['“Studies', 'conducted', 'at', 'the', 'Public', 'Health', 'Service’s', 'National', 'Cancer', 'Insti-', 'tue', 'have', 'at', 'least', 'raised', 'serious', 'questions', 'as', 'to', 'the', 'role', 'of', 'community', 'air', 'pollution', 'in', 'the', 'causation', 'of', 'cancer,', 'Analyses', 'of', 'dust', 'collected', 'from', 'the', 'ordinary', 'air', 'in', 'some', 'large', 'cities', 'showed', 'that', '10', 'per', 'cent', 'of', 'the', 'dust', 'consisted', 'of', 'particles', 'of', 'tar.', 'A', 'single', 'subcutancous', 'injection', 'of', 'these', 'solid', 'particles', 'produce', 'malignant', 'tumors', 'in', 'mice.', 'And', 'these', 'carcinogenic', 'substances', 'were', 'collected', 'from', 'the', 'air', 'in', 'streets,', 'homes,', 'offices,', 'and', 'schools.”', '-', 'According', 'to', 'Hueper:', '“', 'The', 'epiddemiological', 'studies', 'so', 'far', 'published', 'on', 'the', 'subject,', 'which', 'place', 'the', 'main', 'blame', 'for', 'the', 'recent', 'remarkable', 'increase', 'of', 'lung', 'cancers', 'on', 'the', 'rapid', 'rise', 'of', 'the', 'tobacco', 'smoking', 'habit,', 'reveal', 'serious', 'defects.', 'The', 'most', 'funda-', 'mental', 'of', 'these', 'is', 'the', 'complete', 'neglect', 'of', 'any', 'consideration', 'of', 'other', 'recognized', 'or', 'suspected', 'respiratory', 'carcinogens', 'of', 'relatively', 'wide', 'distribution', 'which', 'made', 'their', 'first', 'general', 'appearance', 'at', 'about', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'as', 'the', 'adoption', 'of', 'the', 'habit', 'of', 'cigarette', 'smoking.', 'Some', 'of', 'these', 'carcinogens', 'are', 'without', 'doubt', 'much', 'more', 'powerful', 'cancer-producing', 'agents”—such', 'as', 'tarry', 'soots', 'and', 'oily', 'fumes,', 'as', 'from', 'incomplete', 'combustion', 'of', 'parraffin,', 'particularly', 'in', 'the', 'presence', 'of', 'sulfur,', 'phosporus,', 'chromium', '.', 'Test', 'in', 'a', 'Teacup', 'In', 'the', 'making', 'of', 'carcinogen-rich', 'lampblack,', 'a', 'tarry', 'soot', 'is', 'formed', 'by', 'the', 'slow', 'burning', 'of', 'paraffin', 'oils,', 'other', 'oils,', 'rosin', '(from', 'wood),', 'or', 'by', 'cracking', 'of', 'oils,', 'Carcinogen-rich', 'carbon', 'black', 'is', 'similarly', 'formed,', 'by', 'cracking', 'of', 'oils', 'or', 'the', 'slow', 'burning', 'of', 'natural', 'gas.', 'The', 'smoky', 'flame', 'inpinges', 'on', 'a', 'relatively', 'cool', 'surface,', 'which', 'receives', 'a', 'deposit', 'of', 'tarry', 'soot', 'and', 'oily', 'material', 'from', 'diversely', '“cracked”', 'molecules.', 'To', 'demonstrate', 'the', 'basic', 'phenomena', 'involved', 'in', 'such', 'processes', 'whether', 'industrial', 'or', 'experimental', '(as', 'used', 'in', 'some', 'Laboratorics', 'to', 'produce', 'carcinogen-', 'rich', 'tarry', 'soots', 'and', 'oils),', 'a', 'simple', 'test', 'in', 'a', 'tcacup', 'can', 'be', 'made.', 'Once', 'performed,', 'this', 'test', 'is', 'memorable:', 'Hold', 'a', 'teacup', 'upside', 'down', 'in', 'the', 'left', 'hand.', 'With', 'the', 'right,', 'strike', 'a', 'match', 'just', 'below', 'the', 