['seed', 'Antecedents', 'of', 'smoking', '74', 'any', 'empirical', 'evidence.', 'Por', 'example,', 'Yankelovich', 'et', 'al.', '(1977)', 'had', 'young', 'female', 'smokers', 'and', 'nonsmokers', 'describe', 'the', 'individuals', 'portrayed', 'in', 'a', 'Sample', 'of', 'cigarette', 'advertisements.', 'More', 'than', 'half', 'of', 'the', 'respondents', 'perceived', 'these', 'persons', 'as', 'attractive,', 'well-dressed,', 'sexy,', 'young,', 'enjoying', 'themselves,', 'etc.', "Smokers'", 'perceptions', 'were', 'Similar', 'to', 'those', 'of', 'nonsmokers’.', 'On', 'this', 'basis,', 'Gritz', 'and', 'Brunswick', '(1980)', 'concluded', 'that', '"...', 'advertisers', 'have', 'been', 'successful', 'in', 'creating', 'a', 'sense', 'of', 'mystery,', 'sophistication,', 'and', 'power', 'around', 'the', 'behavior', 'of', 'smoking”', '(p.', '326).', 'Since', 'respondents', 'were', 'not', 'asked', 'to', 'provide', 'judgments', 'about', '“mystery,', 'sophistication,', 'and', 'power",', 'one', 'cannot', 'infer', 'their', 'presence', 'from', 'the', 'obtained', 'data.', 'How', 'are', 'individuals', 'perceived', 'when', 'they', 'are', 'portrayed', 'in', 'advertisements', 'for', 'other', 'products?', 'Without', 'these', 'additional', 'data,', 'Yankelovich', 'et', "al.'s", '(1977)', 'findings', 'are', 'relatively', 'meaningless,', 'and', 'Gritz', 'and', 'Brunswick', '(1980)', 'appear', 'to', 'have', 'over-interpreted', 'the', 'data.', 'It', 'is', 'not', 'improbable', 'that', 'most', 'people', 'depicted', 'in', 'most', 'ads,', '(regardless', 'of', 'the', 'product),', 'are', 'perceived', 'by', 'most', 'people', '(smokers', 'and', 'nonsmokers', 'alike)', 'to', 'be', 'attractive,', 'well-dressed,', 'healthy,', 'etc.', 'In', 'another', 'instance,', 'Wong-McCarthy', 'and', 'Gritz', '(1982)', 'suggested', 'that', '"...the', 'personality', 'traits', 'of', 'toughness,', 'friendliness,', 'confidence,', 'attractiveness', 'and', 'enthusiasm', 'that', 'are', 'popularly', 'attributed', 'to', 'cigarette', 'smokers', '[in', '-', 'advertisements]', 'could', 'be', 'sufficiently', 'alluring', 'to', 'persuade', 'ae', 'ne', 'en', 'oe', 'ot', 'a', 'me', 'aaa', 'ces', 'Fre', 're', 'rears', '1', '“ts', 'me', 'nil', 'RR', 'HERERO', 'a', 'ew', 'ete', 'ee', 'zovZz0s26']