking is not scalable it can take substantial time and effort to investigate each particular claim. thus, many (if not most) false claims never get fact checked. also, the process is slow, and a warning may miss the period of peak viral spreading. further, warnings are typically only attached to blatantly false news, rather than to biased coverage of events that actually occurred.[70] a third approach is to place more emphasis on reliable sources such as wikipedia, as well as mainstream media (for example, the new york times and the wall street journal), and science communication publications (for example, scientific american and the conversation). however, this approach has led to mixed results, as hyperpartisan commentary and confirmation bias is found even in these sources (the media has both news and opinion pages). in addition, some sections of the community completely reject scientific commentary.[70] a fourth approach is to ban or specifically target so called super spreaders of fake news from social media.[49] during the 2016 united states presidential election, the creation and coverage of fake news increased substantially.[33] this resulted in a widespread response to combat the spread of fake news.[91][92][93] the volume and reluctance of fake news websites to respond to fact checking organizations has posed a problem to inhibiting the spread of fake news through fact checking alone.[94] in an effort to reduce the effects of fake news, fact checking websites, including snopes.com and factcheck.org, have posted guides to spotting and avoiding fake news websites.[91][74] social media sites and search engines, such as facebook and google, received criticism for facilitating the spread of fake news. both of these corporations have taken measures to explicitly prevent the spread of fake news; critics, however, believe more action is needed.[93] after the 2016 american election and the run up to the german election, facebook began labeling and warning of inaccurate news[95][96] and partnered with independent fact checkers to label inaccurate news, warning readers before sharing it.[95][96] after a story is flagged as disputed, it will be reviewed by the third party fact checkers. then, if it has been proven to be a fake news story, the post cannot be turned into an ad or promoted.[97] artificial intelligence is one of the more recent technologies being developed in the united states and europe to recognize and eliminate fake news through algorithms.[92] in 2017, facebook targeted 30,000 accounts related to the spread of misinformation regarding the french presidential election.[98] in 2020, during the covid 19 pandemic, facebook found that troll farms from north macedonia and the philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation. the publishers that used contents from these farms were banned from the platform.[99] in november 2020, youtube (owned by google) suspended news outlet one america news network (oann) for a week for spreading misinformation on coronavirus. the outlet has violated youtube's policy multiple times. a video that falsely promoted a guaranteed cure to the virus has been deleted from the channel.[101] the use of anonymously hosted fake news websites has made it difficult to prosecute sources of fake news for libel.[10][102] numerous countries have created laws in an attempt to regulate or prosecute harmful misinformation more generally than just with a focus on tech companies. in numerous countries, people have been arrested for allegedly spreading fake news about the covid 19 pandemic.[b] algerian lawmakers passed a law criminalising "fake news" deemed harmful to "public order and state security".[130] the turkish interior ministry has been arresting social media users whose posts were "targeting officials and spreading panic and fear by suggesting the virus had spread widely in turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures".[131] iran's military said 3600 people have been arrested for "spreading rumors" about covid 19 in the country.[132] in cambodia, some individuals who expressed concerns about the spread of covid 19 have been arrested on fake news charges.[133][134] the united arab emirates have introduced criminal penalties for the spread of misinformation and rumours related to the outbreak.[135] the vast proliferation of online information, such as in blogs and tweets, has inundated the online marketplace. because of the resulting information overload, humans cannot process all these information units (called memes), so confirmation bias and other cognitive biases decide which ones to pay attention to, thus enhancing the spread of fake news. moreover, these cognitive vulnerabilities are easily exploited by both computer algorithms that present information one may like (based on previous social media use) and by individual manipulators who create social media bots to deliberately spread disinformation.[136] a recent study by randy stein and colleagues shows that conservatives value personal stories (non scientific, intuitive or experiential evidence) more than do liberals (progressives), and therefore perhaps may be less swayed by scientific evidence. this study, however, only tested responses to apolitical messages.[137][138] people tend to react hastily and share fake news without thinking carefully about what they have read or heard, and without checking or verifying the information. "nudging" people to consider the accuracy of incoming information has been shown to prompt people to think about it, to improve the accuracy of their judgement, and to reduce the likelihood that incorrect information is unreflectively shared.[139][140][141][142] an example of a technology based nudge is twitter's "read before you retweet" prompt, which prompts readers to read an article and consider its contents before retweeting it.[143] critical media literacy skills, for both printed and digital media, are essential for recipients to self evaluate the accuracy of the media content. media scholar nolan higdon argues that a critical media literacy education focused on teaching critical thinking about how to detect fake news is the most effective way for mitigating the pernicious influence of propaganda. higdon offers a ten step guide for detecting fake news.[21] american philosopher andy norman, in his book mental immunity, argues for a new science of cognitive immunology as a practical guide to resisting bad ideas (such as conspiracy theories), as well as transcending petty tribalism. he argues that reasoned argument, the scientific method, fact checking and critical thinking skills alone are insufficient to counter the broad scope of false information. overlooked is the power of confirmation bias, motivated reasoning, and other cognitive biases that can seriously distort the many facets of mental 'immunity' (public resilience to fake news), particularly in dysfunctional societies.[144] one problem identified by susan a. nolan, ph.d., and michael kimball, writing for psychology today, is that new misinformation, including intentional disinformation, is constantly emerging. the pair cited research suggesting that this could be addressed by inoculating the population against misinformation, rather than to continually having to debunk each new claim at a later time, explaining that this inoculation builds public resilience and creates the conditions for psychological 'herd immunity'. the general term for this process is prebunking, defined as the process of debunking lies, tactics or sources before they strike. the research they cited included studies of free online games shown to provide tools to fight fake news, leading to healthy skepticism when consuming news.[15] as of 2023[update], google implemented novel prebunking video adverts, which have been shown to be effective in countering misinformation during trials in eastern europe.[145] most current research is based on inoculation theory, a social psychological and communication theory that explains how an attitude or belief can be protected against persuasion or influence in much the same way a body can be protected against disease for example, through pre exposure to weakened versions of a stronger, future threat. the theory uses inoculation as its explanatory analogy applied to attitudes (or beliefs) much like a vaccine is applied to an infectious disease. it has great potential for building public resilience ('immunity') against misinformation and fake news, for example, in tackling science denialism, risky health behaviours, and emotionally manipulative marketing and political messaging.[146][147][148][149] for example, john cook and colleagues have shown that inoculation theory shows promise in countering climate change denialism. this involves a two step process. firstly, the 50 or so most common myths about climate change are listed and deconstructed by identifying the reasoning errors and logical fallacies of each one. secondly, the concept of parallel argumentation is used to explain the flaw in the argument by transplanting the same logic into a parallel situation, often an extreme or absurd one. adding appropriate humour can be particularly effective.[150][151][152] in the 13th century bc, ramesses the great spread lies and propaganda portraying the battle of kadesh as a stunning victory for the egyptians; he depicted scenes of himself smiting his foes during the battle on the walls of nearly all his temples. the treaty between the egyptians and the hittites, however, reveals that the battle was actually a stalemate.[154] during the first century bc, octavian ran a campaign of misinformation against his rival mark antony, portraying him as a drunkard, a womanizer, and a mere puppet of the egyptian queen cleopatra vii.[155] he published a document purporting to be mark antony's will, which claimed that mark antony, upon his death, wished to be entombed in the mausoleum of the ptolemaic pharaohs. although the document may have been forged, it invoked outrage from the roman populace.[156] mark antony ultimately killed himself after his defeat in the battle of actium upon hearing false rumors propagated by cleopatra herself claiming that she had committed suicide.[153] during the second and third centuries ad, false rumors were spread about christians claiming that they engaged in ritual cannibalism and incest.[157][158] in the late third century ad, the christian apologist lactantius invented and exaggerated stories about pagans engaging in acts of immorality and cruelty,[159] while the anti christian writer porphyry invented similar stories about christians.[160] in 1475, a fake news story in trent claimed that the jewish community had murdered a two and a half year old christian infant named simonino.[6] the story resulted in all the jews in the city being arrested and tortured; 15 of them were burned at the stake.[6] pope sixtus iv himself attempted to stamp out the story; however, by that point, it had already spread beyond anyone's control.[6] stories of this kind were known as "blood libel"; they claimed that jews purposely killed christians, especially christian children, and used their blood for religious or ritual purposes.[161] after the invention of the printing press in 1439, publications became widespread but there was no standard of journalistic ethics to follow. by the 17th century, historians began the practice of citing their sources in footnotes. in 1610 when galileo went on trial, the demand for verifiable news increased.[6] during the 18th century publishers of fake news were fined and banned in the netherlands; one man, gerard lodewijk van der macht, was banned four times by dutch authorities and four times he moved and restarted his press.[162] in the american colonies, benjamin franklin wrote fake news about murderous "scalping" indians working with king george iii in an effort to sway public opinion in favor of the american revolution.[6] canards, the successors of the 16th century pasquinade, were sold in paris on the street for two centuries, starting in the 17th century. in 1793, marie antoinette was executed in part because of popular hatred engendered by a canard on which her face had been printed.[163] during the era of slave owning in the united states, supporters of slavery propagated fake news stories about african americans, whom white people considered to have lower status.[164] violence occurred in reaction to the spread of some fake news events. in one instance, stories of african americans spontaneously turning white spread through the south and struck fear into the hearts of many people.[6] rumors and anxieties about slave rebellions were common in virginia from the beginning of the colonial period, despite the only major uprising occurring in the 19th century. one particular instance of fake news regarding revolts occurred in 1730. the serving governor of virginia at the time, governor william gooch, reported that a slave rebellion had occurred but was effectively put down although this never happened. after gooch discovered the falsehood, he ordered slaves found off plantations to be punished, tortured and made prisoners.