Systems, devices, and methods of the present invention validate argumentation in text. In an example, an application forms a communicative discourse tree from a subset of text by matching each fragment of the subset that has a verb to a verb signature. The application identifies that the subset includes an argument by applying a classification model trained to detect argumentation to the communicative discourse tree. The application further creates a logic system based on a claim of the argument, a domain definition clause associated with a domain of the text, a set of defeasible rules based on the communicative discourse tree, and a set of facts from one or more of the communicative actions of the communicative discourse tree. The application evaluates a consistency of the argument with respect to itself and with respect to the domain definition clauses by solving the logic system, thereby validating a claim associated with the argument.
Enabling chatbots by validating argumentation