['17:57', '637', '1505', 'PHILIP', 'MORRIS', 'CO', 'CRS-62', 'had', 'a', 'slightly', 'reduced', 'risk', 'of', 'lung', 'eancer', 'that', 'was', 'not', 'statistically', 'significant', '(relative', 'risk', '=', '0.90;', '95', 'percant', 'CI', '0.70,', '1.15).%"', 'The', 'discrepancy', 'between', 'the', 'Fontham', 'and', 'Brownson', 'workplace', 'risk', 'estimates', 'may', 'be', 'due', 'to', 'the', 'substantial', 'difference', 'in', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'surrogates', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'two', 'studies.', 'Two-thirds', 'of', 'the', 'case', 'interviews', 'in', 'the', 'Brownson', 'study', 'were', 'conducted', 'using', 'surrogates,', 'compared', 'to', 'a', 'little', 'over', 'one-third', 'in', 'the', 'Fontham', 'It', 'is', 'hard', 'to', 'imagine', 'how', 'a', 'surrogate', 'could', 'provide', 'useful', 'information', 'about', 'the', 'workplace', 'ETS', 'exposure', 'of', 'a', 'deceased', 'case.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'Brownson', 'study’s', 'reliance', 'on', 'surrogate', 'interview', 'data,', 'the', 'Fontham', 'study', 'would', 'appear', 'to', 'provide', 'more', 'relizble', 'data', 'on', 'workplace', 'ETS', 'exposure.', '(The', 'Brownson', 'and', 'Fontham', 'studies', 'alsc', 'differed', 'with', 'respect', 'to', 'risk', 'from', 'expasure', 'to', 'spousal', 'sroking,', 'so', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'clear', 'that', 'poorer', 'data', 'are', 'responsible', 'for', 'these', 'differences.)', 'Levois', 'and', 'Layard', 'performed', 'a', 'meta-analysis', 'using', 'all', '13', 'occupational', 'risk', 'estimates', 'and', 'found', 'no', 'association', 'between', 'workplace', 'ETS', 'exposure', 'and', 'lung', 'cancer$®', 'The', 'overall', 'refative', 'risk', 'was', '1.00,', 'with', 'a', '85', 'percent', 'confidence', 'interval', 'of', '0.92', 'to', '1.09.', 'In', '&', 'separate', 'meta-analysis', 'using', 'only', 'the', '8', 'US.', 'studies,', 'the', 'relative', 'risk', 'dropped', 'slightly', 'to', '0.97,', 'with', 'a', '95', 'percent', 'confidence', 'interval', 'of', '0.89', 'to', '1.07.', 'Therefore,', 'had', 'OSHA', 'performed', '2', 'meta-analysis,', 'it', 'seems', 'likely', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'bave', 'found', 'no', 'increased', 'lung', 'cancer', 'risk', 'from', 'occupational', 'ETS', 'exposure.', 'Although', 'the', 'Fontham', 'study', 'may', 'have', 'the', 'most', 'dependable', 'workplace', 'data,', 'OSHA', 'has', 'been', 'criticized', 'for', 'Tgnoring', 'the', 'other', 'workplace', 'studies', 'and', 'not', 'Derforming', '2', 'meta-analysis,', 'as', 'did', 'EPA.', 'An', 'alternative', 'approach', 'would', 'be', 'to', '9o', 'the', 'estimates', 'of', 'risk', 'from', 'spousal', 'exposure,', 'Warkplace', 'risk', 'could', 'then', 'be', 'estimated', 'by', 'comparing', 'time-activity', 'and', 'exposure', 'patterns', 'in', 'residental', 'and', 'occupational', 'settings.', 'The', 'outcome', 'would,', 'however,', 'depend', 'largely', 'on', 'the', 'choice', 'of', 'a', 'no-threshold', 'vs.', 'threshold', 'model,', 'as', 'discussed', 'in', 'the', 'previous', 'section.', '.', 'OCCUPATIONAL', 'ETS', 'EXPOSURE', 'OSHA', 'estimated', 'that', 'between', '13.8', 'and', '48.7', 'percent', 'of', 'nonsmoking', 'workers', 'are', 'potentially', 'exposed', 'to', 'ETS', 'at', 'their', 'worksite,', 'The', 'higher', 'number', '9!', 'Butler,', 'W.J.', 'Workplacs', 'Exposure', 'to', 'ETS', 'and', 'Lung', 'Cancer:', 'A', 'More', 'Detailed', 'Presentation', 'of', 'the', 'Data', 'from', 'a', 'Negative', 'Study,', 'Browrson', 'et', 'al,', '(1992).', 'Submitted', 'to', 'OSH4A', 'Docket', 'H-122,', 'August', '1994,', '92', '15', 'the', 'Brownson', 'study,', '402', '(65', 'percent)', 'of', 'the', '618', 'case', 'interviews', 'were', 'with', 'surrogates,', 'compared', 'to', '241', '(37', 'percent)', 'of', 'the', '653', 'case', 'interviews', 'in', 'the', 'Fontham', 'study.', '23', 'Levois,', 'M.E.', 'and', 'Layard,', 'MW,', 'Inconsistency', 'between', 'workplace', 'and', 'spousal', 'studies', 'of', 'environmental', 'tobaceo', 'smeke', 'and', 'lung', 'cancer.', 'Regulatory', 'Texicol.', 'and', 'Pharmesol,', 'v.', '18,', '1994', 'p.', '309.', 'DRAFT', 'SUBJECT', 'TO', 'REVISION.', 'NOT', 'FOR', 'QUOTATION', 'OR', 'ATTRIBUTION.', '@o25/038', '6694089706']