[165] from 1800 to 1810, james cheetham made use of fictional stories to advocate politically against aaron burr.[166][167] his stories were often defamatory and he was frequently sued for libel.[168][169][170] yellow journalism peaked in the mid 1890s characterizing the sensationalist journalism that arose in the circulation war between joseph pulitzer's new york world and william randolph hearst's new york journal. pulitzer and other yellow journalism publishers goaded the united states into the spanish american war, which was precipitated when the uss maine exploded in the harbor of havana, cuba.[172] the term fake news itself was apparently first used in the 1890s during this era of sensationalist news reporting.[5] fake news became popular and spread quickly in the 1900s. media like newspapers, articles, and magazines were in high demand because of technology.[173] author sarah churchwell shows that when the new york times reprinted the 1915 speech by woodrow wilson that popularized the phrase america first, they also used the subheading "fake news condemned" to describe a section of his speech warning against propaganda and misinformation, although wilson himself had not used the phrase fake news. in his speech, wilson warned of a growing problem with news that "turn[s] out to be falsehood," warning the country it "could not afford 'to let the rumors of irresponsible persons and origins get into the united states'" as that would undermine democracy and the principle of a free and accurate press.[174] following a claim by cnn that "trump was... the first us president to deploy [the term "fake news"] against his opponents",[175] sarah churchwell's work was cited to claim that "it was woodrow wilson who popularized the phrase 'fake news' in 1915" without reference,[176] forcing her to counter this claim, saying that "the phrase 'fake news' was very much not popularized (or even used) by wilson. the ny times used it in passing but it didn't catch on. trump was the first to popularize it."[177] during the first world war, an example of fake news was the anti german atrocity propaganda regarding an alleged "german corpse factory" in which the german battlefield dead were supposedly rendered down for fats used to make nitroglycerine, candles, lubricants, human soap and boot dubbing. unfounded rumors regarding such a factory circulated in the allied press starting in 1915, and by 1917 the english language publication north china daily news presented these allegations as true at a time when britain was trying to convince china to join the allied war effort; this was based on new, allegedly true stories from the times and the daily mail that turned out to be forgeries. these false allegations became known as such after the war, and in the second world war joseph goebbels used the story in order to deny the ongoing massacre of jews as british propaganda. according to joachim neander and randal marlin, the story also "encouraged later disbelief" when reports about the holocaust surfaced after the liberation of auschwitz and dachau concentration camps.[178] after hitler and the nazi party rose to power in germany in 1933, they established the reich ministry of public enlightenment and propaganda under the control of propaganda minister joseph goebbels.[179] the nazis used both print and broadcast journalism to promote their agendas, either by obtaining ownership of those media or exerting political influence.[180] the expression big lie (german: große lüge) was coined by adolf hitler, when he dictated his 1925 book mein kampf. throughout world war ii, both the axis and the allies employed fake news in the form of propaganda to persuade the public at home and in enemy countries.[181][182] the british political warfare executive used radio broadcasts and distributed leaflets to discourage german troops.[179] the carnegie endowment for international peace claimed that the new york times printed fake news "depicting russia as a socialist paradise."[183] during 1932 1933, the new york times published numerous articles by its moscow bureau chief, walter duranty, who won a pulitzer prize for a series of reports about the soviet union. in the 21st century, both the impact of fake news and the use of the term became widespread.[16][184] the increasing openness, access and prevalence of the internet resulted in its growth. new information and stories are published constantly and at a faster rate than ever, often lacking in verification, which may be consumed by anyone with an internet connection.[74][185] fake news has grown from being sent via emails to attacking social media.[74] besides referring to made up stories designed to deceive readers into clicking on links, maximizing traffic and profit, the term has also referred to satirical news, whose purpose is not to mislead but rather to inform viewers and share humorous commentary about real news and the mainstream media.[186][187] united states examples of satire include the newspaper the onion, saturday night live's weekend update, and the television shows the daily show, the colbert report, the late show with stephen colbert.[188][189][190] 21st century fake news is often intended to increase the financial profits of the news outlet. in an interview with npr, jestin coler, former ceo of the fake media conglomerate disinfomedia, told who writes fake news articles, who funds these articles, and why fake news creators create and distribute false information. coler, who has since left his role as a fake news creator, said that his company employed 20 to 25 writers at a time and made $10,000 to $30,000 monthly from advertisements. coler began his career in journalism as a magazine salesman before working as a freelance writer. he said he entered the fake news industry to prove to himself and others just how rapidly fake news can spread.[191] disinfomedia is not the only outlet responsible for the distribution of fake news; facebook users play a major role in feeding into fake news stories by making sensationalized stories "trend", according to buzzfeed media editor craig silverman, and the individuals behind google adsense basically fund fake news websites and their content.[192] mark zuckerberg, ceo of facebook, said, "i think the idea that fake news on facebook influenced the election in any way, i think is a pretty crazy idea" and then a few days later he blogged that facebook was looking for ways to flag fake news stories.[193] many online pro trump fake news stories have been sourced out of veles, macedonia, where approximately seven different fake news organizations employ hundreds of teenagers to rapidly produce and plagiarize sensationalist stories for different u.s. based companies and parties.[194] kim lacapria of the fact checking website snopes.com has stated that, in america, fake news is a bipartisan phenomenon, saying that "[t]here has always been a sincerely held yet erroneous belief misinformation is more red than blue in america, and that has never been true."[195] jeff green of trade desk agrees the phenomenon affects both sides. green's company found that affluent and well educated persons in their 40s and 50s are the primary consumers of fake news. he told scott pelley of 60 minutes that this audience tends to live in an "echo chamber" and that these are the people who vote.[57] in 2014, the russian government used disinformation via networks such as rt to create a counter narrative after russian backed ukrainian rebels shot down malaysia airlines flight 17.[196] in 2016, nato claimed it had seen a significant rise in russian propaganda and fake news stories since the invasion of crimea in 2014.[197] fake news stories originating from russian government officials were also circulated internationally by reuters news agency and published in the most popular news websites in the united states.[198] a 2018 study at oxford university found that trump's supporters consumed the "largest volume of 'junk news' on facebook and twitter":[199] on twitter, a network of trump supporters consumes the largest volume of junk news, and junk news is the largest proportion of news links they share," the researchers concluded. on facebook, the skew was even greater. there, "extreme hard right pages distinct from republican pages share more junk news than all the other audiences put together.[200] in 2018,[201] researchers from princeton university, dartmouth college and the university of exeter examined the consumption of fake news during the 2016 u.s. presidential campaign. their findings showed that trump supporters and older americans (over 60) were far more likely to consume fake news than clinton supporters. those most likely to visit fake news websites were the 10% of americans who consumed the most conservative information. there was a very large difference (800%) in the consumption of fake news stories as related to total news consumption between trump supporters (6%) and clinton supporters (1%).[201][202] the study also showed that fake pro trump and fake pro clinton news stories were read by their supporters, but with a significant difference: trump supporters consumed far more (40%) than clinton supporters (15%). facebook was by far the key "gateway" website where these fake stories were spread and which led people to then go to the fake news websites. fact checks of fake news were rarely seen by consumers,[201][202] with none of those who saw a fake news story being reached by a related fact check.[203] brendan nyhan, one of the researchers, emphatically stated in an interview on nbc news: "people got vastly more misinformation from donald trump than they did from fake news websites full stop."[202] nbc news: "it feels like there's a connection between having an active portion of a party that's prone to seeking false stories and conspiracies and a president who has famously spread conspiracies and false claims. in many ways, demographically and ideologically, the president fits the profile of the fake news users that you're describing."nyhan: "it's worrisome if fake news websites further weaken the norm against false and misleading information in our politics, which unfortunately has eroded. but it's also important to put the content provided by fake news websites in perspective. people got vastly more misinformation from donald trump than they did from fake news websites full stop."[202] a 2019 study by researchers at princeton and new york university found that a person's likelihood of sharing fake news articles correlated more strongly with age than it did education, sex, or political views. 11% of users older than 65 shared an article consistent with the study's definition of fake news. just 3% of users ages 18 to 29 did the same.[204] another issue in mainstream media is the usage of the filter bubble, a "bubble" that has been created that gives the viewer, on social media platforms, a specific piece of the information knowing they will like it. thus creating fake news and biased news because only half the story is being shared, the portion the viewer liked. "in 1996, nicolas negroponte predicted a world where information technologies become increasingly customizable."[205] deepfakes (a portmanteau of deep learning and fake) are synthetic media (ai generated media)[206] in which a person in an existing image or video is replaced with someone else's likeness.[207] because a picture often has a greater impact than the corresponding words, deepfakes which leverage powerful techniques from machine learning and artificial intelligence to manipulate or generate visual and audio content have a particularly high potential to deceive.[208] the main machine learning methods used to create deepfakes are based on deep learning and involve training generative neural network architectures, such as autoencoders[208] or generative adversarial networks (gans).[209] deepfakes have garnered widespread attention for their uses in creating fake news (notably political), but also child sexual abuse material, celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, hoaxes, bullying, and financial fraud.[210][211][212] this has elicited responses from both industry and government to detect and limit their use.[213][214] deepfakes generally require specialist software or knowledge, but much the same effect can be achieved quickly by anyone using standard video editing software on most modern computers. these videos (termed shallowfakes) have obvious flaws, but nevertheless can still be widely believed as real, or at least have entertainment value that reinforces beliefs. one of the first to go viral, "the hillary song", watched over 3 million times by donald trump supporters, shows hillary clinton being humiliated on stage by the rock, a former wrestling champion. the surprised creator (who hates all politicians), pasted images of clinton into a genuine video of the rock humiliating a wrestling official.