Do you mean city size in terms of land area or population for your first question.

8558.491 km or 5318 mi is the distance between London and California.

The earth's diameter as it is known for a sphere is 7917 miles or 12741.18 kilometers.

The distance between earth and the moon is 122.27 million miles.

We are constantly discovering new planets so I am unable to answer the sixth and seventh question.
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