['  ', ' ', ' ', ' ', 'we', 'mustido', 'our', 'best', 'for', 'the', '25', 'percent', 'of', 'our', 'people', 'who', 'have', 'cancer', 'or', 'are', 'destined', 'to', 'have', 'cancer', 'in', 'the', 'years', 'to', 'come.', ':', 'oo', '“]', 'do', 'not', 'believe', 'we', 'are', 'neglecting', 'prevention', 're-', 'search,', 'research', 'on', 'chemical', 'carcinogenesis,', 'epidemi-', 'ology,', 'or', 'nutrition', 'research,', 'all', 'of', 'which', 'are', 'vitally', 'important.', 'One', 'of', 'the', 'most', 'frequently', 'voiced', 'criti-', 'cisms', 'of', 'the', 'Cancer', 'Program:has', 'been', 'that', 'we', 'are', 'not', 'doing', 'enough', 'about', 'chemical', 'carcinogenesis.', 'This', 'is', 'frequently', 'combined', 'with', 'the', 'criticism', 'that', 'NCI', 'is', 'lavishly', 'backing', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'a', 'possible', "viral'cause", 'for', 'cancer,', 'while', 'many', 'scientists', 'have', 'come', 'to', 'believe', '|', 'that', 'the', 'real', 'urgency', 'is', 'now', 'the', 'study', 'of', 'environ-', '|', 'mental', 'causes', 'of', 'cancer.', 'Actually,', 'both', 'areas', 'are', 'ex-', 'tremely', 'important', 'and', 'both', 'areas', 'are', 'being', 'supported', 'in-a', 'substantial', 'way;', 'as', 'they', 'must', 'be.', '-“The', 'big', 'mistake', 'about', 'the', 'support', 'of', 'virology', '.', 'that', 'continuously,', 'occurs', 'in', 'our', 'press', 'is', 'that', 'money', 'is', 'being', 'spentiin', 'the', 'search', 'for', 'a', 'human', 'cancer', 'virus.', '~', 'The', 'fact', 'of', 'the', 'matter', 'is', "that'", 'this', 'money:', 'is', 'being', 'spent', 'in', 'the', 'area', 'called', 'virology', 'because', 'that', 'area', 'has', 'turnediout', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'focal', 'area', 'for', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'pro-', 'ductive', 'research', 'in', 'molecular', 'biology.', 'It', 'is', 'in', 'the', 'area', 'that', 'we', 'call', 'virology', '‘that', 'much', 'of', 'the', 'progress', 'in', 'our', 'basic', 'understanding', 'of', 'the', 'transformation', 'of', 'normal', 'cells', 'to', 'cancer', 'cells', 'is', 'taking', 'place.', 'It', 'is', 'this', 'area', 'of', 're-', 'search:', 'that', 'has', 'produced', 'our', 'understanding', 'of', 'reverse', 'transcriptase,', 'recombinant', 'DNA,', 'gene', 'structure', 'and', 'function,', 'and', 'surface', 'antigens.', 'The', 'new', 'technique', 'that', 'is', 'provided', 'by', 'recombinant', 'DNA', 'is:already', 'lead-', 'ing', 'to', 'a', 'deeper', 'understanding', 'of', 'how-genes:actiin', 'both', 'normal', 'and', 'cancer', 'cells.', 'Virology', 'is', 'a', 'most', 'im-', 'portant', 'area', 'of', 'basic', 'research', 'which', 'no', 'knowledge-', 'able', 'scientist', 'ridicules', 'and', 'substantial', 'research', 'in', 'this', 'area', 'must.continue', 'to', 'be', 'supported.', '‘However,', 'this', 'in', 'no', 'way', 'detracts', 'from', 'the', 'im+', 'portance.of', 'environmental', 'carcinogenesis:and', 'that', 'area', 'of', 'research', 'is', 'also-receiving', 'important', 'support.', 'In', 'my', '‘opinion,', 'virology', 'and', 'environmental', 'carcino-', 'genesis', 'are', 