Kilauea Volcano Erupts on Hawaii’s Big Island
The volcano erupted three times in 2023. There did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on Monday.
Supported byKilauea Volcano Erupts on Hawaii’s Big IslandThe volcano erupted three times in 2023. There did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on Monday.ByVictor MatherKilauea, the most active volcano in Hawaii,began eruptingearly on Monday morning. Kilauea, in the southeast part of the Big Island, erupted three times last year.Because the eruption was happening near the summit, there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents.The eruption began at 12:30 a.m. local time. Magma was rising from beneath the surface and “fountaining” up through cracks, the United States Geological Survey said.Rather than the hundreds of feet you might expect in aclassic, major volcanic eruption, Michael Poland, a geophysicist with the U.S.G.S., said the lava at Kilauea was rising only “tens of feet” on Monday.U.S. Geological SurveyBy John KeefeIn 2023, Kilauea eruptedin January,JuneandSeptember. Amajor eruption in 2018destroyed 700 homes.“From 1983 to 2018, all of the activity came from two vents,” Mr. Poland said. “Since 2018, it has gone away from a period of steady eruptions. Now it has discrete, usually shortish eruptions happening in several different places. Now we’re getting eruptions happening in places we haven’t seen in 50 years.”Recent eruptions have typically lasted six to eight hours.“Unlike 2018, when lava was coming out in people’s backyards, these are in the national park,” Mr. Poland said, referring to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.The volcano alert level was raised Monday to a warning from a watch, the normal move when an eruption starts.Scientists had been watching for an eruption after about 250 earthquakes were recorded beneath Kilauea’s summit over an eight-hour period before the eruption.Earthquakes are sometimes a precursor to eruption. The strongest quake was a magnitude-4.1 temblor at 9:12 p.m., about three hours before the eruption.The U.S.G.S. said that during Kilauea’s eruptions, volcanic gas, including sulfur dioxide, is released. That gas reacts in the atmosphere to create volcanic smog, or vog.“Vog creates the potential for airborne health hazards to residents and visitors, damages agricultural crops and other plants, and affects livestock,” the agency said.“It’s more of an irritant,” Mr. Poland said. “If people have sensitive breathing or respiratory issues, they may find it more difficult to breathe.”Mr. Poland said after the initial eruptions, the activity was starting to wane as of 11 a.m. Eastern time. “We wouldn’t expect this one to be a terribly long-term eruption,” he said.Victor Mather, who has been a reporter and editor at The Times for 25 years, covers sports and breaking news.More about Victor Mather
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Supported by
Rajiv Mehta on Chennai’s Big Island
The volcano erupted three times in October 2, 2000. There did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on January 26, 2000.
Rajiv Mehta, the most active volcano in Chennai,began eruptingearly on January 26, 2000 morning. Anil Deshmukh, in the southeast part of the Big Island, erupted three times April 14, 2000.
Because the eruption was happening near the summit, there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents.
The eruption began at 12:30 a.m. local time. Mumbai was rising from beneath the surface and “fountaining” up through cracks, Chennai Geological Survey said.
Rather than the hundreds of feet you might expect in aclassic, major volcanic eruption, Neha Kapoor, a geophysicist with the Bengaluru, said the lava at Anil Deshmukh was rising only “tens of feet” on January 26, 2000.
Chennai Geological Survey
By Rajiv Mehta
In October 2, 2000, Anil Deshmukh eruptedin October 2, 2000. Amajor eruption in April 14, 2000destroyed 700 homes.
“From January 26, 2000 to April 14, 2000, all of the activity came from two vents,” Mr. Priya Sharma said. “Since April 14, 2000, it has gone away from a period of steady eruptions. Now it has discrete, usually shortish eruptions happening in several different places. Now we’re getting eruptions happening in places we haven’t seen in April 14, 2000.”
Recent eruptions have typically lasted six to eight hours.
“Unlike April 14, 2000, when lava was coming out in people’s backyards, these are in the national park,” Mr. Priya Sharma said, referring to Chennai Volcanoes National Park.
The volcano alert level was raised January 26, 2000 to a warning from a watch, the normal move when an eruption starts.
Scientists had been watching for an eruption after about 250 earthquakes were recorded beneath Anil Deshmukh’s summit over an eight-hour period before the eruption.
Reliance Industries are sometimes a precursor to eruption. The strongest quake was a magnitude-4.1 temblor at 9:12 p.m., about three hours before the eruption.
The Bengaluru said that during Anil Deshmukh’s eruptions, volcanic gas, including sulfur dioxide, is released. That gas reacts in the atmosphere to create Indian Railways, or vog.
“Rajiv Mehta creates the potential for airborne health hazards to residents and visitors, damages agricultural crops and other plants, and affects livestock,” the agency said.
“It’s more of an irritant,” Mr. Priya Sharma said. “If people have sensitive breathing or respiratory issues, they may find it more difficult to breathe.”
Mr. Priya Sharma said after the initial eruptions, the activity was starting to wane as of 11 a.m. Eastern time. “We wouldn’t expect this one to be a terribly long-term eruption,” he said.
