Disclosed are computer-implemented methods, non-transitory computer-readable media, and systems for face anti-spoofing. One computer-implemented method includes receiving, by a server and from a user device, a plurality of images of a user face, each of the plurality of images corresponding to a facial expression performed by a user in response to each interaction challenge of a plurality of interaction challenges. The plurality of images are concatenated into a concatenated image. A convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier is used to obtain a confidence score for the concatenated image. A liveness of the user face is determined based on a comparison of the confidence score and a threshold value.
Methods and devices for face anti-spoofing