Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity with zero electrical resistance, meaning that electric current can flow through them without any loss of energy. This remarkable property makes superconductors very useful in a wide range of applications, such as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, particle accelerators, and power transmission lines.

A superconductor is generally considered low-temperature if it reaches a superconducting state at a temperature of below 30 K (−243.15 °C). They are cooled mainly by liquid helium (critical temperature > 4.2 K), which is a lot more difficult and energy consuming than reaching the temperature for high-temperature superconductors. For high-temperature superconductors it's often sufficient to cool them using liquid nitrogen (critical temperature > 77 K).
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