In order to measure the composition of the sun, the usual method is spectral analysis, which measure's the photosphere or outer shell only. However, different layers of the sun have different compositions. 
* Outer Shell / Photosphere - 73.5% Hydrogen, 24.9% Helium, 0.77% Oxygen, 0.29% Carbon, 0.16% Iron, 0.12% Neon, 0.09% Nitrogen, 0.07% Silicon, 0.05% Magnesium, 0.04% Sulfur.
* Core - About 60% of the hydrogen should've fused into helium.
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