['but', 'will', 'include', 'this', 'information', 'if', 'it', 'becomes', 'available', 'through', 'other', 'sources.', 'The', 'fact', 'that', 'both', 'the', 'contributor', 'and', 'recipient', 'of', 'contributions', 'are', 'required', 'to', 'make', 'disclosure,', 'however,', 'makes', 'such', 'activity', 'difficult.', 'It', 'is', 'also', 'possible', 'that', 'the', 'fobacco', 'industry', '"launders”', 'money', 'through', 'non-tebacco', 'subsidiaries.', 'Our', 'experience', 'in', 'California', 'indicates', 'that,', 'while', 'we', 'cannot', 'capture', 'every', 'détail', 'of', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry’s', 'activity,', 'we', 'can', 'obtain', 'a', 'reasonably', 'accurate', 'picture', 'based', 'on', 'a', 'combination', 'of', 'public', 'records', 'and', 'case', 'studies', 'of', 'individual', 'pieces', 'of', 'legislation', 'or', 'administrative', 'activity.', 'As', 'already', 'noted,', 'there', 'are', 'unique', 'difficulties', 'with', 'the', 'Massachusetts', 'data', '(discussed', 'above),', 'but', 'given', 'the', 'importance', 'of.', 'Massachusetts', 'since', 'it', 'passed', 'Question', '1,', 'we', 'believe', 'that', 'itis', 'worth', 'doing', 'the', 'best', 'we', 'can', 'with', 'the', 'available', 'data.', 'We', 'will,', 'of', 'course,', 'include', 'the', 'appropriate', 'caveats', 'in', 'our', 'discussion', 'of', 'the', 'Massachusetts', 'data.-', '.', '-', 'Bente?', '-', 'Aim', '2.', 'Collect', 'and', 'anaWze', 'all', 'pbacea', 'wonsedl', 'legislation', 'introduced', 'i', 'in_the', 'Culiferain', 'Axsamiio', 'a,', 'Senate', 'since', '1975,', 'develop', 'a', 'legislative', 'history', 'for', 'each', 'bill,', 'and', 'evaluate', 'the', 'impact', 'of', 'such', 'legislation', 'on', 'tobacco', 'control', 'and', 'whar_role', 'tobacco', 'control', 'advocates', 'and', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'played', 'in', 'the', 'development', 'of', 'legislation.', 'This', 'study', 'begins', 'in', 'the', '1975-76', 'session', 'because', 'the', 'Fair', 'Political', 'Practices', 'Commission', 'started', 'to', 'collect', 'political', 'expenditure', 'data', 'at', 'that', 'time,', 'and', 'that', 'time', 'predates', 'the', 'emergence', 'of', 'the', 'modern', 'nonsmokers’', 'rights', 'movement', '(Taylor,', '1984).', 'This', 'information', 'will', 'be', 'used', 'to', 'compile', 'a', 'detailed', 'history', 'of', 'tobacco', 'legislation', 'in', 'California.', 'This', 'history', 'will', 'involve', 'conducting', 'a', 'content', 'analysis', 'of', 'the', 'bills', 'and', 'any', 'amendments,', 'as', 'well', 'as', 'associated', 'committee', 'and', 'floor', 'votes', 'and', 'the', 'govérnor’s', 'action', '(for', 'bills', 'passed', 'by', 'the', 'Legislature).', 'In', 'addition', 'to', 'studying', 'tobacco', 'political', 'expenditures,', 'this', 'project', 'will', 'also', 'examine', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'influence', 'to', 'defeat', 'or', 'amend', 'tobacco', 'legislation', 'introduced', 'since', '1975.', 'Very', 'few', 'bills', 'were', 'enacted', 'between', '1975', 'to', '1990', '(Figure', '2).', 'At', 'this', 'time', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'known', 'how', 'many', 'of', 'these', 'bills', 'supported', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry’s', 'interests', 'and', 'how', 'many', 'supported', 'tobacco', 'control.', 'We', 'will', 'examine', 'the', 'amendment', 'process', 'of', 'each', 'bill', 'to', 'determine', 'the', 'extent', 'of', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'influence', 