[215] in the mid 1990s, nicolas negroponte anticipated a world where news through technology become progressively personalized. in his 1996 book being digital he predicted a digital life where news consumption becomes an extremely personalized experience and newspapers adapted content to reader preferences. this prediction has since been reflected in modern day news and social media feeds.[216] bots have the potential to increase the spread of fake news, as they use algorithms to decide what articles and information specific users like, without taking into account the authenticity of an article. bots mass produce and spread articles, regardless of the credibility of the sources, allowing them to play an essential role in the mass spread of fake news, as bots are capable of creating fake accounts and personalities on the web that are then gaining followers, recognition, and authority. additionally, almost 30% of the spam and content spread on the internet originates from these software bots.[217] in the 21st century, the capacity to mislead was enhanced by the widespread use of social media. for example, one 21st century website that enabled fake news' proliferation was the facebook newsfeed.[218][219] in late 2016 fake news gained notoriety following the uptick in news content by this means, and its prevalence on the micro blogging site twitter.[11][6] in the united states, 62% of americans use social media to receive news.[43] many people use their facebook news feed to get news, despite facebook not being considered a news site.[220] according to craig mcclain, over 66% of facebook users obtain news from the site.[221] this, in combination with increased political polarization and filter bubbles, led to a tendency for readers to mainly read headlines.[222] numerous individuals and news outlets have stated that fake news may have influenced the outcome of the 2016 american presidential election.[223][224] fake news saw higher sharing on facebook than legitimate news stories,[13][225][226][227] which analysts explained was because fake news often panders to expectations or is otherwise more exciting than legitimate news.[226][228] facebook itself initially denied this characterization.[219][218] a pew research poll conducted in december 2016 found that 64% of u.s. adults believed completely made up news had caused "a great deal of confusion" about the basic facts of current events, while 24% claimed it had caused "some confusion" and 11% said it had caused "not much or no confusion".[39] additionally, 23% of those polled admitted they had personally shared fake news, whether knowingly or not. researchers from stanford assessed that only 8% of readers of fake news recalled and believed in the content they were reading, though the same share of readers also recalled and believed in "placebos" stories they did not actually read, but that were produced by the authors of the study. in comparison, over 50% of the participants recalled reading and believed in true news stories.[18] by august 2017 facebook stopped using the term fake news and used false news in its place instead. will oremus of slate wrote that because supporters of u.s. president donald trump had redefined the word fake news to refer to mainstream media opposed to them, "it makes sense for facebook and others to cede the term to the right wing trolls who have claimed it as their own."[229] research from northwestern university concluded that 30% of all fake news traffic, as opposed to only 8% of real news traffic, could be linked back to facebook. the research concluded fake news consumers do not exist in a filter bubble; many of them also consume real news from established news sources. the fake news audience is only 10 percent of the real news audience, and most fake news consumers spent a relatively similar amount of time on fake news compared with real news consumers with the exception of drudge report readers, who spent more than 11 times longer reading the website than other users.[230] in the wake of western events, china's ren xianling of the cyberspace administration of china suggested a "reward and punish" system be implemented to avoid fake news.[231] in internet slang, a troll is a person who sows discord on the internet by starting arguments or upsetting people, by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off topic messages in an online community (such as a newsgroup, forum, chat room, or blog) with the intent of provoking readers into an emotional response or off topic discussion, often for the troll's amusement. internet trolls also feed on attention.[232] the idea of internet trolls gained popularity in the 1990s, though its meaning shifted in 2011. whereas it once denoted provocation, it is a term now widely used to signify the abuse and misuse of the internet. trolling comes in various forms, and can be dissected into abuse trolling, entertainment trolling, classical trolling, flame trolling, anonymous trolling, and kudos trolling. it is closely linked to fake news, as internet trolls are now largely interpreted as perpetrators of false information, information that can often be passed along unwittingly by reporters and the public alike.[233][234] when interacting with each other, trolls often share misleading information that contributes to the fake news circulated on sites like twitter and facebook.[232] in the 2016 american election, russia paid over 1,000 internet trolls to circulate fake news and disinformation about hillary clinton; they also created social media accounts that resembled voters in important swing states, spreading influential political standpoints.[235][236] in february 2019, glenn greenwald wrote that cybersecurity company new knowledge "was caught just six weeks ago engaging in a massive scam to create fictitious russian troll accounts on facebook and twitter in order to claim that the kremlin was working to defeat democratic senate nominee doug jones in alabama."[237] paul horner is perhaps the best known example of a person who deliberately creates fake news for a purpose. he has been referred to as a "hoax artist" by the associated press and the chicago tribune.[238] the huffington post called horner a "performance artist".[239] horner was behind several widespread hoaxes such as: (1) that the graffiti artist banksy had been arrested;[240][241] and (2) that he had an "enormous impact" on the 2016 u.s. presidential election, according to cbs news.[242] these stories consistently appeared in google's top news search results, were shared widely on facebook, were taken seriously and shared by third parties such as trump presidential campaign manager corey lewandowski, eric trump, abc news and the fox news channel.[243][244][245] horner later claimed that the intention was "to make trump's supporters look like idiots for sharing my stories".[246] in a november 2016 interview with the washington post, horner expressed regret for the role his fake news stories played in the election and surprise at how gullible people were in treating his stories as news.[247][248][249][250] in february 2017 horner said, i truly regret my comment that i think donald trump is in the white house because of me. i know all i did was attack him and his supporters and got people not to vote for him. when i said that comment it was because i was confused how this evil man got elected president and i thought maybe instead of hurting his campaign, maybe i had helped it. my intention was to get his supporters not to vote for him and i know for a fact that i accomplished that goal. the far right, a lot of the bible thumpers and alt right were going to vote him regardless, but i know i swayed so many that were on the fence.[251] in 2017, horner stated that a fake story of his about a rape festival in india helped generate over $250,000 in donations to giveindia, a site that helps rape victims in india.[252][253][254] horner said he dislikes being grouped with people who write fake news solely to be misleading. "they just write it just to write fake news, like there's no purpose, there's no satire, there's nothing clever. the term fake news has at times been used to cast doubt upon credible news. throughout his campaign and presidency, former u.s. president donald trump has misused the term numerous times, using it to describe any negative press coverage of himself he personally dislikes rather than actual false news.[255][256][257][258] trump has claimed that the mainstream american media (which he calls the "lying press") regularly reports "fake news" or "hoax news", despite the fact that he generated considerable false and inaccurate or misleading statements himself.[259][16] according to the washington post's fact checker's database, trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims during his four years in office, though the number of unique false claims is much lower because many of his major false claims were repeated hundreds of times each. a searchable online database is available for each documented false claim, and a datafile is available for download for use in academic studies of misinformation and lying.[260] an analysis of the first 16,000 false claims is available as a book.[261] trump has often attacked mainstream news reporting publications, deeming them "fake news" and the "enemy of the people".[262][263][264][265][266] every few days, trump would issue a threat against the press due to his claims of "fake news". there have been many instances in which norms that protect press freedom have been pushed or even upended during the trump era.[267] according to jeff hemsley, a syracuse university professor who studies social media, trump uses this term for any news that is not favorable to him or which he simply dislikes.[65] trump provided a widely cited[255][268][269][270] example of this interpretation in a tweet on may 9, 2018: the fake news is working overtime. just reported that, despite the tremendous success we are having with the economy & all things else, 91% of the network news about me is negative (fake). why do we work so hard in working with the media when it is corrupt? take away credentials? chris cillizza described the tweet on cnn as an "accidental" revelation about trump's "'fake news' attacks", and wrote: "the point can be summed up in these two words from trump: 'negative (fake).' to trump, those words mean the same thing. negative news coverage is fake news. fake news is negative news coverage."[268] other writers made similar comments about the tweet. dara lind wrote in vox: "it's nice of trump to admit, explicitly, what many skeptics have suspected all along: when he complains about 'fake news,' he doesn't actually mean 'news that is untrue'; he means news that is personally inconvenient to donald trump."[255] jonathan chait wrote in new york magazine: "trump admits he calls all negative news 'fake'.": "in a tweet this morning, trump casually opened a window into the source code for his method of identifying liberal media bias. anything that's negative is, by definition, fake."[269] philip bump wrote in the washington post: "the important thing in that tweet ... is that he makes explicit his view of what constitutes fake news. it's negative news. negative. (fake.)"[270] in an interview with lesley stahl, before the cameras were turned on, trump explained why he attacks the press: "you know why i do it? i do it to discredit you all and demean you all so that when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."[272] author and literary critic michiko kakutani has described developments in the right wing media and websites: "fox news and the planetary system of right wing news sites that would orbit it and, later, breitbart, were particularly adept at weaponizing such arguments and exploiting the increasingly partisan fervor animating the republican base: they accused the media establishment of 'liberal bias', and substituted their own right wing views as 'fair and balanced' a redefinition of terms that was a harbinger of trump's hijacking of 'fake news' to refer not to alt right conspiracy theories and russian troll posts, but to real news that he perceived as inconvenient or a threat to himself."[273] in september 2018, national public radio noted that trump has expanded his use of the terms fake and phony to "an increasingly wide variety of things he doesn't like": "the range of things trump is declaring fake is growing too. last month he tweeted about "fake books," "the fake dossier," "fake cnn," and he added a new claim that google search results are "rigged" to mostly show only negative stories about him." they graphed his expanding use in columns labeled: "fake news", "fake (other) and "phony".