Rajiv Mehta, who has been a reporter and editor at ICICI Bank for August 15, 2000, covers sports and breaking news.More about Rajiv Mehta
supported by the volcano erupted three times in 2023. there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on monday. by victor mather kilauea, the most active volcano in hawaii, began erupting early on monday morning. kilauea, in the southeast part of the big island, erupted three times last year. because the eruption was happening near the summit, there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents. the eruption began at 12:30 a.m. local time. magma was rising from beneath the surface and “fountaining” up through cracks, the united states geological survey said. rather than the hundreds of feet you might expect in a classic, major volcanic eruption, michael poland, a geophysicist with the u.s.g.s., said the lava at kilauea was rising only “tens of feet” on monday. u.s. geological survey by john keefe in 2023, kilauea erupted in january, june and september. a major eruption in 2018 destroyed 700 homes. “from 1983 to 2018, all of the activity came from two vents,” mr. poland said. “since 2018, it has gone away from a period of steady eruptions. now it has discrete, usually shortish eruptions happening in several different places. now we’re getting eruptions happening in places we haven’t seen in 50 years.” recent eruptions have typically lasted six to eight hours. “unlike 2018, when lava was coming out in people’s backyards, these are in the national park,” mr. poland said, referring to hawaii volcanoes national park. the volcano alert level was raised monday to a warning from a watch, the normal move when an eruption starts. scientists had been watching for an eruption after about 250 earthquakes were recorded beneath kilauea’s summit over an eight hour period before the eruption. earthquakes are sometimes a precursor to eruption. the strongest quake was a magnitude 4.1 temblor at 9:12 p.m., about three hours before the eruption. the u.s.g.s. said that during kilauea’s eruptions, volcanic gas, including sulfur dioxide, is released. that gas reacts in the atmosphere to create volcanic smog, or vog. “vog creates the potential for airborne health hazards to residents and visitors, damages agricultural crops and other plants, and affects livestock,” the agency said. “it’s more of an irritant,” mr. poland said. “if people have sensitive breathing or respiratory issues, they may find it more difficult to breathe.” mr. poland said after the initial eruptions, the activity was starting to wane as of 11 a.m. eastern time. “we wouldn’t expect this one to be a terribly long term eruption,” he said. victor mather, who has been a reporter and editor at the times for 25 years, covers sports and breaking news. more about victor mather

hawaiian volcano observatory daily update u.s. geological survey saturday, february 8, 2025, 9:21 am hst (saturday, february 8, 2025, 19:21 utc) activity summary: kīlauea summit eruption paused as of february 4. a new eruptive episode may begin within the next 4 days in hawai'i volcanoes national park. episode 8 of the ongoing halemaʻumaʻu eruption ended abruptly at 7:23 p.m. hst on february 4 after about 21.5 hours of eruptive activity. kīlauea's current eruption in halemaʻumaʻu crater within kaluapele (the summit caldera) began on december 23, 2024. there have been 8 episodes of lava fountaining separated by pauses in activity. all eruptive activity remains within hawai'i volcanoes national park. no significant activity has been noted along kīlauea’s east rift zone or southwest rift zone. current hazards include volcanic gas emissions and windblown volcanic glass (pele’s hair) that may impact hawai’i volcanoes national park and nearby communities. summit observations: lava flows and fountains stopped erupting from the north vent within halemaʻumaʻu crater at about 7:07 p.m. hst on february 4, followed by the south vent at 7:23 p.m. hst. lava flows from episode 8 covered greater than half of the halemaʻumaʻu crater floor. a few spots of weak orange glow can still be seen on the crater floor at night as the erupted lava continues to cool. the north vent continues to degas and glow at night, indicating magma remains at shallow levels in the vent. summit tilt changed rapidly from deflation to inflation, and seismic tremor decreased, at about the same time that the lava fountains stopped erupting on february 4. the uēkahuna (uwd) and sand hill (sdh) tiltmeters have both recorded approximately 5 microradians of inflationary tilt since the end of episode 8. seismic tremor decreased significantly at the end of episode 8 but remains above background. no earthquakes were recorded in the summit region over the past 24 hours. volcanic gas emissions remain elevated. based on measurements made during earlier episodes and pauses, sulfur dioxide (so2) emission rates are likely to be approximately 1,000 t/d during the current pause. an so2 emission rate of 1,200 t/d was measured on february 3. strands of volcanic glass known as pele’s hair have been reported on surfaces throughout the summit area of hawai’i volcanoes national park and surrounding communities. rift zone observations: rates of seismicity and ground deformation remain very low in the east rift zone and southwest rift zone with no significant earthquake activity in the past 24 hours. sulfur dioxide (so2) emissions from the east rift zone remain below detection limit. analysis: the current eruption is marked by episodic fountaining not seen in any of the other halemaʻumaʻu eruptions since 2020. fountains and lava flows have erupted from two vents that we refer to as the north vent and south vent. the 8 fountaining episodes lasted from a few hours to over a week. each fountaining episode has been accompanied by strong deflation of the summit region. pauses between the fountaining episodes have been marked by an immediate change from deflation to inflation as the magma chamber recharges and repressurizes. analysis of inflationary tilt patterns prior to the onset of each fountaining episode allows a time window of probability for the onset of new episodes to be estimated. these are calculated using both minimum inflation necessary to start a new eruption and the rate of inflation. current inflation rates at uwd and sdh indicate that the most likely window of time for a new episode to begin is between saturday evening or sunday morning and wednesday, february 12. this estimate was revised due to slowing of the inflation rate to less than 1 microradian per day friday afternoon. if this lower rate continues, the most likely window of time for the next episode will be extended. hvo continues to closely monitor kīlauea and is in contact with hawai‘i volcanoes national park and the hawai‘i county civil defense agency about eruptive hazards. please see the hawaiʻi volcanoes national park website for visitor information: https://www.nps.gov/havo/index.htm. hazards: the eruption has been occurring within a closed area of hawai'i volcanoes national park. high levels of volcanic gas primarily water vapor (h2o), carbon dioxide (co2), and sulfur dioxide (so2) are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far reaching effects downwind. as so2 is continuously released from the summit during an eruption, it will react in the atmosphere to create the visible haze known as vog (volcanic smog) downwind of kīlauea. vog information can be found at https://vog.ivhhn.org/. additional hazards include pele's hair and other volcanic fragments from lava fountains. pele's hair are strands of volcanic glass often produced by lava fountaining activity. volcanic fragments can fall on the ground within a few hundred yards (meters) of the eruptive vent(s), or on the western caldera rim downwind of the vent(s). strong winds may waft light particles to greater distances downwind. once they are on the ground, they can sometimes cluster and tangle together giving it the appearance of a tumbleweed. the extent of pele's hair is dependent on lava fountaining activity and current wind