['V.', 'FACTORS', 'ASSOCIATED', 'WITH', 'HOUSEHOLD', 'SMOKING', 'STATUS', 'There', 'is', 'a', 'large', 'body', 'of', 'published', 'literature', 'documenting', 'that', 'smokers', 'differ', 'from', 'non-', 'smokers', 'on', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'risk', 'factors', 'known', 'to', 'be', 'associated', 'with', 'health.', '(For', 'example,', 'see', 'Fisher', 'and', 'Gordon,', '1985;', 'Gridley,', 'McLaughlin', 'and', 'Blot,', '1990;', 'Morabai', 'and', 'Wynder,', '1990;', 'Subar,', 'Harlan', 'and', 'Mattson,', '1990).', 'These', 'risk', 'factors', 'include', 'nutrition', 'and', 'diet;', 'alcohol;', 'medical', 'and', 'preventive', 'care', 'utilization;', 'mental', 'health;', 'body', 'weight;', 'and', 'physical', 'activity,', 'Because', 'household', 'members', 'share', 'meals,', 'home', 'environment', 'and', 'lifestyle', 'choices,', 'it', 'is', 'reasonable', 'to', 'expect', 'that', 'the', 'same', 'risk', 'factors', 'are', 'associated', 'with', 'household', 'smoking', 'status', '“among', 'never', 'smoking', 'women.', 'Eight', 'studies', 'have', 'examined', 'the', 'correlates', 'of', 'household', 'smoking', 'status', 'for', 'never', 'smokers.', 'Five', 'studies', 'examined', 'U.S.', 'populations,', 'two', 'examined', 'Asian', 'populations,', 'and', 'one', 'examined', 'a', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'population.', 'These', 'studies', 'examined', 'the', 'potential', 'for', 'confounding', 'to', 'distort', 'the', 'observed', 'association', 'of', 'spousal', 'smoking', 'with', 'both', 'heart', 'disease', 'and', 'hung', 'cancer.', 'The', 'studies', 'by', 'Sidney', 'et', 'al.', '(1989)', 'and', 'LeMarchand', 'et', 'al,', '(1991)', 'specifically', 'address', 'confounding', 'as', 'the', 'source', 'of', 'the', 'observed', 'association', 'between', 'spousal', 'smoking', 'status', 'and', 'lung', 'cancer.', 'Though', 'not', 'specific', 'to', 'heart', 'disease,', 'the', 'conclusions', 'of', 'these', 'two', 'researchers', 'are', 'presented', 'here', 'as', 'examples', 'of', 'the', 'indirect', 'assessment', 'of', 'confounding', 'in', 'epidemiologic', 'Tesearch,', 'Friedman', 'et', 'al.', '[1983]', 'examined', 'the', 'correlates', 'of', 'self-reported', 'exposure', 'to', 'ETS', 'among', 'members', 'of', 'a', 'California', 'health', 'maintenance', 'organization', '(HMO).', '.', 'They', 'found', 'that', 'self-', 'Teported', 'exposure', 'to', 'ETS', 'was', 'negatively', 'associated', 'with', 'education', 'and', 'positively', 'associated', 'with', 'alcohol', 'consumption,', 'use', 'of', 'marijuana', 'and', 'employment', 'in', 'hazardous', 'occupations.', 'For', 'this', 'same', 'HMO,', 'Sidney', 'et', 'al.', '(1989)', 'found', 'that', 'exposure', 'to', 'smokers', 'in', 'the', 'home', 'was', 'also', 'correlated', 'with', 'lower', 'dietary', '8-carotene.', 'They', 'conducted', 'this', 'research', 'to', 'determine', 'if', 'diet', 'could', 'be', 'a', 'potential', 'confounder', 'in', 'the', 'examination', 'of', 'lung', 'cancer', 'and', 'spousal', 'smoking', 'Status.', 'They', 'concluded', 'that', 'it', 'could', 'and', 'stated', 'that', '"dietary', 'beta-carotene', 'intake', 'is', 'a', 'potential', 'confounder', 'and', 'should', 'be', 'measured', 'whenever', 'possible', 'in', 'studies', 'of', 'the', 'relation', 'es10CD32', ',', '-29-', '€6E9', 'O2LTS', ' ']