Market failure is when the market doesn't work the way it's supposed to, and this can happen for different reasons. For example:

* Externalities are the costs or benefits that affect people who are not directly involved in a transaction. For instance, if a factory pollutes a river, the people who live downstream will suffer the consequences of the pollution, but they didn't have a say in the decision to build the factory. This is a negative externality, and it can lead to market failure because the factory owner doesn't have to pay the full cost of their actions.
* Welfare loss occurs when there is a net loss of benefits to society due to a market failure. For example, if the government taxes cigarettes to reduce smoking, but people keep smoking anyway, there may be a welfare loss because people are worse off due to the tax.
* Allocative efficiency means that resources are allocated to their most valuable use. In a perfectly competitive market, the price of a good or service reflects its true value, and resources are allocated efficiently. However, in the real world, markets are rarely perfectly competitive, and there may be market failures that prevent allocative efficiency.

Real-life examples of market failure and related terms include:

* Traffic congestion: When too many cars are on the road, it can lead to externalities like air pollution, noise, and accidents. The cost of these externalities is not fully borne by drivers, so they don't have an incentive to drive less. This can lead to a welfare loss for society as a whole, and it's not allocatively efficient because some people might be willing to pay more to avoid traffic, but they can't because there are no good alternatives.
* Climate change: The emission of greenhouse gases is a negative externality because it affects people all around the world, not just the ones who emit the gases. This can lead to market failure because the cost of emitting greenhouse gases is not fully reflected in the price of fossil fuels, so people don't have an incentive to reduce their emissions. This can lead to a welfare loss for future generations, who will have to deal with the consequences of climate change.
* Education: Education is a public good that provides benefits to society as a whole, not just to the people who receive it. However, the market may not provide enough education because people may not be able to afford it, or they may not see the benefits of education in the short term. This can lead to a welfare loss for society as a whole because there may be talented people who don't get the education they need to reach their full potential.

Overall, most economic jargon is just that - jargon. It can be useful to have precise terms to describe complex concepts, but we should remember that the economy is just a human invention, and it doesn't always work the way it's supposed to. We should be careful not to assume that the market is always efficient or fair, and we should be open to alternative ways of organizing the economy that may better serve the needs of people and the planet
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