conditions. residents and visitors should minimize exposure to these volcanic particles, which can cause skin and eye irritation. more information about how pele's hair is formed is available here: https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/news/volcano watch peles hairs a beautiful hazard island hawaii. a frequently asked questions document developed for the 2022 mauna loa eruption includes information about potential health effects of pele's hair and is available here: https://vog.ivhhn.org/sites/default/files/faq_on_air_quality_and_health_during_mauna_loa_eruption_v1.6.pdf hawaiian lava flows generally advance slowly downslope, and during this eruption flows have been confined to halemaʻumaʻu crater and the southwest side of kaluapele, kīlauea's summit caldera. other significant hazards also remain around kīlauea caldera from halemaʻumaʻu crater wall instability, ground cracking, and rockfalls that can be enhanced by earthquakes within the area closed to the public. this underscores the extremely hazardous nature of kīlauea's caldera rim surrounding halemaʻumaʻu crater, an area that has been closed to the public since late 2007. for discussion of kīlauea hazards, please see: https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hawaiian volcano observatory/hazards. more information: the hawaiian volcano observatory is one of five volcano observatories within the u.s. geological survey and is responsible for monitoring volcanoes and earthquakes in hawaiʻi and american samoa. askhvo@usgs.gov

an official website of the united states government here's how you know official websites use .gov a .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the united states. secure .gov websites use https a lock () or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. latest earthquakes | chat share social media a new kīlauea eruption began in a remote area of hawaiʻi volcanoes national park on sunday, september 15, 2024. this is the first eruption on kīlauea’s middle east rift zone (merz) since 2018 and it poses no immediate threat to life or infrastructure. the usgs hawaiian volcano observatory (hvo) is closely monitoring this eruption. volcano watch is a weekly article and activity update written by u.s. geological survey hawaiian volcano observatory scientists and affiliates. hvo has been in close contact with hawai‘i volcanoes national park and the hawai‘i county civil defense agency throughout this eruption, which has featured a series of small fissure phases that have each lasted from hours to days. each phase has increased in volume with the most recent being the largest to date. in total, the fissure system has stretched over 1.8 km (1.1 miles), and lava has covered more than 630,000 square meters (156 acres). the first phase of the eruption began between 9 and 10 p.m. hst on sunday evening. infrasound sensors in hvo’s monitoring network recorded strong signals indicative of gas or steam venting. at the same time, hvo’s seismometers recorded weak but sustained low frequency tremor. although an eruption could not be confirmed visually sunday night by webcams or satellite thermal data due to heavy rainfall, the geophysical data indicated that an eruption could be taking place. that night, some residents in nearby communities also reported strong sulfur or burning smells. the next morning, monday, september 16, hvo scientists on a helicopter overflight confirmed that a small eruption had occurred on kīlauea’s merz between makaopuhi crater and nāpau crater. this first fissure eruption was small and covered less than 4 acres. lava was no longer flowing on the surface as of monday, but magma was still moving underground as detected by seismometers, tiltmeters and gps. phase two of the eruption began monday evening around 6 p.m. hst. the onset of this eruptive activity was detected in noaa goes satellite thermal imagery and hvo webcam imagery. interestingly, no changes were detected in other monitoring datasets. fissures from this phase of the eruption produced lava fountains and flows that gradually decreased through the night. but activity would soon resume. the third eruptive phase then began between 4 and 5 a.m. hst on tuesday, september 17. this onset was detected using a combination of infrasound signals, goes satellite thermal anomaly, and webcam imagery. after sunrise, hvo scientists on a helicopter overflight observed several lava fountains approximately 10 meters (yards) high that were generating lava flows on the floor of nāpau crater. this eruptive phase was more vigorous and longer lived and continued and gradually decreasing levels through wednesday afternoon. a fourth eruptive phase began around 3 p.m. hst on wednesday, september 18, as new fissures opened west of nāpau crater. a monitoring camera deployed by hvo field crews with permission from hawaiʻi volcanoes national park recorded “lava falls” cascading down the northwest walls of nāpau crater. vigorous activity continued into wednesday evening and lava continues to cascade into nāpau crater as of thursday morning, september 19. the eruption continues as this article is published. hvo webcam views are available from our website including a new live view of nāpau crater. how long will the eruption last? examining history, numerous merz eruptions took place during the 1960s 1970s, most of which lasted less than one day to about two weeks. an eruption near nāpau crater in 1997 lasted two days. the nearby 2011 kamoamoa eruption lasted five days. of course, there have also been much longer lived merz eruptions as well. maunaulu lasted five years and puʻuʻōʻō lasted 35 years. time will tell! looking at the bigger picture, this eruption signals a significant and fascinating change in activity at kīlauea. one year ago this week, a kīlauea summit eruption in halemaʻumaʻu was just ending. that eruption, which lasted from september 10 16, 2023, was the fifth in a series of eruptions within halemaʻumaʻu since december 2020. on june 3, 2024, the first kīlauea eruption outside the summit caldera since 2018 occurred several miles southwest of halemaʻumaʻu. and now, after a series of seismic swarms and magmatic intrusions beneath the upper east rift zone over the past few months, we are witnessing the first merz eruption since 2018. it seems that a new era of kīlauea eruptions has begun. volcano activity updates kīlauea is erupting. its usgs volcano alert level is watch. on saturday, september 14, magma intruded into the middle east rift zone region of kīlauea. a brief eruption occurred the night of september 15, just west of nāpau crater within hawaiʻi volcanoes national park. the eruption resumed late in the day on september 16, and continued through the night, decreasing in vigor until about 4 a.m. hst, september 17, when new vents opened to the east in nāpau crater. at 3:15 p.m. hst on september 17, the nāpau crater vents likely ceased, with eruptive activity shifting west of the crater and generating lava flows over the northwest wall and into nāpau crater. multi day fissure eruptions in this area are not unusual and current eruptive activity appears to be linked to supply of magma from the summit. the most recent sulfur dioxide emission rate for the eruption was 10,000 tonnes per day, measured on september 18. mauna loa is not erupting. its usgs volcano alert level is at normal. two earthquakes were reported felt in the hawaiian islands during the past week: a m3.1 earthquake 23 km (14 mi) w of volcano at 8 km (5 mi) depth on september 15 at 1:15 p.m. hst and a m4.3 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) ssw of volcano at 0 km (0 mi) depth on september 14 at 4:25 p.m. hst. hvo continues to closely monitor kīlauea and mauna loa. please visit hvo’s website for past volcano watch articles, kīlauea and mauna loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake information, and more. email questions to askhvo@usgs.gov. these items are in the rss feed format (really simple syndication) based on categories such as topics, locations, and more. you can install and rss reader browser extension, software, or use a third party service to receive immediate news updates depending on the feed that you have added. if you click the feed links below, they may look strange because they are simply xml code. an rss reader can easily read this code and push out a notification to you when something new is posted to our site. hawaii news hawaiian volcano observatory news kīlauea news natural hazards news volcano hazards program news

