An apparatus comprises a flexible substrate. The flexible substrate includes a first substrate surface, a surface electrode array that includes a plurality of electrodes disposed on the first substrate surface, one or more flexible neural probes substantially orthogonal to the first substrate surface and insertable into biological tissue, and a penetrating electrode array that includes a plurality of electrodes formed on the one or more flexible neural probes, wherein electrodes of the surface electrode array and the penetrating electrode array are configured to one or both of receive a neural signal from a neural signal source and provide electrical stimulation energy to a neural stimulation target.
Hybrid clustered neural interface system