['Drug,', 'and', 'Cosmetic', 'Act.25', 'The', 'Clause', 'prohibits', 'the', 'use', 'as', 'a', 'food', 'additive,', 'animal', 'drug,', 'or', 'color', 'additive', 'of', 'any', 'substance', 'found', 'to', 'induce', 'cancer', 'in', 'humans', 'or', 'animals.26', 'No', 'threshold', 'finding', 'is', 'required;', 'when', 'it', 'comes', 'to', 'cancer,', 'the', 'specified', 'additives', 'and', 'drugs', 'are', 'expected', 'to', 'produce', 'zero', 'risk.', 'Alternatively,', 'statutes', 'may', 'go', 'so', 'far', 'as', 'to', 'require', 'explicitly', 'that', 'costs', 'and', 'benefits', 'of', 'proposed', 'agency', 'action', 'be', 'compared.', 'before', 'any', 'regulation', 'proceeds.27', 'These', 'provisions', 'indicate', 'congressional', 'realization', 'that', 'achieving', 'zero', 'risk', 'is', 'infeasible;', 'at', 'some', 'point', 'the', 'costs', 'of', 'further', 'risk', 'reduction', 'will', 'not', 'be', 'worth', 'the', 'attendant', 'benefits.', 'Thus,', 'regulation', 'depends', 'on', 'some', 'comparison', 'of', 'the', 'two.', 'Since', 'regulation', 'in', 'these', 'areas', 'retums', 'substantial', 'benefits', 'to', 'human', 'welfare,', 'however,', 'a', 'meaningful', 'determination', 'of', 'relative', 'costs', 'and', 'benefits', 'requires', 'that', 'some', 'value', 'be', 'assigned', 'to', 'that', 'welfare', 'so', 'that', 'it', 'can', 'by', 'properly', 'incorporated', 'into', 'the', 'calculus.', 'More', 'frequently,', 'however,', 'congressionally', 'granted', 'authority', 'confers', 'on', 'agencies', 'substantial', 'discretion', 'in', 'the', 'decision', 'to', 'regulate.', 'This', 'discretion', 'may', 'be', 'bounded', 'by', 'standards', 'such', 'as', '“reasonableness”', 'that', 'permit,', 'but', 'do', 'not', 'require', 'the', 'agency', 'to', 'engage', 'in', 'some', 'sort', 'of', 'comparison', 'of', 'costs', 'and', 'benefits', 'of', 'a', 'proposed', 'regulation', 'in', 'determining', 'its', 'effects', 'on', 'human', 'welfare.', 'For', 'instance,', 'the', 'Federal', 'Insecticide,', 'Fungicide,', '&', 'Rodenticide', 'Act', '(FIFRA)28', 'permits', 'the', 'Administrator', 'of', 'the', 'Environmental', 'Protection', 'Agency', 'to', 'take', '25', '21', 'U.S.C.', '§§301', '-', '92.', '26', '21', 'U.S.C.', '$§348(c)(3)(a),', '360b(d)(1)(H),', '37b(b)(5)(B).', 'Richard', 'Merrill', 'suggests', 'that', 'the', 'Delaney', 'Clause', 'is', 'less', 'inclusive', 'or', 'absolute', 'than', 'the', 'debate', 'surrounding', 'its', 'propriety', 'would', 'suggest.', 'See', 'Merrill,', 'Risk-Benefit', 'Decisionmaking', 'by', 'the', 'Food', 'and', 'Drug', 'Administration,', '45', 'Geo.', 'Wash.', 'L.', 'Rev.', '994,', '998', '(1977).', 'On', 'the', 'difficulty', 'of', 'administering', 'such', 'a', 'specific', 'standard,', 'see', 'Merrill,', "FDA's", 'Implementation', 'of', 'the', 'Delaney', 'Clause:', 'Repudiation', 'of', 'Congressional', 'Choice', 'or', 'Reasoned', 'Adaptation', 'to', 'Scientific', 'Progress?,', '5', 'Yale', 'J.', 'Reg.', '1', '(1988).', '27', 'See,', 'e.g.,', '§', '9(f)', 'of', 'Consumer', 'Product', 'Safety', 'Act;', '§', '3', '(i)', 'of', 'FHSA;', '§', '4G)', 'of', 'FFA.', 'The', 'Clean', 'Air', 'Act,', '42', 'U.S.C.', '$§7401-', '7642,', 'requires', 'a', 'benefit-cost', 'analysis', 'for', 'any', 'regulation', 'intended', 'to', 'control', 'the', 'effectiveness', 'of', 'motor', 'vehicle', 'fuel', 'emission', 'control', 'systems.', 'See', '42', 'U.S.C.', '7545(c)(2)(B).', '28', '7', 'U.S.C.', '§§136', '-', '136y.', '16', 'T11700-1841']