'inverted', 'cup.', 'As', 'the', 'smoke', 'and', 'fumes', 'rise', 'into', 'the', 'cup,', 'hold', 'the', 'flame', 'close', 'to', 'the', 'relatively', 'cool', 'surface', 'inside', 'the', 'cup.', 'Note', 'the', 'black', 'deposit,', 'ill-smelling,', 'of', 'tarry', 'soot—among', 'the', 'known', 'sources', 'of', 'cancer-', 'causing', 'chemicals,', 'the', 'very', 'richest', 'to', 'which', 'human', 'beings', 'are', 'commonly', 'exposed.', 'The', 'outcome', 'of', 'the', 'test', 'in', 'the', 'teacup', 'is', 'essentially', 'the', 'same', 'if', 'you', 'use', 'a', 'flame', 'from', 'a', 'fuel-burning', 'cigarette', 'lighter.', 'The', 'head', 'of', 'a', '“strike', 'anywhere”', 'match', 'is', 'tipped', 'with', 'a', 'mixture', 'con-', 'sisting', 'chiefly', 'of', 'phosphorus', 'sulfide', '(PsSs),', 'which', 'is', 'readily', 'ignited', 'by', 'the', 'heat', 'from', 'friction.', 'The', 'mixture', 'forming', 'the', 'main', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'head', 'is', 'a', 'combustible', 'mixture', 'containing', 'sulfur,', 'rosin,', 'antimony', 'sulfide,', 'with', 'oxidizing', 'agents,', 'such', 'as', 'lead', 'oxide', 'or', 'potassium', 'chlorate,', 'with', 'glue', 'as', 'a', 'binder.', 'The', 'stick', 'is', 'coated', 'and', 'impregnated', 'with', 'paraffin,', 'plus', 'ammonium', 'phosphate,', 'to', 'prevent', 'afterglow', 'once', 'the', 'flame', 'has', 'been', 'extinguished.', 'The', 'head', 'of', 'a', 'safety', 'match', 'is', 'made', 'of', 'sulfur', 'or', 'antimony', 'sulfide,', 'plus', 'some', 'potassium', 'chlorate', 'or', 'potassium', 'dichromate', 'to', 'promote', 'oxidation,', 'powdered', 'glass', 'to', 'increase', 'friction,', 'and', 'binding', 'glue.', 'The', 'wooden', 'or', 'paper', '“stick”', 'is', 'imy', 'ted', 'with', 'parraffin,', 'When', 'struck', 'against', 'a', 'surface', 'coated', 'with', 'red', ',', 'the', 'head', 'ignites.', 'cee', 'Ue', 'ee', 'ete', 'eee', 'en', 'a', 'fee', 'nee', 'alae', 'mene', 'a', 'Mr', 'nee', 'eng', '50285', '3018', 'Smoke', 'from', 'a', 'burning', 'match', 'results', 'from', 'incomplete', 'combustion', 'and', 'consists', 'of', 'tarry', 'soot', 'and', 'fumes', 'from', 'partially', 'burned,', 'partially', 'cracked', 'paraffin', 'molecules,', 'rosin,', 'wood,', 'plus', 'particles', 'and', 'gaseous', 'products', 'of', 'com-', 'bustion', 'of', 'sulfur,', 'phosphorus', '.', '.', '.', 'Smoke', 'from', 'the', 'flame', 'of', 'a', 'fuel-burning', 'cigarette', 'lighter', 'consists.', 'of', 'tarry', 'soot', 'and', 'fumes', 'from', 'partially', 'burned,', 'partially', 'cracked', 'molecules', 'of', 'the', 'petroleum-derived', 'fluid.', 'When', 'the', 'flame', 'impinges', 'on', 'the', 'relatively', 'cool', 'tobacco', 'of', 'a', 'cigarette,', 'combustion', 'is', 'slowed,', 'with', 'resultant', 'increase', 'in', 'tarry', 'soot', 'and', 'oily', 'fumes—', 'as', 'in', 'the', 'teacup', 'test,', 'when', 'the', 'flame', 'of', 'match', 'or', 'lighter', 'comes', 'in', 'contact', 'with', 'the', 'relatively', 'cool', 'inside', 'of', 'the', 'cup.', 'New', 'Interpretation', 'of', 'the', 