[' ', ' ', 'atandard', 'doses', 'from', '15', 'to', '300', 'seconds.', '6/7/482', 'DIALOG(R)File', '266:Fed.', 'Res.', 'in', 'Progress', '{c)', 'format', 'only', '1995', 'Dialog', 'Info.Svcre.', 'All', 'rts.', 'reserv.', '0123828', 'IDENTIFYING', 'NO.:', '201DA00340-01', 'AGENCY', 'CODE:', 'CRISP', 'NEIGHBORHOOD', 'DETERIORATION', 'AND', 'EARLY', 'INITIATION', 'OF', 'DRUG', 'USE', 'PRINCIPAL', 'INVESTIGATOR:', 'SCHUTZ,', '¢', 'ADDRESS:', 'NIDA,', 'NIH', 'SPONSORING', 'ORG.:', 'NATIONAL', 'INSTITUTE', 'ON', 'DRUG', 'ABUSE', 'FY', ':', '94', '‘TYPE', 'OF', 'AWARD:', 'Not', 'Applicable', 'SUMMARY:', 'Early', 'initiation', 'of', 'drug', 'use', 'has', 'be', 'shown', 'to', 'be', 'associated', 'with', 'increased', 'risk', 'of', 'later', 'drug', 'abuse', 'and', 'development', 'of', 'drug', 'dependence.', 'The', 'hypothesis', 'tested', 'in', 'this', 'four', 'wave', 'longitudinal', 'study', 'of', 'urban', 'schoolchildren,', 'conducted', 'in', 'Baltimore', 'MD', 'concerned', 'a', 'suspected', 'causal', 'association', 'between', 'neighborhood', 'deterioration', 'and', 'the', 'risk', 'of', 'early', 'initiation', 'of', 'drug', 'use.', 'A', 'total', 'of', '925', 'participants', 'completed', 'four', 'confidential', 'standardized', 'interviews', 'conducted', 'by', 'specially', 'trained', 'interviewers', 'in', 'the', 'spring', 'of', 'four', 'successive', 'years.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'drug', 'use', 'assessment,', 'separate', 'standard', 'scales', 'were', 'applied', 'to', 'measure', 'an', 'array', 'ef', 'risk', 'factors,', 'including', 'neighborhood', 'deterioration,', 'peer', 'drug', 'use,', 'parental', 'supervision', 'and', 'antisocial', 'behavior.', 'By', '1992,', 'a', 'total', 'of', '340', 'youths,', 'then', '12-14', 'years', 'old,', 'reported', 'drug', 'involvement', '{(smeking', 'tobacco,', 'using', 'alcohol', 'without', 'parental', 'permission,', 'use', 'of', 'inhalants,', 'marijuana,', 'or', 'cocaine}.', 'An', 'analysis', 'using', 'Kaplan-Meier', 'curves', 'showed', 'that', 'throughout', 'the', 'follow-up', 'interval', 'children', 'reported', 'earlier', 'onset', 'of', 'drug', 'use', 'in', 'areas', 'rated', 'more', 'deteriorated', '(log', 'rank', 'test', 'with', '2', 'd.f.:', '11.59,', 'p-value:', '0.003).', 'Under', 'the', 'Cox', 'proportional', 'hazards', 'model,', 'holding', 'constant', 'other', 'factors', '(peer', 'drug', 'use,', 'parent', 'monitoring,', 'antisocial', 'behavior,', 'etc.),', 'this', 'association', 'still', 'persisted,', 'resulting', 'in', 'a', 'hazard', 'ratio', 'of', '1.58', 'between', 'the', 'lowest', 'and', 'highest', 'tertile', 'of', 'neighborhood', 'deterioration', '(95%', 'CI:', '1.13-2.23).', 'Thus,', 'neighborhood', 'deterioration', 'appeared', 'to', 'be', 'associated', 'with', 'early', 'onset', 'of', 'drug', 'use', 'independent', 'from', 'other', 'suspected', 'factors.', 'We', 'plan', 'to', 'extent', 'this', 'investigation', 'and', 'use', 'geographical', 'software', '(GIS)', 'to', 'include', 'census', 'tract', 'information,', 'which', 'we', 'now', 'have', 'available.', '6/7/483', 'DIALOG(R)File', '266:Fed.', 'Res.', 'in', 'Progress', '{c)', 'format', 'only', '1995', 'Dialog', 'Info.Sves.', 'All', 'rts.', 'reserv.', '0123815', 'IDENTIFYING', 'NO.:', 'Z01DA00310-06', 'AGENCY', 'CODE:', 'CRISP', 'ASSESSMENT', 'OF', 'THE', 'RISK', 'OF', 'PASSIVE', 'INHALATION', 'OF', 'DRUGS', 'OF', 'ABUSE', 'PRINCIPAL', 'INVESTIGATOR:', 'CONE,', 'E', 'J', 'ADDRESS:', 'NIDA,', 'NIH', 'SPONSORING', 'ORG.:', 'NATIONAL', 'INSTITUTE', 'ON', 'DRUG', 'ABUSE', 'FY', ':', '94', '‘TYPE', 'OF', 'AWARD:', 'Not', 'Applicable', 'SUMMARY:', 'When', 'drugs', 'of', 'abuse', 'are', 'smoked,', 'volatile', 'components', 'and', 'pyrolysis', 'material', 'escape', 'into', 'the', 'atmosphere.', 'Depending', 'on', 'the', 'local', 'environment,', 'bystanders', 'may', 'be', 'exposed', 'to', 'the', 'drug', 'by', 'pasaive', 'inhalation', 'of', 'the', 'contaminated', 'air.', 'Artificial', 'methods', 'have', 'been', 'developed', 'to', 'smoke', 'drugs', 'of', 'abuse', 'in', 'a', 'controlled', 'envixonment', 'and', 'to', 'measure', 'drug', 'air', 'levels.', 'These', 'methods', 'are', 'then', 'applied', 'to', 'the', 'design', 'of', 'human', 'clinical', 'studies', 'to', 'assess', 'the', 'hazards', 'of', 'environmental', 'exposure', 'to', 'drugs.', 'Six', 'subjects', 'were', 'exposed', 'to', 'vaporized', 'cocaine', 'in', 'a', 'small', 'unventilated', 'room.', 'The', 'study', 'was', 'performed', 'under', 'blind', 'conditions', 'with', 'placebo', 'control', 'and', 'two', 'active', 'doses', 'of', 'cocaine.', 'Urine,', 'blood', 'and', 'saliva', 'samples', 'indicated', 'that', 'subjects', 'were', 'exposed', 'to', 'cocaine,', 'but', 'sufficient', 'amounts', 'were', 'not', 'absorbed', 'to', 'produce', 'pharmacological', 'effects', 'er', 'test', 'positive', 'at', 'standard', 'cuteff', 'concentrations.', 'Unknowing', 'drug', 'exposure', 'could', 'be', 'dangerous', 'to', 'unsuspecting', 'bystanders,', 'particularly', 'to', 'small', 'children.', 'These', 'studies', 'will', 'establish', 'limits', 'of', 're', '878Z', '@PTTS', '—', ' ']