['24', '25', ' ', '11477', 'certain', 'broad', 'ranges', 'the', 'choice', 'of', 'cotinine', 'cut', 'points', 'is', 'entirely', 'arbitrary.', 'Thus,', 'one', 'important', 'consideration', 'in', 'comparing', 'misclassification', 'rates', 'derived', 'from', 'cotinine', 'measurements', 'is', 'to', 'know', 'what', 'cotinine', 'cut', 'points', 'were', 'used', 'to', 'differentiate', 'regular', 'smokers,', 'occasional', 'smokers,', 'and', 'non-smokers.', 'A', 'second', 'important', 'consideration', 'in', 'comparing', 'misclassification', 'rates', 'is', 'to', 'ensure', 'the', 'rates', 'are', 'expressed', 'numerically', 'in', 'the', 'same', 'way.', 'I', 'know', 'it’s', 'cliche‘,', 'but', 'you', 'must', 'make', 'sure', 'you’re', 'comparing', 'apples', 'with', 'apples.', 'Slide', '10', 'illustrates', 'the', 'three', 'ways', 'that', 'are', 'commonly', 'used', 'to', 'express', 'the', 'most', 'important', 'misclassification', 'rate.', 'For', 'simplicity,', 'this', 'most', 'important', 'rate', 'is', 'the', 'only', 'rate', 'I’1ll', 'discuss', 'here,', 'because', 'it', 'accounts', '[', 'for', 'the', 'largest', 'bias.', 'In', 'essence,', 'this', 'involves', 'true,', 'regular', 'smokers', 'who', 'have', 'been', 'misclassified', 'as', 'never', 'smokers.', 'One', 'way', 'of', 'expressing', 'this', 'misclassification', 'is', 'as', 'a', 'percentage', 'of', 'reported', 'never', 'smokers', 'who', 'are', 'determined', 'to', 'be', 'regular', 'smokers.', 'A', 'second', 'way', 'of', 'expressing', 'this', 'misclassification', 'is', 'as', 'a', 'percentage', 'of', 'true', 'regular', 'smokers', 'who', 'report', 'themselves', 'to', 'be', 'never', 'smokers.', 'Both', 'of', 'these', 'calculations', 'are', 'intuitive.', 'Both', 'results', 'are', 'probabilities,', 'since', 'the', 'numerator', 'is', 'a', 'subset', 'of', 'the', 'denominator.', 'The', 'third', 'way', 'of', 'expressing', 'this', 'misclassification', 'BAYLEY', 'REPORTING,', 'INC.', '(202)', '234-7787', '(800)', '368-8993', '51746', '2843', ' ']