[274] politicians in austria dealt with the impact of fake news and its spread on social media after the 2016 presidential campaign in the country. in december 2016, a court in austria issued an injunction on facebook europe, mandating it block negative postings related to eva glawischnig piesczek, austrian green party chairwoman. according to the washington post the postings to facebook about her "appeared to have been spread via a fake profile" and directed derogatory epithets towards the austrian politician.[275] the derogatory postings were likely created by the identical fake profile that had previously been utilized to attack alexander van der bellen, who won the election for president of austria.[275] in 2006, french speaking broadcaster rtbf showed a fictional breaking special news report that belgium's flemish region had proclaimed independence. staged footage of the royal family evacuating and the belgian flag being lowered from a pole were made to add credence to the report. it was not until 30 minutes into the report that a sign stating "fiction" appeared on screen. the rtbf journalist that created the hoax said the purpose was to demonstrate the magnitude of the country's situation and if a partition of belgium was to really happen.[276] fake news outlets in the czech republic redistribute news in czech and english originally produced by russian sources. czech president miloš zeman has been supporting media outlets accused of spreading fake news.[277] the centre against terrorism and hybrid threats (cthh) is unit of the ministry of the interior of the czech republic primarily aimed at countering disinformation, fake news, hoaxes and foreign propaganda. the cthh started operations on january 1, 2017. the cthh has been criticized by czech president miloš zeman, who said: "we don't need censorship. we don't need thought police. we don't need a new agency for press and information as long as we want to live in a free and democratic society."[278] in 2017 media activists started a website, konspiratori.cz, maintaining a list of conspiracy and fake news outlets in czech.[279] in 2018 the european commission introduced a first voluntary code of practice on disinformation. in 2022 this will become a strengthen co regulation scheme, with responsibility shared between the regulators and companies signatory to the code. it will complement the earlier digital services act agreed on by the 27 country european union, which already includes a section on combating disinformation.[280][281][needs update] officials from 11 countries met in helsinki in november 2016 and planned the formation of a center to combat disinformation cyber warfare, which includes the spread of fake news on social media. the center is planned to be located in helsinki and combine efforts from 10 countries, including sweden, germany, finland and the u.s. juha sipilä, prime minister of finland from 2015 to 2019, planned to address the topic of the center in spring 2017 with a motion before parliament.[needs update] deputy secretary of state for eu affairs jori arvonen said cyber warfare, such as hybrid cyber warfare intrusions into finland from russia and the islamic state, became an increasing problem in 2016. arvonen cited examples including online fake news, disinformation, and the "little green men" of the russo ukrainian war.[282] during the ten year period preceding 2016, france was witness to an increase in popularity of far right alternative news sources called the fachosphere (facho referring to fascist); known as the extreme right on the internet [fr].[283] according to sociologist antoine bevort, citing data from alexa internet rankings, the most consulted political websites in france in 2016 included égalité et réconciliation, françois desouche [fr], and les moutons enragés.[284][285] these sites increased skepticism towards mainstream media from both left and right perspectives. in september 2016, the country faced controversy regarding fake websites providing false information about abortion. the national assembly moved forward with intentions to ban such fake sites. laurence rossignol, women's minister for france, informed parliament though the fake sites look neutral, in actuality their intentions were specifically targeted to give women fake information. 2017 presidential election. france saw an uptick in amounts of disinformation and propaganda, primarily in the midst of election cycles. a study looking at the diffusion of political news during the 2017 presidential election cycle suggests that one in four links shared in social media comes from sources that actively contest traditional media narratives.[286] facebook corporate deleted 30,000 facebook accounts in france associated with fake political information.[287] in april 2017, emmanuel macron's presidential campaign was attacked by the fake news articles more than the campaigns of conservative candidate marine le pen and socialist candidate benoît hamon.[288] one of the fake articles even announced that le pen won the presidency before the people of france had even voted.[287] macron's professional and private emails, as well as memos, contracts and accounting documents were posted on a file sharing website. the leaked documents were mixed with fake ones in social media in an attempt to sway the upcoming presidential election.[289] macron said he would combat fake news of the sort that had been spread during his election campaign.[290] initially, the leak was attributed to apt28, a group tied to russia's gru military intelligence directorate.[291] however, the head of the french cyber security agency, anssi, later said that there was no evidence that the hack leading to the leaks had anything to do with russia, saying that the attack was so simple, that "we can imagine that it was a person who did this alone. they could be in any country."[292] german chancellor angela merkel lamented the problem of fraudulent news reports in a november 2016 speech, days after announcing her campaign for a fourth term as leader of her country. in a speech to the german parliament, merkel was critical of such fake sites, saying they harmed political discussion. merkel called attention to the need of government to deal with internet trolls, bots, and fake news websites. she warned that such fraudulent news websites were a force increasing the power of populist extremism. merkel called fraudulent news a growing phenomenon that might need to be regulated in the future. the head of germany's foreign intelligence agency federal intelligence service, bruno kahl, warned of the potential for cyberattacks by russia in the 2017 german election. he said the cyberattacks would take the form of the intentional spread of disinformation. kahl said the goal is to increase chaos in political debates. germany's domestic intelligence agency federal office for the protection of the constitution chief, hans georg maassen, said sabotage by russian intelligence was a present threat to german information security.[293] german government officials and security experts later said there was no russian interference during the 2017 german federal election.[294] the german term lügenpresse, or lying press, has been used since the 19th century and specifically during world war one as a strategy to attack news spread by political opponents in the 19th and 20th centuries.[295] the award winning german journalist claas relotius resigned from der spiegel in 2018 after admitting numerous instances of journalistic fraud.[296] in early april 2020, berlin politician andreas geisel alleged that a shipment of 200,000 n95 masks that it had ordered from american producer 3m's china facility were intercepted in bangkok and diverted to the united states during the covid 19 pandemic. berlin police president barbara slowik [de] stated that she believed "this is related to the us government's export ban."[297] however, berlin police confirmed that the shipment was not seized by u.s. authorities, but was said to have simply been bought at a better price, widely believed to be from a german dealer or china.[298][299] this revelation outraged the berlin opposition, whose cdu parliamentary group leader burkard dregger accused geisel of "deliberately misleading berliners" in order "to cover up its own inability to obtain protective equipment". fdp interior expert marcel luthe said "big names in international politics like berlin's senator geisel are blaming others and telling us piracy to serve anti american clichés."[298] politico europe reported that "the berliners are taking a page straight out of the trump playbook and not letting facts get in the way of a good story."[300] hungary's illiberal and populist prime minister viktor orbán has cast george soros, financier and philanthropist, a hungarian born holocaust survivor, as the mastermind of a plot to undermine the country's sovereignty, replace native hungarians with immigrants and destroy traditional values. this propaganda technique, together with anti semitism still present in the country, seems to appeal to his right wing voters, as it mobilizes them by seeding fear in society, creating an enemy image and enabling orbán to present himself as the protector of the nation from the illusion of this enemy.[301][302] journalists must be registered with the ordine dei giornalisti (odg) ('order of journalists') and respect its disciplinary and training obligations, to guarantee "correct and truthful information, intended as right of individuals and of the community".[303][304] under certain circumstances, spreading fake news may constitute a criminal offence under the italian penal code.[305][306][307] since 2018 it is possible to report fake news directly on the polizia di stato website.[308][309] the phenomenon is monitored by the dis, supported by aise and aisi.[310][311][312] in response to the growing concern over the spread of disinformation, malta has introduced legal provisions to address the issue within its criminal code..[313] article 82 of malta's criminal code specifically targets the malicious dissemination of fake news. the law stipulates that anyone who deliberately spreads false information likely to alarm the public, disturb public order, or create commotion among certain classes of the public can be sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one to three months. if the dissemination of false news results in a disturbance, the penalty increases to imprisonment for a term of one to six months, along with a possible fine of up to €1,000.[314] in february and march 2024, the times of malta published a series of articles alleging that papaya ltd was involved in money laundering activities and had criminal connections with russian organized crime.[315] these allegations led to public alarm and concern. however, subsequent investigations by british journalists from western morning news[316] and financial monthly[317] revealed that the accusations were baseless. it was found that papaya ltd. had been conducting routine inspections as part of its anti money laundering (aml) procedures due to suspicious activities by one of its clients, which turned out to be linked to the financial pyramid scheme. the inspections were not targeted at papaya ltd. itself but were part of a broader investigation. these investigative reports clarified that no governmental authorities had made any allegations against papaya ltd., and the initial reports by the times of malta were determined to be false. in march 2018, the european union's east stratcom task force compiled a list dubbed a "hall of shame" of articles with suspected kremlin attempts to influence political decisions.[318] however, controversy arose when three dutch media outlets claimed they had been wrongfully singled out because of quotes attributed to people with non mainstream views.[318] the news outlets included thepostonline, geenstijl, and de gelderlander.[318] all three were flagged for publishing articles critical of ukrainian policies, and none received any forewarning or opportunity to appeal beforehand.[318] this incident has contributed to the growing issue of what defines news as fake, and how freedoms of press and speech can be protected during attempts to curb the spread of false news. polish historian jerzy targalski noted fake news websites had infiltrated poland through anti establishment and right wing sources that copied content from russia today. targalski observed there existed about 20 specific fake news websites in poland that spread russian disinformation in the form of fake news. one example cited was fake news that ukraine announced the polish city of przemyśl as occupied polish land.[319] poland's anti eu law and justice (pis) government has been accused of spreading "illiberal disinformation" to undermine public confidence in the european union.