['door', 'environments', 'exhibit', 'variations', 'in', 'ventilation', 'rates,', 'RH', 'and', 'temperature', 'that', 'are', 'much', 'wider', 'than', 'those', 'in', 'our', 'laboratory', 'CER', 'envirorunent.', 'Third,', 'actual', 'indoor', 'environments,', 'even', 'in', 'the', 'absence', 'of', 'ETS', 'sources,', 'contain', 'concentrations', 'of', 'some', 'of', 'the', 'same-', 'contaminants', 'contributed', 'by', 'ETS', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'concen-', 'trations', 'of', 'additional', 'contaminants.', 'These', 'differences', 'between', 'field', 'and', 'laboratory', 'situations,', 'in', 'combi-', 'nation', 'with', 'information', 'on', 'the', 'differences', 'in', 'mean', 'ETS', 'concentrations', 'in', 'the', 'two', 'situations,', 'collectively', 'suggest', 'that', 'the', 'average', 'impact', 'of', 'home', 'and', 'work', 'ETS', 'exposure', 'on', 'non-smokers', 'in', 'the', 'U.S.', 'would', 'be', 'con-', 'siderably', 'less', 'than', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'lowest', 'level', 'of', '58', 'pg/m?', 'employed', 'in', 'the', 'present', 'study.', 'Finally,', 'there', 'are', 'important', 'physical', 'and', 'psycho-', 'logical', 'differences', 'between', 'the', 'present', 'experimental', 'situation', 'and', 'actual', 'indoor', 'environments.', 'Participants', 'in', 'the', 'present', 'work', 'experienced', 'no', 'social', 'interaction', 'during', 'the', 'session', 'due', 'to', 'their', 'physical', 'isolation', 'from', 'each', 'other', 'and', 'from', 'the', 'smokers.', 'This', 'contrasts', 'sharp-', 'ly', 'with', 'a', 'typical', 'home', 'or', 'work', 'environment', 'contain-', 'ing', 'smokers', 'and', 'non-smokers.', 'Further,', 'only', 'minimal', 'psychological', 'and', 'mental', 'demands', 'were', 'placed', 'on', 'the', 'participants.', 'This', 'would', 'likely', 'cause', 'the', 'participants', 'to', 'pay', 'more', 'attention', 'to', 'the', 'room', 'air', 'than', 'they', 'would', 'in', 'actual', 'indoor', 'environments.', 'These', 'two', 'consider-', 'ations', 'suggest', 'that', 'the', 'present', 'paradigm', 'would', 'result', 'in', 'some', 'degree', 'of', 'over-estimation', 'of', 'the', 'impact', 'of', 'a', 'given', 'ETS', 'concentration.', 'Winneke', 'et', 'al.', '(1984)', 'pro-', 'vided', 'evidence', 'that', 'participants', 'exhibit', 'markedly', 'lowered', 'responsiveness', 'to', 'ETS', 'when', 'engaged', 'in', 'social', 'interaction', 'within', 'the', 'CER', 'setting.', 'While', 'the', 'considerations', 'above', 'point', 'out', 'some', 'un-', 'certainties', 'in', 'using', 'the', 'present', 'findings', 'to', 'gauge', 'the', 'impact', 'of', 'a', 'given', 'ETS', 'concentration', 'in', 'indoor', 'environ-', 'ments,', 'the', 'present', 'results', 'are', 'consistent', 'with', 'those', 'from', 'a', 'larger', 'study', 'by', 'Cain', 'and', 'colleagues', '(Cain', 'et', 'al,', '1983;', 'Leaderer', 'et', 'al,', '1984).', 'Fig.', '12', 'shows', 'the', '%', 'Acceptance,', 'as', 'a', 'function', 'of', 'ETS', 'concentration,', 'from', 'this', 'earlier', 'research', 'study', 'and', 'from', 'the', 'present', 'study.', 'The', 'estimated', 'declines', 'in', '%', 'Acceptance,', 'with', 'increases', 'in', 'ETS-RSP', 'concentration,', 'are', 'quite', 'similar', 'for', 'the', 'two', 'sets', 'of', 'data.', 'With', 'the', 'earlier', 'data', 'reported', 'by', 'Cain', 'and', 'colleagues,', '80%', 'Acceptance', 'is', 'first', 'achieved', 'at', '74.1', 'ug/m3', 'while', 'the', 'present', 'data', 'indicate', 'a', 'value', 'of', '63.1', 'pg/m®.', 'If', 'one', 'excludes', 'data', 'for', 'the', 'lowest', 'level,', 'for', 'which', 'the', 'Overall', 'Acceptance', 'data', 'were', 'discontinuous', 'from', 'the', 'remaining', 'four', 'levels,', 'our', 'results', 'then', 'indi-', 'cate', 'that', '80%', 'Acceptance', 'corresponds', 'to', 'an', 'ETS-RSP', 'concentration', 'of', '103.3', 