['smokers.', 'Becnuse', 'of', 'the', 'lack', 'of', 'cohort', 'data,', 'this', 'issue', 'cannot', 'be', 'addressed.', '‘Che', 'range', 'of', 'cessation', 'rales', 'among', '{he', 'comparison', 'groups', 'for', 'the', 'three', 'trials', 'is', 'large,', '0', 'Lo', '15', 'percent,', 'with', 'the', 'lowest', 'rate', 'recorded', 'for', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'group', 'of', 'the', 'WHO', 'collaborative', 'sludy', 'and', 'the', 'highest', 'for', 'the', 'Belgium', 'group', 'of', 'the', 'same', 'study.', 'The', '0', 'percent', 'cessation', 'rate', 'for', 'the', 'control', 'group', 'in', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'trial', 'is', 'puzzling,', 'as', 'this', 'is', 'less', 'than', 'the', 'spontancous', 'cessation', 'rate', 'observed', 'in', 'the', 'general', 'population.', 'More', 'in-depth', 'analysis', 'of', 'the', 'data', 'for', 'the', '10', 'percent', 'random', 'sample', 'of', 'the', 'control', 'group', 'who', 'were', 'screened', 'at', 'baseline', 'and', 'reexamined', 'at', '2', 'years', 'is', 'indicated.', 'Different', 'protocols', 'for', 'contact', 'with', 'the', 'control', 'group', 'were', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'from', 'those', 'used', 'for', 'the', 'Belgium', 'groups.', 'The', 'most', 'notable', 'difference', 'was', 'that', '90', 'percent', 'of', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'control', 'group', 'were', 'not.', 'told', 'of', 'their', 'participation', 'in', 'the', 'trial,', 'but', '90', 'percent', 'of', 'the', 'Belgium', 'group', 'were', 'told', 'of', 'their', 'participation', 'and', 'had', 'a', 'resting', 'ECG.', 'An', 'additional', '10', 'percent', 'were', 'told', 'of', 'their', 'participation', 'and', 'had', 'complete', 'physical', 'examinations.', 'It', 'can', 'be', 'hypothesized', 'tht', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'an', 'ECG', 'may', 'have', 'had', 'an', 'intervention', 'effect', 'for', 'the', 'Belgium', 'control', 'group,', 'The', '15', 'percent', 'rate', 'for', 'the', 'North', 'Karelia', 'study', 'was', 'determined', 'at', '5', 'years.', 'One', 'might', 'hypothesize', 'that', 'this', 'rate', 'would', 'be', 'lower', 'at', '2', 'years,', 'the', 'point', 'at', 'which', 'the', 'other', 'two', 'studies', 'conducted', 'followup.', '.', 'The', '5-year', 'cessation', 'rate', 'for', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'collaborative', 'trial', 'is', 'also', 'low', 'when', 'compared', 'with', 'the', '2-year', 'rate', 'for', 'the', 'Belgium', 'collaborative', 'trial,', 'which', 'utilized', 'a', 'similar', 'protocol.', 'A', 'major', 'difference', 'for', 'these', 'two', 'groups', 'was', 'that', 'high', 'risk', 'smokers', 'in', 'the', 'Belgium', 'study', 'received', 'two', 'examinations', 'per', 'year', 'while', 'those', 'in', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'were', 'given', 'one.', 'There', 'was', 'also', 'a', 'difference', 'in', 'the', 'number', 'of', 'physician-intervention', 'visits', 'during', 'year', '1;', 'two', 'were', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'Belgium', 'study', 'and', 'four', 'were', 'used', 'in', 'the', 'United', 'Kingdom', 'trial.', 'Perhaps', 'the', 'feedback', 'provided', 'by', 'an', 'examination', 'has', 'a', 'greater', 'intervention', 'effect', 'than', 'a', 'session', 'with', 'a', 'physician', 'intended', 'for', 'counseling', 'only,', 'It', 'ean', 'also', 'be', 'hypothesized', 'that', 'cultural', 'differences', 'may', 'have', 'affected', 'the', 'differences', 'in', 'outcome', 'between', 'the', 'two', 'groups', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'trial.', 'In', 'general,', 'the', 'use', 'of', 'community', 'programs', 'that', 'used', 'only', 'a', 'media', 'approach', 'did', 'not', 'produce', 'a', 'greater', 'intervention', 'effect', 'than', 'was', '_', 'observed', 'in', 'the', 'comparison', 'community.', 'The', 'incorporation', 'of', 'more', 'intensive.', 'intervention', 'in', 'groups', 'in', 'addition', 'to', 'the', 'media', 'approach', 'was', 'necessary', 'before', 'significant', 'differences', 'could', 'be', 'realized.', 'The', 'same', 'outcomes', 'were', 'observed', 'in', 'the', 'Slanford', 'study.', 'f69PETOGS', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', 'Conclusions', '1,', 'Smokers', 'involved', 'in', 'intervention', 'programs', 'demonstrate', 'higher', 'smoking', 'cessation', 'rates', 'han', 'those', 'in', 'contro!', 'groups,', '2.In', 'general,', 'the', 'success', 'of', 'smoking', 'intervention', 'programs', 'is', 'related', 'to', 'the', 'amount', 'of', 'intervention', 'provided.', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ']