In C. elegans, neuropeptides such as FMRFamide, neuropeptide Y-like peptides, and insulin-like peptides modulate nociception through the G protein-coupled receptor NPR-1. FMRFamide can increase or decrease sensitivity to noxious stimuli depending on its concentration, and other neuropeptides likely act in a similar manner. These neuropeptides provide a flexible and adaptive mechanism for regulating nociception in response to changes in the environment.
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