['Recent', 'Administrations', 'have', 'taken', 'progressively', 'increased', 'cognizance', 'of', 'this', 'responsibility.', 'A', 'White', 'House', 'managerial', 'process', 'has', 'evolved', 'to', 'guide', 'agency', 'use', 'of', 'whatever', 'discretion', 'exists', 'in', 'the', 'regulatory', 'statutes.', 'The', 'Reagan', 'Administration', 'in', 'particular', 'has', 'made', 'vigorous', 'use', 'of', 'the', 'Executive', 'order', 'mechanism', 'and', 'of', 'the', '1980', 'Paperwork', 'Reduction', 'Act', 'in', 'managing', 'the', 'issuance', 'of', 'regulations.', 'It', 'has', 'articulated', 'a', 'distinctive', 'set', 'of', 'regulatory', 'principles', 'and', 'established', 'a', 'more', 'potent', 'central', 'oversight', 'process', 'than', 'existed', 'previously.', 'The', 'current', 'process', 'grew', 'out', 'of', 'several', 'years', 'of', 'experimentation', 'with', 'shifting', 'White', 'House', 'review', 'mechanisms.!5', 'The', 'most', 'noteworthy', 'antecedent', 'prior', 'to', '1974', 'was', 'the', '“Quality', 'of', 'Life', 'Review"', 'process', 'started', 'in', '1971', 'by', 'the', 'Office', 'of', 'Management', 'and', "Budget.'6", 'Motivated', 'principally', 'by', 'concern', 'about', 'rising', 'budgetary', 'and', 'industrial', 'compliance', 'costs', 'of', 'new', 'environmental', 'regulations,', 'OMB', 'Director', 'George', 'Schultz', 'signed', 'memoranda', 'directing', 'agencies', 'to', 'submit', 'significant', 'regulatory', 'proposals', 'to', 'OMB', 'for', 'review.', 'In', 'practice,', 'this', 'review', 'process', 'focused', 'on', 'proposals', 'from', 'only', 'one', 'agency,', 'the', 'Environmental', 'Protection', 'Agency.', 'The', 'process', 'involved', 'interagency', 'meetings,', 'convened', 'by', 'OMB,', 'at', 'which', 'EPA', 'defended', 'its', 'intended', 'actions', 'in', 'a', 'hostile', 'forum', 'dominated', 'by', 'staff', 'from', 'OMB', 'and', 'the', 'Department', 'of', 'Commerce.', 'This', 'mechanism', 'had', 'narrow', 'scope', 'and', 'dubious', 'authority,', 'but', 'it', 'continued', 'to', 'operate', 'until', '1977,', 'when', 'EPA', 'declared', 'that', 'it', 'would', 'no', 'longer', 'participate.', 'Starting', 'well', 'before', '1977,', 'however,', 'the', 'Quality', 'of', 'Life', 'Review', 'process', 'came', 'to', 'be', 'superseded', 'gradually', 'by', 'oversight', 'mechanisms', 'with', 'stronger', 'legal', 'footholds.', 'In', '1974,', '15', 'The', 'following', 'discussion', 'of', 'the', '1975-81', 'period', 'is', 'drawn', 'from', 'Hopkins,', 'Social!', 'Policy', 'and', 'the', 'Regulatory', 'Process:', 'A', '1986', 'Working', 'Paper', 'of', 'the', 'Project', 'on', 'the', 'Federal', 'Social', 'Role.', 'See', 'also,', 'Baram;', 'Cost-Benefit', 'Analysis:', 'An', 'Inadequate', 'Basis', 'for', 'Health,', 'Safety,', 'and', 'Environmental', 'Regulatory', 'Decisionmaking,', '8', 'Ecol.', 'L.', 'Q.', '473,', '502-15', '(1980);', 'OMB,', 'supra', 'note', '.', '1', 'See', 'Eads', '&', 'Fix,', 'Relief', 'or', 'Reform?', '46-50', '(1980);', 'National', 'Academy', 'of', 'Public', 'Administration,', 'Presidential', 'Management', 'of', 'Rulemaking', 'in', 'Regulatory', 'Agencies', '9', '(1987).', '6', 'T11700-1831']