ML-based voltage fingerprinting of controlled message errors and reference truth values for ECU mapping and messages for a CAN bus. Systems, apparatus, and methods are provided that use a machine learning model to identify an electronic control unit that transmits messages on a communication bus, such as an in-vehicle network bus, to establish a reference truth value for an intrusion detection system. Voltage features for overlapping message identification (MID) numbers are folded and trained for a single ECU tag.
ML-based voltage fingerprinting of controlled message error and reference truth for ECU mapping and messages for CAN bus