['exposure', 'to', 'volatile', 'components', 'of', 'drugs', 'under', 'controlled', 'conditions.', '6/7/4384', 'DIALOG(R)File', '266:Fed.', 'Res.', 'in', 'Progress', '{c)', 'format', 'only', '1995', 'Dialog', 'Info.Svcs.', 'All', 'rts.', 'reserv.', '0123799', 'IDENTIFYING', 'NO.:', 'Z01DA00248-02', 'AGENCY', 'CODE:', 'CRISP', 'NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC,', 'PERFORMANCE', 'AND', 'SUBJECTIVE', 'EFFECTS', 'OF', 'NICOTINE', 'PRINCIPAL', 'INVESTIGATOR:', 'PICKWORTH,', 'WB', 'ADDRESS:', 'NIDA,', 'NIH', '.', 'SPONSORING', 'ORG.:', 'NATIONAL', 'INSTITUTE', 'ON', 'DRUG', 'ABUSE', 'v', 'FY', ':', '94', 'TYPE', 'OF', 'AWARD:', 'Not', 'Applicable', 'SUMMARY:', 'Several', 'clinical', 'studies', 'are', 'being', 'performed', 'to', 'determine', 'objective', 'and', 'subjective', 'measures', 'associated', 'with', 'smoking', 'and', 'tobacco', 'withdrawal.', 'The', 'xesults', 'of', 'these', 'studies', 'are', 'being', 'applied', 'to', 'develop', 'paradigms', 'for', 'testing', 'drugs', 'for', 'the', 'treatment', 'of', 'nicotine', 'withdrawal.', 'Neurophysiologic', 'data', 'indicate', 'the', 'mechanisms', 'of', 'nicotine’s', 'effects', 'and', 'its', 'withdrawal', 'on', 'neural', 'substrates', 'involved', 'in', 'attention,', 'cognition', 'and', 'memory.', 'For', 'example,', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'mecamylamine,', 'a', 'centrally', 'acting', 'nicotinic', 'antagonist,', 'is', 'studied', 'to', 'determine', 'the', 'contribution', 'of', 'tonic', 'cholinergic', 'mechanisms', 'on', 'the', 'EEG', 'and', 'cognitive', 'tasks', 'in', 'smokers', 'and', 'nonamokers.', 'The', 'ability', 'of', 'transcranially', 'delivered', 'electrostimulation', 'to', 'alleviate', 'nicotine', 'withdrawal', 'was', 'evaluated', 'in', 'a', 'treatment', 'protocol.', 'The', 'efficacy', 'of', 'transdermally', 'delivered', 'nicotine', 'to', 'diminish', 'signs', 'and', 'symptoms', 'of', 'spontaneous', 'tobacco', 'withdrawal', 'are', 'tested', 'in', 'a', 'residential', 'study.', 'The', 'effecta', 'of', 'nicotine', 'withdrawal', 'on', 'delayed', 'auditory', 'feedback,', 'a', 'proposed', 'measure', 'of', 'attention', 'and', 'distraction,', 'is', 'being', 'evaluated.', 'The', 'intezaction', 'of', 'caffeine', 'and', 'nicotine', 'after', 'overnight', 'abstinence', 'was', 'assessed.', 'Dependent', 'measures', 'for', 'these', 'studies', 'include', 'Gordon', 'vigilance', 'task', '(with', 'and', 'without', 'distracters),', 'word', 'memory,', 'PAB', '(performance)', 'spontaneous', 'EEG,', 'evoked', 'potentials,', 'blood', 'pressure,', 'heart', 'rate', '(physiologic),', 'withdrawal', 'scales,', 'eraving,', 'drug', 'liking,', 'drug', 'identification', '(subjective).', 'These', 'studies', 'are', 'not', 'only', 'helping', 'us', 'to', 'unravel', 'the', 'mechanisms', 'of', 'nicotine', 'addiction', 'but', 'are', 'also', 'of', 'practical', 'value', 'in', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'more', 'effective', 'medications', 'for', 'treating', 'nicotine', 'dependence', 'and', 'withdrawal.', '6/7/485', 'DIALOG(R)File', '266:Fed.', 'Res.', 'in', 'Progress', '{ec}', 'format', 'only', '1995', 'Dialog', 'Info.Svcs.', 'All', 'rts.', 'reserv.', '0123788', 'IDENTIFYING', 'NO.:', 'Z01DA00240-02', 'AGENCY', 'CODE:', 'CRISP', 'DEVELOPMENT', 'OF', 'NEW', 'PHARMACOLOGIC', 'AND', 'BIOLOGIC', 'TREATMENT', 'FOR', 'DRUG', 'DEPENDENCE', 'PRINCIPAL', 'INVESTIGATOR:', 'GORELICK,', 'DA', 'ADDRESS:', 'NIDA,', 'NIH', 'SPONSORING', 'ORG.:', 'NATIONAL', 'INSTITUTE', 'ON', 'DRUG', 'ABUSE', 'FY', ':', '94', 'TYPE', 'OF', 'AWARD:', 'Not', 'Applicable', 'SUMMARY:', 'This', 'project', 'assesses', 'the', 'efficacy', 'and', 'safety', 'of', 'new', 'pharmacologic', 'and', 'biologic', 'treatments', 'for', 'drug', 'dependence', 'using', 'experimental', 'paradigms', 'in', 'a', 'controlled,', 'residential', 'environment.', 'Some', 'animal', 'and', 'open-label', 'human', 'studies', 'suggest.', 'that', 'the', 'anti-convulsant', 'carbamazepine', 'may', 'reduce', 'cocaine', 'craving', 'and', 'use,', 'possibly', 'by', 'blocking', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'cocaine-induced', 'kindling.', 'However,', 'a', 'recently', 'completed', 'double-blind', 'study', 'did', 'not', 'support', 'the', 'efficacy', 'of', 'carbamazepine', 'in', 'the', 'treatment', 'of', 'cocaine', 'dependence.', 'In', 'humans,', 'very', 'low', 'calorie', 'diets', 'producing', 'ketonemia', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'hunger,', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'whether', 'this', 'subjective', 'effect', 'also', 'applies', 'to', 'drugs', 'of', 'abuse.', 'In', 'animals,', 'balanced', 'low', 'calorie', 'diets', 'not', 'producing', 'ketonemia', 'increase', 'drug', 'self-administration.', 'A', 'second', 'component', 'of', 'this', 'project', 'is', 'evaluating', 'which', 'of', 'these', 'dietary', 'effects', 'operates', 'in', 'human', 'drag', 'abusers,', 'using', 'nicotine', '(cigarette', 'smoking)', 'as', 'the', 'target', 'dxrug.', 'Preliminary', 'results', 'indicate', 'that', 'a', 'balanced', 'low', 'calorie', 'diet', '6282', 'OPTITS', ' ', ' ']