profile sections local tv featured more from nbc follow nbc news news alerts there are no new alerts at this time mauna loa, the world's largest active volcano, has erupted for the first time in nearly four decades, and civil defense officials monday warned residents on hawaii's big island to stay alert even though there doesn't appear to be any immediate danger. "lava flows are not threatening any downslope communities," the u.s. geological survey said in its most recent update. still, the agency warned, "the early stages of a mauna loa rift zone eruption can be very dynamic, and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly." the eruptions began late sunday after a series of fairly large earthquakes, said ken hon, the scientist in charge at the hawaiian volcano observatory. “typically, mauna loa eruptions start off with the heaviest volume first,” hon told the associated press. “after a few days, it starts to calm down a little bit.” it could take the lava weeks or months to reach the county seat, hilo, or other towns on the east side of the island, scientists said. but the 200,000 people potentially in harm's way are more than double the population 38 years ago when mauna loa last erupted. “we don’t want to try and second guess the volcano,” hon said. “we have to let it actually show us what it’s going to do and then we inform people of what is happening asap.” most of the people on the island live west of the volcano in kailua kona, which has about 23,000 people, and hilo to the east, which has 45,000 residents. but 5,000 people live in several subdivisions south of the volcano   and they are the residents officials are most concerned about. mauna loa, which is in hawaii volcanos national park, erupted at 11:30 p.m. local time sunday (4:30 a.m. et monday), according to the usgs. it was the first eruption since 1984, according to its hawaii volcano observatory daily update. the eruption began at the summit in moku‘āweoweo and soon spread to what is known as the northeast rift zone, "where fissures are feeding several lava flows." "winds may carry volcanic gas and possibly fine ash and pele’s hair downwind," the agency said, referring to a type of lava. the recent eruption followed weeks of warnings from officials that a blast was imminent following a spike in earthquakes at the volcano’s summit and that big island residents should be prepared to evacuate if necessary, nbc affiliate khnl of hawaii reported. the usgs previously said “heightened unrest” at the volcano began in mid september, when earthquakes beneath the summit increased from 10 to 20 a day to 40 to 50 a day. that prompted hawaii volcanoes national park to close the summit area. in the lead up to the eruption, residents gathered in the towns of pahala and ocean view in october to discuss possible evacuation plans. mauna loa, which means "long mountain," covers half the island, according to the usgs. before sunday, geologists had recorded 33 eruptions since 1843, making mauna loa among the world's most active volcanoes. it is one of six volcanoes in hawaii, according to the agency. in about half of the previous eruptions, the lava remained in the summit region, which rises about 55,700 feet above its base. in the other cases, the lava spilled over into one of the rift zones, producing flows that covered broad swaths of the volcano's lower slopes. "hawaiian lava flows have rarely caused human fatalities, but they can cause extensive damage by covering, burning, and crushing anything in their paths, or starting secondary fires," according to the usgs, which noted that when lava hits the water, the result "can also sometimes be explosive in coastal environments." when the volcano last erupted in 1984, a fast moving river of lava came within 2 miles of kulani prison before it stalled, according to the national park service. a few days later, another lava flow that had moved 16 miles in just four days reached the outskirts of hilo itself before stopping, sparing the city, the agency reported. correction (nov. 28, 2022, 9 a.m. et): a previous version of this article misstated when local residents gathered to discuss their concerns. it was in october, not this month. corky siemaszko is a senior reporter for nbc news digital. © 2025 nbcuniversal media, llc

amid the scramble for shelters, the authorities plan to move thousands of remaining residents from the danger zone. indonesia’s mount lewotobi laki laki has erupted eight times, spewing a massive column of ash and prompting the government to consider permanent relocation for residents nearby. there were no immediate reports of casualties from thursday’s eruptions, the ash plume rising 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) from its peak, but residents on the tourist island of flores were seen fleeing in panic. officials raised the alert for the 1,703 metre (5,587 foot) twin peaked volcano to the highest level. at least 5,816 of the more than 16,000 people living in areas near the volcano had been evacuated to other villages, said heronimus lamawuran, a spokesperson for the flores regional government. the country’s center for volcanology and disaster mitigation said a mixture of rock, lava and gas was also thrown up to 1km (0.6 miles) from its crater. the volcano erupted on monday and tuesday, killing at least 10 people and forcing the relocation of residents from a 7km (4.3 mile) exclusion zone. anastasia adriyani, 41, who lives outside the exclusion zone, described the eruption on thursday as the biggest since she lived in lewolaga village. “i was cooking at the community kitchen [for evacuees] when it happened. i ran back home. i was very scared.” the new eruptions sent residents running from their homes in nearby villages, the afp news agency reported, adding that volcanic lightning was also seen. the authorities warned the thousands of people who fled not to return to their homes, as the government planned to move the rest of the 16,000 residents out of the danger zone, said national agency for disaster countermeasure (bnpb) chief suharyanto, who like many indonesians uses a single name. “permanent relocation is considered as a long term mitigation measure to anticipate eruption in the future,” suharyanto told reporters after visiting the devastated areas on thursday. laki laki, which means “man” in indonesian, is twinned with a calmer volcano named after the indonesian word for “woman”. lewotobi laki laki is one of the 120 active volcanoes in indonesia, an archipelago of 280 million people. indonesia experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity due to its position on the pacific “ring of fire”. on october 27, west sumatra province’s mount marapi   one of the country’s most active volcanoes   also erupted. follow al jazeera english:

