['Increased', 'Comfort', 'of', 'Building', 'Occupants', 'This', 'analysis', 'assumes', 'that,', 'all', 'else', 'being', 'equal,', 'no', 'building', 'occupant', 'would', 'prefer', 'being', 'exposed', 'to', 'environmental', 'tobacco', 'smoke,', 'and', 'that', 'most', 'derive', 'benefits', 'from', 'a', 'smoke', 'free', 'environment.', 'With', 'the', 'exception', 'of', 'the', 'health,', 'productivity,', 'and', 'safety', 'effects', 'discussed', 'elsewhere,', 'these', 'benefits', 'are', 'largely', 'intangible,', 'and', 'include', 'such', 'factors', 'as', 'reduced', 'irritation', 'and', 'reduced', 'environmental', 'odor,', 'and', 'less', 'annoyance', 'with', 'tobacco', 'smoke', 'residuals', 'left', 'on', 'hair', 'and', 'clothing.', 'These', 'effects', 'are', 'more', 'bothersome', 'to', 'some', 'than', 'others,', 'but', 'may', 'be', 'of', 'considerable', 'importance', 'to', 'some', 'persons.!1', 'In', 'the', 'present', 'study,', 'no', 'attempt', 'was', 'made', 'to', 'quantify', 'these', 'benefits.', 'However,', 'because', 'the', 'overall', 'results', 'do', 'not', 'include', 'the', 'benefits', 'of', 'increased', 'comfort,', 'and', 'because', 'of', 'the', 'pervasive', 'use', 'of', 'conservative', 'assumptions', 'in', 'this', 'analysis,', 'it', 'is', 'expected', 'that', 'the', 'estimate', 'of', 'total', 'benefits', 'from', 'reduced.', '-', 'ETS', 'exposure', 'is', 'conservative.', 'Savings', 'in', 'the', 'Operation', 'and', 'Maintenance', 'of', 'Buildings', 'Smoking', 'in', 'a', 'building', 'involves', 'implicit', 'operational', 'and', 'maintenance', 'expenses.', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'emptying', 'and', 'cleaning', 'ashtrays,', 'the', 'smoke,', 'ashes,', 'and', 'accidental', 'burns', 'on', 'furniture', 'and', 'carpets', 'create', 'an', 'additional', 'housekeeping', 'and', 'general', 'maintenance', 'burden.', 'For', 'example,', 'the', 'Building', 'Owners', 'and', 'Managers', 'Association', '(BOMA)', 'International', 'reports', 'that', 'in', 'a', 'tightly', 'monitored', 'program,', 'a', 'member', 'firm', 'experienced', 'a', '15%', 'reduction', 'in', 'housekeeping', 'costs', 'when', 'a', 'non-smoking', 'policy', 'was', 'introduced.', 'Maintenance', 'costs', 'were', 'not', 'covered', 'in', 'the', 'monitoring', 'program.', 'Changes', 'that', 'were', 'observed', 'included', 'elimination', 'of', 'the', 'need', 'to', 'empty', 'or', 'clean', 'ashtrays;', 'reduction', 'in', 'high', 'surface', 'dusting', 'and', 'the', 'dusting', 'of', 'desks', 'and', 'tabletops;', 'reduced', 'detailed', 'vacuuming', 'around', 'desks', 'of', 'smokers;', 'and', 'reductions', 'in', 'the', 'cleaning', 'of', 'venetian', 'blinds', 'and', 'heating,', 'ventilation,', 'and', 'air', 'conditioning', '(HVAC', ')', 'vents.', 'In', 'addition,', 'cleaning', 'personnel', 'found', 'that', 'they', 'spent', 'less', 'time', 'moving', 'articles', 'on', 'desks', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'remove', 'ashes.', 'BOMA', 'cautions', 'that', 'this', 'was', 'a', 'tightly', 'monitored', 'program,', 'and', 'that', 'actual', 'experience', 'may', 'only', 'produce', 'an', 'average', 'of', '10', '%', 'in', 'overall', 'cleaning', 'costs.', '12', 'Maintenance', 'cost', 'savings', 'include', 'less', 'frequent', 'replacement', 'of', 'furniture,', 'reduced', 'cost', 'of', 'carpet', 'repair', ',', 'savings', 'in', 'the', 'repair', 'of', 'computer', 'equipment', 'operated', 'by', 'smokers,', 'and', 'sometimes', 'less', 'frequent', 'painting.', 'The', 'actual', 'savings', 'in', 'both', 'housekeeping', 'and', 'maintenance', 'expenses', 'are', 'expected', 'to', 'vary', 'from', 'building', 'to', 'building', 'depending', 'upon', 'use', '(e.g.,', 'offices', 'versus', 'retail', 'stores).', 'A', 'separate', 'estimate', 'was', 'therefore', 'developed', 'for', 'different', 'uses:', 'offices,', 'mercantile', 'and', 'services', '(retail),', 'food', 'service,', 'health', 'care,', 'assembly,', 'education,', 'lodging,', 'and', 'warehouse/industry.', ' ', '11', 'See', 'for', 'example', 'letters', 'to', 'the', 'editor', 'in', 'the', 'Journal', 'of', 'the', 'Medical', 'Association', 'of', 'Georgia,', 'Vol.', '79,', 'March', '1990,', 'page', '273.', '12', 'Personal', 'correspondence', 'from', 'James', 'Dinegar,', 'BOMA', 'International', 'to', 'David', 'Mudarri,', 'EPA.', 'January', '1994.', 'April', '20,', '1994', 'ES-8', 'QGES', '98', 'OF', 'Qe']