'Data', 'on', 'Lung', 'Cancer', 'in', 'Human', 'Beings', 'A', 'cigarette', 'must', 'be', 'lit', 'before', 'it', 'can', 'be', 'smoked.', '“Strike', 'anywhere”', 'matches,', 'safety', 'matches,', 'and', 'fucl-burning', 'lighters', 'are', 'carcinogen', 'factories', 'in', '*', 'miniature—among', 'the', 'known', 'sources', 'of', 'carcinogens,', 'the', 'richest', 'to', 'which', 'human', 'beings', 'are', 'commonly', 'exposed.', 'These', 'considerations', 'have', 'been', 'over-', 'looked', 'in', 'cancer', 'research', 'thus', 'far.', 'Because', 'of', 'this', 'oversight,', 'no', 'justification', 'can', 'be', 'found', 'at', 'present', 'for', 'drastic', 'conclusions', 'such', 'as', 'the', 'following:', '“.', '.', '.', 'abolition', 'of', 'the', 'cigarette', '(which', 'the', 'latest', 'data', 'incriminate', 'more', 'seriously', 'than', 'the', 'pipe', 'or', 'cigar,', 'if', 'not', 'exclusively)', 'would', 'effect', 'the', 'greatest', 'step', 'in', 'cancer', 'prevention', 'available', 'to', 'us', 'today.”', 'Here', 'it', 'is', 'also', 'noteworthy:', '“Tumors', 'comparable', 'to', 'bronchial', 'carcinoma', 'as', 'it', 'appears', 'in', 'man', 'have', 'not', 'been', 'produced', 'by', 'tobacco', 'products', 'by', 'any', 'method.”', 'Recently,', 'publicity', 'has', 'been', 'given', 'to', 'the', 'data', 'indicating', 'that', 'both', 'lung', 'cancer', 'and', 'laryngeal', 'cancer', 'are', 'of', 'more', 'frequent', 'occurrence', 'in', 'heavy-drinking', 'heavy', 'smokers', 'of', 'cigarettes.', 'Is', 'it', 'to', 'be', 'assumed', 'that', 'ethyle', 'alcohol', 'is', 'a', 'co-', 'carcinogen', 'Rather,', 'it', 'would', 'seem,', 'the', 'habits', 'of', 'heavydrinking', 'heavy', 'smokers', 'should', 'be', 'considered.', 'These', 'are', 'typically', 'indeed', 'the', 'eager', 'breathers,', 'the', 'nervous', 'boys', 'who', 'tend', 'to', 'frequent', 'the', 'backroom,', 'awkward', 'when', 'inebriated', 'or', 'sobering', 'despite', 'a', 'fearful', 'hangover,', 'clumsy', 'with', 'a', 'match', 'or', 'fud-burning', 'lighter—i.', '¢.,', 'increased', 'exposure', 'to', 'tarry', 'soot', 'and', 'oily', 'fumes', 'bearing', 'carcinogens', 'from.', 'matches', 'and', 'fuel-burning', 'lighters.', 'Doll', 'has', 'expressed', 'wonderment', 'often', 'encountered:', '“Whether', 'the', 'action', 'of', 'cigarette', 'smoke', 'is', 'due', 'to', 'its', '3,4-benzpyrene', 'content', 'or', 'to', 'some', 'other', 'factor,', 'and', 'why', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'different', 'from', 'that', 'of', 'smoke', 'from', 'pipes', 'and', 'cigars,', 'is', 'unknown.”', 'Similarly,', 'Levin,', 'Goldstein', 'and', 'Gerhardt', 'remarked', 'after', 'a', 'careful', 'in-', 'vestigation', 'of', 'lung', 'cancer', 'in', 'cigarette', 'smokers', 'and', 'lip', 'cancer', 'in', 'pipe', 'smokers:', '“It', 'is', 'somewhat', 'surprising', 'to', 'find', 'that', 'the', 'type', 'of', 'smoking,', 'i.', '¢.,', 'cigar-', 'ettes', 'for', 'lung', 'cancer,', 'pipe', 'for', 'lip', 'cancer,', 'is', 'the', 'associated', 'factor,', 'rather', 'than', 'the', 'actual', 'use', 'of', 'tobacco.”']