[320] maria snegovaya of columbia university said: "the true origins of this phenomenon are local. the policies of fidesz and law and justice have a lot in common with putin's own policies."[320] some mainstream outlets have long been accused of fabricating half true or outright false information. in 2010 one popular tv station, tvn, attributed to jarosław kaczyński (then an opposition leader) the quote that "there will be times when true poles will come to power".[321] however, kaczyński has never uttered those words in the commented speech. on march 16, 2020, romanian president klaus iohannis signed an emergency decree, giving authorities the power to remove, report or close websites spreading "fake news" about the covid 19 pandemic, with no opportunity to appeal.[322][323] in march 2019, russia passed a new bill to ban websites from spreading false information.[324] in addition to tackling fake news, the new legislation specifically punishes any sources or websites for publishing materials that insult the state, the symbol of the government or other political figures. for repeated offenders, they would receive a 15 day jail sentence.[325] during the russian invasion of ukraine, the russian government passed a law prohibiting "fake news" regarding the russian military, which was broadly defined as any information that is deemed by the russian government to be false, including the use of the terms invasion and war to refer to the invasion.[326][327] violations of the law are punishable with up to 15 years of imprisonment. international news organizations in multiple countries ceased operating in russia and journalists emigrated from russia en masse after the law was passed, while some domestic non state news organizations were blocked by the russian government.[328][329] in 2018, the international research & exchanges board described the situation in serbian media as the worst in recent history and stated that the media sustainability index has dropped due to the most polarized media in almost 20 years, an increase in fake news and editorial pressure on media.[330] according to serbian investigative journalism portal crime and corruption reporting network, more than 700 fake news articles were published on the front pages of pro government tabloids in 2018.[331][332] many of them were about alleged attacks on president aleksandar vučić and coup attempts, as well as messages of support to him by vladimir putin.[332] the best selling newspaper in serbia is the pro government tabloid informer, which most often presents vučić as a powerful person under constant attack, and also features anti european content and pro war rhetoric.[333][334][335] since vučić's party came to power, serbia has seen a surge of internet trolls and pages on social networks praising the government and attacking its critics, free media and the opposition in general.[336] it includes a handful of dedicated employee run fake accounts as well as the facebook page associated with a serbian franchise of the far right breitbart news website, which has disputed accuracy.[336][337] fake news in spain has become much more prevalent in the 2010s, but has been prominent throughout spain's history. the united states government published a fake article in regards to the purchase of the philippines from spain, which they had already purchased.[338] despite this, the topic of fake news has traditionally not been given much attention in spain until the newspaper el país launched a blog dedicated strictly to truthful news, entitled hechos, meaning 'facts'. david alandete, the managing editor of el país, stated that many people misinterpret fake news as real because the sites "have similar names, typography, layouts and are deliberately confusing".[339] alandete made it the new mission of el país "to respond to fake news".[340] maría ramírez of univision communications has stated that much of the political fake news circulating in spain is due to the lack of investigative journalism on the topics. most recently el país has created a fact checking position for five employees, to try and debunk the fake news released.[339] the swedish security service issued a report in 2015 identifying propaganda from russia infiltrating sweden with the objective to amplify pro russian propaganda and inflame societal conflicts. the swedish civil contingencies agency (msb), part of the ministry of defence of sweden, identified fake news reports targeting sweden in 2016 that originated from russia. swedish civil contingencies agency official mikael tofvesson stated a pattern emerged where views critical of sweden were constantly repeated. the local identified these tactics as a form of psychological warfare. the newspaper reported the msb identified russia today and sputnik news as significant fake news purveyors. as a result of growth in this propaganda in sweden, the msb planned to hire six additional security officials to fight back against the campaign of fraudulent information.[341] according to the oxford internet institute, eight of the top 10 "junk news" sources during the 2018 swedish general election campaign were swedish, and "russian sources comprised less than 1% of the total number of urls shared in the data sample."[342] since euromaidan and the beginning of the ukrainian crisis in 2014, the ukrainian media circulated several fake news stories and misleading images, including a photograph of a dead rebel with a photoshopped tattoo which allegedly indicated that he belonged to russian special forces[343] and the threat of a russian nuclear attack against ukrainian troops.[344] the recurring theme of these fake news stories was that russia was solely to blame for the crisis and the war in donbass.[344] in 2015 the organization for security and co operation in europe published a report criticizing russian disinformation campaigns to disrupt relations between europe and ukraine after the ouster of viktor yanukovych. according to deutsche welle, similar tactics were used by fake news websites during the u.s. elections. a website, stopfake, was created by ukrainian activists in 2014 to debunk fake news in ukraine, including media portrayal of the ukrainian crisis.[345] on may 29, 2018, the ukrainian media and state officials announced that the russian journalist arkady babchenko was assassinated in his apartment in kyiv. later, babchenko appeared to be alive, and the security service of ukraine claimed that the staged assassination was needed to arrest a person who allegedly was planning a real assassination. alexander baunov, writing for carnegie.ru, mentioned that the staged assassination of babchenko was the first instance of fake news delivered directly by the highest officials of a state.[346] under king edward i of england (r. 1272 1307) "a statute was passed which made it a grave offence to devise or tell any false news of prelates, dukes, earls, barons, or nobles of the realm."[347] in 1702 queen anne of england issued a proclamation "for restraining the spreading false news, and printing and publishing of irreligious and seditious papers and libels".[348] on december 8, 2016, chief of the secret intelligence service (mi6) alex younger delivered a speech to journalists at the mi6 headquarters where he called fake news and propaganda damaging to democracy. younger said the mission of mi6 was to combat propaganda and fake news in order to deliver to his government a strategic advantage in the information warfare arena, and to assist other nations including europe. he called such methods of fake news propaganda online a "fundamental threat to our sovereignty". younger said all nations that hold democratic values should feel the same worry over fake news.[349] however, definitions of fake news have been controversial in the uk.[350] dr claire wardle advised some uk members of parliament against using the term in certain circumstances "when describing the complexity of information disorder", as the term fake news is "woefully inadequate": neither the words 'fake' nor 'news' effectively capture this polluted information ecosystem. much of the content used as examples in debates on this topic are not fake, they are genuine but used out of context or manipulated. similarly, to understand the entire ecosystem of polluted information, we need to consider far more than content that mimics 'news'.[351] in october 2020, a hoax claim made by a spoof twitter account, about the supposed reopening of woolworths stores, was repeated without verification by news sites including the daily mail and daily mirror (and the latter's regional sister titles).[352] fake news during the 2016 u.s. election spread to china. articles popularized within the united states were translated into chinese and spread within china.[283] the government of china used the growing problem of fake news as a rationale for increasing internet censorship in china in november 2016.[353] china then published an editorial in its communist party newspaper the global times called "western media's crusade against facebook", and criticized "unpredictable" political problems posed by freedoms enjoyed by users of twitter, google, and facebook. china government leaders meeting in wuzhen at the third world internet conference in november 2016 said fake news in the u.s. election justified adding more curbs to free and open use of the internet. china deputy minister ren xianliang, official at the cyberspace administration of china, said increasing online participation led to "harmful information" and fraud.[354] kam chow wong, a former hong kong law enforcement official and criminal justice professor at xavier university, praised attempts in the u.s. to patrol social media.[355] the wall street journal noted china's themes of internet censorship became more relevant at the world internet conference due to the outgrowth of fake news.[356] the issue of fake news in the 2016 united states election gave the chinese government a reason to further criticize western democracy and press freedom. the chinese government accused western media organisations of bias, in a move apparently inspired by trump.[357] in march 2017, the people's daily, a newspaper run by the ruling chinese communist party, denounced news coverage of the torture of chinese lawyer and human rights advocate xie yang, claiming it to be fake news.[357] the newspaper published a twitter post declaring that "foreign media reports that police tortured a detained lawyer is fake news, fabricated to tarnish china's image". the state owned xinhua news agency claimed that "the stories were essentially fake news". the chinese government often accused western news organizations of being biased and dishonest.[358] the chinese government also claimed that there were people who posed as journalists who spread negative information on social media in order to extort payment from their victims to stop doing so. david bandurski of university of hong kong's china media project said that this issue continued to worsen.[359] during the 2019 20 hong kong protests, the chinese government has been accused for using fake news to spread misinformation regarding the protests. it includes describing protests as "riots", and "radicals" seeking independence for the city. due to the online censorship in china, citizens inside mainland china could not read news reports from some media outlets.[360][361] it was also found by facebook, twitter and youtube that misinformation was spread with fake accounts and advertisements by state backed media. large amount of accounts were suspended.[362] dot dot news, a pro beijing online media located in hong kong, has been banned by facebook for distributing fake news and hate speech.[363] fake news in india has led to violent incidents between castes and religions, interfering with public policies. it often spreads through the smartphone instant messenger whatsapp,[364] which had 200 million monthly active users in the country as of february 2017[update].[365] indonesia is reported to have the fourth highest number of facebook users in the world.[366] indonesia has seen an increase in the amount of fake news and hoaxes on social media, particularly around elections in 2014 and 2019.[367][368] this has been accompanied by increased polarization within the country.[369] during the 2014 presidential election, the eventual winning candidate joko widodo became a target of a smear campaign by prabowo subianto's supporters that falsely claimed he was the child of indonesian communist party members, of chinese descent, and a christian.[370] after widodo won, subianto challenged the results, making claims of widespread fraud that were not upheld. observers found that the election was carried out fairly.[371] according to mafindo, which tracks fake news in indonesia, political disinformation increased by 61% between december 2018 and january 2019, leading up to the 2019 presidential election. both political candidates and electoral institutions were targeted.