['Epidemiological', 'Survey', 'of', 'Workers', 'Exposed', 'to', 'Cadmium', 'Effect', 'on', 'Lung,', 'Kidney,', 'and', 'Several', 'Biological', 'Indices', 'Robert', 'R.', 'Louwerys,', 'ﬁD.', 'DSc;', 'Jean', 'P.', 'Buchet,', 'PhD;', 'Harry', 'A.', 'Roels,', 'PhD;', 'Joaé', 'Brouwers,', 'MD;', 'Dan', 'Stanescu,', 'MD,', 'Brussels', 'Pulmonary', 'venuialory', 'function', 'and', 'varl-', 'out', 'biological', 'Indices', 'have', 'been', 'Investl-', 'In', 'groups', 'of', 'workers', 'exposed', 'to', 'cadmium', 'dust', '(wornen', 'with', 'toss', 'then', '20', 'exposure', '[E1),', 'men', 'with', 'tess', 'thon', '20', "years'", 'oxpomro_[i?].', 'and', 'men', 'with', 'more', 'than', '20', 'yesrs®', 'exposuse', '[E3])', 'and', 'in', 'three', 'matched', 'control', 'groups.', 'Tho', 'current', 'Cd', 'dust', 'concentration', 'the', 'workrooms', 'was', 'below', 'the', 'sctluat', 'threshold', 'value', '(200u.p/cu', 'm).', 'A', 'stight', 'but', 'significant', 'reduction', 'in', 'gorced', 'capacity.', 'th', 'torced', 'expiratory', 'volume', 'one', 'second,', 'and', 'in', 'peak', 'ox-', 'piratory', 'fiow', 'tate', 'was', 'lound', 'in', 'E3', 'work.', 'ars.', 'Kigney', 'damage', 'wes', 'more', 'pravalent', 'than', 'pulmonary', 'ventllslory', 'changos,', 'since', 'excessive', 'protelhwia', 'was', 'obsorved', 'n', '15%', 'ol', 'E2', 'workers', 'and', 'in', '68%', 'of', 'EJ', 'workers.', 'The', 'electrophoretic', 'patiom', 'of', 'the', 'urinary', 'proteins', 'suggoests', 'that', 'the', 'lo-', 'aton', 'Is', 'firet', 'glomorular', 'and', '(dter', 'Becomes', 'predominantly', 'tubular', '(mixed', 'prolein.', 'uris).', 'Cadmium', 'is', 'a', 'systemic', 'cumnulative', 'poison,', 'injuring', 'mainly', 'the', 'kid-', 'neys', 'and', 'lungs', 'of', 'workers', 'chronically', 'exposed', 'to', 'its', 'dust', 'and', 'fumes.*?', 'The', 'Amcrican', 'Conference', 'of', 'Gov-', 'ernmental', 'Industrial', 'Hygienists', 'has', 'proposed', '&', 'threshold', 'limit', 'value', 'Bubmitted', 'for', 'publication', 'July', '2', '1973', 'ac', 'copted', 'Sept', '§', 'rom', 'the', '{adustrial', 'end', 'Medical', 'Toxicology', 'Unit', '(Dn.', 'Loauwerys,', 'Buchet.', 'and', 'KRoels).', 'Indue-', 'triat', 'Hygiene', 'Unit', '{Dr.', 'Brovwersy,', 'and', 'Cordio', 'Pulmonan', 'Lsboratory', '(Dr.', 'Stancscu).', 'Louvan', 'Univernty,', 'Brossels', 'Reprint', 'reguests', 'to', 'Université', 'Catholique', 'de', 'Louvam,', '4.', 'Avenue', 'Chapelle-aux-Champs,', 'B-', '1200,', 'Bruasels', '(Dr.', 'Lauwerys).', '>', 'e', 'Arch', 'Environ', 'Mepith/Vol', 'tjMnrch', '1974', 'N', '(TLV)', 'of', '200ug', '/cu', 'm', 'for', 'Cd', 'dusts', 'and', '2', 'maximum', 'allowable', 'concentration', 'of', '100pg7cu', 'm', 'for', 'Cd', 'fumes.*', 'Follow-', 'ing', 'their', 'observations', 'on', 'Cd-induced', 'proteinuria', 'made', 'over', 'ten', 'years,', 'Adams', 'et', 'al*', 'suggested', 'that', 'the', 'TLV', 'for', 'Cé', 'oxide', 'dust', 'should', 'be', '100ug/cu', 'm', 'at', 'most.', 'On', 'the', 'basis', 'of', 'a', 'very', 'lim.', 'ited', 'survey', '(only', '13', 'workers)', 'Tsu-', 'chiya®', 'recommended', 'a', 'TLV', 'of', '50ug/', 'cu', 'm', 'for', 'Cd', 'fumes,', 'because', 'work-', 'ers', 'exposed', 'to', 'an', 'average', 'Cd', 'fume', 'eoncentration', 'of', '130xg/cu', 'm', 'for', 'loss', 'than', '12', 'years', 'exhibited', 'slight', 'pro-', 'teinuria', 'and', 'moderate', 'anemia.', 'In', 'Finland,', 'the', 'permissible', 'concentra-', 'tion', 'in', 'workroom', 'air', 'is', '20pg/cu', 'm', 'for', 'dust', 'and', '10sg/cu', 'm', 'for', 'fumes.