1. FLP-1 and NLP-1 neuropeptides inhibit the activity of polymodal nociceptive neurons such as ASH and PVD via G-protein coupled receptors. This inhibits the sensing of painful stimuli upstream in the pathway.

2. Neuropeptides such as NLP-3 and FLP-18 act on interneurons such as AVA and AVD to inhibit their activity. These interneurons otherwise relay and amplify signals from nociceptive sensory neurons. By inhibiting the interneurons, the propagation of pain signals is moderated.

3. Neuropeptides such as NLP-9 and NLP-10 act on motor neurons to reduce painful reflex responses. This modulates pain output pathways and leads to more measured responses to painful stimuli.

So in general, the pain modulation by neuropeptides in C. elegans acts at multiple points along the sensory, relay and output pathways to regulate the response to painful stimuli. The combinatorial action of various neuropeptides allows for nuanced control and modulation of nociception.
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