Brown dwarfs are formed along with stars by the contraction of gases and dust in a molecular cloud. However, unlike stars, brown dwarfs are not massive enough to ignite nuclear fusion and shine like stars. Brown dwarfs are typically composed of hydrogen and helium, but can also contain other elements like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. The mass of a brown dwarf determines its temperature, and the temperature affects its luminosity and color. Brown dwarfs with masses lower than 13 Jupiter masses (Mjup) cannot shine like stars, and are instead much cooler and fainter. This makes them difficult to observe and identify.
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