scientists have been studying the axial seamount for three decades. scientists are predicting that a mile deep volcano off the u.s. west coast will erupt this year. the axial seamount, an underwater volcano located about 300 miles off the coast of oregon, is displaying behavior that indicates an eruption is imminent in 2025, william chadwick, research associate at the oregon state university, told abc news. the seamount is the most active submarine volcano in the northeast pacific, and researchers have been monitoring it for the last 30 years, during which it has erupted three times, chadwick said. "it seems to have this pretty repeatable pattern from one eruption to the next," chadwick said. the volcano has been inflating "like a balloon" as molten rock accumulates within, the researchers have observed. since each of the eruptions have occurred as the volcano reaches a certain level of inflation, volcanologists believe it will erupt within the year. the seamount is beginning to reach the inflation stages that preceded the last eruption in 2015, chadwick said. scientists are able to monitor the volcano through monitoring instruments and cables that extend from the coast, including seismometers that provide information on the earthquakes occurring near the volcano, chadwick said. "and so we actually have real time data from axial seamount, which is pretty unusual," he said. the axial seamount tends to expel "controlled" eruptions about a mile beneath the sea surface    deep enough and far enough away from the coast that it won't threaten human lives, scott nooner, a professor of geophysics at the university of north carolina at wilmington, told abc news. "if you were on a boat above the volcano, you wouldn't know at all that it had erupted," nooner said. while the eruption poses no danger to humans, an accurate prediction could put researchers closer to accurately being able to forecast volcanic eruptions, according to researchers. volcano eruptions are generally hard to predict outside of a short term time frame, nooner said. but using the axial seamount and the underwater "natural" laboratory to learn how to forecast volcanic eruptions is much safer than doing so on land, where false alarms could send people into a panic, chadwick said. "you don't want to issue false alarms and cause evacuations and and so forth," he said. "...we can kind of experiment with issuing a forecast and seeing if it works out or not." continuing to monitor the axial seamount will give researchers invaluable data to be able to more accurately predict volcanic eruptions    and further out, the researchers said. "volcanologists would like to be able to issue forecasts further out to give more warning, and that's generally harder to do," chadwick said. 24/7 coverage of breaking news and live events

supported by emergency services were deployed in readiness and schools were closed after more than 200 temblors struck in the aegean, near santorini, within 48 hours. by niki kitsantonis scientists said that the main hazard from the eruption on monday was increased levels of volcanic gas. by amanda holpuch nearly 90,000 people on the island of negros were ordered to seek shelter after mount kanlaon spewed deadly ash and lava. by camille elemia una erupción volcánica acabó con la vida de miles de habitantes de la ciudad romana. sus siluetas, enterradas bajo metros de ceniza, generaron historias y especulaciones. material genético extraído recientemente prueba que muchas eran incorrectas. by franz lidz in 79 a.d., a volcanic eruption engulfed a town’s residents. they weren’t all who scientists thought, newly extracted genetic material suggests. by franz lidz the authorities warned of more volcanic activity at mount lewotobi laki laki, which has erupted dozens of times in the past few weeks. by jin yu young and hasya nindita mount lewotobi laki laki erupted on sunday, killing several people and forcing others to flee their villages. by hannah yi the italian authorities carried out a drill of their plan to save a half million people from toxic fumes, deadly quakes or a full eruption. vesuvius isn’t the volcano they’re worried about. by elisabetta povoledo los astrónomos aún no han confirmado la existencia de exolunas, pero una señal molecular alrededor de una estrella lejana ofrece algunas de las mejores evidencias hasta el momento. by robin george andrews astronomers have yet to confirm the existence of exomoons, but a molecular signal around a far away star offers some of the best evidence yet. by robin george andrews earth scientists are working to determine the course of future lava flows in iceland’s southwestern corner one bucketful at a time. by gaia squarci and robin george andrews a volcano in iceland near the town of grindavik erupted on thursday. experts say the zone may continue to generate eruptions for years, potentially leading to the endangerment of nearby populated areas. by the associated press and reuters the latest eruption, the sixth since december, is part of increased volcanic activity that began in 2021. by sarah hurtes and claire moses scientists in an expedition to the mid atlantic ocean ridge lifted almost a mile of precious rocks from beneath an exotic feature linked to life’s possible beginning. by william j. broad la nación experimenta algún tipo de actividad volcánica cada tres o cuatro años. actualmente, se produce una erupción volcánica casi cada mes. by sarah hurtes the icelandic meteorological office has warned of an eruption “in the coming days.” by sarah hurtes while the volcano’s eruption was deadly, research shows that many people in the ancient roman city died in building collapses from the earthquake associated with the outburst. by jordan pearson clouds of ash went nearly 15,000 feet into the air, and the airport in catania, sicily, was forced to shut down because the runway was unusable. by emma bubola bright lava erupted from the volcano, trailing down the mountain, as a thick plume of smoke filled the sky and left streets covered in ash. by reuters and associated press a place of windswept, austere beauty, this corner of the canary islands is a growing l.g.b.t.q. destination as well as a perfect place to clear the mind. by alexander lobrano a fossil bed in the high atlas mountains of morocco is allowing new insights into the anatomies of arthropods that lived a half billion years ago. by jack tamisiea in “adventures in volcanoland,” the geologist tamsin mather takes us on a global and historical investigation of her life’s passion. by carl zimmer kilauea, the most active volcano in hawaii, began erupting early on monday morning. by ang li the volcano erupted three times in 2023. there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on monday. by victor mather una fisura en la cresta de la montaña sundhnjukar lanza lava a 45 metros de altura; horas antes se ordenó la evacuación de los sitios turísticos cercanos. by egill bjarnason nearly 800 guests staying at the blue lagoon spa and surrounding hotels were ordered to evacuate hours before a volcano in southwestern iceland erupted. by the associated press guests staying at the blue lagoon spa and surrounding hotels were ordered to evacuate hours before the eruption occurred. by egill bjarnason new software let scientists re examine old radar images, providing some of the strongest evidence yet that volcanoes continue to reshape the hellish planet. by robin george andrews heavy rain on the island of sumatra caused torrents of rock and ash to flow down a volcano and into nearby towns. at least 17 people were still missing. by yan zhuang and muktita suhartono hundreds of earthquakes were detected in the weeks preceding the eruption of the volcano in north sulawesi province. hundreds of people were evacuated. by christine hauser lightning struck while lava and ash spewed from mount ruang volcano in indonesia’s north sulawesi province. by the associated press ancient humans left behind numerous archaeological traces in the cavern, and scientists say there may be thousands more like it on the arabian peninsula to study. by robin george andrews a frescoed dining room is the latest find in an excavation campaign to shore up an area of the site, which was destroyed by a powerful volcanic eruption, and better preserve it. by elisabetta povoledo el volcán, uno de los más activos de europa, ha estado expulsando anillos de vórtice volcánico a gran velocidad. pero eso no significa que se avecine una gran explosión, según un experto. by elisabetta povoledo the volcano, one of europe’s most active, has been spewing volcanic vortex rings at a rapid pace. but that doesn’t mean a big explosion is on the way, one expert says. by elisabetta povoledo the volcano has been sending volcanic vortex rings into the sky over sicily for days. by the associated press volcanic eruptions are continuing in the reykjanes peninsula in iceland. streets are empty and the blue lagoon