There are several different racial studies with different classification methods in classical anthropology, which refers to the period of anthropology from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. A widely used classification method is proposed by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach using skull anatomy and skin color, which consists of 5 races:

- The Caucasian race (white race). They are mainly from Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, or the Horn of Africa.
- The Mongolian race (yellow race). They are mainly from East or Southeast Asia. 
- The Malay race (brown race). They are mainly from Pacific Islands.
- The Ethiopian race (black race). They are mainly from Sub-Saharan Africa.
- The American race (red race). They are mainly from the Americas.

Blumenbach emphasized that the differences in morphology were small, gradual, and transiently connected, making it impossible to separate these varieties clearly. The idea of race also began to evolve as an ideology about human differences in the New World in the late 17th century, and associating geographical locations with different races is not accurate.
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