1. The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2100 BCE) - This ancient Mesopotamian epic poem explores themes of mortality, friendship, and the search for eternal life.

2. The Bhagavad Gita (c. 500 BCE) - A part of the Indian epic Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita deals with themes of duty, action, and the nature of existence.

3. The Book of Ecclesiastes (c. 450-200 BCE) - This book from the Hebrew Bible explores the meaning of life, the nature of existence, and the pursuit of happiness.

4. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius (c. 161-180 CE) - Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius' personal reflections on Stoic philosophy, which deals with themes of mortality, virtue, and the nature of existence.

5. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (c. 1308-1321) - This epic poem explores themes of life, death, and the afterlife through the journey of the protagonist through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.

6. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1387-1400) - A collection of stories that explore various aspects of human nature, including the meaning of life and the nature of existence.

7. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes (1605, 1615) - This novel deals with themes of reality and illusion, exploring the nature of existence and the human condition.

8. Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851) - This novel explores themes of obsession, mortality, and the nature of existence through the story of Captain Ahab's pursuit of the white whale.

9. Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky (1866) - This novel deals with themes of guilt, redemption, and the nature of existence, as the protagonist struggles with the consequences of his actions.

10. The Stranger by Albert Camus (1942) - This existentialist novel explores themes of the absurdity of life, the nature of existence, and the human condition through the story of a man who is indifferent to the world around him.
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