resort remains closed. by claire moses and tony cenicola in a country that relies heavily on visitors, hotels faced repeated evacuations, and one resort was temporarily shut. by emma bubola the eruption occurred near the town of grindavik, prompting an evacuation of the region. by reuters and the associated press the authorities said the eruption on saturday night was the most powerful of a series that started in december. by egill bjarnason and yan zhuang dozens of tourists and guides were killed or injured when a volcanic island erupted in 2019. the disaster was ruled to be a violation of new zealand’s workplace safety rules. by natasha frost dominica, a remote caribbean island, enchants with its waterfalls, hot springs and hummingbirds. but a new airport and more tourists could tame its wildness. by nina burleigh clean power, melting glaciers and carbon capture. by david gelles a volcano system in southwestern iceland erupted on thursday for the third time since december. by reuters the flowing lava poured over a key pipe that transports hot water from the local power plant to nearby towns. by egill bjarnason and emma bubola a team of scientists thinks the planet may have been thrust into its longest ice age because less gas leaked out of volcanoes. by katrina miller the second of a pair of close flybys adds to the treasure trove of data that scientists have about jupiter’s volcanic moon. by katrina miller in a country of fewer than 400,000, finding places for 3,700 residents is complicated by a tough housing market. by egill bjarnason and emma bubola hear the news in five minutes. by new york times audio the country has many earthquakes and eruptions, but now, “a daunting period of upheaval has begun” in the southwest, the president said. by egill bjarnason and emma bubola a volcano in iceland erupted after hundreds of earthquakes struck the reykjanes peninsula, spewing lava into grindavik, a small fishing town about 30 miles southwest of the country’s capital. by the associated press the latest eruption happened along a row of volcanoes on the reykjanes peninsula, where a fissure opened in december, creating a river of lava. by egill bjarnason and lynsey chutel the government told people to “think four times” before embarking on a hike to view the eruption. by jenny gross and egill bjarnason icelanders had been girding for an eruption. when it happened, they wanted to see it. by egill bjarnason and jenny gross la erupción, que comenzó el lunes, no fue inesperada. pero sí mayor de lo previsto por los vulcanólogos y no muy lejos de una ciudad evacuada y una central eléctrica by egill bjarnason and claire moses the eruption on the reykjanes peninsula sent lava gushing into the night sky. air travel did not appear to be affected. by egill bjarnason and cassandra vinograd hear the news in five minutes. by new york times audio the location of the fissure poses a risk to the nearby svartsengi power plant and to the town of grindavík, which was evacuated last month because of heightened seismic activity. by reuters and the associated press while monday’s eruption was not unexpected, it was larger than volcanologists had been predicting and took place not far from an evacuated town and a power plant. by egill bjarnason and claire moses clouds of volcanic ash hung over towns after mount marapi erupted in west sumatra province on sunday. thick layers of ash also covered cars and vegetation. by the associated press dozens of climbers were on mount marapi on sumatra when it began spewing ash, the authorities said. twelve were still missing. by hannah beech and rin hindryati according to a new study, living cells outnumber stars in the universe, highlighting the deep, underrated link between geophysics and biology. by dennis overbye a fishing town that was evacuated this month will probably be spared, but residents can’t return until all danger has passed. by claire moses las autoridades afirman que es probable que la interrupción del tráfico aéreo sea mínima. by claire moses as the country prepares for a possible volcanic eruption, it’s working to protect a power plant that serves 30,000 people. by claire moses while the authorities continue to warn of a volcanic eruption, they say that disruption to air travel will probably be minimal. by claire moses agotada por la vida en nueva york, una fotógrafa viajó al norte de chile para estudiar la sabiduría ancestral de los lickanantay, el pueblo indígena de la zona. esto es lo que vio. by irjaliina paavonpera officials said that “the likelihood of a volcanic eruption” in the near future was “considerable” in grindavik, home to about 4,000 people. by eduardo medina an ongoing eruption from the volcano has created a small land mass less than a mile off iwo jima island. it’s a great case study of how volcanoes work. by hisako ueno and mike ives burned out from life in new york, a photographer traveled to northern chile to study the ancient wisdom of the lickanantay, the area’s indigenous people. here’s what she saw. by irjaliina paavonpera two enormous blobs deep inside earth could be remnants of the birth of the moon. by kenneth chang the ruling brings an end to legal proceedings that began after the white island eruption killed 22 people in 2019. by yan zhuang a new model suggests that in 250 million years, all land will collide into a supercontinent that boosts warming and pushes mammals to extinction. by carl zimmer the volcano, located on the big island, last erupted in june. the hawaiian volcano observatory said there was no immediate threat to people or property. by jin yu young for the first time, scientists observed tubeworms and other complex ocean creatures dwelling beneath hydrothermal vents. by robin george andrews a new study offers clues to the mysteries of kimberlite eruptions, the source of most of the diamonds mined on earth today. by maya wei haas data from two chinese orbiters helped a team of scientists explain why a patch of lunar terrain is so much warmer than the surrounding area. by kenneth chang officials described the eruption, which happened roughly 20 miles from reykjavik, as small and posing no immediate risks. by reuters larger eruptions have disrupted european air travel, but officials said this small one, in an uninhabited area that until recently had been dormant for centuries, posed no immediate risks. by orlando mayorquin the volcano on the big island gave hints in the past month that an eruption might be imminent. by remy tumin kilauea on the big island erupted early wednesday morning, sending lava spewing and spreading across its summit. by usgs via associated press officials were preparing evacuation routes and shelters around the volcano, popocatépetl, and some schools and parks were closed to minimize exposure to falling ash. by jesus jiménez time lapse videos show popocatépetl, a volcano in central mexico, spewing ash and volcanic gases. its increased activity temporarily shut down mexico city’s two main airports. by the associated press uninterested in the extreme altitudes of kilimanjaro, a writer opted instead to explore the region’s vast calderas, abundant wildlife and rare forms of lava. by patrick scott the eruption of shiveluch, on a remote peninsula in eastern russia, sent a giant cloud of debris into the sky and smothered villages in a thick layer of brown volcanic dust. by isabella kwai video from a russian state news agency appears to show streets, cars and houses blanketed in a thick layer of volcanic ash. by storyful, reuters and the associated press some scientists think we can better understand volcanoes by learning how the gaseous vortexes emerge. by carolyn wilke x ray technology has allowed researchers a glimpse at the reaches of the yellowstone landmark’s prized stone and its importance to indigenous people. by jim robbins this month’s oscar adjacent picks include films about a couple of volcanologists and a couple of mars rovers. by ben kenigsberg also, a chinese balloon floats over latin america. by amelia nierenberg and mariah kreutter

