A fireplace damper is a small door in the chimney that allows smoke to escape up and out of the fireplace. If the damper is closed or not suitably open, smoke from the fire will escape through the fireplace door and into the room. While it is possible that your fireplace doesn't have a damper, it is highly unlikely because this would be a serious hazard to anyone in the home and detrimental to life due to carbon monoxide poisoning. 

If you believe you have a damper issue with your fireplace, before starting a fire, you should contact a fireplace professional immediately to have it inspected and resolved. If you have started a fire and cannot get the fireplace damper open, you should close the door to the fireplace to prevent smoke from entering the room and home. If you are unable to do this, and smoke is entering into the room, you should exit the home and call the fire department or police immediately for emergency service.
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