['Exhibits', 'ES-2a', 'and', 'ES-2b', 'present', 'information', 'on', 'the', 'health', 'consequences', 'of', 'ETS.', 'For', 'the', 'purpose', 'of', 'valuing', 'the', 'benefits', 'resulting', 'from', 'reduced', 'exposure', 'to', 'ETS', 'due', 'to', 'smoking', 'restrictions,', 'several', 'conservative', 'adjustments', 'to', 'these', 'figures', 'were', 'made.', 'First,', 'all', 'deaths', 'and', 'illnesses', 'associated', 'with', 'maternal', 'smoking', 'were', 'excluded', 'because', 'the', 'primary', 'route', 'of', 'exposure', 'is', 'not', 'expected', 'to', 'be', 'through', 'ETS', 'in', 'public', 'buildings.5', 'Therefore,', 'the', 'deaths', 'associated', 'with', 'spontaneous', 'abortions,', 'sudden', 'infant', 'death', 'syndrome,', 'respiratory', 'conditions', 'in', 'newborns,', 'and', 'short', 'gestation/low', 'birth', 'weight', 'newborns', 'were', 'also', 'excluded,', 'as', 'were', 'the', 'morbidity', 'consequences', 'of', 'low', 'birth', 'weight', 'and', 'neonatal', 'intensive', 'care.', 'The', 'second', 'conservative', 'adjustment', 'relates', 'to', 'heart', 'disease.', 'The', 'American', 'Heart', 'Association', 'estimates', 'that', 'between', '35,000', 'and', '40,000', 'heart', 'disease', 'deaths', 'occur', 'every', 'year', 'because', 'of', 'ETS', '(Taylor,', '1992).', 'This', 'is', 'based', 'on', 'studies', 'in', 'which', 'estimates', 'of', 'the', 'effect', 'of', 'ETS', 'on', 'heart', 'disease', 'fall', 'in', 'the', 'range', 'of', '32,000', 'to', '40,000', 'deaths', 'per', 'year', 'as', 'presented', 'in', 'Exhibit', 'ES-2a.', 'Because', 'these', 'estimates', 'are', 'substantial,', 'and', 'because', 'EPA', 'did', 'not', 'formally', 'assess', 'heart', 'disease', 'risks', 'in', 'its', 'ETS', 'risk', 'assessment', '(EPA,', '1992),', 'two', 'conservative', 'adjustments', 'to', 'these', 'figures', 'were', 'made.', '¢', 'First,', 'the', 'low', 'end', 'of', 'the', 'range', '(32,000)', 'was', 'used', 'as', 'the', 'high', 'estimate,', 'and', 'this', 'was', 'reduced', 'by', '50%', '(16,000)', 'to', 'obtain', 'the', 'low', 'estimate.', '©', 'Second,', 'an', 'arbitrary', 'additional', 'conservative', 'adjustment', 'factor', 'of', '75%', 'to', 'this', 'range', 'was', 'applied,', 'resulting', 'in', 'a', 'base', 'estimate', 'of', '12,000', 'to', '24,000', 'heart', 'disease', 'deaths', 'per', 'year.6', 'The', 'same', 'proportional', 'breakdown', 'between', 'home', '(27%)', 'and', 'nonhome', '(73%)', 'exposure', 'related', 'deaths', 'that', 'was', 'reported', 'by', 'EPA', 'for', 'lung', 'cancers', 'also', 'applied', 'here.', 'Therefore,', '3,240', 'to', '6,480', 'heart', 'disease', 'deaths', 'per', 'year', 'are', 'estimated', 'for', 'home', 'exposures,', 'and', '8,760', 'to', '17,520', 'heart', 'disease', 'deaths', 'per', 'year', 'are', 'assumed', 'to', 'be', 'associated', 'with', 'exposure', 'outside', 'the', 'home.', 'The', 'Value', 'of', 'Benefits', 'from', 'Reduced', 'ETS', 'Exposures', '_', 'The', 'reduction', 'in', 'exposure', 'resulting', 'from', 'smoking', 'restrictions', 'will', 'result', 'in', 'avoiding', 'an', 'estimated', 'annual', 'average', 'of', '7,000', 'to', '12,900', 'premature', 'deaths', 'over', 'the', 'first', '50', ' ', '5', 'While', 'the', 'primary', 'route', 'of', 'exposure', 'is', 'maternal', 'smoking,', 'it', 'is', 'estimated', 'that', 'smoking', 'restrictions', 'comparable', 'to', 'H.R.', '3434', 'would', 'reduce', 'the', 'size', 'of', 'the', 'smoking', 'population', 'because', 'some', 'smokers', 'would', 'quit,', 'and', 'some', 'future', 'smokers', 'would', 'refrain', 'from', 'initiating', 'the', 'habit.', 'In', 'addition,', 'it', 'is', 'estimated', 'that', 'the', 'rate', 'of', 'consumption', 'of', 'remaining', 'smokers', 'would', 'be', 'reduced.', 'To', 'the', 'extent', 'that', 'these', 'changes', 'in', 'behavior', 'will', 'affect', 'maternal', 'smoking,', 'some', 'reductions', 'in', 'these', 'excluded', 'effects', 'would', 'also', 'likely', 'occur,', 'resulting', 'in', 'benefits.', 'The', 'current', 'study', 'did', 'not,', 'however,', 'quantify', 'these', 'potential', 'benefits', 'in', 'our', 'calculations.', '6', 'Some', 'adjustment', 'may', 'be', 'appropriate', 'also', 'because', 'there', 'appears', 'to', 'have', 'been', 'an', 'increase', 'in', 'the', 'survival', 'rate', 'of', 'heart', 'disease', 'patients', 'over', 'the', 'past', 'several', 'years', 'due', 'to', 'advances', 'in', 'medical', 'technology.', 'April', '20,', '1994', 'ES-6', 'GZEecoegneg', ' ', ' ']