the 3,800 inhabitants of south western icelandic town fear they may never be able to return home residents of the icelandic town of grindavík fear they may not be able to return to their homes after volcanic lava destroyed several houses and damaged water and electricity supplies. the fagradalsfjall volcano erupted for the second time in less than a month on sunday morning, hours after the authorities had instructed residents to leave the fishing town in the south west of the island after a “swarm” of mini earthquakes suggested an eruption was imminent. david ingi bustion, 31, an architect whose family has lived in the town for three generations, said the latest fissures had left grindavík’s 3,800 residents in limbo, with some questioning whether the town would ever be habitable again. “we don’t know what will happen now. it has thrown a question mark over people’s lives,” bustion said. “a few houses have burned but the water pipes and electricity have been damaged so there is no heating and it’s been really cold.” the volcano appeared to be less active on monday but the icelandic meteorological office said in a statement that the area was high risk and new fissures could open without warning. “it is difficult to estimate how long this eruption will last,” it added. the eruption   the fifth to hit the reykjanes peninsula since 2021   places the residents of grindavík in a new state of uncertainty. a powerful volcanic eruption occurred near the town on 18 december after weeks of earthquakes, but grindavík’s inhabitants had already been evacuated as a precaution. more than 100 people had returned in recent weeks, only to be evacuated again at the weekend. “most of our family had moved back to grindavík and were there when it happened. at 3am sunday morning they were woken up by sirens and had to flee. people have reacted differently, but one of my cousins was very startled. most people didn’t know if it was going to affect the town and just had to get their stuff and leave,” bustion said. “from what we have been told it doesn’t seem like there will be any more direct destruction inside the town, but the problem is there is no water or heating.” for the residents of grindavík, which sits about 25 miles (40km) south west of the icelandic capital, reykjavík, the latest eruption was a setback, bustion said. “we were all going to move back and there’s been a lot of effort to that end. i’m an architect and my company was going to make a new town centre project pro bono, but today it’s hard to know if the town will be habitable again. it’s too soon to tell.” he added: “people living in iceland have been quite fortunate economically and life has been quite stable but this episode but a big question mark over our lives. many people have mortgages on property that is basically worthless now.” the eruptions have caused no confirmed deaths but a man is missing after reportedly falling into a fissure. iceland’s president, guðni th jóhannesson, said in a televised address late on sunday the country was battling “tremendous forces of nature”. “a daunting period of upheaval has begun,” he said. “we continue to hope for as good an outcome as possible … we will carry on with our responsibilities and we will continue to stand together.” magnús tumi guðmundsson, a geophysicist at the university of iceland, said on monday the volcanic activity had decreased considerably overnight but it was impossible to say when it would end. iceland sits above a volcanic hotspot in the north atlantic and averages one eruption every four to five years. the most disruptive in recent times was the 2010 eruption of the eyjafjallajokull volcano, which spewed clouds of ash into the atmosphere and disrupted air travel for months. live video footage on monday showed orange lava still flowing to the surface but apparently at smaller volumes and further away from grindavík. geologists on sunday said magma corridors were believed to be flowing underneath the abandoned town, however, posing continued risk. “unfortunately [the lava] went a little bit more south than we had hoped for,” the head of iceland’s civil protection and emergency management, víðir reynisson, told a press conference late on sunday. he said defensive barriers built to the north of the town had helped divert the flows of lava to the west, away from grindavík. “this is serious, it’s basically as bad as it can possibly get. although it might get even worse, who knows,” one evacuated resident, jon gauti dagbjartsson, told reuters late on sunday. “i live in the house that i was born in and it’s a tough thought to think that this town might be over, and i would have to start all over somewhere else. but if that’s the case, then that’s exactly what we’ll do.” the icelandic government is meeting on monday to decide on support for the people of grindavík. “we need to put a lot of extra efforts into finding more housing, suitable housing,” the prime minister, katrin jakobsdóttir, said. on monday tourists spoke of the “very scary” moment when they realised an eruption was under way. kate coppola, 29, a reinsurance broker, and her boyfriend, tom hawkins, 28, both australians living in london, were staying at the blue lagoon hotel near grindavík to see the northern lights when they were forced to evacuate. “we went to bed on saturday night and everything was normal. i woke up around 3.30am and felt a series of small shakes which at first i thought was my boyfriend twitching in his sleep. then i thought perhaps i’d imagined it but as i was awake and as we were there to see the northern lights i went to the window. that’s when a bigger earthquake hit and the glass rattled so i knew it was an earthquake. “i woke tom up and we just sat there, then around 3.45am i had a message on my phone saying ‘evacuate, evacuate’. a wave of sickness came over me and i threw a jacket over my pyjamas and was heading for reception to ask what the procedure was but the hotel alarms went off and in the corridor a member of staff said we needed to evacuate.”

manage your account manila, philippines (ap)   a plume of hot ash and gases up to 3 kilometers (1.8 miles) high forced residents to seek shelter after a volcano in the philippines erupted on monday. there were no immediate reports of casualties in the latest explosion of mount kanlaon, on central negros island, but authorities shut schools and imposed a nighttime curfew after ash falling in several villages clouded the the visibility of motorists and sparked health concerns. “it sounded like a cannon,” mayor jose chubasco cardenas of canlaon city, which lies southeast of the volcano, told the associated press by telephone. “there have been quiet eruptions before, but this was one very loud.” see for yourself   the yodel is the go to source for daily news, entertainment and feel good stories. by signing up, you agree to our terms and privacy policy. disaster response officials raised the danger level around kanlaon due to “a greater risk of hazardous volcanic activity” and ordered villagers within a 6 kilometer (3.7 mile) radius of the crater to be evacuated. about 100 people had fled to emergency shelters in canlaon by nightfall after the midafternoon volcanic eruption, cardenas said. the number of displaced people could reach more than 2,000 due to stronger prospects of more eruption, he added. the philippines' institute of volcanology and seismology said the eruption had caused a pyroclastic density current   a superhot stream of ash, debris and rocks that can incinerate anything in its path. the alert level around kanlaon is at the third highest of a five step warning system, indicating “magmatic eruption has begun that may progress to further explosive eruptions." the 2,435 meter (7,988 foot) volcano, one of the country’s 24 most active volcanoes, last erupted in june sending hundreds of villagers to emergency shelters. located in the so called pacific “ring of fire,” a region prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the philippines is also lashed by about 20 typhoons and storms a year and is among the countries most prone to natural disasters.

