Of the strategies proposed, the following are feasible with a low budget:

Increase the agitation rate: Agitation can help to mix the nutrients, oxygen, and waste products in the culture media and improve the rate of diffusion.

Optimize the culture conditions: Optimizing the culture conditions such as temperature, pH, and oxygen levels can help to improve the rate of diffusion and cell growth.

Use of oxygen-scavenging systems: Using oxygen-scavenging systems, such as catalase, can help to remove excess oxygen and prevent oxygen toxicity in the culture.

Sparging: Sparging, or introducing gases into the culture media, can help to increase the oxygen levels and improve the rate of diffusion.

Increasing the surface area to volume ratio, increasing the oxygen content of the culture media, using oxygen-enriched media, and supplementing with growth factors may require additional equipment or resources and may not be feasible with a low budget.
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