['1-1-4/The', 'story', 'of', 'tobacco', 'Arents', 'Tobacco', 'Collection,', 'N.Y:', 'Public', 'Library', 'Western', 'Europeans,', 'at', 'first,', 'used', 'tobacco', 'mostly', 'as', 'a', 'medicine.', 'Physicians', 'of', 'the', 'time', 'prescribed', 'it', 'in', 'different', 'forms', 'for', 'a', 'host', 'of', 'major', 'and', 'minor', 'ailments', 'and', 'diseases.', 'Indeed,', 'during', 'the', 'Great', 'Plague', 'that', 'devastated', 'England', 'in', '1664-1666,', 'school-children', 'were', 'given', 'a', 'pipeful', 'of', 'tobacco', 'each', 'day', 'as', 'preventive', 'medicine', 'to', 'ward', 'off', 'the', 'great', 'plague.', 'These', 'doctors,', 'ignorant', 'by', 'today’s', 'standards,', 'mistakenly', 'believed', 'that', 'the', 'plant', 'had', 'been', 'used', 'as', 'a', 'potent', 'cure-all', 'by', 'the', 'American', 'Indians.', 'Outside', 'Europe—in', 'Turkey,', 'the', 'Far', 'East,', 'Africa,', 'the', 'Americas—tobacco', 'was', 'smoked', 'mainly', 'for', 'pleasure,', 'but', 'the', 'medical', 'men', 'of', 'Europe', 'sought', 'to', 'discour-', 'age', 'tobacco', 'smoking', 'as', 'a:pleasurable', 'activity.', 'They', 'had', 'a', 'selfish', 'reason:', 'they', 'wanted', 'to', 'keep', 'tobacco', 'to', 'themselves', 'as', 'a', 'means', 'of', 'healing', 'the', 'sick.', 'The', 'medical', 'use', 'of', 'tobacco', 'gradually', 'declined,', 'however,', 'and', 'had', 'virtually', 'van-', 'ished', 'by', 'the', 'mid-1700s.', 'Meanwhile,', 'the', 'smoking', 'of.', 'tobacco', 'for', 'enjoyment', 'continued', 'to', 'spread', 'throughout', 'continental', 'Europe', 'andthe', 'rest', 'of', 'the', 'world.', 'Antismoking', 'attacks', 'begin', 'Almost', 'from', 'the', 'beginning,', 'there', 'were', 'antismoking', 'crusaders—a', 'few', 'well', 'intentioned,', 'many', 'more:', 'bent', 'on', 'denying', 'others', 'pleasure—who', 'fought', 'the', 'personal,', 'recreational', 'use', 'of', 'tobacco.', 'They-said', 'it', 'was', 'an', 'evil', 'custom', 'started', 'by', 'far-off', 'heathens', 'and', 'used', 'by', 'them', 'in', 'pagan', 'ceremonies', 'offensive', 'to', 'godfearing', 'Christians.', 'Indeed,', 'de', 'Jerez,', 'who', 'may', 'have', 'been', 'the', 'first', 'Euro-', 'pean', 'to', 'smoke', 'tobacco,', 'was', 'seized', 'by', 'the', 'Spanish', 'Inquisition', 'as', 'he', 'smoked', 'while', 'strolling', 'in', 'his', 'native', 'village.', 'He', 'was', 'thrown:in', 'jail.', 'Various', 'religious', 'groups', 'have', 'also', 'periodically', 'attacked', 'tobacco', 'for', 'its', 'alleged', 'association', 'with', 'moral', 'weakness.', 'Some', 'rulers', 'in', 'a', 'number', 'of', 'European', 'and', 'Far', 'Eastern', 'countries', 'imposed', 'restrictions', 'of', 'various', 'kinds', 'on', 'tobacco—not', 'only', 'on', 'smoking,', 'but', 'on', 'growing', "and'importing", 'as', 'well.', 'Certainimonarchs', 'in', 'Russia,', 'Turkey,', 'Persia,', 'and', 'India', 'put', 'people', 'to', 'death', 'for', 'smoking.', 'Many', 'of', 'the', 'eastern', 'rulers', 'were', 'opposed', 'to', 'tobacco', 'because', 'it', 'had', 'been', 'introduced', 'by', 'foreigners,', 'and;', 'more', 'important,', 'because', 'they', 'thought', 'it', 'lessened', 'sexual', 'desire', 'and', 'even', 'caused', 'sterility.', 'Then', 'came', 'the', 'attacks', 'against', 'tobacco', 'on', 'health', 'grounds.', 'In', 'purpose', 'and', 'intensity', 'these', 'were', 'somewhat', 'similar', 'to', 'the', 'many', 'antismoking', 'claims', 'of', 'the', 'present', 'time.', 'Perhaps', 'the', 'best', 'known', 'of', 'the', 'many', 'antitobacco', 'pamphiets', 'of', 'those', 'earlier', 'days', 'was', 'one', 'written', 'anonymously', 'by', 'King', 'James', '|', 'of', 'Englandin', '1604.', 'Titled', '“A', 'Counterblaste', 'to', 'Tobacco,”', 'the', 'pamphlet', 'described', 'smoking', 'as:', '“.', '..', 'acustome', 'lothsome', 'to', 'the', 'Eye,', 'hateful', 'to:the', 'Nose,', 'harmful', 'to.', 'the', 'Braine,', 'dangerous', 'to', 'the', 'Lungs,', 'in', 'the', 'black', 'stinking', 'Fume', 'thereof,', 'nearest', 'resembling', 'the', 'horrible', 'Stygian', 'Smoke', 'of', 'the', 'Pit', 'that', 'is', 'bottomless.”', 'The', 'King', 'threatened', 'to', 'banish', 'doctors', 'who', 'smokedto', 'the', '““Land', 'of', 'the', 'Red', 'Indians.”', 'Andin', 'the', 'same', 'period,', 'a', 'physician', 'named', 'Roger', 'Marbecke,', 'in', 'a', 'work', 'entitled', '“A', 'Defence', 'of', 'Tobacco,”', 'recommended', 'smoking', 'in', 'moderation', 'as', 'beneficial.', 'Thus,', 'one', 'scholar,', 'noting', 'the', 'divergent', 'views,', "labeled'them", '“the', 'beginning', 'of', 'the', 'tobacco', 'controversy.”', 'Tobacco’s', 'early', 'economic', 'impact', 'The', 'profit', 'to', 'be', "had'from", 'American', 'tobacco', 'helped', 'overcome', 'King', "James's", 'personalldislike', 'for', 'its', 'use.', 'More', 'than', 'justiaffecting', 'England’s', 'profits,', 'however,', '2021273256']