Based on the details you provided, the book you're describing may be "The Nine Billion Names of God" by Arthur C. Clarke. This short story was first published in 1953 and is considered a science fiction classic.

While the story doesn't involve supercomputers, it does involve a group of people who visit a remote monastery where a group of Tibetan monks are using a massive computer to generate all of the nine billion possible names of God. The monks believe that once this task is complete, the universe will come to an end and God will be able to begin a new creation.

The visitors at the monastery eventually convince the monks to let them leave, despite the fact that they haven't finished generating all of the names. As they depart, they see the stars in the sky begin to blink out, one by one.

The story ends with the visitors looking back at the monastery and seeing that it has disappeared, as if it never existed. While the story doesn't have the same ending that you described, it does have a haunting and thought-provoking conclusion that might be similar in tone.
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