In Judaism there are the concepts of tikkun olam, mitzvot and the idea of a personal mission are related concepts that can be compared to the Christian concept of vocation and the order of creation.  Likewise, in Islam fitrah, ibadah, and the idea of a personal destiny are similar to the Christian concept of vocation and the order of creation.

Sources:

Sacks, Jonathan. To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility. Schocken, 2005.
Steinsaltz, Adin. The Thirteen Petalled Rose: A Discourse on the Essence of Jewish Existence and Belief. Basic Books, 2006.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islamic Life and Thought. State University of New York Press, 1981.
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