'in', 'policy', 'making.', 'We', 'will', 'also', 'study', 'floor', 'and', 'committee', 'votes', 'taken', 'on', 'these', 'bills', 'to', 'determine', 'if', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'contributions', 'influenced', 'legislative', 'voting', 'behavior.', 'The', 'precess', 'of', 'amendment', 'of', 'tobacco', 'control', 'bills', 'has', 'proven', 'critical', 'in', 'several', 'states.', 'For', 'example,', 'in', 'Pennsylvania', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'took', 'control', 'of', 'a', 'strong', 'piece', 'of', 'tobacco', 'control', 'legislation', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'legislature', 'and', 'replaced', 'it', 'with', 'a', 'weak', 'law', 'that', 'preempted', 'further', 'local', 'nonsmokers’', 'rights', 'ordinances', '(Samuels', 'et', 'al,', '1992).', 'Similar', 'patterns', 'have', 'been', 'observed', 'in', 'Florida', 'and', 'Missouri.', 'In', 'California', 'a', 'bill', 'in', 'the', 'state', 'legislamre', 'to', 'restrict', 'tobacco', 'vending', 'machines', 'was', 'tured', 'into', 'one', 'that', 'ended', 'effective', 'control', 'of', 'vending', 'machines.', '(The', 'amended', 'bill', 'did', 'not', 'pass.)', 'We', 'will', 'seek', 'to', 'document', 'whether', 'such', 'amendments', 'are', 'common', 'and', 'investigate', 'if', 'there', 'are', 'common', 'patterns', 'on', 'when,', 'where', 'and', 'how', 'such', 'amendments', 'are', 'introduced.', 'We', 'have', 'already', 'spent', 'several', 'months', 'conducting', 'a', 'search', 'of', 'tobacco-related', 'biils', 'for', 'each', 'two', 'year', 'session', 'of', 'the', 'California', 'Legislature', 'from', '1975-76', 'thr<', 'ich', '1991-1992', 'using', 'the', 'library', 'at', 'the', 'University', 'of', 'California,', 'Berkeley,', 'Boalt', 'Hall,', 'School', 'of', 'La’', '-.', 'These', 'bills', 'were', 'found', 'using', 'the', 'Legislative', 'Index', 'for', 'each', 'two-year', 'session', 'of', 'the', 'Legislature.', 'We', 'located', 'those', 'bills', 'that', 'were', 'listed', 'under', 'the', 'subject', 'heading', 'of', '"tobacco,"', 'the', 'broadest', 'possible', 'category', 'available', 'in', 'the', 'Legislative', 'Index.', 'Of', 'the', 'total', 'number', 'of', 'tobacco-related', 'bills,', 'we', 'selected', 'only', 'those', 'bills', 'that', 'were', 'closely', 'related', 'to', 'tobacco', 'control', 'such', 'as', 'increasing:', 'the', 'tobacco', 'tax', 'for', 'tobacco', 'education,', 'regulating', 'tobacco', 'advertising,', 'and', 'restricting', 'smoking', 'to', 'certain', 'areas.', 'We', 'also', 'included', 'those', 'bills', 'that', 'supported', 'the', 'interests', 'to', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry,', 'such', 'as', 'bills', 'preempting', 'local', 'tobacco', 'control', 'legislation', 'or', 'exempting', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'from', 'product', 'liability', 'claims.', ' ', 'Using', 'our', 'list,', 'photocopies', 'of', 'all', 'tobacco-related', 'bills', 'introduced', '(and', 'amended', 'versions)', 'in', 'the', 'State', 'Assembly', 'and', 'Senate', 'were', 'made', 'using', 'the', 'Bills', 'of', 'the', 'State', 'Assemblv', 'and', 'the', 'Bills', 'of', 'the', 'State', 'Senate', 'for', 'each', 'two-year', 'session.', 'Data', 'on', 'floor', 'and', 'committee', 'v.tes', 'on', 'tobacco-related', 'bills', 'in', 'the', 'State', 'Assembly', 'were', 'gathered', 'from', 'the', 'Index', 'of', 'Assembly', 'Committee', 'Votes,', 'the', 'Final', 'Page', '33', '66S6LP9h', '9%']