*', 'As', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'general', 'agreement', 'about', 'the', 'permissible', 'Cd', 'concentra-', 'tion', 'in', 'workroom', 'air', 'to', 'which', 'the', 'workers', 'may', 'be', 'continually', 'exposed', 'without', 'impairment', 'of', 'their', 'health,', 'we', 'have', 'studied', 'the', 'pulmonary', 'fune', 'tion', 'and', 'the', 'prevalence', 'of', 'distur-', 'bances', 'of', 'the', 'kidneys', 'and', 'of', 'several', 'biological', 'indices', 'in', 'workers', 'exposed', 'to', 'Cd', 'dust.', 'Materials', 'and', 'Methods', 'The', 'workers', 'were', 'attached', 'to', 'three', 'dif-', 'ferent', 'factoties:', 'an', 'electronic', 'workshop,', '¢', 'picke)', 'Cd', 'storage', 'battery', 'factory,', 'and', 'a', 'Cd-producing', 'plant.', '1n', 'each', '{actory', '&', 'con-', 'tro)', 'greup', 'was', 'sclected', 'to', 'match', 'the', 'ex.', 'posed', 'group', 'according', '0', 'sex.', 'age,', 'weight,', 'height,', 'emoking', 'habits,', 'and', 'socioeconomic', 'atatus.', 'The', 'total', 'airborne', 'Cd', 'concentration', 'was', 'determined', 'in', 'the', 'breathing', 'zones', 'of', 'the', 'workers', 'at', 'the', 'ditferent', 'work', 'sites', '(ex-', 'poscd', 'and', 'control)', 'during', 'the', 'present', 'sur-', 'vey.', 'Respirsble', 'Cd', 'dust', '(werodynsmic', 'diameter', '<5p)', 'was', 'olso', 'measured', 'ol', 'the', 'most', 'polluted', 'sites.', 'Each', 'air', 'sampling', 'was', 'performed', 'during', 'approximately', 'four', 'bours', 'and', 'was', 'repeated', 'four', 'to', 'five', 'times.', 'Cadmium', 'concentration', 'wzs', 'determined', 'by', 'atomic', 'absorption', 'spectrophotometry.', 'The', 'European', 'Community', 'for', 'Coal', 'and', 'Steel', 'questionnaire', 'on', '¢hronic', 'bronchitis', 'was', 'administered', 'to', 'each', 'worker.', 'Maximal', 'expiratory', 'flow-volume', 'eurves', 'were', 'ob-', 'tained', 'by', 'displaying', 'on', 'a', 'storage', 'o', 'cilloscope', 'flow', 'rate,', 'messured', 'with', 'a', 'Fleisch', '4', 'pnevmotechograph,', 've', 'volume', 'obtained', 'by', 'integration', 'of', 'flow', 'rate.', 'Each', 'worker', 'performed', 'at', 'Jeast', 'four', 'forced', 'vital', '<capacity', '(FVC)', 'maneuvers.', 'An', 'electronice', 'apparatus', 'enabled', 'the', 'digital', 'readout', 'of', 'the', 'following', 'indices:', 'FVC,', 'forced', 'expira-', 'tory', 'volume', 'in', 'one', 'second', '(FEV,),', 'peak', 'expirstory', 'flow', 'rate', '(PEFR).', 'maximal', 'ex-', 'piratory', 'flow', 'rate', 'at', '0%', '(V,,)', 'and', 'a1', '2%', '(Vo)', 'of', 'the', 'FVC,', 'and', 'the', 'time', 'required', 'to', 'expire', '50%', 'of', 'the', 'FVC', '(T,.,).', 'Higbest', 'val-', 'ues', 'are', 'reported.', 'The', 'following', 'biological', 'indices', 'were', 'de-', 'termined', 'the', 'Cd', 'concentration', 'in', 'blood', 'and', 'urine’;', 'the', 'plasma', 'enzymes*', 'S-galac-', 'tosidase', '(Enzyme', 'Classification', '3.2.1.23),', 'Iactate', 'dehydrogenase', '(LDH)', '(EC', '1.1', 'L27),', 'ecatalase', '(EC', '1.11.1.6),', 'and', 'cholinesierase', '{CHE)', '(EC', '8118);', 'the', 'red', 'blood', 'ecll', 'acetykcholinesterase*', '(RBC-ACHE).', 'and', 'the', 'hematocrit', 'reading.', 'After', 'dialysis', 'of', 'the', 'urines,', 'the', 'total', 'proteinuria', 'was', 'mea-', 'sured', 'by', 'the', 'Folin', 'procedure', 'of', 'Lowry', 'et', 'al*', 'with', 'bovine', 'cerum', 'albumin', 'ss', 'the', 'ref-', 'orenee', 'subsiance.', 'Peterson', 'et', 'al™', 'have', 'found', 'that', 'slbumin', 'alone', 'gave', 'oniy', 'about', '60%', 'of', 'the', 'absorbance', 'for', 'an', 'equal', 'amount', 'of', '1gG.', 'A,-microglobulin,', 'or', 'transferrin', '.', 'with', 'the', 'Folin', 'procedure,', 'which', 'explans', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'our', 'urinary', 'protcin', 'values', 'for', 'vormal', 'persons', 'are', 'about', '&%', 'hirher', 'than', 'those', 'reported', 'by', 'these', 'suthors', 'Eleciro', 'al', '%45~', 'P']