Devices, systems, and methods for neuromodulation are provided. For example, a neuromodulation system is disclosed that comprises an implantable neuromodulation module having a photodiode configured to generate electrical current in response to receiving light from an optical fiber; an optical transceiver; and at least one electrode configured to provide electrical stimulation to a nerve utilizing the electrical current generated by the photodiode. As another example, a method of neuromodulation is disclosed that comprises receiving light at a photodiode of a neuromodulation module and generating electrical current in response to receiving the light; and providing, via at least one electrode of the module positioned within the patient, electrical stimulation to a nerve of the patient utilizing the electrical current generated by the photodiode.
Optically based devices, systems, and methods for neuromodulation stimulation and monitoring