'notian', 'either/or', 'proposition.', 'They', 'are', 'both', 'important', 'and', 'they', 'are', 'both', 'being', 'importantly', 'supported', 'under', 'the', 'Cancer', 'Program.', 'The', 'single', 'most', 'important', 'discovery', 'in', 'environmental', 'carcinogenesis', 'may', 'well', 'come', 'when', 'we', 'understand', 'through', 'basic', 're-', 'search.', 'the', 'mechanism.of', 'action', 'of', "chemical'and", 'en-', '‘|', 'vironmental', 'carcinogens.', 'This', 'may', 'prove', 'to', 'be', 'the', 'real', 'key', 'to', 'elimination', 'of', 'this', 'source', 'of', 'cancer.”', 'Schmidt', 'defended', 'the', 'cancer', 'centers', 'and', 'cancer', 'control', 'programs.', '-', ':', '“The', 'centers', 'have', 'been', 'in', 'the', 'forefront', 'of', 'com-', 'bining', 'surgery,.tadiation', 'therapy', 'and', 'chemotherapy.', 'in', 'such', 'a', 'way', 'as', 'to', 'produce', 'the', 'best', 'possible', 'results', 'for', 'the', 'cancer', 'patient.', '...', 'I', 'think', 'there', 'are', 'good', 'ways', 'in', 'which', 'the', 'control', 'dollars', 'can', 'and', 'are', 'being', 'spent—', 'dissemination', 'of', 'lay‘and', 'professional', 'information,', 'training', 'programs,', 'and', "clinical'cooperative", 'groups', 'for', 'bona', 'fide', 'clinical', 'research—but', 'I', 'believe', 'we', 'delude', 'ourselves', 'when', 'we', 'assume', 'that', 'in', 'a', 'short', 'time', 'frame', '  ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', '  ', ' ', '   ', '   ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '   ', '  ', ' ', '  ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', '   ', '  ', ' ', '  ', ' ', '   ', '   ', ' ', '  ', ' ', '  ', '   ', ' ', '  ', '  ', '  ', '    ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', '   ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '-’', 'decade', 'than', 'at', 'the', 'beginning.”', '"cal', 'and', 'temporal', 'differences', 'in', 'cancer', 'patterns', 'and', 'changes', 'in', 'migrants', 'early.', "indicated'", 'that', 'most', 'cancers', '’', 'are', 'not', 'predominantly', 'racial.or', 'hereditary', 'in', 'origin,', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', '  ', 'we', 'can,', 'by', 'the', 'expenditure', 'of', 'control', 'dollars,', 'make', 'available', 'nationwide', 'the', 'excellence', 'that', 'exists', 'in', 'the', 'best', 'centers.', 'Thati', 'takes', 'time,', 'and', 'it', 'cannot', 'be', 'pushed', 'as', 'fastias', 'we', 'would', 'like', 'to', 'think.”', 'As', 'for', 'the', 'criticism', 'expressed', 'in', '1970', 'and', '1971', '(and', 'presently', 'by', 'the', 'uninformed)', 'that', 'increases', 'in', 'NCI’s', 'budget', 'would', 'be', 'at', 'the', 'expense', 'of', 'the', 'other', 'NIH', 'institutes,', 'Schmidt', 'pointed', 'out', 'that', 'during', 'the', '70s,', 'the', 'total', 'NIH', 'budget', 'increased', 'from', '$1', 'billion:', 'in', '1970', "to:'$3.4", 'billion', 'in', '1980.', '“I', 'am', 'particularly', 'pleasedithat', 'the', 'non-cancer', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'NIH', 'budget', 'was', 'over', '$1.5', 'billion', 'higher', 'at', 'the', 'end', 'ofithe', 'Two:scientists', 'renowned', 'for', 'their', 