[366][372] both sides formed dedicated anti hoax groups to counterattacks on social media.[373][374] the indonesian government held weekly fake news briefings.[367][375] once again, the losing candidate refused to accept the result and claimed that there had been fraud, without presenting any supporting evidence. protests, rioting, and deaths of protestors were reported.[376] fake news in indonesia frequently tends to be related to alleged chinese imperialism (including sinicization), christianization,[377] and communization.[378] inflaming ethnic and political tensions is potentially deadly in indonesia, with its recent incidences of domestic terrorism, and its long and bloody history of anti communist, anti christian and anti chinese pogroms cultivated by suharto's u.s. backed right wing dictatorship.[370][379][380] the indonesian government, watchdog groups, and even religious organizations have taken steps to prevent the spreading of disinformation, through steps such as blocking certain websites and creating fact check apps. the largest islamic mass organization in indonesia, nahdlatul ulama, has created an anti fake news campaign called #turnbackhoax, while other islamic groups have defined such propagation as tantamount to sin.[370] while the government currently views criminal punishment as the last resort, officials are working hard to guarantee law enforcement will respect the freedom of expression. in april 2018, malaysia implemented the anti fake news bill 2018, a controversial law that deemed publishing and circulating misleading information a crime punishable by up to six years in prison and/or fines of up to 500,000 ringgit.[381] at implementation, the country's prime minister was najib razak, whose associates were connected to the mishandling of at least $3.5 billion by a united states department of justice report.[381][382] of that sum of money, $731 million was deposited into bank accounts controlled by razak.[381][382] the convergence between the fake news law and razak's connection to scandal was made clear by the malaysian minister of communications and multimedia, salleh said keruak, who said that tying razak to a specific dollar amount could be a prosecutable offense.[381] in the 2018 malaysian general election, najib razak lost his seat as prime minister to mahatir mohammad, who vowed to abolish the fake news law in his campaign, as the law was used to target him.[383][384] after winning the election, the newly elected prime minister mohammad has said, "even though we support freedom of press and freedom of speech, there are limits."[383][384] as of may 2018[update], mohammad has supported amending the law, rather than a full abolition.[384] paul bernal, a lecturer in information and technology, fears that the fake news epidemic is a "trojan horse" for countries like malaysia to "control uncomfortable stories".[385] the vagueness of this law means that satirists, opinion writers, and journalists who make errors could face persecution. the law also makes it illegal to share fake news stories. in one instance, a danish man and malaysian citizen were arrested for posting false news stories online and were sentenced to serve a month in jail.[386] in 2015, bbc news reported on fake stories, using unrelated photographs and fraudulent captions, shared online in support of the rohingya.[387] fake news negatively affected individuals in myanmar, leading to a rise in violence against muslims in the country. online participation surged from one percent to 20 percent of myanmar's total populace from 2014 to 2016. fake stories from facebook were reprinted in paper periodicals called facebook and the internet. false reporting related to practitioners of islam in the country was directly correlated with increased attacks on muslims in myanmar. buzzfeed journalist sheera frenkel reported fake news fictitiously stated believers in islam acted out in violence at buddhist locations. she documented a direct relationship between the fake news and violence against muslim people. frenkel noted countries that were relatively newer to internet exposure were more vulnerable to the problems of fake news and fraud. khawaja muhammad asif, the minister of defence of pakistan, threatened on twitter to attack israel with nuclear weapons after a false story claiming that avigdor lieberman, the israeli ministry of defense, said "if pakistan send ground troops into syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country with a nuclear attack."[388][389] fake news sites have become rampant for philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[390] politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[391][392] and three senate hearings have been held on the topic.[393][394][395] the catholic church in the philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[396] vera files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the philippines appeared to benefit two people the most: president rodrigo duterte (as well as his allies) and politician bongbong marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of facebook pages.[397] most philippine audience facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear duterte, marcos or news in their names and are pro duterte.[398] online disinformation in the philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the duterte administration.[399] many philippine audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common google adsense and google analytics ids.[398] according to media scholar jonathan corpus ong, duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the cambridge analytica scandal and russian trolls.[400] fake news is so established and severe in the philippines that facebook's global politics and government outreach director katie harbath also calls it "patient zero"[401] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before brexit, the trump nomination and the 2016 us elections.[402] singapore criminalizes the propagation of fake news. under existing law, "any person who transmits or causes to be transmitted a message which he knows to be false or fabricated shall be guilty of an offense".[403] on march 18, 2015, a doctored screenshot of the prime minister's office website claiming the demise of lee kuan yew went viral, and several international news agencies such as cnn and china central television initially reported it as news, until corrected by the prime minister's office. the image was created by a student to demonstrate to his classmates how fake news could be easily created and propagated.[404] in 2017, singaporean news website mothership was criticized by the ministry of education (moe) for propagating remarks falsely attributed to a moe official.[405] in addition, minister of law k. shanmugam also singled out online news website the states times review as an example of a source of fake news, as it once claimed a near zero turnout at the state funeral of president s. r. nathan.[406] following these incidents, shanmugam stated that the existing legalization is limited and ineffective[407] and indicated that the government intends to introduce legislation to combat fake news in 2018.[408] in 2017, the ministry of communications and information set up factually, a website intended to debunk false rumors regarding issues of public interest such as the environment, housing and transport,[409] while in 2018, the parliament of singapore formed a select committee on deliberate online falsehoods to consider new legislation to tackle fake news.[410] on recommendations from the select committee, the singapore government introduced the protection from online falsehoods and manipulation bill (pofma) in april 2019.[411] critics had pointed out that this bill could introduce government self censorship and increase government control over social media.[412] activist platform the online citizen regarded legislation against fake news as an attempt by the government to curb the free flow of information so that only information approved by the government is disseminated to the public.[413] in an online essay, activist and historian thum ping tjin denied that fake news was a problem in singapore, and accused the people's action party government as the only major source of fake news, claiming that detentions made without trial during operation coldstore and operation spectrum were based on fake news for party political gain.[414] facebook and google had opposed the introduction of the law to combat fake news, claiming that existing legislation was adequate to address the problem and that an effective way of combating misinformation is through educating citizens on how to distinguish reliable from unreliable information.[415] the bill was passed june 3, 2019. commencing on october 2, 2019, the law is designed specifically to allow authorities to respond to fake news or false information through a graduated process of enforcing links to fact checking statements, censorship of website or assets on social media platforms, and criminal charges.[416] there have been 75 recorded instances of pofma's usage since the law's introduction, with the latest[as of?] occurring on may 7, 2021.[417] south korean journalists and media experts lament political hostility between south and north korea which distorts media coverage of north korea[418] and north korea has attributed erroneous reporting to south korea and united states with being critical to media organization chosun ilbo[419] while american journalist barbara demick had also made similar criticisms on media coverage of north.[419] on november 27, 2018, prosecutors raided the house of gyeonggi province governor lee jae myung amid suspicions that his wife used a pseudonymous twitter handle to spread fake news about president moon jae in and other political rivals of her husband.[420][421] taiwan's leaders, including president tsai ing wen and premier william lai, accused china's troll army of spreading "fake news" via social media to support candidates more sympathetic to beijing ahead of the 2018 taiwanese local elections.[422][423][424] in a report in december 2015 by the china post, a fake video shared online showed people a light show purportedly made at the shihmen reservoir. the northern region water resources office confirmed there was no light show at the reservoir and the event had been fabricated. the fraud led to an increase in tourist visits to the actual attraction. according to the news updated paper from the time world in regards the global threat to free speech, the taiwanese government has reformed its policy on education and it will include "media literacy" as one part of school curriculum for the students. it will be included to develop the critical thinking skills needed while using social media. further, the work of media literacy will also include the skills needed to analyze propaganda and sources, so students can clarify what is fake news.[425] brazil faced increasing influence from fake news after the 2014 re election of president dilma rousseff and rousseff's subsequent impeachment in august 2016. bbc brazil reported in april 2016 that in the week surrounding one of the impeachment votes, three out of the five most shared articles on facebook in brazil were fake. in 2015, reporter tai nalon resigned from her position at brazilian newspaper folha de s paulo in order to start the first fact checking website in brazil, called aos fatos ('to the facts'). nalon told the guardian there was a great deal of fake news, and hesitated to compare the problem to that experienced in the u.s.[283] brazil also has a problem with fake news, and according to a survey, a greater number of people that believe fake news influenced the outcome of their elections (69%) than in the united states (47%).[58] president of brazil jair bolsonaro has claimed that he will not allow his government to use any of its 1.8 billion reais (us$487 million) media budget on purchases from fake news media (that is, media that does not support him).[426] the bbc reported that bolsonaro's campaign declared media associating his campaign to the "extreme right" were themselves fake news.[427] in 2020, brazil's supreme court began an investigation into a purported disinformation campaign by bolsonaro supporters.[428] the brazilian president claimed the investigation was "unconstitutional", and any restriction of fake news was an act of censorship.[429] after an order by the brazilian supreme court, facebook had removed "dozens" of fake accounts that were directly linked to bolsonaro's offices and his sons, and which were directed against politicians and media that opposed the president.[430][431] a video of bolsonaro falsely claiming that the anti malarial drug hydroxychloroquine has been working everywhere against the coronavirus was also taken down by facebook and twitter.