PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a system including a manipulator having an arm and a multi fingered end-effector coupled to the distal end of the arm, the system having more superior determining capability.SOLUTION: A system includes a manipulator having an arm and a multi fingered end-effector coupled to the distal end of the arm. The end-effector may include an optical proximity sensor configured to detect the distance to an object prior to contact with the object. The end-effector may include an optical proximity sensor configured to detect a measurement of force applied to the object by the manipulator post contact with the object. The measurement of force may be a range of force measurements including a minimum, a maximum and a measurement between or within the minimum and the maximum.
NON-CONTACT OPTICAL DISTANCE AND TACTILE SENSING SYSTEM AND METHOD