['Tobacco', 'Industry', 'Research', 'on', 'Smoking', '‘and', 'Health:.', 'A', '$104', 'Million', 'Commitment', 'The', 'cause', 'or', 'causes', 'of', 'cancer,', 'heart', 'disease', 'and', 'emphysema', '--', 'chronic', 'diseases', 'claimed', 'by', 'some', 'to', 'be', 'caused', 'by', 'smoking', '--', 'are', 'not', 'known.', 'This', 'lack', 'of', 'knowledge', 'is', 'reflected,', 'in', 'part,', 'by', 'the', 'substantial', 'public', 'and', 'private', 'funds', 'spent', 'each', 'year', 'on', 'basic', 'research', 'about', 'these', 'diseases.', 'Because', 'of', 'questions', 'raised', 'primarily', 'by', 'statistical', 'associations,', 'a', '‘portion', 'of', 'that', 'money', 'is', 'spent', 'exploring', 'smoking', 'and', 'health.', 'Unknown', 'to', 'many,', 'the', 'tobacco', "industry's", 'financial', 'commitment', 'to', 'this', 'research', 'area', '--', 'nearly', '$104', 'million', 'to', 'date', '--', 'is', 'second', 'only', '“to', 'that', 'of', 'the', 'federal', 'government.', 'It', 'comes', 'to', 'many', 'millions', 'more', 'than', 'the', 'combined', 'contributions', 'of', 'such', 'groups', 'as', 'the', 'American', 'Cancer', 'Society,', 'American', 'Lung', 'Association', 'and', 'American', 'Heart', 'Association.', 'In', '1980,', 'for', 'example,', 'the', 'ACS', 'and', 'ALA', 'devoted', 'a', 'total', 'of', '$500,290', 'to', 'tobacco-health', 'research;', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry,', 'over', '$7.1', 'million.', '-', 'Since', 'the', 'first', 'questions', 'were', 'raised', 'about', 'smoking', 'as', 'a', 'possible', 'health', 'factor,', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'has', 'believed', 'that', 'the', 'American', 'people', 'deserve', 'objective,', 'scientific', 'answers.', 'The', 'industry', 'has', 'committed', 'itself', 'to', 'this', 'task.', '-', 'The', 'Council', 'for', 'Tobacco', 'Research', 'In', 'the', 'interest', 'of', 'strict', 'objectivity,', 'the', 'tobacco', 'industry', 'has', 'Supported', 'independent', 'research', 'efforts', 'with', 'completely', 'nonrestrictive', 'funding,', 'mainly', 'through', 'the', 'Council', 'for', 'Tobacco', 'Research', '(CTR).', 'CTR', 'was', 'established', 'by', 'the', 'industry', 'in', '1954', 'to', 'provide', 'financial', 'Support', 'for', 'research', 'by', 'independent', 'scientists', 'into', 'tobacco', 'use', 'and', 'health.', ')', 'Although', 'funded', 'by', 'the', 'tobacco', 'manufacturers,', 'CTR', 'remains', 'completely', 'autonomous', 'in', 'its', 'programs', 'of', 'grants-in-aid', 'and', 'contracts', 'for', 'research', 'with', 'institutions', 'and', 'laboratories.', 'It', 'operates', 'no', 'research', 'facility', 'but', 'works', 'with', 'the', 'guidance', 'of', 'ten', 'independent', 'scientists', 'and', 'physicians', 'in', 'reviewing', 'research', 'applications', 'and', 'selecting', 'those', 'research', 'projects', 'it', 'funds.', 'As', 'scientific', 'advisers', 'to', 'CTR,', 'these', 'scientists', 'retain', 'their', 'affiliations', 'with', 'their', 'respective', 'universities', 'and', 'institutions.', 'Each', 'grantee', 'funded', 'by', 'CTR', 'has', 'complete', 'freedom', 'to', 'publish', 'research', 'results,', 'whatever', 'they', 'may', 'be.', 'i', '.', 'To', 'date,', 'research', 'commitments', 'from', 'CTR', 'total', '$76', 'million.', '"As', 'of', 'December', '31,', '1981,', 'the', 'Council', 'for', 'Tobacco', 'Research', 'had', 'awarded', 'rants', 'to', 'more', 'than', '420', 'scientists', 'in', 'more', 'than', '260', 'medical', 'schools,', 'hospitals', 'and', 'institutions', 'in', 'this', 'country', 'and', '10', 'foreign', 'countries.', ' ', 'TES2Z00000T', 'ov', '&', '*', "'", '‘', 'A', ' ']