[432] in regards to the covid 19 pandemic, he has accused his political opponents of exaggerating the severity of the virus. he gave a speech in 2021 in which he claimed that the virus was not as bad as the media made it out to be, and it was "fantasy" created by the media.[433] in the wake of the uptick in amazon fires of 2019, it became clear that many of the forest fire photos that went viral were fake news.[434][435] emmanuel macron, president of france, tweeted a picture taken by a photographer who died in 2003, for example.[435][436][437] fake news online was brought to the attention of canadian politicians in november 2016, as they debated helping assist local newspapers. member of parliament for vancouver centre hedy fry specifically discussed fake news as an example of ways in which publishers on the internet are less accountable than print media. discussion in parliament contrasted the increase of fake news online with the downsizing of canadian newspapers and the impact on democracy in canada. representatives from facebook canada attended the meeting and told members of parliament they felt it was their duty to assist individuals in gathering data online.[438] in january 2017, the conservative leadership campaign of kellie leitch admitted to spreading fake news, including false claims that justin trudeau was financing hamas. the campaign manager claimed he spread the news in order to provoke negative reactions so that he could determine those who "aren't real conservatives".[439] in the fall of 2016, whatsapp spread fake news that impacted votes critical to colombian history.[440] one of the lies spreading rapidly through whatsapp was that colombian citizens would receive less pension so former guerrilla fighters would get money.[440] the misinformation initially began in a question as to whether whatsapp users approved of the peace accord deal between the national government and the revolutionary armed forces of colombia (farc) or not. the peace accord would end five decades of war between paramilitary groups (rebel forces) and the colombian government that resulted in millions of deaths and displaced citizens throughout the country. a powerful influence of votes was the "no" campaign; the "no" campaign was to convince citizens of colombia to not accept the peace accord because it would be letting the rebel group off "too easily."[441] uribe, former president of colombia and of the democratic party, led the "no" campaign. santos, president in 2016, took liberal approaches during his presidency. santos won a nobel peace prize in 2016 for his efforts towards a peace accord with rebel forces.[214] in addition, uribe naturally had opposing views to those of santos.[214][440] furthermore, other news spread through whatsapp were easily misinterpreted by the public, including that santo's scheme was to put colombia under harsh rule like cuba and chaos like venezuela (under hugo chávez), though the logistics were never explained.[440] in an interview with juan carlos vélez, the "no" campaign manager, he says their strategy was that "we discovered the viral power of social networks."[440] in addition, the "yes" campaign also took part in spreading fake news through whatsapp. for instance, a photoshopped image of democratic senator everth bustamante him holding a sign reading "i don't want guerrillas in congress" spread to show hypocrisy. this would be seen as hypocritical because he was a former left wing m 19 guerrilla.[440] the "no" campaign strongly influenced votes throughout colombia. "yes" votes were strong in areas with the highest number of victims and "no" votes in areas influenced by uribe. as a result, "no" votes totaled 50.2%, compared to 49.8% "yes" votes.[441] the result of fake news spreading on whatsapp included changes to the app by journalist juanita león, who invented the whatsapp "lie detector" in january 2017 to fight fake news within the app.[440] although the accord was eventually signed, the whatsapp incident further prolonged the accord and spread controversial views among citizens. in mexico, people tend to rely heavily on social media and direct social contact as news sources, over television and print.[442] usage of and trust in all types of news sources (including social media) declined from 2017 to 2023. as of 2023, the most used media companies in mexico were tv azteca news and televisa.[442] televisa is both mexico's largest television network and the largest media network in the spanish speaking world.[443] the three most frequently used social media platforms were facebook, youtube, and whatsapp.[442] prior to 2012, the country's major television networks were central to political communication in mexico. they were also closely connected to the long dominant pri political party.[444] televiso has been criticized by journalists and academics for misrepresentation and manipulation of information, and attacks on opponents.[445] televiso shaped the campaign of enrique peña nieto[446] whose presidency from 2012 to 2018 was marked by scandals and decreased trust in television and print media.[444] by the 2012 mexican general election, coordinated online disinformation campaigns were part of an "explosion of digital politics" in mexico.[446][447][448] mexican politicians used digital strategies and algorithms to boost their apparent popularity and undermine or overwhelm opposing messages.[446] attempts to "hack" the "attention economy" were made to amplify false narratives, capture attention and dominate discourse.[449][450] a network of trolls was formed as early as 2009, to be activated as needed in support of peña nieto. estimates of the number of people involved, and how many were paid, vary widely from 20,000 to 100,000 people. bots were also used to amplify messages and create "false universes of followers".[446] opposing voices were drowned out by generating large volumes of meaningless responses from "ghost followers".[446] in one incident that was analyzed, 50 spam accounts generated 1,000 tweets per day.[451] government activities following peña nieto's election included the amplification of support for controversial government initiatives.[446] after the killing or disappearance of a group of activist students in 2014, algorithms were used to sabotage trending hashtags on twitter such as #yamecanse 'ihavehadenough'.[446] bots and trolls have also been used for threats and personal attacks.[446] between 2017 and 2019, the hashtag #salariorosa 'pink salary for vulnerability' was associated with political figure alfredo del mazo maza and pushed to the top of twitter's trending list through astroturfing, creating an appearance of grassroots support. photographs of women were associated with fake accounts to create the impression that women were engaged in the discussion, "mimicking conversation".[452] as of 2018, 76 80% of people surveyed in mexico worried about false information or fake news being used as a weapon, the highest rate of any country in the world.[453] during the 2018 election, bot battles between candidates drowned out conversations by posting attacks, rumors, unsubstantiated claims, and deepfaked videos.[448][454] forty percent of the election related tweets on twitter mentioned andrés manuel lópez obrador (amlo). none of his opponents reached twenty percent of the tweets.[454]: 21 automation and artificial amplification used both commercial and political bot services. at one point at least ten pro  and anti amlo bots posted over a thousand tweets in a matter of hours using the hashtag #amlofest.[454]: 24 the collaborative journalism project verificado 2018 was established to address misinformation during the 2018 presidential election. it involved at least eighty organizations, including local and national media outlets, universities and civil society and advocacy groups. the group researched online claims and political statements and published joint verifications. during the course of the election, they produced over 400 notes and 50 videos documenting false claims and suspect sites, and tracked instances where fake news went viral.[448][454]: 23 verificado.mx received 5.4 million visits during the election, with its partner organizations registering millions more.[454]: 25 since being elected president in 2018, andrés manuel lópez obrador (amlo)'s behavior toward the media has been adversarial. he has used his morning addresses or mañaneras to target journalists such as carmen aristegui, carlos loret de mola, and victor trujillo. article 19, an international human rights organization, considers the mexican government to be using a "strategy of disinformation" while limiting access to public sources of information. article 19 estimates that 26.5% of the public information provided by the mexican government is false.[442] as of 2019, mexico became the most dangerous country in the world for journalists,[454][455] with a higher death toll than active war zones.[456] during the pandemic, use of social media platforms such as whatsapp and facebook increased. in mexico, the user base of the video app tiktok tripled from 2019 to 2021, reaching 17 million viewers.[457] patterns of twitter activity during the pandemic suggest that astroturfing was used to create an appearance of widespread grassroots support for amlo and for hugo lópez gatell at a time when both men were being criticized for their handling of the covid 19 pandemic in mexico,[457] according to a report by opendemocracy in 2020, the armenian website medmedia.am was spreading disinformation about the coronavirus pandemic, calling covid 19 a "fake pandemic" and warning armenians to refuse future vaccine programmes. the website is led by gevorg grigoryan, a doctor who has been critical of the armenian government's health ministry and its vaccine programmes, and has a history of anti lgbt statements, including remarks posted on facebook in which he called for gay people to be burned. the guardian said the site was launched with the unwitting help of a us state department grant intended to promote democracy.[458] in 1996, people were killed in the western wall tunnel riots in reaction to fake news accounts.[459] in april 2018, palestinian israeli football team bnei sakhnin threatened to sue israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu for libel after he claimed fans booed during a minute of silence for israeli flash flood victims. in a social media post, netanyahu blasted various israeli news critical of him, as fake news including channel 2, channel 10, haaretz and ynet the same day u.s. president trump decried "fake news". the palestinian islamist political organization hamas published a political program in 2017 intended to ease its position on israel. among other things, this charter accepted the borders of the palestinian state circa the six day war of 1967.[460] although this document is an advancement from their previous 1988 charter, which called for the destruction of the state of israel, it still does not recognize israel as a legitimate independent nation.[460] in a may 2017 video, prime minister of israel, benjamin netanyahu responded to the coverage of this event by news outlets such as al jazeera, cnn, the new york times and the guardian, labeling their reporting "fake news".[461] he specifically disagreed with the notion that hamas had accepted the state of israel within their new charter, and called this "a complete distortion of the truth". instead he said, "the new hamas document says israel has no right to exist." haaretz fact checked the video, stating, "netanyahu, following in the footsteps of trump, is deliberately twisting the definition of 'fake news' to serve his own needs."[462] in a later speech, addressed to his supporters, netanyahu responded to allegations against him: "the fake news industry is at its peak ... look, for example, how they cover with unlimited enthusiasm, every week, the left wing demonstration. the same demonstrations whose goal is to apply improper pressure on law enforcement authorities so they will file an indictment at any price." the washington post likened his use of the term fake news for describing left wing media to donald trump's similar statements during the 2016 united states election cycle.[463] in studies conducted by yifat media check ltd. and hamashrokit ('the whistle', a fact checking organization), they found that over 70% of statements made by israeli political leaders were not accurate.[464] some of the fake news israel has been the victim of includes israel related animal conspiracy theories, which claim israel is using various animals to spy on or attack others with.[465] according to the global news, saudi arabia's state owned television spread fake news about canada. in august 2018, canada's global news reported that state owned television al arabiya, "has suggested that canada is the worst country in the world for women, that it has the highest suicide rate and that it treats its indigenous people the way myanmar treats the rohingya a muslim minority massacred and driven out of myanmar en masse last year."