[' ', ' ', '24', 'Judge', 'Wright', 'stated', 'in', '1971:', '“While', 'cigarette', 'adver-', 'tising', 'is', 'apparently', 'quite', 'effective', 'in', 'inducing', 'brand', 'loyalty,', 'it', 'seems', 'to', 'have', 'little', 'impact', 'on', 'whether', 'peo-', 'ple', 'in', 'fact', 'smoke.’’2?', 'Tn', 'his', 'latest', 'report,', 'the', 'Surgeon', 'General', 'observed', 'that', '“[t]here', 'is', 'no', 'scientifically', 'rigorous', 'study', 'avail-', 'able', 'to', 'the', 'public', 'that', 'provides', 'a', 'definitive', 'answer', 'to', 'the', 'basic', 'question', 'whether', 'advertising', 'and', 'pro-', 'motion', 'increase', 'the', 'level', 'of', 'tobacco', 'consumption.”', 'Reducing', 'the', 'Health', 'Consequences', 'of', 'Smoking:', '25', 'Years', 'of', 'Progress', '512', '(1989).', 'As', 'the', 'Task', 'Force', 'on', 'Smoking', 'reported', 'to', 'the', 'Ontario', 'Council', 'of', 'Health', 'in', '1982,', '‘mass', 'media', 'and', 'advertising', 'are', 'thought', 'to', 'be', 'significant', 'influences', 'on', 'smoking”', 'but', '‘“{nJo', 'per-', 'suasive', 'empirical', 'evidence', 'exists.”', 'Smoking', 'and', 'Health', 'in', 'Ontarvo:', 'A', 'Need', 'for', 'Balance,', 'p.', '104', '(1982)', '(emphasis', 'in', 'original).', 'As', 'early', 'as', '1975,', 'Karl', 'Warnberg', 'advised', 'the', '8rd', 'World', 'Conferfence', 'on', 'Smoking', 'and', 'Health:', '“To', 'summarize,', 'there', 'is', 'no', 'evidence', 'to', 'support', 'the', 'view', 'that', 'a', 'ban', 'on', 'advertising', 'would', 'have', 'a', 'positive', 'effect', 'on', 'smoking', 'habits.', 'No', 'empirical', 'research', 'has', 'been', 'able', 'to', 'show', 'that', 'aggregate', 'brand', 'advertising', 'leads', 'to', 'greater', 'total', 'tobacco', 'consumption.', 'Nor', 'has', 'anything', 'been', 'found', 'to', 'sug-', ' ', 'B.', 'Baltagi', '&', 'D.', 'Levin,', '“Estimating', 'Dynamic', 'Demand', 'for', 'Cigarettes', 'Using', 'Panel', 'Data:', 'The', 'Effects', 'of', 'Bootlegging,', 'Taxation', 'and', 'Adver-', 'tising', 'Reconsidered,”', 'The', 'Review', 'of', 'Economics', 'and.', 'Statistics,', 'at', '148-155', '(1986);', 'M.', 'Waterson,', 'Advertising', 'and', 'Cigarette', 'Consump-', 'tion', '(1983).', '22', 'Capital', 'Broadcasting', 'Co.', 'v.', 'Mitchell,', '333', 'F.', 'Supp.', '582,', '588', '(D.D.C,', '1971)', '(three-judge', 'court)', '(dissenting', 'opinion),', "aff'd", 'mem.,', '405', 'U.S.', '1000', '(1972).', 'TI0993-0202']