'pg/m®.', 'In', 'view', 'of', 'the', 'strikingly', 'similar', 'conclusions', 'from', 'the', 'present', 'and', 'prior', 'studies,', 'we', 'suggest', 'that', 'the', 'judgments', 'of', 'room', 'air', 'ac-', 'ceptability', 'recorded', 'in', 'such', 'studies', 'are', 'rather', 'robust', 'Responses', 'to', 'Varying', 'Environmental', 'Tobacco', 'Smoke', 'Concentrations', '100%', '80%', 'g', '60%', '&', '40%', 'o', '"', '——', 'Cain', 'etal.', 'e', '=', '20%', 'A', '——', 'this', 'study', '«', '=+«', 'this', 'study', '(-58)', '0%', '8', 'c', '@', 'o', '10', '100', 'ETS-RSP', 'Conc.', '(uglm3)', 'Fig.', '12', 'Acceptance', 'data', 'from', 'the', 'present', 'study,', 'and', 'for', 'earlier', 'work', '(Cain', 'et', 'al,,', '1983;', 'Leaderer', 'et', 'al.,', '1984),', 'are', 'plotted', 'as', 'a', 'function', 'of', 'ETS-RSP', 'concentration.', 'For', 'the', 'earlier', 'research,', 'the', '11', 'data', 'points', 'represent', 'the', 'responses', 'of', 'visitors', 'during', 'smoking', 'under', 'conditions', 'of', 'moderate', 'RH', '(Table', '2', 'on', 'pg.', '1193', 'of', 'Cain', 'et', 'al,,', '1983).', 'Corresponding', 'TSP', 'concentrations', 'were', 'retrieved', 'from', 'Leaderer', 'et', 'al.', '(1984)', 'and', 'were', 'treated', 'as', 'ETS-RSP', 'concen-', 'trations.', 'Regression', 'lines', 'are', 'shown', 'for', 'the', 'earlier', 'results,', 'for', 'all', 'of', 'the', 'present', 'data', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'present', 'data', 'with', 'the', 'lowest', 'leve}', 'excluded.', '1000', 'and', 'are', 'relatively', 'unaffected', 'by', 'changing', 'societal', 'atti-', 'tudes', 'about', 'smoking', 'and', 'ETS.', 'Our', 'eye', 'blink', 'rate', '(a', 'response', 'not', 'included', 'in', 'the', 'work', 'by', 'Cain', 'and', 'colleagues)', 'results', 'are', 'consistent', 'with', 'previous', 'work', 'using', 'SS', '(Muramatsu', 'et', 'al,,', '1983)', 'and', 'ETS', '(Winneke', 'et', 'al.,', '1984;', 'Kay', 'et', 'al.,', '1990;', 'Walker', 'et', 'al,', '1993).', 'We', 'observed', 'that', 'eye', 'blink', 'rate', 'was', 'sig-', 'nificantly', 'elevated', 'for', 'only', 'the', 'highest', 'ETS-RSP', 'con-', 'centration,', 'although', 'some', 'eye', 'irritation', 'was', 'perceived', 'with', 'much', 'lower', 'levels.', 'Thus,', 'this', 'and', 'prior', 'studies', 'indicate', 'that', 'reliable', 'increases', 'in', 'eye', 'blink', 'rate', 'require', 'much', 'higher', 'concentrations', 'than', 'those', 'needed', 'to', 'elicit', 'perceived', 'eye', 'irritation.', 'In', 'contrast', 'to', 'the', 'relatively', 'low', 'sensitivity', 'of', 'eye', 'blink', 'rate,', 'we', 'discovered', 'that', 'some', 'breathing', 'par-', 'ameters', 'were', 'reliably', 'altered', 'by', 'ETS', 'concentrations', 'that', 'elicited', 'only', 'a', 'weak', 'odor', 'perception', 'and', 'no', 'sig-', 'nificant', 'nasal', 'irritation.', 'This', 'observation', 'is', 'not', 'consist-', 'ent', 'with', 'the', 'report', 'by', 'Weber', 'et', 'al.', '(1979b).', 'These', 'in-', 'vestigators', 'reported', 'that', 'breathing', 'frequency,', 'meas-', 'ured', 'intermittently', 'during', 'exposure,', 'was', 'unchanged', 'with', 'SS', 'corresponding', 'to', 'CO', 'concentrations', 'of', 'up', 'to', '10', 'ppm.', 'The', 'lack', 'of', 'evidence', 'for', 'a', 'breathing', 'change', 'in', 'this', 'earlier', 'work', 'may', 'be', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'this', 'response', 'is', 'readily', 'affected', 'by', 'factors', 'other', 'than', 'chemosensory', 'stimulation', 'from', 'indoor', 'air', 'compon-', 'ents.', 'We', 'observed', 'breathing', 'changes', 'when', 'partici-', 'pants', 'responded', 'to', 'a', 'sensory/symptom', 'questionnaire,', 'a', 'psychological', 'state', 'inventory', 'or', 'a', 'numeral', 'scanning', 'test', 'that', 'were', 'far', 'greater', 'than', 'those', 'observed', 'for', 'ETS', '185', 'g928', 'Q8vcs']