['2', 'i', ' ', '(i)', 'British', 'Journal', 'of', 'Addiction', '77', '(1982)', '21-34', '0007-0890/82/0004002', '1$02.00', '©', '1982', 'Society', 'for', 'the', 'Study', 'of', 'Addiction', 'to', 'Alcohol', 'and', 'other', 'Drugs.', 'Money', 'and', 'Health', 'Messages', 'as', 'Incentives', 'for', 'Smoking', 'Low', 'Tar/Nicotine', 'Cigarettes:', 'Changes', 'in', 'Consumption', 'and', 'Exhaled', 'Carbon', 'Monoxide', 'Jerome', 'H.', 'Jaffe,', 'M.D.*,', 'Maureen', 'Kanzler,', 'Ph.D.,', 'Larry', 'Friedman,', 'Ph.D.', 'and', 'Thelma', 'Kaplan,', 'M.S.', 'New', 'York', 'State', 'Psychiatric', 'Institute', 'Department', 'of', 'Biological', 'Psychiatry', 'Summ', 'Cigarette', 'brands', 'advertised', 'as', '‘low’', 'tar', 'are', 'increasing', 'sales', 'yearly;', 'undoubtedly', 'because', 'smokers', 'hope', 'they', 'are', 'less', 'hazardous', 'than', '‘high’', 'tar/nicotine', 'cigarettes.', 'However,', 'it', 'is', 'questionable', 'how', 'much', 'switchers', 'to', 'low’', 'tar/nicotine', 'brands', 'actually', 'reduce', 'their', 'exposure', 'to', 'toxic', 'components', 'in', 'smoke,', 'A', 'switching', 'project', 'examined', 'the', 'cigarette', 'purchases', 'over', 'fifteen', 'weeks', 'of', '12]', 'paid', 'volunteers', 'in', 'four', 'experimental', 'and', 'one', 'control', 'group', '(separately', 'within', 'sex).', 'Experimental', 'groups', 'received', 'differing', 'combinations', 'of', 'money', 'and/or', 'health', 'message', 'incentives', 'to', 'encourage', 'switching', 'to', 'brands', 'with', 'lower', 'tar|nicotine', 'delivery.', 'Subjects', 'in', 'all', 'but', 'one', 'experimental', 'group', 'significantly', 'decreased', 'tar/nicotine', 'exposure;', 'controls', 'did', 'not.', 'Money', 'incentives', 'produced', 'the', 'greatest', 'decrease.', 'The', 'effect', 'of', 'health', 'messages', 'was', 'unclear.', 'Switchers’', 'exhaled', 'carbon', 'monoxide', '(CO)', 'remained', 'higher', 'than', 'would', 'be', 'expected', 'from', 'the', 'theoretically', 'lower', 'CO', 'delivery', 'of', 'their', 'brands.', 'Small', 'increases', 'in', 'number', 'of', 'cigarettes', 'smoked', 'per', 'day', 'did', 'not', 'account', 'adequately', 'for', 'the', 'persistently', 'high', 'exhaled', 'CO.', 'Introduction', 'Are', '‘less', 'hazardous’', 'cigarettes', 'a', 'realistic', 'possibility?', 'If', 'so,', 'would', 'smokers', 'find', 'them', 'acceptable?', 'And', 'even', 'if', 'they', 'are', 'not', 'as', 'acceptable', 'as', 'stronger', 'cigarettes,', 'could', 'smokers', 'be', 'persuaded', 'or', 'somehow', 'seduced', 'into', 'switching', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'potentially', 'reduced', 'hazard?', 'This', 'study', 'was', 'designed', 'to', 'gather', 'data', 'on', 'these', 'questions.', 'There', 'is', 'a', 'consensus', 'that', 'cigarette', 'smoking', 'causes', 'a', 'variety', 'of', 'adverse', 'medi-', '_', 'cal', 'effects', 'and', 'that', 'the', 'likelihood', 'of', 'such', 'effects', 'increases', 'in', 'direct', 'proportion', 'to', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'cigarettes', 'smoked', 'per', 'day', '[1].', 'Consequently,', 'government', 'and', 'pri-', 'vate', 'groups', 'have', 'generated', 'a', 'variety', 'of', 'projects', 'to', 'persuade', 'smokers', 'to', 'discon-', 'tinue', 'smoking,', 'while', 'cigarette', 'manufacturers', 'have', 'sharply', 'increased', 'the', 'promo-', 'tion', 'of', 'low', 'tar/nicotine', 'cigarettes.', 'Over', 'the', 'period', '1974', 'to', '1980,', 'cigarettes', 'designated', 'as', '‘low’', 'tar/nicotine', 'have', 'jumped', 'from', 'two', 'percent', 'to', '40', 'percent', 'of', 'unit', 'sales', 'in', 'the', 'United', 'States', '[2]', '‘low’', 'tar', 'being', 'defined', 'currently', 'by', 'the', 'referenced', 'article', 'as', '15', 'mg', 'or', 'less', 'of', 'tar', 'per', 'cigarette.', 'There', 'is,', 'however,', 'some', 'controversy', 'about', 'whether', 'the', 'reductions', 'in', 'tar', 'and', 'nicotine', 'will', 'produce', 'benefits', 'as', 'substantial', 'as', 'the', 'percentage', 'reductions', 'would', 'suggest.', 'Gori', 'and', 'co-workers', 'have', 'published', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'papers', '[3-6]', 'which', 'suggest', 'that', 'sharp', 'reductions', 'in', 'toxic', 'components', 'of', 'marketed', 'cigarettes', 'may', 'eventually', '*Reprint', 'Requests', 'to:', 'Jerome', 'H.', 'Jafle,', 'M.D.', 'New', 'York', 'State', 'Psychiatric', 'Institute', '722', 'West', '168th', 'Street', 'New', 'York,', 'New', 'York', '10032', 'NOTICE', '.-', 'This', 'material', 'may', 'de', 'protected', 'by', 'copyright', 'law', '(Title', '17', 'U.S.', 'Code).', '62EL', 'ELtcs']