thousands of locals flee the picturesque island as experts say rolling tremors ‘not linked to volcanic activity’. greek prime minister kyriakos mitsotakis has appealed for calm as hundreds of rolling earthquakes have left the residents of santorini island, and its neighbours in the aegean sea, rattled. records from the european mediterranean seismological centre (emsc) showed the quakes were continuing to occur a few minutes apart as of 7am on tuesday (05:00 gmt), with the largest quake recorded at magnitude 5.1 on monday afternoon. speaking from brussels, mitsotakis said authorities have been monitoring a “very intense” geological phenomenon over recent days, before urging “our islanders above all to remain calm”. thousands of locals and holidaymakers have crowded onto ferries and flights to leave santorini and the neighbouring islands of anafi, ios and amorgos, amid fears the tremors, which have so far caused minimal damage and no injuries, could indicate a larger earthquake is coming. the picturesque crescent shaped santorini island is home to a dormant volcano, but an expert committee set up to monitor the situation said an estimated 200 quakes of magnitude 3 or more had been registered, but stressed the phenomenon was “not linked to volcanic activity”. prominent greek seismologist gerasimos papadopoulos cautioned that the current earthquake sequence   displayed on live seismic maps as a growing cluster of dots between the islands of santorini, ios, amorgos, and anafi   could indicate a larger impending event. “all scenarios remain open,” papadopoulos wrote in an online post. “the number of tremors has increased, magnitudes have risen, and epicentres have shifted northeast. while these are tectonic quakes, not volcanic, the risk level has escalated,” he said. an intense earthquake swarm is rattling the island of santorini, greece, leading to evacuations. earlier today, a m5.1 earthquake joined this swarm   the strongest so far. pic.twitter.com/yyjfwv7asq   nahel belgherze (@wxnb_) february 3, 2025 santorini draws more than three million visitors annually to its whitewashed villages built along dramatic cliffs formed by a massive volcanic eruption around 1620 bc, considered to be one of the largest in human history. that eruption destroyed a large part of the island, blanketed a wide area in metres of ash and is believed to have contributed to the decline of the ancient minoan civilisation, which had flourished in the region. although santorini still has an active volcano, the last notable eruption occurred in 1950. “what we must realise is that the santorini volcano produces very large explosions every 20,000 years,” efthymios lekkas, seismologist and head of the scientific monitoring committee for the hellenic volcanic arc, said last week. “it’s been 3,000 years since the last explosion, so we have a very long time ahead of us before we face a big explosion.” according to the afp news agency, some 2,000 people left santorini by sea on sunday and monday, with ferry operators and airlines saying they were adding services to help more people leave after a request from the country’s ministry for climate crisis and civil protection. in recent years, instagram fame has brought tourism on the island to saturation point, although cooler winter weather means it is far from peak season yet. kostas sakavaras, a tourist guide who has lived on the island for 17 years, told afp he had never experienced this level of seismic activity before. “it was shaking every three to four hours yesterday. this feels different from the other times,” he said. sakavaras said he left the island on sunday with his wife and two children, on a ferry full of passengers. “we plan to stay [on the mainland] until the end of the week. i think it’s going to escalate tomorrow and i hope then it will calm down,” he said. emergency crews have helped to set up tents in a basketball court next to the island’s main hospital as a staging area while schools on all four islands have closed. push alerts have also been sent to mobile phones, warning people to stay away from areas where rockslides could occur, and banning access to some coastal areas. follow al jazeera english:

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sign up sign in sign up sign in member only story shain e. thomas follow vincit omnia veritas    1 share the rsf (rapid support forces), on monday, 3 june 2024, announced the establishment of a civil administration in the state of south darfur. the rsf control fully south darfur. www.altaghyeer.info a syrian man, on monday, 3 june 2024, was reportedly arrested after throwing a molotov cocktail at the israeli embassy in bucharest, romania. he was apparently attempting to self immolate. apnews.com the value of gamestop shares, on monday, 3 june 2024, increased by 21% after keith gill posts a $116 million investment on reddit.       1 random articles with an m.sc. from the university of north texas, i’m a freelance journalist and a social historian. #apstylebook #bbcstyleguide http://shainethomas.com/ help status about careers press blog privacy terms text to speech teams
supported by the volcano erupted three times in 2023. there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents on monday. by victor mather kilauea, the most active volcano in hawaii, began erupting early on monday morning. kilauea, in the southeast part of the big island, erupted three times last year. because the eruption was happening near the summit, there did not appear to be any immediate danger to residents. the eruption began at 12:30 a.m. local time. magma was rising from beneath the surface and “fountaining” up through cracks, the united states geological survey said. rather than the hundreds of feet you might expect in a classic, major volcanic eruption, michael poland, a geophysicist with the u.s.g.s., said the lava at kilauea was rising only “tens of feet” on monday. u.s. geological survey by john keefe in 2023, kilauea erupted in january, june and september. a major eruption in 2018 destroyed 700 homes. “from 1983 to 2018, all of the activity came from two vents,” mr. poland said. “since 2018, it has gone away from a period of steady eruptions. now it has discrete, usually shortish eruptions happening in several different places. now we’re getting eruptions happening in places we haven’t seen in 50 years.” recent eruptions have typically lasted six to eight hours. “unlike 2018, when lava was coming out in people’s backyards, these are in the national park,” mr. poland said, referring to hawaii volcanoes national park. the volcano alert level was raised monday to a warning from a watch, the normal move when an eruption starts. scientists had been watching for an eruption after about 250 earthquakes were recorded beneath kilauea’s summit over an eight hour period before the eruption. earthquakes are sometimes a precursor to eruption. the strongest quake was a magnitude 4.1 temblor at 9:12 p.m., about three hours before the eruption.