[466] in october 2018, twitter has suspended a number of bot accounts that appeared to be spreading pro saudi rhetoric about the disappearance of saudi opposition journalist jamal khashoggi.[467][468] according to newsweek, saudi arabia's office of public prosecution tweeted that "producing rumors or fake news [that saudi arabia's government was involved in the disappearance of khashoggi] that would affect the public order or public security or sending or resending it via social media or any technical means" is punishable "by five years and a fine of 3 million riyals".[469] iranian backed twitter accounts have spread sensational fake news and rumours about saudi arabia.[470] on august 1, 2019, facebook identified hundreds of accounts that were running a covert network on behalf of government of the kingdom of saudi arabia to spread fake news and attack regional rivals. the social media giant removed more than 350 accounts, pages and groups with nearly 1.4 million followers.[471] along with facebook, these accounts were involved in "coordinated inauthentic behavior" on instagram as well. according to a facebook blog post, the network was running two different political agendas, one on behalf of saudi arabia and the other for the united arab emirates and egypt.[472] in february 2017, amnesty international reported that up to 13,000 people had been hanged in a syrian prison as part of an "extermination" campaign. syrian president bashar al assad questioned the credibility of amnesty international and called the report "fake news" fabricated to undermine the government. "you can forge anything these days we are living in a fake news era."[473] russia ran a disinformation campaign during the syrian civil war to discredit the humanitarian rescue organisation white helmets, and to discredit reports and images of children and other civilian bombing victims. this was done to weaken criticism of russia's involvement in the war.[474] the united nations and international chemical inspectors found bashar al assad responsible for use of chemical weapons,[475] which was called "fake news" by russia. russia promoted various contradictory claims that no chemicals were present, or attributing the chemical attacks to other countries or groups.[476][477][478][479][480] the united arab emirates (uae) had been funding non profit organizations, think tanks and contributors of journalism, including foundation for defense of democracies (fdd) and the middle east forum (mef), which further paid journalists spreading fake information to defame countries like qatar. in 2020, a researcher at fdd, benjamin weinthal, and fellow at mef, jonathan spyer, contributed an article on fox news to promote a negative image of qatar, in an attempt to stain its diplomatic relations with the united states.[481] according to the daily telegraph, an egyptian official suggested in 2010 that the israeli spy agency mossad could have been behind a fatal shark attack in sharm el sheikh.[482] it was estimated by the egyptian parliament's communication and information technology committee that in 2017, 53,000 false rumors had been spread primarily through social media in 60 days.[483] a wide range of south african media sources have reported fake news as a growing problem and tool to both increase distrust in the media, discredit political opponents, and divert attention from corruption.[484] media outlets owned by the gupta family have been noted by other south african media organisations such as the huffington post (south africa), sunday times, radio 702, and city press for targeting them.[485] individuals targeted include finance minister pravin gordhan who was seen as blocking gupta attempts at state capture with accusations levelled against gordhan of promoting state capture for "white monopoly capital".[486][487] the african national congress (anc) was taken to court by sihle bolani for unpaid work she did during the election on the anc's behalf. in court papers bolani stated that the anc used her to launch and run a covert r50 million fake news and disinformation campaign during the 2016 municipal elections with the intention of discrediting opposition parties.[488][489][490] the australian parliament initiated investigation into "fake news" regarding issues surrounding fake news that occurred during the 2016 united states election. the inquiry looked at several major areas in australia to find audiences most vulnerable to fake news, by considering the impact on traditional journalism, and by evaluating the liability of online advertisers and by regulating the spreading the hoaxes. this act of parliament is meant to combat the threat of social media spreading fake news.[491] the australian code of practice on disinformation and misinformation commenced on 22 february 2021, around 12 months after the australian government asked digital platforms to develop a voluntary code to address disinformation and misinformation and assist users of their services to more easily identify the reliability, trustworthiness and source of news content. the request is part of a broader australian government strategy to reform the technology and information dissemination landscape. the australian communications and media (acma) oversaw the development of the code. the government will then consider the need for further measures including mandatory regulation.[492] a well known case of fabricated news in australia happened in 2009 when a report, deception detection across australian populations, by a "levitt institute" was widely cited on news websites across the country, claiming that sydney was the most naive city, despite the fact that the report itself contained a clue: amidst the mathematical gibberish, there was a statement: "these results were completely made up to be fictitious material through a process of modified truth and credibility nodes."[493] this article incorporates text from a free content work. licensed under cc by sa 3.0 igo (license statement/permission). text taken from world trends in freedom of expression and media development global report 2017/2018​, 202, unesco.

sarah and i are having a busy fall! earlier this week we launched another new site tracks & trails. this was a fun and challenging project for a number of reasons, and today i want to focus on the desgin process and point out some of the cool elements that justin created. one site jason and i were excited to send live recently is brahmin.com, a massachussetts based manufacturer of upscale handbags and other leather goods. since the site's launch in september, we've gotten a number of comments about how good it looks (thanks to duffy & shanley, the agency that provided the design) and how well it performs (thanks to dave, the developer on the project, who made sure that the site's enormous database didn't slow it down). this was a complex project with several cool features; here i want to focus on just one of them, the product search. there is a smarter way to manage your web site day to day, and year to year. how much work did you put in to the last rebuild of your website? i bet you spent months putting your site redesign above all other priorities. if not, chances are good the site isn't live yet. what happens after that site that you worked so hard on finally does go live? we've been building sites for fourteen years, and we know exactly what you do after a site goes live. i was honored to be asked to share my (limited) writing experience with a class of undergraduates at boston college. the image to the left is one of the slides from my presentation. the neat thing about this engagement was that it was all done online. i was asked to record a short lecture and deliver an mp3 that could be played for the class. i decided to take it a step further and put together a slidecast so that i could make some fancy pictures, too... this post is meant to primarily be a resource for our agencies and clients, to clarify our server setup and all that going live with newfangled requires, but since taking sites live involves the often confusing world of dns, i hope that my attempt to simplify our process might help anybody... a client recently asked me what i thought the key 3 5 metrics are that he should be focusing his google analytics reviews on. the following post was essentially the answer i gave him. i think that the most important metrics to track on a routine basis would vary depending upon the type of business, but for b2b service companies like ours and most of our clients, i'd list them as: (1) referrers, (2) top content, and (3) bounce rate... the newfangled team has been pretty busy this week... we just launched another brand new website: www.cdisc.org! this site, for cdisc (clinical data interchange standards consortium), is the first that i've seen through from conception to launch, so i'm personally really excited about it! plus, this was such an enjoyable project to work on! from productive prototyping meetings and gorgeous design to a flawless whitescreen and thorough content entry  everything went so smoothly... the epitaph on buckminster fuller's tombstone reads, "call me trimtab." in life, he used the trim tab, a very small attachment to a boat's rudder that controls its speed and direction, as a metaphor for his own life, which he saw as an experiment to make the greatest impact on the world that he could using the least amount of resources. what a wonderful idea! while he went on to invent many entirely new techniques and structures, i'd venture to guess that bucky would have preferred to see if a small adjustment could be made to an existing process or device in order to increase its effectiveness and value before going back to the drawing board. we're proud to welcome cptech.com to the newfangled family. corporate technologies came to us for a complete redesign and reorganization of their website. clearly, the most striking difference between the old and new sites is justin's sleek design. take a look at a side by side comparison of the new site design... now that eric, our former ceo, is off to new heights in his career, i've invited him to contribute a few guest blog posts. this is the ninth of several that he'll share in the coming months... this may be the most controversial of my series on advertising agency website gaffes. i’ve been advising agencies to avoid flash as their website platform for…, well, ever since flash existed. let me make it clear from the outset that i’m not against flash. it’s a great tool that, when used properly, can have a positive impact on website design and functionality. i am, however, against flash as the primary platform in almost every case (exceptions would include certain website applications, web based games, and some entertainment oriented websites)... we take your privacy seriously. we do not sell or share your data. we do use cookies to enhance your experience with our site and to analyze the performance of our marketing efforts. if you’d like to learn more, please see our privacy notice.
supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year. can you use it in a sentence? by the learning network 1. seeming to belong to an earlier period; antiquated 2. little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type the word archaic has appeared in 73 articles on nytimes.com in the past year, including on nov. 28 in the opinion essay “knowing when ‘they’ means one” by john mcwhorter: earlier english had “thou” for addressing one person, with “you” used only in the plural. (actually, the subject form was “ye,” with “you” as the object form.) but by the 18th century, in standard english “thou” was relegated to the archaic, and “you” referred to both singular and plural. however, many speakers felt that saying “you were” to a single person   using the plural verb   was unnatural and therefore said “you was.” can you correctly use the word archaic in a sentence? based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s word of the day and share it as a comment on this article. it is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun. if you want a better idea of how archaic can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on vocabulary.com. you can also visit this guide to learn how to use ipa symbols to show how different words are pronounced. if you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes. students ages 13 and older in the united states and the united kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. all comments are moderated by the learning network staff. the word of the day is provided by vocabulary.com. learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the vocabulary.com dictionary. see every word of the day in this column.

 supported by word of the day this word has appeared in 31 articles on nytimes.com in the past year.