'expertise', 'in', 'cancer', 'etiology', 'opened', 'the', 'scientific', 'portion', 'of', 'the', 'symposium', 'by', 'agreeing', 'in', 'general', 'that', 'lifestyle', 'and', 'personal', 'habits', 'probably', 'play', 'a', 'more', 'important', 'role', 'in', 'causing', 'cancer', 'than', 'exposure', 'to', 'industrial', 'car-', 'cinogens.', ';', 'eo,', 'a?', 'John', 'Higginson,', 'director', 'of', 'the', 'International', 'Agency', 'for', 'Research', 'on', 'Cancer,', 'said,', '“Contrary', 'to', 'misconceptions', 'among', 'tht', 'public,', 'progress', 'in', 'envi-', 'ronmental', 'cancer', 'has', 'been', 'considerable', 'since', '1950,', 'as', 'improved', 'data', 'on', 'geographical', 'distribution', 'and', 'temporal', 'and', 'migrant', 'variations', 'in', 'cancer', 'patterns', 'have', 'become', 'available,', 'high', 'and', 'low', 'risk', 'populations', 'identified,', 'and', 'a', 'better', 'understanding', 'of', 'the', 'carcino-', 'genic', 'process', 'has', 'increased', 'collaboration', 'between', 'laboratory,', 'and', 'field', 'research', 'workers.', 'ey', '_', '“Further,', 'it', 'should', 'be', 'emphasized', 'that', 'epidemio-', 'logical', 'studies', 'have', 'not', 'only', 'identifiedispecific', 'causal', '|', 'factors', 'for', 'certain', 'tumors', 'but', 'have', 'also', 'provided', 'background', 'data', 'from', 'which', 'etiological', 'hypotheses', 'can', 'be', 'postulated', 'for', 'others.', 'Progress,', 'however,', 'has', 'been.as', 'much', 'dependent', 'on', 'exclusion', 'of', 'hypotheses', 'as', 'on', 'development', 'of', 'new.', 'concepts.', 'Thus,', 'geographi-', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '   ', ' ', '  ', '  ', '  ', '  ', ' ', '  ', '  ', ' ', ' ', '  ', ' ', 'but', 'rather', 'are', 'directly', 'or', 'indirectly', "modulated'by", 'the', 'exogenous', 'environment.”', 'one', 'Higginson', 'said', 'that', 'cancers', 'can', 'be', 'divided', 'iinto', '*', 'those', 'of', 'defined', 'origin', 'and', 'those', 'for', 'which', 'etiologi-', 'cal', 'hypotheses', 'can', 'only', 'be', 'deduced.', 'Cancers', 'caused', 'by', 'defined', 'exogenous', 'factors,', 'he', 'said,', 'are', 'predomi-', 'nantly', '‘tumors', 'in', 'adults', 'arising', 'in', 'the', 'skin,', 'respiratory', 'tract,', 'upper', 'digestive', 'tract,', 'liver,', 'pancreas', 'andiblad-', '_', 'der.', 'It', 'also', 'includes', 'some', 'tumors', 'of', 'the', 'endometrium', 'and.', 'blood', 'forming', 'organs.', '=', '“Personal/habits,', 'notably', 'cigarette', 'smoking,', 'alco-', 'holic', 'beverage', 'consumption,', 'betel', 'quid', 'chewing', 'and', 'sunbathing', 'are', 'by', 'far', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'stimuli', 'identified,', 'causing', 'from:25', 'to', '50', 'percent', 'of', 'all', 'cancers', 'in', 'males', 'in', 'different', 'populations.', 'All', 'studies', 'increasingly', 'emphasize', 'the', 'overwhelming', 'role', 'of', 'cigarette', 'smoking', 'in', 'Human', '‘cancer,', 'not', 'only', 'per:', 'se', 'but', 'also.as', 'enhancing', 'the', 'effects', 'of', 'other', 'agents,', '¢.g.', 'The', 'Cancer', 'Letter', 'Mal', '@', 'Na', '27', '/', 'Pasa', '3', ' ', '2.90SETSOOT', '  ']